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Blow Flies
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Blow Flies Blow Flies Nature Bulletin No. 76 July 27, 1946 Forest Preserve District of Cook County Clayton F. Smith, President Roberts Mann, Superintendent of Conservation BLOW FLIES The big flies you sometimes find buzzing loudly and crazily around in your basement, garage, barn, or even your living room, are not overgrown house flies. They are blow flies. Of the several species in this region the most common are the Blue Bottle Fly, Green Bottle Fly, Black Blow Fly and Screw-Worm Fly. Adult flies do not grow after they emerge from the pupa case. They lay small white or ivory-colored oblong eggs which hatch, in a day or two at ordinary temperatures, into maggots. These feed and grow and shed their skins several times before they form a brown pupa case shaped like a medicine capsule. Inside this case a transformation takes place which results grown fly. In the case of the blow flies the whole process, from egg to adult fly, takes from 14 to 18 days.
Making digital leaf collages with blow painting!
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
We present a novel play interface called Blow Painting that enables people to create leaf collage paintings on a digital canvas by blowing at a toy windmill. The toy windmill detects the blowing action and direction with its embedded microphone and rotation ... Keywords: blowing, collage, daily experience, embodiment, interaction, leaf stencils, painting, play, rfid, tangible object
Yang-Ting Shen; Ellen Yi-Luen Do
11march2007 Blowing in the wind
E-Print Network (OSTI)
11march2007 Blowing in the wind Part of the answer to rising energy needs and costs may literally be blowing in the wind. Among sustainable sources of electricity, only wind energy has the capacity and technology needed to compete in the open marketplace. The largest onshore wind farm in Europe is being built
Genton, Marc G.
Blowing Ratio Effects on Film Cooling Effectiveness
The research focuses on testing the film cooling effectiveness on a gas turbine blade suction side surface. The test is performed on a five bladed cascade with a blow down facility. Four different blowing ratios are used in this study, which are 0.5, 1.0, 1.6, and 2.0; mainstream flow conditions are maintained at exit Mach number of 0.7, 1.1 and 1.3. Nitrogen is injected as the coolant so that the oxygen concentration levels can be obtained for the test surface. Based on mass transfer analogy, film cooling effectiveness can be computed with pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. The effect of blowing ratio on film cooling effectiveness is presented for each testing condition. The spanwise averaged effectiveness for each case is also presented to compare the blowing ratio and mainstream effect on film cooling effectiveness. Results show that due to effects of shock, the optimum blowing ratio is 1.6 for exit Mach number of 1.1 and 1.3; however; without the effects of shock, the optimum blowing ratio is 1.0 for exit Mach number of 0.7.
Liu, Kuo-Chun
Mathematical Modeling for Side-Blow Combustion Region in Iron ...
Presentation Title, Mathematical Modeling for Side-Blow Combustion Region in Iron Bath Reactor with H2-C Mixture Reduction. Author(s), Bo Zhang, Hong Xin.
Blowing Snow on Arctic Sea Ice: Results from an Improved Sea Ice�Snow�Blowing Snow Coupled System
A one-dimensional (1D) version of a blowing snow model, called PIEKTUK-D, has been incorporated into a snow�sea ice coupled system. Blowing snow results in sublimation of approximately 12 mm of snow water equivalent (SWE), which is equal to ...
Yi-Ching Chung; St�phane B�lair; Jocelyn Mailhot
Modeling and simulation of film blowing process
Film blowing process is a flexible mass production technology used for manufacturing thin polymeric films. Its flexibility in using an existing die to produce films of different width and thickness, just by controlling process conditions such as, extrudate velocity, excess pressure, and line speed, makes it an attractive process with less capital investment. Controlling the process conditions to obtain a stable bubble, however, is not a trivial task. It is a costly trial and error procedure, which could result is a large wastage of material and other resources. Hence, it is necessary to develop methods to simulate the process and design it using numerical experiments. This important need of the industry defines the objective of this work. In this dissertation, a transient, axisymmetric, nonisothermal, viscoelastic model is developed to simulate the process, and it is solved using finite element method. Material behavior of polymer melt is described using a modified Phan-Thien-Tanner model in the liquid??like region, and anisotropic Kelvin??Voight model in the solid zone, and the transition is modeled using a simple mixture theory. Crystallization kinetics is described using a modified Avrami model with factors to account for the influence of temperature and strain. Results obtained are compared with available experimental results and the model is used to explore stability issues and the role of different parameters. Software developed using this model comes with a GUI based pre- and post-processor, and it can be easily adapted to use other constitutive models.
Mayavaram, Ravisankar S.
The Impact of Blowing Agents on Residential Water Heater Performance
The Impact of Blowing Agents on Residential Water Heater Performance The Impact of Blowing Agents on Residential Water Heater Performance Title The Impact of Blowing Agents on Residential Water Heater Performance Publication Type Report LBNL Report Number LBNL-47352 Year of Publication 2001 Authors Lekov, Alexander B., James D. Lutz, Camilla Dunham Whitehead, and James E. McMahon Document Number LBNL-47352 Date Published January 12 Abstract The National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 (NAECA) requires the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to consider amendments to the energy conservation standards to increase energy efficiency in residential water heaters. A driving force affecting efficiency is the ozone-depletion regulation regarding blowing agents for insulation in all water heater fuel types. This paper presents results of cost and efficiency impacts of three potential blowing agents. Residential water heaters are typically insulated with polyurethane foam in the space between the tank and the jacket. Currently, water heater manufacturers use HCFC-141b, an ozone-depleting substance, as a blowing agent. After 2003, as a result of the Montreal Protocol (1993), manufacturers must use blowing agents that do not deplete the ozone layer. The analysis presented in this paper considers three replacement candidates, HFC-245fa, HFC-134a, and cyclopentane by comparing their efficiency and cost effectiveness when applied to water heater insulation. This analysis used computer simulation models and other analytical methods to investigate the efficiency improvements due to different design options, when alternative blowing agents are applied. The calculations were based on the DOE test procedure for residential water heaters. The analysis used average manufacturer, retailer, and installer costs to calculate the total consumer costs. Consumer operating expenses were calculated based on modeled energy consumption under test procedure conditions and U.S. average energy prices. With this information, a cost-efficiency relationship was developed to show the average manufacturer and consumer cost to achieve increased efficiency.
passive data structure
Definition of passive data structure, possibly with links to more information and implementations. NIST. passive data structure. (data structure). ...
Blowing in the Wind ...Offshore | Department of Energy
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Blowing in the Wind ...Offshore Blowing in the Wind ...Offshore Blowing in the Wind ...Offshore February 10, 2011 - 9:28am Addthis Cathy Zoi Former Assistant Secretary, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy What will this project do? The new offshore wind strategy lays out a path to potentially have 54 gigawatts of offshore wind capacity by 2030, enough to power more than 15 million homes with clean, renewable energy. Have you ever flown a kite at the beach? If you have, you know how breezy it can be. A few miles offshore, you'll find that the wind is even stronger and steadier. And it's like that all around the country. Along the eastern seaboard and west coast, in the Great Lakes and Gulf of Mexico, and even around Hawaii we have a massive clean energy resource waiting to
An Empirical Blowing Snow Forecast Technique for the Canadian Arctic and the Prairie Provinces
Blowing snow has a major impact on transportation and public safety. The goal of this study is to provide an operational technique for forecasting high-impact blowing snow on the Canadian arctic and the Prairie provinces using historical ...
David G. Baggaley; John M. Hanesiak
CR-39 track etching and blow up method
DOE Patents (OSTI)
This invention is a method of etching tracks in CR-39 foil to obtain uniformly sized tracks. The invention comprises a step of electrochemically etching the foil at a low frequency and a ''blow-up'' step of electrochemically etching the foil at a high frequency.
Hankins, D.E.
Passive Solar Design
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
The difference between a passive solar home and a conventional home is design. Passive solar homes and other buildings are designed to take advantage of the local climate.
Passive solar technology
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
The present status of passive solar technology is summarized, including passive solar heating, cooling and daylighting. The key roles of the passive solar system designer and of innovation in the building industry are described. After definitions of passive design and a summary of passive design principles are given, performance and costs of passive solar technology are discussed. Passive energy design concepts or methods are then considered in the context of the overall process by which building decisions are made to achieve the integration of new techniques into conventional design. (LEW).
Watson, D
Characterization of the dissolved organic matter in steam assisted gravity drainage boiler blow-down water.
??The presence of high concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and total dissolved solids (TDS) in the boiler blow-down water (BBD) causes severe equipment fouling� (more)
Guha Thakurta, Subhayan
Multiphysics CFD Modeling of a Free Falling Jet during Melt-Blowing ...
Presentation Title, Multiphysics CFD Modeling of a Free Falling Jet during Melt- Blowing Slag Fiberization ... A Micro-Macro Model of a PEM Fuel Cell System.
Parameterizing passive participle movement
houses bought Finally, the meaning of (25) is not passive,houses burnt in English, it is not: it does not have the structure we are positing for passiveshouses in the present. Ci is completely unacceptable with genuine passives (
Caponigro, Ivano; Sch�tze, Carson T
Brief Coordinated passivation designs
In two-input (or multi-input) nonlinear systems it may be possible to achieve feedback passivation of a chosen input using the second input (other inputs) to improve the stability properties of the first input's zero dynamics. This 'coordinated passivation' ... Keywords: Nonlinear passivation, Turbocharged diesel engine, Zero dynamics
Michael Larsen; Mrdjan Jankovi?; Petar V. Kokotovi?
Solution blow-up for a class of parabolic equations with double nonlinearity
SciTech Connect
We consider a class of parabolic-type equations with double nonlinearity and derive sufficient conditions for finite time blow-up of its solutions in a bounded domain under the homogeneous Dirichlet condition. To prove the solution blow-up we use a modification of Levine's method. Bibliography: 13 titles.
Korpusov, Maxim O [Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow (Russian Federation)] [Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow (Russian Federation)
Soot blower using fuel gas as blowing medium
A soot blower assembly (10) for use in combination with a coal gasifier (14). The soot blower assembly is adapted for use in the hot combustible product gas generated in the gasifier as the blowing medium. The soot blower lance (20) and the drive means (30) by which it is moved into and out of the gasifier is housed in a gas tight enclosure (40) which completely surrounds the combination. The interior of the enclosure (40) is pressurized by an inert gas to a pressure level higher than that present in the gasifier so that any combustible product gas leaking from the soot blower lance (20) is forced into the gasifier rather than accumulating within the enclosure.
Tanca, Michael C. (Tariffville, CT)
Passive solar workbook
After a case is presented for the use of solar energy, principles of solar kinetics, solar radiation and weather, and heat flow are reviewed and active, passive and hybrid systems are briefly discussed. Site planning, orientation, and landscaping and solar access are covered, as are the design and components of passive solar systems. Calculation methods are presented for determining building heating load profile, auxiliary load profile, and thermal storage capacity. Construction details are given for foundation, wall, and storage insulation, Trombe walls, movable insulation, and shading devices. Passive solar cooling is also covered. Interior applications for passive solar design are discussed and financial considerations are presented. (LEW)
NREL: Learning - Passive Solar
each side of a tower. The Zion National Park Visitor Center incorporates passive solar design features, including clerestory windows for daylighting and Trombe walls that absorb...
Passive solar space heating
An overview of passive solar space heating is presented indicating trends in design, new developments, performance measures, analytical design aids, and monitored building results.
Balcomb, J.D.
LASL passive program
Recent accomplishments are outlined on the following tasks: (1) solar load ratio for sunspaces; (2) thermal performance of components and buildings; (3) convective loop test; (4) similarity study of interzone convection; (5) evaluation of phase-change thermal storage; (6) off-peak electrical auxiliary heating; (7) passive solar design handbook; (8) program support to DOE; and (9) passive cooling for residences. (WHK)
Neeper, D.A.
Passive magnetic bearing configurations
A journal bearing provides vertical and radial stability to a rotor of a passive magnetic bearing system when the rotor is not rotating and when it is rotating. In the passive magnetic bearing system, the rotor has a vertical axis of rotation. Without the journal bearing, the rotor is vertically and radially unstable when stationary, and is vertically stable and radially unstable when rotating.
Post, Richard F. (Walnut Creek, CA)
Neural networks based multiplex forecasting system of the end-point of copper blow period
The neural network and the experiential evaluation method are introduced into the industrial converting process forecast, and a multiplex forecast system is proposed at the end-point of copper blow period in a matte converting process. The fuzzy clustering ...
Lihua Xue; Hongzhong Huang; Yaohua Hu; Zhangming Shi
Structures and Seasonal Variations of Surface Winds Blowing through the Tsushima Strait
Surface winds blowing through the Tsushima Strait are statistically investigated using satellite wind measurements and atmospheric reanalysis data. This study first presents structures and seasonal variations of the northeasterly and ...
Teruhisa Shimada
A Blow-up Criterion for Two Dimensional Compressible Viscous Heat-Conductive Flows
We establish a blow-up criterion in terms of the upper bound of the density and temperature for the strong solution to 2D compressible viscous heat-conductive flows. The initial vacuum is allowed.
Fang, Daoyuan; Zhang, Ting
Principles of Passive House
Principles of Passive House Principles of Passive House Speaker(s): Wolfgang Feist Date: November 1, 2010 - 12:00pm Location: 90-4133 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Alan Meier The Passive House ("Passivhaus") concept is a rigorous, voluntary energy performance standard for buildings that reduces heating requirements by up to 90% and overall energy use by up to 80% over standard construction. Developed in Germany in the early 1990s and drawing on Super-insulated and Passive Solar ideas from North America and "Low Energy" European building standards, the concept of a building that could be practically constructed to maintain a comfortable interior climate without conventional heating or cooling systems was devised, tested and proven. The Passive House remains comfortable without large "active"
Passive solar construction handbook
Many of the basic elements of passive solar design are reviewed. The unique design constraints presented in passive homes are introduced and many of the salient issues influencing design decisions are described briefly. Passive solar construction is described for each passive system type: direct gain, thermal storage wall, attached sunspace, thermal storage roof, and convective loop. For each system type, important design and construction issues are discussed and case studies illustrating designed and built examples of the system type are presented. Construction details are given and construction and thermal performance information is given for the materials used in collector components, storage components, and control components. Included are glazing materials, framing systems, caulking and sealants, concrete masonry, concrete, brick, shading, reflectors, and insulators. The Load Collector Ratio method for estimating passive system performance is appended, and other analysis methods are briefly summarized. (LEW)
Levy, E.; Evans, D.; Gardstein, C.
Fukushima plutonium effect and blow-up regimes in neutron-multiplying media
It is shown that the capture and fission cross-sections of 238U and 239Pu increase with temperature within 1000-3000 K range, in contrast to those of 235U, that under certain conditions may lead to the so-called blow-up modes, stimulating the anomalous neutron flux and nuclear fuel temperature growth. Some features of the blow-up regimes in neutron-multiplying media are discussed.
V. D. Rusov; V. A. Tarasov; V. M. Vaschenko; E. P. Linnik; T. N. Zelentsova; M. E. Beglaryan; S. A. Chernegenko; S. I. Kosenko; P. A. Molchinikolov; V. P. Smolyar; E. V. Grechan
It is shown that the capture and fission cross-sections of 238U and 239Pu increase with temperature within 1000-3000K range, in contrast to those of 235U, that under certain conditions may lead to the so-called blow-up modes, stimulating the anomalous neutron flux and nuclear fuel temperature growth. Some features of the blow-up regimes in neutron-multiplying media are discussed.
Rusov, V D; Vaschenko, V M; Linnik, E P; Zelentsova, T N; Beglaryan, M E; Chernegenko, S A; Kosenko, S I; Molchinikolov, P A; Smolyar, V P; Grechan, E V
ACR-1000 Passive Features
The Advanced CANDU Reactor{sup TM} (ACR{sup TM}) is a Generation III+ pressure tube type reactor using light water coolant and heavy water moderator. The ACR-1000 reactor design is an evolutionary extension of the proven CANDU reactor design. The ACR-1000 incorporates multiple and diverse passive systems for accident mitigation. Where necessary, one or more features that are passive in nature have been included for mitigation of any postulated accident event. This paper describes how the use of passive design elements complements active features enhances reliability and improves safety margins. (authors)
Lekakh, Boris; Hau, Ken; Ford, Steven [Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (Canada)
Hood River Passive House
The Hood River Passive Project was developed by Root Design Build of Hood River Oregon using the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) to meet all of the requirements for certification under the European Passive House standards. The Passive House design approach has been gaining momentum among residential designers for custom homes and BEopt modeling indicates that these designs may actually exceed the goal of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Building America program to reduce home energy use by 30%-50% (compared to 2009 energy codes for new homes). This report documents the short term test results of the Shift House and compares the results of PHPP and BEopt modeling of the project.
Hales, D.
and Passive Cooling Marlo Martin and Paul Berdahl SeptemberNTIS. 3. P. Berdahl and M. Martin, "The Resource for Radia-1978) p. 684. 4. M. Martin and P. Berdahl, "Description of a
Martin, M.
Chemical and physical modification of petroleum, coal-tar, and coal-extract pitches by air-blowing.
??Treatment by air-blowing was pursued as a process to modify the properties of pitches. The focus of this research was to compare the effects of� (more)
King, Nathan D. (Nathan Douglas)
Weak Fano threefolds obtained by blowing-up a space curve and construction of Sarkisov links
We characterise smooth curves in $\\mathbb{P}^3$ whose blow-up produces a threefold with anticanonical divisor big and nef. These are curves $C$ of degree $d$ and genus $g$ lying on a smooth quartic, such that (i) $4d-30 \\le g\\le 14$ or $(g,d) = (19,12)$, (ii) there is no 5-secant line, 9-secant conic, nor 13-secant twisted cubic to $C$. This generalises the classical similar situation for the blow-up of points in $\\mathbb{P}^2$. We describe then Sarkisov links constructed from these blow-ups, and are able to prove the existence of Sarkisov links which were previously only known as numerical possibilities.
Blanc, J�r�my
Passive research and practice
Passive-solar applications in buildings are described and examples are given to illustrate how research in the field has been approached. The major emphasis of the research has been on devising mathematical models to characterize heat flow within buildings, on the validation of these models by comparison with test results, and on the subsequent use of the models to investigate the influence of both various design parameters and the weather on system performance. Results from both test modules and monitored buildings are given. Simulation analysis, the development of simplified methods, and systems analysis are outlined. Passive-solar practice is described and the key elements that have led to successful passive-solar applications are discussed.
Passive solar applications
Passive solar applications in buildings are described. The major emphasis of the research has been on devising mathematical models to characterize heat flow within buildings, on the validation of these models by comparison with test results, and on the subsequent use of the models to investigate the influence of both various design parameters and the weather on system performance. Results from both test modules and monitored buildings are discussed. Simulation analysis, the development of simplified methods, and systems analysis are outlined. Passive solar potential in China is discussed.
Method of passivating semiconductor surfaces
A method of passivating Group III-V or II-VI semiconductor compound surfaces. The method includes selecting a passivating material having a lattice constant substantially mismatched to the lattice constant of the semiconductor compound. The passivating material is then grown as an ultrathin layer of passivating material on the surface of the Group III-V or II-VI semiconductor compound. The passivating material is grown to a thickness sufficient to maintain a coherent interface between the ultrathin passivating material and the semiconductor compound. In addition, a device formed from such method is also disclosed.
Wanlass, Mark W. (Golden, CO)
A method is described for passivating Group III-V or II-VI semiconductor compound surfaces. The method includes selecting a passivating material having a lattice constant substantially mismatched to the lattice constant of the semiconductor compound. The passivating material is then grown as an ultrathin layer of passivating material on the surface of the Group III-V or II-VI semiconductor compound. The passivating material is grown to a thickness sufficient to maintain a coherent interface between the ultrathin passivating material and the semiconductor compound. In addition, a device formed from such method is also disclosed.
Wanlass, M.W.
>> Home >> World News Michael Richardson: Win for France over fusion reactor a big blow to Japan
, should be the site for an experimental nuclear fusion reactor. But the choice was a loss for big scienceWorld News >> Home >> World News Michael Richardson: Win for France over fusion reactor a big blow, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. Due largely to China's opposition, ITER will be constructed
Lean Blow-Out Prediction in Gas Turbine Combustors Using Symbolic Time Series Analysis
Lean Blow-Out Prediction in Gas Turbine Combustors Using Symbolic Time Series Analysis Achintya of lean blowout in gas turbine combustors based on symbolic analysis of time series data from optical. For the purpose of detecting lean blowout in gas turbine combustors, the state probability vector obtained
Ray, Asok
Recent Studies on the Climatology and Modeling of Blowing Snow in the Mackenzie River Basin
or depressions. A secondary process during advection is sublimation (phase change of ice to water vapor. A parameterization for blowing snow sublimation based on the PIEKTUK-D model and the European Centre for Medium is the 1998 `Ice Storm' in Eastern Canada that caused over a billion dollars of damage and was responsible
Dery, Stephen
Modelling of heat transfer at glass/mould interface in press and blow forming processes
Numerical models may play an important role in the optimization of the quality of hollow-ware glass articles in glass industry. Due to the complexity of the phenomena involved a coupling between thermal and mechanical aspects is crucial. One of the key ... Keywords: Finite elements, Glass forming, Heat conduction, Heat transfer coefficient, Interface element, Press/blow process
S�bastien Gr�goire; Jos� M. A. C�sar de S�; Philippe Moreau; Dominique Lochegnies
The Answer Is Blowing in the Wind: Analysis of Powering Internet Data Centers with Wind Energy
The Answer Is Blowing in the Wind: Analysis of Powering Internet Data Centers with Wind Energy Yan. As a result, many IDC operators have started using renewable energy, e.g., wind power, to power their data centers. Unfortunately, the utilization of wind energy has stayed at a low ratio due to the intermittent
Industrialized passive: two case studies
Modular homes present unique constraints to the incorporation of passive solar concepts. A series of passive soalr modular designs were developed. Two of the designs developed and slated for construction are described here. In particular those characteristics unique to the interface of passive solar design with modular home technology are discussed.
Levy, M.E.; Winter, S.; Marks, R.; Gardstein, C.
Passive Sensors | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Passive Sensors Passive Sensors Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Exploration Technique: Passive Sensors Details Activities (0) Areas (0) Regions (0) NEPA(0) Exploration Technique Information Exploration Group: Remote Sensing Techniques Exploration Sub Group: Passive Sensors Parent Exploration Technique: Remote Sensing Techniques Information Provided by Technique Lithology: Mineral maps can be used to show the presence of hydrothermal minerals and mineral assemblages Stratigraphic/Structural: Map structures/faults and regional strain rates Hydrological: Map surface water features Thermal: Map surface temperatures Dictionary.png Passive Sensors: Sensors that measure energy which is naturally available in the environment. Other definitions:Wikipedia Reegle
Passive solar design handbook
The Passive Solar Design Handbook, Volume Three updates Volume Two by presenting extensive new data on the optimum mix of conservation and solar direct gain, sunspaces, thermal storage walls, and solar radiation. The direct gain, thermal storage wall, and solar radiation data are greatly expanded relative to the Volume 2 coverage. The needed flexibility to analyze a variety of system designs is accommodated by the large number of reference designs to be encompassed - 94 in contrast to 6 in Volume two - and the large amount of sensitivity data for direct gain and sunspace systems - approximately 1100 separate curves.
Jones, R.W.
Passive solar energy for builders
A handbook is presented that is designed to introduce Colorado builders to the possibilities available with energy-efficient, passive solar home construction. Although a wide variety of passive design options exist, only those which can be used in a cost effective manner in Colorado are discussed. The information is presented in four sections: solar fundamentals, passive design overview, design building elements, and builder considerations.
Andrews, S. (comp.)
Second Blows in the Head-on Collisions of the Spherical Nano Polymer Droplets
We report observations of weird but interesting phenomenon from the molecular dynamics simulations, occurrence of second blows in the head-on collisions of two equal-sized spherical nano polymer droplets. In the head-on collisions, we usually expect a single peak of impact forces between two colliding droplets. But, in the simulations, the second peak of the impact forces is actually observed. Its underlying mechanisms at the molecular scale are also proposed.
Sangrak Kim
A blow-up criterion for compressible viscous heat-conductive flows
We study an initial boundary value problem for the Navier-Stokes equations of compressible viscous heat-conductive fluids in a 2-D periodic domain or the unit square domain. We establish a blow-up criterion for the local strong solutions in terms of the gradient of the velocity only, which coincides with the famous Beale-Kato-Majda criterion for ideal incompressible flows.
Jiang, Song
Passive-solar construction handbook
Many of the basic elements of passive solar design are reviewed. Passive solar construction is covered according to system type, each system type discussion including a general discussion of the important design and construction issues which apply to the particular system and case studies illustrating designed and built examples of the system type. The three basic types of passive solar systems discussed are direct gain, thermal storage wall, and attached sunspace. Thermal performance and construction information is presented for typical materials used in passive solar collector components, storage components, and control components. Appended are an overview of analysis methods and a technique for estimating performance. (LEW)
WIPP - Passive Institutional Controls (PICs)
Energy has developed a program for the development of Passive Institutional Controls to alert future generations to the potential hazards of intersecting the Waste Isolation Pilot...
for Passive Passive Solar Heating Applications StephenHEAT MIRRORS FOR PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING APPLICATIONS StephenMIRRORS FOR PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING APPLICATIONS Stephen
Selkowitz, S.
Passive solar heating and analysis
Passive solar heating experience and analysis techniques are reviewed with emphasis on annual auxiliary heat requirement. The role of analysis in the design of passive solar buildings is discussed. Selected results for existing systems are presented for locations in Saudi Arabia and climatically similar locations in the US. Advanced systems in the research stage are described.
Temperature initiated passive cooling system
A passive cooling system for cooling an enclosure only when the enclosure temperature exceeds a maximum standby temperature comprises a passive heat transfer loop containing heat transfer fluid having a particular thermodynamic critical point temperature just above the maximum standby temperature. An upper portion of the heat transfer loop is insulated to prevent two phase operation below the maximum standby temperature.
Forsberg, Charles W. (Oak Ridge, TN)
A passive cooling system for cooling an enclosure only when the enclosure temperature exceeds a maximum standby temperature comprises a passive heat transfer loop containing heat transfer fluid having a particular thermodynamic critical point temperature just above the maximum standby temperature. An upper portion of the heat transfer loop is insulated to prevent two phase operation below the maximum standby temperature. 1 fig.
Forsberg, C.W.
Passive retrofits for Navy housing
A project to assess and initiate passive solar energy retrofits to US Navy family housing is described. The current data base for Navy housing (ECOP), and its enhancement for passive solar purposes options proposed for Navy housing are explained. The analysis goals and methods to evaluate the retrofits are discussed. An educational package to explain the retrofits is described.
Hibbert, R.; Miles, C.; Jones, R.; Peck, C.; Anderson, J.; Jacobson, V.; Dale, A.M.
Modularization of passive solar
Ways of modularizing component parts of passive soalr systems for the manufactured housing industry are discussed. Site-filled water mass modules installed in south-facing stud spaces, glazing systems, sun-rooms and roof apertures are being explored and constructed. Even though the houses are being designed without pre-selected sites, they are expected to perform well given the variable deployment of the south-facing wall system. Any facade of the house will be able to accept the sun's energy. While some of the solutions involve specific products and techniques, it is the general conclusion that low-cost, modular solar components can be worked into solar building designs without great regard for the final site. This makes marketing easier and costs lower with the result of more installations.
Maloney, T.
Passive containment cooling system
A passive containment cooling system includes a containment vessel surrounding a reactor pressure vessel and defining a drywell therein containing a non-condensable gas. An enclosed wetwell pool is disposed inside the containment vessel, and a gravity driven cooling system (GDCS) pool is disposed above the wetwell pool in the containment vessel and is vented to the drywell. An isolation pool is disposed above the GDCS pool and includes an isolation condenser therein. The condenser has an inlet line disposed in flow communication with the drywell for receiving the non-condensable gas along with any steam released therein following a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA). The condenser also has an outlet line disposed in flow communication with the drywell for returning to the drywell both liquid condensate produced upon cooling of the steam and the non-condensable gas for reducing pressure within the containment vessel following the LOCA.
Billig, Paul F. (San Jose, CA); Cooke, Franklin E. (San Jose, CA); Fitch, James R. (San Jose, CA)
A passive containment cooling system includes a containment vessel surrounding a reactor pressure vessel and defining a drywell therein containing a non-condensable gas. An enclosed wetwell pool is disposed inside the containment vessel, and a gravity driven cooling system (GDCS) pool is disposed above the wetwell pool in the containment vessel and is vented to the drywell. An isolation pool is disposed above the GDCS pool and includes an isolation condenser therein. The condenser has an inlet line disposed in flow communication with the drywell for receiving the non-condensable gas along with any steam released therein following a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA). The condenser also has an outlet line disposed in flow communication with the drywell for returning to the drywell both liquid condensate produced upon cooling of the steam and the non-condensable gas for reducing pressure within the containment vessel following the LOCA. 1 figure.
Billig, P.F.; Cooke, F.E.; Fitch, J.R.
Passive Solar Home Design | Department of Energy
Passive Solar Home Design Passive Solar Home Design June 24, 2013 - 7:18pm Addthis This North Carolina home gets most of its space heating from the passive solar design, but the...
time of day for a passive solar house under four differentresponse function for a passive solar house would begin toB(w)/A(w). A good passive solar house w i l l have B/A large
Goldstein, David B.
Category:Passive Sensors | Open Energy Information
Imaging P Passive Sensors S Stereo Satellite Imagery SWIR Retrieved from "http:en.openei.orgwindex.php?titleCategory:PassiveSensors&oldid594073" Category: Remote Sensing...
Spatial diversity in passive time reversal communications
Song et al. : Spatial diversity in passive time reversaland J. Ritcey, �Spatial diversity equalization applied toSpatial diversity in passive time reversal communications H.
Passive Solar Space Heat | Open Energy Information
Solar Space Heat Jump to: navigation, search TODO: Add description List of Passive Solar Space Heat Incentives Retrieved from "http:en.openei.orgwindex.php?titlePassive...
MSTC - Microsystems Science, Technology, and Components - Passive...
General Info About Us Awards Contacts Doing Business with Us Fact Sheets MESA News Passive wireless sensorsRFIDsTags RFWireless Microsystems Passive sensors interrogated by...
Numerical modeling of plasma plume evolution against ambient background gas in laser blow off experiments
Two dimensional numerical modelling based on simplified hydrodynamic evolution for an expanding plasma plume (created by laser blow off) against an ambient background gas has been carried out. A comparison with experimental observations shows that these simulations capture most features of the plasma plume expansion. The plume location and other gross features are reproduced as per the experimental observation in quantitative detail. The plume shape evolution and its dependence on the ambient background gas are in good qualitative agreement with the experiment. This suggests that a simplified hydrodynamic expansion model is adequate for the description of plasma plume expansion.
Patel, Bhavesh G.; Das, Amita; Kaw, Predhiman; Singh, Rajesh; Kumar, Ajai [Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 (India)
Passive blast pressure sensor
A passive blast pressure sensor for detecting blast overpressures of at least a predetermined minimum threshold pressure. The blast pressure sensor includes a piston-cylinder arrangement with one end of the piston having a detection surface exposed to a blast event monitored medium through one end of the cylinder and the other end of the piston having a striker surface positioned to impact a contact stress sensitive film that is positioned against a strike surface of a rigid body, such as a backing plate. The contact stress sensitive film is of a type which changes color in response to at least a predetermined minimum contact stress which is defined as a product of the predetermined minimum threshold pressure and an amplification factor of the piston. In this manner, a color change in the film arising from impact of the piston accelerated by a blast event provides visual indication that a blast overpressure encountered from the blast event was not less than the predetermined minimum threshold pressure.
King, Michael J.; Sanchez, Roberto J.; Moss, William C.
The European Passive House Concept
The European Passive House Concept The European Passive House Concept Speaker(s): Nabih Tahan Date: January 13, 2009 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Nabih will describe the European Passive House concept and modern, home manufacturing methods in Austria. The Passive House is a European standard for a specific way to build a house that consumes very little energy, is comfortable and has a high indoor air quality. It is a cost effective method of building, where conventional heating systems are eliminated, and their cost is reinvested in super insulation, super air-tightness and heat recovery. Free heat generated from electrical and gas appliances and lighting is recycled through the heat recovery ventilator. This results in buildings that consume 80% to 90% less heating energy while constantly
Passive solar heating for buildings
A passive solar energy system is one in which the thermal energy flow is by natural means, that is by radiation, conduction, or natural convection. A survey of passive solar heating experience, especially in the U.S., is provided. Design approaches are reviewed and examples shown. Misconceptions are discussed. Advantages are listed. The Los Alamos program of performance simulation and evaluation is described and a simplified method of performance estimation is outlined.
File:Template for Blowing in the Wind.pdf | Open Energy Information
source source History View New Pages Recent Changes All Special Pages Semantic Search/Querying Get Involved Help Apps Datasets Community Login | Sign Up Search File Edit History Facebook icon Twitter icon » File:Template for Blowing in the Wind.pdf Jump to: navigation, search File File history File usage Metadata File:Template for Blowing in the Wind.pdf Size of this preview: 463 × 599 pixels. Other resolution: 464 × 600 pixels. Go to page 1 2 Go! next page → next page → Full resolution (1,275 × 1,650 pixels, file size: 28 KB, MIME type: application/pdf, 2 pages) File history Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Date/Time Thumbnail Dimensions User Comment current 18:01, 2 January 2014 Thumbnail for version as of 18:01, 2 January 2014 1,275 × 1,650, 2 pages (28 KB) Foteri (Talk | contribs) Category:Wind for Schools Portal CurriculaCategory:Wind for Schools Elementary School Curricula
File:Blowing in the Wind Lesson Plan.pdf | Open Energy Information
source source History View New Pages Recent Changes All Special Pages Semantic Search/Querying Get Involved Help Apps Datasets Community Login | Sign Up Search File Edit History Facebook icon Twitter icon » File:Blowing in the Wind Lesson Plan.pdf Jump to: navigation, search File File history File usage Metadata File:Blowing in the Wind Lesson Plan.pdf Size of this preview: 463 × 599 pixels. Other resolution: 464 × 600 pixels. Go to page 1 2 3 Go! next page → next page → Full resolution (1,275 × 1,650 pixels, file size: 240 KB, MIME type: application/pdf, 3 pages) File history Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Date/Time Thumbnail Dimensions User Comment current 17:57, 2 January 2014 Thumbnail for version as of 17:57, 2 January 2014 1,275 × 1,650, 3 pages (240 KB) Foteri (Talk | contribs) Category:Wind for Schools Portal CurriculaCategory:Wind for Schools Elementary School Curricula
File:Blowing In The Wind assessment.pdf | Open Energy Information
File File Edit History Facebook icon Twitter icon » File:Blowing In The Wind assessment.pdf Jump to: navigation, search File File history File usage Metadata File:Blowing In The Wind assessment.pdf Size of this preview: 463 × 599 pixels. Other resolution: 464 × 600 pixels. Go to page 1 2 Go! next page → next page → Full resolution (1,275 × 1,650 pixels, file size: 25 KB, MIME type: application/pdf, 2 pages) [Category:Wind for Schools Portal Curricula]][[] File history Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Date/Time Thumbnail Dimensions User Comment current 16:45, 2 January 2014 Thumbnail for version as of 16:45, 2 January 2014 1,275 × 1,650, 2 pages (25 KB) Foteri (Talk | contribs) [Category:Wind for Schools Portal Curricula]][[Category:Wind for Schools Elementary School Curricula]
Winter Precipitation Patterns in Arctic Alaska Determined from a Blowing-Snow Model and Snow-Depth Observations
A blowing-snow model (SnowTran-3D) was combined with field measurements of end-of-winter snow depth and density to simulate solid (winter) precipitation, snow transport, and sublimation distributions over a 20?000-km2 arctic Alaska domain. The ...
Glen E. Liston; Matthew Sturm
10 MWe solar pilot plant, Daggett, California. Flushing and steam blows preoperational test procedure 980. Revision: 0
Prescribed steps are given for flushing and steam blowing the condenser hotwell, deaerator, inline demineralizers, thermal storage subsystem flash tank, and steam lines of the Barstow Solar Pilot Plant. Included are acceptance criteria, precautions, a list of test equipment, initial conditions, procedures and data collection, and system restoration. (LEW)
Williams, D.L.
Passive solar heating of buildings
Passive solar heating concepts--in which the thermal energy flow is by natural means--are described according to five general classifications: direct gain, thermal storage wall, solar greenhouses, roof ponds, and convective loops. Examples of each are discussed. Passive test rooms built at Los Alamos are described and results are presented. Mathematical simulation techniques based on thermal network analysis are given together with validation comparisons against test room data. Systems analysis results for 29 climates are presented showing that the concepts should have wide applicability for solar heating.
Balcomb, J.D.; Hedstrom, J.C.; McFarland, R.D.
Investigations of the LHC Emittance Blow-Up During the 2012 Proton Run
About 30 % of the potential luminosity performance is lost through the different phases of the LHC cycle, mainly due to transverse emittance blow-up. Measuring the emittance growth is a difficult task with high intensity beams and changing energies. Improvements of the LHC transverse profile instrumentation helped to study various effects. A breakdown of the growth through the different phases of the LHC cycle is given as well as a comparison with the data from the LHC experiments for transverse beam size. In 2012 a number of possible sources and remedies have been studied. Among these are intra beam scattering, 50 Hz noise and the effect of the transverse damper gain. The results of the investigations are summarized in this paper. Requirements for transverse profile instrumentation for post LHC long shutdown operation to finally tackle the emittance growth are given as well.
Kuhn, M; Baudrenghien, P; Emery, J; Guerrero, A; Hofle, W; Kain, V; Lamont, M; Mastoridis, T; Roncarolo, F; Sapinski, M; Schaumann, M; Steinhagen, R; Trad, G; Valuch, D
Development of CFD Software To Support the Engineering of Lost Foam Pattern Blowing and Steaming
This CFD Project has led to a new commercial software package (Arena-flow-eps) for advanced engineering of lost foam pattern formation. Specifically, the new software models all fluid/particle/thermal phenomena during both the bead-blowing and the pattern-fusing cycles--within a single, integrated computational tool. Engineering analysis with Arena-flow-eps will enable foundries to now obtain desirable foam pattern characteristics in a reliable (consistent) manner, aided by an understanding of the fundamental fluid/thermal physics of the process. This will lead to significant reductions in casting scrap and energy usage, as well as enable future castings to satisfy stringent requirements on high-power-density and low-emissions in tomorrow's automotive and watercraft engines.
Dr. Kenneth A. Williams; Dr. Dale M. Snider
Novel Anionic Clay Adsorbents for Boiler-Blow Down Waters Reclaim and Reuse
Our goal in this study is to utilize novel anionic clay sorbents for treating and reclaiming/reusing power-plant effluents, in particular, boiler blow-down waters containing heavy metals, such as As and Se. Developing and using novel materials for such application is dictated by the challenge posed by reclaiming and recycling these too-clean-to-clean effluent streams, generated during electricity production, whose contaminant levels are in the ppm/ppb (or even less) trace levels. During the study model blow-down streams have been treated in batch experiments. Adsorption isotherms as a function of pH/temperature have been established for both As and Se. Adsorption rates have also measured as a function of concentration, temperature, pH, and space time. For both the equilibrium and rate measurements, we have studied the As/Se interaction, and competition from background anions. A homogeneous surface diffusion model is used to describe the experimental kinetic data. The estimated diffusivity values are shown to depend on the particle size. On the other hand, a model taking into account the polycrystalline nature of these adsorbent particles, and the presence of an intercrystallite porous region predicts correctly that the surface diffusivity is particle size independent. A mathematical model to describe flow experiments in packed-beds has also been developed during phase I of this project. The goal is to validate this model with flow experiments in packed-beds during the phase II of this project, to determine the adsorption capacity under flow conditions, and to compare it with the capacity estimated from the adsorption isotherms determined from the batch studies.
Muhammad Sahimi; Theodore T. Tsotsis
Passive analysis of TCP anomalies
In this paper, we focus on passive measurements of TCP traffic. We propose a heuristic technique to classify TCP anomalies, i.e., segments that have a sequence number different from the expected one, such as out-of-sequence and duplicate segments. Since ... Keywords: TCP, Traffic measurements
Marco Mellia; Michela Meo; Luca Muscariello; Dario Rossi
PERFORMANCE OF PASSIVE SOLAR WATER HEATERS W. Place, M.PERFORMANCE OF PASSIVE SOLAR WATER HEATERS* We Place, M.The Performance of Solar Water Heaters with Natu)""al
Place, W.
HCI gesture tracking using wearable passive tags
In this thesis. a wearable system is developed to track hand gestures with passive RFID sensor tags. This system was composed of an ultra-high frequency reader and small, passive, finger-worn tags powered by scavenged RFID ...
Bainbridge, Rachel M
User evaluation study of passive solar residences
Speculation exists regarding the readiness of various passive techniques for commercialization and the market potential for residential applications. This paper discusses the preliminary findings of a market assessment study designed to document user experiences with passive solar energy. Owners and builders of passive solar homes were interviewed and asked to comment on personal experiences with their homes.
Towle, S.
Passive solar energy: climate-adaptive architecture
Passive solar, climate adaptive architecture uses the following concepts: conservation, sun angles, glass, and thermal mass (passive heating and cooling). Specific measures of these concepts are briefly discussed. Passive solar water heating systems discussed are breadbox and thermosyphon water heaters. (MCW)
Baccei, B.
Interior design for passive solar homes
The increasing emphasis on refinement of passive solar systems has brought recognition to interior design as an integral part of passive solar architecture. Interior design can be used as a finetuning tool minimizing many of the problems associated with passive solar energy use in residential buildings. In addition, treatment of interior space in solar model homes may be a prime factor in determining sales success. A new style of interior design is evolving in response to changes in building form incorporating passive solar design features. The psychology behind passive solar architecture is reflected in interiors, and selection of interior components increasingly depends on the functional suitability of various interior elements.
Breen, J. C.
Signal Transmission in Passive Media
Under rather general assumptions, and in a relatively simple and straightforward manner, it is shown that the characteristics of signals which travel through homogeneous, as well as inhomogeneous, passive media have the principal features usually associated with the phenomena of precursors, as generally follows from more elaborate studies. The simplicity of the present arguments permit analytic studies to be made for a greater variety of media than is normally the case.
John R. Klauder
Low-Level Easterly Winds Blowing through the Tsugaru Strait, Japan. Part II: Numerical Simulation of the Event on 5�10 June 2003
This paper investigates the structures of and diurnal variations in low-level easterly winds blowing through the Tsugaru Strait and Mutsu Bay on 5�10 June 2003 using a numerical weather prediction model. Cool air that accompanies prevailing ...
Teruhisa Shimada; Masahiro Sawada; Weiming Sha; Hiroshi Kawamura
Low-Level Easterly Winds Blowing through the Tsugaru Strait, Japan. Part I: Case Study and Statistical Characteristics Based on Observations
This study has investigated structures and diurnal variations of the easterly surface winds blowing throughout the east�west passage comprising the Tsugaru Strait, Mutsu Bay, and circumjacent terrestrial gaps in northern Japan during the summer ...
Passive Solar Home Design Passive Solar Home Design Passive Solar Home Design June 24, 2013 - 7:18pm Addthis This North Carolina home gets most of its space heating from the passive solar design, but the solar thermal system (top of roof) supplies both domestic hot water and a secondary radiant floor heating system. | Photo courtesy of Jim Schmid Photography. This North Carolina home gets most of its space heating from the passive solar design, but the solar thermal system (top of roof) supplies both domestic hot water and a secondary radiant floor heating system. | Photo courtesy of Jim Schmid Photography. What does this mean for me? A passive solar home means a comfortable home that gets at least part of its heating, cooling, and lighting energy from the sun. How does it work?
Gap between active and passive solar heating
The gap between active and passive solar could hardly be wider. The reasons for this are discussed and advantages to narrowing the gap are analyzed. Ten years of experience in both active and passive systems are reviewed, including costs, frequent problems, performance prediction, performance modeling, monitoring, and cooling concerns. Trends are analyzed, both for solar space heating and for service water heating. A tendency for the active and passive technologies to be converging is observed. Several recommendations for narrowing the gap are presented.
Guide to Passive Solar Home Design
Elements of Passive Solar Design Elements of Passive Solar Design To design a completely passive solar home, you need to incorporate what are considered the five elements of passive solar design: 1. Aperture (Windows) - Windows should face within 30 degrees of true south, and during winter months they should not be shaded from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. The windows in living areas should face south, while the windows in bedrooms should face north. In colder climates, reduce the window area
Radio Frequency Identification Tags - Semi Passive (Battery ...
PNNL developed this semi-passive RF Tag for the Army to detect and locate nightvision goggles in a cluttered ... and boxes it is easier to track and ...
Communication strategy to commercialize passive solar energy
Although certain technical and economic issues remain to be clarified, passive solar market development is increasingly dependent upon communications such as information dissemination, education, training and promotional activities. Target audiences are identified as both recipients and disseminators of passive solar communications. Form and quality of information are discussed in terms of the stages of an innovation adoption decision-making process. Several communication-related barriers which impede the commercialization of passive solar are discussed and general information and education responses are suggested. The paper ends with a statement of precepts which should guide passive solar communication programs.
Wolcott, D. R.; Shoemaker, F. F.
Rules of thumb for passive solar heating
Rules of thumb are given for passive solar systems for: (1) sizing solar glazing for 219 cities, (2) sizing thermal storage mass, and (3) building orientation.
Definition: Passive solar | Open Energy Information
solar Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Passive solar Technology for using sunlight to light and heat buildings directly, with no circulating fluid or energy conversion...
WIPP - Passive Institutional Controls (PICs) Images
PICs Images Passive Institutional Controls PICs Images Permanent Markers | Images from Monument Survey Permanent Markers Earthen Berm The "big picture" Repository footprint Buried...
Passive RF Components - Microsystems Science, Technology, and...
Passive RF Components Microsystems Home Custom Microsystems Solutions Microsystems R&D Services Capabilities and Technologies Facilities Trusted Microsystems General Info About Us...
Demonstrating Passivity and Dissipativity using Computational Methods
provides valuable results for analysis of dynamical systems. The notion of passivity is based on electrical J. Antsaklis Department of Electrical Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN 46556 e of Notre Dame ISIS-2013-008 Abstract Passivity and dissipativity are energy based properties of dynamical
Antsaklis, Panos
Passive ice freezing-releasing heat pipe
A heat pipe device has been developed which permits completely passive ice formation and periodic release of ice without requiring the ambient temperature to rise above the melting point of water. This passive design enables the maximum amount of cooling capacity to be stored in the tank.
Gorski, Anthony J. (Lemont, IL); Schertz, William W. (Batavia, IL)
Definition: Passive Solar | Open Energy Information
Passive Solar Passive Solar Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Passive Solar Passive Solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun.[1] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.
Experiments to Evaluate and Implement Passive Tracer Gas Methods...
Experiments to Evaluate and Implement Passive Tracer Gas Methods to Measure Ventilation Rates in Homes Title Experiments to Evaluate and Implement Passive Tracer Gas Methods to...
Active and passive methods for indoor formaldehyde elimination
and passive methods for indoor formaldehyde elimination Title Active and passive methods for indoor formaldehyde elimination Publication Type Conference Paper Year of Publication...
Calibration of the Ogawa ozone passive sampler for aircraft cabins...
Calibration of the Ogawa ozone passive sampler for aircraft cabins. Title Calibration of the Ogawa ozone passive sampler for aircraft cabins. Publication Type Journal Article Year...
Category:Passive Seismic Techniques | Open Energy Information
search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Geothermalpower.jpg Looking for the Passive Seismic Techniques page? For detailed information on Passive Seismic Techniques,...
Los Alamos National Laboratory passive solar program
Progress in passive solar tasks performed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory for FY-81 is documented. A third volume of the Passive Solar Design Handbook is nearly complete. Twenty-eight configurations of sunspaces were studied using the solar load ratio method of predicting performance; the configuration showing best performance is discussed. The minimum level of insolation needed to generate convective flow in the thermosiphon test rig is noted and measured. Information is also included on test room performance, off-peak auxiliary electric heating for a passive home, free convection experiment, monitored buildings, and technical support to the US Department of Energy.
Passive Seismic Techniques | Open Energy Information
Passive Seismic Techniques Passive Seismic Techniques Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Exploration Technique: Passive Seismic Techniques Details Activities (0) Areas (0) Regions (0) NEPA(4) Exploration Technique Information Exploration Group: Geophysical Techniques Exploration Sub Group: Seismic Techniques Parent Exploration Technique: Seismic Techniques Information Provided by Technique Lithology: Rock unit density influences elastic wave velocities. Stratigraphic/Structural: Structural geology- faults, folds, grabens, horst blocks, sedimentary layering, discontinuities, etc. Hydrological: Combining compressional and shear wave results can indicate the presence of fluid saturation in the formation. Thermal: High temperatures and pressure impact the compressional and shear wave velocities.
Applications of Passive Thin Films
The physical properties of thin films affect the performance and durability of nearly every solar energy conversion device. Familiar examples of thin films for solar applications are optical materials and protective coatings. Optimized optical properties are key to cost-effective photothermal conversion where individual components must have high absorptance, reflectance, or transmittance. The protection of sensitive substrates from corrosion and/or erosion is essential to ensure adequate component and system lifetime. Such substrates range from photovoltaic materials operating near room temperature to turbine blade structural alloys in hostile environments at very high temperatures (>1,000 degrees C). Although much has been written on particular categories of thin-film materials for solar energy (for example, absorbers for receiver surfaces), to date no one has provided an overview of the spectrum of applications for passive thin films in solar energy. This work is such an overview and also reviews the material state of the art as described in the current literature. Active thin film devices such as photovoltaics and thermoeleetrics are not discussed.
Call, P. J.
The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory (DIRS) at the Rochester Institute of Technology, along with the Savannah River National Laboratory is investigating passive methods to quantify vehicle loading. The research described in this paper investigates multiple vehicle indicators including brake temperature, tire temperature, engine temperature, acceleration and deceleration rates, engine acoustics, suspension response, tire deformation and vibrational response. Our investigation into these variables includes building and implementing a sensing system for data collection as well as multiple full-scale vehicle tests. The sensing system includes; infrared video cameras, triaxial accelerometers, microphones, video cameras and thermocouples. The full scale testing includes both a medium size dump truck and a tractor-trailer truck on closed courses with loads spanning the full range of the vehicle's capacity. Statistical analysis of the collected data is used to determine the effectiveness of each of the indicators for characterizing the weight of a vehicle. The final sensing system will monitor multiple load indicators and combine the results to achieve a more accurate measurement than any of the indicators could provide alone.
Garrett, A.
Passive fault current limiting device
A passive current limiting device and isolator is particularly adapted for use at high power levels for limiting excessive currents in a circuit in a fault condition such as an electrical short. The current limiting device comprises a magnetic core wound with two magnetically opposed, parallel connected coils of copper, a high temperature superconductor or other electrically conducting material, and a fault element connected in series with one of the coils. Under normal operating conditions, the magnetic flux density produced by the two coils cancel each other. Under a fault condition, the fault element is triggered to cause an imbalance in the magnetic flux density between the two coils which results in an increase in the impedance in the coils. While the fault element may be a separate current limiter, switch, fuse, bimetal strip or the like, it preferably is a superconductor current limiter conducting one-half of the current load compared to the same limiter wired to carry the total current of the circuit. The major voltage during a fault condition is in the coils wound on the common core in a preferred embodiment. 6 figs.
Evans, D.J.; Cha, Y.S.
Passive environmental temperature control system
Passive environmental heating and cooling systems are described, which utilize heat pipes to transmit heat to or from a thermal reservoir. In a solar heating system, a heat pipe is utilized to carry heat from a solar heat absorber plate that receives sunlight, through a thermal insulation barrier, to a heat storage wall, with the outer end of the pipe which is in contact with the solar absorber being lower than the inner end. The inclining of the heat pipe assures that the portion of working fluid, such as Freon, which is in a liquid phase will fall by gravity to the outer end of the pipe, thereby assuring diode action that prevents the reverse transfer of heat from the reservoir to the outside on cool nights. In a cooling system, the outer end of the pipe which connects to a heat dissipator, is higher than the inner end that is coupled to a cold reservoir, to allow heat transfer only out of the reservoir to the heat dissipator, and not in the reverse direction.
Corliss, John M. (Columbus, OH); Stickford, George H. (Columbus, OH)
Passive solar roof ice melter
An elongated passive solar roof ice melter is placed on top of accumulated ice and snow including an ice dam along the lower edge of a roof of a heated building and is held against longitudinal movement with respect to itself. The melter includes a bottom wall having an upper surface highly absorbent to radiant solar energy; a first window situated at right angles with respect to the bottom wall, and a reflecting wall connecting the opposite side edges of the bottom wall and the first window. The reflecting wall has a surface facing the bottom wall and the window which is highly reflective to radiant solar energy. Radiant solar energy passes through the first window and either strikes the highly absorbent upper surface of the bottom wall or first strikes the reflecting wall to be reflected down to the upper surface of the bottom wall. The heat generated thereby melts through the ice below the bottom wall causing the ice dam to be removed between the bottom wall and the top of the roof and immediately adjacent to the ice melter along the roof. Water dammed up by the ice dam can then flow down through this break in the dam and drain out harmlessly onto the ground. This prevents dammed water from seeping back under the shingles and into the house to damage the interior of the house.
Deutz, R.T.
The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Mission
The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission is one of the first Earth observation satellites being developed by NASA in response to the National Research Council's Decadal Survey. SMAP will make global measurements of ...
Entekhabi, Dara
Defeating passive eavesdropping with quantum illumination
A two-way protocol for defeating passive eavesdropping is proposed. For each information bit, Alice sends Bob T sec of signal-beam output from a spontaneous parametric down-converter over a pure-loss channel while retaining ...
Shapiro, Jeffrey H.
The Passive House: A Sustainable Building Concept
Passive House: A Sustainable Building Concept Speaker(s): Benjamin Krick Date: November 13, 2012 - 11:00am Location: 90-1099 Seminar HostPoint of Contact: Christian Kohler This...
Interior planning of passive solar housing
A study involving 28 Virginia passive solar homeowners was conducted in 1984 to examine their reactions to passive design. The results indicate that a significant source of dissatisfaction was in space planning; the majority of the homeowners had difficulty arranging furniture in the living room. The spatial analysis of the floor plans revealed that the configuration of the open plan and circulation as well as passive design features contributed to these space planning problems. Design guidelines and recommendations that incorporate the research findings are also presented. In terms of other considerations, these homeowners were very satisfied with their passive solar homes. This satisfaction seemed to be related to psychological factors; sunlight, spaciousness, and openness were frequently cited as the most pleasing elements of the designs.
McLain-Kark, J.
Beamfilling Errors in Passive Microwave Rainfall Retrievals
There are currently large numbers of rainfall retrieval algorithms based upon passive microwave radiances. Most of these algorithms are physically based in that they use explicit physical assumptions to derive relationships between brightness ...
Christian Kummerow
Passive cooling program element. [Skytherm system
An outline of the Passive Cooling R and D program element is presented with significant technical achievements obtained during FY 1978. Passive cooling mechanisms are enumerated and a survey of ongoing projects is made in the areas of cooling resource assessment and system development. Results anticipated within the next fiscal year are discussed and the direction of the R and D effort is indicated. Passive cooling system development has centered primarily about the Skytherm system. Two projects are underway to construct such systems in regions having a higher cooling load than the original Skytherm site at Atascadero, California. Component development and commercialization studies are major goals of these two projects and a third project at Atascadero. A two-story passive cooling test module has been built to study radiative, evaporative and convective cooling effects in a structure making use of the thermosiphon principle, but not equipped with a roof pond.
Wahlig, M.; Martin, M.
Passive Solar Design | Department of Energy
energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. Learn how passive solar design techniques work. Direct Gain Direct gain is the process by which...
Passive Core Decay Heat Removal Performance Guideline
Passive decay heat removal systems operate without pumps when normal heat removal systems are not available. Safety is ensured by confirming that an adequate thermal margin is provided to accommodate various operating conditions, design uncertainties, and degradation. Guidelines to ensure adequate thermal performance are provided for three different system configurations.This report introduces utility systems engineers to the design and operation of passive decay heat removal systems and ...
Energy savings obtainable through passive solar techniques
A passive solar energy system is one in which the thermal energy flow is by natural means, that is by radiation, conduction, or natural convection. The purpose of the paper is to provide a survey of passive solar heating experience, especially in the US. Design approaches are reviewed and examples shown. Misconceptions are discussed. Advantages are listed. The Los Alamos program of performance simulation and evaluation is described and a simplified method of performance estimation is outlined.
International comparison of passive solar simulation codes
Two software-software comparisons of passive solar simulation codes have been conducted by the Passive Solar Applications Group of the Committee on the Challenges to Modern Society. These exercises have involved the simulation of hypothetical Trombe wall and direct gain buildings located in Madison, Wisconsin. The countries that have participated in the exercise include Canada, Denmark, France, and the United States. All results available at the time of writing are discussed in this report.
Wray, W.O.
Passive Safety Features for Small Modular Reactors
The rapid growth in the size and complexity of commercial nuclear power plants in the 1970s spawned an interest in smaller, simpler designs that are inherently or intrinsically safe through the use of passive design features. Several designs were developed, but none were ever built, although some of their passive safety features were incorporated into large commercial plant designs that are being planned or built today. In recent years, several reactor vendors are actively redeveloping small modular reactor (SMR) designs with even greater use of passive features. Several designs incorporate the ultimate in passive safety they completely eliminate specific accident initiators from the design. Other design features help to reduce the likelihood of an accident or help to mitigate the accident s consequences, should one occur. While some passive safety features are common to most SMR designs, irrespective of the coolant technology, other features are specific to water, gas, or liquid-metal cooled SMR designs. The extensive use of passive safety features in SMRs promise to make these plants highly robust, protecting both the general public and the owner/investor. Once demonstrated, these plants should allow nuclear power to be used confidently for a broader range of customers and applications than will be possible with large plants alone.
Ingersoll, Daniel T [ORNL
Stream traffic management over an ATM passive optical network
Keywords: ATM traffic management, fibre-in-the-loop, passive optical network (PON), service disciplines
Maurice Gagnaire; Sa�o Stojanovski
Discreet passive explosive detection through 2-sided waveguided fluorescence
The current invention provides a passive sampling device suitable for collecting and detecting the presence of target analytes. In particular, the passive sampling device is suitable for detecting nitro-aromatic compounds. The current invention further provides a passive sampling device reader suitable for determining the collection of target analytes. Additionally, the current invention provides methods for detecting target analytes using the passive sampling device and the passive sampling device reader.
Harper, Ross James (Stillwater, OK); la Grone, Marcus (Cushing, OK); Fisher, Mark (Stillwater, OK)
Discreet passive explosive detection through 2-sided wave guided fluorescence
Harper, Ross James; la Grone, Marcus; Fisher, Mark
CFD study of using a tube insert and an air blowing system to prevent tube failure in the Bisotoun power plant boiler
In this study attempts to find a theoretical solution to prevent tube explosion of the tubes placed in the superheater region of the Bisotoun Power Plant boiler, Iran. The boiler has three types of tube and the tube failure was occurred in the long length ... Keywords: CFD, air blowing, boiler, combustion, modeling, tube insert
Masoud Rahimi; Seyed Mehdi Shariati; Abbas Khoshhal
Existence of blowing-up solutions for a slightly subcritical or a slightly supercritical non-linear elliptic equation on Rn
The main purpose of this paper is to construct a family of positive solutions for both the slightly subcritical and slightly supercritical equations -?u + V(x)u = n(n - 2)(u+)(n+2)/(n-2)�? in Rn, ... Keywords: blowing-up solution, critical Sobolev exponent
Anna Maria Micheletti; Angela Pistoia
Effects of Prior Precipitation and Source Area Characteristics on Threshold Wind Velocities for Blowing Dust Episodes, Sonoran Desert 1948�78
A better understanding of the effects of precipitation and source area on blowing dust in the Sonoran Desert has been sought through the study of 1190 dust episodes occurring during the 1948�78 time period at Blythe, California, and Yuma, ...
Troy Leon Holcombe; Trevor Ley; Dale A. Gillette
Passivation of fluorinated activated charcoal
The Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE), at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory has been shut down since 1969 when the fuel salt was drained from the core into two Hastelloy N tanks at the reactor site. In 1995, a multiyear project was launched to remediate the potentially hazardous conditions generated by the movement of fissile material and reactive gases from the storage tanks into the piping system and an auxiliary charcoal bed (ACB). The top 12 in. of the ACB is known by gamma scan and thermal analysis to contain about 2.6 kg U-233. According to the laboratory tests, a few feet of fluorinated charcoal are believed to extend beyond the uranium front. The remainder of the ACB should consist of unreacted charcoal. Fluorinated charcoal, when subjected to rapid heating, can decompose generating gaseous products. Under confined conditions, the sudden exothermic decomposition can produce high temperatures and pressures of near-explosive characteristics. Since it will be necessary to drill and tap the ACB to allow installation of piping and instrumentation for remediation and recovery activities, it is necessary to chemically convert the reactive fluorinated charcoal into a more stable material. Ammonia can be administered to the ACB as a volatile denaturing agent that results in the conversion of the C{sub x}F to carbon and ammonium fluoride, NH{sub 4}F. The charcoal laden with NH{sub 4}F can then be heated without risking any sudden decomposition. The only consequence of heating the treated material will be the volatilization of NH{sub 4}F as a mixture of NH{sub 3} and HF, which would primarily recombine as NH{sub 4}F on surfaces below 200 C. The planned scheme for the ACB denaturing is to flow diluted ammonia gas in steps of increasing NH{sub 3} concentration, 2% to 50%, followed by the injection of pure ammonia. This report summarizes the planned passivation treatment scheme to stabilize the ACB and remove the potential hazards. It also includes basic information, results of laboratory tests, thermodynamic calculations, process description, and operational parameters, and addresses safety concerns.
Del Cul, G.D.; Trowbridge, L.D.; Simmons, D.W.; Williams, D.F.; Toth, L.M.
Passive ventilation for residential air quality control
Infiltration has long served the residential ventilation needs in North America. In Northern Europe it has been augmented by purpose-provided natural ventilation systems--so-called passive ventilation systems--to better control moisture problems in dwellings smaller than their North American counterparts and in a generally wetter climate. The growing concern for energy consumption, and the environmental impacts associated with it, has however led to tighter residential construction standards on both continents and as a result problems associated with insufficient background ventilation have surfaced. Can European passive ventilation systems be adapted for use in North American dwellings to provide general background ventilation for air quality control? This paper attempts to answer this question. The configuration, specifications and performance of the preferred European passive ventilation system--the passive stack ventilation (PSV) system--will be reviewed; innovative components and system design strategies recently developed to improve the traditional PSV system performance will be outlined; and alternative system configurations will be presented that may better serve the climatic extremes and more urban contexts of North America. While these innovative and alternative passive ventilation systems hold great promise for the future, a rational method to size the components of these systems to achieve the control and precision needed to meet the conflicting constraints of new ventilation and air tightness standards has not been forthcoming. Such a method will be introduced in this paper and an application of this method will be presented.
Axley, J.
Definition: Passive solar heating | Open Energy Information
solar heating solar heating Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Passive solar heating Using the sun's energy to heat a building; the windows, walls, and floors can be designed to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter (and also to reject solar heat in the summer).[1] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition Related Terms Daylighting, Passive Solar, heat, energy References ↑ http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/designing_remodeling/index.cfm/mytopic=10250 Retrie LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. ved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Definition:Passive_solar_heating&oldid=480581" Category: Definitions What links here Related changes Special pages Printable version Permanent link
Load attenuating passively adaptive wind turbine blade
A method and apparatus for improving wind turbine performance by alleviating loads and controlling the rotor. The invention employs the use of a passively adaptive blade that senses the wind velocity or rotational speed, and accordingly modifies its aerodynamic configuration. The invention exploits the load mitigation prospects of a blade that twists toward feather as it bends. The invention includes passively adaptive wind turbine rotors or blades with currently preferred power control features. The apparatus is a composite fiber horizontal axis wind-turbine blade, in which a substantial majority of fibers in the blade skin are inclined at angles of between 15 and 30 degrees to the axis of the blade, to produces passive adaptive aeroelastic tailoring (bend-twist coupling) to alleviate loading without unduly jeopardizing performance.
Veers, Paul S. (Albuquerque, NM); Lobitz, Donald W. (Albuquerque, NM)
Passive infrared bullet detection and tracking
An apparatus and method for passively detecting a projectile such as, for example, a bullet using a passive infrared detector. A passive infrared detector is focused onto a region in which a projectile is expected to be located. Successive images of infrared radiation in the region are recorded. Background infrared radiation present in the region is suppressed such that second successive images of infrared radiation generated by the projectile as the projectile passes through the region are produced. A projectile path calculator determines the path and other aspects of the projectile by using the second successive images of infrared radiation generated by the projectile. The present invention, in certain embodiments, also determines the origin of the path of the projectile and takes a photograph of the area surrounding the origin and/or fires at least one projectile at the area surrounding the origin of the path of the projectile.
Karr, T.J.
Passive Cooling System for a Vehicle
A passive cooling system for a vehicle (114) transfers heat from an overheated internal component, for example, an instrument panel (100), to an external portion (116) of the vehicle (114), for example, a side body panel (126). The passive cooling system includes one or more heat pipes (112) having an evaporator section (118) embedded in the overheated internal component and a condenser section (120) at the external portion (116) of the vehicle (114). The evaporator (118) and condenser (120) sections are in fluid communication. The passive cooling system may also include a thermally conductive film (140) for thermally connecting the evaporator sections (118) of the heat pipes (112) to each other and to the instrument panel (100).
Hendricks, T. J.; Thoensen, T.
Passive Corrosion Behavior of Alloy 22
Alloy 22 (NO6022) was designed to stand the most aggressive industrial applications, including both reducing and oxidizing acids. Even in the most aggressive environments, if the temperature is lower than 150 F (66 C) Alloy 22 would remain in the passive state having particularly low corrosion rates. In multi-ionic solutions that may simulate the behavior of concentrated ground water, even at near boiling temperatures, the corrosion rate of Alloy 22 is only a few nano-meters per year because the alloy is in the complete passive state. The corrosion rate of passive Alloy 22 decreases as the time increases. Immersion corrosion testing also show that the newer generation of Ni-Cr-Mo alloys may offer a better corrosion resistance than Alloy 22 only in some highly aggressive conditions such as in hot acids.
R.B. Rebak; J.H. Payer
An apparatus and method for passively detecting a projectile such as, for example, a bullet using a passive infrared detector. A passive infrared detector is focused onto a region in which a projectile is expected to be located. Successive images of infrared radiation in the region are recorded. Background infrared radiation present in the region is suppressed such that second successive images of infrared radiation generated by the projectile as the projectile passes through the region are produced. A projectile path calculator determines the path and other aspects of the projectile by using the second successive images of infrared radiation generated by the projectile. The present invention, in certain embodiments, also determines the origin of the path of the projectile and takes a photograph of the area surrounding the origin and/or fires at least one projectile at the area surrounding the origin of the path of the projectile. 9 figs.
Karr, Thomas J. (Alamo, CA)
Heterojunction solar cell with passivated emitter surface
A high-efficiency heterojunction solar cell is described wherein a thin emitter layer (preferably Ga[sub 0.52]In[sub 0.48]P) forms a heterojunction with a GaAs absorber layer. A passivating window layer of defined composition is disposed over the emitter layer. The conversion efficiency of the solar cell is at least 25.7%. The solar cell preferably includes a passivating layer between the substrate and the absorber layer. An anti-reflection coating is preferably disposed over the window layer. 1 fig.
Olson, J.M.; Kurtz, S.R.
Active and passive solar heating of buildings
An overview of both active and passive solar heating approaches for buildings is presented. Passive solar heating concepts--in which the thermal energy flow is by natural means--are described according to five classifications: direct gain, thermal storage wall, solar greenhouses, roof ponds, and convective loops. Results of simulation analyses are presented for a variety of climates. Active systems utilizing both liquid-heating collectors and air-heating collectors are described. Trends in the recent development of solar heating are discussed.
Passive Solar Design for the Home
This fact sheet provides homeowners with an introduction to passive solar design, which is also called climatic design. It explains how they can use windows, walls, and floors to collect, store, and distribute solar energy to heat their homes in the winter, as well as reject solar heat in the summer. It includes information on heat-movement physics; basic solar design techniques--direct gain, indirect gain (Trombe walls), isolated gain (sunspaces), and design for summer comfort; window options for passive solar; and design cost.
Krigger, J. [Saturn Resource Management (US); Waggoner, T. [National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (US)
A high-efficiency heterojunction solar cell wherein a thin emitter layer (preferably Ga.sub.0.52 In.sub.0.48 P) forms a heterojunction with a GaAs absorber layer. A passivating window layer of defined composition is disposed over the emitter layer. The conversion efficiency of the solar cell is at least 25.7%. The solar cell preferably includes a passivating layer between the substrate and the absorber layer. An anti-reflection coating is preferably disposed over the window layer.
Olson, Jerry M. (Lakewood, CO); Kurtz, Sarah R. (Golden, CO)
Passive safety injection system using borated water
A passive safety injection system relies on differences in water density to induce natural circulatory flow patterns which help maintain prescribed concentrations of boric acid in borated water, and prevents boron from accumulating in the reactor vessel and possibly preventing heat transfer.
Conway, Lawrence E. (Allegheny, PA); Schulz, Terry L. (Westmoreland, PA)
Passivity based control of drum boiler
This paper proposes a novel state space model for the drum boilers with natural recirculation. This model uses the total mass and energy inventories of the boiler as the state variables, and has an affine structure in the control variables. A passivity ...
Chengtao Wen; B. Erik Ydstie
Submerged passively-safe power plant
The invention as presented consists of a submerged passively-safe power station including a pressurized water reactor capable of generating at least 600 MW of electricity, encased in a double hull vessel, and provides fresh water by using the spent thermal energy in a multistage flash desalination process. 8 figures.
Herring, J.S.
The invention as presented consists of a submerged passively-safe power station including a pressurized water reactor capable of generating at least 600 MW of electricity, encased in a double hull vessel, and provides fresh water by using the spent thermal energy in a multistage flash desalination process.
Herring, J. Stephen (Idaho Falls, ID)
Robust Passive Hardware Metering Ani Nahapetian
1 Robust Passive Hardware Metering Sheng Wei Ani Nahapetian ,* Miodrag Potkonjak Computer firstname.lastname@example.com ABSTRACT Current hardware metering techniques, which use manifestational properties of gates for ID, and thus the ID used for hardware metering can not be valid over time. Additionally, the previous
Potkonjak, Miodrag
Photodetectors with passive thermal radiation control
A new class of photodetectors which include means for passive shielding against undesired thermal radiation is disclosed. Such devices can substitute in applications currently requiring cooled optical sensors, such as IR detection and imaging. This description is included for purposes of searching, and is not intended to limit or otherwise influence the interpretation of the present invention.
Lin, Shawn-Yu (Albuquerque, NM); Fleming, James G. (Albuquerque, NM); Dodson, Brian W. (Albuquerque, NM)
Evaluation of passive solar retrofit options
An evaluation framework has been developed which allows for the assessment of the role of passive solar retrofit in the nationwide reduction of conventional fuel use. Three types of analysis are proposed within this framework: the physical/technical capability of the present housing stock to incorporate passive solar retrofit; the economic feasibility of the application of retrofit designs; and the actual market potential or acceptance of these alternative retrofit options. Each type of analysis has specific data requirements and a series of evaluation procedures to help establish estimates of the potential for passive solar retrofit in the present housing stock. The data requirements with their respective sources and evaluation procedures for the first two types of analysis-physical/technical setting and economic feasibility, are examined. A distinction is drawn between community specific case studies and more generalized national assessments. Information derived from these three types of analysis, whether case specific or national in scope, can then be used in an evaluation of potential economic impacts. The establishment of regional economic benefits and costs werve as a measure of the merit or attractiveness of the implementation of a passive solar retrofit program.
Ben-David, S.; Kirchemen, C.; Martin, S.; Noll, S.; Roach, F.
Tips: Passive Solar Heating and Cooling | Department of Energy
Tips: Passive Solar Heating and Cooling Tips: Passive Solar Heating and Cooling Tips: Passive Solar Heating and Cooling April 24, 2012 - 4:18pm Addthis Tips: Passive Solar Heating and Cooling Using passive solar design to heat and cool your home can be both environmentally friendly and cost effective. In many cases, your heating costs can be reduced to less than half the cost of heating a typical home. Passive solar design can also help lower your cooling costs. Passive solar cooling techniques include carefully designed overhangs and using reflective coatings on windows, exterior walls, and roofs. Newer techniques include placing large, insulated windows on south-facing walls and putting thermal mass, such as a concrete slab floor or a heat-absorbing wall, close to the windows. A passive solar house requires careful design and siting, which vary by
Passive Housing for an Aggressive Region | Department of Energy
Passive Housing for an Aggressive Region Passive Housing for an Aggressive Region Passive Housing for an Aggressive Region July 17, 2012 - 1:59pm Addthis Lynn Meyer Presidential Management Fellow, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Passive is not how I would characterize the D.C. area. Ambitious, passionate, and up for a challenge -- now, that more aptly describes the Capital region and the mission of bringing passive houses to the area. A passive house meets rigorous, voluntary energy efficiency standards and requires little energy for heating or cooling. The construction of passive housing is typically more expensive upfront, but owners can recoup their investment through energy savings. Brothers Eric Lin, an interior designer, and Roger Lin, a former real estate attorney, teamed up to build a high end passive house, which just
Passive Solar Heating and Cooling Passive Solar Heating and Cooling Tips: Passive Solar Heating and Cooling April 24, 2012 - 4:18pm Addthis Tips: Passive Solar Heating and Cooling Using passive solar design to heat and cool your home can be both environmentally friendly and cost effective. In many cases, your heating costs can be reduced to less than half the cost of heating a typical home. Passive solar design can also help lower your cooling costs. Passive solar cooling techniques include carefully designed overhangs and using reflective coatings on windows, exterior walls, and roofs. Newer techniques include placing large, insulated windows on south-facing walls and putting thermal mass, such as a concrete slab floor or a heat-absorbing wall, close to the windows. A passive solar house requires careful design and siting, which vary by
Passivhus Norden 2008 1st Nordic passive house conference
-Efficiency Heat Pump Water Heater System for Apartment Buildings of Passive House Standard...........57 SESSION 3 for the conference is passive houses and: zero emission, energy scenarios, architecture, solar- and bio energy of architecturally optimised solar roofs
Hansen, René Rydhof
Prediction techniques for passive systems' probability of failure
This work fits into the wider framework of the on-going debate centered on Passive System reliability. Its aim is to provide insights into the design of a dependable method to evaluate the reliability of Passive Systems. ...
Cavalieri d'Oro, Edoardo
Activized Learning: Transforming Passive to Active with Improved Label Complexity
We study the theoretical advantages of active learning over passive learning. Specifically, we prove that, in noise-free classifier learning for VC classes, any passive learning algorithm can be transformed into an active learning algorithm with asymptotically ...
Steve Hanneke
Renewable energy technologies for federal facilities. Passive solar design
Renewable energy technologies for federal facilities using passive solar designs are presented. More than one million residences and 1, 700 commercial buildings across the U.S. now employ passive solar designs.
Satellite Rainfall Estimation Using Combined Passive Microwave and Infrared Algorithms
The development of a combined infrared and passive microwave satellite rainfall estimation technique is outlined. Infrared data from geostationary satellites are combined with polar-orbiting passive microwave estimates to provide 30-min rainfall ...
Chris Kidd; Dominic R. Kniveton; Martin C. Todd; Tim J. Bellerby
Surface passivation process of compound semiconductor material using UV photosulfidation
A method for passivating compound semiconductor surfaces by photolytically disrupting molecular sulfur vapor with ultraviolet radiation to form reactive sulfur which then reacts with and passivates the surface of compound semiconductors.
Ashby, Carol I. H. (Edgewood, NM)
Passive background correction method for spatially resolved detection
A method for passive background correction during spatially or angularly resolved detection of emission that is based on the simultaneous acquisition of both the passive background spectrum and the spectrum of the target of interest.
Schmitt, Randal L. (Tijeras, NM); Hargis, Jr., Philip J. (Albuquerque, NM)
A Method for Combining Passive Microwave and Infrared Rainfall Observations
Passive microwave observations of rainfall offer the ability to obtain very accurate instantaneous estimates of rainfall. Because passive microwave instruments are confined to polar-orbiting satellites, however, such estimates must interpolate ...
Christian Kummerow; Louis Giglio
Passive-Microwave-Enhanced Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme
The formulation and testing of an enhanced Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) using new predictors derived from passive microwave imagery is presented. Passive microwave imagery is acquired for tropical cyclones in the ...
Thomas A. Jones; Daniel Cecil; Mark DeMaria
Passive compact molten salt reactor (PCMSR), modular thermal breeder reactor with totally passive safety system
Design Study Passive Compact Molten Salt Reactor (PCMSR) with totally passive safety system has been performed. The term of Compact in the PCMSR name means that the reactor system is designed to have relatively small volume per unit power output by using modular and integral concept. In term of modular, the reactor system consists of three modules, i.e. reactor module, turbine module and fuel management module. The reactor module is an integral design that consists of reactor, primary and intermediate heat exchangers and passive post shutdown cooling system. The turbine module is an integral design of a multi heating, multi cooling, regenerative gas turbine. The fuel management module consists of all equipments related to fuel preparation, fuel reprocessing and radioactive handling. The preliminary calculations show that the PCMSR has negative temperature and void reactivity coefficient, passive shutdown characteristic related to fuel pump failure and possibility of using natural circulation for post shutdown cooling system.
Harto, Andang Widi [Engineering Physics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University (Indonesia)
Passive Millimeter-Wave Spectrometer for Remote Chemical Detection
Passive Millimeter-Wave Spectrometer for Remote Chemical Detection Multimedia Nuclear Systems Analysis Engineering Analysis Nonproliferation and National Security Detection &...
Advances on structural optimization of neoprene passive vibroisolation devices
This paper presents the identification and evaluation of the operational methods to improve the isolation characteristics for neoprene passive vibroisolation devices. The area of this study is framed by the passive isolation against shocks and vibration, ... Keywords: isolation efficacy, passive isolation, rubber, structural optimization, vibration
Silviu Nastac
H2S molecular beam passivation of Ge(001)
A fundamental issue regarding the introduction of high-mobility Ge channels in CMOS circuits is the electrical passivation of the interface with the high-k gate dielectric. In this paper, we investigate the passivation of p-Ge(001) using molecular H"2S. ... Keywords: H2S, High-� semiconductors, Molecular beam epitaxy, Passivation
C. Merckling; Y. C. Chang; C. Y. Lu; J. Penaud; M. El-Kazzi; F. Bellenger; G. Brammertz; M. Hong; J. Kwo; M. Meuris; J. Dekoster; M. M. Heyns; M. Caymax
Evaluation of Passive Monitors for Measuring Indoor Radon and Formaldehyde
Passive monitors for indoor air pollutants can furnish a cost-effective alternative to larger, more sophisticated, active monitors. In this study, three passive radon monitors provided sufficient accuracy and precision to support their use in utility measurement programs. However, the marginal performance of a passive formaldehyde monitor indicated the need for a vigorous quality assurance program to quantify its performance.
An investigation of key blow fly (Diptera:Calliphoridae) species of forensic importance occurring in Brazos and Burleson Counties of Central Texas
Forensic entomology makes use of an entomologist's knowledge about biology, insect taxonomy, and carrion ecology. This knowledge can be used as a tool to help investigators solve crimes. In order to use entomological information to help solve crimes committed in Texas, a database of pertinent information must be prepared. The two orders of insects that are most commonly used to help establish such things as time of death (Post Mortem Interval), location, and manner of death are Diptera and Coleoptera. Of these orders, blow flies (Diptera:Calliphoridae) are the insects of most importance because they colonize a corpse or carcass first, often within minutes of exposure. Exposed pig carcasses were used to survey the species of blow flies present in Brazos and Burleson Counties. Cynomyopsis (=Cynomya) cadaverina (Townsend), Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy), and Calliphora livida (Hall) have proved to be the three most important species to colonize carcasses during the winter and early spring. These are blue bottle flies, and morphologically very similar. The larvae are so similar that taxonomic keys do not distinguish between C. livida and C. vicina. These species of blow flies were chosen for identification using a method involving analysis of their mitochondrial DNA. The results of this study have shown that the species of blow flies in a given geographical area (Brazos and Burleson Counties) differ between seasons and locations, and that analysis of the mtDNA of these flies can be used as a method of identification when morphological methods are unavailable. In addition, some common methods of preservation were tested in order to provide recommendations about how these methods affect the amplification of the mtDNA of preserved specimens.
Tenorio, Felix Mariana
Blow-up criterion, ill-posedness and existence of strong solution for Korteweg system with infinite energy
This work is devoted to the study of the initial boundary value problem for a general isothermal model of capillary fluids derived by J.E Dunn and J.Serrin (1985), which can be used as a phase transition model. We will prove the existence of strong solutions in finite time with discontinuous initial density, more precisely $\\ln\\rho_{0}$ is in $B^{\\N}_{2,\\infty}(\\R^{N})$. Our analysis improves the results of \\cite{fDD} and \\cite{fH1}, \\cite{fH2} by working in space of infinite energy. In passing our result allow to consider initial data with discontinuous interfaces, whereas in all the literature the results of existence of strong solutions consider always initial density that are continuous. More precisely we investigate the existence of strong solution for Korteweg's system when we authorize jump in the pressure across some hypersurface. We obtain also a result of ill-posedness for Korteweg system and we derive a new blow-up criterion which is the main result of this paper. More precisely we show that if we ...
Haspot, Boris
Passively damped vibration welding system and method
A vibration welding system includes a controller, welding horn, an anvil, and a passive damping mechanism (PDM). The controller generates an input signal having a calibrated frequency. The horn vibrates in a desirable first direction at the calibrated frequency in response to the input signal to form a weld in a work piece. The PDM is positioned with respect to the system, and substantially damps or attenuates vibration in an undesirable second direction. A method includes connecting the PDM having calibrated properties and a natural frequency to an anvil of an ultrasonic welding system. Then, an input signal is generated using a weld controller. The method includes vibrating a welding horn in a desirable direction in response to the input signal, and passively damping vibration in an undesirable direction using the PDM.
Tan, Chin-An; Kang, Bongsu; Cai, Wayne W.; Wu, Tao
Passive load control for large wind turbines.
Wind energy research activities at Sandia National Laboratories focus on developing large rotors that are lighter and more cost-effective than those designed with current technologies. Because gravity scales as the cube of the blade length, gravity loads become a constraining design factor for very large blades. Efforts to passively reduce turbulent loading has shown significant potential to reduce blade weight and capture more energy. Research in passive load reduction for wind turbines began at Sandia in the late 1990's and has moved from analytical studies to blade applications. This paper discusses the test results of two Sandia prototype research blades that incorporate load reduction techniques. The TX-100 is a 9-m long blade that induces bend-twist coupling with the use of off-axis carbon in the skin. The STAR blade is a 27-m long blade that induces bend-twist coupling by sweeping the blade in a geometric fashion.
Ashwill, Thomas D.
Passive Network Tomography Using Bayesian Inference
this paper, we investigate the problem of identifying lossy links in the interior of the Internet by passively observing the end-to-end performance of existing traffic between a server and its clients. This is in contrast to the previous work on network tomography (e.g., [1]) that has been based on active probing. The key advantage of a passive approach is that it does not introduce wasteful traffic which might perturb the object of inference, i.e., the link loss rates. Moreover, our techniques depend only on knowing the number of lost and successful packets sent to each client rather than the exact loss sequence required by previous techniques such as [1]. While accuracy of link loss rate inference may consequently suffer, our techniques can still pinpoint the trouble spots in the network (e.g., highly lossy links)
Venkata N. Padmanabhan; Lili Qiu; Helen J. Wang
Passive heat transfer means for nuclear reactors
An improved passive cooling arrangement is disclosed for maintaining adjacent or related components of a nuclear reactor within specified temperature differences. Specifically, heat pipes are operatively interposed between the components, with the vaporizing section of the heat pipe proximate the hot component operable to cool it and the primary condensing section of the heat pipe proximate the other and cooler component operable to heat it. Each heat pipe further has a secondary condensing section that is located outwardly beyond the reactor confinement and in a secondary heat sink, such as air ambient the containment, that is cooler than the other reactor component. Means such as shrouding normally isolated the secondary condensing section from effective heat transfer with the heat sink, but a sensor responds to overheat conditions of the reactor to open the shrouding, which thereby increases the cooling capacity of the heat pipe. By having many such heat pipes, an emergency passive cooling system is defined that is operative without electrical power.
Burelbach, James P. (Glen Ellyn, IL)
Passive Tracer Gas Methods to Measure
Experiments to Evaluate and Implement Experiments to Evaluate and Implement Passive Tracer Gas Methods to Measure Ventilation Rates in Homes Melissa Lunden, David Faulkner, Elizabeth Heredia, Sebastian Cohn, Darryl Dickerhoff, Federico Noris, Jennifer Logue, Toshifumi Hotchi, Brett Singer and Max H. Sherman Environmental Energy Technologies Division October 2012 LBNL-5984E 2 Disclaimer: This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States
Passive magnetic bearings for vehicular electromechanical batteries
This report describes the design of a passive magnetic bearing system to be used in electromechanical batteries (flywheel energy storage modules) suitable for vehicular use. One or two such EMB modules might, for example, be employed in a hybrid-electric automobile, providing efficient means for power peaking, i.e., for handling acceleration and regenerative braking power demands at high power levels. The bearing design described herein will be based on a ''dual-mode'' operating regime.
Post, R
Passively cooled direct drive wind turbine
A wind turbine is provided that passively cools an electrical generator. The wind turbine includes a plurality of fins arranged peripherally around a generator house. Each of the fins being oriented at an angle greater than zero degrees to allow parallel flow of air over the fin. The fin is further tapered to allow a constant portion of the fin to extend beyond the air stream boundary layer. Turbulence initiators on the nose cone further enhance heat transfer at the fins.
Costin, Daniel P. (Chelsea, VT)
Passive energy dump for superconducting coil protection
The patent describes a passive resistance type energy dump for the protection of the coils of a superconducting magnet. Insertion heaters are immersed in a rigid container filled with a fusible alloy. The energy dump is connected across the coils of the superconducting magnet wherein individual heater elements are connected singly to the windings or otherwise according to the energy dumping requirements upon transition of the magnet to a normal state.
Luton, J.N. Jr.
Passive Solar Building Design Basics | Department of Energy
Passive Solar Building Design Basics Passive Solar Building Design Basics Passive Solar Building Design Basics July 30, 2013 - 3:20pm Addthis The difference between a passive solar home and a conventional home is design. Passive solar homes and other buildings are designed to take advantage of the local climate. Passive solar design-also known as climatic design-involves using a building's windows, walls, and floors to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. Learn how passive solar design techniques work. Direct Gain Direct gain is the process by which sunlight directly enters a building through the windows and is absorbed and temporarily stored in massive floors or walls. Indirect Gain Indirect gain is the process by which the sun warms a heat storage
Comparative economics of passive and active systems
As the interest in solar energy applications for residential space heating grows, it becomes imperative to evaluate the economic performance of alternative designs. One passive design is concentrated on--the thermal mass storage wall. The economic performance of this design is examined and subsequently contrasted with one active design--the air collector/rock storage system. Architectural design criteria, solar performance characteristics, and the incremental solar cost of each design is briefly reviewed. Projections of conventional energy prices are discussed, along with the optimal sizing/feasibility criterion employed in the economic performance analysis. In addition, the effects of two incentive proposals--income tax credits and low interest loans--upon each design are examined. Results are reported on a state-by-state basis for the U.S., with major conclusions summarized for each design. It is generally the case that incentives greatly enhance the economics of both system designs, although the contrast is greater for the passive design. Also, against the less expensive conventional fuels (natural gas and heating oil) the passive design was shown to offer a more cost effective alternative than the active system for most states.
Roach, F.; Noll, S.; Ben-David, S.
Eighth national passive solar conference. Final report
The Eighth National Passive Solar Conference was held near Santa Fe, New Mexico at the Glorieta Conference Center on September 5 to 11, 1983. Nearly 900 people from all across the nation and the world attended the conference. Close to 200 technical papers were presented, 50 solar product exhibits were available; 34 poster sessions were presented; 16 solar workshops were conducted; 10 renowned solar individuals participated in rendezvous sessions; 7 major addresses were delivered; 5 solar home tours were conducted; 2 emerging architecture sessions were held which included 21 separate presentations; and commercial product presentations were given for the first time ever at a national passive solar conference. Peter van Dresser of Santa Fe received the prestigious Passive Solar Pioneer Award, posthumously, from the American Solar Energy Society and Benjamin T. Buck Rogers of Embudo received the prestigious Peter van Dresser Award from the New Mexico Solar Energy Association. This report reviews conference organization, attendance, finances, conference evaluation form results, and includes press coverage samples, selected conference photos courtesy of Marshall Tyler, and a summary with recommendations for future conferences. The Appendices included conference press releases and a report by the New Mexico Solar Industry Development Corporation on exhibits management.
Owen, A.; Zee, R.
Stable surface passivation process for compound semiconductors
A passivation process for a previously sulfided, selenided or tellurated III-V compound semiconductor surface. The concentration of undesired mid-gap surface states on a compound semiconductor surface is reduced by the formation of a near-monolayer of metal-(sulfur and/or selenium and/or tellurium)-semiconductor that is effective for long term passivation of the underlying semiconductor surface. Starting with the III-V compound semiconductor surface, any oxidation present thereon is substantially removed and the surface is then treated with sulfur, selenium or tellurium to form a near-monolayer of chalcogen-semiconductor of the surface in an oxygen-free atmosphere. This chalcogenated surface is then contacted with a solution of a metal that will form a low solubility chalcogenide to form a near-monolayer of metal-chalcogen-semiconductor. The resulting passivating layer provides long term protection for the underlying surface at or above the level achieved by a freshly chalcogenated compound semiconductor surface in an oxygen free atmosphere.
User participation in passive solar housing design
A field study was conducted in 1984 in order to compare the characteristics, lifestyle, attitudes, and behavioral adaptations of two groups of passive solar homeowners, those with high or low levels of participation in the design and/or building process. Forty-one Virginia passive solar homeowners were surveyed and interviewed in their home. Photographic slides and floor plans with furniture layout were also analyzed. The results indicate that the owner-built homeowners or those with high participation in design and/or building were older, more educated, and were more involved in community affairs than the low participation homeowners. They also were more involved in maintenance tasks, more likely to engage in a voluntary simplicity lifestyle, and more energy conserving. The owner-builders too had a higher level of satisfaction with their home. The majority of the homeowners expressed dissatisfaction with the flexibility of arranging furniture in the open plan. An analysis of the floor plans revealed that three factors were contributing to the problems: zones, circulation/furniture arrangement, and passive elements.
McLain-Kark, J.H.
Passive solar progress: a simplified guide to the 3rd national passive solar conference
Some of the concepts and practices that have come to be known as passive solar heating and cooling are introduced, and a current picture of the field is presented. Much of the material presented is derived from papers given at the 3rd National Passive Solar Conference held in San Jose, California in January 1979 and sponsored by the US Department of Energy. Extracts and data from these papers have been integrated in the text with explanatory and descriptive material. In this way, it is attempted to present technical information in an introductory context. Topics include design considerations, passive and hybrid systems and applications, sizing methods and performance prediction, and implementation issues. A glossary is included. (WHK)
Miller, H.; Howell, Y.; Richards, D.
Passivation-free solid state battery
This invention pertains to passivation-free solid-state rechargeable batteries composed of Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 5}O{sub 12} anode, a solid polymer electrolyte and a high voltage cathode. The solid polymer electrolyte comprises a polymer host, such as polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl sulfone), and poly(vinylidene fluoride), plasticized by a solution of a Li salt in an organic solvent. The high voltage cathode includes LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}, LiCoO{sub 2}, LiNiO{sub 2} and LiV{sub 2}O{sub 5} and their derivatives. 5 figs.
Abraham, K.M.; Peramunage, D.
This invention pertains to passivation-free solid-state rechargeable batteries composed of Li.sub.4 Ti.sub.5 O.sub.12 anode, a solid polymer electrolyte and a high voltage cathode. The solid polymer electrolyte comprises a polymer host, such as polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl sulfone), and poly(vinylidene fluoride), plasticized by a solution of a Li salt in an organic solvent. The high voltage cathode includes LiMn.sub.2 O.sub.4, LiCoO.sub.2, LiNiO.sub.2 and LiV.sub.2 O.sub.5 and their derivatives.
Abraham, Kuzhikalail M. (Needham, MA); Peramunage, Dharmasena (Norwood, MA)
Passive containment cooling water distribution device
A passive containment cooling system for a nuclear reactor containment vessel. Disclosed is a cooling water distribution system for introducing cooling water by gravity uniformly over the outer surface of a steel containment vessel using a series of radial guide elements and cascading weir boxes to collect and then distribute the cooling water into a series of distribution areas through a plurality of cascading weirs. The cooling water is then uniformly distributed over the curved surface by a plurality of weir notches in the face plate of the weir box.
Conway, Lawrence E. (Hookstown, PA); Fanto, Susan V. (Plum Borough, PA)
Passive solar concepts for multistory buildings
Multistory buildings long in the east-west direction and short in the north-south direction offer good opportunity for passive solar application. If each unit within the building is designed so that the Solar Savings Fraction is the same, each will respond to the weather the same way and no unit-to-unit heat distribution is needed. A numerical example for Denver is given indicating excellent thermal performance and a several-day thermal response time. Solutions involving distribution of heat from unit to unit are also discussed as well as top-floor and south-wall variations.
Passive incentive requirements: a regional assessment
The nation's goal of 20% solar contribution by the turn of the century will be achieved, in part, by the construction of residences heated by virtue of their passive solar designs. These designs are not economically competitive against all conventional fuels in all locations. Some degree of government incentive will be required to assure a competitive position for these designs. A methodology is presented which is used to assess the magnitude of the government incentive required to assure feasibility. The methodology is used to provide a regional assessment for the Pacific Northwest under alternative home ownership periods and conventional fuel types.
Ben-David, S.; Kirschner, C.; Noll, S.A.; Roach, F.
SOLCOST-PASSIVE solar energy design program: User's Guide
The SOLCOST-PASSIVE solar energy design program is a public domain interactive computer design tool intended for use by non-thermal specialists to size passive solar systems with a methodology based on the Los Alamos Solar Load Ratio method. A life cycle savings analysis is included in the program. An overview of SOLCOST-PASSIVE capabilities and the Solar Load Ratio method which it is based on is presented. A detailed guide to the SOLCOST-PASSIVE input parameters is given. Sample problems showing typical execution sessions and the resulting SOLCOST-PASSIVE output are included. Appendices A thru D provide details on the SLR method and the life cycle savings methodology of SOLCOST-PASSIVE. (MHR)
Not Available
Passive scalar transport in peripheral regions of random flows
We investigate statistical properties of the passive scalar mixing in random (turbulent) flows assuming its diffusion to be weak. Then at advanced stages of the passive scalar decay, its unmixed residue is primarily concentrated in a narrow diffusive layer near the wall and its transport to the bulk goes through the peripheral region (laminar sublayer of the flow). We conducted Lagrangian numerical simulations of the process for different space dimensions d and revealed structures responsible for the transport, which are passive scalar tongues pulled from the diffusive boundary layer to the bulk. We investigated statistical properties of the passive scalar and of the passive scalar integrated along the wall. Moments of both objects demonstrate scaling behavior outside the diffusive boundary layer. We propose an analytic scheme for the passive scalar statistics, explaining the features observed numerically.
Chernykh, A., E-mail: email@example.com [Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation and Electrometry (Russian Federation); Lebedev, V. [Russian Academy of Sciences, Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics (Russian Federation)
Active and Passive Remote Sensing Diagram | Open Energy Information
2013 DOI Not Provided Check for DOI availability: http:crossref.org Online Internet link for Active and Passive Remote Sensing Diagram Citation National Aeronautics and...
Passive measurement of nitrogen oxides to assess traffic-related...
393-403 Date Published 012004 Keywords Freeways, nitrogen dioxide, Passive sampler, schools Abstract The East Bay Children's Respiratory Health Study is examining associations...
Passivation Behaviour of Copper Anodes with Various Chemical ...
May 1, 2007 ... Anode passivation is one of the existing problems faced by copper refineries with the increase of current density and impurities content of the�...
Passive cooling system for a vehicle - Energy Innovation Portal
The passive cooling system includes one or more heat pipes (112) having an evaporator section ... Building Energy Efficiency; ... Solar Thermal; Startup America;
Intelligent deployment strategies for passive underwater sensor networks.
??Passive underwater sensor networks are often used to monitor a general area of the ocean, a port or military installation, or to detect underwater vehicles� (more)
Golen, Erik; Yuan, B; Shenoy, N
Improved Humidity Profiling by Combining Passive and Active Remote...
Science Team Meeting Proceedings, Albuquerque, New Mexico, March 22-26, 2004 Improved Humidity Profiling by Combining Passive and Active Remote Sensors at the Southern Great Plains...
Passive Millimeter-Wave Spectrometer for Remote Chemical Detection...
Media format Windows Media Format - Low Bandwidth Passive Millimeter-Wave Spectrometer for Remote Chemical Detection shown in this movie clip. :: Please wait until video loads...
Passive Cooling of a Micromechanical Oscillator with a ...
... Closely related passive cooling has been reported in [9,20 ... Although rather modest cooling is obtained here ... eventually provide ground state cool- ing ...
NREL: Learning - Student Resources on Passive Solar Heating
teams to design the most attractive, energy-efficient, and effective solar-powered house. American Solar Energy Society Has publications on passive solar design and...
HCI Gesture Tracking Using Wearable Passive Tags
In this thesis, a wearable system is developed to track hand gestures with passive RFID sensor tags. This system was composed of an ultra-high frequency reader and small, passive, finger-worn tags powered by scavenged RFID energy equipped with a variety of sensors that could be used to detect gestures. The primary physical goals of the system were to be comfortable and wearable without interfering with other everyday activities. The computational goals of the system were to track particular hand movements, which could be used to control a wearable computer or aid in interaction with ubiquitous and other wearable devices. As a user is walking through their environments, we aim to avoid the need for pulling out an interface with keyboard, keypad, or touch screen, and also avoid bulky hand-held interfaces, allowing the user to specify input with their fingers without taking their eyes and attention off their immediate focus. This thesis first introduces our hardware, then gives some
Rachel M. Bainbridge; Joseph A. Paradiso
Passive versus active mitigation cost analysis
The scope of this task is to assess the impact of mitigation alternatives for Tanks 241-SY-101 and 241-SY-103 on the Project W-236A Multi-Function Waste Tank Facility. This assessment and other related tasks are part of an Action Plan Path Forward prepared by the Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) Life Extension and Transition Program. Task 3.7 of the Action Plan for Project W-236A MWTF analyzed the comparative cost/risk of two hydrogen gas mitigation alternatives (active versus passive) to recommend the most appropriate course of action to resolve the hydrogen gas safety issue. The qualitative success of active mitigation has been demonstrated through Tank 241-SY-101 testing. Passive mitigation has not been demonstrated but will be validated by laboratory test work performed under Task 3.1 of the Action Plan. It is assumed for this assessment that the uncertainties associated with the performance of either alternative is comparable. Determining alternative specific performance measures beyond those noted are not in the scope of this effort.
Parazin, R.J.; Galbraith, J.D.
Passive solar energy information user study
The results of a series of telephone interviews with groups of users of information on passive solar heating and cooling are described. These results, part of a larger study on many different solar technologies, identify types of information each group needed and the best ways to get information to each group. The overall study provides baseline data about information needs in the solar community. An earlier study identified the information user groups in the solar community and the priority (to accelerate solar energy commercialization) of getting information to each group. In the current study only high-priority groups were examined. Results from seven passive groups respondents are analyzed in this report: Federally Funded Researchers, Manufacturer Representatives, Architects, Builders, Educators, Cooperative Extension Service County Agents, and Homeowners. The data will be used as input to the determination of information products and services the Solar Energy Research Institute, the Solar Energy Information Data Bank Network, and the entire information outreach community should be preparing and disseminating.
Belew, W.W.; Wood, B.L.; Marle, T.L.; Reinhardt, C.L.
Passive machine augmented composite for multifunctional properties
This dissertation studies by experiment and numerical analysis an advanced composite material (Machine Augmented Composite or MAC) for enhancement of the passive damping while maintaining its stiffness. This MAC is composed of a pre-buckled wall structure placed within a viscoelastic matrix. The pre-buckled machine can contain viscous fluids for additional energy dissipation. For the experiments, the MAC was fabricated by using rigid and soft polyurethane as a machine and matrix material respectively. Various viscosity fluids (0.83 ~ 4730 cps) filled the inner-channel of the machine structure. Dynamic properties such as tan ?? and the loss modulus (E") of the composite were measured and compared with those of a homogeneous matrix sample over a frequency range of 0.1 to 100 Hz at room temperature through load-controlled cyclic testing. Measured tan ?? and loss modulus values for the composite were higher than those of the matrix alone in the 1 to 40 Hz range. However the viscous fluid effects on the overall damping properties were small. The performance of a theoretical MAC was explored through numerical analysis. The amount of inner-channel gap closure was calculated for various matrix Poisson??s ratios, for various Young??s modulus ratios between the machine and matrix (Emachine/Ematrix), and for the volume fraction of the machines. The most desirable performance of the composite was obtained when the matrix Poisson??s ratio was 0.49, and there was interaction between the Emachine/Ematrix and the volume fraction of the machines. Also the proper volume fraction range of the machine was predicted to be between 0.15 and 0.2 for the lamina shape MAC. Based upon the analysis, a sandwich structure MAC was fabricated and tested. This composite showed 11 times higher stiffness than the matrix without loosing the matrix damping property. This dissertation shows that the research met these objectives: 1) the MAC concept is effective for passive damping of vibrations, 2) that material combinations studied here had optimal combinations for best performance, and 3) that this is a promising field study for future passive and active materials development.
Kim, Jong Hyun
Engineering Glass Passivation Layers -Model Results
The immobilization of radioactive waste into glass waste forms is a baseline process of nuclear waste management not only in the United States, but worldwide. The rate of radionuclide release from these glasses is a critical measure of the quality of the waste form. Over long-term tests and using extrapolations of ancient analogues, it has been shown that well designed glasses exhibit a dissolution rate that quickly decreases to a slow residual rate for the lifetime of the glass. The mechanistic cause of this decreased corrosion rate is a subject of debate, with one of the major theories suggesting that the decrease is caused by the formation of corrosion products in such a manner as to present a diffusion barrier on the surface of the glass. Although there is much evidence of this type of mechanism, there has been no attempt to engineer the effect to maximize the passivating qualities of the corrosion products. This study represents the first attempt to engineer the creation of passivating phases on the surface of glasses. Our approach utilizes interactions between the dissolving glass and elements from the disposal environment to create impermeable capping layers. By drawing from other corrosion studies in areas where passivation layers have been successfully engineered to protect the bulk material, we present here a report on mineral phases that are likely have a morphological tendency to encrust the surface of the glass. Our modeling has focused on using the AFCI glass system in a carbonate, sulfate, and phosphate rich environment. We evaluate the minerals predicted to form to determine the likelihood of the formation of a protective layer on the surface of the glass. We have also modeled individual ions in solutions vs. pH and the addition of aluminum and silicon. These results allow us to understand the pH and ion concentration dependence of mineral formation. We have determined that iron minerals are likely to form a complete incrustation layer and we plan to look more closely at Vivianite [Fe3(PO4)2-8(H2O)] and Siderite [FeCO3] in the next stage of the project.
Skorski, Daniel C.; Ryan, Joseph V.; Strachan, Denis M.; Lepry, William C.
during construction. many passive houses have performed muchif it occurred, the optimwll passive house would likely havephotographs of a passive solar house at First Village in
Goldstein, David Baird
Generation of concentration density maxima of small dispersive coal dust particles in horizontal iodine air filter at air-dust aerosol blow
The spatial distributions of the small dispersive coal dust particles with the nano and micro sizes in the granular filtering medium with the cylindrical coal granules in the absorber in the horizontal iodine air filter during its long term operation at the nuclear power plant are researched. It is shown that the concentration density maxima of the small dispersive coal dust particles appear in the granular filtering medium with the cylindrical coal absorbent granules in the horizontal iodine air filter at an action by the air dust aerosol blow. The comparison of the measured aerodynamic resistances of the horizontal and vertical iodine air filters is conducted. The main conclusion is that the magnitude of the aerodynamic resistance of the horizontal iodine air filters is much smaller in comparison with the magnitude of the aerodynamic resistance of the vertical iodine air filters at the same loads of the air dust aerosol volumes. It is explained that the direction of the air dust aerosol blow and the directi...
Neklyudov, I M; Fedorova, L I; Poltinin, P Ya
Noise in current-commutating passive FET mixers
Noise in the mixer of zero-IF receivers can compromise the overall receiver sensitivity. The evolution of a passive CMOS mixer based on the knowledge of the physical mechanisms of noise in an active mixer is explained. Qualitative physical models that ... Keywords: flicker noise, passive mixer, physical mechanism, white noise, zero-IF
Saeed Chehrazi; Ahmad Mirzaei; Asad A. Abidi
Simulation of Dynamic Characteristic for Passive Hydraulic Mount
Dynamic modeling of Passive Hydraulic Engine Mounts (PHEM) is developed with inertia track, decoupler and throttle. Mathematically, the state equations governing vibration isolation behaviors of the PHEMs are presented and solved by means of the lumped ... Keywords: passive hydraulic mount, simulation, test
Zhang Yunxia; Fang Zuhua
Liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors with passive cooling system
A liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor having a passive cooling system for removing residual heat resulting from fuel decay during reactor shutdown. The passive cooling system comprises a plurality of cooling medium flow circuits which cooperate to remove and carry heat away from the fuel core upon loss of the normal cooling flow circuit to areas external thereto.
Hunsbedt, Anstein (Los Gatos, CA); Fanning, Alan W. (San Jose, CA)
Long Range Passive UHF RFID System Using HVAC Ducts
INVITED P A P E R Long Range Passive UHF RFID System Using HVAC Ducts To provide a potential communications channel, HVAC ducts can function as electromagnetic waveguides; a 30-m read range has been-conditioning (HVAC) ducts as a potential communication channel between passive ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) radio
Hochberg, Michael
Active and passive cooling for concentrating photovoltaic arrays
Optimization, based on minimum energy cost, of active and passive cooling designs for point-focus Fresnel lens photovoltaic arrays and line-focus, parabolic-trough photovoltaic arrays is discussed, and the two types of cooling are compared. Passive cooling is more cost-effective for Fresnel lens arrays while the reverse is true for parabolic-trough arrays.
Edenburn, M.W.
Passive ice freezing-releasing heat pipe. [Patent application
Gorski, A.J.; Schertz, W.W.
Passive solar economics in 15 northwest locations
The economic performance of Trombe wall and direct gain passive solar heating designs are evaluated using the LASL/UNM solar economic performance code. Both designs are integrated into a ranch style tract home concept thereby facilitating intra-regional comparison. The economic performance of these systems is evaluated for 15 sites in the Northwest region. Space heating loads have been locally specified. System sizes have been optimized against the natural gas and electric resistance heating alternatives, the current price and future escalation of which is established for each locale. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the maximum competitive add-on costs for each system under a specified set of energy price, solar performance and economic conditions.
Kirschner, C.; Ben-David, S.; Roach, F.
New passive solar cooking system. Final report
The development of a solar cooking system which uses a phase change process to passively transfer heat from a collector to a cooker is presented. In the design of this cooking system steam is produced in the collector and then is used as the heat transfer fluid in the cooker. The most efficient use of the system is to heat food directly by condensing the steam onto the food, whereas a heat exchanger is necessary to heat an oven or a frying pan. A pressure cooker was successfully built and tested using the steam from the collector. Brief discussions on the collector design and performance, and heat storage phase change materials are provided. (BCS)
Schlussler, L.
Quantitative comparison of passive solar simulation codes
Several members of the Systems Simulation and Economic Analysis (SS/EA) Working Group have participated in a software-software comparison of passive solar simulation codes. The problems selected and defined by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) for analysis include both a vented and an unvented Trombe wall and a direct gain building. The individuals, organizations, and associated computer models involved in this exercise are Byron Wynn, Colorado State University (CSU) (FREHEAT); Larry Palmiter, National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT) (SUNCAT); Bill Beckman, the University of Wisconsin (WIS) (TRNSYS); Bill Wray, LASL (PASOLE, SUNSPOT); and John Moore, LASL (DOE-2). Each of these organizations submitted simulation results to LASL, where a comparative analysis was conducted. Excellent agreement was achieved on annual auxiliary heat loads, but several detailed heat fluxes within the structures showed significant scatter, as did both the ventilation and auxiliary cooling.
Compressive Passive Millimeter-Wave Imager (Flash format)
Compressive Passive Millimeter-Wave Imager > (Flash) Compressive Passive Millimeter-Wave Imager > (Flash) Multimedia Nuclear Systems Analysis Engineering Analysis Nonproliferation and National Security Detection & Diagnostic Systems Compressive Passive Millimeter-Wave Imager VIDEO TRANSCRIPT Remote Vital Sign Monitoring System Preventing the Worst (by CNN) Engineering Development & Applications Argonne's Nuclear Science & Technology Legacy Other Multimedia Work with Argonne Contact us For Employees Site Map Help Join us on Facebook Follow us on Twitter NE on Flickr Detection & Diagnostic Systems - Multimedia Bookmark and Share Compressive Passive Millimeter-Wave Imager Argonne National Laboratory Read full story Argonne has developed a passive compressive sensing system that uses millimeter waves (MMWs) to rapidly image targets with high resolution and
Energy Revolving Loan Fund - Passive Solar | Department of Energy
Revolving Loan Fund - Passive Solar Revolving Loan Fund - Passive Solar Energy Revolving Loan Fund - Passive Solar < Back Eligibility Agricultural Institutional Nonprofit Savings Category Heating & Cooling Commercial Heating & Cooling Solar Heating Maximum Rebate $15,000 Program Info Funding Source American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) State Michigan Program Type State Loan Program Rebate Amount $5,000-$15,000 Provider Department of Energy, Labor and Economic Growth In January 2010, Michigan enacted the Public Act 242 of 2009, which established the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Revolving Loan Fund Program. The Passive Solar Systems portion of the loan program is available to family farms and non-profits located in Michigan. Under this program, a passive solar system is defined as "a structure which can extend the
Integrated passive-solar demonstration project. Final report
The objectives of the study reported were to collect data on a combination of several passive solar heating and cooling systems. A passive solar test structure was constructed and monitored and the demonstration of passive systems designed into the structure was evaluated. Passive solar cooling principles include: shading all mass walls and windows from direct solar gain, maintaining cool attic and ceiling temperatures using solar induced ventilation, maintaining cool mean radiant wall temperatures, recirculating internal air, and using natural cross-ventilation through the conditioned space in spring and fall. Passive solar heating principles include: orientation of windows and sunspaces towards the south, providing double pane south windows, providing a double pane solar sunspace, using night insulation over glazing, extended thermal storage mass, and using a fan-forced rock/earth/air storage system. (LEW)
Garrison, M.L.
Involvement in Passive Solar Heating and Cooling Section C:performance of passive solar heating and cooling systems.the design of passive solar heating and cooling systems, J
Authors, Various
Passive cooling system for top entry liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors
This patent describes a passive cooling system for liquid metal cooled, top entry loop nuclear fission reactors. It comprises: a liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor plant; a passive cooling system; and a secondary passive cooling system.
Boardman, C.E.; Hunsbedt, A.; Hui, M.M.
Energy and air quality implications of passive stack ventilation in residential buildings
scaling the passive stack diameter with house size (floora single-story house ventilated by a passive stack with andTable 1: Passive stack diameters scaling with house size
Mortensen, Dorthe Kragsig
EXAMPLES OF PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS {CONVECTIVE SPACEbeen supported by the Solar Heating and Cooling Research andinteraction. Passive solar heating systems use elements of
Holtz, Michael J.
Enhanced Attenuation Technologies: Passive Soil Vapor Extraction
Passive soil vapor extraction (PSVE) is an enhanced attenuation (EA) approach that removes volatile contaminants from soil. The extraction is driven by natural pressure gradients between the subsurface and atmosphere (Barometric Pumping), or by renewable sources of energy such as wind or solar power (Assisted PSVE). The technology is applicable for remediating sites with low levels of contamination and for transitioning sites from active source technologies such as active soil vapor extraction (ASVE) to natural attenuation. PSVE systems are simple to design and operate and are more cost effective than active systems in many scenarios. Thus, PSVE is often appropriate as an interim-remedial or polishing strategy. Over the past decade, PSVE has been demonstrated in the U.S. and in Europe. These demonstrations provide practical information to assist in selecting, designing and implementing the technology. These demonstrations indicate that the technology can be effective in achieving remedial objectives in a timely fashion. The keys to success include: (1) Application at sites where the residual source quantities, and associated fluxes to groundwater, are relatively low; (2) Selection of the appropriate passive energy source - barometric pumping in cases with a deep vadose zone and barrier (e.g., clay) layers that separate the subsurface from the atmosphere and renewable energy assisted PSVE in other settings and where higher flow rates are required. (3) Provision of sufficient access to the contaminated vadose zones through the spacing and number of extraction wells. This PSVE technology report provides a summary of the relevant technical background, real-world case study performance, key design and cost considerations, and a scenario-based cost evaluation. The key design and cost considerations are organized into a flowchart that dovetails with the Enhanced Attenuation: Chlorinated Organics Guidance of the Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC). The PSVE flowchart provides a structured process to determine if the technology is, or is not, reasonable and defensible for a particular site. The central basis for that decision is the expected performance of PSVE under the site specific conditions. Will PSVE have sufficient mass removal rates to reduce the release, or flux, of contamination into the underlying groundwater so that the site can meet it overall remedial objectives? The summary technical information, case study experiences, and structured decision process provided in this 'user guide' should assist environmental decision-makers, regulators, and engineers in selecting and successfully implementing PSVE at appropriate sites.
Vangelas, K.; Looney, B.; Kamath, R.; Adamson, D.; Newell, C.
Passive Time Coincidence Measurements with HEU Oxide Fuel Pins
Passive time coincidence measurements have been performed on highly enriched uranium (HEU) oxide fuel pins at the Idaho National Laboratory Power Burst Facility. These experiments evaluate HEU detection capability using passive coincidence counting when utilizing moderated 3He tubes. Data acquisition was performed with the Nuclear Material Identification System (NMIS) to calculate the neutron coincidence time distributions. The amounts of HEU measured were 1 kg, 4 kg, and 8 kg in sealed 55-gallon drums. Data collected with the 3He tubes also include passive measurement of 31 kg of depleted uranium (DU) in order to determine the ability to distinguish HEU from DU. This paper presents results from the measurements.
McConchie, Seth M [ORNL; Hausladen, Paul [ORNL; Mihalczo, John T [ORNL
Passive cooling safety system for liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors
A liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor having a passive cooling system for removing residual heat resulting from fuel decay during reactor shutdown. The passive cooling system comprises a plurality of partitions surrounding the reactor vessel in spaced apart relation forming intermediate areas for circulating heat transferring fluid which remove and carry away heat from the reactor vessel. The passive cooling system includes a closed primary fluid circuit through the partitions surrounding the reactor vessel and a partially adjoining secondary open fluid circuit for carrying transferred heat out into the atmosphere.
Hunsbedt, Anstein (Los Gatos, CA); Boardman, Charles E. (Saratoga, CA); Hui, Marvin M. (Sunnyvale, CA); Berglund, Robert C. (Saratoga, CA)
Indirect passive cooling system for liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors
Hunsbedt, Anstein (Los Gatos, CA); Boardman, Charles E. (Saratoga, CA)
Code manual for passive solar design single family residential construction
General information is presented on types of passive solar techniques and a method for estimating passive solar performance. Important codes and standards are described, each description listing the items in the code which could have a potential impact on a passive solar design and analyzing the effect of the code on the use of such techniques. State and local codes and code agencies are summarized. The local summary contains the name of a contact in the enforcement agency to whom specific questions may be addressed. The requirements to file for a building permit are given briefly. (LEW)
The Sandia MEMS passive shock sensor : FY07 maturation activities.
This report describes activities conducted in FY07 to mature the MEMS passive shock sensor. The first chapter of the report provides motivation and background on activities that are described in detail in later chapters. The second chapter discusses concepts that are important for integrating the MEMS passive shock sensor into a system. Following these two introductory chapters, the report details modeling and design efforts, packaging, failure analysis and testing and validation. At the end of FY07, the MEMS passive shock sensor was at TRL 4.
Houston, Jack E.; Blecke, Jill; Mitchell, John Anthony; Wittwer, Jonathan W.; Crowson, Douglas A.; Clemens, Rebecca C.; Walraven, Jeremy Allen; Epp, David S.; Baker, Michael Sean
Self-contained passive solar heating system
A self-contained passive solar heating system includes first and second heat pipes, each having a refrigerant medium therein, a condenser portion and an evaporator portion, with the condenser portion of the first heat pipe being coupled to the evaporator portion of the second heat pipe for transferring heat thereto when the pressure within the first heat pipe is greater than the pressure within the second heat pipe. The evaporator portion of the first heat pipe is adapted to be exposed to a source of heat and the condenser portion of the second heat pipe contacts a medium to be heated. A temperature control mechanism may be installed as the coupling between the first and second heat pipes for uncoupling the same when the temperature within the first heat pipe falls below a predetermined temperature. Also, a third heat pipe may be provided having a thermostatic portion operatively connected to the condenser portion of the second heat pipe by a piston means so that changes in pressure within the thermostatic portion occasioned by changes in temperature of the medium to be heated will cause movement of the pistons to vary the size of the condensing portion of the second heat pipe to increase or decrease the rate of heat transfer to the medium.
Maldonado, E.A.; Woods, J.E.
Passive solar technology aids biogas digesters
Farming communities throughout China rely on biogas generators as a primary source of light and heat, as well as using the sludge as a nitrogen-rich fertilizer. Now researchers at Beijing's Solar Energy Laboratory have improved efficiency by building a rectangular tank out of concrete slabs, with one slanted surface painted black and covered with glass. According to a report in New Scientist, this passive solar panel generates heat in the same way as a greenhouse, raising inside temperatures by 10{degree}C and increasing biogas production by 50%. Another advantage of the new tanks is easy access, since the tank's lid sites in wells of water which form a seal against oxygen. (Old biogas tanks were made of soil, sand and a little concrete, prone to developing severe cracks which would allow oxygen to enter thus slowing down anaerobic reaction). Explains Debora MacKenzie of New Scientist: with the new tank, the farmer can simply remove the lid and attack the contents with a spade. This means that the mixture can comprise more than 10% solids. Greater density allows smaller tanks. Rural families need one cubic meter of biogas daily for light and heat; instead of the former 8 cm biogas generator, the new tanks need only be 1 cm. The prediction is that the smaller size could make biogas more popular in China's crowded towns. The biogas department is headed by He Shao Qi, who is also investigating ways to reduce production costs for the tanks.
The spatial distributions of the small dispersive coal dust particles with the nano and micro sizes in the granular filtering medium with the cylindrical coal granules in the absorber in the horizontal iodine air filter during its long term operation at the nuclear power plant are researched. It is shown that the concentration density maxima of the small dispersive coal dust particles appear in the granular filtering medium with the cylindrical coal absorbent granules in the horizontal iodine air filter at an action by the air dust aerosol blow. The comparison of the measured aerodynamic resistances of the horizontal and vertical iodine air filters is conducted. The main conclusion is that the magnitude of the aerodynamic resistance of the horizontal iodine air filters is much smaller in comparison with the magnitude of the aerodynamic resistance of the vertical iodine air filters at the same loads of the air dust aerosol volumes. It is explained that the direction of the air dust aerosol blow and the direction of the gravitation force in the horizontal iodine air filter are orthogonal, hence the effective accumulation of the small dispersive coal dust particles takes place at the bottom of absorber in the horizontal iodine air filter. It is found that the air dust aerosol stream flow in the horizontal iodine air filter is not limited by the appearing structures, made of the precipitated small dispersive coal dust particles, in distinction from the vertical iodine air filter, in the process of long term operation of the iodine air filters at the nuclear power plant.
I. M. Neklyudov; O. P. Ledenyov; L. I. Fedorova; P. Ya. Poltinin
Compressive Passive Millimeter-Wave Imager - Argonne National Laboratory
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The NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission: Overview
The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission is one of the first Earth observation satellites being developed by NASA in response to the National Research Council's Decadal Survey. Its mission design consists of L-band ...
O'Neill, Peggy
Passive mode locking of a XeCl laser
Passive mode locking of a 20-ns pulse duration XeCl laser was achieved. A modulation of 90% and less than 2-ns pulses are reported using Coumarin 1 and Auramine-0 dyes as saturable absorbers.
Efthimiopoulos, T.
Parametric Rainfall Retrieval Algorithms for Passive Microwave Radiometers
A methodology is described to construct fully parametric rainfall retrieval algorithms for a variety of passive microwave sensors that exist today and are planned for the future. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (...
Dong-Bin Shin; Christian Kummerow
A Statistical Modeling Approach to Passive Microwave Rainfall Retrieval
A new empirical algorithm for retrieving rainfall rates from passive microwave (particularly Special Sensor Microwave/Imager) data is presented. Errors caused by spatial and temporal variation of surface temperature, emissivity, and atmospheric ...
Douglas M. Smith; Dominic R. Kniveton; Eric C. Barrett
Overland Precipitation Estimation from TRMM Passive Microwave Observations
Procedures for passive microwave precipitation estimation over land are investigated based on a large database of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observations. The procedures include components for rain area delineation, convective/...
Mircea Grecu; Emmanouil N. Anagnostou
State of the art in passive solar heating and cooling
Progress since the Albuquerque Passive Conference is discussed in terms of the major design approaches in buildings actually being constructed. Advantages and problem areas of each are described. Major areas where further work is needed are presented in detail.
A Semi-Passive Containment Cooling System Conceptual Design
The objective of this project was to investigate a passive containment cooling system (PCCS) for the double concrete containment of the Korean Next Generation Reactor (KNGR). Two conceptual PCCS designs: the thermosyphon ...
Liu, H.
Development of the Passive Cooling Technique in China
With more and more energy and environmental issues, the energy-saving and sustainable development of buildings is of utmost concern to the building industry. Passive cooling techniques can optimally utilize natural resources in order to reduce the energy consumption of buildings. At the same time, it can improve the buildings' thermal environment, so that it has gained the attention of many researchers and has been applied in many different zones of China. The author summarizes various passive cooling techniques, analyzes the research methods and simulation tools, and presents the results of a survey on actual applied conditions. We put forward the pivotal factors and the development direction of the technique. Comparing the thermal comfort zone of the passive cooling technique and the mechanical types, the passive cooling technique is found to be more suitable to people.
Zhou, J.; Wu, J.; Zhang, G.; Xu, Y.
Estimating the Uncertainty in Passive-Microwave Rain Retrievals
Current passive-microwave rain-retrieval methods are largely based on databases built offline using cloud models. Since the vertical distribution of hydrometeors within the cloud has a large impact on upwelling brightness temperatures, a forward ...
Doroth�e Coppens; Ziad S. Haddad; Eastwood Im
A Screening Methodology for Passive Microwave Precipitation Retrieval Algorithms
The success of any passive microwave precipitation retrieval algorithm relies on the proper identification of rain areas and the elimination of surface areas that produce a signature similar to that of precipitation. A discussion on the impact of ...
Ralph R. Ferraro; Eric A. Smith; Wesley Berg; George J. Huffman
Passive Microwave Brightness Temperatures as Proxies for Hailstorms
The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite has been used to infer distributions of intense thunderstorms. Besides the lightning measurements from TRMM, the radar reflectivities and passive microwave brightness temperatures have been ...
Daniel J. Cecil
Some Comments on Passive Microwave Measurement of Rain
It is argued that because microwave radiation interacts much more strongly with hydrometeors than with cloud particles, microwave measurements from space offer a significant chance of making global precipitation estimates. Over oceans, passive ...
Thomas T. Wilheit
Lagrangian Transport Calculations Using UARS Data. Part I. Passive Tracers
The transport of passive tracers observed by the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite is simulated using computed three-dimensional trajectories of ? 100 000 air parcels initialized on a stratosphere grid, with horizontal winds provided by the ...
G.L. Manney; R.W. Zurek; W.A. Lahoz; R.S. Harwood; J.C. Gille; J.B. Kumer; J.L. Mergenthaler; A.E. Roche; A. O'Neill; R. Swinbank; J.W. Waters
Transport of Passive Tracers in Baroclinic Wave Life Cycles
The transport of passive tracers in idealized baroclinic wave life cycles is studied using output from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM2). Two life cycles, LCn and LCs, are simulated, starting with ...
Elizabeth M. Stone; William J. Randel; John L. Stanford
State of the art in passive solar heating
The state of the art is outlined according to four major categories: passive solar practice, evaluation, design air, and products and materials. Needed future research activities and joint industry/government activities are listed. (MHR)
Measurement of Passive Uptake Rates for Volatile Organic Compounds on
Measurement of Passive Uptake Rates for Volatile Organic Compounds on Measurement of Passive Uptake Rates for Volatile Organic Compounds on Commercial Thermal Desorption Tubes and the Effect of Ozone on Sampling Title Measurement of Passive Uptake Rates for Volatile Organic Compounds on Commercial Thermal Desorption Tubes and the Effect of Ozone on Sampling Publication Type Report LBNL Report Number LBNL-6257E Year of Publication 2013 Authors Maddalena, Randy L., Amanda Parra, Marion L. Russell, and Wen-Yee Lee Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory City Berkeley Keywords indoor air quality, Passive Sampling, Uptake Rates, vocs Abstract Diffusive or passive sampling methods using commercially filled axial-sampling thermal desorption tubes are widely used for measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air. The passive sampling method provides a robust, cost effective way to measure air quality with time-averaged concentrations spanning up to a week or more. Sampling rates for VOCs can be calculated using tube geometry and Fick's Law for ideal diffusion behavior or measured experimentally. There is evidence that uptake rates deviate from ideal and may not be constant over time. Therefore, experimentally measured sampling rates are preferred. In this project, a calibration chamber with a continuous stirred tank reactor design and constant VOC source was combined with active sampling to generate a controlled dynamic calibration environment for passive samplers. The chamber air was augmented with a continuous source of 45 VOCs ranging from pentane to diethyl phthalate representing a variety of chemical classes and physiochemical properties. Both passive and active samples were collected on commercially filled Tenax TA thermal desorption tubes over an 11-day period and used to calculate passive sampling rates. A second experiment was designed to determine the impact of ozone on passive sampling by using the calibration chamber to passively load five terpenes on a set of Tenax tubes and then exposing the tubes to different ozone environments with and without ozone scrubbers attached to the tube inlet. During the sampling rate experiment, the measured diffusive uptake was constant for up to seven days for most of the VOCs tested but deviated from linearity for some of the more volatile compounds between seven and eleven days. In the ozone experiment, both exposed and unexposed tubes showed a similar decline in terpene mass over time indicating back diffusion when uncapped tubes were transferred to a clean environment but there was no indication of significant loss by ozone reaction.
Solar air-conditioning-active, hybrid and passive
After a discussion of summer air conditioning requirements in the United States, active, hybrid, and passive cooling systems are defined. Active processes and systems include absorption, Rankine cycle, and a small variety of miscellaneous systems. The hybrid solar cooling and dehumidification technology of desiccation is covered as well as evaporative cooling. The passive solar cooling processes covered include convective, radiative and evaporative cooling. Federal and state involvement in solar cooling is then discussed. (LEW)
Yellott, J. I.
This patent describes a passive cooling system. It is for liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors having a pool of liquid metal coolant with the heat generating fissionable fuel core substantially immersed in the pool of liquid metal coolant. The passive cooling system including a combination of spaced apart side-by-side partitions in generally concentric arrangement and providing for intermediate fluid circulation and heat transfer therebetween.
Hunsbedt, A.; Boardman, C.E.
Performance estimates for attached-sunspace passive solar heated buildings
Performance predictions have been made for attached-sunspace types of passively solar heated buildings. The predictions are based on hour-by-hour computer simulations using computer models developed in the framework of PASOLE, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) passive solar energy simulation program. The models have been validated by detailed comparison with actual hourly temperature measurements taken in attached-sunspace test rooms at LASL.
McFarland, R.D.; Jones, R.W.
Preservation of FFTF Data Related to Passive Safety Testing
One of the goals of the Fuel Cycle Research and Development Program (FCRD) is to preserve the knowledge that has been gained in the United States on Liquid Metal Reactors (LMR). A key area deserving special attention for preservation is the data relating to passive safety testing that was conducted in FFTF and EBR-II during the 1980�s. Accidents at Unit 4 of the Chernobyl Station and Unit 2 at Three Mile Island changed the safety paradigm of the nuclear power industry. New emphasis was placed on assured safety based on intrinsic plant characteristics that protect not only the public, but the significant investment in the plant as well. Plants designated to perform in this manner are considered to be passively safe since no active sensor/alarm system or human intervention is required to bring the reactor to a safe shutdown condition. The liquid metal reactor (LMR) has several key characteristics needed for a passively safe reactor: reactor coolant with superior heat transfer capability and very high boiling point, low (atmospheric) system pressures, and reliable negative reactivity feedback. The credibility of the design for a passively safe LMR rests on two issues: the validity of analytic methods used to predict passive safety performance and the availability of relevant test data to calibrate design tools. Safety analysis methods used to analyze LMRs under the old safety paradigm were focused on calculating the source term for the Core Disruptive Accident. Passive safety design requires refined analysis methods for transient events because treatment of the detailed reactivity feedbacks is important in predicting the response of the reactor. Similarly, analytic tools should be calibrated against actual test experience in existing LMR facilities. The principal objectives of the combined FFTF natural circulation and Passive Safety Testing program were: 1) to verify natural circulation as a reliable means to safely remove decay heat, 2) to extend passive safety experience to a large-size LMR and obtain data for validating design analysis computer codes, and 3) to develop and test passive safety enhancements that might be used for future LMRs. These tests were designed to provide data sufficient to allow separation of fuel temperature effects from structural temperature effects. The data developed through this testing program were used to verify the predictive capability of passive safety analysis methods as well as provide a data base for calibrating design tools such as the SASSYS/SAS4A codes. These tests were instrumental in improving understanding of reactivity feedback mechanisms in LMRs and demonstrating passive safety margins available in an LMR. Knowledge preservation at the FFTF is focused on the areas of design, construction, startup, and operation of the reactor. This information may be of potential use for international exchanges with other LMR programs around the world. This information provides the basis for creating benchmarks for validating and testing large scale computer programs. All information preserved to date is now being stored and categorized consistent with the IAEA international standardized taxonomy. The test results information exists in several different formats depending upon the final stage of the test evaluation. Over 100 documents relevant to passive safety testing have been identified and are being recovered, scanned, and catalogued. Attempts to recover plant data tapes are also in progress. Documents related to passive safety testing are now being categorized consistent with internationally agreed upon IAEA standards. Documents are being converted to electronic format compatible with a general search engine being developed by INL. The data from the FFTF passive safety tests provides experimental verification of structural reactivity effects that should be very useful to innovative designers seeking to optimize passive safety in the design of new LMRs.
Wootan, David W.; Butner, R. Scott; Omberg, Ronald P.; Makenas, Bruce J.; Nielsen, Deborah L.
Conservation of Severely Damaged Paper Using Passivation Polymers
This work examined the use of passivation polymers in the conservation of severely damaged paper. It specifically investigated the use of this functional polymer treatment to address the issues of damage to paper caused by waterlogging, mold, and internal acidity. Several experiments were designed and conducted to examine the effects of the polymers in the conservation of papers compromised by these conditions. Paper artifacts from the Bonfire Memorabilia Collection were selected and conserved using treatment protocols that included the use of the passivation polymers. The conservation of some of the damaged papers from this culturally important site demonstrated the effectiveness of the polymer treatment in real-world conservation situations. This dissertation established that the use of passivation polymers adds strength and stability to severely damaged paper.
Eilert, Eloise
Remote detection of chemicals with passive millimeter waves.
Passive millimeter-wave (mmW) systems have been used in the past to remotely map solid targets and to measure low-pressure spectral lines of stratospheric and interstellar gases; however, its application to pressure-broadened spectral detection of terrestrial gases is new. A radiative transfer model was developed to determine the detection feasibility and system requirements for passive mmW spectral detection. A Dicke-switched multispectral radiometer that operates at 146-154 GHz was designed and built for remote detection of stack gases. The radiometer was tested in the laboratory using a gas cell; the spectra of acetonitrile were detected passively against a cold background, which mimicked typical remote detection scenarios in the field. With Dicke-switched integration of radiometric signals, on-line calibration, and novel signal processing to minimize atmospheric fluctuation, spectral line detection of polar molecules is possible from chemical plumes a few kilometers away.
Gopalsami, N.; Bakhtiari, S.; Elmer, T. W.; Raptis, A. C.; Nuclear Engineering Division
Passive solar potential of a conventional home. Final report
A conventional home not designed for passive solar heating was found to use an average of 61% less natural gas for space heating when compared to four similarly used control homes of identical design during the 1979-1980 heating season in Fort Collins, Colorado. The significant savings are attributed to: (1) passive solar gain through conventional windows; (2) optimum orientation of the home placing windows and doors away from prevailing winds; (3) the use of low-cost insulating window shutters; (4) conventional winterization; and (5) energy-conscious life-styles of the occupants. The payback period for the minor investment made by the owners of the demonstration home was estimated to be approximately two years. The results demonstrate that passive solar has a much greater potential in a conventional home than is currently believed and suggest that all future homes be oriented and constructed for maximum solar exposure.
Waterman, E.L.
List of Passive Solar Space Heat Incentives | Open Energy Information
Space Heat Incentives Space Heat Incentives Jump to: navigation, search The following contains the list of 278 Passive Solar Space Heat Incentives. CSV (rows 1 - 278) Incentive Incentive Type Place Applicable Sector Eligible Technologies Active Alternative Energy and Energy Conservation Patent Exemption (Corporate) (Massachusetts) Industry Recruitment/Support Massachusetts Commercial Biomass Fuel Cells Geothermal Electric Ground Source Heat Pumps Hydroelectric energy Municipal Solid Waste Passive Solar Space Heat Photovoltaics Solar Space Heat Solar Thermal Electric Solar Thermal Process Heat Solar Water Heat Wind energy Yes Alternative Energy and Energy Conservation Patent Exemption (Personal) (Massachusetts) Industry Recruitment/Support Massachusetts General Public/Consumer Biomass
Designing passive solar buildings to reduce temperature swings
Control of temperature swings is a major consideration in design of passive solar heated buildings - especially so as the designer seeks to achieve most of the building heat from the sun. Observations of temperature swings in several passive buildings are cited. Methods of temperature control are discussed, both by means of control intervention such as using of auxiliary backup heating, ventilation, and blowers, and by means of building design. The design approach is preferred as the main course with the intervention techniques used for fine tuning.
Balcomb, D.
Fast correlation method for passive-solar design
A passive-solar design manual for single-family detached residences and dormitory-type buildings is being developed. The design procedure employed in the manual is a simplification of the original monthly solar load ratio (SLR) method. The new SLR correlations involve a single constant for each system. The correlation constant appears as a scale factor permitting the use of a universal performance curve for all passive systems. Furthermore, by providing location-dependent correlations between the annual solar heating fraction (SHF) and the minimum monthly SHF, we have eliminated the need to perform an SLR calculation for each month of the heating season.
Wray, W.O.; Biehl, F.A.; Kosiewicz, C.E.
Experimental Verification of SWR 1000 Passive Components and Systems
Many tests were done in different test facilities to verify the passive components and systems of the SWR 1000 BWR. Test results are given here in detail only for the full-scale tests. For these tests, the main test results are: 1. The Passive Pressure Pulse Transmitter activates safety related valves with a time delay of less than 5 seconds. 2. The vent pipes developed for the SWR 1000 avoid chugging completely. 3. The 2-arm quenchers in the SWR 1000 generate good mixing of hot and cold water in the flooding pool. (author)
Meseth, Johann [Framatome ANP GmbH, P.O. Box 10 10 63, D-63010 Offenbach (Germany)
Passive magnetic bearing element with minimal power losses
Systems employing passive magnetic bearing elements having minimal power losses are provided. Improved stabilizing elements are shown, employing periodic magnet arrays and inductively loaded circuits, but with improved characteristics compared to the elements disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,495,221 entitled "Dynamically Stable Magnetic Suspension/Bearing System." The improvements relate to increasing the magnitude of the force derivative, while at the same time reducing the power dissipated during the normal operation of the bearing system, to provide a passive bearing system that has virtually no losses under equilibrium conditions, that is, when the supported system is not subject to any accelerations except those of gravity.
Passive solar design calculations with the DOE-2 computer program
The DOE-2 computer program has been modified to improve modeling of passive-solar buildings by the addition of the custom weighting-factor method. The thermal-load and air-temperature calculation procedure in DOE-2 are described. Assumptions inherent in the use of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) precalculated and the custom weighting factors are discussed. Calculated results from DOE-2 are compared with measured heat-extraction rates and air temperatures for four buildings. These comparisons indicate that DOE-2 can accurately model direct-gain passive buildings and can treat night-ventilative cooling and water walls in an approximate manner.
Kerrisk, J.F.; Moore, J.E.; Schnurr, N.M.; Hunn, B.D.
Passive-solar design manual for the United States Navy
A passive solar design manual for single-family detached residences and dormitory-type buildings is being developed. The design procedure employed in the manual is a simplification of the original monthly solar load ratio (SLR) method. The new SLR correlations involve a single constant for each system. The correlation constant appears as a scale factor permitting the use of a universal performance curve for all passive systems. Furthermore, by providing location-dependent correlations between the annual solar heating fraction (SHF)* and the minimum monthly SHF, we have eliminated the need to perform an SLR calculation for each month of the heating season.
Wray, W.O.; Biehl, F.A.; Kosiewicz, C.R.; Miles, C.R. Durlak, E.R.
Systems employing passive magnetic bearing elements having minimal power losses are provided. Improved stabilizing elements are shown, employing periodic magnet arrays and inductively loaded circuits, but with improved characteristics compared to the elements disclosed in US Patent No. 5,495,221 entitled ``Dynamically Stable Magnetic Suspension/Bearing System.`` The improvements relate to increasing the magnitude of the force derivative, while at the same time reducing the power dissipated during the normal operation of the bearing system, to provide a passive bearing system that has virtually no losses under equilibrium conditions, that is, when the supported system is not subject to any accelerations except those of gravity. 8 figs.
Post, R.F.
Passive cooling with solar updraft and evaporative downdraft chimneys
Computer models have been developed to describe the operation of both solar updraft and evaporative downdraft chimneys. Design studies are being conducted at the present time to use the towers for cooling an experimental, well instrumented, structure to study passive cooling in residential buildings. (MHR)
Mignon, G.V.; Cunningham, W.A.; Thompson, T.L.
Convection of Concentrated Vortices and Passive Scalars as Solitary Waves
A new version of a computational method, Vorticity Confinement, is described. Vorticity Confinement has been shown to efficiently treat thin features in multi-dimensional incompressible fluid flow, such as vortices and streams of passive scalars, and ... Keywords: CFD, scalar convection, solitary wave, vortical flow, vorticity confinement
John Steinhoff; Meng Fan; Lesong Wang; William Dietz
Calculating failure probabilities of passive systems during transients
A time-dependent reliability evaluation of a two-loop passive Decay Heat Removal (DHR) system was performed as part of the iterative design process for a helium-cooled fast reactor. The system was modeled using RELAP5-3D. ...
Mackay, Francisco J
Natural circulating passive cooling system for nuclear reactor containment structure
A passive cooling system for the contaminant structure of a nuclear reactor plant providing protection against overpressure within the containment attributable to inadvertent leakage or rupture of the system components. The cooling system utilizes natural convection for transferring heat imbalances and enables the discharge of irradiation free thermal energy to the atmosphere for heat disposal from the system.
Gou, Perng-Fei (Saratoga, CA); Wade, Gentry E. (Saratoga, CA)
Passive cooling system for nuclear reactor containment structure
Passive-Solar-Heating Analysis: a new ASHRAE manual
The forthcoming ASHRAE book, Passive Solar Heating Analysis, is described. ASHRAE approval procedures are discussed. An overview of the contents is given. The development of the solar load ratio correlations is described, and the applicability of the analysis method is discussed.
Simple procedure for schematic design of passive solar buildings
A simple procedure for use during the schematic phase of passive solar building design is presented in this article. The procedure is quantitative and accurate enough to insure that designs based on the provided starting point values of the primary building parameters will be cost effective.
Wray, W.O.; Kosiewicz, C.E.
Utilizing Passive Ventilation to Complement HVAC Systems in Enclosed Buildings
Utilizing Passive Ventilation to Complement HVAC Systems in Enclosed Buildings Tom Rogg REU Student to assist HVAC has the potential to significantly reduce life cycle cost and energy consumption and electrical system that will tie thermostats to controlled valves in the actual HVAC system. Based on results
Mountziaris, T. J.
Transparent heat mirrors for passive solar heating applications
Recent progress in the development of transparent heat mirror coatings for energy-efficient windows and passive solar applications is reviewed. It appears that cost-efficient coatings promising savings of 25 to 75%, depending upon application, may be available to window manufacturers and homeowners in the next one to three years. Performance, applications, and limitations are discussed.
Can passive solar technology help meet African village energy needs
Findings based on attempts to implement renewable energy in African villages over the last three years are presented. Specifically, village energy needs are identified and passive solar technologies are matched with each need. This needs/technology matching process is dominated by social, economic and cultural considerations. It is shown how the technology can only have significance when adapted to particular village settings and when it is understood within the cultural framework of the people. The resources available to most African villages are sunlight, mud, dung, thatch and person power. Villagers must be trained to make solar units such as solar ovens, passive air heaters, food dryers, water heaters, passive coolers and insulation out of these materials and some imported glass or fiberglass. These solar units must cost less than ten or fifteen dollars. Experiences in training, construction, performance and village acceptance are presented along with justification for the conclusion that passive solar technology has limited, but important, applications in improving living conditions and health standards in African villages.
Lillywhite, M.; Lillywhite, L.
Entirely passive heat pipe apparatus capable of operating against gravity
The disclosure is directed to an entirely passive heat pipe apparatus capable of operating against gravity for vertical distances in the order of 3 to 7 meters and more. A return conduit into which an inert gas is introduced is used to lower the specific density of the working fluid so that it may be returned a greater vertical distance from condenser to evaporator.
Koenig, Daniel R. (Santa Fe, NM)
Passivation of quartz for halogen-containing light sources
Lifetime of halogen containing VUV, UV, visible or IR light sources can be extended by passivating the quartz or glass gas containers with halogens prior to filling the quartz with the halogen and rare gas mixtures used to produce the light.
Falkenstein, Zoran (Los Alamos, NM)
Analysis of Hydrogen Depletion Using a Scaled Passive Autocatalytic Recombiner
Hydrogen depletion tests of a scaled passive autocatalytic recombine (pAR) were performed in the Surtsey test vessel at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). The experiments were used to determine the hydrogen depletion rate of a PAR in the presence of steam and also to evaluate the effect of scale (number of cartridges) on the PAR performance at both low and high hydrogen concentrations.
Blanchat, T.K.; Malliakos, A.
A passivity-based decentralized strategy for generalized connectivity maintenance
The design of decentralized controllers coping with the typical constraints on the inter-robot sensing/communication capabilities represents a promising direction in multi-robot research thanks to the inherent scalability and fault tolerance of these ... Keywords: algebraic graph theory, bilateral shared control, connectivity maintenance, decentralized control, decentralized estimation, mobile robotics, multi-robot systems, passivity-based control
Paolo Robuffo Giordano, Antonio Franchi, Cristian Secchi, Heinrich H B�lthoff
Capillary-Pumped Passive Reactor Concept for Space Nuclear Power
To develop the passively-cooled space reactor concept using the capillary-induced lithium flow, since molten lithium possesses a very favorable surface tension characteristic. In space where the gravitational field is minimal, the gravity-assisted natural convection cooling is not effective nor an option for reactor heat removal, the capillary induced cooling becomes an attractive means of providing reactor cooling.
Dr. Thomas F. Lin; Dr. Thomas G. Hughes; Christopher G. Miller
Review: A survey of active and passive indoor localisation systems
In recent years the need for indoor localisation has increased. Earlier systems have been deployed in order to demonstrate that indoor localisation can be done. Many researchers are referring to location estimation as a crucial component in numerous ... Keywords: Indoor active localisation, Indoor passive localisation, Location estimation techniques
Gabriel Deak; Kevin Curran; Joan Condell
Analysis of Passive Tracer Transport as Modeled by an Atmospheric General Circulation Model
Tracers without feedback on the atmosphere are used to probe tropospheric transport. Such passive tracers are considered for two important anthropogenic sources, Europe and eastern North America. The linearity of passive tracer continuity allows ...
Mark Holzer
Passive Solar Design: Technology Fact Sheet; Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs (BTS)
Fact sheet for homeowners and contractors on using passive solar design features in homes can increase energy efficiency and comfort. Topics include design techniques, cost, and passive solar design tools.
Southern Energy Institute
Supplementary material on passive solar heating concepts. A compilation of published articles
A compilation of published articles and reports dealing with passive solar energy concepts for heating and cooling buildings is presented. The following are included: fundamental of passive systems, applications and technical analysis, graphic tools, and information sources. (MHR)
Light-Induced Passivation of Si by Iodine Ethanol Solution: Preprint
We report on our observations of light-activated passivation of silicon surfaces by iodine-ethanol solution.
Sopori, B.; Rupnowski, P.; Appel, J.; Guhaabiswas, D.; Anderson-Jackson, L.
Passive Imaging of Warhead-Like Configurations Using Cosmic-Ray Muons
Cosmic-Muon-Based Interrogation has untapped potential for national security. This presentation describes muons-based passive interrogation techniques.
Schwellenbach, D.
CaF2 surface passivation of lead selenide grown on BaF2
A new method of surface passivation of PbSe epitaxial layers by growing a thin epitaxial CaF"2 layer is proposed. Improvement in photoluminescence (PL) intensity is observed when the PbSe layer is passivated. The minority carrier lifetime (@t), measured ... Keywords: CaF2 passivation, Lead salts, Minority carrier lifetime, Photoluminescence
Shaibal Mukherjee; D. Li; G. Bi; J. Ma; S. L. Elizondo; A. Gautam; Z. Shi
Predictive Maintenance, Design, Construction, and Maintenance for Passive Treatment of Wastewaters and the PT2 Passive Treatment Planning Tool V1.0
This manual provides an approach to evaluating, designing, constructing, and maintaining passive treatment systems for select wastewater contaminants. It is intended for environmental managers and engineering design staff to assess the applicability of passive technologies to treat wastewater discharges. The manual's guidelines are a work-in-progress as the understanding of passive treatment increases with time. Readers are advised to seek expert advice when encountering wastewater conditions varying sig...
Operational Performance Analysis of Passive Acoustic Monitoring for Killer Whales
For the planned tidal turbine site in Puget Sound, WA, the main concern is to protect Southern Resident Killer Whales (SRKW) due to their Endangered Species Act status. A passive acoustic monitoring system is proposed because the whales emit vocalizations that can be detected by a passive system. The algorithm for detection is implemented in two stages. The first stage is an energy detector designed to detect candidate signals. The second stage is a spectral classifier that is designed to reduce false alarms. The evaluation presented here of the detection algorithm incorporates behavioral models of the species of interest, environmental models of noise levels and potential false alarm sources to provide a realistic characterization of expected operational performance.
Matzner, Shari; Fu, Tao; Ren, Huiying; Deng, Zhiqun; Sun, Yannan; Carlson, Thomas J.
Passive Fully Polarimetric W-Band Millimeter-Wave Imaging
We present the theory, design, and experimental results obtained from a scanning passive W-band fully polarimetric imager. Passive millimeter-wave imaging offers persistent day/nighttime imaging and the ability to penetrate dust, clouds and other obscurants, including clothing and dry soil. The single-pixel scanning imager includes both far-field and near-field fore-optics for investigation of polarization phenomena. Using both fore-optics, a variety of scenes including natural and man-made objects was imaged and these results are presented showing the utility of polarimetric imaging for anomaly detection. Analysis includes conventional Stokes-parameter based approaches as well as multivariate image analysis methods.
Bernacki, Bruce E.; Kelly, James F.; Sheen, David M.; McMakin, Douglas L.; Tedeschi, Jonathan R.; Harris, Robert V.; Mendoza, Albert; Hall, Thomas E.; Hatchell, Brian K.; Valdez, Patrick LJ
Quartz crystal microbalance based on passive frequency to voltage converter
In dynamics of evaporation or drying of microdrops from a solid surface, a faster and precise quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is needed. The fast QCM based on frequency to voltage converter is an attractive and powerful tool in the investigation of the dynamic regime of evaporation to translate the frequency shift in terms of a continuous voltage change. The frequency shift monitoring in fast QCM applications is a real challenge for electronic processing interface. Originally developed as a frequency shift processing interface, this novel passive frequency to voltage converter can produce faster, stable, and accurate results in regard to the QCM sensor behavior. In this article, the concept and circuit of passive frequency to voltage converter will be explained followed by static and dynamic characterization. Experimental results of microdrops evaporation will be given.
Burda, Ioan; Tunyagi, Arthur [Department of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 400084 (Romania)
Passive hybrid sensing tag with flexible substrate saw device
The integration of surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters, microfabricated transmission lines, and sensors onto polymer substrates in order to enable a passive wireless sensor platform is described herein. Incident microwave pulses on an integrated antenna are converted to an acoustic wave via a SAW filter and transmitted to an impedance based sensor, which for this work is a photodiode. Changes in the sensor state induce a corresponding change in the impedance of the sensor resulting in a reflectance profile. Data collected at a calibrated receiver is used to infer the state of the sensor. Based on this principal, light levels were passively and wirelessly demonstrated to be sensed at distances of up to about 12 feet.
Skinner, Jack L.; Chu, Eric Y.; Ho, Harvey
Passive heat-transfer means for nuclear reactors. [LMFBR
An improved passive cooling arrangement is disclosed for maintaining adjacent or related components of a nuclear reactor within specified temperature differences. Specifically, heat pipes are operatively interposed between the components, with the vaporizing section of the heat pipe proximate the hot component operable to cool it and the primary condensing section of the heat pipe proximate the other and cooler component operable to heat it. Each heat pipe further has a secondary condensing section that is located outwardly beyond the reactor confinement and in a secondary heat sink, such as air ambient the containment, that is cooler than the other reactor component. By having many such heat pipes, an emergency passive cooling system is defined that is operative without electrical power.
Burelbach, J.P.
Restaurateur designs and installs passive solar heating/cooling system
An example of the use of passive solar heating and cooling systems by a Wisconsin restaurateur is discussed. The greenhouse effect is used on three sides of the restaurant's exterior walls. A dozen water-to-air electric heat pumps handle the restaurant's heating and cooling chores. The system doesn't require any fossil fuel for heating or cooling.
Incremental cooling load determination for passive direct gain heating systems
This paper examines the applicability of the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) full load compressor hour method for predicting the cooling load increase in a residence, attributable to direct gain passive heating systems. The NAHB method predictions are compared with the results of 200 hour-by-hour simulations using BLAST and the two methods show reasonable agreement. The degree of agreement and the limitations of the NAHB method are discussed.
Sullivan, P.W.; Mahone, D.; Fuller, W.; Gruber, J.; Kammerud, R.; Place, W.; Andersson, B.
Passive Tamper Indicating Enclosures Incorporating Embedded Optical Fibre
AWE and PNNL are engaged in a technical collaboration investigating techniques to enhance continuity of knowledge over Accountable Items within a verified nuclear weapons dismantlement process. Tamper Indicating Enclosures (TIE) will likely be deployed as part of a chain of custody regime to indicate an unauthorised attempt to access an Accountable Item. This paper looks at the use of passive TIEs incorporating embedded optical fibre; concepts relating to deployment, tamper indication and unique identification will be discussed.
Wynn, Paul; White, Helen; Allen, Keir; Simmons, Kevin L.; Sliva, Paul; Benz, Jacob M.; Tanner, Jennifer E.
Net Solar radiation: passive systems with moveable insulation
Heat loss from uninsulated glazings of passive solar collectors can be checked by use of movable insulation. Five passivehybrid solar energy systems are studied in this paper. The buildings are monitored by the National Solar Data Network (NSDN) whose system is shown schematically. Tests show that no high cost direct gain solar systems were economically viable without movable insulation. Monitored seasonal performance of the five sites showed three good, and two poor performances. Each case is specified in detail.
Howard, B.D.
Passive features for a liquid desiccant air conditioner
A conceptual development program with the ultimate objective of substantially reducing or eliminating the parasitic power requirement for liquid sorbent air conditioning systems is described. Operational tests conducted on small prototypes have shown that some of the pumps can be replaced with other apparatus requiring no electrical energy. Experimental work has also shown that some electric utility dependent pumps might be replaced by solar powered pumps thus making the system more passive in nature.
Francis, C.E.; Beavers, D.R.
Evaluating the performance of passive-solar-heated buildings
Methods of evaluating the thermal performance of passive-solar buildings are reviewed. Instrumentation and data logging requirements are outlined. Various methodologies that have been used to develop an energy balance for the building and various performance measures are discussed. Methods for quantifying comfort are described. Subsystem and other special-purpose monitoring are briefly reviewed. Summary results are given for 38 buildings that have been monitored.
Direct estimation of the performance of passive structures
Described is an analytical method of computing solar savings fraction for a given load-to-collector ratio of a passive structure in any location. The key to the computation is the use of an algorithm relating the pattern of clear days to the interaction of the thermal storage with transmittted radiation and heat load as well as a correlation of coefficient of performance with the total number of degree days in the heating season and the fraction of possible sun.
Passivation layers for reduced total dose effects and ELDRS in linear bipolar devices.
It is shown that final chip passivation layers can have a significant impact on total dose hardness. A number of final chip passivation layers are evaluated to identify films that mitigate enhanced low-dose-rate sensitivity (ELDRS) in National Semiconductor Corporation's linear bipolar technologies. It is shown that devices fabricated with either a low temperature oxide or a tetraethyl ortho silicate passivation do not exhibit significant ELDRS effects up to 100 krad(SiO{sub 2}). Passivation studies on CMOS SRAMs suggest that it is unlikely that the passivation layers (or processing tools) are acting as a new source of hydrogen, which could drift or diffuse into the oxide and increase ELDRS sensitivity. Instead, it is possible that the passivation layers affect the mechanical stress in the oxide, which may affect oxide trap properties and possibly the release and mobility of hydrogen. Correlations between mechanical stress induced by the passivation layers and radiation degradation are discussed.
Dodd, Paul Emerson; Riewe, Leonard Charles; Pease, Ronald L.; Shaneyfelt, Marty Ray; Gupta, Sunny; Maher, Michael C.; Schwank, James Ralph
CMR Shuffler System: Passive Mode Calibration and Certification Report
Los Alamos National Laboratory has a number of spherical confinement vessels (CVs) remaining from tests involving nuclear materials. These vessels have an inner diameter of 6 feet with 1 to 2 inch thick steel walls. The goal of the Confinement Vessel Disposition (CVD) project is to remove debris and reduce contamination inside the vessels. As debris is removed from the vessels, material will be placed in waste drums. Far-field gamma ray assay will be used to determine when a drum is nearing a {sup 239}Pu equivalent mass of less than 200 g. The drum will then be assayed using a waste drum shuffler operated in passive mode using a neutron coincidence counting method for accountability. This report focuses on the testing and calibration of the CMR waste drum shuffler in passive mode operation. Initial testing was performed to confirm previously accepted measurement parameters. The system was then calibrated using a set of weapons grade Pu (WGPu, {sup 239}Pu > 93%) oxide standards placed inside a 55 gallon drum. The calibration data ranges from Pu mass of 0.5 g to 188.9 g. The CMR waste drum shuffler has been tested and calibrated in passive mode in preparation for safeguards accountability measurements of waste drums containing material removed from CVs for the CVD project.
Frame, Katherine C. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Gomez, Cipriano D. [Retired CMR-OPS: OPERATIONS; Salazar, William R. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Mayo, Douglas R. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Vigil, Georgiana M. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Crooks, William J. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Stange, Sy [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Prognostics Health Management for Advanced Small Modular Reactor Passive Components
In the United States, sustainable nuclear power to promote energy security is a key national energy priority. Advanced small modular reactors (AdvSMR), which are based on modularization of advanced reactor concepts using non-light-water reactor (LWR) coolants such as liquid metal, helium, or liquid salt may provide a longer-term alternative to more conventional LWR-based concepts. The economics of AdvSMRs will be impacted by the reduced economy-of-scale savings when compared to traditional LWRs and the controllable day-to-day costs of AdvSMRs are expected to be dominated by operations and maintenance costs. Therefore, achieving the full benefits of AdvSMR deployment requires a new paradigm for plant design and management. In this context, prognostic health management of passive components in AdvSMRs can play a key role in enabling the economic deployment of AdvSMRs. In this paper, the background of AdvSMRs is discussed from which requirements for PHM systems are derived. The particle filter technique is proposed as a prognostics framework for AdvSMR passive components and the suitability of the particle filter technique is illustrated by using it to forecast thermal creep degradation using a physics-of-failure model and based on a combination of types of measurements conceived for passive AdvSMR components.
Meyer, Ryan M.; Ramuhalli, Pradeep; Coble, Jamie B.; Mitchell, Mark R.; Wootan, David W.; Hirt, Evelyn H.; Berglin, Eric J.; Bond, Leonard J.; Henager, Charles H.
Passive and low energy research and development: a global view
Passive and low energy applications in buildings have become a topic of worldwide interest within the last few years. It has now been demonstrated very clearly that indoor comfort can be maintained with an expenditure of only 10 to 20% of the energy often required by modern buildings. This is accomplished through a combination of conservation measures to minimize the load, passive use of solar energy for heating, natural cooling, and daylighting. The major research emphasis has been on devising mathematical models to characterize heat flow within buildings, on the validation of these models by comparison with test results, and on the subsequent use of the models to investigate the influence of both design parameters and weather on system performance. Design guidelines have been developed, and simplified methods of analysis have been promulgated. Performance has been monitored in test modules, test buildings, and many residential and commercial buildings. The results both confirm good performance and establish the accuracy of model predictions. A significant change in the research picture has been seen in the last 4 years; whereas the major effort was originally in the United States, research is now being conducted in many countries throughout the world as many people have realized that passive and low energy methods are appropriate in virtually every climate and are well suited to economic, convenient, and reliable building construction and operation.
Electret-based passive air samplers have been used in United Kingdom and elsewhere for quantitative sampling for airborne dust. Alpha electret ion chambers (EIC) have been used for quantitative measurement of deposited alpha emitting isotopes. These two well documented principles are combined to create a passive radon progeny monitor. Large area (50 cm2) electret charged to 500 to 2000 volts collect airborne radon decay products and the collected sample is "viewed " and measured by an alpha EIC. Such collection and measurement continues for the entire period of sampling, providing an integrated signal to the electret in alpha EIC. The present work is of exploratory nature and provides the responses of three different sizes of collection electrets. Results are also compared with a simple passive device with no collecting electret. The study provides data for optimization of the design depending upon the requirement. Study is limited to a typical home with equilibrium ratios from 40 to 60%. This method can be used for both short term and long term monitoring of RDP in working level units.
F. Stieff
Use of DRACS to Enhance HTGRs Passive Safety and Economy
This paper discusses the use of DRACS to Enhance HTGRs Passive Safety and Economy. One of the important requirements for Gen. IV High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactors (HTGR) is passive safety. Currently all the HTGR designs use Reactor Vessel Auxiliary Cooling System (RVACS) for passive decay heat removal. [1] The decay heat first is transferred to core barrel by conduction and radiation, and then to reactor vessel by thermal radiation and convection; finally the decay heat is transferred to natural circulated air or water systems. RVACS can be characterized as a surface based decay heat removal system. Similar concepts have been widely used in sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR) designs, advanced light water reactors like AP1000. The RVACS is especially suitable for smaller power reactors since small systems have relatively larger surface area. RVACS tends to be less expensive. However, it limits the largest achievable power level for modular HTGRs due to the mismatch between the reactor power (proportional to volume) and decay heat removal capability (proportional to surface). When the relative decay heat removal capability is reduced, the peak fuel temperature increases, even close to the design limit. Annual designs with internal reflector can mitigate this effect therefore further increase the power. Another way to increase power is to increase power density. However, it is also limited by the decay heat removal capability. Besides safety, HTGRs also need to be economical in order to compete with other reactor designs. The limit of decay heat removal capability set by using RVACS has affected the economy of HTGRs. Forsberg [2] pointed out other disadvantages of using RVACS such as conflicting functional requirements for the reactor vessel and scaling distortion for integral effect test of the system performance. A potential alternative solution is to use a volume based passive decay removal system, call Direct Reactor Auxiliary Cooling Systems (DRACS), to remove or mitigate the limitation on decay heat removal capability. DRACS has been widely used in SFR designs and in liquid salt cooled high temperature reactors. The containment cooling system in BWR is another example of volume based decay removal systems. DRACS composes of natural circulation loops with two sets of heat exchangers, one in reactor side and another is in environment side. DRACS has the benefits of increasing the power as needed (scalability) and modularity. This paper introduces the concept of using DRACS to enhance HTGRs passive safety and economy.
Haihua Zhao; Hongbin Zhang; Ling Zou
Load management and the La Vereda passive solar community
Reviewed are preliminary data available from some of the passive solar homes now operational at the La Vereda subdivision in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The major emphasis is Load Management - an electric utility term pertaining to when and how much energy is used by the customer. A customer's home is considered to be Load Managed when its major demands for electricity occur at times during the day when the utility has surplus generation capacity. For most utilities this surplus occurs during the night and is referred to as the off-peak period. Compared to conventional electric homes, the La Vereda passive solar homes are Naturally Load Managed because most of their backup heating requirements occur during the utility's off-peak period. Naturally Load Managed homes like these allow the backup heating system to operate freely whenever the space needs heat. Load data from six La Vereda homes are compared to similar data from 1) a group of nonsolar super-insulated total electric homes, and 2) the utility's winter system peak day load profile. The comparison verifies the Natural Load Management characteristics of the well-designed passive solar home. The free operation of the backup heating system, especially during cloudy or severe weather, can reduce the Natural Load Management characteristics of the La Verda homes. Is it possible to Force Load Management on a home, regardless of weather conditions and still guarantee that all space heating requirements are satisfied with off-peak energy. One home at La Vereda is discussed that has an experimental Forced Load Management backup heating system designed to use energy only during the utility's off-peak period. Load data from this home is presented and compared to other homes at La Verda.
Pyde, S.E.
Natural air motion and stratification in passive buildings
Natural convection is a major mechanism for heat distribution in many passive solar buildings, especially those with sunspaces. To better understand this mechanism, observations of air velocities and temperatures have been made in 13 different houses that encompass a wide variety of one- and two-story geometries. This paper extends previous reports. Results from one house are described in detail, and some generalizations are drawn from the large additional mass of data taken. A simple mathematical model is presented that describes the general nature of airflow and energy flow through an aperture.
Balcomb, J.D.; Jones, G.F.; Yamaguchi, Kenjiro
Energy-conserving and passive-solar construction details
Diagrams are presented which show construction details for insulating foundations, walls, joists, roofs, and other components of energy-conserving residential and light commercial buildings; glazing systems; installing thermal mass; rock beds; and a passive hot air collector. The emphasis is on using commercially available building materials in new applications to minimize costs and maximize thermal design. The costs are given which are typical of what builders have incurred in different parts of the country. The thermal performance figures and comments are included. (LEW)
Taylor, R D
The Sandia MEMS Passive Shock Sensor : dormancy and aging.
This report presents the results of an aging experiment that was established in FY09 and completed in FY10 for the Sandia MEMS Passive Shock Sensor. A total of 37 packages were aged at different temperatures and times, and were then tested after aging to determine functionality. Aging temperatures were selected at 100 C and 150 C, with times ranging from as short as 100 hours to as long as 1 year to simulate a predicted aging of up to 20 years. In all of the tests and controls, 100% of the devices continued to function normally.
Baker, Michael Sean; Tanner, Danelle Mary
Passive space heating with a self-pumping vapor system
In this system, which should be useful for space or water heating, a refrigerant is evaporated in a solar collector and condensed within thermal storage located in the building below the collector. The vapor pressure generated in the collector periodically forces the condensed liquid upward to the location of the collector. This paper reports results of an operational test, in which this system provided passive space heating for an outdoor test cell during a winter season. The daily average energy yield and the elevation of collector temperature caused by self-pumping are reported, as well as observations on failure modes, system reliability, and suggestions for a practical configuration.
Hedstrom, J.C.; Neeper, D.A.
Erbium-based magnetic refrigerant (regenerator) for passive cryocooler
A two stage Gifford-McMahon cryocooler having a low temperature stage for reaching approximately 10K, wherein the low temperature stage includes a passive magnetic heat regenerator selected from the group consisting of Er.sub.6 Ni.sub.2 Sn, Er.sub.6 Ni.sub.2 Pb, Er.sub.6 Ni.sub.2 (Sn.sub.0.75 Ga.sub.0.25), and Er.sub.9 Ni.sub.3 Sn comprising a mixture of Er.sub.3 Ni and Er.sub.6 Ni.sub.2 Sn in the microstructure.
Gschneidner, Jr., Karl A. (Ames, IA); Pecharsky, Vitalij K. (Ames, IA)
Heat storage and distribution inside passive-solar buildings
Passive-solar buildings are investigated from the viewpoint of the storage of solar heat in materials of the building: walls, floors, ceilings, and furniture. The effects of the location, material, thickness, and orientation of each internal building surface are investigated. The concept of diurnal heat capacity is introduced and a method of using this parameter to estimate clear-day temperature swings is developed. Convective coupling to remote rooms within a building is discussed, including both convection through single doorways and convective loops that may exist involving a sunspace. Design guidelines are given.
Low cost performance evaluation of passive solar buildings
An approach to low-cost instrumentation and performance evaluation of passive solar heated buildings is presented. Beginning with a statement of the need for a low-cost approach, a minimum list of measured quantities necessary to compute a set of recommended performance factors is developed. Conflicts and confusion surrounding the definition of various performance factors are discussed and suggestions are made for dealing with this situation. Available instrumentation and data processing equipment is presented. The recommended system would monitor approximately ten variables and compute numerous performance factors on site at a projected system cost of less than $3,000 per installation.
Palmiter, L.S.; Hamilton, L.B.; Holtz, M.J.
Low-Cost Manufacturable Microchannel Systems for Passive PEM Water Management
Manufacturable Manufacturable Microchannel Systems for Passive PEM Water Management IIPS Number 16910 Low Low - - Cost Cost Manufacturable Manufacturable Microchannel Systems for Passive Microchannel Systems for Passive PEM Water Management PEM Water Management IIPS Number 16910 IIPS Number 16910 Ward TeGrotenhuis, Susie Stenkamp, Curt Lavender Pacific Northwest National Laboratories Richland, WA HFCIT Kick Off Meeting February 2007 2 Project objective: Create a low cost and passive PEM water management system Project objective: Project objective: Create a low cost Create a low cost and passive PEM water management system and passive PEM water management system Specific Targets Addressed for 3.4.2 Automotive-Scale: 80 kWe Integrated Transportation Fuel Cell Power Systems Operating on Direct Hydrogen
A liquid metal cooled nuclear fission reactor plant having a top entry loop joined satellite assembly with a passive auxiliary safety cooling system for removing residual heat resulting from fuel decay during shutdown, or heat produced during a mishap. This satellite type reactor plant is enhanced by a backup or secondary passive safety cooling system which augments the primary passive auxiliary cooling system when in operation, and replaces the primary cooling system when rendered inoperative.
Boardman, Charles E. (Saratoga, CA); Hunsbedt, Anstein (Los Gatos, CA); Hui, Marvin M. (Cupertino, CA)
Passive cooling system for liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors with backup coolant flow path
A liquid metal cooled nuclear fission reactor plant having a passive auxiliary safety cooling system for removing residual heat resulting from fuel decay during reactor shutdown, or heat produced during a mishap. This reactor plant is enhanced by a backup or secondary passive safety cooling system which augments the primary passive auxiliary cooling system when in operation, and replaces the primary system when rendered inoperable.
coolers. active solar heating and underground thermalbeam solar radiation is preferred to counteract the heatingdays vs. 5000 heating degree days). Passive solar potentials
Andersson, Brandt
Using Calibrated Simulation to Quantify The energy Savings From Residential Passive Solar Design in Canada.
??Energy savings from passive solar design applied to a typical Canadian house were quantified using calibrated whole building energy simulation. A detailed energy simulation model� (more)
Zirnhelt, Hayes E.
Real Time Location Tool For Precision Tracking Of Passive UHF RFID Tags In Two Dimensions.
??Bredow, Jonathan This thesis addresses this problem of a precise RTLS (Real Time Location System) by implementing a Passive UHF RFID system. A software is� (more)
Kenarangui, Nasir
Performance Evaluation for a Modular, Scalable Passive Cooling System in Data Centers
system is essentially a heat exchanger utilizing water at acooling from the heat exchanger. The passive cooling systemsystem (air-to- water heat exchanger) attached to rear door
Xu, TengFang
Enhancing reliability in passive anti-islanding protection schemes for distribution systems with distributed generation.
??This thesis introduces a new approach to enhance the reliability of conventional passive anti-islanding protection scheme in distribution systems embedding distributed generation. This approach uses� (more)
Sheikholeslamzadeh, Mohsen
Solid-State Phase Change Technology for Use in Passive Solar ...
Solid-State Phase Change Technology for Use in Passive Solar Building Materials Contact Information: Jeremy Nelson Phone: 970.491.7100 Email: ...
Passive Acoustic Determination of Wave-Breaking Events and Their Severity across the Spectrum
A passive acoustic method of detecting breaking waves of different scales has been developed. The method also showed promise for measuring breaking severity.
Richard Manasseh; Alexander V. Babanin; Cameron Forbes; Kate Rickards; Irena Bobevski; Andrew Ooi
Disruption Analysis and Response Implicattions of Passive Plates for the NSTX Upgrade
The NSTX upgrade project requires analysis qualifications of existing vacuum vessel and passive stabilizing plates for increased plasma performance. Vertical stability is critically dependent on the passive conducting structure that surrounds the plasma. In this paper, the passive conducting structure is analyzed for the upgrade condition during plasma disruption to ensure the level of stress in the stabilizing plates and the fastener is within its design limits. The counter-bore of the passive plates for bolting is evaluated in details and counter-bore bushing is redesigned to prevent shear failure during disruptions as a result of high pulling and pushing forces, particularly for support at the corner bolts
Yuhu Zhai, Peter Titus, Art Brooks, and Ron Hatcher
Numerical simulation of micro-fluidic passive and active mixers
Numerical simulations of mixing using passive and active techniques are performed. For passive mixing, numerical modeling of a micro-fluidic device, build by Holden and Cremer, was performed. The micro-fluidic device consists of a Y-junction that allows inflow of two different species of fluid into a main-channel. The main-channel eventually splits into eleven smaller output micro-channels. This device enables control of molecular diffusion from one fluid stream into the other by regulating the flow rate. Hence, output channels exhibit predetermined concentration values, which allow concentration dependent chemistry experiments in each output channel. Convective diffusive transport in this micro mixer is studied numerically and theoretically. Our model prediction are compared with the experimental data. Numerical simulations of a peristaltically driven micro mixer is studied as a function of the travelling wave amplitude and the Reynolds number. First the numerical scheme was verified for small deformation cases for moderate and large Reynolds numbers. Kinematics of large deformation conditions are studied for various Reynolds numbers.
Kumar, Saurabh
Plasma etching, texturing, and passivation of silicon solar cells
The authors improved a self-aligned emitter etchback technique that requires only a single emitter diffusion and no alignments to form self-aligned, patterned-emitter profiles. Standard commercial screen-printed gridlines mask a plasma-etchback of the emitter. A subsequent PECVD-nitride deposition provides good surface and bulk passivation and an antireflection coating. The authors used full-size multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) cells processed in a commercial production line and performed a statistically designed multiparameter experiment to optimize the use of a hydrogenation treatment to increase performance. They obtained an improvement of almost a full percentage point in cell efficiency when the self-aligned emitter etchback was combined with an optimized 3-step PECVD-nitride surface passivation and hydrogenation treatment. They also investigated the inclusion of a plasma-etching process that results in a low-reflectance, textured surface on multicrystalline silicon cells. Preliminary results indicate reflectance can be significantly reduced without etching away the emitter diffusion.
Ruby, D.S.; Yang, P. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Zaidi, S.; Brueck, S. [Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (United States); Roy, M.; Narayanan, S. [Solarex, Frederick, MD (United States)
Passive drainage and biofiltration of landfill gas: Australian field trial
In Australia a significant number of landfill waste disposal sites do not incorporate measures for the collection and treatment of landfill gas. This includes many old/former landfill sites, rural landfill sites, non-putrescible solid waste and inert waste landfill sites, where landfill gas generation is low and it is not commercially viable to extract and beneficially utilize the landfill gas. Previous research has demonstrated that biofiltration has the potential to degrade methane in landfill gas, however, the microbial processes can be affected by many local conditions and factors including moisture content, temperature, nutrient supply, including the availability of oxygen and methane, and the movement of gas (oxygen and methane) to/from the micro-organisms. A field scale trial is being undertaken at a landfill site in Sydney, Australia, to investigate passive drainage and biofiltration of landfill gas as a means of managing landfill gas emissions at low to moderate gas generation landfill sites. The design and construction of the trial is described and the experimental results will provide in-depth knowledge on the application of passive gas drainage and landfill gas biofiltration under Sydney (Australian) conditions, including the performance of recycled materials for the management of landfill gas emissions.
Dever, S.A. [School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 (Australia) and GHD Pty. Ltd., 10 Bond Street, Sydney, NSW 2000 (Australia)]. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Swarbrick, G.E. [School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 (Australia)]. E-mail: email@example.com; Stuetz, R.M. [School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 (Australia)]. E-mail: email@example.com
Oxygen scavenger/metal passivator reduces corrosion, toxicity
Haverhill Paper board, a Haverhill, MA manufacturer of recycled paperboard, generates about 120,000 lb/hr of 650 psi, 650/sup 0/F (superheated) steam. Boiler deposition and condensate return corrosion problems were always high on the list of things to avoid. A water treatment firm provided the solution with a recently developed oxygen scavenger. The new scavenger, a Chemical Processing Vaaler Award winner (Mid-November, 1986, p. 130), is a patented formulation containing methyl ethyl ketoxime (MEKO). The formulation is designed to provide protection comparable to hydrazine but without the toxicity concerns. Used in conjunction with the mechanical deaerator, MEKO scavenges the remaining 5-7 ppb of oxygen from the feed water, producing methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), N/sub 2/O, and water. High volatility gives it the ability to leave the boiler with the steam, protecting the entire generating system. MEKO also acts as a metal surface passivator, protecting iron surfaces from corrosion by forming passivated oxide films. In use since December, 1985, the MEKO-based oxygen scavenger has coupled with the other chemical and mechanical water treatment methods to maintain the boiler in operating condition. The MEKO is performing as well or better than the hydrazine at about the same cost - while avoiding the toxicity problem.
Barry, J.; Toy, D.A.
Solar passive ceiling system. Final report. [Passive solar heating system with venetian blind reflectors and latent heat storage in ceiling
The construction of a 1200 square foot building, with full basement, built to be used as a branch library in a rural area is described. The primary heating source is a passive solar system consisting of a south facing window system. The system consists of: a set of windows located in the south facing wall only, composed of double glazed units; a set of reflectors mounted in each window which reflects sunlight up to the ceiling (the reflectors are similar to venetian blinds); a storage area in the ceiling which absorbs the heat from the reflected sunlight and stores it in foil salt pouches laid in the ceiling; and an automated curtain which automatically covers and uncovers the south facing window system. The system is totally passive and uses no blowers, pumps or other active types of heat distribution equipment. The building contains a basement which is normally not heated, and the north facing wall is bermed four feet high around the north side.
Schneider, A.R.
Silicon surface and bulk defect passivation by low temperature PECVD oxides and nitrides
The effectiveness of PECVD passivation of surface and bulk defects in Si, as well as phosphorous diffused emitters, Is investigated and quantified. Significant hydrogen incorporation coupled with high positive charge density in the PECVD SiN layer is found to play an important role in bulk and surface passivation. It is shown that photo-assisted anneal in a forming gas ambient after PECVD depositions significantly improves the passivation of emitter and bulk defects. PECVD passivation of phosphorous doped emitters and boron doped bare Si surfaces is found to be a strong function of doping concentration. Surface recombination velocity of less than 200 cm/s for 0.2 Ohm-cm and less than 1 cm/s for high resistivity substrates ({approximately} Ohm-cm) were achieved. PECVD passivation improved bulk lifetime in the range of 30% to 70% in multicrystalline Si materials. However, the degree of the passivation was found to be highly material specific. Depending upon the passivation scheme, emitter saturation current density (J{sub oe}) can be reduced by a factor of 3 to 9. Finally, the stability of PECVD oxide/nitride passivation under prolonged UV exposure is established.
Chen, Z.; Rohatgi, A. [Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States). Univ. Center of Excellence for Photovoltaics Research and Education; Ruby, D. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Design techniques for ASK demodulators of passive wireless microsystems: a state-of-the-art review
ASK demodulators are widely used in passive wireless microsystems due to their simple design and low power consumption. Although a large number of ASK demodulators emerged recently, an in-depth examination of the pros and cons and design constraints ... Keywords: ASK demodulators, CMOS circuits, Passive wireless microsystems
Fei Yuan
Spectral compact difference hybrid computation of passive scalar in isotropic turbulence
An accurate and efficient hybrid numerical method is developed for direct numerical simulation of passive scalar in homogeneous turbulence for the Schmidt number 1 and 50. The hybrid method uses the standard Fourier spectral method for the incompressible ... Keywords: Combined compact difference, Direct numerical simulation, Hybrid method, Passive scalar, Turbulence
T. Gotoh; S. Hatanaka; H. Miura
Method for passive cooling liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors, and system thereof
A liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor having a passive cooling system for removing residual heat resulting from fuel decay during reactor shutdown. The passive cooling system comprises a plurality of partitions surrounding the reactor vessel in spaced apart relation forming intermediate areas for circulating heat transferring fluid which remove and carry away heat from the reactor vessel.
Hunsbedt, Anstein (Los Gatos, CA); Busboom, Herbert J. (San Jose, CA)
Passivity test of immittance descriptor systems based on generalized Hamiltonian methods
A generalized Hamiltonian method (GHM) and its half-size variant (HGHM) are proposed to characterize the spectral behaviors of descriptor systems (DSs). With the preprocess improper part test, GHM and HGHM can be applied to test the passivity of immittance ... Keywords: descriptor system (DS), generalized Hamiltonian method (GHM), half-size GHM (HGHM), passivity
Zheng Zhang; Ngai Wong
Reinforcement learning for quasi-passive dynamic walking of an unstable biped robot
A class of biped locomotion called Passive Dynamic Walking (PDW) has been recognized to be efficient in energy consumption and a key to understand human walking. Although PDW is sensitive to the initial condition and disturbances, studies of Quasi-PDW ... Keywords: 2D biped, Adaptive control, Passive dynamic walk, Reinforcement learning
Kentarou Hitomi; Tomohiro Shibata; Yutaka Nakamura; Shin Ishii
Ga-based passive loop optimization for magnetic field mitigation of transmission lines
This paper presents a systematic method to assist in the design of passive loops with the aim of mitigating the magnetic field generated by overhead transmission lines. The procedure is based on a two-dimensional (2D) modeling of the magnetic field, ... Keywords: Compensated loop, Genetic algorithm, Magnetic field, Mitigation, Passive loop, Reduction factor
Pedro Cruz; Jes�s M. Riquelme; Antonio de la Villa; Jos� L. Mart�nez
Closed Captioning Transcript Closed Captioning Transcript Welcome to a demonstration of the Passive Millimeter-Wave Spectrometer for Remote Chemical Detection. The ultimate goal of the project was to detect a hot target gas in front of a cooler background. This setup was eventually tested at the Nevada Test Site. Prior to field test we tested the concept in a laboratory. We simulated the field conditions by simultaneously reducing the two relative temperatures. In this demonstration we will show a room temperature gas (CH3CN) with a cold background (liquid nitrogen). To understand the experiment we will be showing, the first subplot here represents all data channels plotted on a single plot, the second plot represents a two-dimensional representation of the same data, the X axis represents time, the Y axis represents frequency. As the plot is animated later the first and second subplots will have a cross section marker sweep across them.
Passive Spectroscopic Diagnostics for Magnetically-confined Fusion Plasmas
Spectroscopy of radiation emitted by impurities and hydrogen isotopes plays an important role in the study of magnetically-confined fusion plasmas, both in determining the effects of impurities on plasma behavior and in measurements of plasma parameters such as electron and ion temperatures and densities, particle transport, and particle influx rates. This paper reviews spectroscopic diagnostics of plasma radiation that are excited by collisional processes in the plasma, which are termed 'passive' spectroscopic diagnostics to distinguish them from 'active' spectroscopic diagnostics involving injected particle and laser beams. A brief overview of the ionization balance in hot plasmas and the relevant line and continuum radiation excitation mechanisms is given. Instrumentation in the soft X-ray, vacuum ultraviolet, ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared regions of the spectrum is described and examples of measurements are given. Paths for further development of these measurements and issues for their implementation in a burning plasma environment are discussed.
B.C. Stratton, M. Bitter, K.W. Hill, D.L. Hillis, and J.T. Hogan
Progress in passive solar energy systems. Volume 8. Part 1
This book presents the papers given at a conference sponsored by the US DOE, the Solar Energy Research Institute, SolarVision, Inc., and the Southern California Solar Energy Society. The topics considered at the conference included sizing solar energy systems for agricultural applications, a farm scale ethanol production plant, the EEC wind energy RandD program, the passive solar performance assessment of an earth-sheltered house, the ARCO 1 MW photovoltaic power plant, the performance of a dendritic web photovoltaic module, second generation point focused concentrators, linear fresnel lens concentrating photovoltaic collectors, photovoltaic conversion efficiency, amorphous silicon thin film solar cells, a photovoltaic system for a shopping center, photovoltaic power generation for the utility industry, spectral solar radiation, and the analysis of insolation data.
Hayes, J.; Andrejko, D.A.
Air quality in tightly sealed and passive homes
Indoor air quality has attracted increasing attention during the past few yars. Pollutants generated from combustion, building materials, and human activities may reach significant levels in the indoor environment to produce adverse health effects. This report deals with the classes of pollutants and their sources, and the significance of reported levels, possible health effects, and control strategies in relation to tightly sealed and passive solar construction techniques. In tightly sealed homes, residential air-to-air heat exchangers, whose design and performance are discussed, offer one method of improving air quality at reasonable cost. It is recommended that further research be implemented to identify hazardous concentrations of pollutants and set standards to minimize health impacts in the search for new energy innovations.
Scott, L.A.
System and method for floating-substrate passive voltage contrast
A passive voltage contrast (PVC) system and method are disclosed for analyzing ICs to locate defects and failure mechanisms. During analysis a device side of a semiconductor die containing the IC is maintained in an electrically-floating condition without any ground electrical connection while a charged particle beam is scanned over the device side. Secondary particle emission from the device side of the IC is detected to form an image of device features, including electrical vias connected to transistor gates or to other structures in the IC. A difference in image contrast allows the defects or failure mechanisms be pinpointed. Varying the scan rate can, in some instances, produce an image reversal to facilitate precisely locating the defects or failure mechanisms in the IC. The system and method are useful for failure analysis of ICs formed on substrates (e.g. bulk semiconductor substrates and SOI substrates) and other types of structures.
Jenkins, Mark W. (Albuquerque, NM); Cole, Jr., Edward I. (Albuquerque, NM); Tangyunyong, Paiboon (Albuquerque, NM); Soden, Jerry M. (Placitas, NM); Walraven, Jeremy A. (Albuquerque, NM); Pimentel, Alejandro A. (Albuquerque, NM)
Thermal and cost goal analysis for passive solar heating designs
Economic methodologies developed over the past several years for the design of residential solar systems have been based on life cycle cost (LCC) minimization. Because of uncertainties involving future economic conditions and the varied decision making processes of home designers, builders, and owners, LCC design approaches are not always appropriate. To deal with some of the constraints that enter the design process, and to narrow the number of variables to those that do not depend on future economic conditions, a simplified thermal and cost goal approach for passive designs is presented. Arithmetic and graphical approaches are presented with examples given for each. Goals discussed include simple payback, solar savings fraction, collection area, maximum allowable construction budget, variable cost goals, and Btu savings.
Noll, S.A.; Kirschner, C.
Testing a Passive Autocatalytic Recombiner in the Surtsey Facility
Performance tests of a scaled passive autocatalytic recombine (PAR) were performed in the Surtsey test vessel at Sandia National Laboratories. Measured hydrogen depletion rate data were obtained and compared with previous work. Depletion rate is most likely proportional to PAR scale. PAR performance in steamy environments (with and without hydrophobic coating) was investigated. The tests determined that the PAR startup delay times decrease with increasing hydrogen concentrations in steamy environments. Tests with placement of the PAR near a wall (as opposed to a center location) yielded reduced depletion rates. Tests at low oxygen concentrations also showed a reduced recombination rate. The PAR repeatedly ignited hydrogen at about 6 mol% concentration with a catalyst temperature near 940 K. Velocity data at the PAR exhaust were used to calculate the volumetric flow rate through the PAR as a function of the vessel hydrogen concentration.
Blanchat, Thomas K.; Malliakos, Asimios
Numerical and experimental studies of thermosiphon passive heating systems
A numerical analysis was used to predict the performance of a thermosiphon passive solar heating system. The numerical method is an adaptation of the PASOLE code including a calculation procedure for flow in the thermosiphon channel. A Los Alamos National Laboratory test cell was used to obtain experimental data for several configurations. Comparisons of experimentally measured collector surface temperatures and auxiliary heating energy requirements, with values predicted by numerical simulations, showed good agreement for the system without a backdraft damper. Experiments were also run using a backdraft damper consisting of a Tedlar flap and wire mesh covering the upper vent. Comparisons of experimental data with the results of a numerical simulation indicated that this relatively crude damper was approximately 35% effective.
Schnurr, N.M.; Wray, W.O.
Alloy waste form development under the Waste Forms Campaign of the DOE-NE Fuel Cycle Research & Development program includes the process development and characterization of an alloy system to incorporate metal species from the waste streams generated during nuclear fuel recycling. This report describes the tests and results from the FY10 activities to further investigate an Fe-based waste form that uses 300-series stainless steel as the base alloy in an induction furnace melt process to incorporate the waste species from a closed nuclear fuel recycle separations scheme. This report is focused on the initial activities to investigate the formation of oxyhydroxide layer(s) that would be expected to develop on the Fe-based waste form as it corrodes under aqueous repository conditions. Corrosion tests were used to evaluate the stability of the layer(s) that can act as a passivation layer against further corrosion and would affect waste form durability in a disposal environment.
Williamson, M.; Mickalonis, J.; Fisher, D.; Sindelar, R.
Segmented saddle-shaped passive stabilization conductors for toroidal plasmas
A large toroidal vacuum chamber for plasma generation and confinement is lined with a toroidal blanket for shielding using modules segmented in the toroidal direction. To provide passive stabilization in the same manner as a conductive vacuum chamber wall, saddle-shaped conductor loops are provided on blanket modules centered on a midplane of the toroidal chamber with horizontal conductive bars above and below the midplane, and vertical conductive legs on opposite sides of each module to provide return current paths between the upper and lower horizontal conductive bars. The close proximity of the vertical legs provided on adjacent modules without making physical contact cancel the electromagnetic field of adjacent vertical legs. The conductive bars spaced equally above and below the midplane simulate toroidal conductive loops or hoops that are continuous, for vertical stabilization of the plasma even though they are actually segmented. 5 figs.
Leuer, J.A.
A large toroidal vacuum chamber for plasma generation and confinement is lined with a toroidal blanket for shielding using modules segmented in the toroidal direction. To provide passive stabilization in the same manner as a conductive vacuum chamber wall, saddle-shaped conductor loops are provided on blanket modules centered on a midplane of the toroidal chamber with horizontal conductive bars above and below the midplane, and vertical conductive legs on opposite sides of each module to provide return current paths between the upper and lower horizontal conductive bars. The close proximity of the vertical legs provided on adjacent modules without making physical contact cancel the electromagnetic field of adjacent vertical legs. The conductive bars spaced equally above and below the midplane simulate toroidal conductive loops or hoops that are continuous, for vertical stabilization of the plasma even though they are actually segmented.
Leuer, James A. (Encinitas, CA)
Active/passive mode-locked laser oscillator
A Q-switched/mode-locked Nd:YAG laser oscillator employing simultaneous active (electro-optic) and passive (saturable absorber) loss modulation within the optical cavity is described. This "dual modulation" oscillator can produce transform-limited pulses of duration ranging from about 30 psec to about 5 nsec with greatly improved stability compared to other mode-locked systems. The pulses produced by this system lack intrapulse frequency or amplitude modulation, and hence are idealy suited for amplification to high energies and for other applications where well-defined pulses are required. Also, the pulses of this system have excellent interpulse characteristics, wherein the optical noise between the individual pulses of the pulse train has a power level well below the power of the peak pulse of the train.
Fountain, William D. (Fremont, CA); Johnson, Bertram C. (Palo Alto, CA)
Low-energy Passive Solar Residence in Austin, Texas
From the various studies, it can be concluded that the excessive summer heating and the humidity are one of the major problems of the hot, humid climatic region. The literature review for this study shows that natural ventilation alone cannot meet year long optimum indoor comfort in buildings. This research, through a design exercise, intends to verify whether a naturally ventilated house, in hot humid region of Austin, TX, can enhance its passive cooling potential through double?walled wind catcher and solar chimney. In this research, a passive solar residence has been designed. Two designs have been explored on the chosen site: a basecase design without the wind catcher and solar chimney and another design with wind catcher and solar chimney. In the designcase, the placement of the wind catcher and the solar chimney has been designed so that a thermal siphon of airflow inside the building can be created. The design might show that there will be a natural airflow during the time of the year when natural wind does not flow. Moreover, the double walled wind catcher will resist the cool winter wind due to its shape and orientation. In the design, the placement of the wind catcher and the solar chimney has been done so that a thermal siphon inside the building can be created. Therefore, inside the home, there will be a natural airflow during the time of the year when natural wind does not flow. The double walled wind catcher has been designed and placed according to the orientation of the building in order to achieve the optimum wind flow throughout the year. The solar chimney has been placed in a certain part of the building where it can get maximum solar exposure. By comparing two cases, it can be clearly said that there will some kind of changed indoor comfort level. Since the potential of the design has been judged through perception, a computational fluid dynamics simulation analysis for a year is to be done.
Sau, Arunabha
Stability Issues in Ambient-Temperature Passive Magnetic Bearing Systems
The ambient-temperature passive magnetic bearing system developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory achieves rotor-dynamic stability by employing special combinations of levitating and stabilizing elements. These elements, energized by permanent magnet material, create the magnetic and electrodynamic forces that are required for the stable levitation of rotating systems, such as energy-storage flywheels. Stability criteria, derived from theory, describe the bearing element parameters, i.e., stiffnesses and damping coefficients, that are required both to assure stable levitation (''Earnshaw-stability''), and stability against whirl-type rotor-dynamic instabilities. The work described in this report concerns experimental measurements and computer simulations that address some critical aspects of this overall stability problem. Experimentally, a test device was built to measure the damping coefficient of dampers that employ eddy currents induced in a metallic disc. Another test device was constructed for the purpose of measuring the displacement-dependent drag coefficient of annular permanent magnet bearing elements. In the theoretical developments a computer code was written for the purpose of simulating the rotor-dynamics of our passive bearing systems. This code is capable of investigating rotor-dynamic stability effects for both small-amplitude transient displacements (i.e., those within the linear regime), and for large-amplitude displacements, where non-linear effects can become dominant. Under the latter conditions a bearing system that is stable for small-amplitude displacements may undergo a rapidly growing rotor-dynamic instability once a critical displacement is exceeded. A new result of the study was to demonstrate that stiffness anisotropy of the bearing elements (which can be designed into our bearing system) is strongly stabilizing, not only in the linear regime, but also in the non-linear regime.
Measurements of waste tank passive ventilation rates using tracer gases
This report presents the results of ventilation rate studies of eight passively ventilated high-level radioactive waste tanks using tracer gases. Head space ventilation rates were determined for Tanks A-101, AX-102, AX-103, BY-105, C-107, S-102, U-103, and U-105 using sulfur hexafluoride (SF{sub 6}) and/or helium (He) as tracer gases. Passive ventilation rates are needed for the resolution of several key safety issues. These safety issues are associated with the rates of flammable gas production and ventilation, the rates at which organic salt-nitrate salt mixtures dry out, and the estimation of organic solvent waste surface areas. This tracer gas study involves injecting a tracer gas into the tank headspace and measuring its concentration at different times to establish the rate at which the tracer is removed by ventilation. Tracer gas injection and sample collection were performed by SGN Eurisys Service Corporation and/or Lockheed Martin Hanford Corporation, Characterization Project Operations. Headspace samples were analyzed for He and SF{sub 6} by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The tracer gas method was first demonstrated on Tank S-102. Tests were conducted on Tank S-102 to verify that the tracer gas was uniformly distributed throughout the tank headspace before baseline samples were collected, and that mixing was sufficiently vigorous to maintain an approximately uniform distribution of tracer gas in the headspace during the course of the study. Headspace samples, collected from a location about 4 in away from the injection point and 15, 30, and 60 minutes after the injection of He and SF{sub 6}, indicated that both tracer gases were rapidly mixed. The samples were found to have the same concentration of tracer gases after 1 hour as after 24 hours, suggesting that mixing of the tracer gas was essentially complete within 1 hour.
Huckaby, J.L.; Olsen, K.B.; Sklarew, D.S.; Evans, J.C.; Remund, K.M.
A moment-matching scheme for the passivity-preserving model order reduction of indefinite descriptor systems with possible polynomial parts
Passivity-preserving model order reduction (MOR) of descriptor systems (DSs) is highly desired in the simulation of VLSI interconnects and on-chip passives. One popular method is PRIMA, a Krylov-subspace projection approach which preserves the passivity ...
Zheng Zhang; Qing Wang; Ngai Wong; Luca Daniel
Pipe Freeze Prevention for Passive Solar Water Heaters Using a Room-Air Natural Convection Loop: Preprint
Conference paper regarding research in the use of freeze prevention for passive solar domestic water heating systems.
Burch, J.; Heater, M.; Brandemuhl, M.; Krarti, M.
Brief paper: Output feedback strict passivity of discrete-time nonlinear systems and adaptive control system design with a PFC
In this paper, a passivity-based adaptive output feedback control for discrete-time nonlinear systems is considered. Output Feedback Strictly Passive (OFSP) conditions in order to design a stable adaptive output control system will be established. Further, ... Keywords: Adaptive control, Discrete nonlinear systems, Output feedback, Parallel feedforward compensator, Strict passivity
Ikuro Mizumoto; Satoshi Ohdaira; Zenta Iwai
Passive solar design strategies: Remodeling guidelines for conserving energy at home
The idea of passive solar is simple, but applying it effectively does require information and attention to the details of design and construction. Some passive solar techniques are modest and low-cost, and require only small changes in remodeler's typical practice. At the other end of the spectrum, some passive solar systems can almost eliminate a house's need for purchased heating (and in some cases, cooling) energy -- but probably at a relatively high first cost. In between are a broad range of energy-conserving passive solar techniques. Whether or not they are cost-effective, practical and attractive enough to offer a market advantage to any individual remodeler depends on very specific factors such as local costs, climate, and market characteristics. Passive solar design strategies: Remodeling Guidelines For Conserving Energy At Homes is written to help give remodelers the information they need to make these decisions. Passive Solar Design Strategies is a package in three basic parts: The Guidelines contain information about passive solar techniques and how they work, and provides specific examples of systems which will save various percentages of energy; The Worksheets offer a simple, fill-in-the-blank method to pre-evaluate the performance of a specific design; The Worked Example demonstrates how to complete the worksheets for a typical residence.
Passive solar design strategies: Remodeling guidelines for conserving energy at home. [Final report
The idea of passive solar is simple, but applying it effectively does require information and attention to the details of design and construction. Some passive solar techniques are modest and low-cost, and require only small changes in remodeler`s typical practice. At the other end of the spectrum, some passive solar systems can almost eliminate a house`s need for purchased heating (and in some cases, cooling) energy -- but probably at a relatively high first cost. In between are a broad range of energy-conserving passive solar techniques. Whether or not they are cost-effective, practical and attractive enough to offer a market advantage to any individual remodeler depends on very specific factors such as local costs, climate, and market characteristics. Passive solar design strategies: Remodeling Guidelines For Conserving Energy At Homes is written to help give remodelers the information they need to make these decisions. Passive Solar Design Strategies is a package in three basic parts: The Guidelines contain information about passive solar techniques and how they work, and provides specific examples of systems which will save various percentages of energy; The Worksheets offer a simple, fill-in-the-blank method to pre-evaluate the performance of a specific design; The Worked Example demonstrates how to complete the worksheets for a typical residence.
Principles of passive and active cooling of mirror-based hybrid systems employing liquid metals
This paper presents principles of passive and active cooling that are suitable to mirrorbased hybrid, nuclear fission/fusion systems. It is shown that liquid metal lead-bismuth cooling of the mirror machine with 25 m height and 1.5 GW thermal power is feasible both in the active mode during the normal operation and in the passive mode after the reactor shutdown. In the active mode the achievable required pumping power can well be below 50 MW, whereas the passive mode provides enough coolant flow to keep the clad temperature below the damage limits.
Anglart, Henryk [Div. of Nuclear Technology, School of Engineering Sciences, Royal Institute of Technology Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106-91 Stockholm (Sweden)
Solving Inverse Detection Problems Using Passive Radiation Signatures
The ability to reconstruct an unknown radioactive object based on its passive gamma-ray and neutron signatures is very important in homeland security applications. Often in the analysis of unknown radioactive objects, for simplicity or speed or because there is no other information, they are modeled as spherically symmetric regardless of their actual geometry. In these presentation we discuss the accuracy and implications of this approximation for decay gamma rays and for neutron-induced gamma rays. We discuss an extension of spherical raytracing (for uncollided fluxes) that allows it to be used when the exterior shielding is flat or cylindrical. We revisit some early results in boundary perturbation theory, showing that the Roussopolos estimate is the correct one to use when the quantity of interest is the flux or leakage on the boundary. We apply boundary perturbation theory to problems in which spherically symmetric systems are perturbed in asymmetric nonspherical ways. We apply mesh adaptive direct search (MADS) algorithms to object reconstructions. We present a benchmark test set that may be used to quantitatively evaluate inverse detection methods.
Favorite, Jeffrey A. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Armstrong, Jerawan C. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Vaquer, Pablo A. [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Human comfort and auxiliary control considerations in passive solar structures
Energy consumption and human comfort implications of various passive solar and energy conservation strategies are investigated for single-family, one-story, slab-on-grade residences in Albuquerque, NM and Washington, DC. The building energy analysis computer program BLAST is used to perform annual dynamic heating and cooling load calculations for a building in which the glazing area, glazing location, and thermal mass are varied systematically. The impacts on building performance of forced-flow ventilative cooling and nighttime and weekday thermostat setpoint adjustments are investigated. The results indicate that the annual heating and cooling loads are highly sensitive to glazing area, glazing location, and thermostatic controls. Annual cooling loads are substantially reduced by increased thermal mass in the walls. In contrast, annual heating loads are fairly insensitive to increased thermal mass in the walls, unless very large areas of south glazing are involved. BLAST calculates the air temperatures (T/sub a/) and mean radiant temperatures (T/sub mr/) in each zone for every hour of the year; a weighted average of T/sub a/ and T/sub mr/ is used to evaluate comfort conditions under various circumstances.
Place, W.; Kammerud, R.; Andersson, B.; Curtis, B.; Carroll, W.; Christensen, C.; Hannifan, M.
Spectral Energy Distributions of Passive T Tauri Disks Inclination
We compute spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for passive T Tauri disks viewed at arbitrary inclinations. Semi-analytic models of disks in radiative and hydrostatic equilibrium are employed. Over viewing angles for which the flared disk does not occult the central star, the SED varies negligibly with inclination. For such aspects, the SED shortward of ~80 microns is particularly insensitive to orientation, since short wavelength disk emission is dominated by superheated surface layers which are optically thin. The SED of a nearly edge-on disk is that of a class I source. The outer disk occults inner disk regions, and emission shortward of ~30 microns is dramatically extinguished. Spectral features from dust grains may appear in absorption. However, millimeter wavelength fluxes decrease by at most a factor of 2 from face-on to edge-on orientations. We present illustrative applications of our SED models. The class I source 04108+2803B is considered a T Tauri star hidden from view by an inclined circumstellar ...
Chiang, E I
Economic performance of passive solar heating: a preliminary analysis
As the interest in solar energy applications for residential space heating grows, it becomes imperative to evaluate the economic performance of alternative designs. For the thermal storage wall two types of storage medium--masonry (Trombe) and water are examined. In addition a night insulation option is included in the thermal storage wall concept, thus giving rise to four alternative passive designs. The economic performance of these alternative designs are evaluated on a state-by-state basis. Discussion of the methodology briefly reviews the architectural design criteria, solar performance characteristics, and the incremental solar cost of each solar design. Also included is a discussion of conventional energy costs, as well as the optimal sizing/feasibility criterion employed in the economic performance analysis. Nationwide feasibility results are reviewed for each alternative design. In addition to contracting the solar systems themselves, the effects of two incentive proposals--the National Energy Act (NEA) income tax credits and low interest loads--upon each design are examined. Finally, major conclusions are summarized for each design.
Combined passive magnetic bearing element and vibration damper
A magnetic bearing system contains magnetic subsystems which act together to support a rotating element in a state of dynamic equilibrium and dampen transversely directed vibrations. Mechanical stabilizers are provided to hold the suspended system in equilibrium until its speed has exceeded a low critical speed where dynamic effects take over, permitting the achievement of a stable equilibrium for the rotating object. A state of stable equilibrium is achieved above a critical speed by use of a collection of passive elements using permanent magnets to provide their magnetomotive excitation. In a improvement over U.S. Pat. No. 5,495,221, a magnetic bearing element is combined with a vibration damping element to provide a single upper stationary dual-function element. The magnetic forces exerted by such an element, enhances levitation of the rotating object in equilibrium against external forces, such as the force of gravity or forces arising from accelerations, and suppresses the effects of unbalance or inhibits the onset of whirl-type rotor-dynamic instabilities. Concurrently, this equilibrium is made stable against displacement-dependent drag forces of the rotating object from its equilibrium position.
A Passive Film Formed on Alloy 600 as a Steam Generator Tubing ...
Sep 16, 2007 ... A Passive Film Formed on Alloy 600 as a Steam Generator Tubing Material by Dong-Jin Kim, Hyuk Chul Kwon, Seong Sik Hwang and Hong�...
Semi-Lagrangian Piecewise Biparabolic Scheme for Two-Dimensional Horizontal Advection of a Passive Scalar
A conservative semi-Lagrangian algorithm with a snall computational diffusion is presented that may be applied to advection of passive scalars in numerical models of the atmosphere. The technique is preferable for the horizontal semistaggered ...
Miodrag Ranc?i?
Multi-dimensional ultra-high frequency passive radio frequency identification tag antenna designs
In this thesis, we present the design, simulation, and empirical evaluation of two novel multi-dimensional ultra-high frequency (UHF) passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag antennas, the Albano-Dipole antenna ...
Delichatsios, Stefanie Alkistis
Real-time 3-d localization using radar and passive surface acoustic wave transponders
This thesis covers ongoing work into the design, fabrication, implementation, and characterization of novel passive transponders that allow range measurements at short range and at high update rates. Multiple RADAR measurement ...
LaPenta, Jason Michael
Passive solar in the city : an energy conscious design for subsidized multi-family housing development
Until now, passive solar energy has been overlooked as a viable alternative for home heating in urban subsidized housing. Rather ironically, in housing whose residents could most benefit from the use of solar energy, such ...
Duncan, Karen M
doi:10.1093/nar/gkq273 Active and passive mechanisms of helicases
In this work, we discuss the active or passive character of helicases. In the past years, several studies have used the theoretical framework proposed by Betterton and Julicher [Betterton, M.D. and Julicher, F. (2005) Opening of nucleic-acid double strands by helicases: active versus passive opening. Phys. Rev. E, 71, 11904�11911.] to analyse the unwinding data and assess the mechanism of the helicase under study (active versus passive). However, this procedure has given rise to apparently contradictory interpretations: helicases exhibiting similar behaviour have been classified as both active and passive enzymes [Johnson, D.S., Bai, L. Smith, B.Y., Patel, S.S. and Wang, M.D. (2007) Single-molecule studies reveal dynamics of DNA unwinding by the ring-shaped T7 helicase. Cell, 129,
Maria Manosas; Xu Guang Xi; David Bensimon; Vincent Croquette
Passive solar for urban tenement housing : case study and retrofit design for West-Berlin
Studies about residential passive solar heating have been conducted in many countries, mostly dealing with new or existing single family houses and nearly unlimited access to the sun. Only a few studies are related to ...
Lohr, Alexander W
A passive cooling design for multifamily residences [sic] in hot, humid climates
People living in hot, humid climates suffer either from extremely uncomfortable weather conditions or from the great cost of air-conditioning systems for maintaining comfort. Most of the available passive cooling techniques ...
Tang, Joseph C
Passive regeneration : long-term effects on ash characteristics and diesel particulate filter performance
Diesel particulate filters (DPF) have seen widespread growth as an effective means for meeting increasingly rigorous particle emissions regulations. There is growing interest to exploit passive regeneration of DPFs to ...
Bahr, Michael J., Nav. E. (Michael James). Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Design of a Korean style passive solar house for rural area
The Korea Solar Energy Research Institute (KSERI) as well as the Korean government is pushing hard on the development of passive solar technology with high priority for the expeditious widespread use of soalr energy. As a first attempt at KSERI for the demonstration of a passive solar house in the rural area, designs of single family residential buildings were performed. The proposed designs are expected to be used by the Korean government for the construction of demonstration passive houses throughout Korea. Introduced here is one such design, whose design goal was to generate a demonstration solar house which is a) passive, b) for rural area, c) simple in construction and operation, d) technically sound (meeting the desired solar fraction) and, e) most economical.
Auh, P.C.
Conceptual Design of a Large, Passive Pressure-Tube Light Water Reactor
A design for a large, passive, light water reactor has been developed. The proposed concept is a pressure tube reactor of similar design to CANDU reactors, but differing in three key aspects. First, a solid SiC-coated ...
Hejzlar, P.
The Adjoint of the Semi-Lagrangian Treatment of the Passive Tracer Equation
A semi-Lagrangian treatment of the 1D passive tracer equation using prescribed piecewise-continuous interpolating functions is considered. Whether the process of localizing the upstream position affects the adjoint counterpart of the associated ...
M. Tanguay; S. Polavarapu
Aircraft Multifrequency Passive Microwave Observations of Light Precipitation over the Ocean
Aircraft passive microwave observations at 18, 37, 92, and 183 GHz of light oceanic precipitation are studied in conjunction with visible and infrared observations and ground-based radar data. Microwave signatures for clear, cloudy, and ...
Robert F. Adler; Ida M. Hakkarinen
Design of passive decay heat removal system for the lead cooled flexible conversion ratio fast reactor
The lead-cooled flexible conversion ratio fast reactor shows many benefits over other fast-reactor designs; however, the higher power rating and denser primary coolant present difficulties for the design of a passive decay ...
Whitman, Joshua (Joshua J.)
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Statistically Derived�Empirically Calibrated Passive Microwave Algorithms for Rainfall Estimation
This paper reviews the basis of passive microwave algorithms that derive rainfall rates directly from relationships between brightness temperatures and rainfall rates established by statistical relationships and empirical calibration. The ...
C. Kidd; D. Kniveton; E. C. Barrett
High-Resolution Passive Microwave Observations of Convective Systems over the Tropical Pacific Ocean
This paper presents high-resolution passive microwave measurements obtained in the western Pacific warm pool region. These measurements represent the most comprehensive such observations of convection over the tropical oceans to date, and were ...
Gary McGaughey; Edward J. Zipser; Roy W. Spencer; Robbie E. Hood
Intercalibrated Passive Microwave Rain Products from the Unified Microwave Ocean Retrieval Algorithm (UMORA)
The Unified Microwave Ocean Retrieval Algorithm (UMORA) simultaneously retrieves sea surface temperature, surface wind speed, columnar water vapor, columnar cloud water, and surface rain rate from a variety of passive microwave radiometers ...
K. A. Hilburn; F. J. Wentz
Building with passive solar: an application guide for the southern homeowner and builder
This instructional material was prepared for training workshops for builders and home designers. It includes: fundamental definitions and equations, climate and site studies, building components, passive systems and techniques, and design tools. (MHR)
Impact of defect type on hydrogen passivation effectiveness in multicrystalline silicon solar cells
In this work we examine the effectiveness of hydrogen passivation at grain boundaries as a function of defect type and microstructure in multicrystalline silicon. We analyze a specially prepared solar cell with alternating ...
Bertoni, Mariana I.
Improved Passive Microwave Retrievals of Rain Rate over Land and Ocean. Part II: Validation and Intercomparison
A new passive microwave rainfall retrieval algorithm for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) that relies on an a priori database derived from matchups between TMI brightness temperatures and precipitation radar (...
Grant W. Petty; Ke Li
Bayesian Estimation of Precipitation from Satellite Passive Microwave Observations Using Combined Radar�Radiometer Retrievals
Precipitation estimation from satellite passive microwave radiometer observations is a problem that does not have a unique solution that is insensitive to errors in the input data. Traditionally, to make this problem well posed, a priori ...
Mircea Grecu; William S. Olson
A comparative energetic analysis of active and passive emission control systems adopting standard emission test cycles
The present work aims at analysing and comparing the thermal performances of active and passive aftertreatment systems. A one-dimensional transient model has been developed in order to evaluate the heat exchange between the solid and the exhaust gas ...
Angelo Algieri, Mario Amelio, Pietropaolo Morrone
The impact of passive safety systems on desirability of advanced light water reactors
This work investigates whether the advanced light water reactor designs with passive safety systems are more desirable than advanced reactor designs with active safety systems from the point of view of uncertainty in the ...
Eul, Ryan C
Mobility changes anonymity: new passive threats in mobile ad hoc networks
Mobility Changes Anonymity: New Passive Threats in Mobile AdThese new aspects are all introduced by mobility and leftThese new threats are all introduced by mobility and are
Hong, Xiaoyan; Kong, Jiejun; Gerla, Mario
The Soil Moisture Active and Passive Mission (SMAP): Science and Applications
The soil moisture active and passive mission (SMAP) will provide global maps of soil moisture content and surface freeze/thaw state. Global measurements of these variables are critical for terrestrial water and carbon cycle ...
Evaluation of Coincident Passive Microwave Rainfall Estimates Using TRMM PR and Ground Measurements as References
This study compares instantaneous rainfall estimates provided by the current generation of retrieval algorithms for passive microwave sensors using retrievals from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) and merged ...
Xin Lin; Arthur Y. Hou
Atmospheric Latent Heating Distributions in the Tropics Derived from Satellite Passive Microwave Radiometer Measurements
A method for the remote sensing of three-dimensional latent heating distributions in precipitating tropical weather systems from satellite passive microwave observations is presented. In this method, cloud model simulated hydrometeor/latent ...
William S. Olson; Christian D. Kummerow; Ye Hong; Wei-Kuo Tao
Retrieval of Precipitation Profiles from Multiresolution, Multifrequency Active and Passive Microwave Observations
In this study, a technique for estimating vertical profiles of precipitation from multifrequency, multiresolution active and passive microwave observations is investigated. The technique is applicable to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (...
Mircea Grecu; William S. Olson; Emmanouil N. Anagnostou
Development of and Field Results with a new CO Passive Dosimeter
and Field Results with a new CO Passive Dosimeter Speaker(s): Michael G Apte Date: July 17, 1998 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3148 Seminar HostPoint of Contact: Richard Sextro This...
Passive Microwave Structure of Severe Tornadic Storms on 16 November 1987
Passive microwave observations using the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager are presented for severe tornadic storms in the lower midwestern United States on 16 November 1987. These measurements are compared with Geostationary Operational ...
Gerald M. Heymsfield; Richard Fulton
Eddy Resolution versus Eddy Diffusion in a Double Gyre GCM. Part II: Mixing of Passive Tracers
The parameterization of the effect of the unresolved scales of motion on a passive tracer field in large-scale numerical ocean models is analyzed through a combination of Lagrangian and Eulerian velocities. The primitive equation isopycnal model ...
Horacio A. Figueroa
The Effects of Rainfall Inhomogeneity on Climate Variability of Rainfall Estimated from Passive Microwave Sensors
Passive microwave rainfall estimates that exploit the emission signal of raindrops in the atmosphere are sensitive to the inhomogeneity of rainfall within the satellite field of view (FOV). In particular, the concave nature of the brightness ...
Christian Kummerow; Philip Poyner; Wesley Berg; Jody Thomas-Stahle
Implications of Representing Snowpack Stratigraphy for the Assimilation of Passive Microwave Satellite Observations
Under certain conditions, passive microwave satellite observations can be used to estimate snow water equivalent (SWE) across large areas, either through direct retrieval or data assimilation. However, the layered character of snowpacks increases ...
Konstantinos M. Andreadis; Dennis P. Lettenmaier
Measuring the Global Distribution of Intense Convection over Land with Passive Microwave Radiometry
The global distribution of intense convective activity over land is shown to be measurable with satellite passive-microwave methods through a comparison of an empirical rain rate algorithm with a climatology of thunderstorm days for the months of ...
Roy W. Spencer; David A. Santek
Continuous Water Vapor Profiles from Operational Ground�Based Active and Passive Remote Sensors
The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program's Southern Great Plains Cloud and Radiation Testbed site central facility near Lamont, Oklahoma, offers unique operational water vapor profiling capabilities, including active and passive remote ...
D. D. Turner; W. F. Feltz; R. A. Ferrare
Passive Microwave Observations of the Stratiform Regions of Two Tropical Oceanic Mesoscale Convective Systems
High-resolution passive microwave observations within the stratiform regions of two different tropical oceanic mesoscale convective systems are investigated in detail. The observations were obtained from the Advanced Microwave Precipitation ...
Gary McGaughey; Edward J. Zipser
Dispersion of a Passive Tracer in Buoyancy- and Shear-Driven Boundary Layers
By means of finescale modeling [large-eddy simulation (LES)], the combined effect of thermal and mechanical forcing on the dispersion of a plume in a convective boundary layer is investigated. Dispersion of a passive tracer is studied in various ...
Alessandro Dosio; Jordi Vil�-Guerau de Arellano; Albert A. M. Holtslag; Peter J. H. Builtjes
Use of Passive Microwave Observations in a Radar Rainfall-Profiling Algorithm
A physically based methodology to incorporate passive microwave observations in a �rain-profiling algorithm� is developed for space- or airborne radars at frequencies exhibiting attenuation. The rain-profiling algorithm deploys a formulation for ...
Impacts of A Priori Databases Using Six WRF Microphysics Schemes on Passive Microwave Rainfall Retrievals
Physically-based rainfall retrievals from passive microwave sensors often make use of cloud resolving models (CRMs) to build a-priori databases of potential rain structures. Each CRM, however, has its own cloud microphysics assumptions. Hence, ...
Ju-Hye Kim; Dong-Bin Shin; Christian Kummerow
Improved Passive Microwave Retrievals of Rain Rate Over Land and Ocean. 2. Validation and Intercomparison
A new passive microwave rainfall retrieval algorithm for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) has been developed that relies on a prior database derived from matchups between TMI brightness temperatures and ...
Improved Passive Microwave Retrievals of Rain Rate Over Land and Ocean. 1. Algorithm description
A new approach to passive microwave retrievals of precipitation is described that relies on an objective dimensional reduction procedure to filter, normalize, and decorrelate geophysical background noise while retaining the majority of radiometric ...
Passive test-cell experiments during the winter of 1979-1980
During the winter of 1979-80 the performance of a variety of passive solar heating configurations in 14 passive test cells were monitored. The cells included attached greenhouses, masonry and water walls with black-chrome absorber surfaces, night insulation, and phase-change thermal storage walls. The results of these side-by-side tests were used to make quantitative comparisons of the delivered performance of these configurations for the conditions under which they were tested.
Hyde, J.C.
Passive solar renovations to the Common Ground Community Restaurant. Final report
The passive solar and energy conserving renovations to the Common Ground Community Restaurant were funded primarily as a demonstration project under this program. The majority of work accomplished was (1) design and construction of a passive solar greenhouse on the existing second floor porch of the restaurant, and (2) the design and construction of energy conserving improvements to the interior of the building, consisting largely of renovating the walls and ceiling to provide an insulated space with a substantially reduced heat load.
Daily radiation model for use in the simulation of passive solar buildings
A model is presented to characterize solar radiation with just three input parameters for each day. This compressed daily radiation data may be used in place of hourly data in simulations of passive solar buildings. This method is tested with the SUNCAT passive simulation. Global horizontal and direct normal radiation data are input using the compressed daily form instead of by hour. Simulation results are found to be comparable to results based on hourly radiation data.
Sillman, S.; Wortman, D.
Long-Term Performance of a Passive Wastewater Treatment System: The Albright Project
The Albright passive wastewater treatment system, which receives alkaline leachate from a closed coal combustion by-product landfill, has operated continuously for 19 years. It has undergone two major upgrades to incorporate new passive technologies. Monitoring parameters have included pH, alkalinity, acidity, aluminum, iron, manganese, nickel, zinc, total dissolved solids, and total suspended solids, along with several other trace metals present at very low concentrations. This report summarizes the his...
OSI Passive Seismic Experiment at the Former Nevada Test Site
On-site inspection (OSI) is one of the four verification provisions of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). Under the provisions of the CTBT, once the Treaty has entered into force, any signatory party can request an on-site inspection, which can then be carried out after approval (by majority voting) of the Executive Council. Once an OSI is approved, a team of 40 inspectors will be assembled to carry out an inspection to ''clarify whether a nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion has been carried out in violation of Article I''. One challenging aspect of carrying out an on-site inspection (OSI) in the case of a purported underground nuclear explosion is to detect and locate the underground effects of an explosion, which may include an explosion cavity, a zone of damaged rock, and/or a rubble zone associated with an underground collapsed cavity. The CTBT (Protocol, Section II part D, paragraph 69) prescribes several types of geophysical investigations that can be carried out for this purpose. One of the methods allowed by the CTBT for geophysical investigation is referred to in the Treaty Protocol as ''resonance seismometry''. This method, which was proposed and strongly promoted by Russia during the Treaty negotiations, is not described in the Treaty. Some clarification about the nature of the resonance method can be gained from OSI workshop presentations by Russian experts in the late 1990s. Our understanding is that resonance seismometry is a passive method that relies on seismic reverberations set up in an underground cavity by the passage of waves from regional and teleseismic sources. Only a few examples of the use of this method for detection of underground cavities have been presented, and those were done in cases where the existence and precise location of an underground cavity was known. As is the case with many of the geophysical methods allowed during an OSI under the Treaty, how resonance seismology really works and its effectiveness for OSI purposes has yet to be determined. For this experiment, we took a broad approach to the definition of ''resonance seismometry''; stretching it to include any means that employs passive seismic methods to infer the character of underground materials. In recent years there have been a number of advances in the use of correlation and noise analysis methods in seismology to obtain information about the subsurface. Our objective in this experiment was to use noise analysis and correlation analysis to evaluate these techniques for detecting and characterizing the underground damage zone from a nuclear explosion. The site that was chosen for the experiment was the Mackerel test in Area 4 of the former Nevada Test Site (now named the Nevada National Security Site, or NNSS). Mackerel was an underground nuclear test of less than 20 kT conducted in February of 1964 (DOENV-209-REV 15). The reason we chose this site is because there was a known apical cavity occurring at about 50 m depth above a rubble zone, and that the site had been investigated by the US Geological Survey with active seismic methods in 1965 (Watkins et al., 1967). Note that the time delay between detonation of the explosion (1964) and the time of the present survey (2010) is nearly 46 years - this would not be typical of an expected OSI under the CTBT.
Sweeney, J J; Harben, P
Passive NMIS Measurements to Estimate the Shape of Plutonium Assemblies
A new technique to estimate the shape attribute of plutonium assemblies using the Nuclear Materials Identification System (NMIS) is described. The proposed method possesses a number of advantages. It is passive no external radiation source is required to estimate the shape of plutonium assemblies. Instead, inherent gamma and neutron emissions from spontaneous fission of {sup 240}Pu and subsequent induced fission of {sup 239}Pu are detected to estimate the shape attribute. The technique is also stationary: shape is estimated without scanning the assembly by moving the detectors relative to the assembly. The proposed method measures third order correlations between triplets of gamma/neutron-sensitive detectors. The real coincidence of a pair of gammas is used as a ''trigger'' to approximately identify the time of a spontaneous or induced fission event. The spatial location of this fission event is inferred from the real coincidence of a subsequent neutron with the initial pair of correlated gammas by using the neutron's time-of-flight (approximately the delay between the gamma pair and the neutron) and the fission neutron spectra of {sup 240}Pu and {sup 239}Pu. The spatial distribution of fission sites and hence the approximate shape of the plutonium assembly is thereby inferred by measuring the distribution of a large number of these correlated triplets. Proof-of-principle measurements were performed using {sup 252}Cf as a surrogate for {sup 240}Pu to demonstrate that the technique is feasible. For the simple shapes approximated with {sup 252}Cf sources, the measurements showed that the proposed method is capable of correctly identifying the shape and accurately estimating its size to within a few percent of actual.
Mattingly, J.K.; Chiang, L.G.; March-Leuba, J.A.; Mihalczo, J.T.; Mullens, J.A.; Perez, R.B.; Valentine, T.E.
Passive imaging of hydrofractures in the South Belridge diatomite
The authors present the results of a seismic analysis of two hydrofractures spanning the entire diatomite column (1,110--1,910 ft or 338--582 m) in Shell`s Phase 2 steam drive pilot in South Belridge, California. These hydrofractures were induced at two depths (1,110--1,460 and 1,560--1,910 ft) and imaged passively using the seismic energy released during fracturing. The arrivals of shear waves from the cracking rock (microseismic events) were recorded at a 1 ms sampling rate by 56 geophones in three remote observation wells, resulting in 10 GB of raw data. These arrival times were then inverted for the event locations, from which the hydrofracture geometry was inferred. A five-dimensional conjugate-gradient algorithm with a depth-dependent, but otherwise constant shear wave velocity model (CVM) was developed for the inversions. To validate CVM, they created a layered shear wave velocity model of the formation and used it to calculate synthetic arrival times from known locations chosen at various depths along the estimated fracture plane. These arrival times were then inverted with CVM and the calculated locations compared with the known ones, quantifying the systematic error associated with the assumption of constant shear wave velocity. They also performed Monte Carlo sensitivity analyses on the synthetic arrival times to account for all other random errors that exist in field data. After determining the limitations of the inversion algorithm, they hand-picked the shear wave arrival times for both hydrofractures and inverted them with CVM.
Ilderton, D.C.; Patzek, T.W.; Rector, J.W. [Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Vinegar, H.J. [Shell Development Co., Houston, TX (United States)
Passive Neutron Detection in Ports for Homeland Security Applications
The smuggling of special nuclear material (SNM) has long been a concern. In April 2009, President Obama declared that a terrorist acquiring a nuclear weapon was the most immediate threat to global security. The Second Line of Defense (SLD) initiative was stood up by the National Nuclear Security Administration to deter, detect, and interdict illicit trafficking of nuclear and radioactive materials across international borders and maritime shipping. The SLD initiative does not provide for the detection of SNM being carried on small, personal watercraft. Previous work examined the possibility of using active neutron detectors to induce fission in SNM and detect the response. This thesis examines the possibility of detecting SNM using passive 3He neutron detectors. Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) simulations were run to determine the best detector configuration. Detecting sources at increasing depths, detecting moving sources and the effects of waves were also simulated in MCNP. Comparisons with experimental measurements showed that detectors parallel to the surface of water were best at detecting neutron sources below the surface. Additionally, stacking detectors and placing a cadmium sheet between the polyethylene blocks resulted in a greater ability to determine the height of a source by taking the ratio of count rates in the lower and upper detectors. Using this configuration, a source of strength 3.39 x 10^5 n/s could be detected to a depth of 12.00 in below the water surface. Count rates in the presence of waves did not average out to count rates taken above a flat plane of water. Detectors closer to the water performed worse than above a flat plane while detectors placed higher recorded more counts than above a flat plane. Moving sources were also simulated; sources under water, 3.00 ft from the detectors, and moving at 5.8 kts could be detected above background.
Pedicini, Eowyn E
SNL evaluation of Gigabit Passive Optical Networks (GPON).
Gigabit Passive Optical Networks (GPON) is a networking technology which offers the potential to provide significant cost savings to Sandia National Laboratories in the area of network operations. However, a large scale GPON deployment requires a significant investment in equipment and infrastructure. Before a large scale GPON system was acquired and built, a small GPON system manufactured by Motorola was acquired and tested. The testing performed was to determine the suitability of GPON for use at SNL. This report documents that testing. This report presents test results of GPON system consisting of Motorola and Juniper equipment. The GPON system was tested in areas of data throughput, video conferencing, VOIP, security, and operations and management. The GPON system performed well in almost all areas. GPON will not meet the needs of the low percentage of users requiring a true 1-10 Gbps network connection. GPON will also most likely not meet the need of some servers requiring dedicated throughput of 1-10 Gbps. Because of that, there will be some legacy network connections that must remain. If these legacy network connections can not be reduced to a bare minimum and possibly consolidated to a few locations, any cost savings gained by switching to GPON will be negated by maintaining two networks. A contract has been recently awarded for new GPON equipment with larger buffers. This equipment should improve performance and further reduce the need for legacy network connections. Because GPON has fewer components than a typical hierarchical network, it should be easier to manage. For the system tested, the management was performed by using the AXSVison client. Access to the client must be tightly controlled, because if client/server communications are compromised, security will be an issue. As with any network, the reliability of individual components will determine overall system reliability. There were no failures with the routers, OLT, or Sun Workstation Management platform. There were however four ONTs that failed. Because of the small sample size of 64, and the fact that some of the ONTs were used units, no conclusions can be made. However, ONT reliability is an area of concern. Access to the fiber plant that GPON requires must be tightly controlled and all changes documented. The undocumented changes that were performed in the GPON test lab demonstrated the need for tight control and documentation. In summary, GPON should be able to meet the needs of most network users at Sandia National Laboratories. Because it supports voice, video, and data, it positions Sandia National Laboratories to deploy these services to the desktop. For the majority of corporate network users at Sandia National Laboratories GPON should be a suitable replacement for the legacy network.
Heckart, David G.; Roybal, Glen B.; Walker, Betty R.; Pratt, Thomas Joseph; Gossage, Steven Allen; Trujillo, Sandra M.; Fischer, Bob; Brenkosh, Joseph Peter; Rudolfo, Gerald F.; Dirks, David H.; Schutt, James Alan
Soil moisture modeling and scaling using passive microwave remote sensing
Soil moisture in the shallow subsurface is a primary hydrologic state governing land-atmosphere interaction at various scales. The primary objectives of this study are to model soil moisture in the root zone in a distributed manner and determine scaling properties of surface soil moisture using passive microwave remote sensing. The study was divided into two parts. For the first study, a root zone soil moisture assessment tool (SMAT) was developed in the ArcGIS platform by fully integrating a one-dimensional vadose zone hydrology model (HYDRUS-ET) with an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation capability. The tool was tested with dataset from the Southern Great Plain 1997 (SGP97) hydrology remote sensing experiment. Results demonstrated that SMAT displayed a reasonable capability to generate soil moisture distribution at the desired resolution at various depths of the root zone in Little Washita watershed during the SGP97 hydrology remote sensing experiment. To improve the model performance, several outstanding issues need to be addressed in the future by: including "effective" hydraulic parameters across spatial scales; implementing subsurface soil properties data bases using direct and indirect methods; incorporating appropriate hydrologic processes across spatial scales; accounting uncertainties in forcing data; and preserving interactions for spatially correlated pixels. The second study focused on spatial scaling properties of the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR)-based remotely sensed surface soil moisture fields in a region with high row crop agriculture. A wavelet based multi-resolution technique was used to decompose the soil moisture fields into larger-scale average soil moisture fields and fluctuations in horizontal, diagonal and vertical directions at various resolutions. The specific objective was to relate soil moisture variability at the scale of the PSR footprint (800 m X 800 m) to larger scale average soil moisture field variability. We also investigated the scaling characteristics of fluctuation fields among various resolutions. The spatial structure of soil moisture exhibited linearity in the log-log dependency of the variance versus scale-factor, up to a scale factor of -2.6 (6100 m X 6100 m) irrespective of wet and dry conditions, whereas dry fields reflect nonlinear (multi-scaling) behavior at larger scale-factors.
Das, Narendra N.
Prototype Passive Solar Buildings in Louisiana - A Hot-Humid Climate
This paper on prototype passive solar buildings in Louisiana presents state of the art passive solar design. According to U.S. Department of Energy report, the annual energy consumption for a single family detached dwelling in Louisiana is from 31,000 to 51,000 Btu's/sq.ft./yr. with a mean at 38,000 Btu's/sq.ft./yr. and for an office building is from 39,000 to 58,000 Btu's/sq.ft./yr. Incorporation of passive solar design may provide a major percentage of the energy consumption with only 2 to 8 percent of additional construction cost. The projected savings as presented in this report are an approximate estimation. However, the actual savings will vary depending upon the occupancy, operation, and maintenance of the building. At the same time, such design represents an increased involvement for the architect. The full potential of this passive solar design depends on a sensitive awareness of the relationship between climate, comfort and the thermal characteristics of buildings and building materials. The primary purpose of this work is to offer a working definition and fundamental understanding of a number of practical applications of passive solar designs in Louisiana. Four new buildings and six existing retrofitted buildings are presented.
Shih, J. C.
Low temperature front surface passivation of interdigitated back contact silicon heterojunction solar cell
The interdigitated back contact silicon heterojunction (IBC-SHJ) solar cell requires a low temperature front surface passivation/anti-reflection structure. Conventional silicon surface passivation using SiO2 or a-SiNx is performed at temperature higher than 400�C, which is not suitable for the IBC-SHJ cell. In this paper, we propose a PECVD a-Si:H/a-SiNx:H/a-SiC:H stack structure to passivate the front surface of crystalline silicon at low temperature. The optical properties and passivation quality of this structure are characterized and solar cells using this structure are fabricated. With 2 nm a-Si:H layer, the stack structure exhibits stable passivation with effective minority carrier lifetime higher than 2 ms, and compatible with IBC-SHJ solar cell processing. A critical advantage of this structure is that the SiC allows it to be HF resistant, thus it can be deposited as the first step in the process. This protects the a-Si/c-Si interface and maintains a low surface recombination velocity.
Shu, Brent; Das, Ujjwal; Jani, Omkar; Hegedus, Steve; Birkmire, Robert
Passive sources for the Bennett-Brassard 1984 quantum-key-distribution protocol with practical signals
Most experimental realizations of quantum key distribution are based on the Bennett-Brassard 1984 (the so-called BB84) protocol. In a typical optical implementation of this scheme, the sender uses an active source to produce the required BB84 signal states. While active state preparation of BB84 signals is a simple and elegant solution in principle, in practice passive state preparation might be desirable in some scenarios, for instance, in those experimental setups operating at high transmission rates. Passive schemes might also be more robust against side-channel attacks than active sources. Typical passive devices involve parametric down-conversion. In this paper, we show that both coherent light and practical single-photon sources are also suitable for passive generation of BB84 signal states. Our method does not require any externally driven element, but only linear optical components and photodetectors. In the case of coherent light, the resulting key rate is similar to the one delivered by an active source. When the sender uses practical single-photon sources, however, the distance covered by a passive transmitter might be longer than that of an active configuration.
Curty, Marcos [ETSI Telecomunicacion, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario, E-36310 Vigo, Pontevedra (Spain); Ma Xiongfeng; Luetkenhaus, Norbert [Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 (Canada); Lo, Hoi-Kwong [Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4 (Canada)
Design of Complex Systems to Achieve Passive Safety: Natural Circulation Cooling of Liquid Salt Pebble Bed Reactors
natural circulation solar water heater. Energy Conversionas water circulation in solar water heaters 60 , and passivewater circulation in solar water heaters 60 , and passive
Scarlat, Raluca Olga
Advances in the application of passive down-draft evaporative cooling technology in the cooling of buildings.
??A passive down-draft evaporative cooling (PDEC) tower is a component that is designed to capture the wind at the top of a tower and cool� (more)
Kang, Daeho
Hydrogenation Methods and Passivation Mechanisms for c-Si Photovoltaics: Final Technical Report, 2 January 2002 - 15 January 2008
Joint experimental and theortetical research program to improve processes used to eliminate or passivate lifetime-reducing defects in the Si bulk.
Estreicher, S. K.
Passive Solar Design for the Home: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC) Brochure
home's windows, walls, and floors home's windows, walls, and floors can be designed to collect, store, and dis- tribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the sum- mer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it doesn't involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices, such as pumps, fans or electrical controls to move the solar heat. To understand how passive solar design works, you first need to understand how heat moves. Heat-Movement Physics As a fundamental law, heat moves from warmer materials to cooler ones until there is no longer a temperature difference between the two. A passive solar building makes use of this law through three heat- movement mechanisms-conduction, con- vection, and radiation-to distribute heat
The effect of microscopic texture on the direct plasma surface passivation of Si solar cells
Textured silicon surfaces are widely used in manufacturing of solar cells due to increasing the light absorption probability and also the antireflection properties. However, these Si surfaces have a high density of surface defects that need to be passivated. In this study, the effect of the microscopic surface texture on the plasma surface passivation of solar cells is investigated. The movement of 10{sup 5} H{sup +} ions in the texture-modified plasma sheath is studied by Monte Carlo numerical simulation. The hydrogen ions are driven by the combined electric field of the plasma sheath and the textured surface. The ion dynamics is simulated, and the relative ion distribution over the textured substrate is presented. This distribution can be used to interpret the quality of the Si dangling bonds saturation and consequently, the direct plasma surface passivation.
Mehrabian, S. [Laser and Plasma Research Institute, G.C., Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983963113 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Xu, S. [Plasma Sources and Applications Center, NIE, Nanyang Technological University, 637616 Singapore (Singapore); Qaemi, A. A. [Physics Department, G.C., Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983963113 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Shokri, B. [Laser and Plasma Research Institute, G.C., Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983963113 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Physics Department, G.C., Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983963113 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Chan, C. S. [Plasma Sources and Applications Center, NIE, Nanyang Technological University, 637616 Singapore (Singapore); Division of Microelectronics, School of EEE, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore (Singapore); Ostrikov, K. [Plasma Nanoscience Center Australia (PNCA), CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218 Lindfield, NSW 2070 (Australia); Plasma Nanoscience, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 (Australia); Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong, NSW 2522 (Australia); School of Physics and Advanced Materials, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 (Australia); Plasma Sources and Applications Center, NIE, Nanyang Technological University, 637616 Singapore (Singapore)
This paper seeks to explore some of the effects of passivating a LaNi{sub 4.25}Al{sub 0.75} sample by air oxidation under controlled conditions. Passivation of this metal hydride alloy seems to have two distinct regimes. The first occurs with air oxidation at 80 C and 20 C. It is characterized by complete reversibility upon hydrogen readsorption, although said readsorption is hindered substantially at room temperature, requiring the material to be heated to produce the reactivation. The second regime is illustrated by 130 C air oxidation and is characterized by irreversible loss of hydrogen absorption capacity. This passivation does not hinder hydrogen readsorption into the remaining hydride material.
Shanahan, K.; Klein, J.
UTag: Long-range Ultra-wideband Passive Radio Frequency Tags
Long-range, ultra-wideband (UWB), passive radio frequency (RF) tags are key components in Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) system that will revolutionize inventory control and tracking applications. Unlike conventional, battery-operated (active) RFID tags, LLNL's small UWB tags, called 'UTag', operate at long range (up to 20 meters) in harsh, cluttered environments. Because they are battery-less (that is, passive), they have practically infinite lifetimes without human intervention, and they are lower in cost to manufacture and maintain than active RFID tags. These robust, energy-efficient passive tags are remotely powered by UWB radio signals, which are much more difficult to detect, intercept, and jam than conventional narrowband frequencies. The features of long range, battery-less, and low cost give UTag significant advantage over other existing RFID tags.
Dowla, F
RHEED, AES and XPS studies of the passive films formed on ion implanted stainless steel
P-implantation (10/sup 17/ ions cm/sup -2/, 40 KeV) into 304 stainless steel (ss) has been carried out, and an amorphous surface alloy was formed. Polarization studies in deaerated 1N H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/+ 2% NaCl showed that P-implantation improved both the general and localized corrosion resistance of 304 ss. A comparative study has been carried out between the implanted and unimplanted steel to determine what influence P-implantation has upon the properties of the passive film formed 1N H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/. The influence of Cl ions on pre-formed passive films was also studied. RHEED, XPS and AES were used to evaluate the nature of the passive films formed in these studies.
Clayton, C.R.; Doss, K.G.K.; Wang, Y.F.; Warren, J.B.; Hubler, G.K.
Lagrangian model for the evolution of turbulent magnetic and passive scalar fields
In this Brief Report we present an extension of the recent fluid deformation (RFD) closure introduced by Chevillard and Meneveau [L. Chevillard and C. Meneveau, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 174501 (2006)] which was developed for modeling the time evolution of Lagrangian fluctuations in incompressible Navier-Stokes turbulence. We apply the RFD closure to study the evolution of magnetic and passive scalar fluctuations. This comparison is especially interesting since the stretching term for the magnetic field and for the gradient of the passive scalar are similar but differ by a sign such that the effect of stretching and compression by the turbulent velocity field is reversed. Probability density functions (PDFs) of magnetic fluctuations and fluctuations of the gradient of the passive scalar obtained from the RFD closure are compared against PDFs obtained from direct numerical simulations.
Hater, T.; Grauer, R. [Theoretische Physik I, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum (Germany); Homann, H. [Theoretische Physik I, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum (Germany); Universite de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, Laboratoire Cassiopee, Bd. de l'Observatoire, F-06300 Nice (France)
A Combined Passive Water Vapor Exchanger and Exhaust Gas Diffusion Barrier for Fuel Cell Applications
Fuel cells operating on hydrocarbon fuels require water vapor injection into the fuel stream for fuel reforming and the prevention of carbon fouling. Compared to active water recovery systems, a passive approach would eliminate the need for a separate water source, pumps, and actuators, and thus reduce parasitic thermal losses. The passive approach developed in this paper employs a capillary pump that recovers the water vapor from the exhaust, while providing a diffusion barrier that prevents exhaust gases from entering the fuel stream. Benchtop proof tests have proven the feasibility of the passive fuel humidifier concept, and have provided a calibration factor for a computational design tool that can be used for industrial applications
Williford, Rick E. (BATTELLE (PACIFIC NW LAB)); Hatchell, Brian K. (BATTELLE (PACIFIC NW LAB)); Singh, Prabhakar (BATTELLE (PACIFIC NW LAB))
High passive-stability diode-laser design for use in atomic-physics experiments
We present the design and performance characterization of an external cavity diode-laser system optimized for high stability, low passive spectral linewidth, low cost, and ease of in-house assembly. The main cavity body is machined from a single aluminum block for robustness to temperature changes and mechanical vibrations, and features a stiff and light diffraction-grating arm to suppress low-frequency mechanical resonances. The cavity is vacuum-sealed, and a custom-molded silicone external housing further isolates the system from acoustic noise and temperature fluctuations. Beam shaping, optical isolation, and fiber coupling are integrated, and the design is easily adapted to many commonly used wavelengths. Resonance data, passive-linewidth data, and passive stability characterization of the new design demonstrate that its performance exceeds published specifications for commercial precision diode-laser systems. The design is fully documented and freely available.
Cook, Eryn C; Brown-Heft, Tobias L; Garman, Jeffrey C; Steck, Daniel A
SPECIFIC CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION FOR A WAVE SPECIFIC CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION FOR A WAVE GLIDER-BASED PASSIVE ACOUSTIC DETECTION SYSTEM, Attachment PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY, RICHLAND, WASHINGTON Proposed Action Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) proposes to conduct a proof-of-principle study to develop a wave glider-based passive acoustic detection system for monitoring whale populations (e.g., presence, distribution, relative abundance). Long-term goals of the project include better understanding whale populations to facilitate environmentally responsible development of offshore energy and improving the capability to monitor the world's oceans. Location of Action The proposed action would occur at PNNL facilities in Richland, Washington; at the Marine Science Laboratory
Passive solar water heating: breadbox design for the Fred Young Farm Labor Center in Indio
An appropriate passive solar preheater for multifamily housing units in the Fred Young Farm Labor Center in Indio, California, was designed and analyzed. A brief summary of passive preheater systems and the key design features used in current designs is presented. The design features necessary for the site requirements are described. The eight preliminary preheater designs reviewed for the project are presented. The results of thermal performance simulation for the eight prototype systems are discussed. Alternative monitoring systems for the installation are described and evaluated. The consultants' recommendations, working drawings, and performance estimates of the system selected are presented. (MHR)
Melzer, B; Maeda, B
Summer-heat-gain control in passive-solar-heated buildings: fixed horizontal overhangs
An aspect of passive cooling relates to cooling load reduction by the use of solar controls. When there is a substantial winter heating requirement, and when the winter heating needs are met in part by a passive solar heating system, then the potential aggravation of summer cooling loads by the heating system is an important design issue. A traditional solution is the use of a fixed, horizontal shading overhang. An approach to quantitative design rules for the sizing of a shading overhang to minimize total annual space conditioning energy needs is outlined.
DOE passive-solar Class A performance-evaluation program: preliminary results
The major objective of the DOE Passive Solar Class A Performance Evaluation Program is to collect, analyze, and archive detailed test data for the rigorous validation of analysis/design tools used for passive solar research and design. Elements of the plan for Class A validation are described. A proposed validation methodology, including both analytical and empirical tests, a quantitative definition of validation, minimum data requirements, and a standard reporting format, is outlined. The preliminary testing of this methodology using hourly data from two Class A test facilities is presented. Finally, the collection, analysis, and documentation of preliminary data sets is discussed.
Hunn, B.D.; Turk, W.V.; Wray, W.O.
On the increase of the isolation efficacy for the passive elastic devices by the structural configuration optimization
This paper present the main results obtained from the complex study intended for increasing the isolation efficacy on the passive elastic anti-vibrational devices, based on the rubber elements. At first, the author present the main theoretical aspects ... Keywords: isolation efficacy, passive elastic devices, rubber element
Monte Carlo Simulation-based Sensitivity Analysis of the Model of a Thermal-Hydraulic Passive System
in a Gas-cooled Fast Reactor (GFR) after a Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) [2]. Keywords: nuclear passive Sampling, Sobol indices. 1 Introduction Modern nuclear reactor concepts make use of passive safety features, and for this reason are expected to improve the safety of nuclear power plants. However, uncertainties are present
Artificial neural networks for predicting indoor temperature using roof passive cooling techniques in buildings in different climatic conditions
Three passive cooling methods (e.g. roof pond, reflective roof cooling and using insulation over the roof) have been experimentally evaluated using an experimental test structure. The objective of this work is to train an artificial neural network (ANN) ... Keywords: Artificial neural network, Energy saving, India, Passive cooling, Thermal comfort
Shrikant Pandey; D. A. Hindoliya; Ritu Mod
Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2009 Paper 535 HVAC filters as "passive" samplers: fate analysis of indoor particles
Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2009 Paper 535 HVAC filters as "passive" samplers: fate analysis: firstname.lastname@example.com SUMMARY To assess the potential use of HVAC filters as passive indoor samplers, exfiltration, and capture in the HVAC filter. The results suggest that large particles are likely to deposit
Siegel, Jeffrey
An overview of an illuminator of opportunity passive radar research project and its signal processing research directions
In this paper, an overview of an Illuminator Of Opportunity (IOO) passive radar research project being conducted at DSTO is presented, with a specific focus on the signal processing research directions that are being investigated. The overview provides ... Keywords: Bistatic radar, Passive coherent location
J. Palmer; S. Palumbo; A. Summers; D. Merrett; S. Searle; S. Howard
Passively Q-switched microchip laser R. Haring, R. Paschotta, R. Fluck,* E. Gini, H. Melchior, and U. Keller
, and M. Birnbaum, ``Passive Q-switch at 1.53 m using divalent uranium ions in calcium fluoride,'' J. Appl of the parameters needed for a specific application. Design guidelines20 for Q-switched microchip lasers with SESAMs. Zhang, E. Gini, and U. Keller, ``Experimentally con- firmed design guidelines for passively Q
Keller, Ursula
The purpose of this work is to estimate shape of plutonium assemblies using new signatures acquired by passive NMIS measurements (no external source). Applications include identification of containerized regular shapes of plutonium, identification by shape without template, verification of shape for template initialization, and potential utility for estimating shape of holdup in plutonium processing facilities. To illustrate the technique and test its feasibility, laboratory measurements have been performed with californium spontaneous fission sources as a surrogate for plutonium. Advantages of the technique include the following: passive (requires no external source for plutonium measurements), stationary (no scanning of the assembly is required), penetrative (shape is estimated from neutron emissions), obscurable (spatial resolution can be deliberately degraded by changing detector size and/or timing resolution), inexpensive (majority of NMIS components are commercial products), portable (detection system is transported to the item, not vice versa). It is concluded that passive NMIS measurements can infer the mass of plutonium assemblies: NMIS correlations scale directly with spontaneous fission rate (Pu-240); NMIS correlations scale with fissile mass (Pu-239) and multiplication. New third-order correlations can estimate the shape of fission sources (Pu-240 & Pu-239) from passive measurements. Surrogate measurements of californium spontaneous fission sources have demonstrated the feasibility of this concept. Measurements of various shapes of plutonium are necessary to continue the development of this technique.
Snowmelt on the Greenland Ice Sheet as Derived from Passive Microwave Satellite Data
The melt extent of the snow on the Greenland ice sheet is of considerable importance to the ice sheet�s mass and energy balance, as well as Arctic and global climates. By comparing passive microwave satellite data to field observations, ...
Waleed Abdalati; Konrad Steffen
Simple technique of estimating the performance of passive solar heating systems
A method is presented for estimating the annual solar performance of a building using a passive thermal storage wall of the Trombe wall or water wall type with or without night insulation. Tables of performance parameters are given for 84 cities. The method is accurate to +-3% as compared with hour-by-hour computer simulations.
Balcomb, J.D.; McFarland, R.D.
The Obduction of Equatorial 13�C Water in the Pacific Identified by a Simulated Passive Tracer
The obduction of equatorial 13�C Water in the Pacific is investigated using a simulated passive tracer of the Consortium for Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO). The result shows that the 13�C Water initialized in the ...
Tangdong Qu; Shan Gao; Ichiro Fukumori; Rana A. Fine; Eric J. Lindstrom
Low-cost passive solar-retrofit options for mobile homes
Passive solar heating and cooling retrofit options can significantly reduce the energy consumption of new and existing mobile homes. The initial efforts of the Solar Energy Research Institute to explore the solar potential for the existing stock of mobile homes and those in the production stage are described.
Brant, S.; Holtz, M.; Tasker, M.
Simple procedure for assessing thermal comfort in passive solar heated buildings
The Fanger thermal comfort equation is linearized and used to develop a procedure for assessing thermal comfort levels in passive solar heated buildings. In order to relate comfort levels in nonuniform environments to uniform conditions, a new thermal index called the equivalent uniform temperature is introduced.
detailed discussion of sun angles see "The Solar Resource:Passive Solar Conference. NORTH SUM ER SUN ANGLES ON SOUTH-SOLAR COOLING SYSTEMS STORAGE ROOF ISOLATED STORAGE ROOF {NIGHT.SKY RADIATION) {NJGHT�SKY RADIATION) {REQUIRES MOVING INSULATION) SUN
Multi-Experts Analytic Hierarchy Process for the Sensitivity Analysis of Passive Safety Systems
cooling systems with an application to a gas-cooled reactor. Nuclear Engineering and Design 238, 217 Yu , LIU Tao, TONG Jiejuan, ZHAO Jun Institute of Nuclear and New Energy technology, Tsinghua, Via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milan, Italy Abstract: Innovative Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) resort to passive
Dynamics of the orientation of active and passive scalars in two-dimensional turbulence
Dynamics of the orientation of active and passive scalars in two-dimensional turbulence G. Lapeyre orientations obtained in the adiabatic approximation by Lapeyre et al. Phys. Fluids 11, 3729 1999 and Klein et with the equilibrium orientation than the vorticity gradient does, while the opposite is true in effective
Lapeyre, Guillaume
Performance evaluation of indoor localization techniques based on RF power measurements from active or passive devices
The performance of networks for indoor localization based on RF power measurements from active or passive devices is evaluated in terms of the accuracy, complexity, and costs. In the active device case, the terminal to be located measures the power transmitted ...
Damiano De Luca; Franco Mazzenga; Cristiano Monti; Marco Vari
International Journal of Computers and Applications, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2009 PASSIVE ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION
such as atmospheric gas dispersion by industrial accidents or processes are generally predicted with Gaussian plumes simplicity, the Gaussian dispersion model is often used for predicting the progression of atmospheric gas of passive dispersion, initial conditions of gas emissions are often addressed differently, as various gases
Beauchemin, Steven S.
Molecular beam epitaxy passivation studies of Ge and III-V semiconductors for advanced CMOS
Future CMOS technologies will require the use of substrate material with a very high mobility in order to fulfil the performance requirements. Therefore, combination of Ge p-MOS with n-MOS devices made out of high mobility III/V compounds, such as GaAs, ... Keywords: High mobility semiconductors, Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), Passivation
C. Merckling; J. Penaud; D. Kohen; F. Bellenger; A. Alian; G. Brammertz; M. El-Kazzi; M. Houssa; J. Dekoster; M. Caymax; M. Meuris; M. M. Heyns
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF WATER AND SOLUTE FLUXES USING A PASSIVE SURFACE WATER FLUX METER J Surface Water Flux Meter (PSFM). Current techniques for estimating contaminant mass inputs to impaired flux meter, MS Thesis, UF. This work was supported by the United States Department of Agriculture
Watson, Craig A.
New PANDA Tests to Investigate Effects of Light Gases on Passive Safety Systems
The large- scale thermal-hydraulic PANDA facility (located at PSI in Switzerland), has been used over the last few years for investigating different passive decay- heat removal systems and containment phenomena for the next generation of light water reactors (Simplified Boiling Water Reactor: SBWR; European Simplified Boiling Water Reactor: ESBWR; Siedewasserreaktor: SWR-1000). Currently, as part of the European Commission 5. EURATOM Framework Programme project 'Testing and Enhanced Modelling of Passive Evolutionary Systems Technology for Containment Cooling' (TEMPEST), a new series of tests is being planned in the PANDA facility to experimentally investigate the distribution of non-condensable gases inside the containment and their effect on the performance of the 'Passive Containment Cooling System' (PCCS). Hydrogen release caused by the metal-water reaction in the case of a postulated severe accident will be simulated in PANDA by injecting helium into the reactor pressure vessel. In order to provide suitable data for Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) code assessment and improvement, the instrumentation in PANDA has been upgraded for the new tests. In the present paper, a detailed discussion is given of the new PANDA tests to be performed to investigate the effects of light gas on passive safety systems. The tests are scheduled for the first half of the year 2002. (authors)
Paladino, D.; Auban, O.; Candreia, P.; Huggenberger, M.; Strassberger, H.J. [Laboratory for Thermal-Hydraulics, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI (Switzerland)
Power and EM Attacks on Passive $13.56\\,\\textrm{MHz}$ RFID Devices
During the last years, more and more security applications have been developed that are based on passive 13.56 MHz RFID devices. Among the most prominent applications are electronic passports and contactless payment systems. This article discusses the ... Keywords: AES, DEMA, DPA, EM Attacks, Power Analysis, RFID, Side-Channel Attacks
Michael Hutter; Stefan Mangard; Martin Feldhofer
Entirely passive heat-pipe apparatus capable of operating against gravity
The disclosure is directed to an entirely passive heat pipe apparatus capable of operating against gravity for vertical distances in the order of 3 to 7 and more. A return conduit into which an inert gas is introduced is used to lower the specific density of the working fluid so that it may be returned a greater vertical distance from condenser to evaporator.
Koenig, D.R.
Sonoma House: Monitoring of the First U.S. Passive House Retrofit
The Sonoma Deep Retrofit is a single-story deep retrofit project in the marine climate of Sonoma, California. The design was guided by Passive House principles which promote the use of very high levels of wall, ceiling, and floor insulation along with tight envelope construction to maintain a comfortable indoor environment with little or no need for conventional heating or cooling.
German, A.; Weitzel, B.; Backman, C.; Hoeschele, M.; Dakin, B.
Analyzing the validity of passive investment strategies employing fundamental indices through agent-based simulation
This research analyzes the influence of indices which are employed in the asset management business on financial markets through agent-based simulation. In this analysis, we focus on a fundamental index, which has been proposed as a new benchmark for ... Keywords: agent based-model, behavioral finance, financial engineering, fundamental indexation, passive investment strategy
Hiroshi Takahashi; Satoru Takahashi; Takao Terano
Bulk Burning Rate in Passive Reactive Diffusion. Peter Constantin Alexander Kiselev Adam Oberman
Bulk Burning Rate in Passive Reactive Diffusion. Peter Constantin Alexander Kiselev Adam Oberman, diffuses, and reacts according to a KPPtype nonlinear reaction. We introduce a quantity, the bulk burningdefined notion of front speed. We establish rigorous lower bounds for the bulk burning rate that are linear
Ryzhik, Lenya
Detecting coughing episodes passively from acoustic signals in a home environment: demo abstract
We demonstrate a passive cough monitoring system for in-home environments using acoustic sensors. Our system does not need the users to wear any device. It also works under the presence of typical sounds that may be common in a home environment. Keywords: activity monitoring, assisted living
Enamul Hoque; John A. Stankovic
A cost-based analysis of intrusion detection system configuration under active or passive response
This paper studies the joint decisions of IDS configuration and alarm investigation capacity under active and passive responses. In active response, alarm events are blocked immediately, whereas alarm events are allowed to access the information assets ... Keywords: IDS configuration, Information security, Intrusion response, Investigation capacity
Wei T. Yue; Metin �akany?ld?r?m
Passive steganalysis based on higher order image statistics of curvelet transform
Steganographic techniques accomplish covert communication by embedding secret messages into innocuous digital images in ways that are imperceptible to the human eye. This paper presents a novel passive steganalysis strategy in which the task is approached ... Keywords: Image steganalysis, curvelet higher order statistics, information forensics, information security, neuro-C4.5 classifier
S. Geetha; Siva S. Sivatha Sindhu; N. Kamaraj
Displacement method and apparatus for reducing passivated metal powders and metal oxides
A method of reducing target metal oxides and passivated metals to their metallic state. A reduction reaction is used, often combined with a flux agent to enhance separation of the reaction products. Thermal energy in the form of conventional furnace, infrared, or microwave heating may be applied in combination with the reduction reaction.
Morrell; Jonathan S. (Knoxville, TN), Ripley; Edward B. (Knoxville, TN)
Use of passive alpha detectors to screen for uranium contamination in a field at Fernald, Ohio
This paper reports the results from a field test of newly developed techniques for inexpensive, in situ screening of soil for alpha contamination. Passive alpha detectors that are commercially available for the detection indoor airborne alpha activity (i.e., {sup 222}Rn) have been modified so they can be applied to the detection of alpha contamination on surfaces or in soils. Results reported here are from an intercomparison involving several different techniques with all measurements being made at the same sites in a field near the formerly used uranium processing facility at Fernald, Ohio, during the summer of 1994. The results for two types of passive alpha detector show that the quality of calibration is improved if soils samples are milled to increase homogeneity within the soil matrices. The correlation between laboratory based radiochemical analyses and quick, field-based screening measurements is acceptable and can be improved if the passive devices are left for longer exposure times in the field. The total cost per measurement for either type of passive alpha detector is probably less than $25 and should provide a cost-effective means for site managers to develop the information needed to find areas with remaining alpha contamination so resources can be allocated efficiently.
Dudney, C.S.; Meyer, K.E.; Gammage, R.B. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Wheeler, R.V.; Salasky, M. [Landauer, Inc., Glenwood, IL (United States); Kotrappa, P. [Rad Electric Inc., Frederick, MD (United States)
Horizontal Heat Exchanger Design and Analysis for Passive Heat Removal Systems
This report describes a three-year project to investigate the major factors of horizontal heat exchanger performance in passive containment heat removal from a light water reactor following a design basis accident LOCA (Loss of Coolant Accident). The heat exchanger studied in this work may be used in advanced and innovative reactors, in which passive heat removal systems are adopted to improve safety and reliability The application of horizontal tube-bundle condensers to passive containment heat removal is new. In order to show the feasibility of horizontal heat exchangers for passive containment cooling, the following aspects were investigated: 1. the condensation heat transfer characteristics when the incoming fluid contains noncondensable gases 2. the effectiveness of condensate draining in the horizontal orientation 3. the conditions that may lead to unstable condenser operation or highly degraded performance 4. multi-tube behavior with the associated secondary-side effects This project consisted of two experimental investigations and analytical model development for incorporation into industry safety codes such as TRAC and RELAP. A physical understanding of the flow and heat transfer phenomena was obtained and reflected in the analysis models. Two gradute students (one funded by the program) and seven undergraduate students obtained research experience as a part of this program.
Vierow, Karen
Passive-solar techniques for the mobile/modular housing industry
Using a fairly typical mobile home design, it is shown that state-of-the-art mobile/modular housing and passive solar techniques can be used together. Computer simulations are used to analyze the concept. Size conditions at a mobile home park are considered. Glazing orientation, shading, and thermal storage are included in the analysis. (LEW)
Osborn, D.C.
SnO2 nanoparticle-based passive capacitive sensor for ethylene detection
A passive capacitor-based ethylene sensor using SnO2 nanoparticles is presented for the detection of ethylene gas. The nanoscale particle size (10 nm to 15 nm) and film thickness (1300 nm) of the sensing dielectric layer in the capacitor model ...
Mangilal Agarwal; Mercyma D. Balachandran; Sudhir Shrestha; Kody Varahramyan
A Signal-processing Scheme for Passive Acoustical Mapping of Breaking Surface Waves
An acoustical system is described with emphasis on its signal-processing scheme. The system consists of a small broadband hydrophone array of span 8.5 m and 5-kHz bandwidth, which is able to track individual breaking surface waves by passive ...
Li Ding; David M. Farmer
Use of Passive Tracers as a Diagnostic Tool in Coupled Model Simulations�Northern Hemisphere
This study focuses on the uptake of a passive idealized tracer in the Northern Hemisphere oceans from two coupled ocean�atmosphere simulations: a standard horizontal diffusion case and the second case including the Gent and McWilliams (GM) eddy ...
Siobhan P. O'Farrell
Incremental cost of electricity used as backup for passive heated homes
The impact of passive technologies on a north-central US utility has been studied. A method of utility cost and fuel use analysis, developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory, was used to compute the long run incremental costs and incremental fuel use required for supplementary electricity to houses with Trombe walls or with direct gain features. For comparison, a reference house with no passive features and a house with an energy conservation design were also analyzed. The results show that the total long run incremental cost to the utility of providing supplementary power to the passive houses costs no more than the cost to supply electricity to heat the reference house or the conservation house. An analysis of the annual homeowner costs for the various types of heating systems suggests that the Trombe wall technology is not promising for use in this climate. The passive technologies, as modelled in this study reduced the requirements for conventional energy by about 10% (7 to 10 kilojoules/year). For all of the house types studied, the use of electricity for heating, instead of oil or gas, reduced the overall (utility plus residential) use of oil or gas by only about 30 to 40% even out through the 1990's.
Martorella, J; Bright, R; Davitian, H
Mapping the energy saving potential of passive heating combined with conservation
A procedure is presented for estimating the energy savings potential of combining conservation and passive solar strategies to reduce building heating. General scaling laws are used for costs and the resulting continuous equations are evaluated to find the least life-cycle cost strategy. Results are mapped for the US.
Design, effectiveness, and construction of passive-thermal-control roofing shingles. Technical final report
The concept of a passive thermal control roofing shingle, which is a shingle that reflects the summer sun and absorbs the winter sun, is discussed. Such a shingle will reduce summer cooling and winter heating costs and conserve electricity and natural gas or heating oil. Design calculations indicate that it is possible to design shingles for particular latitudes and styles of roof which absorb nearly all of the winter solar energy and reflect nearly all of the summer solar energy. Calculations of the energy savings and cost effectiveness of the passive thermal control roofing shingle indicate that it is most cost effective on all south facing pitched roofs regardless of heating fuel type, and on flat or east or west facing roofs that are heated with costly fuels such as electricity or heating oil. The shingle is most effective on poorly insulated structures. If the cost of the shingle is about one dollar per square foot it will be cost effective in these applications. Additional calculations demonstrate the feasibility of using the passive thermal control roofing shingle in conjunction with a heat pump to pump heat absorbed by the shingle into a well insulated structure. Construction of a variety of models of the passive thermal control roofing shingle illustrate numerous alternate methods of manufacture. A profile extruded, plastic, glazed shingle appears to be the most promising approach. Additionally, extruded plastic reflector assemblies of various kinds could be added to existing shingled roofs. Use of a glazed shingle can increase the effectiveness of the passive thermal control roofing shingle by reducing convective heat losses.
Wolf, L. Jr.
Ventilation requires energy to transport and condition the incoming air. The energy consumption for ventilation in residential buildings depends on the ventilation rate required to maintain an acceptable indoor air quality. Historically, U.S. residential buildings relied on natural infiltration to provide sufficient ventilation, but as homes get tighter, designed ventilation systems are more frequently required particularly for new energy efficient homes and retrofitted homes. ASHRAE Standard 62.2 is used to specify the minimum ventilation rate required in residential buildings and compliance is normally achieved with fully mechanical whole-house systems; however, alternative methods may be used to provide the required ventilation when their air quality equivalency has been proven. One appealing method is the use of passive stack ventilation systems. They have been used for centuries to ventilate buildings and are often used in ventilation regulations in other countries. Passive stacks are appealing because they require no fans or electrical supply (which could lead to lower cost) and do not require maintenance (thus being more robust and reliable). The downside to passive stacks is that there is little control of ventilation air flow rates because they rely on stack and wind effects that depend on local time-varying weather. In this study we looked at how passive stacks might be used in different California climates and investigated control methods that can be used to optimize indoor air quality and energy use. The results showed that passive stacks can be used to provide acceptable indoor air quality per ASHRAE 62.2 with the potential to save energy provided that they are sized appropriately and flow controllers are used to limit over-ventilation.
Mortensen, Dorthe Kragsig; Walker, Iain S.; Sherman, Max
Study of Cost Effective Large Advanced Pressurized Water Reactors that Employ Passive Safety Features
A report of DOE sponsored portions of AP1000 Design Certification effort. On December 16, 1999, The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission issued Design Certification of the AP600 standard nuclear reactor design. This culminated an 8-year review of the AP600 design, safety analysis and probabilistic risk assessment. The AP600 is a 600 MWe reactor that utilizes passive safety features that, once actuated, depend only on natural forces such as gravity and natural circulation to perform all required safety functions. These passive safety systems result in increased plant safety and have also significantly simplified plant systems and equipment, resulting in simplified plant operation and maintenance. The AP600 meets NRC deterministic safety criteria and probabilistic risk criteria with large margins. A summary comparison of key passive safety system design features is provided in Table 1. These key features are discussed due to their importance in affecting the key thermal-hydraulic phenomenon exhibited by the passive safety systems in critical areas. The scope of some of the design changes to the AP600 is described. These changes are the ones that are important in evaluating the passive plant design features embodied in the certified AP600 standard plant design. These design changes are incorporated into the AP1000 standard plant design that Westinghouse is certifying under 10 CFR Part 52. In conclusion, this report describes the results of the representative design certification activities that were partially supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative. These activities are unique to AP1000, but are representative of research activities that must be driven to conclusion to realize successful licensing of the next generation of nuclear power plants in the United States.
Winters, J. W.; Corletti, M. M.; Hayashi, Y.
New Approaches for Passivation of Crystalline and Amorphous Silicon: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-09-351
New approaches of passivating crystalline, multicrystalline, and amorphous silicon will be explored. These will include the use of aqueous solution of KCN and a proprietary composition formulated by Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. The surface passivation will be compared with that provided by an iodine-ethanol solution, and bulk passivation will be compared with that of H-passivation obtained by silicon nitride, in a fire-through process.
Sopori, B.
Integration of the reliability of passive system in probabilistic safety assessment
Probability Safety Assessment (PSA) of nuclear power plants has demonstrated its efficiency in decision-making process. But the treatment in PSA of safety passive systems, specially those implementing moving working fluid, is a difficult task because in addition to the mechanical failures of components, the failure of the physical process (e.g. natural circulation) has to be considered. The difficulty in the evaluation of the failure risk of the physical phenomenon lies in the great number of parameters that must be taken into account, in their associated uncertainties and in the limitations of physical modelling. We can note that in the existing PSA of future reactors equipped with passive systems, this risk of the physical process failure due to the uncertainties, is not at all taken into account. In this paper, we present a methodology to evaluate this risk of failure and to include it in a PSA. This evaluation is obtained by uncertainty analyses on thermalhydraulic calculations. As an example, a simplified PSA was carried out on a fictive reactor with two types of safety passive systems both in the primary circuit: Residual Passive heat Removal system (RP2) and a safety injection system consisting in accumulators and discharge lines equipped with check valves. An accidental scenario has been analysed, starting with loss of electrical supply when the reactor is at full power. The failure analyses performed on this reactor have allowed the characterisation of the technical failures (on RP2 valves, tubes in RP2 exchanger and safety injection check valves) and the ranges of variation of uncertain parameters which influence the physical process. The resulting accidental scenario is presented in the form of a simplified event tree. The majority of the sequences of this event tree have been analysed by deterministic evaluations with envelope values of the uncertain parameters. For some sequences where the definition of envelope cases was impossible, basic events corresponding to the failure of the physical process have been added and uncertainty analyses have been performed to evaluate the corresponding probability of failure. For this purpose the thermal-hydraulic CATHARE code has been coupled to a Monte-Carlo simulation modulus. The failure probabilities obtained by these reliability analyses have been integrated in the corresponding sequences. This methodology allows the probabilistic evaluation of the influence of the passive system on an accidental scenario and could be used to test the interest to replace an active system by a passive system on specific situations. (authors)
Marques, M. [Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Building 212, Centre de Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-Les-Durance Cedex (France); Pignatel, J.F.; Saignes, P.; Devictor, N.; La Lumia, V.; Mercier, S
Who Blows The Whistle on Corporate Fraud?
Managers Misstate Financial Statements? The Role of in-the-Office, 2002, �Financial Statement Restatements: Trends,misrepresentations on financial statements, failure to
Zingales, Luigi; Dyck, Alexander; Morse, Adair
Methods of making glass wool blowing insulation
A process is described of making pieces of glass wool, suitable to be blown into attics as thermal insulation, from an elongated generally laminar resiliently compressible glass wool blanket having an original thickness in an unrestrained condition and made of glass fibers bonded with thermoset resin. The process comprises feeding the blanket longitudinally through a compressing station where it is resiliently compressed from its original thickness to a smaller thickness, and feeding the compressed blanket longitudinally between a rotating backup roll and a cooperative rotating cutting roll from one side of the rolls, the cutting roll including a supporting cylinder. A plywood blade-mounting cylinder is mounted on the supporting cylinder, circular cutting blades each have shank portions spaced from each other and disposed substantially completely around an inner periphery of the blade. Straight cutting blades have shank portions spaced from each other and disposed substantially completely along a length of the blade. Resiliently compressible plugs, the circular cutting blades respectively are separately mounted on the plywood cylinder circumferentially distributed substantially throughout the length spaced equally from each other axially by a distance smaller than the original thickness of the blanket, and having their shank portions mounted respectively in slits extending substantially all the way through a wall thickness of the plywood cylinder. The straight cutting blades respectively are separatedly mounted on the plywood cylinder axially distributed throughout the circumference.
Johnson, A.R.; Yawberg, R.C.
How Loud Can That Whistle Blow?
Companies can make a difference within their own procedures. To do this, they must understand the reason and importance of the hotline process to their own governance procedures. It is important to remember that the whistleblower compliance process is ...
Lynn Fountain
Detector Performance of Ammonium-Sulfide-Passivated CdZnTe and CdMnTe Materials
Dark currents, including those in the surface and bulk, are the leading source of electronic noise in X-ray and gamma detectors, and are responsible for degrading a detector's energy resolution. The detector material itself determines the bulk leakage current; however, the surface leakage current is controllable by depositing appropriate passivation layers. In previous research, we demonstrated the effectiveness of surface passivation in CZT (CdZnTe) and CMT (CdMnTe) materials using ammonium sulfide and ammonium fluoride. In this research, we measured the effect of such passivation on the surface states of these materials, and on the performances of detectors made from them.
Kim, K.H.; Bolotnikov, A.E.; Camarda, G.S.; Marchini, L.; Yang, G.; Hossain, A.; Cui, Y.; Xu, L.; and James, R.B.
Passive Solar Design: The Foundation for Low-Energy Federal Buildings
Our nation's buildings have a proven influence on Our nation's buildings have a proven influence on how we feel, learn, and work. Some studies indicate that indoor lighting, temperatures, and air quality even affect how much we earn. Our buildings also consume 37% of the energy and 67% of the electricity we use in the United States each year. This electricity is produced mainly by burning fossil fuels that emit gases, such as nitrogen oxide, that can contribute to the nation's air-quality problems. Therefore, the Federal govern- ment, which now owns or occupies more than 500,000 facilities, is taking a look at passive solar and low-energy building designs for both new construction and renovations. Passive solar design strategies involve more than just using large, south-facing windows to capture some of the sun's warmth. They also include the use
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy System Using a Passively Q-Switched Laser
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy System Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy System Using a Passively Q-Switched Laser Opportunity Research is active on the patent-pending technology, titled "Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) System Using a Passively Q-Switched Laser." This technology is available for licensing and/or further collaborative research from the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory. Overview Atomic spectroscopy systems such as LIBS are used in many applications where the elemental composition of a solid, liquid or gas sample is desired. In addition, this detection technology has the advantage of providing composition data without sample destruction. In LIBS systems, precise timing and control between the laser and the spectrometer detector are
The NSTF at Argonne: Passive Safety and Decay Heat Removal for Advanced
Engineering Engineering Experimentation > RSTA > Natural convection Shutdown heat removal Test Facility (NSTF) Capabilities Engineering Experimentation Reactor Safety Testing and Analysis Overview Nuclear Reactor Severe Accident Experiments MAX NSTF SNAKE Aerosol Experiments System Components Laser Applications Robots Applications Other Facilities Other Capabilities Work with Argonne Contact us For Employees Site Map Help Join us on Facebook Follow us on Twitter NE on Flickr The NSTF at Argonne: Passive Safety and Decay Heat Removal for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Designs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Argonne's Passive Safety Experiments to Support Modern Reactor Design Argonne National Laboratory's Natural convection Shutdown heat removal Test Facility (NSTF) is a state-of-the-art, large-scale facility for evaluating performance capabilities of decay heat removal systems. NSTF's purpose is to:
Transcript of "Compressive Passive Millimeter-Wave Imager " video - Argonne
System Technologies & Diagnostics > System Technologies & Diagnostics > Multimedia > Compressive Passive Millimeter-Wave Imager > Transcript Multimedia Nuclear Systems Analysis Engineering Analysis Nonproliferation and National Security Detection & Diagnostic Systems Compressive Passive Millimeter-Wave Imager VIDEO TRANSCRIPT Remote Vital Sign Monitoring System Preventing the Worst (by CNN) Engineering Development & Applications Argonne's Nuclear Science & Technology Legacy Other Multimedia Work with Argonne Contact us For Employees Site Map Help Join us on Facebook Follow us on Twitter NE on Flickr System Technologies & Diagnostics Multimedia Bookmark and Share Problems viewing the video in this page? Choose another format/size from the menu below; this video is available in Flash Video Flash, Quicktime video Quicktime or Windows Media video Windows Media format
Control system analysis for off-peak auxiliary heating of passive solar systems
A computer simulation method is presented for the design of an electrical auxiliary energy system for passive solar heated structures. The system consists of electrical mats buried in the ground underneath the structure. Energy is stored in the ground during utility off-peak hours and released passively to the heated enclosure. An optimal control strategy is used to determine the system design parameters of depth of mat placement and minimum instaled electrical heating capacity. The optimal control applies combinations of fixed duration energy pulses to the heater, which minimize the room temperature error-squared for each day, assuming advance knowledge of the day's weather. Various realizable control schemes are investigated in an attempt to find a system that approaches the performance of the optimal control system.
Murray, H.S.; Melsa, J.L.; Balcomb, J.D.
On the ``massless gap`` adjustment of detected energy for passive material in front of a calorimeter
I have designed a correction scheme for energy losses in passive material in front of a calorimeter based on the ``massless gap`` idea. I use a flexible geometry model of a calorimeter design for SDC outside of a solenoidal coil made of aluminium cylinders of adjustable thickness. The signal from the first radiation length of active calorimetry is scaled dependent on the incoming and observed energies of the shower. A reasonable recovery of the resolution of an unobstructed calorimeter is achieved using correction factors that depend only upon the total thickness of passive material. Thus a useful correction may be built into the hardware by increasing the amount of scintillator in the first radiation length of the active calorimeter. The distribution of correction factors determined event-by-event indicate that an additional dependence on the observed signal in the massless gap and total incident energy is clearly present.
Trost, H.J.
On the massless gap'' adjustment of detected energy for passive material in front of a calorimeter
I have designed a correction scheme for energy losses in passive material in front of a calorimeter based on the massless gap'' idea. I use a flexible geometry model of a calorimeter design for SDC outside of a solenoidal coil made of aluminium cylinders of adjustable thickness. The signal from the first radiation length of active calorimetry is scaled dependent on the incoming and observed energies of the shower. A reasonable recovery of the resolution of an unobstructed calorimeter is achieved using correction factors that depend only upon the total thickness of passive material. Thus a useful correction may be built into the hardware by increasing the amount of scintillator in the first radiation length of the active calorimeter. The distribution of correction factors determined event-by-event indicate that an additional dependence on the observed signal in the massless gap and total incident energy is clearly present.
Passive test cell data for the solar laboratory, Winter 1980-81
Testing was done during the 1980-81 winter in 400 ft/sup 3/ test cells at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Solar Lab. This testing was done primarily to determine the relative efficiency of various passive solar heating concepts and to obtain data that could be used to validate computer simulation programs. The passive solar systems tested were Trombe wall with and without selective absorber, water wall, phase-change wall, direct gain, a heat-pipe collector, and two sunspace geometries. The heating load coefficient of these cells was roughly 26 Btu/h /sup 0/F and the collector area was 23.4 ft/sup 2/, giving a load collector ratio of approximately 27 Btu//sup 0/F day ft/sup 2/. The test cell configurations and instrumentation are detailed herein, and the resulting data and cell efficiencies are discussed.
McFarland, R.D.
Passive heating and cooling strategies for single family housing in Fresno, California: a case study
This study focuses on the integration of passive heating, cooling, and ventilating techniques for detached single family housing in Fresno, California. The energy use and patterns of energy use were simulated for a typical tract house in Fresno, and serves as a case study, to which energy saving strategies were applied and evaluated using Ener-Win software. The effectiveness of each strategy was assessed based on the annual savings, the initial cost, and a life-cycle cost analysis. Specific areas of evaluation include: shading, improving the R-value and infiltration rate of the building envelope, thermal mass, natural ventilation, and evaporative cooling. The optimum strategies selected utilize only traditional building techniques. Evaporative cooling used in conjunction with an air conditioner was the most effective energy reducing strategy, but a combination of purely passive strategies yield competitive results. Although the typical Fresno home is already energy efficient, small alterations provide energy savings up to 75% for space conditioning.
Winchester, Nathan James
Passive and inherent safety technologies for light-water nuclear reactors
Passive/inherent safety implies a technical revolution in our approach to nuclear power safety. This direction is discussed herein for light-water reactors (LWRs) -- the predominant type of power reactor used in the world today. At Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) the approach to the development of passive/inherent safety for LWRs consists of four steps: identify and quantify safety requirements and goals; identify and quantify the technical functional requirements needed for safety; identify, invent, develop, and quantify technical options that meet both of the above requirements; and integrate safety systems into designs of economic and reliable nuclear power plants. Significant progress has been achieved in the first three steps of this program. The last step involves primarily the reactor vendors. These activities, as well as related activities worldwide, are described here. 27 refs., 7 tabs.
Analysis methodology for passive heating systems in the NSDN. [National Solar Data Network
The National Solar Data Network (NSDN) has been continuously monitoring the performance of solar energy systems in buildings throughout the country on a 24-hour basis for the past three years. The data collected from this program is analyzed and performance evaluation reports are published monthly and seasonally for each site. The passive systems in the NSDN are instrumented with an average of 90 sensors to measure weather; heat loss and gain, auxiliary energy and electrical energy consumption; operation of windows, doors, vents, and movable insulation, temperatures and relative humidity of the rooms; and surface and gradient temperatures of all thermal storage masses. The sensors are scanned at 30 second or 5 minute intervals continuously. Performance factors are calculated on the scan, hourly, daily, monthly and annual level. The approach to the performance analysis of passive solar heating systems is presented.
Spears, J.W.
This fact sheet updates a similar one published in 1996 for the U.S. Department of Energy's Federal Energy Management Program. It is part of a series of fact sheets on ways that the Federal government can incorporate new energy efficiency, solar energy, and other renewable energy technologies in buildings and other facilities to save on energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This fact sheet describes strategies for implementing passive solar features--such as south-facing windows, daylighting, and thermal mass--into new building designs and retrofits. It also discusses how to design and build low-energy, sustainable buildings by using a whole-building approach to the design process. In this approach, designers not only use passive solar techniques, they also create a design that makes the most of the complex ways that a building's occupants, components, and materials connect and interact in order to achieve the greatest possible comfort and energy efficiency.
Zachmann, W.; Pitchford, P.
Investigation of the Noncondensable Effect and the Operational Modes of the Passive Condenser System
An experimental study is performed to investigate the effect of noncondensable gas in a passive condenser system. A vertical condenser tube is submerged in a water pool where the heat transferred from the condenser tube is removed through boiling. Data are obtained for three operational modes of the passive condenser. Degradation of the condensation with noncondensable gas is investigated. The condensation heat transfer rate is enhanced by increasing the inlet steam flow rate and the system pressure. For the condenser submerged in a saturated water pool, strong primary pressure dependency is observed. A boundary layer-based condensation model and a simple condensation model with the interfacial friction factor correlation are developed. The model predictions are compared with the pure steam data, and the agreement is satisfactory.
Oh, Seungmin; Revankar, Shripad T. [Purdue University (United States)
Residential passive solar systems: regional sensitivity to system performance costs, and alternative prices
The economic potential of two passive space heating configurations are analyzed. These are a masonry thermal storage wall (Trombe) and a direct gain system - both with night insulation. A standard tract home design for each of the two passive systems is being used throughout the analysis to allow interregional comparisons. The economic performance of these two systems is evaluated on a regional basis (223 locations) throughout the United States. For each of the two conventional energy types considered (electricity and natural gas), sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the impact of alternative fuel price escalation rates and solar costs upon feasibility of the two solar systems. Cost goals for solar system prices are established under one set of future fuel prices and stated economic conditions. (MOW)
Method of remote powering and detecting multiple UWB passive tags in an RFID system
A new Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), tracking, powering apparatus/system and method using coded Ultra-wideband (UWB) signaling is introduced. The proposed hardware and techniques disclosed herein utilize a plurality of passive UWB transponders in a field of an RFID-radar system. The radar system itself enables multiple passive tags to be remotely powered (activated) at about the same time frame via predetermined frequency UWB pulsed formats. Once such tags are in an activated state, an UWB radar transmits specific "interrogating codes" to put predetermined tags in an awakened status. Such predetermined tags can then communicate by a unique "response code" so as to be detected by an UWB system using radar methods.
Dowla, Farid U. (Castro Valley, CA); Nekoogar, Faranak (San Ramon, CA); Benzel, David M. (Livermore, CA); Dallum, Gregory E. (Livermore, CA); Spiridon, Alex (Palo Alto, CA)
Securing Operating Data From Passive Safety Tests at the Fast Flux Test Facility
The Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) is the most recent Liquid Metal Reactor (LMR) to operate in the United States, from 1982 to 1992. The technologies employed in designing and constructing this reactor, along with information obtained from tests conducted during its operation, are currently being secured and archived by the Department of Energy�s Office of Nuclear Energy Fuel Cycle Research and Development Program. This report is one in a series documenting the overall project efforts to retrieve and preserve critical information related to advanced reactors. A previous report summarized the initial efforts to review, retrieve and preserve the most salient documents related to Passive Safety Testing (PST) in the FFTF. Efforts continue to locate, secure, and retrieve record copies of original plant data tapes for the series of passive safety tests conducted between 1986 and 1991.
Wootan, David W.; Omberg, Ronald P.; Makenas, Bruce J.; Nielsen, Deborah L.; Nelson, Joseph V.; Polzin, David L.
The Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) is the most recent Liquid Metal Reactor (LMR) to operate in the United States, from 1982 to 1992. The technologies employed in designing and constructing this reactor, along with information obtained from tests conducted during its operation, are currently being secured and archived by the Department of Energy's Office of Nuclear Energy Fuel Cycle Research and Development Program. This report is one in a series documenting the overall project efforts to retrieve and preserve critical information related to advanced reactors. A previous report summarized the initial efforts to review, retrieve and preserve the most salient documents related to Passive Safety Testing (PST) in the FFTF. Efforts continue to locate, secure, and retrieve record copies of original plant data tapes for the series of passive safety tests conducted between 1986 and 1991.
No-go theorem for passive single-rail linear optical quantum computing
Photonic quantum systems are among the most promising architectures for quantum computers. It is well known that for dual-rail photons effective non-linearities and near-deterministic non-trivial two-qubit gates can be achieved via the measurement process and by introducing ancillary photons. While in principle this opens a legitimate path to scalable linear optical quantum computing, the technical requirements are still very challenging and thus other optical encodings are being actively investigated. One of the alternatives is to use single-rail encoded photons, where entangled states can be deterministically generated. Here we prove that even for such systems universal optical quantum computing using only passive optical elements such as beam splitters and phase shifters is not possible. This no-go theorem proves that photon bunching cannot be passively suppressed even when extra ancilla modes and arbitrary number of photons are used. Our result provides useful guidance for the design of optical quantum computers.
Lian-Ao Wu; Philip Walther; Daniel A. Lidar
The pKZ1 transgene as a sensitive passive gene expression reporter for low
pKZ1 transgene as a sensitive passive gene expression reporter for low pKZ1 transgene as a sensitive passive gene expression reporter for low dose radiation responses Pamela J Sykes Flinders University and Medical Centre Abstract After high radiation dose exposures, changes in a number of biological endpoints in vivo can be readily observed above the normal background variation that exists in any biological system. Where these responding biological endpoints can be tied to carcinogenic risk, for example, apoptosis, proliferation or chromosomal aberrations, the net effect of the radiation exposure on cancer risk can be surmised. If the biological changes are proportional to radiation dose, then at much lower doses, the biological responses will eventually fall within the range of normal inter-individual and temporal variation, making statistical proof of any
Online, In Situ Monitoring of Combustion Turbines Using Wireless, Passive, Ceramic Sensors
Online, In Situ Monitoring of Combustion Online, In Situ Monitoring of Combustion Turbines Using Wireless, Passive, Ceramic Sensors Description The United States Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is committed to strengthening America's energy security. Central to this mission is to increase the percentage of domestic fuels used to provide for the Nation's energy needs. To this end, DOE-NETL is supporting projects to develop technologies that will improve the efficiency, cost, and environmental performance