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Library resources about Open access |
Open access (OA) means unrestricted online access to peer-reviewed scholarly research. Open access is primarily intended for scholarly journal articles, but is also provided for a growing number of theses,[2] book chapters,[3] and scholarly monographs.[4]
Open access comes in two degrees: gratis open access, which is free online access, and libre open access, which is free online access plus some additional usage rights.[5] These additional usage rights are often granted through the use of various specific Creative Commons licenses.[6] Only libre open access is fully compliant with definitions of open access such as the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities.
The two ways authors can provide open access are (1) by self-archiving their journal articles in an open access repository, also known as 'green' open access, or (2) by publishing in an open access journal, known as 'gold' open access.[7] With green open access[8][9] authors publish in any journal and then self-archive a version of the article for gratis public use in their institutional repository,[10] in a central repository (such as PubMed Central), or on some other open access website. With gold open access, authors publish in open access journals,[11] which provide immediate open access to all of their articles, usually on the publisher's website.[12] Hybrid open access journals are subscription journals that provide gold open access only for those individual articles for which their authors (or their author's institution or funder) pay an open access publishing fee.[13]
Widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s and early 2000s fueled the open access movement, and prompted both the green open access self-archiving of non-open access journal articles and the creation of gold open access journals. Conventional non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, site licenses or pay-per-view. Some non-open access journals provide open access after an embargo period of 6–12 months or longer (see delayed open access journals).[13] Active debate over the economics and reliability of various ways of providing open access continues among researchers, academics, librarians, university administrators, funding agencies, government officials, commercial publishers, editorial staff and society publishers.
The idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term "open access" was formally coined. Computer scientists had been self-archiving in anonymous ftp archives since the 1970s and physicists had been self-archiving in arxiv since the 1990s. The Subversive Proposal to generalize the practice was posted in 1994. The initial concept of open access refers to an unrestricted online access to scholarly research primarily intended for scholarly journal articles. The term "open access" itself was first formulated in three public statements in the 2000s: the Budapest Open Access Initiative in February 2002, the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing in June 2003, and the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities in October 2003.[14]
The Budapest statement defined open access as follows:
There are many degrees and kinds of wider and easier access to this literature. By 'open access' to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited.[15]
The Bethesda and Berlin statements add that for a work to be open access, users must be able to "copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship."
In order to reflect actual practice in providing two different degrees of open access, the further distinction between gratis OA and libre OA was added in 2006 by two of the co-drafters of the original BOAI definition.[5] Gratis OA refers to free online access, and libre OA refers to free online access plus some additional re-use rights.[5] The Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin definitions had corresponded only to libre OA. The re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific Creative Commons licenses;[6] these almost all require attribution of authorship to the original authors.[5][14]
Open access itself (mostly green and gratis) began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of Internet and the World Wide Web. The momentum was further increased by a growing movement for academic journal publishing reform, and with it gold and libre OA. Electronic publishing created new benefits as compared to paper publishing but beyond that, it contributed to causing problems in traditional publishing models.
The premises behind open access publishing are that there are viable funding models to maintain traditional peer review standards of quality while also making the following changes:
The OA movement has accordingly been working to give everyone a greater awareness of the serious social problems caused by restricting access to academic research[16] as well as the serious economic challenges for the future of academic publishing. Even though open access models are problematic, traditional publishing models definitely are not sustainable and something radical needs to change immediately.[16]
The OA movement is also extending beyond merely granting access to academic publications, as access to research is only a tool for helping people achieve other goals. Open access advances scholarly pursuits in the fields of open data, open government, open educational resources, free and open-source software, and open science, among others.[17]
The intended audience of research articles is usually other researchers. Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to. One of the great beneficiaries of open access may be users in developing countries, where currently some universities find it difficult to pay for subscriptions required to access the most recent journals.[18] Some schemes exist for providing subscription scientific publications to those affiliated to institutions in developing countries at little or no cost.[19] All researchers benefit from open access as no library can afford to subscribe to every scientific journal and most can only afford a small fraction of them – this is known as the "serials crisis".[20]
Open access extends the reach of research beyond its immediate academic circle. An open access article can be read by anyone – a professional in the field, a researcher in another field, a journalist, a politician or civil servant, or an interested layperson. Indeed, a 2008 study revealed that mental health professionals are roughly twice as likely to read a relevant article if it is freely available.[21]
The main reason authors make their articles openly accessible is to maximize their research impact.[22] A study in 2001 first reported an open access citation impact advantage,[23] and a growing number of studies[24] have confirmed, with varying degrees of methodological rigor, that an open access article is more likely to be used and cited than one behind subscription barriers.[24] For example, a 2006 study in PLoS Biology found that articles published as immediate open access in PNAS were three times more likely to be cited than non-open access papers, and were also cited more than PNAS articles that were only self-archived.[25] This result has been challenged as an artifact of authors self-selectively paying to publish their higher quality articles in hybrid open access journals,[26] whereas a 2010 study found that the open access citation advantage was equally big whether self-archiving was self-selected or mandated.[27]
Scholars are paid by research funders and/or their universities to do research; the published article is the report of the work they have done, rather than an item for commercial gain. The more the article is used, cited, applied and built upon, the better for research as well as for the researcher's career.[28][29] Similarly, the more quickly it is accessible, the better;[28] open access can reduce publication delays, an obstacle which led some research fields such as high-energy physics to adopt widespread preprint access.[30]
Some professional organizations have encouraged use of open access: in 2001, the International Mathematical Union communicated to its members that "Open access to the mathematical literature is an important goal" and encouraged them to "[make] available electronically as much of our own work as feasible" to "[enlarge] the reservoir of freely available primary mathematical material, particularly helping scientists working without adequate library access."[31]
Research funding agencies and universities want to ensure that the research they fund and support in various ways has the greatest possible research impact.[32] As a means of achieving this, research funders are beginning to expect open access to the research they support. Many of them (including all seven UK Research Councils) have already adopted green open access self-archiving mandates, and others are on the way to do so (see ROARMAP).
The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) proposed a mandate in 2006 and adopted it in September 2007,[33] becoming the first North American public research funder to do so. The CIHR Policy on Access to Research Outputs[34] provides two options to researchers: publication in open access journals, and making their manuscripts available in an online central (PubMed Central Canada is recommended) or institutional repository.
In October 2013, the two other Canadian federal funding agencies, the National Science and Engineering Council (NSERC) and the Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) jointly proposed the same mandate as CIHR's, and launched a two-month consultation on what will become the Tri-Agency Open Access Policy.[35]
In May 2006, the US Federal Research Public Access Act (FRPAA)[36] was proposed toward improving the NIH Public Access Policy.[37] Besides points about making open access mandatory, to which the NIH complied in 2008, it argues to extend self-archiving to the full spectrum of major US-funded research. In addition, the FRPAA would no longer stipulate that the self-archiving must be central; the deposit can now be in the author's own institutional repository (IR). The new U.S. National Institutes of Health's Public Access Policy took effect in April 2008 and states that "all articles arising from NIH funds must be submitted to PubMed Central upon acceptance for publication".[38] It stipulates self-archiving in PubMed Central rather than in the author's own institutional repository. In 2012, the NIH announced it would enforce its Public Access Policy by blocking the renewal of grant funds to authors who don't follow the policy.[39]
In February 2013, the Fair Access to Science and Technology Research bill was introduced into both houses of Congress. It was described as a "strengthened version of FRPAA" [40] In the same month, the White House issued a directive requiring federal agencies "with over $100 million in annual conduct of research and development expenditures" to develop, within the next 6 months, a plan to make the peer-reviewed publications directly arising from Federal funding "publicly accessible to search, retrieve, and analyze".[41]
In April 2006, the European Commission[42] recommended: "EC Recommendation A1: "Research funding agencies... should [e]stablish a European policy mandating published articles arising from EC-funded research to be available after a given time period in open access archives..." This recommendation has since been updated and strengthened by the European Research Advisory Board (EURAB).[43] The OpenAIRE (Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe) project has since been started.
To somewhat improve on the European Commission's (and FRPAA's) allowable embargo of up to six months, EURAB has revised the mandate: all articles must be deposited immediately upon acceptance; the allowable delay applies only to the time when access to the deposit must be made open access rather than to the time when it must be deposited. This is intended to permit individual users to use an eprint request "email eprint" button found on some archives to send a semi-automatic email message to the author requesting an individual eprint during the embargo period.[44] This is not open access, but may provide for some needs during any embargo.
A growing number of universities are providing institutional repositories in which their researchers can deposit their published articles. Some open access advocates believe that institutional repositories will play a very important role in responding to open access mandates from funders.[45] EnablingOpenScholarship (EPS) provides universities with OA policy-building.[46]
In May 2005, 16 major Dutch universities cooperatively launched DAREnet, the Digital Academic Repositories, making over 47,000 research papers available to anyone with internet access.[47] From 1 January 2007, at the completion of the DARE programme, KNAW Research Information has taken over responsibility for the DAREnet portal. On 2 June 2008, DAREnet has been incorporated into the scholarly portal NARCIS.[48] At the end of 2009, NARCIS provided access to 185,000 open access publications from all Dutch universities, KNAW, NWO and a number of scientific institutes.
In 2011, a group of universities in North America formed the Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions (COAPI). Starting with 21 institutions where the faculty had either established an open access policy or were in the process of implementing one, COAPI now has nearly 50 members. These institutions' administrators, faculty and librarians, and staff support the international work of the Coalition's awareness-raising and advocacy for open access. Members agree to the following COAPI Principles:
A list of the COAPI institutions and COAPI Affiliate Members is available at the COAPI website hosted by The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC).
Many librarians have been vocal and active advocates of open access. These librarians believe that open access promises to remove both the price barriers and the permission barriers that undermine library efforts to provide access to the journal literature,[50] as well as helping alleviate the serials crisis. Many library associations have either signed major open access declarations, or created their own. For example, the Canadian Library Association endorsed a Resolution on Open Access in June 2005.[51] Librarians also educate faculty, administrators, and others about the benefits of open access. For example, the Association of College and Research Libraries of the American Library Association has developed a Scholarly Communications Toolkit.[52] The Association of Research Libraries has documented the need for increased access to scholarly information, and was a leading founder of the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC).[53][54]
There is a question, however, as to the extent to which open access will solve the serials crisis. In a Nature Web Focus forum, Kate Worlock discusses whether open access is truly the answer to the crisis, or if it is simply an ends to a means in a world with shrinking library budgets. The argument from the publisher is that while the cost of publications have "undisputedly [sic] risen more sharply than the library budgets," the library budget is too small of a portion of the university's (in this example) overall budget at roughly 2%.[55]
At most universities, the library manages the institutional repository, which provides free access to scholarly work by the university's faculty. The Canadian Association of Research Libraries has a program[56] to develop institutional repositories at all Canadian university libraries.
An increasing number of libraries provide hosting services for open access journals. A 2008 survey by the Association of Research Libraries[57] found that 65% of surveyed libraries either are involved in journal publishing, or are planning to become involved in the very near future.[58]
In 2013, open access activist Aaron Swartz was posthumously awarded the American Library Association's James Madison Award for being an "outspoken advocate for public participation in government and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed scholarly articles".[59][60] In March 2013, the entire editorial board and the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Library Administration resigned en masse, citing a dispute with the journal's publisher.[61] One board member wrote of a "crisis of conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access" after the death of Aaron Swartz.[62][63]
The pioneer of the open access movement in France and one of the first librarians to advocate the self-archiving approach to open access worldwide is Hélène Bosc.[64] Her work is described in her "15-year retrospective".[65]
Open access to scholarly research is argued to be important to the public for a number of reasons. One of the arguments for public access to the scholarly literature is that most of the research is paid for by taxpayers through government grants, who therefore have a right to access the results of what they have funded. This is one of the primary reasons for the creation of advocacy groups such as The Alliance for Taxpayer Access in the US.[66] Examples of people who might wish to read scholarly literature include individuals with medical conditions (or family members of such individuals) and serious hobbyists or 'amateur' scholars who may be interested in specialized scientific literature (e.g. amateur astronomers). Additionally, professionals in many fields may be interested in continuing education in the research literature of their field, and many businesses and academic institutions cannot afford to purchase articles from or subscriptions to much of the research literature that is published under a toll access model.
Even those who do not read scholarly articles benefit indirectly from open access.[67] For example, patients benefit when their doctor and other health care professionals have access to the latest research. As argued by open access advocates, open access speeds research progress, productivity, and knowledge translation.[68] Every researcher in the world can read an article, not just those whose library can afford to subscribe to the particular journal in which it appears. Faster discoveries benefit everyone. High school and junior college students can gain the information literacy skills critical for the knowledge age. Critics of the various open access initiatives[who?] point out that there is little evidence that a significant amount of scientific literature is currently unavailable to those who would benefit from it.[69] While no library has subscriptions to every journal that might be of benefit, virtually all published research can be acquired via interlibrary loan.[70] Note that interlibrary loan may take a day or weeks depending on the loaning library and whether they will scan and email, or mail the article. Open access online, by contrast is faster, often immediate, making it more suitable than interlibrary loan for high paced research.
In developing nations, open access archiving and publishing acquires a unique importance. Scientists, health care professionals, and institutions in developing nations often do not have the capital necessary to access scholarly literature, although schemes exist to give them access for little or no cost. Among the most important is HINARI,[71] the Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative, sponsored by the World Health Organization. HINARI, however, also has restrictions. For example, individual researchers may not register as users unless their institution has access,[72] and several countries that one might expect to have access do not have access at all (not even "low-cost" access) (e.g. South Africa).[72]
Many open access projects involve international collaboration. For example the SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online),[73] is a comprehensive approach to full open access journal publishing, involving a number of Latin American countries. Bioline International, a non-profit organization dedicated to helping publishers in developing countries is a collaboration of people in the UK, Canada, and Brazil; the Bioline International Software is used around the world. Research Papers in Economics (RePEc), is a collaborative effort of over 100 volunteers in 45 countries. The Public Knowledge Project in Canada developed the open source publishing software Open Journal Systems (OJS), which is now in use around the world, for example by the African Journals Online group, and one of the most active development groups is Portuguese. This international perspective has resulted in advocacy for the development of open-source appropriate technology and the necessary open access to relevant information for sustainable development.[74][75]
There are various ways in which open access can be provided, with the two most common methods usually categorised as either gold or green open access.
One option for authors who wish to make their work openly accessible is to publish in an open access journal ("gold open access"). There are many business models for open access journals.[76] Open access can be provided by traditional publishers, who may publish open access as well as subscription-based journals, or open access publishers such as Public Library of Science (PLOS), who publish only open access journals. An open access journal may or may not charge a publishing fee; open access publishing does not necessarily mean that the author has to pay. Traditionally, many academic journals levied page charges, long before open access became a possibility. When open access journals do charge processing fees, it is the author's employer or research funder who typically pays the fee, not the individual author, and many journals will waive the fee in cases of financial hardship, or for authors in less-developed countries. Some no-fee journals have institutional subsidies. Examples of open access publishers[11] are BioMed Central and the Public Library of Science.
Roughly 30%[77] of gold open access journals have author fees to cover the cost of publishing (e.g. PLoS fees vary from $1,350 to $2,900[78]) instead of reader subscription fees. Advertising revenue and/or funding from foundations and institutions are also used to provide funding.
Self-archiving, also known as green open access, refers to the practice of depositing articles in an institutional repository or a subject repository such as arXiv.
Green open access journal publishers[79] endorse immediate open access self-archiving by their authors. Open access self-archiving was first formally proposed in 1994[80][81] by Stevan Harnad in his "Subversive Proposal". However, self-archiving was already being done by computer scientists in their local FTP archives in the 1980s,[82] later harvested into CiteSeer. What is deposited can be either a preprint, or the peer-reviewed postprint – either the author's refereed, revised final draft or the publisher's version of record.
To find out if a publisher or journal has given a green light to author self-archiving, the author can check the Publisher Copyright Policies and Self-Archiving list[83] on the SHERPA RoMEO web site. To find out by journal, the author can check the EPrints Romeo site,[84] which is derived from the SHERPA/RoMEO dataset. The EPrints site itself also provides a FAQ [85] on self-archiving. Extensive details and links can also be found in the Open Access Archivangelism blog[86] and the Eprints Open Access site.[87]
Like the self-archived green open access articles, most gold open access journal articles are distributed via the World Wide Web,[3] due to low distribution costs, increasing reach, speed, and increasing importance for scholarly communication. Open source software is sometimes used for institutional repositories,[88] open access journal websites,[89] and other aspects of open access provision and open access publishing.
Access to online content requires Internet access, and this distributional consideration presents physical and sometimes financial barriers to access. Proponents of open access argue that Internet access barriers are relatively low in many circumstances, that efforts should be made to subsidize universal Internet access, whereas pay-for-access presents a relatively high additional barrier over and above Internet access itself.[citation needed]
The Directory of Open Access Journals lists a number of peer-reviewed open access journals for browsing and searching. Open access articles can also often be found with a web search, using any general search engine or those specialized for the scholarly and scientific literature, such as OAIster and Google Scholar.
Many universities, research institutions and research funders have adopted mandates requiring their researchers to provide open access to their peer-reviewed research articles by self-archiving them in an open access repository.[90] Some publishers and publisher associations have lobbied against introducing mandates.[91][92][93][94]
The idea of mandating self-archiving was mooted at least as early as 1998.[95] Since 2003[96] efforts have been focused on open access mandating by the funders of research: governments,[97] research funding agencies,[98] and universities.[90]
The Registry of Open Access Repository Mandatory Archiving Policies (ROARMAP) is a searchable international database charting the growth of open access mandates. As of May 2014, mandates have been adopted by over 200 universities (including Harvard, MIT, Stanford, University College London, and University of Edinburgh) and over 80 research funders worldwide.[99]
The "article processing charges" which are often used for open access journals shift the burden of payment from readers to authors, which creates a new set of concerns. One concern is that if a publisher makes a profit from accepting papers, it has an incentive to accept anything submitted, rather than selecting and rejecting articles based on quality. This could be remedied, however, by charging for the peer-review rather than acceptance.[100] Another concern is that institutional budgets may need to be adjusted in order to provide funding for the "article processing charges" required to publish in many open access journals (e.g. those published by BioMed Central[101]). It has been argued that this may reduce the ability to publish research results due to lack of sufficient funds, leading to some research not becoming a part of the public record.[102] Unless discounts are available to authors from countries with low incomes or external funding is provided to cover the cost, article processing charges could exclude authors from developing countries or less well-funded research fields from publishing in open access journals. However, under the traditional model, the prohibitive costs of some non-open access journal subscriptions already place a heavy burden on the research community; and if green open access self-archiving eventually makes subscriptions unsustainable, the cancelled subscription savings can pay the gold open access publishing costs without the need to divert extra money from research.[103] Moreover, many open access publishers offer discounts or publishing fee waivers to authors from developing countries or those suffering financial hardship. Self-archiving of non-open access publications provides a low cost alternative model.[104]
Another concern is the redirection of money by major funding agencies such as the National Institutes of Health and the Wellcome Trust from the direct support of research to the support of publication. The Wellcome Trust spends over £400 million (over US$700 million) a year on biomedical research. Robert Terry, Senior Policy Advisor at the Wellcome Trust, has said that he feels that 1–2% of their research budget will change from the creation of knowledge to the dissemination of knowledge.[105] This is £4–8 million of research a year that is being lost to cover the cost of publication. In the past, grants from such agencies typically funded only research projects themselves, and the costs of publication were borne by journal subscribers. By adding support for gold open access charges onto grant funding, these agencies redirect money that would otherwise have supported new research projects, with the result that access to research results greatly increases while the number of projects funded decreases. Some argue that in light of this issue, green open access self-archiving should come before gold open access publishing.[citation needed] This fulfills the need for open access. If green open access leads to institutions cancelling subscriptions, making subscriptions unsustainable as the means of covering the costs of publication, then that in turn will induce journals to cut costs and convert to gold open access publishing. Meanwhile, the subscription cancellations will have released the institutional funds to pay for publishing via gold open access fees.[citation needed]
As long as subscription publication continues to prevail (as it still does for a majority of journals today, including many of the top journals),[citation needed] the institutional funds that could potentially pay gold open access publication fees are still locked into subscriptions to the journals that their institutional users need to access. Cancelling them is not possible unless those user access needs can be fulfilled by some alternative means of access. Meanwhile, publication costs are being paid for in full by the institutional subscriptions. So the only thing lacking is access for those users whose institutions cannot afford subscriptions. It has been argued that the global adoption of green open access self-archiving mandates by all institutions and funders could result in both access for all users lacking it, and an eventual alternative means of access even for users at subscribing institutions (allowing their institutions to cancel their subscriptions and free them to pay for gold open access publication fees).[106][107][108][109]
Outside of science and academia, it is unusual for producers of creative output to be financially compensated on anything other than a pay-for-access model. (Notable exceptions include open source software and public broadcasting.) Successful writers, for example, support themselves by the revenues generated by people purchasing copies of their works; publishing houses are able to finance the publication of new authors based on anticipated revenues from sales of those that are successful. It could be argued that without direct financial compensation via pay-for-access, many authors would be unable to afford to write, but this argument does not apply to most academic publishing because journals do not pay royalties to article authors and researchers are usually funded by their institutions and funders.[110]
Even before the advent of the Internet various models were proposed to increase access to academic research.
One early proponent of the publisher-pays model was the physicist Leó Szilárd. To help stem the flood of low-quality publications, he jokingly suggested in the 1940s that at the beginning of his career each scientist should be issued with 100 vouchers to pay for his papers. Closer to our own day, but still ahead of its time, was Common Knowledge. This was an attempt to share information for the good of all, the brainchild of Brower Murphy, formerly of The Library Corporation. Both Brower and Common Knowledge are recognised in the Library Microcomputer Hall of Fame.[111] One of Mahatma Gandhi's earliest publications, Hind Swaraj published in Gujarati in 1909 is recognised as the intellectual blueprint of India's freedom movement. The book was translated into English the next year, with a copyright legend that read "No Rights Reserved".[112]
The modern open access movement (as a social movement) traces its history at least back to the 1950s, with the Letterist International (LI) placing anything in their journal Potlatch in the public domain. As the LI merged to form the Situationist International, Guy Debord wrote to Patrick Straram "All the material published by the Situationist International is, in principle, usable by everyone, even without acknowledgement, without the preoccupations of literary property." This was to facilitate detournement.[113] It became much more prominent in the 1990s with the advent of the Digital Age. With the spread of the Internet and the ability to copy and distribute electronic data at no cost, the arguments for open access gained new importance. The fixed cost of producing the article is separable from the minimal marginal cost of the online distribution.
Probably the earliest book publisher to provide open access was the National Academies Press, publisher for the National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, and other arms of the National Academies. They have provided free online full-text editions of their books alongside priced, printed editions since 1994, and assert that the online editions promote sales of the print editions. As of June 2006 they had more than 3,600 books up online for browsing, searching, and reading.
An explosion of interest and activity in open access journals has occurred since the 1990s, largely due to the widespread availability of Internet access. It is now possible to publish a scholarly article and also make it instantly accessible anywhere in the world where there are computers and Internet connections. The fixed cost of producing the article is separable from the minimal marginal cost of the online distribution.
These new possibilities emerged at a time when the traditional, print-based scholarly journals system was in a crisis. The number of journals and articles produced had been increasing at a steady rate; however the average cost per journal had been rising at a rate far above inflation for decades, and budgets at academic libraries have remained fairly static.[citation needed] The result was decreased access – ironically, just when technology has made almost unlimited access a very real possibility, for the first time. Libraries and librarians have played an important part in the open access movement, initially by alerting faculty and administrators to the serials crisis. The Association of Research Libraries developed the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC), in 1997, an alliance of academic and research libraries and other organizations, to address the crisis and develop and promote alternatives, such as open access.
The first online-only, free-access journals (eventually to be called "open access journals") began appearing in the late 1980s. Among them were Bryn Mawr Classical Review,[114] Postmodern Culture[115] and Psycoloquy.[116]
The first free scientific online archive was arXiv.org, started in 1991, initially a preprint service for physicists, initiated by Paul Ginsparg. Self-archiving has become the norm in physics, with some sub-areas of physics, such as high-energy physics, having a 100% self-archiving rate. The prior existence of a "preprint culture" in high-energy physics is one major reason why arXiv has been successful.[117] arXiv now includes papers from related disciplines including computer science, mathematics, nonlinear sciences, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, and statistics.[118] However, computer scientists mostly self-archive on their own websites and have been doing so for even longer than physicists. arXiv now includes postprints as well as preprints.[119] The two major physics publishers, American Physical Society and Institute of Physics Publishing, have reported that arXiv has had no effect on journal subscriptions in physics; even though the articles are freely available, usually before publication, physicists value their journals and continue to support them.[120]
Computer scientists had been self-archiving on their own FTP sites and then their websites since even earlier than the physicists, as was revealed when Citeseer began harvesting their papers in the late 1990s. Citeseer is a computer science archive that harvests, Google-style, from distributed computer science websites and institutional repositories, and contains almost twice as many papers as arXiv. The 1994 "Subversive Proposal"[121] was to extend self-archiving to all other disciplines; from it arose CogPrints (1997) and eventually the OAI-compliant generic GNU Eprints.org software in 2000.[122]
In 1997, the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) made Medline, the most comprehensive index to medical literature on the planet, freely available in the form of PubMed. Usage of this database increased a tenfold when it became free, strongly suggesting that prior limits on usage were impacted by lack of access. While indexes are not the main focus of the open access movement, Medline is important in that it opened up a whole new form of use of scientific literature – by the public, not just professionals.[123] The Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR),[124] one of the first open access journals in medicine, was created in 1998, publishing its first issue in 1999.
In 1998, the American Scientist Open Access Forum[125] was launched (and first called the "September98 Forum").
In 1999, Harold Varmus of the NIH proposed a journal called E-biomed, intended as an open access electronic publishing platform combining a preprint server with peer-reviewed articles.[126] E-biomed later saw light in a revised form[127] as PubMed Central, a postprint archive.
It was also in 1999 that the Open Archives Initiative and its OAI-PMH protocol for metadata harvesting was launched in order to make online archives interoperable.
In 2000, BioMed Central, a for-profit open access publisher, was launched by the then Current Science Group (the founder of the Current Opinion series, and now known as the Science Navigation Group).[128] In some ways, BioMed Central resembles Harold Varmus' original E-biomed proposal more closely than does PubMed Central.[129] As of October 2013 BioMed Central publishes over 250 journals.[130]
In 2001, 34,000[131] scholars around the world signed "An Open Letter to Scientific Publishers", calling for "the establishment of an online public library that would provide the full contents of the published record of research and scholarly discourse in medicine and the life sciences in a freely accessible, fully searchable, interlinked form".[132] Scientists signing the letter also pledged not to publish in or peer-review for non-open access journals. This led to the establishment of the Public Library of Science, an advocacy organization. However, most scientists continued to publish and review for non-open access journals. PLoS decided to become an open access publisher aiming to compete at the high quality end of the scientific spectrum with commercial publishers and other open access journals, which were beginning to flourish.[133] Critics have argued that, equipped with a $10 million grant, PLoS competes with smaller open access journals for the best submissions and risks destroying what it originally wanted to foster.[134]
The first major international statement on open access was the Budapest Open Access Initiative in February 2002, launched by the Open Society Institute.[135] This provided the first definition of open access, and has a growing list of signatories.[136] Two further statements followed: the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing[137] in June 2003 and the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities in October 2003. Also in 2003, the World Summit on the Information Society included open access in its Declaration of Principles and Plan of Action.[138]
In 2006, a Federal Research Public Access Act was introduced in US Congress by senators John Cornyn and Joe Lieberman.[139][140] The act continues to be brought up every year since then, but has never made it past committee.[141]
Perhaps the first dedicated publisher of open access monographs in the humanities was re.press who published their first title in that 2006. Two years later in 2008 Open Humanities Press, another publisher of humanities monographs, was launched. Most recently, the Open Library of Humanities is set to launch in 2014.
In 2007, MIT OpenCourseWare, an initiative of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to put all of the educational materials from their undergraduate and graduate level courses online, hit a monthly traffic record of over 2 million visits.[142] Since then, university students have also begun sharing notes and knowledge through open access platforms. Platforms like GradeGuru are providing an open access community for students to share notes and peer review their materials.
In 2008, USENIX, the advanced computing systems association, implemented an open access policy for their conference proceedings. In 2011 they added audio and video recordings of paper presentations to the material to which they provide open access.[143]
In 2013, John Holdren, Barack Obama's director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, issued a memorandum directing United States' Federal Agencies with more than $100M in annual R&D expenditures to develop plans within six months to make the published results of federally funded research freely available to the public within one year of publication.[144][145]
In 2013, the UK Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) proposed adopting a mandate that in order to be eligible for submission to the UK Research Excellence Framework (REF) all peer-reviewed journal articles submitted after 2014 must be deposited in the author's institutional repository immediately upon acceptance for publication, regardless of whether the article is published in a subscription journal or in an open access journal. HEFCE expresses no journal preference, places no restriction on authors' choice and requires the deposit itself to be immediate, irrespective of whether the publisher imposes an embargo (for an allowable embargo period that remains to be decided) on the date at which access to the deposit can be made open.[146][147] The HEFCE/REF mandate proposal complements the recent Research Councils UK (RCUK) mandate that requires all articles resulting from RCUK funding to be made open access by 6 months after publication at the latest (12 months for arts and humanities articles).[148]
HEFCE also provided grants to universities in England[149] wishing to participate in the Pilot Collection of Knowledge Unlatched, a not-for-profit organisation enabling humanities and social sciences monographs to become open access. The Pilot Collection ran from October 2013 to February 2014 and 297 libraries and institutions worldwide participated in 'unlatching' the collection of 28 titles. 61 of these participating institutions were university libraries in England eligible for the HEFCE grant of 50% towards the $1195 participation fee.[150]
A study published in 2010 showed that roughly 20% of the total number of peer-reviewed articles published in 2008 could be found openly accessible.[151] 8.5% of the journal literature could be found free at the publishers' sites (gold open access), of which 62% in full open access journals, 14% in delayed-access subscription journals, and 24% as individually open articles in otherwise subscription journals. For an additional 11.9% of the articles, open access full text copies were available via green open access in either subject-based repositories (43%), institutional repositories (24%) or on the home pages of the authors or their departments (33%). These copies were further classified into exact copies of the published article (38%), manuscripts as accepted for publishing (46%) or manuscripts as submitted (15%). Another study published in 2013 found that 7.9 percent of all academic journals with Impact Factors were gold open access journals by 2010.[152]
In the 2010 study, of all scientific fields chemistry had the lowest overall share of open access (13%), while Earth Sciences had the highest (33%). In medicine, biochemistry and chemistry gold publishing in open access journals was more common than author self-archiving. In all other fields self-archiving was more common.
In August 2013, a study done for the European Commission reported that 50% of a random sample of all articles published in 2011 as indexed by Scopus were freely accessible online by the end of 2012.[153][154][155]
A study on the development of publishing of open access journals from 1993 to 2009 [156] published in 2011 suggests that, measured both by the number of journals as well as by the increases in total article output, direct gold open access journal publishing has seen rapid growth particularly between the years 2000 and 2009. It was estimated that there were around 19,500 articles published open access in 2000, while the number has grown to 191,850 articles in 2009. The journal count for the year 2000 is estimated to have been 740, and 4769 for 2009; numbers which show considerable growth, albeit at a more moderate pace than the article-level growth. These findings support the notion that open access journals have increased both in numbers and in average annual output over time.
The development of the number of active open access journals and the number of research articles published in them during the period 1993–2009 is shown in the figure above. If these gold open access growth curves are extrapolated to the next two decades, the Laakso et al. (Björk) curve would reach 60% in 2019, and the Springer curve would reach 60% in 2025 as shown in the figure below.[157]
The Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR) indexes the creation, location and growth of open access institutional repositories and their contents.[10] As of May 2014, over 3,000 institutional and cross-institutional repositories have been registered in ROAR.[158]
Two major studies[159][160] dispute the claim that open access articles lead to more citations. Using a randomized controlled trial of open access publishing involving 36 participating journals in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities, researchers from Cornell University report on the effects of free access on article downloads and citations. Articles placed in the open access condition (n=712) received significantly more downloads and reached a broader audience within the first year, yet were cited no more frequently, nor earlier, than subscription-access control articles (n=2533) within 3 years.
There are many other studies,[24] however, both major and minor, that report that open access does lead to significantly more citations. For example, a 2010 study – on a much larger and broader sample (27,197 articles in 1,984 journals) than the Cornell University study – used institutionally mandated open access instead of randomized open access to control for any bias on the part of authors toward self-selectively making their better (hence more citeable) articles open access. The result was a replication of the repeatedly reported open access citation advantage, with the advantage being equal in size and significance whether the open access was self-selected or mandated.[27]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Open access (publishing). |
Library resources about Open access |


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Brighton Beach Lomo
Brighton beach. Melbourne, Australia.
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DNG Smackexe
Senior Member
WP DrSmiles
Hey, The Morgue here. I'd be interested in trying out a clan. I've been playing only for a few months and have a good understanding of the mechanics, math and strategy to playing LoL. I'm having trouble getting my elo up as randoms cant really pull together like premades can. I play on the NA servers, have vent, xfire, skype, mic and can dl any other voice chats if needed. I enjoy playing AD carrys, AP carrys, supports, junglers... pretty much anything the team needs. I have a good 20+ champs available to me and 2 full rune pages, workin on more. Hit me up when ever. ~,o The Morgue
Bump for being an awesome clan!
Junior Member
If you are interested in joining us please feel free to come to our Dirt Nap Gaming Forums and apply today. Then you'll be provided with our Teamspeak information and get to start practicing with some of our many members. We are actively seeing 15-40 people online in our chat channel who are forming games. This number is growing daily, as less than a week ago it was around 6-15 online in the chat channel. And closing in on 100 members/applicants in less than a week.
Woot Woot, Representing Dirt Nap with a Nocturne Penta Kill last night! My first ever. Team play and not having to play with randoms is awesome. Come check us out on the Dirt Nap Gaming Forums to apply today. Then come join us in the "DirtNap" chat channel in game (one word for channel name) and on Teamspeak 3: ts.dirtnapgaming.com


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BOSTON — The enduring image of Game Two is probably Zdeno Chara laughing in the face of Brendan Smith as the Detroit defenseman attempted to goad the 6-foot-9, 255-pound Bruins captain into throwing a punch at him after the final horn of the first period.
As the crowd roared, Chara and Smith, older brother of Boston's Reilly Smith, exchanged shoves and taunts before a linesman broke it up. Both received roughing penalties.
Asked about it after the game, Chara said it was "nothing really, it's just, that's playoff hockey."
Reilly Smith of the Bruins questioned the strategy of his brother, who is 6-foot-2 and 200 pounds. "[Chara] wouldn't be the first guy I'd choose in the NHL to go against. He should probably think twice next time," Reilly Smith said.
He wasn't overly concerned for Brendan's safety.
"That's the least of my worries right now. I don't think Chara is too worried. It's a moot point in the entire series and the whole outcome of the game," he said.
Special effort
Boston won the special teams battle decisively on Sunday.
The Bruins went 2-for-4 with the man-advantage, and the penalty-kill was a perfect 4-for-4.
"Our power play has been good, as you know. A lot better this year. And the big thing is, can they continue to produce in the playoffs. I know we won in the past without having a power play — L.A. did the same thing [two years ago]," said Boston coach Claude Julien.
"Our penalty kill right now is doing a pretty good job, but when you have both units able to do the job, that helps a lot. Obviously, it was a big difference tonight."
Miller back in action
Kevan Miller returned to the lineup after missing Game One with the flu, playing 19:52 and making his presence felt with some hard checks.
"He's a physical guy, he's a real competitor, and you saw that there tonight, especially in the first five minutes," said Milan Lucic.
"Millsy, right from the start, he helped set the tone with a couple of big hits," said Jarome Iginla.
Added Torey Krug: "He's out there blowing guys up."
Not their time
While Miller returned, Matt Bartkowski (flu), Dan Paille (concussion) and Chris Kelly (back) did not play.
Corey Potter was a scratch after warmups, when it was decided that Miller was able to play.
Julien said all players will travel with the team to Detroit after practicing at the Garden on Monday morning.
They took the bait
Detroit coach Mike Babcock didn't sound thrilled over his team's decision to engage in more after-the-whistle pushing and shoving with the bigger, stronger Bruins than in Game One.
"I just think you've got to decide what you want to do. Do you want to play like them or play like us," Babcock said.
Goalie Jimmy Howard agreed.
"I think we've got to stay out of the BS out there and just play whistle to whistle and not worry about getting into scrums or anything like that and proving your manhood out there. Just skate, play our hockey. Get back to playing our game," he said.
Where's the consistency?
Asked before the game for his overall impressions of the first round, Babcock had an interesting take on the officiating in the NHL.
"Too many penalties. Same as every year. In the first round of the playoffs, they call too many penalties, too tight. Then you loosen it off until there's no penalties by the end. It's the same every year. We say the standard's the same? OK," said Babcock, who has won a Stanley Cup (2008) and two gold medals (2010 and 2014) as head coach of Canada's Olympic team.
On Twitter: @MarkDivver


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any chance you were thinking of putting this on a tee? i would very much consider buying it on white or ash grey or natural or maybe silver. unless you're thinking of subbing it at threadless...
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Collect your choice of gallery quality Giclée, or fine art prints custom trimmed by hand in a variety of sizes with a white border for framing.


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Lexham English Bible (LEB) | New International Version (NIV) |
2 And Jehu son of Hanani the seer went out to meet him. And he said to King Jehoshaphat, "Should you [be] a help to the wicked and love those who hate Yahweh? On account of this, wrath [has come] against you from Yahweh. | 2 Jehu the seer, the son of Hanani, went out to meet him and said to the king, "Should you help the wicked and love those who hate the LORD? Because of this, the wrath of the LORD is upon you. |
Scripture quotations marked (LEB) are from the Lexham English Bible. Copyright 2012 Logos Bible Software. Lexham is a registered trademark of Logos Bible Software. (Lexham English Bible) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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Fabulously decorated, first floor condo at the beautiful 'Villages at McCormick Ranch'. Plenty of
light and definitely not a 'closed-in' feeling in this spacious end-unit. Large, wrap-around patio
with entrance from Master bedroom, living room and dining room offers chaise lounges and tables for
seating 8 people comfortably. The showcase vegetation off the patio is lush and green, creating a
serene setting. The 2nd bedroom has its' own patio.
Sleeps 5 comfortably: Cal-King in Master, Queen in 2nd bedroom and a twin-size roll-out bed.
3 TVs, internet, fully-equipped kitchen and plenty of linens offer you all the comforts of home.
In-unit, extra-capacity washer and dryer for your convenience.
A few minutes easy access to Loop 101, connecting with major routes to all the fun and/or business
connections you need: horseback riding, hiking, biking, hot-air balooning, scenin tours, casinos,
entertainment & nightclubbing . . . . and many more.
Barrett Jackson Automobile Auction (1/13 - 1/21) - 10 mins.
Phoenix Airport (PHX) - 15 mins. FBR Open (Phx Open) - 15 mins.
Arabian Horse Show - 10 mins. Tostitos Fiesta Bowl (ASU) - 10-15 mins.
Spring Training - 15 mins. (SF Giants), others (20-30 mins.)
Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale Healthcare & many medical facilities - 5 - 30 mins.
World-renowned Golf courses - 10 or more mins.
World-famous shopping areas & Casinos - 10 or more mins.
Tonto National Forest - 45-60 mins.
Sedona & Oak Creek Canyon - 90 mins.
Flagstaff or Tucson - 9-120 mins.
Grand Canyon, Painted Desert or Rocky Point, Mexico all within 3-3.5 hour distance
Rate Period | Nightly | Weekend Night | Weekly | Monthly | Event | ||||
My Standard Rate
Feb 1 2014 - Feb 1 2015
1 night minimum stay
Payment is usually accepted in the quoted currency (US Dollar) unless the currency and the amount is specifically agreed in advance with the owner / advertiser.


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STOCK PICKS: Top 5 Mid-Caps for July 24
Each business day, TheStreet.com Ratings compiles a list of the top five stocks in five categories -- fast-growth, all-around value, large-cap, mid-cap and small-cap -- and publishes these lists in the Ratings section of our Web site.
This list is based on data from the close of the previous trading session. Today we focus on mid-caps. These are stocks of companies that have market capitalizations of between $500 million and $10 billion that rank near the top of all stocks rated by our proprietary quantitative model, which looks at more than 60 factors.
The stocks must also be followed by at least one financial analyst who posts estimates on the Institutional Brokers' Estimate System. They are ordered by their potential to appreciate.
Note that no provision is made for off-balance-sheet assets such as unrealized appreciation/depreciation of investments, market value of real estate or contingent liabilities that might affect book value. This could be material for some companies with large underfunded pension plans.
Strayer Education (STRA - Get Report) is a for-profit post-secondary education services corporation. The company's mission is to make high quality, post-secondary education achievable and convenient for working adults in today's economy. Our buy rating for Strayer has not changed since March 2003, and is based on a variety of strengths that include the company's revenue and net income growth and its largely solid financial position. For the first quarter of fiscal 2008, Strayer's revenue rose 21% year over year due to increased enrollment and a 5% tuition increase that went into effect in January 2008. As a result, earnings per share improved 26%, while net income increased 25% from $18.81 million in the first quarter of fiscal 2007 to $23.52 million. Another favorable sign for the company is that it is debt free, resulting in a debt-to-equity ratio of zero.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Raytown Soccer Club
Phone: 816-313-7721 ~~~ Fax: 816-313-0729
Office: 6124 Blue Ridge Bd., Suite 117, Raytown, MO 64133
Fields: 14200 E 87 St., Kansas City, MO
(Next to Little Blue Trace softball fields at 350 HW and Noland Rd.)
Raytown Soccer Club is comprised of local competitive and recreational youth soccer teams in the Kansas City, MO area. We host two seasons of youth outdoor league soccer and 3 tournaments a year, and take great pride in our facility and the high level of customer service we provide to our participants.
We respond to e-mails and other requests for service promptly.
We are a non-profit dedicated to youth soccer since 1968!
Spring 2015 Sign up Times
Wednesday January 7, 2015 6pm-8pm (10% off for returning players)
Saturday January 10, 2015 10am-2pm
Thursday January 15, 2015 6pm-8pm
Saturday January 17, 2015 10am-2pm
Wednesday January 21, 2015 6pm-8pm
The office is open from 9:30 am to 2:30 pm during the week for sign-ups,
except on Wednesdays 9:00 am to 12:00 pm.
Excel Template for Stickyback Lineup Cards, Avery 5168 Labels
Using the template above, enter your team's information, print your lineup cards for the whole season and save time!
Spring 2015 Team Registration Form
Player Registration Form
KC Metro League Important Dates
Spring 2015
Team signup deadline – January 15th, 2015
January 22 – First Bracket meeting. Brackets posted next day. All teams must be signed up with their HOME LEAGUE prior to this date.
January 28- Bracket challenge deadline at noon
January 30 – Final Bracket posted. Schedule Request Deadline
March 4 – Schedules Posted on kcml website after 5 pm
March 14/15 – First Weekend of Play
April 5 – No Play – Easter Sunday
KC CUP Tournament – Apil 17-19th
May 16/17 – Last Weekend Scheduled Play. Play may continue past this date if needed for rainouts.
Rain Out Hotline: (913) 599-9959 ext. 5
Follow prompts for away games played at other fields, as each league cancels independently.
Reschedules It is the responsibility of the home team to contact the away team and agree upon a few options for reschedules. You then need to email and submit those time requests to email@example.com to check for field availability. You can find the other coach's contact information by clicking on the blue question mark in the box next to your scheduled game.
If you are interested in being a referee for Raytown Soccer Club, please email email@example.com
No Pets allowed at the complex
NO PARKING on 87th Street or Fish Road (on the east side of our complex)
Park at your own risk—League not responsible for damage to personal property from airborne balls


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Creative Arts
Argentine Tango 1
If you can walk, you can tango! Tango is rewarding right from the start and provides a lifetime of discovery. This class welcomes you into the tango community. No partner necessary.
Beginning African Dance
Join West African Cultural Arts Institute for a beginning dance class that teaches the fundamentals of African dance in a positive and encouraging environment! Dancers will follow along at a comfortable pace while getting an excellent workout. Expand upon your movement vocabulary, deepen spacial and kinesthetic awareness, develop physical strength and endurance as well as learn about the rich cultural history of the dances. No experience necessary! Live drumming!
Middle Eastern Dance
Start your weekend with a shimmy! Explore the ancient and exotic movements and music of Egyptian-style Belly Dance in a fun and supportive environment. Learn classical & modern moves from a teacher who has studied with top instructors of the dance for over 10 years. You'll learn all the moves: isolations, foundation movements, and traveling steps, plus how to put them together in simple combinations. No previous dance experience necessary. Performance opportunities available!
See more dance classes. Click the link below!
View and Register for courses.
For more information contact Continuing Education at (541) 463-6100.


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2.68% | Market Vectors Environmental Services ETF (EVX) | -1.92 (-2.94%) |
**Green highlights the top performing ETF by % change in the past 100 days.
Company Description (as filed with the SEC)
Newpark Resources, Inc. was organized in 1932 as a Nevada corporation. In 1991, we changed our state of incorporation to Delaware. We are a diversified oil and gas industry supplier providing products and services primarily to the oil and gas exploration ("E&P") industry. We operate our business through three reportable segments: Fluids Systems and Engineering, Mats and Integrated Services, and Environmental Services. Our Fluids Systems and Engineering segment provides customized drilling fluids solutions to E&P customers globally, operating through four geographic regions: North America, Europe, the Middle East and Africa ("EMEA"), Latin America, and Asia Pacific. Our Mats and Integrated Services segment provides composite mat rentals, well site construction and related well site services to E&P customers in the U.S. We also sell composite mats to E&P customers outside of the U.S., and to domestic customers outside of the oil and gas industry. ... More ...
Additional Info
Analyst Info
Annual EPS Est: | $0.68 |
Quarterly EPS Est: | 0.23 |
PEG Ratio: | .01 |
Mean Recommendation: |
2.17 |


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Thu, May 23, 13 at 16:24
Hi there!! I know this is a geranium (I'm a newbie here) but I'm not sure exactly what type it is or where/how I should deadhead? Thank you :)! |
Follow-Up Postings:
It's a zonal pelargonium, commonly, but botanically-speaking incorrectly, known as 'Geraniums'. There are literally hundreds of varieties so I can't name this particular one for you but care-wise it makes no difference.To deadhead just wait until all or most of the florets on a cluster are over and, holding it at the base, bend the stem of the whole cluster sideways. It will snap off at the main stem. Don't bother trying to dead head individual florets. |
This post was edited by flora_uk on Fri, May 24, 13 at 9:03
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Photograph courtesy Joerg Mitter, Red Bull Content Pool
Updated 5:47 p.m. ET, October 10, 2012
Between ill winds and uncooperative electronics, Felix Baumgartner just couldn't catch a break Tuesday. After recovering from a communications malfunction within his capsule, the sky diver's supersonic-skydive launch was canceled at 11:42, mountain time, when gusting winds above a Roswell, New Mexico, runway threatened his thin-skinned helium balloon.
The Red Bull Stratos team hopes to begin anew on Sunday. For now, they're watching the winds—and waiting. "It takes patience to get just the right weather conditions," team meteorologist Don Day told National Geographic News late last week.
"Takeoff will not be authorized if winds exceed about 2 mph [3.2 kph] from ground level through 800 feet [244 meters] in altitude," Day said.
Gusts like today's—which were focused at about 700 feet [213 meters], near the crest of the balloon—could possibly tear Baumgartner's 0.0008-inch-thick (0.02-millimeter-thick) plastic balloon or overturn the stabilizing crane that prevents the pressurized capsule from ascending too soon.
Either would have meant trouble for the Austrian pilot and parachutist.
"There are hazards all through the flight," Red Bull Stratos Medical Director Jon Clark said. "On the ascent, it starts with the potential for balloon failure in the first few thousand feet, when there wouldn't be enough time for the capsule parachute to deploy or for Felix to bail out."
Baumgartner to Break Records
If all goes to plan Sunday, Baumgartner will climb to around 23 miles (37 kilometers) in a pressurized capsule attached to history's largest helium balloon—55 stories tall and as wide as a football field. When the high-altitude weather is right and all systems are go, he'll exit the capsule in a pressurized suit and free-fall to Earth.
Seven years in the making, the jump is expected to break records for the highest, fastest, and longest-duration skydive. Baumgartner's team estimates he will reach Mach 1.2—roughly 690 miles (1,110 kilometers) an hour—and free-fall for five and a half minutes before opening a parachute at 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).
But first, Baumgartner will have to run a gauntlet of potentially deadly risks.
Should his pressurized suit tear, for starters, the lack of atmospheric pressure at extreme altitudes could cause Baumgartner's blood to boil. And if his body goes into a so-called flat spin—rotating perhaps hundreds of times a minute—he could suffer extreme eye and brain injury.
What's more, the dangers of exceeding the speed of sound without the propulsion, or protection, of a vehicle are unknown.
"We try to anticipate as much as we can about supersonic speed, but we really don't know, because nobody has done this before," Clark said.
"Our analysis of the aerodynamic loads indicate the dynamic pressure at 120,000 feet [36,600 meters] will not be excessive, so we don't think he will encounter shock-shock interaction"—damage due to shock waves generated when the sound barrier is broken. "But we don't know for certain."
(See "Supersonic Skydive's Five Biggest Risks: Boiling Blood, Deadly Spins, and Worse.")
Passing the Torch
If Baumgartner does become the first human to achieve supersonic speed with just his body—and without breaking his body—he will break new scientific ground, in addition to a raft of records.
The current free fall record is held by Joseph Kittinger, a retired U.S. Air Force colonel and current Red Bull Stratos team member, who plummeted 19.5 miles (31.3 kilometers) on August 16, 1960. (See classic pictures of Kittinger's skydive.)
More than one man has died trying to break the 52-year-old record, but Kittinger has faith in Baumgartner, whom he calls dedicated and sincere. And, as he says in the National Geographic Channel documentary Space Dive, "The only way to ensure safety is to stay on the ground."
More Supersonic-Skydive Coverage
Watch Supersonic Skydive Live: Video of Felix Baumgartner's Jump
Inside the Original Space Dive: Joseph Kittinger on 1960 Record Jump
- Austrian Prepares to Skydive From the Stratosphere
In November, get the story behind Baumgartner's jump in Space Dive, airing on the National Geographic Channel (Date TBD). (The Channel is part-owned by the National Geographic Society, which owns National Geographic News.)
On TV: U.S. Exclusive
Space Dive on Nat Geo Channel
Coming in November: Watch never before seen, exclusive footage of Felix Baumgartner's skydive on the National Geographic Channel.
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Why Airfares Aren't Falling Despite Cheap Oil
Some homeowners are seeing high heating and electric bills also, even though gas prices have fallen to their lowest point in years.
The Future of Food
Why Food Matters
How do we feed nine billion people by 2050, and how do we do so sustainably?
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Teeth Whitening
What is teeth whitening
Are you suffering from stained teeth? Do you have dental cavities that need filling or fillings that you would like replaced with a natural looking color. Do you have missing teeth that you are embarrassed about. These are just of the few areas that cosmetic dentistry address.
Many people suffer from discolored teeth and this can occur from having coffee or smoking tabaccoo with are the main 2 things that most affect the color of your teeth. Discolored teeth look unattractive and can be a cause for self consciousness. Many people try and get their teeth to be white again with different products that you can get for the internet but often they do not work very well. It is best to let your dental specialist do this for you as this is one of the things that they do best.
Dental Fillings
Dental Fillings
The amount of people that have dental cavities is rather alarming which has given rise to the need the dental industry develop filling materials to suit what people desire to have. Dental fillers are needed to stop further decay and to protect the nerve in root of your tooth from being affected. There are 4 main that are widely used in cosmetic dentistry. Glass ionomer is widely used these days as it works well and is clear in color. Gold fillings or an option some people choose. It is more expensive than other filling materials and it usually lasts are 10 to 15yrs.
Porcelain fillings are a very popular choice for most people are it is a natural white color and is cost effective and looks good. Another option is silver amalgam which is mixture of materials but is not as good an option as Porcelain. You can read more about the on the dental fillings page of the website.
Affordable Dental Implants
Dental Implants
As people get older the ones youth and beauty starts to fade. This is a unfortunate fact of life and little can be done to make a real difference to the appearance of ones face. There are various creams and lotions that promise all sorts of solutions for wrinkles and skin that is starting to sag. The reality is that only a face lift can effectively tighten the skin on the face and make it look as though you have turned back the clock 5 to 10 years.
This is a common procedure for older people who desire to reduce the visible signs of aging. The procedure only takes a few hours and the healing time is quite quick. If you are thinking about dental inplants than you should visit our Parramatta dental clinic and speak to one of our professionals.
What Are Dental Cavities
Dental Cavities
Dental cavities are the result of a general lack of dental care which leads to dental decay. Most people have dental cavities but with a little amount of prevention you can easily protect against getting any. If you are eating a diet high in sugar than you will likely experience dental decay and develop gum problems and cavities. Dental cavities are not fun when you get them as they can be wuite painful and start to effect the nerve in your teeth and if left unchecked could lead to a root canal treatment. You can read more about dental cavities here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_caries
Overview of Dental Cavities?
Cavities are also known as tooth decay or dental caries. These are caused due to the destruction of tooth enamel. There are different varieties of cavities. The most common type among them is coronal cavities which affect the chewing teeth. This disease is a serious problem which cannot be taken light. This can also lead to other major illness. Dental Cavities are not just caused by food, but there are many other factors that help in their production. Human lifestyle and oral hygiene regimen and some other dental products lead to the growth of Dental Cavities. There are many reasons, which lead to tooth decay like consumption of food which mainly of sweets and carbohydrates. Regular smoking, heavy consumption of alcoholic beverages, improper attention toward dental care and use of unsuitable toothbrushes are the main causes of cavities.
Attack of cavities on teeth:
When a cavity deepens into the tooth, it produces increased sensitivity to foods that are cold, hot, or sweet. A cavity on front tooth can be easily seen by a person. All cavities cannot be detected easily because they cannot be seen outside and they develop underneath the surface of the tooth. Only the dentist can confirm their presence during a regular check-up. If a dental cavity is ignored for a long time, symptoms like toothache and bad breath can be seen. Some cavities can only be detected by using X-rays and other dental equipment.
Expert suggestion in reducing cavities:
The only way to address this problem is to set an appointment with the dentist. The problem can be resolved by removing the part that is decayed by drilling and replacing it with a tooth filling. The materials like amalgam, composite, glass ionomers and porcelain are used for tooth filling, which are safe for using. However, when a tooth has some repair, the nerve gets aggravated and as such whenever a dental filling is done, it does not work as strong as natural tooth enamel. It is better to treat dental problems before they occur. Sometimes this cavity infects majority of the tooth surface and the tooth has to be removed. These removed teeth can be restored with dental implants or bridges.
Avoiding cavities:
Steps to be followed in removal of cavities:
Proper brushing in the nights can reduce the cavities. Usage of mouth wash solutions after the regular meal can reduce the attack of cavities. The fluoride used in the mouth wash makes the enamel more resistant to cavities and can be directly applied to teeth through doctor suggested fluoride toothpastes, supplements, medicated dental treatments and varnishes, and fluoridated water. Usage of neem related products are very hygienic to the teeth in reducing the cavity effects.


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Yes The Great Rabbino prefers baseball, basketball, football, and wrestling…but I also really like the Masters. I am not the biggest golfing fan but ever since my I met my wife and realized my father-in-law's passion for the game, I have gotten more involved. But…its hard for TGR to... read on
Interview: Former Nice Jewish Boy Turns Into Brimstone
April 12, 2010 | 11:31 pm
TGR is, as you all know by now, big on wrestling. We have showcased Colt Cabana several times. Recently, I got a tip about another Jewish wrestler named Brimstone. Brimstone, like Colt, is... read on


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Owner VT disappointed that all fans have not embraced the colour change
Tan has ruffled a few feathers with his comments after receiving his honorary degree in Cardiff on Thursday.
He seems to think that because he's invested the money to move the club forward that everyone should be onboard with the side playing in red.
"Yes, I am surprised there are fans against the colour. I'm actually quite disappointed with that," he said
"After all, for me to invest so much into the club that several times could have gone bust and had financial trouble and a big court case with the former owner....I was willing to invest and put in a lot of money
"Combined with getting into the Premier League...we spent £15m last season to buy players and we went up. That's how we got up.
"I'm disappointed that after 51 years of not being in the top-flight that there are still some fans who don't think we have done a good job.
"I may say maybe they are not grateful so that part is disappointing.
"But like anything in life in democracy you won't have 100 per cent support.
"We have to think that those against us are about five per cent. We will try to live with that but it is disappointing."
Source: Cardiff City Online
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Douay-Rheims (RHE) | New International Version (NIV) |
17 Instruct thy son and he shall refresh thee, and shall give delight to thy soul. | 17 Discipline your son, and he will give you peace; he will bring delight to your soul. |
The Douay-Rheims Bible is in the public domain. (Douay Rheims Catholic Bible Translation Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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This four day itinerary will immerse you in the landscape of one of Australia's most iconic symbols. Uluru-Kata Tjuta in Australia's Red Centre is a timeless place of rich indigenous culture and great spirituality, where you can stay in private luxurious eco-sensitive desert accommodation while feasting on authentic Australian delicacies.
Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 & 4
Day 3: Morning
Longitude 131° offers you the ability to really relax and take in the beauty of Australia's Red Centre. Spend the day at leisure.
Day3: Afternoon/Evening
In the evening enjoy a private dinner by the pool or a 'must-do' experience - The Sounds of Silence Dinner.
Sounds of Silence Tour At the Sounds of Silence experience you can dine under the canopy of the desert night, while your very own storyteller shares tales as told in the stars. Entered into the Australian Tourism Hall of Fame, Sounds of Silence offers the best of the Red Centre distilled into four magical hours. The evening includes:
Sunset canapés Your journey begins on a lone sand dune. A path takes you to an uninterrupted, 360-degree view of this vast landscape.
Dining under the sparkling outback sky As the sun sets, you feast on a BBQ buffet of authentic Australian delicacies examples include barramundi, kangaroo and crocodile, bush salads and classic desserts, complemented by Australian wines.
Stargazing Attention then turns to some of the world's best stargazing, as a 'star-talker' takes you on a tour of the spectacular southern night sky. Stay overnight at Longitude 131°
Transfer to the Connellan Airport for your departure flight from Uluru.


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Dads: If You Don't Want Your Daughter to Date Charlie Sheen, Lil Wayne, Beavis or Butthead, Read This
Here are my 10 Commandments for my daughter's potential boyfriends.
Please facebook, email and tweet this list and my accompanying: new video: to dads who do not want their daughters to ever date or marry Lil Wayne, Charlie Sheen, Beavis or Butthead.
Commandment I. Thou shall understand that your presence doesn't make me happy. And know this: I've got a PI doing a background check on you at this moment.
Commandment II. Thou had better have a life. I have worked my butt off providing a good life for my daughter; therefore, you better have one, Spanky.
Commandment III. Thou shall not touch my daughter. If you do, I'll smash your hands and your mommy will have to help you gel your Justin Bieber haircut.
Commandment IV. Thou shall look me in the eye and shake my hand like a man. And turn off your damn cell phone.
Commandment V. Thou shall understand that you are a boy talking to a man. Do not gush around me or attempt to read me an entry from your journal. I'm not Oprah. I am a Neanderthal.
Commandment VI. Thou shall know that our family is old school. Do not even think about approaching me with liberal, hippie, agnostic, atheistic, anti-American or tree-humping bull crap.
Commandment VII. Thou shall know that I like cool and expensive gifts. You'd be shrewd to approach me like the three wise men did Baby Jesus, namely with gold, frankincense and myrrh.
Commandment VIII. Thou shall understand that if you're dumb enough to tell me a dirty joke, I'm comfortable enough with kicking your ass.
Commandment IX. Thou shall keep your word. If you say you're going to do something, then I expect you to do it.
Commandment X. Thou shall memorize commandments I – IX. Yep, your best bet, home slice, is to both memorize and practice these commandments because I am Dad Almighty!
Parents, if you'd like an awesome full-color, punk-scaring poster of my 10 Commandments for Your Daughter's Potential Boyfriends to grace your entryway, man cave or office,: click here. Be afraid, scrubs. Be afraid.
Doug Giles is the author of: Raising Righteous & Rowdy Girls. Follow him on Twitter: @Doug_Giles: and on: Facebook. You can see and hear Doug's video blog and talk show at: ClashRadio.com.
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Our 9" luncheon plates are mostly used for luncheons, but can also be used as smaller dinner plates. Color coordinate for any event from wedding to birthdays to work events with this great tableware. Sturdy and rimmed in raised diamond pattern to avoid slippages. Plates can be used for both warm and cold food. 20 Count.
More..." Thank you so much. I really love your store and think its great i can cruise around online. I really appreciate what you've done, I feel great about... "


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Written on: 26/04/2012
All the DJ's are excellent apart form Andy Bush send him back to Heart hes RUBBISH. His show is like Hospital Radio but worse if I had to listen to him all day I would rather be deaf.
As rated by real users
" Sarah Cox sits in for Steve Wright " Read More
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" Forget mornings, afternoons is where DJs reign supreme! " Read More
Written by janesmith1975


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Mike Petraglia, Alex Speier on Dalier Hinojosa, Mike Napoli, Grady Sizemore |
02.24.14 at 4:43 pm ET |
FORT MYERS, Fla. — WEEI.com's Mike Petraglia and Alex Speier talk about Cuban defector Dalier Hinojosa and his chances with the Red Sox pitching staff, the story behind Mike Napoli's return and what's on the line this week for Grady Sizemore.
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Jordan Pages (100+)
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Jordan, Horace W. Age 95, a longtime resident of Wilmette and Chicago, Illinois, passed away peacefully on December 14, 2011 surrounded by his family at his home. Born in 1916, Mr. Jordan grew up as the second son of John and Natalie Jordan in the shadows of Wrigley Field where he witnessed Babe Ruth's called home run, but, alas, no World Series championship. He was a proud alum of the Francis Parker School, Amherst College and
Northwestern University
School of Law, graduating near the top of his class from each of these cherished institutions. After law school, he worked for the legal department of Montgomery Wards. A few years later he enlisted in the
, serving as an officer in the Counter Intelligence Corp during
World War II
. While stationed in North Africa, India and China, Mr. Jordan developed a life-long passion for travel. After his military service, he practiced law in LaSalle, Illinois before returning to Chicago to join his Northwestern classmate, John Van Duzer to form what became known as the law firm of Van Duzer, Gershon, Jordan & Petersen. During his legal career he earned many honors and successes in and out of the courtroom but perhaps he was best known for his commitment to represent his clients zealously and with sound advice and for his care in treating adversaries with honor and respect. He retired in 1986 at the age of 70. Upon his retirement he served as an occasional court appointed arbitrator, served as a member of numerous non-profit organizations and pursued his love of reading, travel, sailing and sharing time with his family. He married the love of his life, Constance Tippens Jordan in 1951 declaring that decision as the luckiest thing he ever did. Together they raised four children, Robert Y. Jordan, Constance Jordan Lochridge, David C. Jordan and Horace (Hob) W. Jordan, Jr. Mr. Jordan was a dedicated and loving husband, father, grandfather to seven and great grandfather to three. He was forever young at heart learning to water ski at age 50 at his beloved home in Bridgman, Michigan, snow ski at age 60 and enjoying the novelty of being an "early adoptor" of the latest in technology. Mr. Jordan served as a role model for many, professing the importance of hard work, living in moderation and remaining physically active. He always remained true to the family motto: "Percussa Resurgo" (when struck down, I rise again). He is survived by his beloved wife of 60 years, Connie; his children Bob, Connie (Scott) and Hob (Diana); he is also survived by adoring grandchildren Kati (Stephen), Natalie (Craig), Scott, Calla, Gwendolyn, Taryn and Charlotte; his great grandchildren Caleb, Wesley Kate and Blake, and many loving nieces and nephews. He was preceded in death by his brother Robert and his son David. A private family service will be scheduled shortly. In lieu of flowers, please make a donation to the in his name.
Published in Pioneer Press North from Dec. 22 to Dec. 28, 2011
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Thu, May 1, 08 at 21:08
Does anybody want to rate the satisfaction and/or quality of commodore homes? Im not real happy with mine. |
Follow-Up Postings:
I sold them in my dealership back about 15 years. I considered them a middle of the line type home. I could run through streaks where they were all pretty much perfect and then get a streak with all kinds of problems. From my experience the design was okay, it was sometimes poor workmanship at the factory. What kind of problems have you had? |
- Posted by anthony1959 (My Page) on Sat, May 3, 08 at 16:43
cheap made. Particle board floors waving,,leaks around windows into walls etc. Very bad experience. |
I can tell you that the material that goes into MH's isn't much difference from company to company. Problems do come up, but things like leaking windows should be covered under the warranty. If you are under warranty and the dealer isn't helping, call the manufacturer. If the problmes are coming up after the warranty period, how old is the home? Normally defects show up in the first year. Is the home set on a concrete slab? If it's not, many problems develop from settling or from moving with frost and a different brand won't make much difference. |
- Posted by anthony1959 (My Page) on Wed, May 21, 08 at 14:31
1997 home,,on frostline piers and concrete block foundation |
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| Email | Full Article (TrendHunter.com/id/162208) |
The Wiener Walzer is yet another example of designers and retailers treating ordinary spaces as though they were an art gallery. Created for the Heinemann Duty Free Shops in the new "Skylink" terminal of the Vienna Airport, the Wiener Walzer is a sinuous shelving unit that looks more like a large-scale sculpture.
Inspired by the famous Viennese waltz, the Wiener Walzer strives to symbolically connect the inside of the airport with the city outside. According to Plus Mood, "Points of interpretation were the movement in space created by the dance steps with its traditional right and left turns, its fast pace and especially the "floating" form of the dance." The dynamic creation was designed by COOP HIMMELB(L)AU.


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A Sensor-Enabled World (interactive)
The world is quickly becoming a series of 0's and 1's. Billions of sensor-enabled devices are transforming inputs into digital outputs that can be used to improve decision-making and deliver new services.
To learn more about how sensors are poised to transform society in areas as diverse as agriculture, emergency response, and elder care, click on the hotspots of this interactive graphic.