text:
I would love to hear from others who have tasted different pawpaw varieties and find out what the favorites are? The best varieties I have tasted so far are overleese and 3 of Petersons varieties - shenandoah, susquehanna, and allegheny. I have not been too impressed with sunflower, wells, mitchell, mango, or prolific. Sunflower is pretty good but I have noted (at least with my lone tree) that some of its fruits can leave a slight bitter aftertaste which I am not too fond of. Some of its fruits are very good. Mango flavor is ok but texture too slimy/mushy. |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by scottfsmith 6B/7A MD (My Page) on Tue, Jul 29, 08 at 15:41
I have only had Sunflower fruit and have observed the same bitter aftertaste; otherwise it is excellent. The ones you mention are the ones people most consistently mention as best. That plus an occasional mention of Taytwo, PA Golden, NC-1 and a few others. Scott |
Thanks for posting Scott. I am very glad to hear that you also have noted a bitter aftertaste in sunflower. I have wondered if it was my tree since no one else seemed to notice this with their sunflower fruits. I guess everyones taster is a little different. I have also noticed the same thing with prolific, some fruits are good, others will leave a little bitter aftertaste. Overleese will never have any off flavors or strong aftertaste and is a first rate variety in my opinion. Wells can be very good flavored but is small fruited and seedy. Mitchell does not have the same quality texture or flavor as overleese nor is it as large. I have also heard that NC-1, taytwo, and sweet alice are very good but my trees have yet to bare. I may get fruit on nc-1 next year, at least I am hoping. |
- Posted by gonebananas 7/8 (My Page) on Wed, Jul 30, 08 at 9:15
Many pawpaws have a slightly bitter aftertaste. Most of this is concentrated in the flesh right under the skin, so if you are scraping this off with spoon or teeth to eat you get it. I break pawpaws in half cross-ways (perpendicular to the long axis) and simply squeeze the contents (seeds and all) into my mouth, then spit put the seeds watermelon style. You'd have to squeeze again and hard to get the part with more aftertaste. I think Peterson's and Mango are the best I've had, then maybe Overleese and Wells, compared to maybe a half-dozen other named ones. Some crosses I've made (Mango x Overleese) seem to have the aftertaste more in first fruit or maybe less ripe fruit, but they haven't been fruiting enough yet to tell with high confidence. I'm getting tired of losing expensive grafted pawpaw after expensive grafted pawpaw (and crosses of these), all grown with considerable attention and trouble, all to some unknown disease. I will likely just play and experiment with survivors or locally derived plants from now on rather than buy more. My experience with the Ky State University pawpaw researchers (three detailed emails with a question or two each, spread over a year and a half) have totaled zero responses. And this to their "write us with questions" email address and another such address for the main professor (in case the first was no longer valid) They are also suspiciously quiet about any progress on the pawpaw disease that killed their trial planting in the northwest. I'm wondering if that is what I have, given that I have received pawpaws from many different nurseries. Maybe pawpaw growing is in for some serious trouble. Admittedly, I haven't checked their site in a while, but I could tell even then that it had not been tended to in a good while. |
I have one 'mango' planted and must say it is the fastest growing and most productive tree I have. Its fruits are also on the large size but I find their texture a little too soft for my liking though the flavor seems good. In my opinion it would be a great processing variety. Do you find your mango to be softer fleshed than others? I would bet a cross of it and overleese would be good. Keep me posted on that one. I tried 3 of Neals varieties last year and they were exceptional in every way. The best I have ever had! Speaking of disease I have had a problem now and then where the tree looks just like it needs water. The leaves will have a limp look but water is not an issue in this case. This usually occurs on very young trees but they usually recover the following year. Others I have spoken with have not observed this problem, whatever it is. |
- Posted by scottfsmith 6B/7A MD (My Page) on Wed, Jul 30, 08 at 10:31
Shane, I have noticed the same problem on newly planted trees, i.e. in their first year. My interpretation is the roots are not yet established well enough to feed the tree. Gonebananas, I would like to hear about the symptoms of this disease you have so I can be on the lookout for it. My pawpaws have been extremely healthy once established. The major problem has been the limbs from the big tree above that occasionally fall on the pawpaws. The wood is very weak in comparison to other trees and they can get severely damaged. Scott |
- Posted by lycheeluva 6/7 (My Page) on Wed, Jul 30, 08 at 17:14
Has Peterson sold any trees in the last couple of years. Every time I go to his website- no matter what time of year, it says that his trees are sold out. |
- Posted by gonebananas 7/8 (My Page) on Wed, Jul 30, 08 at 19:07
Give me a day or two to look at all of them more closely and I'll write the symptoms. I got two pawpaws from Peterson last April. He is still in business. Get your name on the waiting list. They REALLY are good pawpaws. I just can't keep them going after several years. |
Rumor has it that Peterson is going to turn over his trees to another nursery and let them do the propagating, selling, and shipping. As I said this is only a rumor but it would make perfect sense if it proves to be true. I have had very good luck with his variety shenandoah and expect to get a fruit or two next year. It has been very healthy and had several blooms this year. My rappahannock from him lived through 2 winters and then croaked for no apparent reason but I have heard from several that this variety is not what it was cracked up to be having many problems. The other 5 he introduced are supposedly much improved over this one. Nonetheless I am going to give it one more try. |
Well, it's been about 5 years since this thread was active and I was wondering if anyone has any new favorites in the Pawpaw world? In "Growing Fruit Naturally" (2012), Lee Reich says his favorites are PA-Golden and SAA Zimmerman. Has anyone tried any of those? What are your current favorites for taste? Thanks! |
Bart, Jerry Lehman won both in taste and biggest pawpaw for 2012. Tony |
Here is a link that might be useful: Pawpaw Fest!
That's great news about Jerry Lehman's varieties. I have seedlings of a cross he made of his two varieties. We should see in the next 6 years how great they will turn out to be. Bass |
Thanks Tony! Do you or Bass or anyone else know where to get "cu 166-13" |
I spoke with Jerry and said he will be releasing it under a name. I am not sure if I'm suppose to say what it is yet. He said this is the second year winning. I'm sure you will find MJ available soon. |
Jerry's largest pawpaw in the Ohio contest was 275-48, large but not so flavorful. 166-13 won the taste contest, I tasted it a few years ago and it is definitely at the top of my list. Benny |
Benny, Were some of those seeds sent to me 166-13?It may not matter though,because I think they were accidentally put together with the others by me. Brady |
Does anyone have any thoughts on the more common/available varieties? Allegheny, Overleese, PA-Golden, Potomac, Rappahannock, Shenandoah, Sunflower, Susquehanna? I'd like to get a few trees in the ground this spring so I may not be able to wait until 166-33 comes my way. Are any of the above wonderful, must haves and/or should I avoid any of them? Thanks! |
- Posted by CharlieBoring 7 (My Page) on Fri, Jan 25, 13 at 9:57
I personally like the peterson varieties, Shenandoah, Susquehanna and Rappahannock in that order. I planted the first two. |
Bart1, Some of these were previous test taste winners: Overleese (most often), Shenandoah,and Sunflower. Potomac and Susquehanna were the largest of Peterson pawpaws. Jerry Lehman VE-21 and CU 166-33 were the best of his 300 crosses. Like Bass said Jerry will release them soon under another name. Tony |
Has anybody tasted the KSU-Atwood (also known as K8-2) varity. I can find lots of stuff on the internet about how productive it is, but almost nothing on how it taste compares to other pawpaws. Thanks |
Nick, "KSU-ATWOOD TM A newly released variety from Kentucky State University that combines large size and high quality fruit with few seeds and a mango aftertaste. Heaviest producing variety." Tony |
Nick I was at KSU a few years ago for a taste test. K8-2 came in at 7th place out of 9 varieties for the test. Wabash 1st, 3 was Susquehana, 4 was Sunflower. other places were row numbers at KSU, not named or released Benny |
I have tasted pa golden 1 and think it is a very good variety though its fruits are not usually very large. I would call them medium sized but I have never noted any bitter aftertaste with this one as long as they havent aged too much. I have never tasted zimmerman and I lost my tree of this one last year. I tasted rappahannock, shenandoah, and wabash this past year and they were all very good. Shenandoah is very similir to overleese and it may be more productive. |
- Posted by plantlover13 6b (My Page) on Wed, Jun 19, 13 at 12:49
Hello. If i was to plant only 2 pawpaw varieties, what would you suggest? thanks. |
- Posted by CharlieBoring 7 (My Page) on Wed, Jun 19, 13 at 13:13
I had the same delima last fall. I only had room for two trees. I wanted two of the Peterson varieties and my final 3 were Shanandoah, Rapahannock and Susquehanna. I settled on Shanandoah and Susquehanna based upon their fruit size, number of seeds and flavor. I planted my trees in October and they are now leaved out and about two feet tall. I did not shade them and they seem to be doing fine. |
- Posted by plantlover13 (My Page) on Wed, Jun 19, 13 at 19:36
I have heard good things about oliveese, i believe it is. I was thinking of getting one of that and a peterson variety. i have limited space, and really, only having one would be better, but there is the whole cross pollination issue. So, i have to find a way to it in two, but i can't deal with more than that. |
- Posted by plantlover13 (My Page) on Wed, Jun 19, 13 at 19:38
Say, is it possible to plant two trees in one hole? they are clumping, right? |
This post was edited by plantlover13 on Wed, Jun 19, 13 at 19:39
I have a Sunflower variety and heard they were self fertile.It is still young,only about three years and a little over three feet tall. This year it had multiple flowers and I wanted to see for myself about the fertility.So I hand pollinated it,using it's own flowers and it set two clusters of about four fruit each.One group fell off and one remains. Brady |
I dont see any reason you could not plant 2 pawpaws in the same hole or even spaced a foot or two apart. If I were short on space that is exactly what I would do. |
- Posted by plantlover13 (My Page) on Thu, Jun 20, 13 at 13:11
will planting two in a hole affect yield too much? |
- Posted by scottfsmith 6B-7A-MD (My Page) on Fri, Jun 21, 13 at 8:33
Two in a hole basically gives you one tree in the end, so yes you would get half the yield compared to spacing them far apart. Overleese is the variety I think you are thinking of above, its as good as any Peterson variety. Scott |
- Posted by plantlover13 (My Page) on Fri, Jun 21, 13 at 16:22
so do the trees graft together? |
I would have to agree that Overleese goes to the top for flavor. |
What about Kentucky Champion? It is supposed to be the best tasting and earliest variety. Has anybody tasted it, yet? |
I never tasted Kentucky Champion and I haven't ever heard it mentioned as the best or one of the best. I heard it was good from the man who grafts it but I can't make that assessment for my self. |
Just harvested some Mango pawpaws last night. I test for for ripeness by squeezing them a little bit for softness. They were very good. Sweet with tropical flavor and no aftertaste. Flesh was very light yellow and juicy around the seeds for easy removal. Excellent quality. Tony |
I tasted pawpaws yesterday for the first time. I ordered a box form integration acres and they finally came. I think they were really good and I am happy I have a few trees in the ground even if it will take a few more years for them to produce. About the flavor, the first thing that I noticed was how strong they tasted. I liked it but I could see how some people may not. I don't think they taste anything like bananas. This is the most frequently mentioned flavor and to me it just wasn't there. Maybe the texture and color are more banana like but not the flavor. |
Greg, Clean with seeds well with 1/10 solution of bleach and H2O. Place the seeds in a ziplock bag and put it in the frig. Next spring just plant the seeds in pots and place them in shaded area for a season then you will have a bunch of seedlings or use them as rootstocks to graft. Tony |
Has anyone been to the 2013 Ohio Pawpaw festival? I'm curious to see what pawpaws won this year in the contests. The festival is well over with but they don't seem to have their website updated yet with the results for 2013. Pawpaws are late to drop this year and there's not many of them. We had a very long cold spring so everything is about 3 weeks behind. I went and picked pawpaws from the sidewinder pawpaw patch 3 weeks ago which is late for it. |
I went to check on the original "Halvin" pawpaw tree today to see if there was any fruit on the section of the tree I let grow out in hopes to taste the yummy fruit again. I couldn't believe it there was a ripe cluster of two hanging within reach. The fruits dropped into my hands when I touched them. You are looking at over two pounds of fruit here. The flavor was still outstanding! Sweet pineapple flavor with no bitter aftertaste. |
- Posted by plantlover13 (My Page) on Mon, Sep 30, 13 at 17:40
Awesome!!! |
Treebird, Congrats on those nice size Halvin paw paws. My Mango paw paws were excellent in taste but the fruits a little smaller then your Halvin. The Sunflower paw paws were larger at10-11oz and very good. The flesh was more yellow than the Mango. PersimmonBob sent me the woods from his wild pawpaw tree and the graft is growing very fast (24" this season). My Peterson's varieties (Shanandoah & Sequelhana) just formed flower buds on several branches and hopefully I can report on how they taste next fall. Jerry Lehman VE-21 with no flower buds yet. NC-1, Overleese, Louisiana native, and my own cross Sunman(Sunflower & Mango cross) are about 3 feet tall. I can't wait until they all produce so I can cross a bunch more. Tony |
This post was edited by tonytran on Sat, Sep 27, 14 at 15:14
I want to try Sunflower. It should fruit next year for me. 4 of my Peterson varieties fruited this year for the first time. I got to try Wabash, Potomac, Susquehanna, and Rappahannak. I'm not going to lie to you all, I had high expectations. They all pretty much seemed like an average pawpaw except for the Wabash. Potomac had a large fruit almost as big as Halvin but the flavor was average. Rapahannak gave me a small three cluster and it tasted the most average in flavor. I would put Wabash and Overlease at the top of the list of cultivars that I fruited here. Wabash has bright orange/yellow flesh and I really enjoy the flavor of Overlease though its size isn't that bad too. I hope to try Shenandoah, Allegheny, NC-1, Atwood,Sunflower, Summer Delight, and Prima 1216 within the next 5 years. I will keep you all posted. |
- Posted by scottfsmith 6B-7A-MD (My Page) on Wed, Oct 2, 13 at 21:42
This year Sunflower is my best, but Overleese is close. Its a bit less watery and more rich than Overleese. Rebeccas Gold is pretty mediocre in comparison, less flavor more watery. Its going to get topworked. NC-1 was another good one. My Peterson pawpaws are taking forever to fruit. Scott |
I wouldn't give up yet Scott. It took me about 4 years to see fruit. Of course that's with heavy watering during dry times. My sunflower had flowers on it the past two years but no fruit yet. I'm hoping next year will be the year. It is definitely a vigorous growing tree. |
I noticed vendors selling seedling pawpaw fruits - gathered from street trees - at a local farmers market for about $5/lb. There was moderate consumer interest despite the unappealing appearance of the fruit - small with dark spots. Samples were available and the vendors found that about 50% of those who tried the fruit liked it. So far my favorite pawpaw this year was from a seedling tree. I didn't like that it was somewhat watery, but it did have the least off-flavors and bitterness, and I was able to eat the whole thing save the skin and seeds.My largest was from the variety NC1. Truth is I haven't tried half the varieties I've harvested this year - I think I'm pawpawed out for a while. But I did enjoy a low cal almond milk based pawpaw smoothee, which I found to be free of off-flavors. Sold some to a restaurant and do get the feeling that there's enough demand from this direction to unload this and future harvests. |
- Posted by DennisHolland 6 (My Page) on Fri, Nov 1, 13 at 18:56
Hello everybody! my name is Dennis and I live in the Netherlands. I have vegetable garden, and I keep looking for exotic fruit to put in there. My avocado and tiny mango tree have to stay inside for the winter, but a pawpaw tree is cold hardy! I would really love to get my hands on some seeds from the Thanks, |
Does anybody have any info about Jerry Lehman's pawpaws? I am interested in large, dark colored extra tasty flesh, but I am concerned about having a long enough summer to ripen them. Typically we get 150 to 180 frost free days with about 5000 growing degree days. Last where do you get them I see England's has seeds and also scions for Maria's Joy. Is this a good tasting variety or did it win due to its size? |
Greg I tasted Maria's Joy several years ago, and to my taste buds it seemed like the best pawpaw I had ever eaten. Benny |
Benny; Thanks for the follow up I will keep what you said in mind when my seedling pawpaw gets big enough to graft I will buy some Maria's joy scions. Does anybody know if Wabash ripens early, mid or late season? I want to avoid any really late varieties like Susquehanna as I don't know if they will ripen in time. As a reference my growing season is about 20 days shorter then the orchard at KSU with 400 less GDD. |
I would avoid prolific. I never tried Rebecca's gold. Prolific has a bitter aftertaste and is quite seedy. I top worked mine after the second year it produced fruit. Halvin had less seed than my Susquehanna but this was the first year Susquehanna produced for me. My Susquehanna was hand pollinated by Halvin and those seeds went into the ground last fall. We'll see if we get some sprouts : ) |
Wabash is an early to mid season ripening variety in my NC climate. Prolific nor Rebeccas gold are near as good as any of Petersons varieties in my opinion. Also sunflower, NC-1, and overleese are much better. Allegheny is early ripening and productive but the fruits are small to medium sized. Size of fruits may increase with the age of the tree I dont know. My allegheny is still fairly young. They are very good tasting. Rappahannock really impressed me last year being very productive and with medium to large fruits and excellent flavor. It is also an early ripening variety. Overleese and shenandoah are fairly early ripening. Sunflower and prolific are late ripening for me. |
Thanks for the info I like to see what people really think without all of the marketing hype you get from the retailers. Also information about ripening times is a huge bonus because it is so hard to find it on the web. With so many recommendations I might just have to flip a coin, but right now I am leaning toward Wabash. |
This post was edited by gregkdc1 on Tue, Feb 25, 14 at 23:08
Has anyone tried the Cambells no 1 variety from Burnt Ridge nursery? |
I've ordered mango, sunflower and something just called 'paw paw' from Stark bros. Can anyone tell me how big these trees end up being when mature? Very excited to try some fruit someday. Thanks. |
Deedles. I have a 8 yrs old Mango paw paw from Starkbros about 13 feet tall. Very tasty and light yellow flesh. Tony |
This post was edited by tonytran on Sun, Jun 8, 14 at 22:27
- Posted by AgroCoders 6 (My Page) on Sun, Jun 8, 14 at 16:55
I first encountered PawPaws growing wild last September in Lincoln County, Kentucky so I picked a few. I thought they were like American Chestnut or Butternuts almost extinct for one reason or another until I found those last September. Afterwards I asked my mom as her family ate them when she was a kid and they ate them the way I did, picked off the tree and the white flesh has a clean taste but only very faintly of bananas. I since found that most people like them as soft and mushy and deep orange and those have a mango like taste. Since I don't like mangos or papayas I'll get the ones off the trees so they taste more like watered down bananas. |
Hi Treebird: How does Halvin compare in terms of ripening order. Is it a mid ripening pawpaw as compared to the other cultivars you fruited? I'm in Illinois, near the Illinois-Wisconsin border about 1 mile from Lake Michigan. Last year, my first Shenandoah ripened in mid-October and the last one was around late October. My first Sunflower fruit ripened around late October and the last one ripened during mid November. Overleese was between the two. So, I'm looking for early to mid ripening varieties. Summer Delight seems to be a good one to have here. My other varieties, KSU-Atwood, Mango, NC-1, Susquehanna are not fruit bearing size yet. Thanks. Ben Beach Park, IL |
Well Ben, The Halvin pawpaw is from the most northern pawpaw growing natural range but I haven't really paid much attention to ripening in comparison to others here. This weekend I'm going foraging in a new area of Missouri where Lewis and Clark thrived on pawpaws near the Missouri river. The forest there looks VERY promising! Hopefully I can make some great discoveries. Historically the Native Americans relished pawpaws in this area so there should be some great genetic potential. More pictures are coming hopefully soon. |
- Posted by persimmonbob 6b (My Page) on Fri, Sep 12, 14 at 13:12
This is a bad year for my paw-paw's,because of the drought. Fruits are small and not very good tasting.The good new's is that the wild one i allways go to in september(between 5-11 sept.) are allways better than my nursery bought tree's by a wide margin.One fruit left!!! |
- Posted by persimmonbob 6b (My Page) on Fri, Sep 12, 14 at 13:14
This is a bad year for my paw-paw's,because of the drought. Fruits are small and not very good tasting.The good new's is that the wild one i allways go to in september(between 5-11 sept.) are allways better than my nursery bought tree's by a wide margin.One fruit left!!! |
That's a bummer Bob. This year was actually one of the wettest here in Southwest Iowa but the majority of the rain came after the actual growing part part of the season. Is that fruit you're gathering this year from the big one you posted a picture of last year? I might need a few sticks of scion this spring from you. I'm excited to go on a forage tomorrow! Finally the pawpaws are ready! |
- Posted by persimmonbob 6b (My Page) on Sat, Sep 13, 14 at 13:01
Treebird, that is correct.There are several area's i go to,but i quit going there. Most of them taste the same.The one in question are close to home less than a mile.Paw-paw's here are pretty much done. Next are my asian persimmon,they start at the end of the month into December. Good luck,Bob. |
persimmonbob, Is there any chance of getting a few seeds of your wild one? Brady |
PersimmonBob, Treebird, and all. I got some good quality paw paws this year but the production was down due to the harsh winter of -15F. Here are some photos of them. Mango paw paw. Tony |
Tony, When did your trees first start producing,about how tall were they?Is it available to get a picture of a whole tree?Nice looking fruit.Thanks,Brady |
Brady The Mango paw paw is about 8 yrs old. Jerry Lehman VE -21 I grafted to the mango about 4 yrs ago. The Shenandoah and Susquehanna I grafted to a 2 years old seedlings about 4 yrs ago Mango paw paw photo Tony |
This post was edited by tonytran on Sat, Sep 27, 14 at 15:17
The Shenandoah is on the left and the Susquehanna is on the right. They both are 5 1/2 feet tall. Tony |
- Posted by persimmonbob 6b (My Page) on Sun, Sep 14, 14 at 20:50
Brady, sure i send you seeds just let me know. |
PersimmonBob Here is your wild paw paw scion I grafted on a 2 years old Mango seedling 2 years ago. Tony |
Very Nice Tony! Is there any way I could get some Susquehanna and Shenandoah seed from you? The original Halvin tree is dead as of this year but the legacy lives on through many friends and myself who've grafted it. I have no fruits here at home this year because of the extreme cold weather and I even lost a few trees here. Here is our bounty from the wild today. Some nice pawpaws but nothing in comparison to Halvin. Don't mind the old spice deodorant its there for size comparison. |
- Posted by CharlieBoring 7 (My Page) on Mon, Sep 15, 14 at 9:21
I have a Shenandoah and a Susquehanna that are two years old and about three feet tall. They are beautiful trees with dark green leaves. Whe should I expect fruit? |
Treebird I will email you later. Charlie The Shenandoah fruited for the first time after four years of being grafted. They started to flowers around five feet tall. The Susquehanna flowers all dropped so no fruits on it this year. Tony |
You guys are so lucky, I can't wait until my trees are old enough to fruit. Buying them online is expensive but it is the only way I can get them. P.S keep the pawpaw porn coming! |
Tony, Those are nice looking trees and fruit.Thanks for posting. Thanks persimmonbob,I'll send an email. That was a big tree,maybe 25-30 years?I wonder what age the Kentucky Champion is? Brady |
- Posted by milehighgirl CO USDA 5B/Sunset 2B (My Page) on Tue, Sep 16, 14 at 17:52
Treebird, Are you the one that found and shared the Halvin originally? |
Yes I am milehighgirl. I know all there is to know about the tree if you have any questions. |
- Posted by milehighgirl CO USDA 5B/Sunset 2B (My Page) on Wed, Sep 17, 14 at 13:31
I'd like to get some pawpaw seeds from someone. I am tired of buying expensive Peterson pawpaw that don't survive but a year. If anyone has seeds from early ripening cultivars I'd really appreciate some. Send me a PM. Maybe once I learn what they need from me in my climate I will invest again. |
Yeah, I had several die back this past winter. At one point I thought the small potted pawpaw trees would do better but now as time goes on I see that the bareroot pawpaws from Nolin river are Double the size of the little RPM trees from Forrest Keeling. Seeds shouldn't be hard to come by. If you've ever split open a pawpaw there are plenty. |
- Posted by milehighgirl CO USDA 5B/Sunset 2B (My Page) on Thu, Sep 18, 14 at 8:42
treebird, I've never even seen a pawpaw fruit. The last ones I bought were from Forrest Keeling and I was very disappointed. They did well in the summer but didn't survive the winter even garaged. Tiny little things. I guess I am driven by curiosity. |
Milehighgirl; If you are truly done with grafted varieties I would recommend buying some fruit from integration acres. I think they are still selling them and this way you will get a chance to see if you like them. Afterwords if you do like them then don't let the seeds dry out, stratify them in your crisper for 100 days and plant them. I started some last year and had about a 90% germination rate. I have found a home for all of them and I'm waiting till their big enough to transplant. One thing that I am surprised about is some of them are growing fairly fast while others are really slow. I think it speaks to the fact the fast ones are more adapted to my environment. |
- Posted by CharlieBoring 7 (My Page) on Thu, Sep 18, 14 at 10:26
Milehighgirl - I have two paw paw seedlings in pots that I germinted this spring. I have intended to trade them for something I need, such as jujube cuttings. By chance, do you grow jujubes? |
Yeah, lately I've been very disappointed with Forrest Keeling trees. They weren't always as small as they are now. You can't go wrong with Nolin River Nursery. Just make sure you water liberally the first two years. Going the seed route is not a bad idea but I would get your seed from a known cultivar. I think Kentucky state University can hook you up. I can see a burst of great new pawpaw cultivars showing up in the future because of avid seed planters. Not all your wild pawpaws are superior in quality, believe me. So definitely get seed from a reliable source of known cultivars. |
- Posted by Zach-in-NC none (My Page) on Thu, Sep 18, 14 at 16:15
Largely inspired by this thread (I'm a long-time lurker), I've just recently ordered a trio of pawpaws to plant (along with a trio of American persimmons). I've just ordered seedlings (from Nativ Nurseries), but I'm thinking it might behoove me to keep a couple of good sites available for an Overleese and either a Susquehanna or a Shenandoah from Nolin's. I can't tell from the website if they're grafted or from seed, but I'm not sure if that's something I need concern myself with. I don't have much space, and have at least 6 more trees I'd like to plant on our property; are those two my best bets as far as named cultivars go for eating? |
- Posted by milehighgirl CO USDA 5B/Sunset 2B (My Page) on Thu, Sep 18, 14 at 22:49
Zach, Nolin's has grafted pawpaw. |
Pawpaws ripening very late this year, I've only had a few ready so far. The Rebecca Gold were a good size and unblemished appearance. Flavor was okay, a bit watery with relatively subdued off-flavors. I offered some to my kids, but no takers. This is telling as these kids are true fruit lovers, seeking fruits of all sorts, even things that I shy away from like elderberries and red currants. Production way down this year. Unfortunately, I didn't arrange a control to compare to but I believe the reason is that I neither hand pollinated or enhanced natural pollination this year as I usually do. I have one tree that's not within 30 feet of another that should have set 20 pounds of fruit and instead has 2 total fruits. It's an NC1 - flavor was awful, but usually NC1 is better than that. |
- Posted by milehighgirl CO USDA 5B/Sunset 2B (My Page) on Fri, Sep 19, 14 at 14:54
gregkdc1, I ordered a few pounds of pawpaw. They say demand might be too high to fill all orders this year so we will see what happens. I will be able to plant the seeds then at least. |
milehighgirl I ordered a few pounds too, but I haven't received them yet. Let us know if you get some or not I was planning on sprouting more seedlings if they don't run out. With a few pounds you should be able to get quite a few trees and would think that at least a few of them should work. I don't know what variety of pawpaw they grow but I thought they tasted pretty good and I didn't notice any bitter taste to them like so many people have had with other pawpaw varieties. |
If you have a hard time buying paw paw fruits, you can try to contact Rich at Wagon Wheel Orchard in KS. He had several acres of paw paws. See the link below. Tony |
Here is a link that might be useful: Wagon Wheel Orchard
- Posted by milehighgirl CO USDA 5B/Sunset 2B (My Page) on Fri, Sep 19, 14 at 19:32
Tony, I emailed them but they don't ship. |
That's too bad that Rich won't ship them out. As I recalled he change very little per pound of paw paw. Mile High G, maybe you can call his phone and ask him to ship out in one of those flat rate box. He is very easy to work with. I swap many scion woods with him in the past few years. Tony |
- Posted by milehighgirl CO USDA 5B/Sunset 2B (My Page) on Wed, Sep 24, 14 at 17:43
I just got a shipment confirmation from Integration Acres. Guess I'll find out soon if I like pawpaws:) |
- Posted by franktank232 z5 WI (My Page) on Wed, Sep 24, 14 at 18:50
Milehigh- Report back. I smelled some overripe paw paws one year when i was in Madison (they grow them at Olbrich) and it smelled like death! They were mushy and obviously been laying there for some time so not something to go on. I think the trees are beautiful ...just the foilage and they have that nice Christmas tree shape to them... I might order one or two and try them again (the rabbits ate my last one). |
- Posted by milehighgirl CO USDA 5B/Sunset 2B (My Page) on Sat, Sep 27, 14 at 0:19
Today I tasted my very first pawpaw. I was delighted and so was the rest of my family. It's funny to see someone taste something for the very first time; they paused for a moment to let the flavor set in and then their eyes got big and a smile went over their faces. "Wow, that's good!" The ones I received were only about 4.5 oz and the seeds were quite large. But at least I know if plant the seeds I will enjoy the fruit. Maybe if I can get them to have good tap roots they will have better success here. My husband grew up with cherimoyas and he said they tasted very much like a cherimoya but the texture is much softer. Tonight the kitchen smells like exotic fruit. Should they be refrigerated? |
MG, You can keep them a little longer in the fridge. They will become bitter if turn completely brown. I am glad that you and your family enjoyed them. Tony |
Just opened a Jerry Lehman VE -21 paw paw. Creamy yellowish flesh, sweet, delightful Flavor with no bitterness or aftertaste. Tony |
- Posted by milehighgirl CO USDA 5B/Sunset 2B (My Page) on Sat, Sep 27, 14 at 12:29
Tony, The size of your fruit and the number of seeds looks very much like the ones I got. |
pawpaws are kind of like peaches for me, they are marginally hardy where I am at, and hit and miss for production. the last year I had pawpaw fruit was 2008 from unselected seedling, so taste would not be as good as those selected cultivars, but the fruit is soft and seedy, so seems more appealing for wildlife. Last winter was the worse in decades, so now all my young grafted trees are dead and any older seedling trees were nearly killed to the ground. I guess the positive is a bunch of suckers are coming up everywhere lately. I might need to find good southern microclimates and hope that helps. I like the idea of pawpaw fruit for the wildlife. |
- Posted by Fascist_Nation USDA 9b, Sunset 13, (My Page) on Sat, Sep 27, 14 at 14:00
I love this pawpaw thread even though we will likely never have a cultivar that will survive and fruit in Phoenix. |
Milehighgirl I got my order in yesterday and the size of mine are about the same as you have indicated. I am glad you guys liked them you never know how people will react to something new. I have had a few people try them and some of them were repulsed by their intense flavor. For my family it seems the more we eat them the more we like them. I don't know if I can wait for my trees to start producing. :) |
- Posted by milehighgirl CO USDA 5B/Sunset 2B (My Page) on Sun, Sep 28, 14 at 17:50
One of the pawpaw I tasted was superior to the others; it was yellow outside with a creamier colored flesh and a slight pineapple aftertaste. Anyone have an idea what it may be? |
MG, It is very difficult to guess. If you like that fruit then plant the seeds. Most paw paw seeds come very close the their parents. Tony |
- Posted by milehighgirl CO USDA 5B/Sunset 2B (My Page) on Sun, Sep 28, 14 at 18:24
Okay, I saved these separately so I will plant them. Next question(s): How thoroughly should the seeds be cleaned? I have heard they should be stored in a baggie in the fridge for 100 days, should there be a barely moist paper towel in there? What should the soil temperature be before planting? How deep and how far apart should they be planted? |
MG, I usually wash the seeds with dish washing soap real well with the green scrub pad to prevent mold. Place the seeds in ziplock bag with a moist paper towel roll up in a ball to give the bag some moisture. Store the seeds in the fridge until Spring then plant them. I also check the moist paper towel every month for mold. I plant my seeds in pots about 1 1/2 inch deep. I can shade them the first year better this way and I can also overwinter them in the garage the first season then graft them after the second year or let them grow as seedlings. Tony |
I put the seeds and some damp peat moss in a baggie and then leave it in the bottom crisper of the refrigerator for about three months at a temperature between 35-40F. Then they are put in a mix,about an inch down,made of half perlite and peat moss,in two liter plastic drink bottles,with their tops cut off.These go inside a Rubbermade type container with bottom heat or a heat blanket wrapped around the tub,with a thermostat to keep the temp about 80F.I like to get a head start this way and they come up in about four to five weeks.They can stay in these bottles for over two years. If they are going to be planted in the ground,probably about eight to ten feet apart should work.The ideal pH should be 5.5-7. Brady |
Tony, my experience of tasting fruit from pawpaw seedlings at Jerry Lehman's orchard is that most do not come close to the fruit produced by the parents. Going by memory, I would guess that about 1 out of 5 seedlings of named crosses is worth eating. This is based on going down the row, tasting each tree. Benny |
Hi Benny, Glad you chime in. I did an experiment several years back by growing a Mango pawpaw seedling and the second year I grafted a scionwood from the seedling back to the parent tree for faster fruiting and for pollination purpose. Three years later the graft branch fruited and tasted pretty close to the parent but not identical. If you plant a seed from a superior variety then good genetic will pass on to the seedling. For example, the Shenandoah is the seedling of Overleese and I think it tastes as good or better. The only way I can get same identical tree is to graft the same wood. If I have the choice I would take grafting over planting a seed. Tony |
last year I washed my seeds with a mild bleach solution, rinsed and placed them in a ziplock baggy along with a damp paper towel. These went into the crisper for 100 days and I would re-wash the seeds and use a new baggy/paper towel anytime it looked like mold was starting to grow. After 100 days they were started indoors in seed starting mix about 1" deep and placed by a window. I had around 85-90% germination rate and moved them outside under my apple tree after the last chance of frost was gone. |
- Posted by milehighgirl CO USDA 5B/Sunset 2B (My Page) on Mon, Sep 29, 14 at 11:27
I decided to cover all my bases, so to speak, so I went ahead and ordered Allegheny and Shenandoah from Nolin River. I plan to start seedlings too. If the trees survive then I have succeeded in what I want, and if they don't ,hopefully I can get the seedlings to take. I have space on the North side of my house that gets only early morning sun that I have reserved for them. |
milehighgirl Sounds like a good plan. Last year the pawpaws I got from integration acres seemed like they were bigger, tasted better and a were a little less seedy, I suspect they were named cultivars. Don't get me wrong I really liked the ones we got this year, but if you could have better why not? I have a suspicion that the ones I got this year may have been collected in the wild. Their website says they have both wild and cultivated pawpaws but it doesn't indicate how they are distributed or who gets what. I got my order the same time you did by the way you describe them it sounds like the came from the same batch. So if I'm right your Shenandoah and Allegheny will be awesome! Not to mention should come into production a few years earlier. Good luck |
Peterson Shenandoah finally ripped here in zone 5 Tasted as good as advertised. Sweet and creamy with 6 seeds. Great tropical flavors. I will cross this with the Mango paw paw next spring. The offsprings should be excellent. Tony |
Tony that looks very tasty! Do you have a favorite with all of the varieties you have tried? |
- Posted by franktank232 z5 WI (My Page) on Tue, Sep 30, 14 at 12:38
tony- Did you have any winter damage on your paw paws? |
Greg I like Overleese, Lehman VE -21, Shenandoah, and Mango. They all are very good. Frank Tony |
- Posted by franktank232 z5 WI (My Page) on Tue, Sep 30, 14 at 15:56
I think i'm going order a few and give it a try. |
I grow Wells and Sunflower because they are the only two that have been shown to be low in the potentially harmful chemical in paw paws. John S PDX OR |
- Posted by swvirginiadave z6 VA (My Page) on Wed, Oct 1, 14 at 9:44
Dr. Kirk Pomper of the Paw Paw Foundation last year at a Third Thursday seminar on paw paw culture mentioned that they were breeding some paw paws low in annonaceous acetogenins. When I asked him why, he asked if I was worried (I wasn't)) and indicated that they wanted to have paw paw varieties in case it should ever become an issue of concern. For a short summary of the topic see the following web page of the Paw Paw foundation: http://www.pawpaw.kysu.edu/PDF/AcetoUpdate3.pdf |
- Posted by milehighgirl CO USDA 5B/Sunset 2B (My Page) on Fri, Oct 3, 14 at 17:35
Anyone ever get itchy after eating pawpaw? I hope I'm not allergic. |
- Posted by Matt_z6b-7a_Maryland none (My Page) on Sat, Oct 25, 14 at 23:46
This thread is great. I just wanted to share my two cents: Allegheny pawpaw is my hands-down favorite. Allegheny's flesh can obtain more of a rich orange color (rather than a yellow or cream color) and can achieve great sweetness and flavor with less of the cloying funkiness other varieties sometimes exhibit. The orange interior looks more like the inside of an Altufo Mango (aka the yummy little "Champagne Mangos" that Wegmans & Costco ship up from Mexico every winter). Other good pawpaws I've tried are: PA Golden- ok Taytoo- I did NOT like. kinda funky. Here's a video I've found from another pawpaw enthusiast out in Calif which I think is well-done & entertaining: |
Here is a link that might be useful: Video Link Here
Matt, I was at Bill's house last week and got the last remaining fruit on his trees,about a dozen.They are very good flavor,the yellow/orange fleshed ones anyway.There were a few that were almost white inside and still too hard to eat.Bill said the trees were a mix of Corwin Davis and Ray Jones(a local San Jose grower's)seeds.I'm going to be growing some plants from them. I'd like to try the Allegheny.It's suppose to be an early ripening variety.Thanks for your report. Brady |
- Posted by Matt_z6b-7a_Maryland none (My Page) on Sun, Oct 26, 14 at 1:52
Hi Brady, Bill sounds like a great friend to have! His vids are well-done, and I enjoy watching them. re Allegheny via mail order: BurntRidge (Wa), EdibleLscaping (Va), & OneGreenWorld (Or) have been known to stock it in recent years. I was not aware of its earliness. What a bonus! I hate waiting all year until Aug/Sept for pawpaw season to begin. The first pawpaws of the season always seem to provide the most excitement. I'm strapped for cash right now. Otherwise, I'd order an Allegheny today. Here's a rare cluster of 8 fruits I found last fall growing together along the Potomac River-- pic attached. Cheers, |
I saw that England's is all out of scion wood this year and was wondering if anybody knows where I could buy some? I am looking for something really large and tasty like Maria's Joy or one of the other recent winners at the pawpaw festival? I plan on crossing this one with Wabash. |
Burnt Ridge Nursery may have some.They do offer Pawpaws and scion wood of different trees sold on their website.They need to be contacted for more information. Brady |
- Posted by Bear_With_Me 8 Pacific NW (My Page) on Wed, Dec 17, 14 at 22:28
I've read this topic thread several times. Reading again, it convinced me to order another pawpaw tree. This time I ordered the variety "Mango" from Raintree. My reason for that choice was I am not young and I want to think maybe I will get a chance to taste fruit, from the tree I planted. Mango is described as very fast growing. I have not read fast growth translates to fruiting younger. I guess we'll see. I am in Pacific NW where the summers are cool and not as long. I currently have a 5 ft tall "NC-1", a 4 ft tall "Sunflower", and a 18 inch tall "Rebecca's Gold". I planted all of them summer 2012. Given the info here, maybe I should graft something better tasting onto the Rebecca's Gold. I also read that one may need a longer summer than we have here, to ripen fruit. Truth is, it would not have to be the best taste for me, if it just fruits young, has fruit that ripens here, and maybe has a fair yield in a couple more years. I have a question about grafting. Maybe it was answered before. I am pretty good now with whip-and-tongue grafting on pears and apples, and T-budding on stone fruits. I think I read T-budding doesn't work so well for pawpaws. Is whip-and-tongue the way to go? Very nice conversation here, even if I am a late comer to it. Interesting reading. |
I have very good success with bark, wedge, and W&T. Paw paw is not hard to take. If you want your graft to fruit sooner then find the scion woods with flower buds on them. The graft will fruit in the 2nd year. Just make sure you support the new graft with a stake or the weight of the fruit will break the graft. Tony |
- Posted by ForestAndFarm 7A (My Page) on Wed, Dec 17, 14 at 22:55
I'm starting a few from seed. They are from 250x39. They are amazingly slow. Some are just starting to leaf out. |
These are from seed that a Tennessee grower sent to me.They have bottom heat and two small lamps inside a Rubbermade tub.It's been about two months since they were planted. Brady |
- Posted by ForestAndFarm 7A (My Page) on Thu, Dec 18, 14 at 10:12
Wow! I must be doing something wrong. Mine were planted almost exactly 2 months ago and they have bottom heat as well. They are not even close to yours. Did you germinate your seeds first? I planted mine directly from cold stratification so I'm sure they sat for a while before they germinated. |
Do I germinate the seeds first?Does that mean putting them on a wet paper towel and waiting for some growth.No,they are stratified for about three months and then planted.I was busy and forgot about these,so they sat in the refrigerator for over a year and still had 100% of them sprouting.I try to keep the inside container temperature 75F-85F. Brady |
- Posted by CharlieBoring 7 (My Page) on Thu, Dec 18, 14 at 12:08
I planted about 10 paw paw seeds in pots in January 2014. The pots were kept under lights but no heat. All seeds but 1 germinated. Germination took from 3 to 4 months. I gave up on two pots and dug down and found that these seeds had also germinated. So it takes from 2-4 months for germination. |
- Posted by ForestAndFarm 7A (My Page) on Thu, Dec 18, 14 at 18:39
Well, that must be the difference. I noticed the first stem loops about a month in. Right now, all of my 250x39 (19 of them) have stem loops showing. A couple weeks later I planted 10 seeds I got from KSU and 7 are showing stem loops. Given the germination difference, I'd guess your picture is what mine will look like about a month from now. |
Please Note: Only registered members are able to post messages to this forum. If you are a member, please log in. If you aren't yet a member, join now!
Return to the Fruit & Orchards Forum
Information about Posting
- You must be logged in to post a message. Once you are logged in, a posting window will appear at the bottom of the messages. If you are not a member, please register for an account.
- Please review our Rules of Play before posting.
- Posting is a two-step process. Once you have composed your message, you will be taken to the preview page. You will then have a chance to review your post, make changes and upload photos.
- After posting your message, you may need to refresh the forum page in order to see it.
- Before posting copyrighted material, please read about Copyright and Fair Use.
- We have a strict no-advertising policy!
- If you would like to practice posting or uploading photos, please visit our Test forum.
- If you need assistance, please Contact Us and we will be happy to help.
Learn more about in-text links on this page here


text:
Note: The 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 publications have not been audited.
Jump to: Publications | Grants and Consultancies | HDR completions
Maurice G. Swanson may be from another institution or only recently joined Deakin University.
2004 External
Hurley, Susan F.*, Scollo, Michelle M.*, Younie, Sandra, English, Dallas R.* and Swanson, Maurice G.* (2004) The potential for tobacco control to reduce PBS costs for smoking-related cardiovaccular disease, Medical journal of Australia, vol. 181, no. 5, pp. 252-255, Australasian Medical Publishing, Glebe, NSW [C1.1]
ERA journal ID: 15323 – Scopus EID: 2-s2.0-4544321752
Citation counts: Scopus - 6
DRO entry for this publication
No grants and/or consultancies found or audited – the 2014 HERDC financial return has not been completed or loaded as yet.
No completions found or audited.
DRO to publications collection last synchronised: Friday 30th January 2015 10:04pm

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Skywatching Guide
Space Webcasts
Mars Rover Curiosity
Solar Flares
Space Photos
Space Videos
Telescopes for Beginners
Reference Pages
« Previous Page
Next Page »
23 January 2013, 01:34 PM ET
Atmosphere of the Sun: Photosphere, Chromosphere & Corona
The sun's atmosphere has three layers: the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona.
21 January 2013, 06:39 PM ET
Boeing CST-100: Next-Generation Spaceship
The aviation giant aims to take astronauts to the International Space Station in a capsule that is similar to Apollo spacecraft.
18 January 2013, 05:44 PM ET
Jeff Bezos: Biography of Blue Origin, Amazon Founder
Jeff Bezos, who made his fortune as the founder of Amazon also began a space company focused on bringing humans into suborbit.
18 January 2013, 12:59 PM ET
Paul Allen: Billionaire Backer of Private Space Ventures
Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen has provided funds for private spaceflight ventures, including Scaled Composites and Stratolaunch Systems.
17 January 2013, 05:22 PM ET
How Was the Sun Formed?
Material from the solar system's creation clumped together to form our closest star.
17 January 2013, 01:00 PM ET
Bigelow Aerospace: Inflatable Modules for ISS
Bigelow Aerospace's vision is to provide expandable modules for the International Space Station.
16 January 2013, 08:50 AM ET
Columbia: First Shuttle in Space
Columbia was the first space shuttle to reach orbit, in 1981. It flew 28 times before disaster struck in 2003.
15 January 2013, 09:41 PM ET
Albert Einstein: Theories, Facts, IQ and Quotes
He profoundly changed how we think about space and time.
15 January 2013, 05:27 PM ET
Astrium: Spaceplane Planned for Space Tourism
Astrium's project would send tourists to an altitude of 60 miles (100 km) above Earth.
15 January 2013, 03:44 PM ET
How Was the Moon Formed?
There are three theories as to how Earth's satellite could have been created.
14 January 2013, 06:57 PM ET
Spaceport America: Space Tourism Launch Site
This site near Las Cruces, New Mexico, is being planned as a base for commercial spaceflight.
08 January 2013, 12:05 PM ET
How Was Earth Formed?
Two theories explain the formation of Earth and other planets.
20 December 2012, 11:58 AM ET
Richard Branson Biography: Entrepreneur of Space Tourism
Richard Branson, through his company Virgin Galactic, plans to offer flights into space for paying customers by 2015.
14 December 2012, 05:58 PM ET
How Big is Neptune?
The blue giant is the fourth largest planet in the solar system.
14 December 2012, 05:55 PM ET
How Far Away is Neptune?
The blue giant is the farthest planet from the sun.
14 December 2012, 05:46 PM ET
Neptune's Atmosphere: Composition, Climate & Weather
The faraway planet has some of the most extreme and violent weather in the solar system.
14 December 2012, 05:31 PM ET
What is Neptune's Temperature?
The farthest planet from the sun is an ice giant.
14 December 2012, 05:26 PM ET
What is Neptune Made Of?
The blue planet is big ball of gas and slush.
14 December 2012, 05:17 PM ET
How Was Neptune Formed?
The gas giant formed out of the dust cloud known as the solar nebula.
13 December 2012, 04:50 PM ET
Giovanni Cassini Biography
Astronomer Giovanni Cassini discovered four of Saturn's moons, determined the distance from Earth to Mars and made successful measurements of longitude.
11 December 2012, 01:31 PM ET
Elon Musk: Private Space Entrepreneur
Elon Musk founded SpaceX with ambitions to explore Mars.
06 December 2012, 04:02 PM ET
Viking 2: Second Landing on Mars
Viking 2 was the second NASA spacecraft to make a soft landing on Mars.
05 December 2012, 04:35 PM ET
Mariner 4: First Spacecraft to Mars
Our first glimpse of Mars in 1964 revealed craters and a barren landscape.
04 December 2012, 05:52 PM ET
Spirit Rover: Trapped by the Sands of Mars
Although it eventually got stuck and stopped transmitting, the Spirit rover found evidence of water in Mars' past and paved the way for the more robust Curiosity.
03 December 2012, 05:22 PM ET
Mariner 2: First Spacecraft to Another Planet
Mariner 2 revealed Venus' hot temperature and high surface pressure.
30 November 2012, 12:44 PM ET
How Big is Uranus?
Uranus is the smallest of the gas giants in the outer solar system.
30 November 2012, 12:39 PM ET
How Far is Uranus?
The distance to Uranus from Earth is more than a billion miles.
30 November 2012, 12:34 PM ET
Uranus' Atmosphere: Layers of Icy Clouds
The blue color of Uranus is caused by methane.
30 November 2012, 12:25 PM ET
What is the Temperature of Uranus?
Uranus is the coldest planet in the solar system.
30 November 2012, 12:21 PM ET
What is Uranus Made Of?
Uranus is one of two ice giants in the outer solar system.
30 November 2012, 12:18 PM ET
How Was Uranus Formed?
Light elements clumped together to form the gas giants.
30 November 2012, 12:14 PM ET
Who Discovered Uranus (and How Do You Pronounce It)?
Discovered in 1781, the seventh planet was destined to cause snickers whenever someone says its name.


text:
Turning Innovation Into Value ™
Keep their eye on the sign
Make the right first impression with a Programmable LED sign.
Our Signs Mean Business
Take your restaurant advertising to the next level with a vibrant LED display.
One Sign, Millions of Messages
Get on your customer's radar before your competition does with a state-of-the-art LED sign.
Electro-Matic Visual Products has been a leader in complete LED sign solutions for industrial and commercial markets since 1991. We specialize in the design and manufacture of indoor and outdoor electronic message centers that attract customers and grow businesses.
Download Catalog »
Designed to help your business stand out and attract customers, our Hyperion and Hyperion Plus outdoor LED signs are equipped with the brightest LEDs for optimal visibility and auto-dimming functionality to help you save on energy and increase the lifespan of your LED display. Our full color, tri-color and monochrome signs are manufactured in the USA and built to withstand the most extreme of weather conditions. We also make it easy for you to manage content and update your sign with our industry-leading VisionPlay LED sign software.
Build Your Sign »
At Electro-Matic, we specialize in helping you to improve communication - with your customers, your community, and internally. We manufacture industry-leading indoor LED displays that are easy to update for highlighting information that matters to your audience. Our 4U2SEE indoor LED displays are available in tri-color and single color versions and come equipped with flashing, scrolling and audio capabilities. With a number of sign software options available, it's easy to find the solution that meets the needs of your business.
Request a Quote »
As a pioneer in the application of LED lighting since the early 1990s, Electro-Matic's LED Lighting division has been providing energy efficient lighting solutions to industrial markets, municipalities, and commercial retailers for decades. Specializing in outdoor lighting for streets, roadways, parking lots and canopies, our knowledgeable team has the experience to help you find the lighting solution that will prove the best long-term investment in the years to come.
LED Lighting Site »
Watch the video below to learn more about the Visual Products division at Electro-Matic.
Watch us build your LED display with a live stream from the Electro-Matic factory!
Friday, November 21, 2014
Read More
Thursday, November 20, 2014
Read More »


text:
Your cart is empty!
Supplement Facts:
Other Ingredients : Cellulose, stearic acid, cellulose and glycerin coating, magnesium stearate, silica, vegetable glaze.
Please read all label information carefully on delivery and prior to use.
Baywood international cal-mag fizz, tropical fruit flavour - 17.4 oz
Our Price:$13.10
Dynamic Health calcium magnesium complex with vitamin D3 Orange creamsicle - 16 oz
Our Price:$6.93
A to B Calm Instant Calcium Magnesium Drink, Travel Pack - .85 Oz/10 Servings
Our Price:$4.11
Country Life Target-Mins Calcium Magnesium 1000, 500mg Tablets - 90 ea
Coral Calcium 1000 Mg Plus Vitamin D and Magnesium Capsules by Natures Bounty - 120 Ea
Our Price:$7.87
Phyto Therapy Liquid Calcium 1000 mg with Magnesium 400 mg Softgels - 90 ea
Our Price:$9.29
Product descriptions and images presented on the site are for representational use only and do not constitute or substitute for medical information from your health care or medical professional. Information on this site is provided for informational purposes only. You should read carefully all on correct product packaging and follow the instructions. If you have or suspect that you have a medical problem, promptly contact your health care provider. Information and statements regarding dietary supplements on this site have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease and may be for commercial. Image shown for reference only. Actual item you recieve may differ from shown.


text:
reviews & comments (5)
Very easy recipe! It was my first frittata and was very successful!! I did not have capers so I added 1 tbsp of chopped onion and 1 tbsp of paprika. Also, i added a bit of milk to puff up my egg! :-) love this recipe!!
Added garlic and spring onions before adding the mushrooms. Omitted the capers. It was a big hit.
Saute one thin-sliced green garlic along with mushrooms and green onion. Left out capers and oregano, used 1/2 tsp dried basil, tastes great and easy!


text:
Whoa. You guys, Videogum is turning three years YOUNG next month! That is bonkers! Let me put it this way: when Videogum launched GEORGE W. BUSH WAS PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Yikes! It is obviously very exciting to see how the site (and its wonderful community of terrific readers) has grown over the years into a very special and unique place on the Internet, but even more exciting is THE PARTY WE HAVE PLANNED TO CELEBRATE ALL OF THAT STUFF! First of all, we are going to have a comedy show, no doy. And it is going to be the best one yet. You think I am joking, but I am not joking. The joking will happen at the show, which is going to be INCREDIBLE, because look at this shit:
- Max Silvestri (Big Terrific, Gabe & Max)
- Kurt Braunohler and Kristen Schaal (Comedy Central Presents, Flight of the Concords)
- John Roberts (Bob's Burgers, The Christmas Tree)
- Heather Lawless (Variety Shac, Stella)
- Wyatt Cenac (The Daily Show)
Hosted by Gabe Delahaye
Holy cow. What an exciting line-up! It's sad how everyone's heads are going to explode. All of our thoughts and prayers are with everyone's friends and family in this difficult but still very exciting time. Seriously, though, this is the Must See TV of shows. If this was a stock, Jim Cramer would shout some bullshit about it and then he would hit a red button and the sound of a fart breaking a piece of glass would play. That good! Very specific details after the jump:
When: Thursday, April 7 (one month from today) at 8PM
Where: The Bell House, Brooklyn
How Much: $10
(Sorry babies, 21+, but so just be older!)
Put it on your calendars, and cross off everything else because your head just fell off and you aren't going to make it. After the show, we are going to be hanging out! YOU LOVE HANGING OUT! There are going to be drink specials. (DRINK SPECIALS!) Maybe there will be a cake? I make no promises, but let's just say I would NOT be surprised if there was some fucking cake. You guys, we did it! We ARE DOING it. RSVP here. See you there.
You Might Also Like
Happy Third Birthday, Videogum! | The Videogum 3rd-Anniversary Comedy Show And Party Is One… | The Heart, She Holler Trailer, You Guys | Friendly Reminder: Videogum's 2nd Birthday Party |
We will also have celebrities*! And pin the tail on the donkey!
http://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=169007999807452*that's just a bold-faced lie.
So when does Videogum go on tour? Montreal wants some love! (We're like the New York of Canahahahaha.)


text:
There are currently no items in your cart.
This Train is Bound for Glory
By Mark Hayes
- Look inside(2)
- Instrument:
- Ensemble:
- Format:
- Level:
- Series:
This Train is Bound for Glory (Spiritual). Arranged by Mark Hayes. For SSA choir (piano accompaniment). Spiritual, Concert. Mark Hayes Series. Main Key: A Flat Major. Spiritual and Sacred. Difficulty: Medium (Jr. High/High School) or Easy (Adult). Octavo. 16 pages. Duration 1 minute 51 seconds. Published by Hinshaw Music Inc. (HI.HMC1301).
Buy Together
Buy both for $26.11
Customers Who Bought This Train is Bound for Glory Also Bought:
Diamonds Are A Girl's Best Friend $2.05 $1.89
The Gift of Love $1.95 $1.56
Down to the River to Pray - 2-Part $1.90 $1.52
Summertime (from the musical Porgy ... $1.90 $1.75
Now Let Me Fly $1.95 $1.79
What Can I Give Him? $1.65 $1.32
One Night Only $1.80 $1.66
Seek and You Will Find $1.55 $1.24
Oh Dear! What Can the Matter Be? $1.95 $1.79
Good News! $1.95 $1.79
As the Deer Pants $1.80 $1.66
Non Nobis, Domine $2.10 $1.93
Celebrate Music $1.90 $1.75
Set Down, Servant! $1.85 $1.48
Ascribe to the Lord $2.25 $1.80
Les Miserables (Choral Medley) $4.95
Some Nights $2.25 $2.07
You Don't Own Me $2.25 $2.07
This Train is Bound for Glory
- Explain exactly why you liked or disliked the product. Do you like the artist? Is the transcription accurate? Is it a good teaching tool?
- Consider writing about your experience and musical tastes. Are you a beginner who started playing last month? Do you usually like this style of music?
- Feel free to recommend similar pieces if you liked this piece, or alternatives if you didn't.
- Be respectful of artists, readers, and your fellow reviewers. Please do not use inappropriate language, including profanity, vulgarity, or obscenity.
- Avoid disclosing contact information (email addresses, phone numbers, etc.), or including URLs, time-sensitive material or alternative ordering information.
- We cannot post your review if it violates these guidelines. If you have any suggestions or comments on the guidelines, please email us.
- All submitted reviews become the licensed property of Sheet Music Plus and are subject to all laws pertaining thereto. If you believe that any review contained on our site infringes upon your copyright, please email us.
- Read Sheet Music Plus's complete Privacy Policy
This Train is Bound for Glory
Tell a friend (or remind yourself) about this product. We'll instantly send an email containing product info and a link to it. You may also enter a personal message.
We do not use or store email addresses from this form for any other purpose than sending your share email.
Read our Privacy Policy.
Now you can also view your purchased titles on your iPad with our
free Sheet Music Plus Digital Print Viewer app.
With Digital Print, you can print from your computer immediately after purchase, or wait until its convenient. And our software installation is easy - we'll guide you through the simple steps to make sure you have Adobe Flash Player, Adobe AIR and the Sheet Music Plus AIR application on your computer.
See all System Requirements for Digital Print
Note: Our Digital Print items are purchased solely through our website. By purchasing a Digital Print item, you are authorized by the publisher to print out the purchased number of copies for that particular title. Thus, we are unable to fax, mail or email digital titles in any form or file format (including PDF) as it violates copyright law.
Google Chrome Users: The most recent Google Chrome update is not compatible with Adobe AIR. We recommend using an alternate browser (such as Internet Explorer, Safari, or Firefox) in order to download Adobe AIR and print your music.
Digital Print - Available Instantly!
If you have any questions, comments or concerns, please contact us at email@example.com.
Make a wish list for gifts, suggest standard repertoire, let students know which books to buy, boast about pieces you've mastered: Music Lists are as unique as the musician! Easily share your music lists with friends, students, and the world.
To create a music list, please sign in.
Existing Accounts New AccountsSave up to 25% on New Releases for Choir at Sheet Music Plus
Love Is Little $1.70 $1.28
Ave Verum Corpus from Stabat Mater ... $2.95 $2.21
Oh, I Will Praise the Lord/ Ich wil... $1.70 $1.28
Rise Up, O Saints of God (Rise Up, ... $1.70 $1.28
I sing the birth $1.55 $1.16
Benedictus from The Armed Man: A Ma... $2.95 $2.21
Gloria in Londinium $2.25 $1.69
Is Not His Word like a Fire $2.50 $1.88
See Similar Sheet Music
More by this Arranger: Mark Hayes Sheet Music Mark Hayes Choir Sheet Music Mark Hayes Piano Accompaniment Sheet Music Mark Hayes 3-Part Sheet Music Mark Hayes SSA Sheet Music Mark Hayes Women's Choir Sheet Music
Instrument: Choir Sheet Music Piano Accompaniment Sheet Music
Ensemble: 3-Part Music SSA Music Women's Choir Music
Genre: Spirituals Sheet Music
Format: Octavo
Level: Beginning Intermediate
Series: Mark Hayes Choral Series


text:
Dean Graham and Professor Seefeldt Author New Book on Poverty
The hard times are about to get worse. That's the conclusion political commentator, broadcaster and SPEA alumnus Tavis Smiley reached after reading the soon-to-be-published book "America's Poor" written by Dean John D. Graham and Assistant Professor Kristin Seefeldt.
The book, from Indiana University Press, will analyze the impact of the Great Recession on people in or near poverty and offers bipartisan solutions. It is scheduled for publication late this year.
"What Dean Graham and Professor Seefeldt have done in their analysis is to unflinchingly examine how this 'jobless recovery' affects the swelling ranks of the poor," Smiley writes in a foreword to the book. He predicts for Americans living in poverty, 50 million and growing, "the hard times are about to get worse."
There are too few new jobs and long-term unemployment compounds the misery of those without work. Additionally, those earning minimum wage will see their buying power diminish as the economy improves and the potential for inflation returns. The bleak conclusions are "informative and illuminating," Smiley writes, "but also atrocious and appalling."
The book by Graham and Seefeldt (who has accepted a position at the University of Michigan) grew out of a lengthy white paper on poverty they wrote for Smiley and Princeton University Professor Cornel West. Smiley (B.A. public affairs '03) and West used that white paper as an intellectual underpinning for what they called their "Poverty Tour", a cross-country series of appearances aimed at drawing attention to the nation's impoverished during the presidential primary season.
With its publication coming as the nation prepares to inaugurate a president, the book's jarring information about the extent of poverty will capture plenty of attention. Of equal importance is a roadmap to address the crisis that Graham and Seefeldt lay out for the election winners at the White House and on Capitol Hill. Tavis Smiley would no doubt be pleased if his prediction that the hard times are about to get worse proves wrong.


text:
Chapter 3 : Feelings Discovered
| Rating: Mature | Chapter Reviews: 2 |
Background: Font color:
Sitting in the great hall on the morning two weeks after the night in the hospital wing, I felt so alone. I mean I have all of my friends sitting around me, including James who seems to have forgotten the whole thing, but it is like they are just a mirage toying with my peripheral vision. I have missed a fair share of classes in these couple weeks, and have mostly been spending my time in the library or in the room.
I focus back in when I hear the one name I fear most. Dominique. Being James cousin should warn you enough, being my next closest friend makes her even scarier. Being in my year and in my house makes it really difficult to hide from her. She knows something is up and she hasn't given up trying to find out what it is since she caught a whiff of it. I really hate it when the phrase 'Hufflepuffs are good finders' rings to be true. I try to blend in reading the daily prophet when I feel the presence right behind me. Barely above a whisper in my ear, with near venom in her voice, "why have you been ignoring me Blake?"
"Oh – um – I – I haven't been ignoring you Dominique," I barely stutter out. feeling her hand on my shoulder, I know I am doomed when she says, "You should probably come have a chat with me before I jinx you into submission hmm?"
Not saying a word, I stand up and start walking my way out of the great hall with Dominique's arm wrapped a little too tightly around my elbow. She leads the way to the first unlocked classroom she could find before she turns on me, "Tell me now why you've been ignoring me, and don't you dare sidestep your answer."
"well it – it is – it's James alright! When I was in the hospital wing we had a moment, and we were one step away from kissing when Madam Bones entered. James won't even acknowledge that it happened which is worse then completely ignoring me, and I just don't know what to do!" I yell out to her, thankfully she already knew my secret.
"James? How did I not see that coming? Grrrr why is that boy such an idiot! I have a right mind to go smack him!" I could tell she was serious by the look on her face, which softened immediately when she gave me a comforting hug. "Blake it is alright, maybe he does have feelings for you and he just isn't sure. Or maybe it is some other reason floating in his jelly-filled brain.
"We don't know what he is thinking, but give it a couple days and it might blow over, or he might come to his senses. You have me right now Blake, and no one will hurt you when I am around."
I felt a little bit better as they headed back to breakfast, but to my surprise James seems to be red in the face and out of breath and I couldn't tell why.
Jame's POV
Sitting on the edge of the black lake I was completely confused; I couldn't believe what I had heard. I was outside the door, and I had heard the whole conversation. How could I not see it? Do I really have a jelly-filled brain? I know we had that moment but that's all it was right? Just teenage hormones working at their best. I just can't have feelings for him, I'm not like that.
"what's got you thinking?" The blonde-haired, green-eyed Weasley said. She came over and sat down next to me. "It isn't about Blake is it?"
"No...? Why would you say that?"
Dominique, looking towards the lake her tall lean figure sitting up straighter, sighed and said "I know you where outside of the classroom."
"How could you possibly know that!?" I said turning to her looking aghast.
"It is sort of a veela trait, I can sense when a male is near. Generally I have to focus, but when there aren't many around it becomes a lot easier."
"So you know our predicament here, and just so you know you will not hurt Blake, and I will see to that personally."
"I don't know, there are a thousand thoughts going through my mind right now. I have no idea where these feelings are coming from right now. What should I do Dom?"
She finally looked down at her lap, thinking. "James to be honest, the best advice I can give you is to follow your heart. If it turns out you don't have feelings for Blake, that's okay, just let him down gently. But if you do have feelings for him tell him and let things work themselves out, just don't hurt him."
Looking up tears rolling down my face, "thanks Dom, I really appreciate it."
Dominique smiled and gave me a hug, only after a few seconds did she revert back to her usual self and mention, "So you are going to go talk to him right?"
"Yeah, We have a free period after potions, I will go talk to him then."
She released the hug, looking into my eyes with her fierce green eyes said one word. "Good."
A/N - thanks for reading! Hope you like the new character, and I know she is two years older then James but I am going to be stubborn :) Tell me what you think!
Previous Chapter Next Chapter
Write a Review Magic in the Walls: Feelings Discovered |
Other Similar Stories
Never Say Die by weasleygirl7 | The Quidditc... by Twinklestar |


text:
Bible in Basic English (BBE) | New International Version (NIV) |
44 See, he will come up like a lion from the thick growth of Jordan against the resting-place of Teman: but I will suddenly make them go in flight from her; and I will put over her the man of my selection: for who is like me? and who will put forward his cause against me? and what keeper of sheep will keep his place before me? | 44 Like a lion coming up from Jordan's thickets to a rich pastureland, I will chase Babylon from its land in an instant. Who is the chosen one I will appoint for this? Who is like me and who can challenge me? And what shepherd can stand against me?" |
The Bible in Basic English is in the public domain. (The Bible in Basic English Version Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


text:
Clean up.
A look at quality care for your quality clothes.
A very good question. You know how guys like to be hands-on when it comes to washing and detailing their cars? Well, the responsibility for cleaning your good clothes should be in your hands, too. Like a sports car, your clothes help maintain your image. So launder your shirts yourself if you can, paying special attention to the care label. Avoid high heat and remove them when they're just about dry. That way, when you—drum roll—iron them with the very good iron you've invested in, you can show off the skills you learned from Martha. To ... Read the full story »


text:
To improve your relationship; touch rather than talk
9. If you don't want sex, and your partner does, hold their face in your hands and tell them you want to have sex when you aren't too tired to enjoy it. Most partners will handle rejection better if they know it has to do with your limitations rather than their inability to please you. It would be good for you to schedule sex for the next day and make sure you follow through.
10. When you are torn, and you want to vent or tell your partner how you feel, know that most likely it will be more effective if you touch them in a loving way while you are telling them how you feel. Sitting on a sofa across the room and venting about your needs is a sure way not to get resolution.
Men and women think differently. When we get married many times we expect our spouse to understand us and use the type of communication with which we are most comfortable. A wiser decision may be to come up with a plan to talk less about your problems, and to act more with physical expression in solving your marital concerns. I know a lot of couples who were unsuccessful with words when they were trying to work on issues in their marriage. I don't know as many who were unsuccessful with touch. –Mary Jo Rapini
*Please note. Many people don't like being groped or pawed. If you want to add excitement and not get accused of either of these behaviors, try an ostrich feather or faux fur mittens. This adds an element of fun, and that is what good communication and intimacy is all about.
For more information go to: www.maryjorapini.com
Talk to me on my fan page: http://www.facebook.com/maryjorapini
Tweet me: @ Mary Jo Rapini
Join me every Thursday Morning on "Mind, Body, Soul with Mary Jo" on Fox 26 at 9 a.m.


text:
Do you have anything to add to this page? Have we made any mistakes... or do you ahve any additional information about The Big Race? If so, we would love to hear from you. Please send us a quick note with your additions or corrections to this page, and we will make the corrections as soon as possible!
Report Errors / Submit Additional Information
Previous Episode | Next Episode
The Big Race
by Dave KochThis page has been viewed 5 times this month, and 281 times total.
Adelaide Productions, Columbia Tri-Star Television Animation, Sesame Workshop, The Post Group
Andrea Libman, Danny McKinnon, Ty Olsson, Chantal Strand, Kathleen Barr, Jason Michas, Eli Gabay, Shirley Millner
Michael Hack
James Coane, Wesley Eure
Alana Burgi, Cliff Ruby, Alana Lesser
Brian Garland, Jim Latham, David R. Barkley, Justin Caine Burnett, Nathan Furst, Jesse Harris, Joey Levine, Mary Wood
- 2005
- Adelaide Productions, Columbia Tri-Star Television Animation, Sesame Workshop, The Post Group
- Dragon Tales Episode Guide
- Cartoon Characters: Emmy, Max, Ord, Cassie, Wheezie, Zak, Quetzal.
- Vocal Talent: Andrea Libman (Emmy), Danny McKinnon (Max), Ty Olsson (Ord), Chantal Strand (Cassie), Kathleen Barr (Wheezie), Jason Michas (Zak), Eli Gabay (Quetzal), Shirley Millner (Doctor Booboo Gone).
- Directed By Michael Hack.
- Produced By James Coane (Executive Producer).
Creative Producer: Wesley Eure. - Written By Alana Burgi.
Story Editors: Cliff Ruby, Alana Lesser.
Submit Additional Information:
Cartoon Summary:
The time has come for the Dragon Land Road Race- an event in which at least two people are paired together and race in whichever way they can (other than flying)... (more)
Cartoon Comments:
Do you love The Big Race, or do you think it is the worst cartoon ever? Let us know what you think! Surely you have an opinion... so share what you think. Take a minute and post your own comments about this cartoon here.


text:
Continue Shopping
Catalog List
- Necklaces
- Bracelets
- Earrings
- Rhinestone Jewelry
- Sassy Sports Bling Jewelry
- Sassy Bling Hats
klchapman4 is having a SALE! 50% off all items in the shop!
Sassy Finds Cuff Bracelet No. 1636
This image © klchapman4 2012
Antique gold cuff bracelet embellished with gold topaz crystal fleur de lis. Measures 5". 3" safety chain.
What people are saying about this product…
Commenting is closed for this product. For questions/comments please contact the seller.


text:
Harry Redknapp has insisted that Tottenham are not considering a move for Palermo defender Matias Silvestre this summer.
The Argentine centre-back has impressed with his performances in Serie A over the past couple of years and is believed to have attracted the attention of several clubs.
Reports this week suggested that Spurs were among the chasing pack and could be looking to bring him in during the transfer window.
Redknapp admits that he admires the player but says he is not one of the club's targets.
"I have not had talks in the last few days with Palermo to ask about Silvestre," Redknapp is quoted as saying in calciomercato.it.
"We are certainly talking about a good player, but we never thought about him for next season.
"I can therefore rule out any kind of interest from Tottenham for Silvestre."


text:
GILLETTE, Wyo. — City officials in Gillette say they're just now finding out that a severe snowstorm last October severely damaged several more trees than they'd originally thought.
Ten cottonwood trees will be cut down in one park.
The city is preparing to plant two new trees for each one cut down. Even after the trees are cut down, the park will still have around 100 trees still standing.
Much of the tree damage caused by a blizzard that hit northeast Wyoming and western South Dakota last fall didn't become evident until trees began leafing out this spring.


text:
Mother's Day
Tags: Andrew Bryniarski, Darren Lynn Bousman, Deborah Ann Woll, KILLERS, Lisa Marcos, Lyriq Bent, mother's day, REMAKES, slasher, Troma Entertainment, twisted pictures |
After a bank robbery gone wrong, three brothers head for home, hoping their MOTHER (Rebecca De Mornay) can provide them with a getaway. The youngest brother, JOHNNY (Matt O'Leary), has been shot and their back-stabbing former partner has gotten away with all the cash.
But when the brothers get home, they find that all their stuff is gone and Mother is nowhere to be found: she lost the house months ago in a foreclosure. The new owners, BETH and DANIEL SOHAPI (Jaime King and Frank Grillo) and their guests, gathered for an ill-timed birthday party, become the brothers' unwitting hostages.
Not long after, Mother arrives, along with the boys' sister LYDIA (Deborah Ann Woll), and it soon becomes clear that Mother will do absolutely anything to protect her children. In one terrifying evening, she brilliantly takes control of the situation and masterminds her sons' escape from the law.
- Anchor Bay Films will distribute the film in the US around Mother's Day 2012.
- Originally hoped to get an April 2010/2011 theatrical release in the US.
- Was originally getting a theatrical release of 1000 to 1500 screens in the US via Gigapix Releasing, but plans fell through.
- Filmed in Winnipeg, Canada.
- Actress Rebecca De Mornay will play the mother.
- Twisted Pictures, the Genre Co. and Rat Entertainment have all teamed up with LightTower Entertainment for this.
- Fans may remember director Darren Lynn Bousman from his work on Saw II through IV.
- It's said that the film will have a realistic gritty tone.
- Scripted by Scott Milam.
- A remake of the Charles Kaufman's cult classic 80's Troma film with the same name.
6/10 | Click here to read the official review from a UHM staff member.
All user reviews and new comments (if any) can also be found on that page.


text:
Can incentives to improve quality reduce disparities?
Each year the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) submits annual reports to the Congress on the state of health care quality and health care disparities. Results of the 2008 National Healthcare Quality Report and National Healthcare Disparities Report reflect continued trends in both areas. Across all settings and patient groups, quality continues to improve at a modest rate (1.4 percent for core measures). Yet disparities associated with individual race, ethnicity, socioeconomic position, and other factors remain pervasive (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2008a, b). In recent years, impatience with the slow pace of quality improvement has inspired numerous private-sector initiatives that make a portion of payments to physicians and hospitals dependent on improved quality, often referred to as "pay for performance" or "p4p" (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2006). But can such financial incentives to improve quality reduce care disparities?At this writing, the U.S. Congress is working hard to pass health care reform legislation. In addition to expanding access to insurance for the 47 million Americans who currently are uninsured, the bills reflect policy makers' recognition that sustaining health care reform will require accelerated efforts to achieve high-quality, affordable care for all Americans. Current bills include multiple sections and initiatives to encourage improved quality. These include a strong focus on public reporting and transparency, as well as pilot and demonstration projects that evaluate the feasibility of linking financial incentives to achieving high-quality care. The demonstration led by Premier, in which participating hospitals agreed to link clinical performance with financial bonuses or penalties, represents an important prototype of future demonstrations and pilot projects under discussion as a core component of health care reform (Lindenauer et al. 2007).
Efforts to improve quality of care can lead to reductions in disparities (Sehgal 2003). For example, AHRQ's 2008 National Healthcare Disparities Re port found that improvements in preventive care, chronic care, and access to care significantly reduced disparities in mammography among Asian, American Indian, and Alaska Native women; counseling for smoking cessation low-income adults; and appropriate timing of antibiotics to prevent surgery-related infections among American Indians and Alaska Natives. However, much quality improvement that we track in the National Healthcare Quality Report and National Healthcare Disparities Report is not associated with significant decreases in care disparities across populations. Moreover, some have speculated that activities to improve quality could actually increase disparities if some groups are less able to respond to such activities than others (Casalino et al. 2007; Hasnain-Wynia and Jean-Jacques 2009). For example, mailed patient reminder cards may be less effective in populations with limited literacy or limited English proficiency. Public reporting can in theory empower patients to switch from lower performing to higher performing providers. But if minorities have less provider choice than whites, larger disparities could ensue. Decision support tools could also exacerbate disparities if providers in low-income neighborhoods are less likely to have the health information technologies needed to use them.
In this issue of the journal, Ryan examined the impact on disparities of a hospital-based pay-for-performance demonstration, the Premier Inc. Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration (PHQID) (Ryan 2010). The incentive program paid a 2 percent bonus on Medicare reimbursement rates to hospitals performing in the top decile of a composite quality measure for certain conditions. Ryan's study focused on whether hospitals engaged in patient avoidance behavior, which occurs when providers avoid treating patients perceived to be likely to reduce their performance in areas where public reporting or financial incentives are in place. Patient avoidance behavior may result in reduced access to care for racial and ethnic minorities, who may be perceived to have higher risk for poor outcomes than white patients.
Ryan's results demonstrate that this hospital-based pay-for-performance program had only a minimal impact on access to care for racial and ethnic minority Medicare beneficiaries. Adjusted admission rates to PHQID hospitals for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure (CHF), and pneumonia showed no significant pre-post demonstration differences. For example, 17.5 percent of whites, 18.3 percent of blacks, 15.8 percent of Hispanics, 17 percent of other races, and 17.9 percent of nonwhites were admitted for heart failure to PHQID hospitals before PHQID implementation, compared with 17.7, 18.8, 16.1, 16.7, and 18.3 percent, respectively, after implementation. Similarly, 20.8 percent of whites, 20.9 percent of blacks, 17.6 percent of Hispanics, 21.3 percent of other races, and 20.6 percent of nonwhites were admitted for AMI before PHO, ID, compared with 21.1, 21.4, 17.9, 20.0, and 20.7 percent, respectively, post-PHQID. The only significant difference after implementation of the pay-for-performance program was for "other race" Medicare beneficiaries with AMI admissions. However, this difference was small (only 1.5 percentage points) and occurred largely during the predemonstration period. Moreover, there was little evidence that minority patients diagnosed with AMI became less likely than whites to receive coronary artery bypass graft surgery at PHQID hospitals after the program was implemented. The authors concluded that there was no evidence of minority patient avoidance and that the program did not reduce access for minority patients overall.
Ryan's findings suggest additional avenues of inquiry. For example, would results differ in hospitals with dedicated hospitalists compared with hospitals with attending physicians, who may not be affected directly by pay for performance? Would results differ outside hospitals, in ambulatory care settings where providers may have less control over patient adherence to medications and instructions? Would results differ if the size of bonuses were larger than the 2 percent provided by the Medicare demonstration? Would results differ for other conditions where minority patients may have greater unmeasured risk than whites? For the conditions included in Ryan's study--AMI, CHF, and pneumonia--minorities often have lower inpatient mortality rates compared with whites. In this case, informed hospitals may engage in selection that favors minority patients over whites under pay-for-performance programs.
It is also important to consider how pay-for-performance approaches could be modified to promote reductions in disparities, rather than just minimizing adverse risk selection. Hospitals located in the poorest neighborhoods have much worse performance than those in more affluent areas (Benincasa and Brooks 2006). Straight pay-for-performance could simply make the rich hospitals richer and the poor hospitals poorer, to the detriment of the residents of poor neighborhoods. One solution is to provide funds for quality improvement infrastructure and technical assistance to poor performers. Another solution is to include incentives related to pay for improvement. This would enable providers at the bottom, who are improving but have not yet attained high performance, to receive bonuses. Maryland includes such an option in its hospital pay-for-performance program.
Another way to use incentives to reduce disparities is to pay for disparities reduction. Massachusetts Medicaid has included elements of this as part of its health care reform. The challenges with this approach include what to do with hospitals that treat few minority or low-income individuals and how to balance overall quality and disparities goals. With respect to sample size, it would be possible to aggregate performance on quality at the institutional level and disparities at a community or state level. However, we have no information about how shared accountability for disparities would be perceived. For organizations that serve larger minority populations, other questions loom large. For example, is mediocre care with no disparities better or worse than overall superior care with larger disparities?
Regardless of the approach, all pay-for-performance policies share one critical need: data on racial and ethnic minorities to track policy effects on disparities. Unfortunately, Medicare data are notoriously poor at identifying people of color (Eggers and Greenberg 1998). Large numbers of Hispanics are misclassified as white, which would tend to mask differences across groups. "Other race" is a mix of groups and of limited utility. In addition, the recently released Institute of Medicine report highlights the limitations of broad race and ethnicity categories and the importance for communities to identify more fine-grained ethnic groups (Institute of Medicine 2009). These specific "granular" ethnicities may allow more efficient targeting of intervention to groups experiencing the largest disparities in their localities.
Health services researchers have articulated multiple concerns about the potential for unintended consequences of pay-for-performance programs, particularly the potential to widen disparities. Notwithstanding limitations, Ryan's results should offer some reassurance. However, the urgency underlying current health care reform efforts should also suggest that monitoring the impact of future initiatives on both quality and disparities is critical but not sufficient. Use of pay for performance and other financial incentives to improve quality may be able to reduce care disparities. Explicitly recognizing disparities reduction as a quality metric under pay for performance and financially rewarding providers that achieve equity in health care may be the most direct path to ensuring high-quality health care for all Americans.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2009.01031.x
The opinions expressed here are those of the authors and are not intended to convey official policy positions of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the Department of Health and Human Services.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2006. "Pay for Performance: A Decision Guide for Purchasers" [accessed on December 14, 2009]. Available at http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/p4pguide.htm
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2008a. "National Healthcare Quality Report" [accessed on December 14, 2009]. Available at http://www.ahrq.gov/QUAL/nhqr08/nhqr08.pdf
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2008b. "National Healthcare Disparities Report" [accessed on December 14, 2009]. Available at http://www.ahrq.gov/QUAL/nhdr08/nhdr08.pdf
Benincasa, R., and J. Brooks. 2006. "Best Cardiac Care Found in Wealthiest Areas, GNS Analysis Shows." Gannett News Service Special Report. Available at http://gns.gannettonhne.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060926/ HOSPITALS/609260306
Casalino, L., A. Elster, A. Eisenberg, E. Lewis, J. Montgomery, and D. Ramos. 2007. "Will Pay-for-Performance and Quality Reporting Affect Health Care Disparities?" Health Affairs 26 (3): w405-14.
Eggers, P. W., and L. G. Greenberg. 1998. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Hospitalization Rates among Aged Medicare Beneficiaries." Health Care Financing Review 21 (4): 91-105.
Hasnain-Wynia, R., and M. Jean-Jacques. 2009. "Filling the Gaps between Performance Incentive Programs and Health Care Quality Improvement." Health Services Research 44 (3): 777-83.
Institute of Medicine. 2009. Race, Ethnicity and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Available at http://www.iom.edu/en/Reports/2009/RaceEthnicityData.aspx.
Lindenauer, P., D. Remus, S. Roman, M. Rothberg, E. Benjamin, A. Ma, and D. Bratzler. 2007. "Public Reporting and Pay for Performance in Hospital Quality Improvement." New England Journal of Medicine 356 (5): 486-96.
Ryan, A. M. 2010. "Has Pay-for-Performance Decreased Access for Minority Patients?" Health Services Research 45 (1): 6-23.
Sehgal, A. R. 2003. "Impact of Quality Improvement Efforts on Race and Sex Disparities in Hemodialysis." Journal of the American Medical Association 289 (8): 996-1000.
Reader Opinion
Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback | |
Title Annotation: | Editorial |
Author: | Ho, Karen; Moy, Ernest; Clancy, Carolyn M. |
Publication: | Health Services Research |
Article Type: | Editorial |
Geographic Code: | 1USA |
Date: | Feb 1, 2010 |
Words: | 1805 |
Previous Article: | Annual research meeting. |
Next Article: | Has pay-for-performance decreased access for minority patients? |
Topics: |


text:
Ambitious Hollywood games firm eyes more development partnerships as it inks Factor 5 deal, its second signing in as many days
After announcing an agreement with respected Japanese firm Game Republic just yesterday, Hollywood games publisher Brash has signed up another well-known studio, signing American outfit Factor 5 for a multi-game deal.Factor 5 has worked on a mix of licence-based games, such as Star Wars Rogue Squadron, and original IP including as Lair and Turrican. The studio also boasts plenty of technical expertise, having been a technology partner in the development of both Nintendo's Wii and GameCube consoles, provider of the MusyX sound tools, partner in the Sony PlayStation 3 Edge toolset group, and a number of collaborations with Dolby Labs, THX, and AMD/ATI.
In the official announcement of the deal, Julian Eggebrecht, president and co-founder of the Californian studio, praised Brash's approach in aligning key creative talents from the worlds of games and film and helping them work together.
The studio will first work with Brash on an unnamed title due for release in 2010 and to be fully revealed later this year. Brash has been seriously courting third party developers in recent months after its founding last year and raising some $40m investment capital to help fulfill its vision on delivering quality games based on Hollywood-made IPs.
And with 40 movie IP-based games in the works, Brash is hungry for more key deals - and told Develop that the Factor 5 and Game Republic signings are just the start of its ambitious plans to sign up many, many more of the world's independent developers to help it produce respectable games based on movie properties.
"Game Republic and Factor Five are two very important signings for Brash and it's a sign of what we want to do," CEO Mitch Davis told Develop.
"We will make a series of announcements over the coming months to continue to show that we want to build very strong partnerships across the globe - we have a lot of very, very high quality licences."


text:
While quite outstanding and deserving to be in any conscientiously stocked wine cellar, the 1986 Beychevelle does not quite have the extraordinary concentration and potential for longevity that I had thought it would. Nevertheless, this is still one of the best Beychevelles in the last 30 years. With its black/ruby color and huge bouquet of roasted fruit, this full-bodied, concentrated, rich wine should not be drunk before the mid-1990s.
Drink Dates: 1991-2010Professional content appears courtesy of Vinfolio
Remarkably complex with rich, concentrated, tannic currant, spice and anise flavors, wrapped in smoky, cedary oak that gets tastier with every sip. It's best to wait until this one can fully develop, in 1997 or '98.
Drink Dates:Professional content appears courtesy of Vinfolio