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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Preamble: CEQ NEPA regulations (1986): Incomplete or Unavailable...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Part 1502 National Environmental Pollcy Act Regulations; Incomplete or Unavailable Information AGENCY: Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President....
Preamble: CEQ NEPA regulations (1986): Incomplete or Unavailable Information
618 618 Federal Register / Vol. 51, No. 80 / Friday, April 25, 1986 / Rules a n d Regulations - -- COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 40 CFR Part 1502 National Environmental Pollcy Act Regulations; Incomplete or Unavailable Information AGENCY: Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) promulgates regulations, binding on all federal agencies, to implement the procedural provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The regulations address the administration of the NEPA process, including preparation of environmental impact statements for major federal actions which significantly affect the quality of the human environment. On August 9 . 1985, CEQ published a proposed
Heber geothermal binary demonstration project: Unavailability distributions for principal pumps
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
The purpose of this study has been to review data sources relevant to the failure rate and mean time to repair for the principal pumps of the Heber geothermal project. Based upon that review the distributions of failure rates, repair times and pump unavailability were established. A total of 16 pumps are represented in this study. The method used to develop data distributions has been to first review as many sources of pump data as are currently available. This review was followed by a study of the features of the pumps specified for the Heber installation and the effects of operation and the environment on those features as they relate to anticipated failure rates and repair times. From this, determinations were made for mean failure rate and repair time values appropriate to specific Heber pumps. Range factors are then selected and used to establish the expected variability of the data. Failure rates and repair times were then combined to obtain the unavailability distribution of each type of pump.
Mulvihill, Robert J.; Cleveland, Edward B.
Treatment methods for geothermal brines
A survey is made of commercially available methods currently in use as well as those which might be used to prevent scaling and corrosion in geothermal brines. More emphasis is placed on scaling. Treatments are classified as inhibitors, alterants and coagulants; they are applied to control scaling and corrosion in fresh and waste geothermal brines. Recommendations for research in brine treatment are described.
Phillips, S.L.; Mathur, A.K.; Garrison, W.
80 Fed Reg 15618:CEQ NEPA regulations (1986): Incomplete or Unavailable
80 Fed Reg 15618:CEQ NEPA regulations (1986): Incomplete or 80 Fed Reg 15618:CEQ NEPA regulations (1986): Incomplete or Unavailable Information, Final Rule 80 Fed Reg 15618:CEQ NEPA regulations (1986): Incomplete or Unavailable Information, Final Rule The final amendment requires all federal agencies to disclose the fact of incomplete or unavailable information when evaluating reasonably foreseeable significant adverse impacts on the human environment in an EIS, and to obtain that information if the overall costs of doing so are not exorbitant. If the agency is unable to obtain the information because overall costs are exorbitant or because the means to obtain it are not known, the agency must (1) affirmatively discIose the fact that such information is unavailable; (2) explain the relevance of the unavailable information; (3) summarize the existing credible scientific evidence which
Gas evolution from geopressured brines
The process of gas evolution from geopressured brine is examined using as a basis the many past studies of gas evolution from liquids in porous media. A discussion of a number of speculations that have been made concerning gas evolution from geopressured brines is provided. According to one, rapid pressure reduction will cause methane gas to evolve as when one opens a champagne bottle. It has been further speculated that evolved methane gas would migrate up to form an easily producible cap. As a result of detailed analyses, it can be concluded that methane gas evolution from geopressured brines is far too small to ever form a connected gas saturation except very near to the producing well. Thus, no significant gas cap could ever form. Because of the very low solubility of methaned in brine, the process of methane gas evolution is not at all analogous to evolution of carbon dioxide from champagne. A number of other speculations and questions on gas evolution are analyzed, and procedures for completing wells and testing geopressured brine reservoirs are discussed, with the conclusion that presently used procedures will provide adequate data to enable a good evaluation of this resource.
Matthews, C.S.
Modeling acid-gas generation from boiling chloride brines
E-Print Network (OSTI)
distillation of a calcium-chloride-dominant brine was simulateddistillation of a calcium-chloride-dominated brine is then simulated
Zhang, Guoxiang
Time-independent and time-dependent contributions to the unavailability of standby safety system components
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The unavailability of standby safety system components due to failures in nuclear power plants is considered to involve a time independent and a time dependent part. The former relates to the component`s unavailability from demand stresses due to usage, and the latter represents the component`s unavailability due to standby time stresses related to the environment. In this paper, data from the nuclear plant reliability data system (NPRDS) were used to partition the component`s unavailability into the contributions from standby time stress (i.e., due to environmental factors) and demand stress (i.e., due to usage). Analyses are presented of motor operated valves (MOVs), motor driven pumps (MDPs), and turbine driven pumps (FDPs). MOVs fail predominantly (approx. 78%) from environmental factors (standby time stress failures). MDPs fail slightly more frequently from demand stresses (approx. 63%) than standby time stresses, while TDPs fail predominantly from standby time stresses (approx. 78%). Such partitions of component unavailability have many uses in risk informed and performance based regulation relating to modifications to Technical Specification, in-service testing, precise determination of dominant accident sequences, and implementation of maintenance rules.
Lofgren, E.V. [Science Applications International Corp., Fairfax Station, VA (United States); Uryasev, S.; Samanta, P. [Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States)
Improved Water Flooding through Injection Brine Modification
Crude oil/brine/rock interactions can lead to large variations in the displacement efficiency of waterflooding, by far the most widely applied method of improved oil recovery. Laboratory waterflood tests show that injection of dilute brine can increase oil recovery. Numerous fields in the Powder River basin have been waterflooded using low salinity brine (about 500 ppm) from the Madison limestone or Fox Hills sandstone. Although many uncertainties arise in the interpretation and comparison of field production data, injection of low salinity brine appears to give higher recovery compared to brine of moderate salinity (about 7,000 ppm). Laboratory studies of the effect of brine composition on oil recovery cover a wide range of rock types and crude oils. Oil recovery increases using low salinity brine as the injection water ranged from a low of no notable increase to as much as 37.0% depending on the system being studied. Recovery increases using low salinity brine after establishing residual oil saturation (tertiary mode) ranged from no significant increase to 6.0%. Tests with two sets of reservoir cores and crude oil indicated slight improvement in recovery for low salinity brine. Crude oil type and rock type (particularly the presence and distribution of kaolinite) both play a dominant role in the effect that brine composition has on waterflood oil recovery.
Robertson, Eric Partridge; Thomas, Charles Phillip; Morrow, Norman; (U of Wyoming)
Chemistry of silica in Cerro Prieto brines
The precipitation of amorphous silica from synthetic geothermal brines which resemble the flashed brine at Cerro Prieto has been studied. It was found that part of the dissolved silica quickly polymerizes to form suspended colloidal silica. The colloidal silica flocculates and settles slowly at unmodified brine pH values near 7.35. Raising the pH of the brine to about 7.8 by adding base and stirring for a few minutes causes rapid and complete flocculation and settling. These results have been confirmed in the field using actual Cerro Prieto brine. Both in the laboratory and in the field quaternary amines were found to be effective with some brine compositions but not with others. Polyacrylamides do not work at all. These results suggest the following simple preinjection brine treatment process: age the brine for 10 to 20 minutes in a covered holding tank, add 20 to 30 ppM lime (CaO), stir for 5 minutes, and separate the flocculated silica from the brine using a conventional clarifier. The brine coming out of such a process will be almost completely free of suspended solids. The pilot plant tests needed to reduce this conceptual process to practice are discussed. The rate of deposition of silica scale from synthetic brines was separately studied. It was found that a modest decrease in pH could significantly reduce the scaling rate at a reasonable cost. The equilibrium chemistry of Cerro Prieto brine was studied theoretically. These calculations indicate that increasing the brine pH to remove silica might cause some precipitation of carbonate minerals, but also that this problem could easily be eliminated at a reasonable cost if it did arise.
Weres, O.; Tsao, L.; Iglesias, E.
Chemistry of Silica in Cerro Prieto Brines
The precipitation of amorphous silica from synthetic geothermal, brines which resemble the flashed brine at Cerro Prieto has been studied. It was found that part of the dissolved silica quickly polymerizes to form suspended colloidal silica. The colloidal silica flocculates and settles slowly at unmodified brine pH values near 7.35. Raising the pH of the brine to about 7.8 by adding base and stirring for a few minutes causes rapid and complete flocculation and settling. these results have been confirmed in the field using actual Cerro Prieto brine. Both in the laboratory and in the field quaternary amines were found to be effective with some brine compositions but not with others. Polyacrylamides do not work at all. These results suggest the following simple preinjection brine treatment process: age the brine for 10-20 minutes in a covered holding tank, add 20-30 ppm lime (CaO), stir for 5 minutes, and separate the flocculated silica from the brine using a conventional clarifier. The brine coming out of such a process will be almost completely free of suspended solids. The pilot plant tests needed to reduce this conceptual process to practice are discussed. The rate of deposition of silica scale from synthetic brines was separately studied. It was found that a modest decrease in pH could significantly reduce the scaling rate at a reasonable cost. The equilibrium chemistry of Cerro Prieto brine was studied theoretically. These calculations indicate that increasing the brine pH to remove silica might cause some precipitation of carbonate minerals, but also that this problem could easily be eliminated at a reasonable cost if it did arise.
Weres, Oleh; Iglesias, Eduardo; Tsao, Leon
Property:BrineConstituents | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
BrineConstituents BrineConstituents Jump to: navigation, search Property Name BrineConstituents Property Type String Description Describes major elements, compounds in geothermal brine This is a property of type Page. Subproperties This property has the following 1 subproperty: V Valles Caldera - Redondo Geothermal Area Pages using the property "BrineConstituents" Showing 2 pages using this property. N North Brawley Geothermal Area + Chlorine, sodium, potassium, and calcium. Silica concentrations are 527 mg/l and total dissolved solids measure 82,900 mg/l. + S Salt Wells Geothermal Area + Cl, Na, SO4, SiO2, HCO3, and minor Ca, K + Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Property:BrineConstituents&oldid=598832#SMWResults" Category: Properties
Development Operations Hypersaline Geothermal Brine Utilization Imperial
Hypersaline Geothermal Brine Utilization Imperial Hypersaline Geothermal Brine Utilization Imperial County, California Jump to: navigation, search OpenEI Reference LibraryAdd to library Report: Development Operations Hypersaline Geothermal Brine Utilization Imperial County, California Abstract N/A Authors Whitescarver and Olin D. Published U.S. Department of Energy, 1984 Report Number N/A DOI Not Provided Check for DOI availability: http://crossref.org Online Internet link for Development Operations Hypersaline Geothermal Brine Utilization Imperial County, California Citation Whitescarver, Olin D.. 1984. Development Operations Hypersaline Geothermal Brine Utilization Imperial County, California. (!) : U.S. Department of Energy. Report No.: N/A. Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Development_Operations_Hypersaline_Geothermal_Brine_Utilization_Imperial_County,_California&oldid=682648
Development Operations Hypersaline Geothermal Brine Utilization...
Number NA DOI Not Provided Check for DOI availability: http:crossref.org Online Internet link for Development Operations Hypersaline Geothermal Brine Utilization Imperial...
Recovery of energy from geothermal brine and other hot water sources
DOE Patents (OSTI)
Process and system for recovery of energy from geothermal brines and other hot water sources, by direct contact heat exchange between the brine or hot water, and an immiscible working fluid, e.g. a hydrocarbon such as isobutane, in a heat exchange column, the brine or hot water therein flowing countercurrent to the flow of the working fluid. The column can be operated at subcritical, critical or above the critical pressure of the working fluid. Preferably, the column is provided with a plurality of sieve plates, and the heat exchange process and column, e.g. with respect to the design of such plates, number of plates employed, spacing between plates, area thereof, column diameter, and the like, are designed to achieve maximum throughput of brine or hot water and reduction in temperature differential at the respective stages or plates between the brine or hot water and the working fluid, and so minimize lost work and maximize efficiency, and minimize scale deposition from hot water containing fluid including salts, such as brine. Maximum throughput approximates minimum cost of electricity which can be produced by conversion of the recovered thermal energy to electrical energy.
Wahl, III, Edward F. (Claremont, CA); Boucher, Frederic B. (San Juan Capistrano, CA)
Hydrocarbon content of geopressured brines. Final report
Design Well data (bottomhole pressure minus wellhead pressure, GWR, and hydrocarbon composition) is presented as a function of producing conditions. These are examined in conjunction with the following models to attempt to deduce the reservoir brine saturation level: (1) reservoir contains gas dispersed in the pores and the gas saturation is greater than critical; (2) reservoir brine is gas-saturated; (3) bubble point below hydrostatic pressure; and (4) bubble point between hydrostatic pressure and reservoir pressure. 24 figs., 10 tabs. (ACR)
Osif, T.L.
Stability of plutonium(VI) in WIPP brine
The redox stability of plutonium (VI) in WIPP brine was investigated by monitoring the oxidation state as a function of time using a combination of absorption spectrometry, radiochemical counting and filtration. Studies were performed with Pu-239 and Pu-238 in four WIPP brines at concentrations between 10{sup {minus}3} and 10{sup {minus}8} M for durations as long as two years. Two synthetic brines, Brine A and ERDA-6, and two underground collected brines, DH-36 and G-Seep, were used. The stability of Pu(VI) depended on the brine composition and the speciation of the plutonium in that brine. When carbonate was present, a Pu(VI)-carbonate complex was observed that was stable. In the absence of carbonate, Pu(VI) hydrolytic species predominated which had a wide range of stability in the brines investigated. The results reported will help define the speciation of plutonium in WIPP brine and hence its potential for migration.
Reed, D.T.; Okajima, S.
Volatility of HCl and the thermodynamics of brines during brine dryout
Laboratory measurements of liquid-vapor partitioning (volatility) of chlorides from brines to steam can be used to indicate the potential for corrosion problems in geothermal systems. Measurements of volatilities of solutes in chloride brines have established a possible mechanism for the production of high-chloride steam from slightly acidic high temperature brines. Questions concerning the fate of NaCl in the steam production process have been addressed through extensive measurements of its volatility from brines ranging in concentration from dilute solutions to halite saturation. Recent measurements of chloride partitioning to steam over brines in contact with Geysers rock samples are consistent with our concept of the process for production of high-chloride steam.
Simonson, J.M.; Palmer, D.A.
Brine flow in heated geologic salt.
This report is a summary of the physical processes, primary governing equations, solution approaches, and historic testing related to brine migration in geologic salt. Although most information presented in this report is not new, we synthesize a large amount of material scattered across dozens of laboratory reports, journal papers, conference proceedings, and textbooks. We present a mathematical description of the governing brine flow mechanisms in geologic salt. We outline the general coupled thermal, multi-phase hydrologic, and mechanical processes. We derive these processes' governing equations, which can be used to predict brine flow. These equations are valid under a wide variety of conditions applicable to radioactive waste disposal in rooms and boreholes excavated into geologic salt.
Kuhlman, Kristopher L.; Malama, Bwalya
Portable brine evaporator unit, process, and system
The present invention discloses a comprehensive, efficient, and cost effective portable evaporator unit, method, and system for the treatment of brine. The evaporator unit, method, and system require a pretreatment process that removes heavy metals, crude oil, and other contaminates in preparation for the evaporator unit. The pretreatment and the evaporator unit, method, and system process metals and brine at the site where they are generated (the well site). Thus, saving significant money to producers who can avoid present and future increases in transportation costs.
Hart, Paul John (Indiana, PA); Miller, Bruce G. (State College, PA); Wincek, Ronald T. (State College, PA); Decker, Glenn E. (Bellefonte, PA); Johnson, David K. (Port Matilda, PA)
Brines formed by multi-salt deliquescence
SciTech Connect
The FY05 Waste Package Environment testing program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory focused on determining the temperature, relative humidity, and solution compositions of brines formed due to the deliquescence of NaCl-KNO{sub 3}-NaNO{sub 3} and NaCl-KNO{sub 3}-NaNO{sub 3}-Ca(NO{sub 3}){sub 2} salt mixtures. Understanding the physical and chemical behavior of these brines is important because they define conditions under which brines may react with waste canister surfaces. Boiling point experiments show that NaCl-KNO{sub 3}-NaNO{sub 3} and NaCl-KNO{sub 3}-NaNO{sub 3}-Ca(NO{sub 3}){sub 2} salt mixtures form brines that transform to hydrous melts that do not truly 'dry out' until temperatures exceed 300 and 400 C, respectively. Thus a conducting solution is present for these salt assemblages over the thermal history of the repository. The corresponding brines form at lower relative humidity at higher temperatures. The NaCl-KNO{sub 3}-NaNO{sub 3} salt mixture has a mutual deliquescence relative humidity (MDRH) of 25.9% at 120 C and 10.8% at 180 C. Similarly, the KNO{sub 3}-NaNO{sub 3} salt mixture has MDRH of 26.4% at 120 C and 20.0% at 150 C. The KNO{sub 3}-NaNO{sub 3} salt mixture salts also absorb some water (but do not appear to deliquesce) at 180 C and thus may also contribute to the transfer of electrons at interface between dust and the waste package surface. There is no experimental evidence to suggest that these brines will degas and form less deliquescent salt assemblages. Ammonium present in atmospheric and tunnel dust (as the chloride, nitrate, or sulfate) will readily decompose in the initial heating phase of the repository, and will affect subsequent behavior of the remaining salt mixture only through the removal of a stoichiometric equivalent of one or more anions. Although K-Na-NO{sub 3}-Cl brines form at high temperature and low relative humidity, these brines are dominated by nitrate, which is known to inhibit corrosion at lower temperature. Nitrate to chloride ratios of the NaCl-KNO{sub 3}-NaNO{sub 3} salt mixture are about NO{sub 3}:Cl = 19:1. The role of nitrate on corrosion at higher temperatures is addressed in a companion report (Dixit et al., 2005).
Carroll, S; Rard, J; Alai, M; Staggs, K
Silica scaling in simulated geothermal brines
A 6.3 1/sec (100 GPM) titanium corrosion test loop was modified to provide a dynamic facility for studying the formation of silica deposits, their properties and fates, as a function of brine composition, temperature, and flow conditions. Scale formation was studied in a segmented heat exchanger operating under realistic conditions; the segmented design permitted examination of scale formations in five temperature regimes. The program was terminated after minimal exploratory operation because of reduced sponsor perceptions of the need for concern with scaling problems. The runs which were completed dealt cursorily with brine concentration and pH effects. Results are presented.
Bohlmann, E.G.; Shor, A.J.; Berlinski, P.; Mesmer, R.E.
As part of the DOE Geothermal Energy Program, BNL's Advanced Biochemical Processes for Geothermal Brines (ABPGB) project is aimed at the development of cost-efficient and environmentally acceptable technologies for the disposal of geothermal wastes. Extensive chemical studies of high and low salinity brines and precipitates have indicated that in addition to trace quantities of regulated substances, e.g., toxic metals such as arsenic and mercury, there are significant concentrations of valuable metals, including gold, silver and platinum. Further chemical and physical studies of the silica product have also shown that the produced silica is a valuable material with commercial potential. A combined biochemical and chemical technology is being developed which (1) solubilizes, separates, and removes environmentally regulated constituents in geothermal precipitates and brines (2) generates an amorphous silica product which may be used as feedstock for the production of revenue generating materials, (3) recover economically valuable trace metals and salts. Geothermal power resources which utilize low salinity brines and use the Stretford process for hydrogen sulfide abatement generate a contaminated sulfur cake. Combined technology converts such sulfur to a commercial grade sulfur, suitable for agricultural use. The R and D activities at BNL are conducted jointly with industrial parties in an effort focused on field applications.
Biochemical processes for geothermal brine treatment
As part of the DOE Geothermal Energy Program, BNL`s Advanced Biochemical Processes for Geothermal Brines (ABPGB) project is aimed at the development of cost-efficient and environmentally acceptable technologies for the disposal of geothermal wastes. Extensive chemical studies of high and low salinity brines and precipitates have indicated that in addition to trace quantities of regulated substances, e.g., toxic metals such as arsenic and mercury, there are significant concentrations of valuable metals, including gold, silver and platinum. Further chemical and physical studies of the silica product have also shown that the produced silica is a valuable material with commercial potential. A combined biochemical and chemical technology is being developed which (1) solubilizes, separates, and removes environmentally regulated constituents in geothermal precipitates and brines, (2) generates an amorphous silica product which may be used as feedstock for the production of revenue generating materials, (3) recover economically valuable trace metals and salts. Geothermal power resources which utilize low salinity brines and use the Stretford process for hydrogen sulfide abatement generate a contaminated sulfur cake. Combined technology converts such sulfur to a commercial grade sulfur, suitable for agricultural use. The R and D activities at BNL are conducted jointly with industrial parties in an effort focused on field applications.
Premuzic, E.T.; Lin, M.S.; Bohenek, M.; Joshi-Tope, G.; Zhou, W.; Shelenkova, L.; Wilke, R.
Unconventional gas sources. Volume IV. Geopressured brines
The following topics are covered: study objectives, regional geology and prospect evaluation, reservoir engineering, drilling and well costs, production and water disposal facilities, pressure maintenance, geothermal and hydraulic energy assessment, operating expense, economic evaluation, environmental considerations, legal considerations, and risks analysis. The study addresses only sandstone brine reservoirs in the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast onshore areas. (MHR)
Not Available
Expected brine movement at potential nuclear waste repository salt sites
The BRINEMIG brine migration code predicts rates and quantities of brine migration to a waste package emplaced in a high-level nuclear waste repository in salt. The BRINEMIG code is an explicit time-marching finite-difference code that solves a mass balance equation and uses the Jenks equation to predict velocities of brine migration. Predictions were made for the seven potentially acceptable salt sites under consideration as locations for the first US high-level nuclear waste repository. Predicted total quantities of accumulated brine were on the order of 1 m/sup 3/ brine per waste package or less. Less brine accumulation is expected at domal salt sites because of the lower initial moisture contents relative to bedded salt sites. Less total accumulation of brine is predicted for spent fuel than for commercial high-level waste because of the lower temperatures generated by spent fuel. 11 refs., 36 figs., 29 tabs.
McCauley, V.S.; Raines, G.E.
Techniques to Mitigate the Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence on Free Space Optical Communication Links.
??Free space optical communication links are an attractive technology for broadband communications when fiber optic links are unavailable or simply not feasible. Atmospheric turbulence, aerosols,� (more)
Wasiczko, Linda Marie
Geothermal brines and sludges: a new resource
Development of cost efficient biochemical processes for the treatment of geothermal brines and sludges is the main thrust of a major R&D effort at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). This effort has led to the design of an environmentally acceptable, technically and economically feasible new technology which converts geothermal wastes into products with significant commercial potential. These include valuable metals recovery with a metal extraction and recovery efficiency of better then 80% over short periods of time (5-25 hours). The new technology also yields valuable salts, such as potassium chloride and generates high quality pigment free silica. The basic technology is versatile and can, with slight modifications, be used in the treatment of hypersaline as well as low salinity brines and sludges. Concurrently traces of toxic metals, including radium are removed to levels which are within regulatory limits. The current status of the new biochemical technology will be discussed in this paper.
Premuzic, E.T.; Lin, M.S.; Lian, H.; Miltenberger, R.P.
Hydrocarbons associated with brines from geopressured wells
The purpose of this research is to determine the concentration of the cryocondensates in fluids of the various USDOE Geopressured wells as a function of production volume, to correlate the production of these compounds with reservoir and well production characteristics, to precisely measure solubilities of cryocondensates components in water and sodium chloride solutions (brines) as a function of ionic strength and temperature and the component's distribution coefficients between these solutions and oil, to develop models of the reservoir which are consistent with the data obtained, to monitor the wells for the production of aliphatic oils and relate any such production with the data obtained, and to develop a harsh environment pH probe for use in well brines. Results are summarized.
Approach to recover strategic metals from brines
The objective of the proposed research is to evaluate hypersaline brines from geothermal sources and salt domes as possible sources for some strategic metals. This research is suggested because several previous analyses of brine from geothermal wells in the Imperial Valley, California, and from Gulf Coast salt domes, indicate near commercial values for platinum as well as other metals (i.e., gold, silver). Extraction of the platinum should be technically feasible. A research program should include more complete systematic sampling and analysis for resource delineation, followed by bench-scale investigation of several potential extraction processes. This could be followed by engineering feasibility and design studies, for extraction of the metals either as a by-product of other operations or in a stand-alone process.
Raber, E.; Harrar, J.; Gregg, D.
The effect of aging and displacement temperatures, and brine and oil composition on wettability and the recovery of crude oil by spontaneous imbibition and waterflooding has been investigated. This study is based on displacement tests in Berea Sandstone using three distinctly different crude oils and three reservoir brines. Brine concentration was varied by changing the concentration of total dissolved solids of the synthetic brine in proportion to give brine of twice, one tenth, and one hundredth of the reservoir brine concentration. Aging and displacement temperatures were varied independently. For all crude oils, water-wetness and oil recovery increased with increase in displacement temperature. Tests on the effect of brine concentration showed that salinity of the connate and invading brines can have a major influence on wettability and oil recovery at reservoir temperature. Oil recovery increased over that for the reservoir brine with dilution of both the initial (connate) and invading brine or dilution of either. Removal of light components from the crude oil resulted in increased water-wetness. Addition of alkanes to the crude oil reduced the water-wetness, and increased oil recovery. Relationships between waterflood recovery and wettability are summarized.
G.Q. Tang; N.R. Morrow
Methods for dependency estimation and system unavailability evaluation based on failure data statistics. Volume 1, Summary report
This report introduces a new perspective on the basic concept of dependent failures where the definition of dependency is based on clustering in failure times of similar components. This perspective has two significant implications: first, it relaxes the conventional assumption that dependent failures must be simultaneous and result from a severe shock; second, it allows the analyst to use all the failures in a time continuum to estimate the potential for multiple failures in a window of time (e.g., a test interval), therefore arriving at a more accurate value for system unavailability. In addition, the models developed here provide a method for plant-specific analysis of dependency, reflecting the plant-specific maintenance practices that reduce or increase the contribution of dependent failures to system unavailability. The proposed methodology can be used for screening analysis of failure data to estimate the fraction of dependent failures among the failures. In addition, the proposed method can evaluate the impact of the observed dependency on system unavailability and plant risk. The formulations derived in this report have undergone various levels of validations through computer simulation studies and pilot applications. The pilot applications of these methodologies showed that the contribution of dependent failures of diesel generators in one plant was negligible, while in another plant was quite significant. It also showed that in the plant with significant contribution of dependency to Emergency Power System (EPS) unavailability, the contribution changed with time. Similar findings were reported for the Containment Fan Cooler breakers. Drawing such conclusions about system performance would not have been possible with any other reported dependency methodologies.
Azarm, M.A.; Hsu, F.; Martinez-Guridi, G. [Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (US); Vesely, W.E. [Science Applications International Corp., Dublin, OH (US)
Comparison of elementary geothermal-brine power-production processes
From applied technology geothermal committee meeting; Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA (7 Aug 1973). A comparison of three simple geothermal power- production systems shows that the flashed steam and the compound systems are favored for use with high-temperature brines. The binary system becomes economically competitive only when used on low-temperature brines (enthalpies less than 350 Btu/lb). Geothermal power appears to be economically attractive even when low-temperature brines are used. (auth)
Green, M.A.; Laird, A.D.K.
Origin, distribution, and movement of brine in the Permian Basin (U. S. A. ). A model for displacement of connate brine
Na-Cl, halite Ca-Cl, and gypsum Ca-Cl brines with salinities from 45 to >300 g/L are identified and mapped in four hydrostratigraphic units in the Permian Basin area beneath western Texas and Oklahoma and eastern New Mexico, providing spatial and lithologic constraints on the interpretation of the origin and movement of brine. Na-Cl brine is derived from meteoric water as young as 5-10 Ma that dissolved anhydrite and halite, whereas Ca-Cl brine is interpreted to be ancient, modified-connate Permian brine that now is mixing with, and being displaced by, the Na-Cl brine. Displacement fronts appear as broad mixing zones with no significant salinity gradients. Evolution of Ca-Cl brine composition from ideal evaporated sea water is attributed to dolomitization and syndepositional recycling of halite and bittern salts by intermittent influx of fresh water and sea water. Halite Ca-Cl brine in the evaporite section in the northern part of the basin differs from gypsum Ca-Cl brine in the south-central part in salinity and Na/Cl ratio and reflects segregation between halite- and gypsum-precipitating lagoons during the Permian. Ca-Cl brine moved downward through the evaporite section into the underlying Lower Permian and Pennsylvanian marine section that is now the deep-basin brine aquifer, mixing there with pre-existing sea water. Buoyancy-driven convection of brine dominated local flow for most of basin history, with regional advection governed by topographically related forces dominant only for the past 5 to 10 Ma. 71 refs., 11 figs.
Bein, A.; Dutton, A.R. (Univ. of Texas, Austin (United States))
Origin and geochemical evolution of the Michigan basin brine
Chemical and isotopic data were collected on 126 oil field brine samples and were used to investigate the origin and geochemical evolution of water in 8 geologic formations in the Michigan basin. Two groups of brine are found in the basin, the Na-Ca-Cl brine in the upper Devonian formations, and Ca-Na-Cl brine from the lower Devonian and Silurian aged formations. Water in the upper Devonian Berea, Traverse, and Dundee formations originated from seawater concentrated into halite facies. This brine evolved by halite precipitation, dolomitization, aluminosilicate reactions, and the removal of SO{sub 4} by bacterial action or by CaSO{sub 4} precipitation. The stable isotopic composition (D, O) is thought to represent dilution of evapo-concentrated seawater by meteoric water. Water in the lower Devonian Richfield, Detroit River Group, and Niagara-Salina formations is very saline Ca-Na-Cl brine. Cl/Br suggest it originated from seawater concentrated through the halite and into the MgSO{sub 4} salt facies, with an origin linked to the Silurian and Devonian salt deposits. Dolomitization and halite precipitation increased the Ca/Na, aluminosilicate reactions removed K, and bacterial action or CaSO{sub 4} precipitation removed SO{sub 4} from this brine. Water chemistry in the Ordovician Trenton-Black River formations indicates dilution of evapo-concentrated seawater by fresh or seawater. Possible saline end-members include Ordovician seawater, present-day upper Devonian brine, or Ca-Cl brine from the deeper areas in the basin.
Wilson, T.P.
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has completed experiments involving 15 each, 250- liter experimental test containers of transuranic (TRU) heterogeneous waste immersed in two types of brine similar to those found in the underground portion of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). To dispose of the waste without removing the brine from the test containers, LANL added commercially available cross-linked polyacrylate granules to absorb the 190 liters of brine in each container, making the waste compliant for shipping to the WIPP in a Standard Waste Box (SWB). Prior to performing the absorption, LANL and the manufacturer of the absorbent conducted laboratory and field tests to determine the ratio of absorbent to brine that would fully absorb the liquid. Bench scale tests indicated a ratio of 10 parts Castile brine to one part absorbent and 6.25 parts Brine A to one part absorbent. The minimum ratio of absorbent to brine was sought because headspace in the containers was limited. However, full scale testing revealed that the ratio should be adjusted to be about 15% richer in absorbent. Additional testing showed that the absorbent would not apply more than 13.8 kPa pressure on the walls of the vessel and that the absorbent would still function normally at that pressure and would not degrade in the approximately 5e-4 Sv/hr radioactive field produced by the waste. Heat generation from the absorption was minimal. The in situ absorption created a single waste stream of 8 SWBs whereas the least complicated alternate method of disposal would have yielded at least an additional 2600 liters of mixed low level liquid waste plus about two cubic meters of mixed low level solid waste, and would have resulted in higher risk of radiation exposure to workers. The in situ absorption saved $311k in a combination of waste treatment, disposal, material and personnel costs compared to the least expensive alternative and $984k compared to the original plan.
Yeamans, D. R.; Wrights, R. S.
Absorbing WIPP brines : a TRU waste disposal strategy.
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has completed experiments involving 15 each, 250-liter experimental test containers of transuranic (TRU) heterogeneous waste immersed in two types of brine similar to those found in the underground portion of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). To dispose of the waste without removing the brine from the test containers, LANL added commercially available cross-linked polyacrylate granules to absorb the 190 liters of brine in each container, making the waste compliant for shipping to the WlPP in a Standard Waste Box (SWB). Prior to performing the absorption, LANL and the manufacturer of the absorbent conducted laboratory and field tests to determine the ratio of absorbent to brine that would fully absorb the liquid. Bench scale tests indicated a ratio of 10 parts Castile brine to one part absorbent and 6.25 parts Brine A to one part absorbent. The minimum ratio of absorbent to brine was sought because headspace in the containers was limited. However, full scale testing revealed that the ratio should be adjusted to be about 15% richer in absorbent. Additional testing showed that the absorbent would not apply more than 13.8 kPa pressure on the walls of the vessel and that the absorbent would still function normally at that pressure and would not degrade in the approximately 5e-4 Sv/hr radioactive field produced by the waste. Heat generation from the absorption was minimal. The in situ absorption created a single waste stream of 8 SWBs whereas the least complicated alternate method of disposal would have yielded at least an additional 2600 liters of mixed low level liquid waste plus about two cubic meters of mixed low level solid waste, and would have resulted in higher risk of radiation exposure to workers. The in situ absorption saved $3 1 lk in a combination of waste treatment, disposal, material and personnel costs compared to the least expensive alternative and $984k compared to the original plan.
Yeamans, D. R. (David R.); Wright, R. (Robert)
How to treat and recycle heavy clear brine fluids
Clear brine fluids, such as CaCl/sub 2/, are replacing muds in well completions and workovers. These ''solids-free'' fluids have caused increases in well productivity of as much as 850%. To use the fluids in higher density ranges, it is necessary to blend the CaCl/sub 2/ brines with the more expensive bromide fluids. This, in turn, has increased the importance of reclaiming weighted brines to make their use more cost effective. To reclaim clear fluids, the solids picked up during use are removed and the fluid is reused or reweighted. A common problem though is the post-precipitation of dissolved contaminants that may appear in the used brines after several days or weeks in storage. Precipitation also may occur if other heavy fluids are added to adjust density before reuse. Laboratory tests have identified the solids as primarily iron hydroxides and halides. (Halides are salts containing a halogen-flourine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.) Additional experimentation has shown that pH adjustment at the well site or before transfer to storage facilities can provide a simple and effective way of controlling the precipitation of metal hydroxides and halides. This article discusses methods of pH control, measurement, and adjustment, which will allow for optimum use of clear brine fluids.
Pasztor, A.J.; Snover, J.S.
Brine Migration Experimental Studies for Salt Repositories | Department of
Brine Migration Experimental Studies for Salt Repositories Brine Migration Experimental Studies for Salt Repositories Brine Migration Experimental Studies for Salt Repositories Experiments were used to examine water content in Permian salt samples (Salado Formation) collected from the WIPP site. The profile of water release and movement is recognized as a function of temperature from 30 to 275 oC using classical gravimetric methods to measure weight loss as a result of heating. The amount of water released from heating the salt was found to be correlated with the salts accessory mineral content (clay, other secondary minerals lost up to 3 wt % while pure halite salt lost less than 0.5 wt % water). Water released from salt at lower temperature was reversible and is attributed to clay hydration and dehydration processes. The analysis
Cementation process for minerals recovery from Salton Sea geothermal brines
The potential for minerals recovery from a 1000-MWe combined geothermal power and minerals recovery plant in the Salton Sea is examined. While the possible value of minerals recovered would substantially exceed the revenue from power production, information is insufficient to carry out a detailed economic analysis. The recovery of precious metals - silver, gold, and platinum - is the most important factor in determining the economics of a minerals recovery plant; however, the precious metals content of the brines is not certain. Such a power plant could recover 14 to 31% of the US demand for manganese and substantial amounts of zinc and lead. Previous work on minerals extraction from Salton Sea brines is also reviewed and a new process, based on a fluidized-bed cementation reaction with metallic iron, is proposed. This process would recover the precious metals, lead, and tin present in the brines.
Maimoni, A.
Actinide (III) solubility in WIPP Brine: data summary and recommendations
The solubility of actinides in the +3 oxidation state is an important input into the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) performance assessment (PA) models that calculate potential actinide release from the WIPP repository. In this context, the solubility of neodymium(III) was determined as a function of pH, carbonate concentration, and WIPP brine composition. Additionally, we conducted a literature review on the solubility of +3 actinides under WIPP-related conditions. Neodymium(III) was used as a redox-invariant analog for the +3 oxidation state of americium and plutonium, which is the oxidation state that accounts for over 90% of the potential release from the WIPP through the dissolved brine release (DBR) mechanism, based on current WIPP performance assessment assumptions. These solubility data extend past studies to brine compositions that are more WIPP-relevant and cover a broader range of experimental conditions than past studies.
Borkowski, Marian; Lucchini, Jean-Francois; Richmann, Michael K.; Reed, Donald T.
Brine and gas recovery from geopressured systems. I. Parametric calculations
A series of parametric calculations was run with the S-CUBED geopressured-geothermal simulator MUSHRM to assess the effects of important formation, fluid and well parameters on brine and gas recovery from geopressured reservoir systems. The specific parameters considered are formation permeability, pore-fluid salinity, temperature and gas content, well radius and location with respect to reservoir boundaries, desired flow rate, and possible shale recharge. It was found that the total brine and gas recovered (as a fraction of the resource in situ) were most sensitive to formation permeability, pore-fluid gas content, and shale recharge.
Garg, S.K.; Riney, T.D.
Conditioning of geothermal brine effluents for injection: use of coagulants
The use of various chemical coagulants and flocculants with spent geothermal brine for enhancing the removal of colloidal solids prior to injection was studied. Brine at 80 to 85/sup 0/C was obtained from the injection line of the SDG and E/DOE Geothermal Loop Experimental Facility during a period of operation with Magmamax No. 1 Fluid. The solids consist primarily of an iron-rich amorphous silica and heavy metal sulfides, principally lead. Standard jar testing equipment was used to carry out the tests.
Quong, R.; Shoepflin, F.; Stout, N.D.
Uranium (VI) solubility in carbonate-free ERDA-6 brine
When present, uranium is usually an element of importance in a nuclear waste repository. In the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), uranium is the most prevalent actinide component by mass, with about 647 metric tons to be placed in the repository. Therefore, the chemistry of uranium, and especially its solubility in the WIPP conditions, needs to be well determined. Long-term experiments were performed to measure the solubility of uranium (VI) in carbonate-free ERDA-6 brine, a simulated WIPP brine, at pC{sub H+} values between 8 and 12.5. These data, obtained from the over-saturation approach, were the first repository-relevant data for the VI actinide oxidation state. The solubility trends observed pointed towards low uranium solubility in WIPP brines and a lack of amphotericity. At the expected pC{sub H+} in the WIPP ({approx} 9.5), measured uranium solubility approached 10{sup -7} M. The objective of these experiments was to establish a baseline solubility to further investigate the effects of carbonate complexation on uranium solubility in WIPP brines.
Lucchini, Jean-francois [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Khaing, Hnin [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Reed, Donald T [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Advanced biochemical processes for geothermal brines current developments
A research program at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) which deals with the development and application of processes for the treatment of geothermal brines and sludges has led to the identification and design of cost-efficient and environmentally friendly treatment methodology. Initially the primary goal of the processing was to convert geothermal wastes into disposable materials whose chemical composition would satisfy environmental regulations. An expansion of the R&D effort allowed to identify a combination of biochemical and chemical processes which became a basis for the development of a technology for the treatment of geothermal brines and sludges. The new technology satisfies environmental regulatory requirements and concurrently converts the geothermal brines and sludges into commercially promising products. Because the chemical composition of geothermal wastes depends on the type of the resource and therefore differs, the emerging technology has to be also flexible so that it can be readily modified to suit the needs of a particular type of resource. Recent conceptional designs for the processing of hypersaline and low salinity brines and sludges will be discussed.
Premuzic, E.T.; Lin, M.S.; Bohenek, M.
Advanced biochemical processes for geothermal brines: Current developments
A research program at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) which deals with the development and application of processes for the treatment of geothermal brines and sludges has led to the identification and design of cost-efficient and environmentally friendly treatment methodology. Initially the primary goal of the processing was to convert geothermal wastes into disposable materials whose chemical composition would satisfy environmental regulations. An expansion of the r and D effort identified a combination of biochemical and chemical processes which became the basis for the development of a technology for the treatment of geothermal brines and sludges. The new technology satisfies environmental regulatory requirements and concurrently converts the geothermal brines and sludges into commercially promising products. Because the chemical composition of geothermal wastes depends on the type of the resource, the emerging technology has to be flexible so that it can be readily modified to suit the needs of a particular type of resource. Recent conceptional designs for the processing of hypersaline and low salinity brines and sludges will be discussed.
Premuzic, E.T.; Lin, M.S.; Bohenek, M. [Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States). Energy Science and Technology Div.; Bajsarowicz, V. [CET Environmental Services, Inc., Richmond, CA (United States); McCloud, M. [C.E. Holt/California Energy, Pasadena, CA (United States)
Processing of high salinity brines for subsurface injection
Different chemical pretreatments and filtration methods were evaluated as a possible means of clarifying and improving the injectivity of hypersaline brines. Six different downflow media combinations were evaluated over three geopressurized sites, using test data from 4 inch diameter filters. Also, tests were conducted with one hollow fiber ultrafilter unit and two types of disposable cartridge filters. The test procedures are mentioned briefly. (MHR)
Thompson, R.E.; Raber, E.
Impact-driven pressure management via targeted brine extraction Conceptual studies of CO2 storage in saline formations
Combining Brine Extraction, desalination, and Residual-Brinebeneficial use such as desalination for drinking water
Birkholzer, J.T.
Analysis of anions in geological brines using ion chromatography
Ion chromatographic procedures for the determination of the anions bromide, sulfate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and iodide in brine samples have been developed and are described. The techniques have been applied to the analysis of natural brines, and geologic evaporites. Sample matrices varied over a range from 15,000 mg/L to 200,000 mg/L total halogens, nearly all of which is chloride. The analyzed anion concentrations ranged from less than 5 mg/L in the cases of nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate, to 20,000 mg/L in the case of sulfate. A technique for suppressing chloride and sulfate ions to facilitate the analysis of lower concentration anions is presented. Analysis times are typically less than 20 minutes for each procedure and the ion chromatographic results compare well with those obtained using more time consuming classical chemical analyses. 10 references, 14 figures.
Merrill, R.M.
Power Production from Geothermal Brine with the Rotary Separator Turbine
The rotary separator turbine is a new turbine device that operates with gas-liquid mixtures. This device achieves complete gas-liquid separation, generates power from the liquid and repressurizes the liquid. The use of the rotary separator turbine for geothermal power generation was investigated on this program. A pilot scale unit was designed and tested. Tests were conducted with a clean water/steam mixture and with geothermal brine/steam flows at East Mesa, California; Raft River, Idaho; and Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah. The test results were used to calculate the performance advantage of a rotary separator turbine power system compared to a flash steam power system and a binary power system. The calculated performance advantages were then used to estimate market potential for wellhead and central station Biphase units. The measured performance in the laboratory and in the field agreed to within {+-} 10% of the predicted values. The design goal of 20 kWe was generated both in the laboratory and from brine. Separated steam quality was measured to be greater than 99.96% at all three geothermal resources and in the laboratory. Brine pressure leaving the test unit was greater than reinjection pressure requirements. Maximum brine outlet pressure of 90 psig was demonstrated. The measured performance values would result in a 34% increase in electric power production above a single stage flash steam system. Increasing the size from the pilot size unit (20kWe) to a wellhead unit (2000 kWe) gave a calculated performance advantage of 40%. Based on these favorable results, design, construction and testing of a full-size well-head unit was initiated.
Cerini, Donald J.; Hays, Lance G.
This study investigates the generation of HCl and other acid gases from boiling calcium chloride dominated waters at atmospheric pressure, primarily using numerical modeling. The main focus of this investigation relates to the long-term geologic disposal of nuclear waste at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, where pore waters around waste-emplacement tunnels are expected to undergo boiling and evaporative concentration as a result of the heat released by spent nuclear fuel. Processes that are modeled include boiling of highly concentrated solutions, gas transport, and gas condensation accompanied by the dissociation of acid gases, causing low-pH condensate. Simple calculations are first carried out to evaluate condensate pH as a function of HCl gas fugacity and condensed water fraction for a vapor equilibrated with saturated calcium chloride brine at 50-150 C and 1 bar. The distillation of a calcium-chloride-dominated brine is then simulated with a reactive transport model using a brine composition representative of partially evaporated calcium-rich pore waters at Yucca Mountain. Results show a significant increase in boiling temperature from evaporative concentration, as well as low pH in condensates, particularly for dynamic systems where partial condensation takes place, which result in enrichment of HCl in condensates. These results are in qualitative agreement with experimental data from other studies. The combination of reactive transport with multicomponent brine chemistry to study evaporation, boiling, and the potential for acid gas generation at the proposed Yucca Mountain repository is seen as an improvement relative to previously applied simpler batch evaporation models. This approach allows the evaluation of thermal, hydrological, and chemical (THC) processes in a coupled manner, and modeling of settings much more relevant to actual field conditions than the distillation experiment considered. The actual and modeled distillation experiments do not represent expected conditions in an emplacement drift, but nevertheless illustrate the potential for acid-gas generation at moderate temperatures (<150 C).
Zhang, Guoxiang; Spycher, Nicolas; Sonnenthal, Eric; Steefel, Carl
The feasibility of deep well injection for brine disposal
A generalized methodology for evaluating the technical feasibility of projects involving the disposal of waste brine by injection into deep saline aquifers is developed, primarily from the hydrology and petroleum engineering literature. Data collection, groundwater modeling, and fluid compatibility are discussed in detail. Injection system design, economics, and regulatory considerations are more related to economic than technical feasibility, and are discussed only as they relate to technical feasibility. The methodology is utilized to make a preliminary evaluation of a proposed brine injection project in the Dove Creek area of King and Stonewall Counties, North Central Texas. Four known deep aquifers are modeled, using the SWIFT/486 software, to determine their ability to receive two cfs of brine for a project life of one hundred years. Two aquifers, the Strawn and EUenburger Formations, are predicted to be acceptable for disposal. Each aquifer would require only one disposal well which is favorable for the economics of the project. Additional data, particularly hydraulic conductivity and net aquifer thickness data, are required to make a more definitive technical feasibility determination for this project.
Spongberg, Martin Edward
Solute-travel time estimates for tile-drained fields. III. Removal of a geothermal brine spill from soil by leaching
The time required to leach a slug of saline, sodic geothermal brine from the point of injection to the tile outlet of an artificially drained field is calculated. Sprinkler, complete, and partial ponding leaching methods are compared as a function of drain spacing and initial location of the spill, with ponding requiring more water but less time to leach brine out of the system for all situations except where the brine spill occurs near the midpoint between tile lines. Calculation results are presented in dimensionless parameters which scale the drainage system dimensions and the soil water transport properties. A simple calculation is proposed to estimate the volume of leaching fluid required to remove excess Na/sup +/ from the exchange complex, and was found to be in good agreement with the results of laboratory soil column experiments. For fine-textured soils in the Imperial Valley of California it may require up to 30 pore volumes of leaching fluid to lower Na/sup +/ concentrations if saturated gypsum solution is used in reclamation. The results of these calculations suggest that reclamation of fine textured soils could require a prohibitive amount of time unless the brine spill is localized around a drain.
Jury, W.A.; Weeks, L.V.
Brine pH Modification Scale Control Technology. 2. A Review.pdf | Open
Brine pH Modification Scale Control Technology. 2. A Review.pdf Brine pH Modification Scale Control Technology. 2. A Review.pdf Jump to: navigation, search OpenEI Reference LibraryAdd to library Journal Article: Brine pH Modification Scale Control Technology. 2. A Review.pdf Abstract A variety of processes has been deployed at geothermalfields to inhibit or control siliceous scale deposition. It has beenknown for decades that the kinetics of silicic acid polymerizationis retarded when the pH of an aqueous solution is decreased.Therefore, a potential method for controlling siliceous scalingfrom geothermal brine is treatment with acid. Early attempts tocontrol siliceous scaling in geothermal brine-handling equipmentby retarding polymerization led to the belief that the pHhad to be reduced to < 4. Acidifying brine was discourageddue to corrosion concerns.
Trace metal speciation in saline waters affected by geothermal brines. [GEOCHEM
A description is given of the chemical equilibrium computer program GEOCHEM, which has been developed to calculate trace element speciation in soil, irrigation, drainage, or Salton Sea waters affected by geothermal brine. GEOCHEM is applied to irrigation water-brine mixtures and to Salton Sea water-brine mixtures in order to compute the chemical speciation of the elements Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, along with the oxyanions of As and B. The results suggest that the computer simulation can have an important effect on a program for managing brine spills. Appendices include published papers on related research.
Sposito, G.; Page, A.L.
Community Geothermal Technology Program: Electrodeposition of minerals in geothermal brine
Objective was to study the materials electrodeposited from geothermal brine, from the HGP-A well in Puna, Hawaii. Due to limitations, only one good set of electrodeposited material was obtained; crystallography indicates that vaterite forms first, followed by calcite and then perhaps aragonite as current density is increased. While the cost to weight ratio is reasonable, the deposition rate is very slow. More research is needed, such as reducing the brittleness. The electrodeposited material possibly could be used as building blocks, tables, benches, etc. 49 figs, 4 tabs, 7 refs.
Geothermal Chemical Modeling Project DOE Advanced Brine Chemistry Program
The brine-calcite-anhydrite-silica scale model program is ready to be used by the industry at a research level. Versions are already in use in studies of scaling in geothermal and oil production systems. A set of short course notes has been prepared to help perspective users. IBM and Macintosh versions of the model are available. The gas phase models have been incorporated in the general package for distribution. Both mainframe (SUN) and PC versions (MacIntosh and IBM) of the code have been distributed.
Moeller, N.; Weare, J.H.
Kinetics of silica deposition from simulated geothermal brines
Supersaturated brines were passed through columns packed with several forms of silica (crystalline ..cap alpha.. quartz, polycrystalline ..cap alpha.. quartz, and porous Vycor). Also, silica deposition on ThO/sub 2/ microspheres and titanium powder was studied under controlled conditions of supersaturation, pH, temperature, and salinity. The residence time was varied by adjustments of flow rate and column length. The silica contents of the input and effluent solutions were determined colorimetrically by a molybdate method which does not include polymers without special pretreatment. Essentially identical deposition behavior was observed once the substrate was thoroughly coated with amorphous silica and the BET surface area of the coated particles was taken into account. The reaction rate is not diffusion limited in the columns. The silica deposition is a function of the monomeric Si(OH)/sub 4/ concentration in the brine. The deposition on all surfaces examined was spontaneously nucleated. The dependence on the supersaturation concentration, hydroxide ion concentration, surface area, temperature and salinity were examined. Fluoride was shown to have no effect at pH 5.94 and low salinity. The empirical rate law which describes the data in 1 m NaCl in the pH range 5-7 and temperatures from 60 to 120/sup 0/C is given.
Bohlmann, E.G.; Mesmer, R.E.; Berlinski, P.
Trace metal speciation in saline waters affected by geothermal brines. Final technical report. [GEOCHEM
The computer program GEOCHEM was developed and applied to calculate the speciation of trace elements, such as Li, B, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and As, in mixtures of geothermal brines with soil waters. A typical speciation calculation involved the simultaneous consideration of about 350 inorganic and organic complexes and about 80 possible solid phases that could form among the macro- and microconstituents in the mixtures. The four geothermal brines chosen for study were from the East Mesa, Heber, and Salton Sea KGRA's. Two examples of East Mesa brine were employed in order to illustrate the effect of brine variability within a given KGRA. The soil waters chosen for study were the Holtville, Rosita, and Vint soil solutions and the Vail 4 drain water. These waters were mixed with the four brines to produce 1%, 5%, and 10% brine combinations. The combinations then were analyzed with the help of GEOCHEM and were interpreted in the context of two proposed general contamination scenarios. The results of the speciation calculations pointed to the great importance, in brine, of sulfide as a precipitating agent for trace metals and of borate as a trace metal-complexing ligand. In general, precipitation and/or exchange adsorption in soil were found to reduce the levels of trace metals well below harmful concentrations. The principal exceptions were Li and B, which did not precipitate and which were at or very hear harmful levels in the soil water-brine mixtures.
Sposito, G.
Improving the performance of brine wells at Gulf Coast strategic petroleum reserve sites
At the request of the Department of Energy, field techniques were developed to evaluate and improve the injection of brine into wells at Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) sites. These wells are necessary for the disposal of saturated brine removed from salt domes where oil is being stored. The wells, which were accepting brine at 50 percent or less of their initial design rates, were impaired by saturated brine containing particulates that deposited on the sand face and in the geologic formation next to the wellbore. Corrosion of the brine-disposal pipelines and injection wells contributed to the impairment by adding significant amounts of particulates in the form of corrosion products. When tests were implemented at the SPR sites, it was found that the poor quality of injected brines was the primary cause of impaired injection; that granular-media filtration, when used with chemical pretreatment, is an effective method for removing particulates from hypersaline brine; that satisfactory injection-well performance can be attained with prefiltered brines; and that corrosion rates can be substantially reduced by oxygen-scavenging.
Owen, L.B.; Quong, R. (eds.)
Studies of brine chemistry, precipitation of solids, and scale formation at the Salton Sea geothermal field
Factors affecting the precipitation of solids and deposition of scale from the hypersaline brines of the Salton Sea geothermal field - two potential problems in the proposed utilization of these brines for electric power generation - were investigated. The average physical and chemical composition of the fluid from Magmamax No. 1 well was noted and the effects of changes in well flowrate on the chemistry of the brine and the formation of solids were determined. The effects of pH on the process stream chemistry and on the composition and rates of formation of solids and scale that precipitated from this brine were studied. Reduction of the pH from 6 to 4-5 decreased the scaling rates and increased the proportions of bariun sulfate and calcium fluoride in the scales and precipitated solids. These studies were conducted using a small-scale four-stage brine flash system constructed at the site.
Harrar, J.E.; Otto, C.H. Jr.; Deutscher, S.B.; Ryon, R.W.; Tardiff, G.E.
Frio II Brine Pilot: Report on GEOSEQ Activities
LBNL's GEOSEQ project is a key participant in the Frio IIbrine pilot studying geologic sequestration of CO2. During During theinjection phase of the Frio-II brine pilot, LBNL collected multiple datasets including seismic monitoring, hydrologic monitoring and geochemicalsampling. These data sets are summarized in this report including allCASSM (continuous active source seismic monitoring) travel time data,injection pressure and flow rate data and gaseous sampling and tracerdata. Additional results from aqueous chemistry analysis performed by theU. S. Geological Survey (USGS) are summarized. Post injectionmodification of the flow model for Frio II is shown. Thesemodificationsare intended to facilitate integration with the monitoring data andincorporation of model heterogeneity. Current activities of LBNL's GEOSEQproject related to the Frio II test are shown, including development of anew petrophysical model for improved interpretation of seismic monitoringdata and integration of this data with flow modeling.
Daley, T.M.; Freifeld, B.M.; Ajo-Franklin, J.B.; Doughty, C.; Benson, S.M.
Methane extraction from geopressured-geothermal brine at wellhead conditions
Disposal of geopressured-geothermal brine effluents by injection is expected to be costly, even into shallow aquifers. If injection into the production reservoir becomes necessary to maintain productivity and to minimize subsidence, the injection pumping costs can become overwhelming. An option aimed at reducing injection pump operating costs is to maintain a higher than normal pressure at the production wellhead to reduce the injection pumping load. The crucial element, however, is that a significant portion of CH/sub 4/ remains in solution and must be recovered in order for the pressure maintenance option to be cost effective. A laboratory and field test capability has been established, and several methods for extracting dissolved CH/sub 4/ at high temperature and pressure are being evaluated. Solvent extraction and use of hydraulic motors or turbines coupled to CH/sub 4/ recovery systems are the leading candidate methods.
Quong, R.; Owen, L.B.; Locke, F.E.; Otto, C.H.; Netherton, R.; Lorensen, L.E.
Weeks Island brine diffuser site study: baseline conditions and environmental assessment technical report
This technical report presents the results of a study conducted at two alternative brine diffuser sites (A and B) proposed for the Weeks Island salt dome, together with an analysis of the potential physical, chemical, and biological effects of brine disposal for this area of the Gulf of Mexico. Brine would result from either the leaching of salt domes to form or enlarge oil storage caverns, or the subsequent use of these caverns for crude oil storage in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) program. Brine leached from the Weeks Island salt dome would be transported through a pipeline which would extend from the salt dome either 27 nautical miles (32 statute miles) for Site A, or 41 nautical miles (47 statute miles) for Site B, into Gulf waters. The brine would be discharged at these sites through an offshore diffuser at a sustained peak rate of 39 ft/sup 3//sec. The disposal of large quantities of brine in the Gulf could have a significant impact on the biology and water quality of the area. Physical and chemical measurements of the marine environment at Sites A and B were taken between September 1977 and July 1978 to correlate the existing environmental conditions with the estimated physical extent of tthe brine discharge as predicted by the MIT model (US Dept. of Commerce, 1977a). Measurements of wind, tide, waves, currents, and stratification (water column structure) were also obtained since the diffusion and dispersion of the brine plume are a function of the local circulation regime. These data were used to calculate both near- and far-field concentrations of brine, and may also be used in the design criteria for diffuser port configuration and verification of the plume model. Biological samples were taken to characterize the sites and to predict potential areas of impact with regard to the discharge. This sampling focused on benthic organisms and demersal fish. (DMC)
Buoyancy effects on upward brine displacement caused by CO2 injection
Upward displacement of brine from deep reservoirs driven by pressure increases resulting from CO{sub 2} injection for geologic carbon sequestration may occur through improperly sealed abandoned wells, through permeable faults, or through permeable channels between pinch-outs of shale formations. The concern about upward brine flow is that, upon intrusion into aquifers containing groundwater resources, the brine may degrade groundwater. Because both salinity and temperature increase with depth in sedimentary basins, upward displacement of brine involves lifting fluid that is saline but also warm into shallower regions that contain fresher, cooler water. We have carried out dynamic simulations using TOUGH2/EOS7 of upward displacement of warm, salty water into cooler, fresher aquifers in a highly idealized two-dimensional model consisting of a vertical conduit (representing a well or permeable fault) connecting a deep and a shallow reservoir. Our simulations show that for small pressure increases and/or high-salinity-gradient cases, brine is pushed up the conduit to a new static steady-state equilibrium. On the other hand, if the pressure rise is large enough that brine is pushed up the conduit and into the overlying upper aquifer, flow may be sustained if the dense brine is allowed to spread laterally. In this scenario, dense brine only contacts the lower-most region of the upper aquifer. In a hypothetical case in which strong cooling of the dense brine occurs in the upper reservoir, the brine becomes sufficiently dense that it flows back down into the deeper reservoir from where it came. The brine then heats again in the lower aquifer and moves back up the conduit to repeat the cycle. Parameter studies delineate steady-state (static) and oscillatory solutions and reveal the character and period of oscillatory solutions. Such oscillatory solutions are mostly a curiosity rather than an expected natural phenomenon because in nature the geothermal gradient prevents the cooling in the upper aquifer that occurs in the model. The expected effect of upward brine displacement is either establishment of a new hydrostatic equilibrium or sustained upward flux into the bottom-most region of the upper aquifer.
Oldenburg, C.M.; Rinaldi, A.
Study of thermal-gradient-induced migration of brine inclusions in salt. Final report
Natural salt deposits, which are being considered for high-level waste disposal, contain a small volume fraction of water in the form of brine inclusions distributed throughout the salt. Radioactive decay heating of the nuclear wastes will impose a temperature gradient on the surrounding salt which mobilizes the brine inclusions. Inclusions filled completely with brine (the all-liquid inclusions) migrate up the temperature gradient and eventually accumulate brine near the buried waste forms. The brine may slowly corrode or degrade the waste forms, which is undesirable. Therefore it is important to consider the migration of brine inclusions in salt under imposed temperature gradients to properly evaluate the performance of a future salt repository for nuclear wastes. The migration velocities of the inclusions were found to be dependent on temperature, temperature gradient, and inclusion shape and size. The velocities were also dictated by the interfacial mass transfer resistance at brine/solid interface. This interfacial resistance depends on the dislocation density in the crystal, which in turn, depends on the axial compressive loading of the crystal. At low axial loads, the dependence between the velocity and temperature gradient is nonlinear. At high axial loads, the interfacial resistance is reduced and the migration velocity depends linearly on the temperature gradient. All-liquid inclusions filled with mixed brines were also studied. For gas-liquid inclusions, helium, air and argon were compared. Migration studies were also conducted on single crystallites of natural salt as well as in polycrystalline natural salt samples. The behavior of the inclusions at large-ange grain boundaries was observed.
Olander, D.R.
Improving the injectability of high-salinity brines for disposal or waterflooding operations
This work is part of a study conducted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to improve the performance of brine injection wells at Gulf Coast Strategic Petroleum Reserve Sites. Our involvement established that granular media filtration, when used with proper chemical pretreatments, provides an effective and economical method for removing particulates from hypersaline brines. This treatment allows for the injection of 200,000 B/D with significantly increased well half-lives of 30 years.
Raber, E.; Thompson, R.E.; Smith, F.H.
Chemical Speciation of Heterogeneously Reduced Pu in Synthetic Brines
X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy has been used to determine the speciation of Pu precipitates prepared by the heterogeneous reduction of Pu(VI) with Al and Fe in 5M NaCl and an ERDA-6 brine, a simulant from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in Carlsbad, New Mexico. NaOCl was added to some of these solutions to determine its effect on Pu speciation. Analysis of the Pu LIII spectra showed that all solids consisted of PuO2+x?y(OH)2y �zH2O, compounds with characteristics identical to those prepared by hydrolysis and with Pu?O and Pu?Pu distances identical to those treated at elevated temperature. Additionally, reduction with Al gave compounds with different site distributions than reduction with Fe, and reduction with Al or the addition of NaOCl appeared to suppress the formation of oxo groups and their associated Pu(V) sites.
Ding, Mei; Conca, James L.; Den Auwer, Christophe J.; Gabitov, Rinat I.; Hess, Nancy J.; Paviet-Hartmann, Patricia; Palmer, Phillip D.; LoPresti, Vin; Conradson, Steven D.
The depth of the oil/brine interface and crude oil leaks in SPR caverns
Monitoring wellhead pressure evolution is the best method of detecting crude oil leaks in SPR caverns while oil/brine interface depth measurements provide additional insight. However, to fully utilize the information provided by these interface depth measurements, a thorough understanding of how the interface movement corresponds to cavern phenomena, such as salt creep, crude oil leakage, and temperature equilibration, as well as to wellhead pressure, is required. The time evolution of the oil/brine interface depth is a function of several opposing factors. Cavern closure due to salt creep and crude oil leakage, if present, move the interface upward. Brine removal and temperature equilibration of the oil/brine system move the interface downward. Therefore, the relative magnitudes of these factors determine the net direction of interface movement. Using a mass balance on the cavern fluids, coupled with a simplified salt creep model for closure in SPR caverns, the movement of the oil/brine interface has been predicted for varying cavern configurations, including both right-cylindrical and carrot-shaped caverns. Three different cavern depths and operating pressures have been investigated. In addition, the caverns were investigated at four different points in time, allowing for varying extents of temperature equilibration. Time dependent interface depth changes of a few inches to a few feet were found to be characteristic of the range of cases studied. 5 refs, 19 figs., 1 tab.
Heffelfinger, G.S.
Pore-Level Modeling of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Brine Fields
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Pore-Level Modeling of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Brine Fields Pore-Level Modeling of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Brine Fields M. Ferer, (email@example.com) Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6315, Grant S. Bromhal, (email@example.com) US DOE, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Morgantown, WV 26507-0880; and Duane H. Smith, (firstname.lastname@example.com) US DOE, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Morgantown, WV 26507-0880 & Department of Physics, West Virginia University. Underground injection of gas is a common practice in the oil and gas industry. Injection into deep, brine-saturated formations is a commercially proven method of sequestering CO 2 . However, it has long been known that displacement of a connate fluid by a less viscous fluid produces unstable displacement fronts with significant fingering. This fingering allows only a
Salt effects on stable isotope partitioning and their geochemical implications for geothermal brines
It has long been recognized that dissolved salts in water can change oxygen and hydrogen isotope partitioning between water and other phases (i.e., vapor, minerals) due to the hydration of ions upon the dissolution of salts in water. However, their effects have not been well determined at elevated temperatures. We are currently conducting a series of hydrothermal experiments of the system brine-vapor or minerals to 350{degrees}C, in order to determine precisely the effects of dissolved salts abundant in brines on isotope partitioning at temperatures encountered in geothermal systems. The so-called ``isotope salt effect`` has important implications for the interpretation and modeling of isotopic data of brines and rocks obtained from geothermal fields. We will show how to use our new results of isotopic partitioning to help better evaluate energy resources of many geothermal fields.
Horita, J.; Cole, D.R.; Wesolowski, D.J.
This report is an initial report on the laboratory effort executed under RPP-PLAN-33338, Test Plan for the Assessment of Technetium Leachability in Cement-Stabilized Basin 43 Groundwater Brine. This report delineates preliminary data obtained under subcontract 21065, release 30, from the RJ Lee Group, Inc., Center for Laboratory Sciences. The report is predicated on CLS RPT-816, Draft Report: Assessment of Technetium Leachability in Cement Stabilized Basin 43 Groundwater Brine. This document will be revised on receipt of the final RJ Lee Group, Inc., Center for Laboratory Sciences report, which will contain data subjected to quality control and quality assurance criteria.
Geothermal Power Production from Brine Co-Produced from Oil and Gas Wells
Millions of barrels of water (brine) per day are co-produced from oil and gas wells. Currently, the oil and gas industry views this as a waste stream that costs millions of dollars per year to manage, through either treatment or disposal/reinjection. A significant percentage of the co-produced brine, however, flows at sufficient rate and temperature to generate power using a binary power plant, and this is viewed by some as a potential value stream. The value lies in that the co-produced water is "free" ...
Brine flow up a borehole caused by pressure perturbation from CO2 storage: Static and dynamic evaluations
Industrial-scale storage of CO{sub 2} in saline sedimentary basins will cause zones of elevated pressure, larger than the CO{sub 2} plume itself. If permeable conduits (e.g., leaking wells) exist between the injection reservoir and overlying shallow aquifers, brine could be pushed upwards along these conduits and mix with groundwater resources. This paper discusses the potential for such brine leakage to occur in temperature- and salinity-stratified systems. Using static mass-balance calculations as well as dynamic well flow simulations, we evaluate the minimum reservoir pressure that would generate continuous migration of brine up a leaking wellbore into a freshwater aquifer. Since the brine invading the well is denser than the initial fluid in the wellbore, continuous flow only occurs if the pressure perturbation in the reservoir is large enough to overcome the increased fluid column weight after full invasion of brine into the well. If the threshold pressure is exceeded, brine flow rates are dependent on various hydraulic (and other) properties, in particular the effective permeability of the wellbore and the magnitude of pressure increase. If brine flow occurs outside of the well casing, e.g., in a permeable fracture zone between the well cement and the formation, the fluid/solute transfer between the migrating fluid and the surrounding rock units can strongly retard brine flow. At the same time, the threshold pressure for continuous flow to occur decreases compared to a case with no fluid/solute transfer.
Birkholzer, J.T.; Nicot, J.-P.; Oldenburg, C.M.; Zhou, Q.; Kraemer, S.; Bandilla, K.W.
Calcium Isotopic Variation in Marine Evaporites and Carbonates: Applications to Late Miocene Mediterranean Brine Chemistry and Late Cenozoic Calcium Cycling in the Oceans
Field: Geochemistry Studies in Isotope Geology Professors J.Isotopes and Brine Evolution ������������������������.. 3.2.1 General geology andIsotopes and Brine Evolution 3.2.1 General geology and
Hensley, Tabitha Michele
A study of hydrocarbons associated with brines from DOE geopressured wells
Accomplishments are summarized on the following tasks: distribution coefficients and solubilities, DOE design well sampling, analysis of well samples, review of theoretical models of geopressured reservoir hydrocarbons, monitor for aliphatic hydrocarbons, development of a ph meter probe, DOE design well scrubber analysis, removal and disposition of gas scrubber equipment at Pleasant Bayou Well, and disposition of archived brines.
Keeley, D.F.
A study of hydrocarbons associated with brines from DOE geopressured wells. Final report
Recovery 2011 CSPG CSEG CWLS Convention 1 Brine-methane Substitution: The Seismic Response of Coalbeds
an important source of natural gas (Shi and Durucan, 2005). The production of the CBM takes place when coal seam using a tank model which assumes that there is no variation of the reservoir properties). For the Gassmann fluid substitution, we assume a pore fluid of 100% brine as the initial condition and calculate
Ferguson, Robert J.
Corrosivity of geothermal brines. Progress report for period ending June 1976
Studies carried out during FY 1976 on the corrosivity of ferrous materials in synthetic geothermal brines are described. Electrochemical measurements on the spontaneous corrosion potentials and corrosion rates, and on the kinetics of the anodic and cathodic corrosion reactions of iron and carbon steel were made in 4 M NaCl solution over the pH range from 1 to 11 at temperatures up to 100/sup 0/C in a conventional Pyrex electrochemical cell. A refreshed, stirred titanium autoclave system was designed, constructed, and tested, and will be used for making electrochemical measurements in synthetic brines up to at least 200/sup 0/C. The effect of pH on hydrolysis, precipitation, and electrochemical reactivity of ferrous and ferric ions in 4 M NaCl at 25/sup 0/C was studied, and implications for plant operation are discussed. The pitting potential of type 304 stainless steel in synthetic brine was measured as a function of temperature from 25 to 85/sup 0/C. Plans for research on electrochemical aspects of the corrosion of iron and carbon steel in synthetic geothermal brines during FY1977 are presented. 14 fig. (auth)
Posey, F.A.; Palko, A.A.
Sustainable Carbon Sequestration: Increasing CO2-Storage Efficiency through a CO2-Brine Displacement Approach
CO2 sequestration is one of the proposed methods for reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere and therefore mitigating global climate change. Few studies on storing CO2 in an aquifer have been conducted on a regional scale. This study offers a conceptual approach to increasing the storage efficiency of CO2 injection in saline formations and investigates what an actual CO2 storage project might entail using field data for the Woodbine aquifer in East Texas. The study considers three aquifer management strategies for injecting CO2 emissions from nearby coal-fired power plants into the Woodbine aquifer. The aquifer management strategies studied are bulk CO2 injection, and two CO2-brine displacement strategies. A conceptual model performed with homogeneous and average reservoir properties reveals that bulk injection of CO2 pressurizes the aquifer, has a storage efficiency of 0.46% and can only last for 20 years without risk of fracturing the CO2 injection wells. The CO2-brine displacement strategy can continue injecting CO2 for as many as 240 years until CO2 begins to break through in the production wells. This offers 12 times greater CO2 storage efficiency than the bulk injection strategy. A full field simulation with a geological model based on existing aquifer data validates the storage capacity claims made by the conceptual model. A key feature in the geological model is the Mexia-Talco fault system that serves as a likely boundary between the saline aquifer region suitable for CO2 storage and an updip fresh water region. Simulation results show that CO2 does not leak into the fresh water region of the iv aquifer after 1000 years of monitoring if the faults have zero transmissibility, but a negligible volume of brine eventually gets through the mostly sealing fault system as pressure across the faults slowly equilibrates during the monitoring period. However, for fault transmissibilities of 0.1 and 1, both brine and CO2 leak into the fresh water aquifer in increasing amounts for both bulk injection and CO2-brine displacement strategies. In addition, brine production wells draw some fresh water into the saline aquifer if the Mexia-Talco fault system is not sealing. A CO2 storage project in the Woodbine aquifer would impact as many as 15 counties with high-pressure CO2 pipelines stretching as long as 875 km from the CO2 source to the injection site. The required percentage of power plant energy capacity was 7.43% for bulk injection, 7.9% for the external brine disposal case, and 10.2% for the internal saturated brine injection case. The estimated total cost was $0.00132�$0.00146/kWh for the bulk injection, $0.00191�$0.00211/kWh for the external brine disposal case, and $0.0019�$0.00209/kWh for the internal saturated brine injection case.
Akinnikawe, Oyewande
Particle measurement and brine chemistry at the Salton Sea Deep Well
The Advanced Brine Chemistry Project, a part of the US Department of Energy's Geothermal Energy Program, is addressing operating problems associated with scaling and corrosion at geothermal power plants. Under this project, Pacific Northwest Laboratory conducted a series of tests at the Salton Sea Deep Well, which has one of the highest solids contents in the world. The purpose of the tests was to evaluate monitoring instrumentation under field conditions and relate particulate formation to the brine chemistry. The instrumentation, was evaluated under scaling geothermal conditions using two different principles: ultrasonic reflection and laser light scattering. The following conclusions were drawn from the instrumentation testing and brine chemistry and particulate analyses. (1) Using reflected ultrasonic impulses to detect suspended particles has been demonstrate for on-line application in a geothermal brine with strong scaling tendencies. Advantages over laser light scattering include improved high-temperature durability for the transducer and longer operation with less maintenance. (2) Counting and sizing particles using laser light scattering requires constant maintenance in geothermal applications. (3) Silica is the dominant scale species and appears in amounts orders of magnitude greater than other minor species such as barium sulfate. (4) The silica that formed at high temperatures and short residence times is very gelatinous and difficult to filter out of the brine. (5) Correlation of instrument readings with particle collection data was difficult because conditions on the filter (i.e., temperature, flowrate, and pressure) could not be maintained constant for long enough intervals to obtain comparable information. 5 refs., 27 figs., 2 tabs.
Robertus, R.J.; Kindle, C.H.; Sullivan, R.G.; Shannon, D.W.
Evaluation of Membrane Treatment Technology to Optimize and Reduce Hypersalinity Content of Produced Brine for Reuse in Unconventional Gas Wells
Over 18 billion barrels of waste fluids are generated annually from oil and gas production in the United States. As a large amount of water is used for oilfield operations, treating and reusing produced water can cut the consumption of fresh water in well sites. This research has helped to develop a membrane process train for a mobile produced water treatment unit for treating oilfield produced brine for reuse. To design the process train, over 30 sets of combination tests at pilot laboratory scale were performed using pretreatment, microfiltration and nanofiltration processes. Membrane performance was selected based on high flux separation efficiency, high tolerance for solids and fluid treatments. Over 95 % solids rejection and greater than 80 % oil removal efficiency were obtained in all these tests. Process train (pre-treatment and membrane) performance was monitored by chemical analysis of permeate and models fitting experimental data for the process. From the results, hydrocarbon rejection was analyzed; total organic carbon rejection was 47.9 %, total carbon content averaged 37.3 % rejection and total inorganic carbon rejection was at 3.66 %. BTEX removal efficiency ranged from 0.98 % to 52.7 % with the progressive pretreatment methods of using cartridge filters. The nanofiltration membrane showed significant reduction in total dissolved solids and in both anionic and cationic species. The process train is seen to follow a sequence of treatment from cartridge and oil removal filter treatment to microfiltration treatment to ultrafiltration, followed by nanofiltration for the purpose of this research. Further research still needs to be done on to determine the kind of analytical test which will give real time feedback on effectiveness of filters. In summary, the process train developed by TAMU-GPRI possesses distinct advantages in treating oilfield produced brine using membrane technology. These advantages include high quality of permeate, reduced sludge and the possibility of total recycle water systems. The small space requirement, moderate capital costs and ease of operation associated with the use of the mobile unit membrane technology also makes it a very competitive alternative to conventional technologies.
Eboagwu, Uche
flow model for carbon dioxide and brine, in Proceedings 9 thGeological Storage of Carbon Dioxide, in: S.J. Baines andGeological Storage of Carbon Dioxide, Geological Society,
Recovery Act: Molecular Simulation of Dissolved Inorganic Carbons for Underground Brine CO2 Sequestration
To further our understanding and develop the method for measuring the DICs under geological sequestration conditions, we studied the infrared spectra of DICs under high pressure and temperature conditions. First principles simulations of DICs in brine conditions were performed using a highly optimized ReaxFF-DIC forcefield. The thermodynamics stability of each species were determined using the 2PT method, and shown to be consistent with the Reax simulations. More importantly, we have presented the IR spectra of DIC in real brine conditions as a function of temperature and pressure. At near earth conditions, we find a breaking of the O-C-O bending modes into asymmetric and symmetric modes, separated by 100cm{sup -1} at 400K and 5 GPa. These results can now be used to calibrate FTIR laser measurements.
Goddard, William
West Hackberry Brine Disposal Project pre-discharge characterization. Final report
The physical, chemical and biological attributes are described for: (1) a coastal marine environment centered about a Department of Energy Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) brine disposal site 11.4 km off the southwest coast of Louisiana; and (2) the lower Calcasieu and Sabine estuarine systems that provide leach waters for the SPR project. A three month sampling effort, February through April 1981, and previous investigations from the study area are integrated to establish baseline information for evaluation of impacts from brine disposal in the nearshore marine waters and from freshwater withdrawal from the coastal marsh of the Chenier Plain. January data are included for some tasks that sampled while testing and mobilizing their instruments prior to the February field effort. The study addresses the areas of physical oceanography, estuarine hydrology and hydrography, water and sediment quality, benthos, nekton, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and data management.
DeRouen, L.R.; Hann, R.W.; Casserly, D.M.; Giammona, C. (eds.) [eds.
Prelimiary investigation desalting of geothermal brines in the Imperial Valley of California
The Imperial Valley Project is an applied research program to provide geologic, hydrologic, engineering, and economic information necessary for development of the geothermal resources of the delta of the lower Colorado River. It is suggested that a desalting pilot plant be associated with the project to develop an economic desalting process if 2 to 3% geothermal brine is produced. The process will be unconventional in that waste heat must be rejected to atmosphere in wet or dry cooling towers. The presence of large amounts of CO/sub 2/, H/sub 2/S, and silica will require gas removal and silicascale control equipment. The plant would process up to 75,000 gallons of brine per day. (MCW)
Spiewak, I.; Hise, E.C.; Reed, S.A.; Thompson, S.A.
Aromatic hydrocarbons associated with brines from geopressured wells. Annual report, fiscal 1985
Samples of cryocondensates - materials condensed at - 78.5/sup 0/C were taken on a regular basis from the gas stream for the USDOE geopressured wells. Most of the data has been taken from the Gladys McCall well as it has flowed on a regular and almost continous basis. The cryocondensates, not the ''condensate'' from gas wells, are almost exclusively aromatic hydrocarbons, primarily benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes, but contain over 95 compounds, characterized using gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopy. The solubility in water and brine of benezene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene, some of the components of the cryocondensate, as well as distribution coefficients between water or brine and a standard oil have been measured. 25 refs.
Keeley, D.F.; Meriwether, J.R.
Scientific Considerations Related to Regulation Development for CO2 Sequestration in Brine Formations
SCIENTIFIC CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO REGULATION SCIENTIFIC CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO REGULATION DEVELOPMENT FOR CO 2 SEQUESTRATION IN BRINE FORMATIONS Chin-Fu Tsang (firstname.lastname@example.com; (510) 486-5782) Sally M. Benson (email@example.com; (510) 486-7071) Earth Sciences Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory One Cyclotron Road, MS 90-1116, Berkeley, CA 94720 Bruce Kobelski (firstname.lastname@example.com) Robert Smith (email@example.com) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Drinking Water and Ground Water, Washington D.C. Introduction Reduction of atmospheric emissions of CO 2 (DOE, 1999a) through injection of CO 2 into in deep brine formations is being actively studied both in the U.S. and internationally. If this technology is to be employed broadly enough to make a significant impact on global
Comparison of selected oil-field brines from fields in the Permian basin, West Texas-southeast New Mexico
Stiff diagrams of oil-field brines from the west Texas Permian basin are identifiable within the geological framework. Plotted from a simple analysis of three cations and three anions, older Paleozoic waters can be categorized as either 'pristine' or modified, usually by a later influx of Permian or early Pennsylvanian water. These different plots can be segregated by geologic province. The Permian brines differ by age and also by environment (shelf, basin, etc.).
White, H.G. III
Biochemical solubilization of toxic salts from residual geothermal brines and waste waters
A method of solubilizing metal salts such as metal sulfides in a geothermal sludge using mutant Thiobacilli selected for their ability to metabolize metal salts at high temperature is disclosed, The method includes the introduction of mutated Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans to a geothermal sludge or brine. The microorganisms catalyze the solubilization of metal salts, For instance, in the case of metal sulfides, the microorganisms catalyze the solubilization to form soluble metal sulfates.
Premuzic, Eugene T. (East Moriches, NY); Lin, Mow S. (Rocky Point, NY)
A method of solubilizing metal salts such as metal sulfides in a geothermal sludge using mutant Thiobacilli selected for their ability to metabolize metal salts at high temperature is disclosed. The method includes the introduction of mutated Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans to a geothermal sludge or brine. The microorganisms catalyze the solubilization of metal salts. For instance, in the case of metal sulfides, the microorganisms catalyze the solubilization to form soluble metal sulfates. 54 figs.
Premuzic, E.T.; Lin, M.S.
Energy optimization in ice hockey halls I. The system COP as a multivariable function, brine and design choices
This work is the first in a series of articles addressing the energy optimization in ice hockey halls. Here we adopt an analytical method, called functional optimization, to find which design and operating conditions maximize the Coefficient Of Performance of the entire cooling system (brine pumps and cooling tower), which we call ${\\rm COP}_{sys}$. This is addressed as a function of several variables, like electric consumption and brine physical properties. By maximizing such function, the best configuration and brine choices for the system can thus be determined accurately and rigorously. We investigate the importance of pipe diameter, depth and brine type (ethylene glycol and ammonia) for average-sized ice rinks. An optimal brine density is found, and we compute the weight of the electric consumption of the brine pumps on ${\\rm COP}_{sys}$. Our formulas are validated with heat flow measurement data obtained at an ice hockey hall in Finland. They are also confronted with technical and cost-related constraints, and implemented by simulations with the program COMSOL Multiphysics. The multivariable approach here discussed is general, and can be applied to the rigorous preliminary study of diverse situations in building physics and in many other areas of interest.
Andrea Ferrantelli; Paul Mel�is; Miska R�ikk�nen; Martti Viljanen
Use of inhibitors for scale control in brine-producing gas and oil wells
Field and laboratory work have shown that calcium-carbonate scale formation in waters produced with natural gas and oil can be prevented by injection of phosphonate inhibitor into the formation, even if the formation is sandstone without calcite binging material. Inhibitor squeeze jobs have been carried out on DOE's geopressured-geothermal Gladys McCall brine-gas well and GRI's co-production wells in the Hitchcock field. Following the inhibitor squeeze on Gladys McCall, the well produced over five million barrels of water at a rate of approximately 30,000 BPD without calcium-carbonate scaling. Before the inhibitor squeeze, the well could not be produced above 15,000 BPD without significant scale formation. In the GRI brine-gas co-production field tests, inhibitor squeezes have been used to successfully prevant scaling. Laboratory work has been conducted to determine what types of oil field waters are subject to scaling. This research has led to the development of a saturation index and accompanying nomographs which allow prediction of when scale will develop into a problem in brine production.
Tomson, M.B.; Prestwich, S.
Advanced Membrane Filtration Technology for Cost Effective Recovery of Fresh Water from Oil & Gas Produced Brine
This study is developing a comprehensive study of what is involved in the desalination of oil field produced brine and the technical developments and regulatory changes needed to make the concept a commercial reality. It was originally based on ''conventional'' produced water treatment and reviewed (1) the basics of produced water management, (2) the potential for desalination of produced brine in order to make the resource more useful and available in areas of limited fresh water availability, and (3) the potential beneficial uses of produced water for other than oil production operations. Since we have begun however, a new area of interest has appeared that of brine water treatment at the well site. Details are discussed in this technical progress report. One way to reduce the impact of O&G operations is to treat produced brine by desalination. The main body of the report contains information showing where oil field brine is produced, its composition, and the volume available for treatment and desalination. This collection of information all relates to what the oil and gas industry refers to as ''produced water management''. It is a critical issue for the industry as produced water accounts for more than 80% of all the byproducts produced in oil and gas exploration and production. The expense of handling unwanted waste fluids draws scarce capital away for the development of new petroleum resources, decreases the economic lifetimes of existing oil and gas reservoirs, and makes environmental compliance more expensive to achieve. More than 200 million barrels of produced water are generated worldwide each day; this adds up to more than 75 billion barrels per year. For the United States, the American Petroleum Institute estimated about 18 billion barrels per year were generated from onshore wells in 1995, and similar volumes are generated today. Offshore wells in the United States generate several hundred million barrels of produced water per year. Internationally, three barrels of water are produced for each barrel of oil. Production in the United States is more mature; the US average is about 7 barrels of water per barrel of oil. Closer to home, in Texas the Permian Basin produces more than 9 barrels of water per barrel of oil and represents more than 400 million gallons of water per day processed and re-injected.
David B. Burnett
Theory and practice of brine processing by industrial-scale magnetic ion polarization and optimization of personal-scale passive solar desalination.
??In the first section of this work we hope to add to the science of brine management in desalination. We have undertaken a feasibility analysis� (more)
Wofsey, Michael Henry
UCSD Geothermal Chemical Modeling Project: DOE Advanced Brine Chemistry Program. [University of California at San Diego (UCSD)
DOE funding to the UCSD Chemical Modeling Group supports research to provide computer models which will reliably characterize the equilibrium chemistry of geothermal brines (solution, solid and gas phases) under variable thermodynamic conditions. With this technology, it will be possible to rapidly and inexpensively predict the chemical behavior of geothermal brines during various resource recovery stages; exploration, production, plant energy extraction and rejection as well as in ancillary programs such as mineral recovery. Our modeling technology is based on recent progress in the physical chemistry of concentrated aqueous solutions. The behavior of these fluids has not been predicted from first principle theories. However, because of the importance of concentrated brines to many industrial and natural processes, there have been numerous efforts to develop accurate phenomenological expressions for predicting the chemical behavior of these brines. One of the most successful of these efforts is that of Pitzer and coworkers. Incorporating the semiempirical equations of Pitzer, we have shown at UCSD that we can create highly accurate models of brine-solid-gas chemistry.
Experimental testing of a direct contact heat exchanger for geothermal brine. Final report, July 1, 1978-February 1, 1979
A series of direct contact heat exchanger (DCHX) experiments were conducted at the East Mesa Geothermal Test Site during the period July 1, 1978 to February 1, 1979. The purpose of these tests was to provide additional data necessary to better understand the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of the DCHX binary cycle loop components that may be used to extract energy from geothermal brines. Isobutane and Isopentane were tested as secondary working fluids. The analytical and experimental efforts were directed at the problems of working fluid loss in the effluent brine, carryover of water vapor with the vaporized secondary fluid and the free CO/sub 2/ content of the feed brine. The tests aimed at evaluating the heat transfer performance of various type tubes installed in vertical shell-and-tube secondary fluid condensers. Data was collected while operating a low temperature isopentane cycle with brine preflashed to 210 to 212/sup 0/F; the objective being to gain insight to waste heat recovery applications such as the Arkansas Power and Light project. Possible alternatives for isobutane recovery from the spent brine were investigated. A system was designed and the economic aspects studied.
Urbanek, M.W.
Advanced biochemical processes for geothermal brines FY 1998 annual operating plan
As part of the overall Geothermal Energy Research which is aimed at the development of economical geothermal resources production systems, the aim of the Advanced Biochemical Processes for Geothermal Brines (ABPGB) effort is the development of economic and environmentally acceptable methods for disposal of geothermal wastes and conversion of by-products to useful forms. Methods are being developed for dissolution, separation and immobilization of geothermal wastes suitable for disposal, usable in inert construction materials, suitable for reinjection into the reservoir formation, or used for recovery of valuable metals.
Development of direct heat exchangers for geothermal brines. Final report, October 4, 1977--June 30, 1978
A series of experiments during a period of eight months was conducted with the existing Direct Contact Heat Exchanger (DCHX) Loop in order to better understand the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of the equipment. Modifications were made to the equipment which were designed to improve heat transfer and reduce the cost of the heat exchangers. Additional changes were made to the equipment to conduct turbine experiments, condenser experiments, and carryover tests. Further studies of the amounts of dissolved isobutane in the geothermal brine and methods of recovering this dissolved isobutane were also made. The procedures used and the results of the tests performed are presented.
Radiation chemistry of salt-mine brines and hydrates. [Gamma radiation
Certain aspects of the radiation chemistry of NaCl-saturated MgCl/sub 2/ solutions and MgCl/sub 2/ hydrates at temperatures in the range of 30 to 180/sup 0/C were investigated through experiments. A principal objective was to establish the values for the yields of H/sub 2/ (G(H/sub 2/)) and accompanying oxidants in the gamma-ray radiolysis of concentrated brines that might occur in waste repositories in salt. We concluded that G(H/sub 2/) from gamma-irradiated brine solution into a simultaneously irradiated, deaerated atmosphere above the solution is between 0.48 and 0.49 over most of the range 30 to 143/sup 0/C. The yield is probably somewhat lower at the lower end of this range, averaging 0.44 at 30 to 45/sup 0/C. Changes in the relative amounts of MgCl/sub 2/ and NaCl in the NaCl-saturated solutions have negligible effects on the yield. The yield of O/sub 2/ into the same atmosphere averages 0.13, independent of the temperature and brine composition, showing that only about 50% of the radiolytic oxidant that was formed along with the H/sub 2/ was present as O/sub 2/. We did not identify the species that compose the remainder of the oxidant. We concluded that the yield of H/sub 2/ from a gamma-irradiated brine solution into a simultaneously irradiated atmosphere containing 5 to 8% air in He may be greater than the yield in deaerated systems by amounts ranging from 0% for temperatures of 73 to 85/sup 0/C, to about 30 and 40% for temperatures in the ranges 100 to 143/sup 0/C and 30 to 45/sup 0/C, respectively. We did not establish the mechanism whereby the air affected the yields of H/sub 2/ and O/sub 2/. The values found in this work for G(H/sub 2/) in deaerated systems are in approximate agreement with the value of 0.44 for the gamma-irradiation yield of H/sub 2/ in pure H/sub 2/O at room temperature. They are also in agreement with the values predicted by extrapolation from the findings of previous researchers for the value for G(H/sub 2/) in 2 M NaCl solutions at room temperature.
Jenks, G.H.; Walton, J.R.; Bronstein, H.R.; Baes, C.F. Jr.
Electric power generation using geothermal brine resources for a proof-of-concept facility
A report is given of the initial phase of a proof-of-concept project to establish the technical, environmental, and economic feasibility of utilizing hot brine resources for electric energy production and other industrial applications. Included in the report are the following: summary, conclusions, and recommendations; site selection; Heber site description; development of design bases for an experimental facility and a 10 MWe(Net) generating unit; description of facilities; safety analysis; environmental considerations; implementation plan and schedule; and conceptual capital cost estimate.
Effect of shale-water recharge on brine and gas recovery from geopressured reservoirs
The concept of shale-water recharge has often been discussed and preliminary assessments of its significance in the recovery of geopressured fluids have been given previously. The present study uses the Pleasant Bayou Reservoir data as a base case and varies the shale formation properties to investigate their impact on brine and gas recovery. The parametric calculations, based on semi-analytic solutions and finite-difference techniques, show that for vertical shale permeabilities which are at least of the order of 10/sup -5/ md, shale recharge will constitute an important reservoir drive mechanism and will result in much larger fluid recovery than that possible in the absence of shale dewatering.
Riney, T.D.; Garg, S.K.; Wallace, R.H. Jr.
Application of freshwater and brine polymer flooding in the North Burbank Unit, Osage County, Oklahoma
A freshwater polymer-flood project was implemented in a 1,440-acre area of the North Burbank Unit (NBU) in 1980 with sequential injection of 4.2 million Ibm of polyacrylamide and 4.0 million Ibm of a 2.9% aluminum citrate crosslinking solution. Response to polymer flooding has been very pronounced, with ultimate incremental oil recovery projected to exceed 2.5 MMSTB of oil and total project oil expected to be 4.5 MMSTB. A crosslinked polymer-flood process for use in brine was developed that displays equally favorable performance characteristics as the freshwater polymer-flooding system.
Moffitt, P.D.; Zornes, D.R.; Moradi-Araghi, A.; McGovern, J.M. (Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, OK (United States))
Capacity Investigation of Brine-Bearing Sands of the Frio Formation for Geologic Sequestration of CO2
Capacity Investigation of Brine-Bearing Sands of the Frio Capacity Investigation of Brine-Bearing Sands of the Frio Formation for Geologic Sequestration of CO 2 Christine Doughty (firstname.lastname@example.com; 510-486-6453) Karsten Pruess (firstname.lastname@example.com; 510-486-6732) Sally M. Benson (firstname.lastname@example.com; 510-486-5875) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd, MS 90-1116 Berkeley, CA 94720 Susan D. Hovorka (email@example.com; 512-471-4863) Paul R. Knox (email@example.com; 512-471-7313) Bureau of Economic Geology P.O. Box X, The University of Texas Austin, TX 78713 Christopher T. Green (firstname.lastname@example.com; 530-752-1372) University of California, Hydrologic Sciences 1 Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616 Abstract The capacity of fluvial brine-bearing formations to sequester CO 2 is investigated using numerical simulations of CO
Study and testing of direct contact heat exchangers for geothermal brines. Final report, June 1975--July 1976
The object of the work reported herein was to assess the technical and economic feasibility of preheating and evaporating a secondary fluid via direct contact with hot geothermal brine. The work covered a period of 12 months and included the design, construction, and testing of a unit which heats and vaporizes 10 gpm of isobutane by direct contact with 325/sup 0/F brine. The analytical and experimental efforts explored design and economic characteristics, including anticipated problem areas such as working fluid loss in the brine, production of a stable dispersion of the working fluid in brine, fluids separation, axial mixing and carry-over of water vapor with the working fluid. Isobutane was selected as the working fluid for tests primarily because of the favorable amount of net work produced per pound of geothermal brine and the low amount and cost of working fluid lost in the heat exchange process. The Elgin Spray Tower concept was selected for the preheater and boiler. The test apparatus includes a separate boiler and a separate preheater, each 6'' diameter by 6' high. Brine enters the top of each vessel and leaves the bottom. Isobutane enters the bottom of the preheater through a distributor plate to produce 0.15 inch diameter drops. The experimental unit operated with no major problems and demonstrated its hydraulic and thermal capabilities. Volumetric heat transfer coefficients obtained ranged up to 4000 BTU/hr /sup 0/F ft/sup 3/. Boiling heat transfer coefficients of as high as 17,000 BTU/hr /sup 0/F ft/sup 3/ were obtained with a design value of 10,000 BTU/hr /sup 0/F ft/sup 3/. Amount of isobutane in a 21 percent NaCl solution leaving the preheater was less than 40 ppM. A conceptual design and cost estimate was prepared for a direct contact heat exchange system sized for a 50 MW power plant.
Suratt, W.B.; Hart, G.K.
Brine migration test report: Asse Salt Mine, Federal Republic of Germany: Technical report
This report presents a summary of Brine Migration Tests which were undertaken at the Asse mine of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) under a bilateral US/FRG agreement. This experiment simulates a nuclear waste repository at the 800-m (2624-ft) level of the Asse salt mine in the Federal Republic of Germany. This report describes the Asse salt mine, the test equipment, and the pretest properties of the salt in the mine and in the vicinity of the test area. Also included are selected test data (for the first 28 months of operation) on the following: brine migration rates, thermomechaical behavior of the salt (including room closure, stress reading, and thermal profiles), borehole gas pressures, and borehole gas analyses. In addition to field data, laboratory analyses of pretest salt properties are included in this report. The operational phase of these experiments was completed on October 4, 1985, with the commencement of cooldown and the start of posttest activities. 7 refs., 68 figs., 48 tabs.
Coyle, A.J.; Eckert, J.; Kalia, H.
Fluid sampling and chemical modeling of geopressured brines containing methane. Final report, March 1980-February 1981
The development of a flowthrough sampler capable of obtaining fluid samples from geopressured wells at temperatures up to 400/sup 0/F and pressures up to 20,000 psi is described. The sampler has been designed, fabricated from MP35N alloy, laboratory tested, and used to obtain fluid samples from a geothermal well at The Geysers, California. However, it has not yet been used in a geopressured well. The design features, test results, and operation of this device are described. Alternative sampler designs are also discussed. Another activity was to review the chemistry and geochemistry of geopressured brines and reservoirs, and to evaluate the utility of available computer codes for modeling the chemistry of geopressured brines. The thermodynamic data bases for such codes are usually the limiting factor in their application to geopressured systems, but it was concluded that existing codes can be updated with reasonable effort and can usefully explain and predict the chemical characteristics of geopressured systems, given suitable input data.
Dudak, B.; Galbraith, R.; Hansen, L.; Sverjensky, D.; Weres, O.
Demonstration of a rotary separator for two-phase brine and steam flows. Final report
The application of a two-phase rotary separator for geothermal energy conversion was demonstrated. Laboratory tests were conducted with clean water and steam at Biphase Energy Systems, Inc., Santa Monica, California. Field tests were conducted at the Union Oil Co., Tow No. 1 wellsite near Brawley, California. The system tested consisted of the major components of a total flow rotary separator/turbine conversion system. A nozzle converted the brine wellhead enthalpy to two-phase flow kinetic by impinging the nozzle flow tangentially on the inside of the separator. The flow was therefore subjected to the high centrifugal force field in the separator. This caused the liquid phase to collect as a film on the separator drum with very little energy loss. The steam was allowed to flow radially inward to the central steam discharge. Potable water was obtained by condensing the steam exhaust. The brine collection system converted the liquid film kinetic energy to static pressure head. The system was operated for 116 hours in a high salinity environment (115,000 ppM TDS). The system operated properly with no adverse effects from solids precipitation or scale buildup. The rotary separator produced separate flows of pure liquid and steam of greater than 99.5% quality.
Cerini, D.J.
High-pressure solvent extraction of methane from geopressured brines: technical evaluation and cost analysis
Solvent extraction is proposed as a means of recovering dissolved methane from geopressured-geothermal brines at high pressures. The assessment shows that additional investment in a high pressure solvent extraction plant preceding direct injection disposal of brines into isolated aquifers can be profitable. The technical and economic issues are discussed, and compared with other injection methods such as complete depressurization for methane recovery followed by conventional mechanical pumping. The contributions of hydraulic (pressure) energy recovery and geothermal power production are also assessed. For deep injection into the producing formation, it is concluded that methane extraction processes are not applicable, insofar as maintenance of high surface pressures provides no clear-cut energy benefits. As a first step in the evaluation of solvent extraction, the solubility of a promising solvent candidate, n-hexadecane, was measured in 15 wt % NaCl solutions at temperatures up to 150/sup 0/C. The solubility of a potential low cost solvent, No. 2 Diesel fuel, was also measured.
Quong, R.; Otsuki, H.H.; Locke, F.E.
Report on design, construction, and testing of CO/sub 2/ breakout system for geothermal brines
A skid mounted test facility has been built for determining conditions at which CO/sub 2/ flashes from geothermal brines. The system has been checked and operated at one geothermal plant. It performed as designed. The equipment is designed to operate at temperatures and pressures typical of wells near Heber, California. (Nominally 180/sup 0/C and 300 to 500 psig). It has heat exchangers which can cool the brine to less than 70/sup 0/C. (The cooling water is recirculated after being cooled by a forced air heat exchanger). Breakout pressures can be determined for any temperature between 70/sup 0/C and wellhead temperature. An adjustable orifice provides final control on pressure required to initiate flashing. The orifice is at the bottom of a sight glass. A light beam shines through the sight glass and focuses on a photoelectric cell. The presence of bubbles scatters light and decreases the output of the cell. Results using the cell were more reproducible than those using the naked eye. Results from one test show a smooth curve over the temperature range 75/sup 0/C to 165/sup 0/C. Agreement between the experimental values and calculated ones is discussed.
Robertus, R.J.; Shannon, D.W.; Sullivan, R.G.
Subsurface Ice and Brine Sampling Using an Ultrasonic/Sonic Gopher for Life Detection and Characterization
There is growing evidence for ice and fluids near the surface of Mars with potential discharge of brines, which may preserve a record of past life on the planet. Proven techniques to sample Mars subsurface will be critical for future NASA astrobiology missions that will search for such records. The required technology studies are underway in the McMurdo Dry valleys, Antarctica, which is serving as a Mars analog. The ice layer on Lake Vida in the dry valleys is estimated to be 20-meter thick where below 16-m depth there is a mix of ice and brine, which has never been sampled directly due to logistical constraints. A novel light weight, low power ultrasonic/sonic driller/corer (USDC) mechanism was developed that overcomes the need for high axial loads required by drilling via conventional techniques. The USDC was modified to produce an Ultrasonic/Sonic Gopher that is being developed to core down to the 20-m depth for in situ analysis and sample collection. Coring ice at-20 o C as in Lake Vida suggests that it is a greater challenge and current efforts are focused on the problems of ice core cutting, ice chip handling and potential ice melt (and refreezing) during drilling. An analytical model and a prototype are being developed with an effort to
Y. Bar-cohen; S. Sherrit; Z. Chang; L. Wessel; X. Bao; P. T. Doran; C. H. Fritsen; F. Kenig; C. P. Mckay; A. Murray; T. Peterson
New constraints on methane fluxes and rates of anaerobic methane oxidation in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool via in situ mass spectrometry
New constraints on methane fluxes and rates of anaerobic methane oxidation in a Gulf of Mexico Keywords: Methane flux Mass spectrometer Brine pool Methane oxidation Gulf of Mexico a b s t r a c t Deep report direct measurements of methane concentrations made in a Gulf of Mexico brine pool located
Girguis, Peter R.
Modeling of an adiabatic packed bed brine-air contactor for use in a solar energy driven food processing system
A mathematical model was developed for a packed bed brine-air contacting system which has applications in a solar energy driven food processing system. The model considers mass transfer resistances of both phases, but neglects the heat transfer resistance of the liquid phase. It takes into account the large heat effects associated with water absorption into and desorption from the brine. A computational method was also developed to calculate the minimum air flow rate which would prevent a pinch. A packed bed brine-air contactor was built, and experiments were conducted for a range of brine and air conditions. Good agreement between the computed and experimental results warrants use of the model to design and optimize the packed bed water stripping process. A periodic-flow packed bed heat regenerator was built to recover heat from the exit air of the contactor so as to improve the energy efficiency of the system. It was possible to preheat the inlet air to a temperature close to that of the exit air. The inlet air, however, during its passage through the regenerator picked up the condensate deposited from the exit air. This led to a decrease in the driving potential to mass transfer in the contactor. Optimization studies show that using a combined solar driven boiler and air assisted packed bed water stripper would be more economical than using a solar driven boiler alone or using flat plate solar collectors to drive the water stripper.
Biswal, R.N.
This work is the first of a series of articles addressing the energy optimization in ice hockey halls. Here we outline an analytic method to predict in which design and operating conditions the COP of the entire cooling system (refrigerator and cooling tower) ${\\rm COP}_{sys}$ is maximum. ${\\rm COP}_{sys}$ is investigated as a function of several variables, like electric consumption and brine physical properties. With this method, the best configuration and brine choices for the system can therefore be determined in advance. We estimate the optimal design of an average-sized ice rink, including pipe diameter, depth and brine type (ethylene glycol and ammonia). We also single out an optimal brine density and show the impact of the electric consumption of the pump on ${\\rm COP}_{sys}$. Our theoretical predictions are validated with heat flow measurement data obtained at an ice hockey hall in Finland. They are also confronted with technical and cost-related constraints, and implemented by simulations with the pr...
Ferrantelli, Andrea; R�ikk�nen, Miska; Viljanen, Martti
A Methodology for Measuring the Rate of Reaction of CO2 with Brine-Rock Mixtures
Methodology for Measuring the Rate of Reaction of CO Methodology for Measuring the Rate of Reaction of CO 2 with Brine-Rock Mixtures Nicholas B. Janda (email@example.com; 216-368-2648) Philip W. Morrison, Jr. (email@example.com; 216-368-4238) Department of Chemical Engineering Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44106-7217 Beverly Z. Saylor (firstname.lastname@example.com; 216-368-3763) Gerald Matisoff (email@example.com; 216-368-3677) Department of Geological Sciences Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44106-7216 Introduction Storage of carbon dioxide in deep, porous, and permeable reservoir rocks is one of the most promising technologies for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Although oil and gas reservoirs are a sensible first step for sequestration of carbon dioxide in geologic
Reducing Foreign Lithium Dependence through Co-Production of Lithium from Geothermal Brine
Foreign Lithium Dependence through Co-Production of Lithium from Foreign Lithium Dependence through Co-Production of Lithium from Geothermal Brine Kerry Klein 1 , Linda Gaines 2 1 New West Technologies LLC, Washington, DC, USA 2 Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA KEYWORDS Mineral extraction, zinc, silica, strategic metals, Imperial Valley, lithium ion batteries, electric- drive vehicles, battery recycling ABSTRACT Following a 2009 investment of $32.9 billion in renewable energy and energy efficiency research through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, President Obama in his January 2011 State of the Union address promised deployment of one million electric vehicles by 2015 and 80% clean energy by 2035. The United States seems poised to usher in its bright energy future,
Analysis of hydrocarbon removal methods for the management of oilfield brines and produced waters
According to the Texas Railroad Commission (TRC), ????over 250 billion gallons of produced water is taken out of Texas Soil every year, and more than 35% of this water is not currently fit to use.?? Therefore, it can be assumed that domestically and globally, the petroleum industries challenge has been to develop a high-tech and cost effective method to purify the large volumes of oilfield brines and produced water. Currently, most of the produced water requires several pre- and post- treatment methods to aide in reducing fouling of membranes, separation of components, increasing influent and effluent quality, and preventing unwanted work stoppage during the desalination process. As a result, the pre- and post- treatment conditioning of the produced water affects the economics and scale-up (i.e. residence times, absorption capacity, etc??) of the varying processes parameters. Therefore, this research focuses on developing an economic analysis and determining the adsorption capacity of an organoclay system to remove oil.
Furrow, Brendan Eugene
Corrosivity of geothermal brines. Progress report for period ending September 1977. Final report
Results of studies carried out principally during FY 1976 and FY 1977 on the corrosion of ferrous materials in synthetic geothermal brines are summarized. A survey of prior work on electrochemical aspects of the corrosion of iron and carbon steel in chloride solutions is presented, and some of the results of these investigations are summarized. The principal results of the present studies are then recapitulated. Included are measurements of the corrosion potential, corrosion rate, and polarization behavior of iron and carbon steel in deaerated 4 M NaCl over the pH range from 1 to 11 at temperatures up to 100/sup 0/C in a conventional Pyrex electrochemical cell. The effect of pH on hydrolysis, precipitation, and electrochemical reactivity of ferrous and ferric ions in 4 M NaCl at 25/sup 0/C is presented, and implications for plant operation are discussed. Details of a refreshed, stirred titanium autoclave system are described; the system permits electrochemical measurements to be made up to at least 200/sup 0/in corrosive aqueous saline media. The effect of pH (from pH equals 7 to pH equals 2) and temperature (from 25/sup 0/ to 200/sup 0/C) on the corrosion rate of type A212B carbon steel in deaerated 4 M NaCl is described. A relatively simple numerical correlation describes the data over the entire temperature and pH range. The spontaneous corrosion potentials and pitting potentials of types 304 and 316 stainless steel were measured in deaerated 4 M NaCl at pH equals 5 from 25/sup 0/ to 200/sup 0/C, and the data demonstrate the borderline stability of austenitic stainless steel for brine service. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for further studies are presented.
Posey, F.A.; Palko, A.A.; Bacarella, A.L.
Evaluation of materials for systems using cooled, treated geothermal or high-saline brines
Lack of adequate quantities of clean surface water for use in wet (evaporative) cooling systems indicates the use of high-salinity waste waters, or cooled geothermal brines, for makeup purposes. High-chloride, aerated water represents an extremely corrosive environment. In order to determine metals suitable for use in such an environment, metal coupons were exposed to aerated, treated geothermal brine salted to a chloride concentration of 10,000 and 50,000 ppM (mg/L) for periods of up to 30 days. The exposed coupons were evaluated to determine the general, pitting, and crevice corrosion characteristics of the metals. The metals exhibiting corrosion resistance at 50,000 ppM chloride were then evaluated at 100,000 and 200,000 ppM chloride. Since these were screening tests to select materials for components to be used in a cooling system, with primary emphasis on condenser tubing, several materials were exposed for 4 to 10 months in pilot cooling tower test units with heat transfer for further corrosion evaluation. The results of the screening tests indicate that ferritic stainless steels (29-4-2 and SEA-CURE) exhibit excellent corrosion resistance at all levels of chloride concentration. Copper-nickel alloys (70/30 and Monel 400) exhibited excellent corrosion resistance in the high-saline water. The 70/30 copper-nickel alloy, which showed excellent resistance to general corrosion, exhibited mild pitting in the 30-day tests. This pitting was not apparent, however, after 6 months of exposure in the pilot cooling tower tests. The nickel-base alloys exhibited excellent corrosion resistance, but their high cost prevents their use unless no other material is found feasible. Other materials tested, although unsuitable for condenser tubing material, would be suitable as tube sheet material.
Suciu, D.F.; Wikoff, P.M.
Radioactive waste isolation in salt: geochemistry of brine in rock salt in temperature gradients and gamma-radiation fields - a selective annotated bibliography
Evaluation of the extensive research concerning brine geochemistry and transport is critically important to successful exploitation of a salt formation for isolating high-level radioactive waste. This annotated bibliography has been compiled from documents considered to provide classic background material on the interactions between brine and rock salt, as well as the most important results from more recent research. Each summary elucidates the information or data most pertinent to situations encountered in siting, constructing, and operating a mined repository in salt for high-level radioactive waste. The research topics covered include the basic geology, depositional environment, mineralogy, and structure of evaporite and domal salts, as well as fluid inclusions, brine chemistry, thermal and gamma-radiation effects, radionuclide migration, and thermodynamic properties of salts and brines. 4 figs., 6 tabs.
Hull, A.B.; Williams, L.B.
Experimental and Computational Studies of Fluid Flow Phenomena in Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Brine and Oil Fields
EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF FLUID EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF FLUID FLOW PHENOMENA IN CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION IN BRINE AND OIL FIELDS Chuang Ji ( email@example.com ) National Energy Technology Laboratory Department of Energy, Morgantown, WV 26507-0880 BOX 5725 Clarkson University Potsdam, NY 13699 Goodarz Ahmadi ( email@example.com ) BOX 5725 Clarkson University Potsdam, NY 13699 Duane H. Smith ( firstname.lastname@example.com ) National Energy Technology Laboratory Department of Energy, Morgantown, WV 26507-0880 2 INTRODUCTION Sequestration of CO 2 by injection into deep geological formations is a method to reduce CO 2 emissions into the atmosphere. However, when CO 2 is injected underground, it forms fingers extending into the rock pores saturated with brine or petroleum. This flow
Evaluation of Brine-Bearing Sands of the Frio Formation, Upper Texas Gulf Coast for Geological Sequestration of CO2
Evaluation of Brine-Bearing Sands of the Evaluation of Brine-Bearing Sands of the Frio Formation, Upper Texas Gulf Coast for Geological Sequestration of CO 2 S. D. Hovorka (email@example.com; 512-471-4863) Bureau of Economic Geology, P.O. Box X, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713 C. Doughty (email@example.com; 510-486-6453 ) Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 90-1116, Berkeley, CA 94720 P. R. Knox (firstname.lastname@example.com; 512-471-7313), Bureau of Economic Geology, P.O. Box X, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713 C. T. Green (firstname.lastname@example.com; 510-495-2461) University of California, Hydrologic Sciences, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 K. Pruess(email@example.com; 510-486-6732) Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road Mailstop 90-1116,
Removal of hydrogen sulfide from simulated geothermal brines by reaction with oxygen. Final report, October 6, 1975-February 4, 1977
A process for controlling hydrogen sulfide emissions and corrosivity in geothermal systems has been evaluated on a small laboratory pilot plant scale and shown to be technically feasible. The hydrogen sulfide was oxidized by oxygen injected directly into a 11.4-liter-(3-gallon)-per-minute flowing stream of simulated geothermal brine. The oxidation of the sulfide was complete at oxygen:sulfide mole ratios of 1.25:1 to 1.5:1, depending on temperature and total dissolved solids in the brine. The reaction products were free sulfur, sulfite and sulfate. The ratio of these was dependent upon the oxygen:sulfide mole ratios; but, generally, more than 80% of the sulfide was converted to sulfate, approximately 10% to free sulfur and less than 10% to sulfite.
Wilson, J.S.; King, J.E.; Bullard, G.R.
Hydrocarbons associated with brines from geopressured wells. Fourth quarterly technical progress report, 1 October 1990--30 December 1990
The purpose of this research is to determine the concentration of the cryocondensates in fluids of the various USDOE Geopressured wells as a function of production volume, to correlate the production of these compounds with reservoir and well production characteristics, to precisely measure solubilities of cryocondensates components in water and sodium chloride solutions (brines) as a function of ionic strength and temperature and the component`s distribution coefficients between these solutions and oil, to develop models of the reservoir which are consistent with the data obtained, to monitor the wells for the production of aliphatic oils and relate any such production with the data obtained, and to develop a harsh environment pH probe for use in well brines. Results are summarized.
Understanding Long-Term Solute Transport in Sedimentary Basins: Simulating Brine Migration in the Alberta Basin. Final Report
Mass transport in deep sedimentary basins places important controls on ore formation, petroleum migration, CO2 sequestration, and geochemical reactions that affect petroleum reservoir quality, but large-scale transport in this type of setting remains poorly understood. This lack of knowledge is highlighted in the resource-rich Alberta Basin, where geochemical and hydrogeologic studies have suggested residence times ranging from hundreds of millions of years to less than 5 My, respectively. Here we developed new hydrogeologic models that were constrained by geochemical observations to reconcile these two very different estimates. The models account for variable-density fluid flow, heat transport, solute transport, sediment deposition and erosion, sediment compressibility, and dissolution of salt deposits, including Cl/Br systematics. Prior interpretations of Cl/Br ratios in the Alberta Basin concluded that the brines were derived from evaporatively-concentrated brines that were subsequently diluted by seawater and freshwater; models presented here show that halite dissolution must have contributed strongly as well, which implies significantly greater rates of mass transport. This result confirms that Cl/Br ratios are subject to significant non-uniqueness and thus do not provide good independent indicators of the origin of brines. Salinity and Cl/Br ratios provided valuable new constraints for basin-scale models, however. Sensitivity studies revealed that permeabilities obtained from core- and field-scale tests were appropriate for basin-scale models, despite the differences in scale between the tests and the models. Simulations of groundwater age show that the residence time of porefluids in much of the basin is less than 100 My. Groundwater age increases with depth and approaches 200 My in the deepest part of the basin, but brines are significantly younger than their host rocks throughout the basin.
Alicia M. Wilson
Study and testing of direct contact heat exchangers for geothermal brines. Phase II, August 1976--June 1977
The analytical and experimental studies completed under this project have explored several aspects of geothermal binary power cycles and column type direct contact heat exchangers between geothermal brine and isobutane. A major improvement of the heat exchanger was developed by the combination of the preheater and boiler into a single continuous column. At East Mesa, this new direct contact heat exchanger was tested on geothermal brine in order to correlate the experimental heat transfer data with the theoretical model for use in designing larger plants. Experiments also involved a small radial inflow turbine to produce electricity which marked the first generation of electricity from geothermal brine using a binary cycle. In analytical studies, a comparison of the relationship between column diameter and droplet size was made for both Minard--Johnson and Sakiadis--Johnson model. The Letan--Kehat model for relating column height and temperature profile was analyzed and compared with experimental data. It appears that the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical models. A detailed design of a 250 Kw pilot plant incorporating the direct contact heat exchanger was completed. This design with estimated costs for it and a 500 Kw pilot plant is incorporated.
Suratt, W.B.; Lee, C.O.
Estimation Of Retained Crude Oil Associated With Crushed Salt And Salt Cores In The Presence Of Near-Saturated Brine
This paper describes three experiments whose purpose is to determine the amount of retained oil on massive salt surfaces and in crushed salt in the presence of water and brine. These experiments have application to the decommissioning process for the Weeks Island mine. In the first experiment, oil-coated salt cores were immersed in either fresh water or in 85% brine. In the case of both fluids, the oil was completely removed from the cores within several hours. In the second experiment, oil-coated salt pieces were suspended in air and the oil was allowed to drain. The weight of retained oil clinging to the salt was determined. This experiment was used to estimate the total amount of oil clinging to the roofs of the mine. The total amount of oil clinging to the roofs of the mine is estimated to be between 240 and 400 m 3 (1500 and 2500 BBL). In the third experiment, a pan of oil-soaked crushed salt was immersed in 85% brine, and oil removal from the salt was monitored as a function of...
Timothy Hern Energetic; Timothy J. O�hern; Thomas E. Hinkebein; Thomas W. Grasser
Brine chemistry: scaling and corrosion. Geothermal research study in the Salton Sea region of California
The purpose of this report is to recommend a reasonable program of brine chemistry research that will result in the development of methods for predicting and controlling scale deposition, and in guidelines for the selection of corrosion-resistant construction materials. First, background information, which is necessary for the understanding of the problems of scaling and corrosion in the Salton Sea KGRA, is presented through a review of the history of geothermal exploration and development in the Salton Sea. Second, literature relevant to the geochemistry of the Salton Sea field is reviewed and important results are emphasized. Third, current research efforts directed toward actual power plant construction are summarized and evaluated. Fourth, research which has been proposed but is not currently funded is discussed. Fifth, because silica scaling has been the most troublesome problem in the past, the basic chemistry of silica and its relationship to scaling is discussed. Sixth, recommendations for future research are made in which a fundamental engineering approach is emphasized. In this approach, experiments would be conducted on actual process equipment and detailed chemical analyses would be performed on site in well-equipped field laboratories. 88 references.
Hoffmann, M.R.
Advanced biochemical processes for geothermal brines: Annual operating plan, FY 1995
An R and D program to identify methods for the utilization and/or low cost of environmentally acceptable disposal of toxic geothermal residues has been established at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). Laboratory work has shown that a biochemical process developed at BNL, would meet regulatory costs and environmental requirements. In this work, microorganisms which can convert insoluble species of toxic metals, including radionuclides, into soluble species, have been identified. These organisms serve as models in the development of a biochemical process in which toxic metals present in geothermal residual sludges are converted into water soluble species. The produced solution can be reinjected or processed further to concentrate and recover commercially valuable metals. After the biochemical detoxification of geothermal residual sludges, the end-products are non-toxic and meet regulatory requirements. The overall process is a technically and environmentally acceptable cost-efficient process. It is anticipated that the new biotechnology will reduce the cost of surface disposal of sludges derived from geothermal brines by 25% or better.
Premuzic, E.T.
Lattice-Boltzmann modeling of micromodel experiments representing a CO2-brine system
Successful sequestration of CO{sub 2} into deep saline aquifers presents an enormous challenge that requires fundamental understanding of reactive-multi phase flow and transport across many temporal and spatial scales. Of critical importance is accurately predicting the efficiency of CO{sub 2} trapping mechanisms. At the pore scale (e.g., microns to millimeters) the interfacial area between CO{sub 2} and brine, as well as CO{sub 2} and the solid phase, directly influences the amount of CO{sub 2} trapped due to capillary forces, dissolution and mineral precipitation. In this work, we model immiscible displacement micromodel experiments using the lattice-Boltzmann (LB) method. We focus on quantifying interfacial area as a function of capillary numbers and viscosity ratios typically encountered in CO{sub 2} sequestration operations. We show that the LB model adequately predicts the steady-state experimental flow patterns and interfacial area measurements. Based on the steady-state agreement, we use the LB model to investigate interfacial dynamics (e.g., fluid-fluid interfacial velocity and the rate of production of fluid-fluid interfacial area). In addition, we quantify the amount of interfacial area and the interfacial dynamics associated with the capillary trapped nonwetting phase. This is expected to be important for predicting the amount of nonwetting phase subsequently trapped due to dissolution and mineral precipitation.
Porter, Mark L [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Kang, Qinjun [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Tarimala, Sowmitri [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Abdel - Fattah, Amr I [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Backhaus, Scott [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Carey, James W [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Time-lapse crosswell seismic and VSP monitoring of injected CO2 ina brine aquifer
Seismic surveys successfully imaged a small scale C02injection (1,600 tons) conducted in a brine aquifer of the Frio Formationnear Houston, Texas. These time-lapse bore-hole seismic surveys,crosswell and vertical seismic profile (VSP), were acquired to monitorthe C02 distribution using two boreholes (the new injection well and apre-existing well used for monitoring) which are 30 m apart at a depth of1500 m. The crosswell survey provided a high-resolution image of the C02distribution between the wells via tomographic imaging of the P-wavevelocity decrease (up to 500 mls). The simultaneously acquired S-wavetomography showed little change in S-wave velocity, as expected for fluidsubstitution. A rock physics model was used to estimate C02 saturationsof 10-20 percent from the P-wave velocity change. The VSP survey resolveda large (-70 percent) change in reflection amplitude for the Friohorizon. This C02 induced reflection amplitude change allowed estimationof the C02 extent beyond the monitor well and on 3 azimuths. The VSPresult is compared with numerical modeling of C02 saturations and isseismically modeled using the velocity change estimated in the crosswellsurvey.
Daley, Thomas M.; Myer, Larry R.; Peterson, J.E.; Majer, E.L.; Hoversten,G.M.
Platek Spaces
The aim of this work is to axiomatize and enhance the recursion theory on monotonic hierarchies of operative spaces developed in [1]. This is to be accomplished by employing a special new variety of operative spaces called Platek spaces. The original ... Keywords: Platek spaces, combinatory algebra, computability, generalised recursion theory, lightface recursion
Lyubomir Ivanov
Technical and economic feasibility of salt-gradient solar ponds at the Truscott Brine Lake of the Red River Chloride Control Project. A report to the House-Senate Committee on Appropriations of the Ninety-Seventh Congress
The Truscott Brine Lake is being constructed to impound highly brackish water from a number of sources which would normally flow into the Wichita River, a tributary of the Red River in Knox County, Texas. A 35.4-km (22-mile) pipeline is being constructed to carry the brines from their primary source to the Truscott Brine Lake site. The reservoir is designed to contain 100 years of brine emissions from three chloride emission areas in the Wichita River Basin. The solar ponds and power generating facilities would be located in the Bluff Creek Arm of Truscott Brine Lake. The Truscott Brine Lake study includes: survey of suitability of Truscott Lake site, review of solar pond technology, preconceptual design of solar salt pond power plant, and economic evaluation.
Recovery of Fresh Water Resources from Desalination of Brine Produced During Oil and Gas Production Operations
Management and disposal of produced water is one of the most important problems associated with oil and gas (O&G) production. O&G production operations generate large volumes of brine water along with the petroleum resource. Currently, produced water is treated as a waste and is not available for any beneficial purposes for the communities where oil and gas is produced. Produced water contains different contaminants that must be removed before it can be used for any beneficial surface applications. Arid areas like west Texas produce large amount of oil, but, at the same time, have a shortage of potable water. A multidisciplinary team headed by researchers from Texas A&M University has spent more than six years is developing advanced membrane filtration processes for treating oil field produced brines The government-industry cooperative joint venture has been managed by the Global Petroleum Research Institute (GPRI). The goal of the project has been to demonstrate that treatment of oil field waste water for re-use will reduce water handling costs by 50% or greater. Our work has included (1) integrating advanced materials into existing prototype units and (2) operating short and long-term field testing with full size process trains. Testing at A&M has allowed us to upgrade our existing units with improved pre-treatment oil removal techniques and new oil tolerant RO membranes. We have also been able to perform extended testing in 'field laboratories' to gather much needed extended run time data on filter salt rejection efficiency and plugging characteristics of the process train. The Program Report describes work to evaluate the technical and economical feasibility of treating produced water with a combination of different separation processes to obtain water of agricultural water quality standards. Experiments were done for the pretreatment of produced water using a new liquid-liquid centrifuge, organoclay and microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes for the removal of hydrocarbons from produced water. The results of these experiments show that hydrocarbons from produced water can be reduced from 200 ppm to below 29 ppm level. Experiments were also done to remove the dissolved solids (salts) from the pretreated produced water using desalination membranes. Produced water with up to 45,000 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS) can be treated to agricultural water quality water standards having less than 500 ppm TDS. The Report also discusses the results of field testing of various process trains to measure performance of the desalination process. Economic analysis based on field testing, including capital and operational costs, was done to predict the water treatment costs. Cost of treating produced water containing 15,000 ppm total dissolved solids and 200 ppm hydrocarbons to obtain agricultural water quality with less than 200 ppm TDS and 2 ppm hydrocarbons range between $0.5-1.5 /bbl. The contribution of fresh water resource from produced water will contribute enormously to the sustainable development of the communities where oil and gas is produced and fresh water is a scarce resource. This water can be used for many beneficial purposes such as agriculture, horticulture, rangeland and ecological restorations, and other environmental and industrial application.
David B. Burnett; Mustafa Siddiqui
Technology transfer report: feasibility study for the use of geothermal brine in the Ashdod area, Israel
The hydrothermal potential of the Ashdod area, Israel, was evaluated to determine its suitability as the low grade energy source required to operate the Ashdod desalination plant. An estimated 1250 cubic meters per hour of 120/sup 0/C brine would be adequate to supply the hot water necessary for operating the desalination plant. Considerable interest in oil exploration in the Ashdod area resulted in the drilling of six wells into the Jurassic formations by Oil Exploration (Investments) Ltd. (OEL) in 1976-1980. A small amount of oil was found in two wells, Ashdod 2 and 5. The remaining wells were abandoned as ''dry holes''. Evaluation of the drill cuttings, cores, and the electric logs defined two lithologic units of potential interest for hydrothermal exploitation, the Zohar and Shderot Dolomites. Investigation of the hydrothermal potential of the Jurassic formations underlying the Ashdod area has revealed that the aquifer temperatures range between 85 and 92/sup 0/C. The hydrologic parameters are not well defined; however the matrix permeability of the dolomites and limestones is probably between 1 and 10 md. This is insufficient permeability for a large scale pumping operation such as the one required to operate the desalination plant. Therefore, successful utilization of the resource requires the presence of significant fractures and/or connected vugs in the formation. The very low well productivity and formation plugging may indicate that permeability of the fracture zones may easily be impaired, suggesting that the fracture zones are not suitable production intervals. Until a test is conducted on a properly completed well, it is not possible to evaluate the deliverability of wells tapping these aquifers. 14 refs., 8 figs.
Benson, S.M.
The implications of UIC and NPDES regulations on selection of disposal options for spent geothermal brine
This document reviews and evaluates the various options for the disposal of geothermal wastewater with respect to the promulgated regulations for the protection of surface and groundwaters. The Clean Water Act of 1977 and the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments are especially important when designing disposal systems for geothermal fluids. The former promulgates regulations concerning the discharge of wastewater into surface waters, while the latter is concerned with the protection of ground water aquifers through the establishment of underground injection control (UIC) programs. There is a specific category for geothermal fluid discharge if injection is to be used as a method of disposal. Prior to February 1982, the UIC regulations required geothermal power plant to use Class III wells and direct use plants to use Class V wells. More stringent regulatory requirements, including construction specification and monitoring, are imposed on the Class III wells. On February 3, 1982, the classification of geothermal injection wells was changed from a Class III to Class V on the basis that geothermal wells do not inject for the extraction of minerals or energy, but rather they are used to inject brines, from which heat has been extracted, into formations from which they were originally taken. This reclassification implies that a substantial cost reduction will be realized for geothermal fluid injection primarily because well monitoring is no longer mandatory. The Clean Water Act of 1977 provides the legal basis for regulating the discharge of liquid effluent into the nation's surface waters, through a permitting system called the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Discharge quantities, rates, concentrations and temperatures are regulated by the NPDES permits. These permits systems are based upon effluent guidelines developed by EPA on an industry by industry basis. For geothermal energy industry, effluent guidelines have not been formulated and are not currently scheduled. There, are however, water quality standards that control the quantity and quality of wastewaters discharged into surface waters. These standards are established by the states in concert with EPA, and frequently result in NPDES conditions more restrictive than those based on effluent guidelines.
Neutron formation temperature gauge and neutron activation analysis brine flow meter. Final report, October 1, 1976--March 31, 1978
Feasibility studies of nuclear techniques applicable to the determination of geothermal formation temperature and two-phase brine flow downhole have been performed. The formation temperature gauging technique involves injection of fast neutrons into the formation and analysis of the moderated slow neutron energy distribution by appropriately filtered neutron detectors. The scientific feasibility of the method has been demonstrated by analytical computational and experimental evaluation of the system response. A data analysis method has been developed to determine unambiguously the temperature, neutron absorption cross section and neutron moderating power of an arbitrary medium. The initial phase of a program to demonstrate the engineering feasibility of the technique has been performed. A sonde mockup was fabricated and measurements have been performed in a test stand designed to simulate a geothermal well. The results indicate that the formation temperature determined by this method is independent of differences between the temperature in the borehole fluid and the formation, borehole fluid density, and borehole fluid salinity. Estimates of performance specifications for a formation temperature sonde have been made on the basis of information obtained in this study and a conceptual design of a logging system has been developed. The technique for the determination of fluid flow in a well is based on neutron activation analysis of elements present in the brine. An analytical evaluation of the method has been performed. The results warrant further, experimental evaluation.
Vagelatos, N.; Steinman, D.K.; John, J.
We evaluated usefulness of a coating system consisting of an underlying polyphenylenesulfide (PPS) layer and top polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-blended PPS layer as low friction, water repellent, anti-corrosion barrier film for carbon steel steam separators in geothermal power plants. The experiments were designed to obtain information on kinetic coefficient of friction, surface free energy, hydrothermal oxidation, alteration of molecular structure, thermal stability, and corrosion protection of the coating after immersing the coated carbon steel coupons for up to 35 days in CO{sub 2}-laden brine at 300 C. The superficial layer of the assembled coating was occupied by PTFE self-segregated from PPS during the melt-flowing process of this blend polymer; it conferred an outstanding slipperiness and water repellent properties because of its low friction and surface free energy. However, PTFE underwent hydrothermal oxidation in hot brine, transforming its molecular structure into an alkylated polyfluorocarboxylate salt complex linked to Na. Although such molecular transformation increased the friction and surface free energy, and also impaired the thermal stability of PTFE, the top PTFE-rich PPS layer significantly contributed to preventing the permeation of moisture and corrosive electrolytes through the coating film, so mitigating the corrosion of carbon steel.
Wetting behavior of selected crude oil/brine/rock systems. Topical report, March 1, 1995--March 31, 1996
Previous studies of crude oil/brine/rock (COBR) and related ensembles showed that wettability and its effect on oil recovery depend on numerous complex interactions. In the present work, the wettability of COBR ensembles prepared using Prudhoe Bay crude oil, a synthetic formation brine, and Berea Sandstone was varied by systematic change in initial water saturation and length of aging time at reservoir temperature (88 C). All displacement tests were run at ambient temperature. Various degrees of water wetness were achieved and quantified by a modified Amott wettability index to water, the relative pseudo work of imbibition, and a newly defined apparent advancing dynamic contact angle. Pairs of spontaneous imbibition (oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition of water) and waterflood (oil recovery vs. pore volumes of water injected) curves were measured for each of the induced wetting states. Several trends were observed. Imbibition rate, and hence water wetness, decreased with increase in aging time and with decrease in initial water saturation. Breakthrough recoveries and final oil recovery by waterflooding increased with decrease in water wetness. Correlations between water wetness and oil recovery by waterflooding and spontaneous imbibition are presented.
Zhou, X.; Morrow, N.R.; Ma, S.
Environmental assessment of the brine pipeline replacement for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Bryan Mound Facility in Brazoria County, Texas
The Department of Energy (DOE) has prepared an environmental assessment (EA), DOE/EA-0804, for the proposed replacement of a deteriorated brine disposal pipeline from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) Bryan Mound storage facility in Brazoria County, Texas, into the Gulf of Mexico. In addition, the ocean discharge outfall would be moved shoreward by locating the brine diffuser at the end of the pipeline 3.5 miles offshore at a minimum depth of 30 feet. The action would occur in a floodplain and wetlands; therefore, a floodplain/wetlands assessment has been prepared in conjunction with this EA. Based on the analyses in the EA, DOE has determined that the proposed action is not a major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment within the meaning of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 (42 USC. 4321, et seg.). Therefore, the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is not required, and the Department is issuing this Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI). This FONSI also includes a Floodplain Statement of Findings in accordance with 10 CFR Part 1022.
Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses for gas and brine migration at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, May 1992
Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis techniques based on Latin hypercube sampling, partial correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and examination of scatterplots are used in conjunction with the BRAGFLO model to examine two phase flow (i.e., gas and brine) at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), which is being developed by the US Department of Energy as a disposal facility for transuranic waste. The analyses consider either a single waste panel or the entire repository in conjunction with the following cases: (1) fully consolidated shaft, (2) system of shaft seals with panel seals, and (3) single shaft seal without panel seals. The purpose of this analysis is to develop insights on factors that are potentially important in showing compliance with applicable regulations of the US Environmental Protection Agency (i.e., 40 CFR 191, Subpart B; 40 CFR 268). The primary topics investigated are (1) gas production due to corrosion of steel, (2) gas production due to microbial degradation of cellulosics, (3) gas migration into anhydrite marker beds in the Salado Formation, (4) gas migration through a system of shaft seals to overlying strata, and (5) gas migration through a single shaft seal to overlying strata. Important variables identified in the analyses include initial brine saturation of the waste, stoichiometric terms for corrosion of steel and microbial degradation of cellulosics, gas barrier pressure in the anhydrite marker beds, shaft seal permeability, and panel seal permeability.
Helton, J.C. [Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States); Bean, J.E. [New Mexico Engineering Research Inst., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Butcher, B.M. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Garner, J.W.; Vaughn, P. [Applied Physics, Inc., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Schreiber, J.D. [Science Applications International Corp., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Swift, P.N. [Tech Reps, Inc., Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Space Systems
Oct 20, 2010 ... Three months after installation, vibration was observed in a camera ... Space Station (ISS) experienced a failure with its starboard Solar Array�...
Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) are known to be produced as a byproduct of hydrocarbon production in Mississippi. The presence of NORM has resulted in financial losses to the industry and continues to be a liability as the NORM-enriched scales and scale encrusted equipment is typically stored rather than disposed of. Although the NORM problem is well known, there is little publically available data characterizing the hazard. This investigation has produced base line data to fill this informational gap. A total of 329 NORM-related samples were collected with 275 of these samples consisting of brine samples. The samples were derived from 37 oil and gas reservoirs from all major producing areas of the state. The analyses of these data indicate that two isotopes of radium ({sup 226}Ra and {sup 228}Ra) are the ultimate source of the radiation. The radium contained in these co-produced brines is low and so the radiation hazard posed by the brines is also low. Existing regulations dictate the manner in which these salt-enriched brines may be disposed of and proper implementation of the rules will also protect the environment from the brine radiation hazard. Geostatistical analyses of the brine components suggest relationships between the concentrations of {sup 226}Ra and {sup 228}Ra, between the Cl concentration and {sup 226}Ra content, and relationships exist between total dissolved solids, BaSO{sub 4} saturation and concentration of the Cl ion. Principal component analysis points to geological controls on brine chemistry, but the nature of the geologic controls could not be determined. The NORM-enriched barite (BaSO{sub 4}) scales are significantly more radioactive than the brines. Leaching studies suggest that the barite scales, which were thought to be nearly insoluble in the natural environment, can be acted on by soil microorganisms and the enclosed radium can become bioavailable. This result suggests that the landspreading means of scale disposal should be reviewed. This investigation also suggests 23 specific components of best practice which are designed to provide a guide to safe handling of NORM in the hydrocarbon industry. The components of best practice include both worker safety and suggestions to maintain waste isolation from the environment.
Charles Swann; John Matthews; Rick Ericksen; Joel Kuszmaul
Space design
Space stations, Moon bases and Mars bases are artificial habitats intended to support human life in extreme conditions. Their purpose is to pursue human progress and to gain knowledge and experience of the environment surrounding our planet. This research ... Keywords: Human factors, Interior design, Space habitability, Sustainability, Vision
Irene Lia Schlacht; Henrik Birke
Interpretation of brine-permeability tests of the Salado Formation at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant site: First interim report
Pressure-pulse tests have been performed in bedded evaporites of the Salado Formation at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) site to evaluate the hydraulic properties controlling brine flow through the Salado. Hydraulic conductivities ranging from about 10{sup {minus}14} to 10{sup {minus}11} m/s (permeabilities of about 10{sup {minus}21} to 10{sup {minus}18} m{sup 2}) have been interpreted from nine tests conducted on five stratigraphic intervals within eleven meters of the WIPP underground excavations. Tests of a pure halite layer showed no measurable permeability. Pore pressures in the stratigraphic intervals range from about 0.5 to 9.3 MPa. An anhydrite interbed (Marker Bed 139) appears to be one or more orders of magnitude more permeable than the surrounding halite. Hydraulic conductivities appear to increase, and pore pressures decrease, with increasing proximity to the excavations. These effects are particularly evident within two to three meters of the excavations. Two tests indicated the presence of apparent zero-flow boundaries about two to three meters from the boreholes. The other tests revealed no apparent boundaries within the radii of influence of the tests, which were calculated to range from about four to thirty-five meters from the test holes. The data are insufficient to determine if brine flow through evaporites results from Darcy-like flow driven by pressure gradients within naturally interconnected porosity or from shear deformation around excavations connecting previously isolated pores, thereby providing pathways for fluids at or near lithostatic pressure to be driven towards the low-pressure excavations. Future testing will be performed at greater distances from the excavations to evaluate hydraulic properties and processes beyond the range of excavation effects.
Beauheim, R.L. (Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States)); Saulnier, G.J. Jr.; Avis, J.D. (INTERA, Inc., Austin, TX (United States))
CO2�brine�caprock interaction: Reactivity experiments on Eau Claire shale and a review of relevant literature
Long term containment of stored CO2 in deep geological reservoirs will depend on the performance of the caprock to prevent the buoyant CO2 from escaping to shallow drinking water aquifers or the ground surface. Here we report new laboratory experiments on CO2-brine-caprock interactions and a review of the relevant literature. The Eau Claire Formation is the caprock overlying the Mount Simon sandstone formation, one of the target geological CO2 storage reservoirs in the Midwest USA region. Batch experiments of Eau Claire shale dissolution in brine were conducted at 200 C and 300 bars to test the extent of fluid-rock reactions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicate minor dissolution of K-feldspar and anhydrite, and precipitation of pore-filling and pore-bridging illite and/or smectite, and siderite in the vicinity of pyrite. We also reviewed relevant reactivity experiments, modeling work, and field observations in the literature in an attempt to help define the framework for future studies on the geochemical systems of the caprock overlain on geological CO2 storage formations. Reactivity of the caprock is generally shown to be low and limited to the vicinity of the CO2-caprock interface, and is related to the original caprock mineralogical and petrophysical properties. Stable isotope studies indicate that CO2 exists in both free phase and dissolved phase within the caprock. Carbonate and feldspar dissolution is reported in most studies, along with clay and secondary carbonate precipitation. Currently, research is mainly focused on the micro-fracture scale geochemistry of the shaly caprock. More attention is required on the potential pore scale reactions that may become significant given the long time scale associated with geological carbon storage
Liua, Faye; Lua, Peng; Griffith, Craig; Hedges, Sheila W.; Soong, Yee; Hellevang, Helge; Zhua,Chen
Metric spaces with unique pretangent spaces
We find necessary and sufficient conditions under which an arbitrary metric space $X$ has a unique pretangent space at the marked point $a\\in X$. Key words: Metric spaces; Tangent spaces to metric spaces; Uniqueness of tangent metric spaces; Tangent space to the Cantor set.
Dovgoshey, Oleksiy; Kugukaslan, Mehmet
Properties of Geopressured Brines and Wells in the Gulf Coast and Opportunities for Industrial/Research Participation
Geopressured reservoirs exhibit pressure gradients in excess of the normal hydrostatic gradient. In the Gulf Coast area the normal gradient is 0.465 psi/ft. Pressures may approach lithostatic pressure and have been measured as high as 1.05 psi/ft in the Gulf Coast area. Geopressured basins exist worldwide and in a number of U.S. locations, east, west, north and south. The Gulf Coast area has been studied extensively and is the subject of the DOE geopressured-geothermal research at present. The assumed ranges in resource characteristics include: depth from -12,000 to > -20,000 feet, brine flow rate from 20,000 to 40,000 bpd, temperature from 300 to 400 F, bottomhole pressure from 12,000 to 18,500 psi; salinity from 20,000 to 200,000 mg/L, gas-water ratio from 40 to 80 scf/bbl., and condensate from a trace to production. Energy in the geopressured resource includes gas, thermal, and hydraulic energy. It has been estimated that there are 6,000 quads of methane and 11,000 quads of thermal energy in the Gulf Coast area geopressured-geothermal reservoirs. Estimates run as high as 50,000 quad for the thermal energy (Wallace et al, 1978). Present industrial interest in the Pleasant Bayou and Hulin wells includes: desalination plants, an economic study by a power company for regional use, use of generated electricity by a coalition of towns, aquaculture (catfish farming) research program, and an unsolicited proposal for enhanced oil recovery of heavy oil. Direct uses of the hot brine cover dozens of industries and processes. An example of multiple uses in the USSR is shown. Outside agency interest includes the U.S.G.S., N.S.F., G.R.I., and possibly other areas within DOE. A research spin-off: a sensitive in-line benzene monitor has been designed by USL and will be tested in the near future. An in-line pH monitor is also under development for the harsh conditions of the geopressured-geothermal wells.
Wys, J. Nequs- de
On-line tests of organic additives for the inhibition of the precipitation of silica from hypersaline geothermal brine II. Tests of nitrogen-containing compounds, silanes, and additional ethoxylated compounds
Several new classes of organic compounds have been screened as potential geothermal scale control agents by examining their effect on the precipitation of silica from Magmamax No. 1 brine. The substances were tested using the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Brine Treatment Test System at the Niland, California, Test Site. Solutions of the test substances were injected into flowing brine at 210{sup 0}C, the brine was flashed to 125{sup 0}C, and then the kinetics of solids and silica precipitation from effluent brine held at 90{sup 0}C were measured. Three new types of compounds were shown to have activity as precipitation inhibitors: polyethylene imines, polyethyloxazalines, and quaternary ammonium compounds containing polyoxyethylene. Among the latter, Ethoquad 18/25, which is methyl-polyoxyethylene(15) octadecylammonium chloride, is the leading candidate antiscalant. It is a more powerful inhibitor of silica precipitation than the pure polyoxyethylene polymers, and it apparently has no high temperature solubility limitations. Measurements were made of the concentrations of monomeric silica and the effect of addition of inhibitor at various points in the Brine Treatment Test System. Five different silane compounds showed no activity toward silica.
Harrar, J.E.; Locke, F.E.; Otto, C.H. Jr.; Lorensen, L.E.; Frey, W.P.
Study on scale formation and suppression in heat-exchange systems for simulated geothermal brines. Final report, January 12, 1976-March 5, 1978
Control of scale formation in heat exchangers using simulated geothermal waters can be achieved by lowering the pH of the water to pH 6 or lower. This does not, however, appear to be an economic approach for highly buffered geothermal brines and would lead to severe corrosion problems. Two commercial scale control agents, Calgon CL-165 and Monsanto Dequest 2060, showed promise of effecting scaling in a minor way and should be tested further on actual geothermal waters. Other scale control methods tested were unsuccessful. These included seeding experiments, turbulence promotin and electostatic and electromagnetic devices reputated to modify scale formation. The experiments were performed with tube-in-shell heat exchangers using simulated geothermal waters prepared from a salt dome solution based brine. The scale formed was primarily silica with a small percent of calcium carbonate and traces of magnesium and iron. Physically it was a hydrous soft solid adhering only lightly to the heat exchange surface. This is not typical of geothermal water scales encountered in high temperature brine operations and the results of the scale control expeirments should be evaluated with that in mind.
Complexation of Nd(III) with tetraborate ion and its effect on actinide (III) solubility in WIPP brine
The potential importance of tetraborate complexation on lanthanide(III) and actinide(III) solubility is recognized in the literature but a systematic study of f-element complexation has not been performed. In neodymium solubility studies in WIPP brines, the carbonate complexation effect is not observed since tetraborate ions form a moderately strong complex with neodymium(III). The existence of these tetraborate complexes was established for low and high ionic strength solutions. Changes in neodymium(III) concentrations in undersaturation experiments were used to determine the neodymium with tetraborate stability constants as a function of NaCl ionic strength. As very low Nd(III) concentrations have to be measured, it was necessary to use an extraction pre-concentration step combined with ICP-MS analysis to extend the detection limit by a factor of 50. The determined Nd(III) with borate stability constants at infinite dilution and 25 C are equal to log {beta}{sub 1} = 4.55 {+-} 0.06 using the SIT approach, equal to log {beta}{sub 1} = 4.99 {+-} 0.30 using the Pitzer approach, with an apparent log {beta}{sub 1} = 4.06 {+-} 0.15 (in molal units) at I = 5.6 m NaCl. Pitzer ion-interaction parameters for neodymium with tetraborate and SIT interaction coefficients were also determined and reported.
Borkowski, Marian [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Richmann, Michael K [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Reed, Donald T [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Yongliang, Xiong [SNL
Properties of geopressured brines and wells in the Gulf Coast and opportunities for industrial/research participation
Geopressured reservoirs exhibit pressure gradients in excess of the normal hydrostatic gradient. (In the Gulf Coast area the normal gradient is 0.465 psi/ft.) Pressures may approach lithostatic pressure and have been measured as high as 1.05 psi/ft in the Gulf Coast area. Geopressured basins exist worldwide and in a number of US locations, east, west, north and south. The Gulf Coast area has been studied extensively and is the subject of the DOE geopressured-geothermal research at present. Present industrial interest in the Pleasant Bayou and Hulin wells include: desalination plants, an economic study by a power company for regional use, use of generated electricity by a coalition of towns, aquaculture (catfish farming) research program, and an unsolicited proposal for enhanced oil recovery of heavy oil. Direct uses of the hot brine cover dozens of industries and processes. An example of multiple uses in the USSR is shown. A research spin-off: a sensitive in-line benzene monitor has been designed by USL and will be tested in the near future. An in-line pH monitor is also under development for the harsh conditions of the geopressured-geothermal wells. 24 refs., 12 figs.
Negus-de Wys, J.
Constraining the reservoir model of an injected CO2 plume with crosswell CASSM at the Frio-II brine plot
Crosswell CASSM (continuous active-source seismic monitoring) data was acquired as part of the Frio-II brine pilot CO{sub 2} injection experiment. To gain insight into the CO{sub 2} plume evolution, we have integrated the 3D multiphase flow modeling code TOUGH2 with seismic simulation codes via a petrophysical model that predicts seismic velocity for a given CO{sub 2} saturation. Results of forward seismic modeling based on the CO{sub 2} saturation distribution produced by an initial TOUGH2 model compare poorly with the CASSM data, indicating that the initial flow model did not capture the actual CO{sub 2} plume dynamics. Updates to the TOUGH2 model required to better match the CASSM field data indicate vertical flow near the injection well, with increased horizontal plume growth occurring at the top of the reservoir sand. The CASSM continuous delay time data are ideal for constraining the modeled spatiotemporal evolution of the CO{sub 2} plume and allow improvement in reservoir model and estimation of CO{sub 2} plume properties.
Daley, T.M.; Ajo-Franklin, J.; Doughty, C.A.
Effect of explicit representation of detailed stratigraphy on brine and gas flow at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
Stratigraphic units of the Salado Formation at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) disposal room horizon includes various layers of halite, polyhalitic halite, argillaceous halite, clay, and anhydrite. Current models, including those used in the WIPP Performance Assessment calculations, employ a ``composite stratigraphy`` approach in modeling. This study was initiated to evaluate the impact that an explicit representation of detailed stratigraphy around the repository may have on fluid flow compared to the simplified ``composite stratigraphy`` models currently employed. Sensitivity of model results to intrinsic permeability anisotropy, interbed fracturing, two-phase characteristic curves, and gas-generation rates were studied. The results of this study indicate that explicit representation of the stratigraphy maintains higher pressures and does not allow as much fluid to leave the disposal room as compared to the ``composite stratigraphy`` approach. However, the differences are relatively small. Gas migration distances are also different between the two approaches. However, for the two cases in which explicit layering results were considerably different than the composite model (anisotropic and vapor-limited), the gas-migration distances for both models were negligible. For the cases in which gas migration distances were considerable, van Genuchten/Parker and interbed fracture, the differences between the two models were fairly insignificant. Overall, this study suggests that explicit representation of the stratigraphy in the WIPP PA models is not required for the parameter variations modeled if ``global quantities`` (e.g., disposal room pressures, net brine and gas flux into and out of disposal rooms) are the only concern.
Christian-Frear, T.L.; Webb, S.W. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States). Geohydrology Dept.
R and D, fabrication and testing of pH and CO/sub 2/ sensors for geothermal brines
Reduction or elimination of scaling is a mandatory requirement for the operation of geothermal power plants. The use of downhole sampling and subsequent analysis for solution chemistry has many disadvantages. These disadvantages include composition change with cooling, risk of sample contamination, and non real-time indication. The use of in-line sensing of solution chemistry avoids these drawbacks but requires sensors which can survive the extremely harsh environment of brine at high temperatures and elevated pressures. Leeds and Northrup had previously undertaken a contract to develop sensors for pH and pCO/sub 2/ which would withstand these harsh environments. A number of sensors were tested at a field site under actual operating conditions. Field test results indicated that certain facets of the design were inadequate to give accurate long term measurement. The primary areas addressed here are replacement of polymeric seals with anodic bonding where possible, improved methods of lead attachment, improved sealing of the pCO/sub 2/ reference feed-through, H/sub 2/S getter optimization and improved passivation of the sensing head. Each of these areas is addressed in detail in the report along with laboratory test results pertaining to the particular phase.
Baxter, R.D.; Clack, P.J.; Phelan, D.M.; Taylor, R.M.
On-line tests of organic additives for the inhibition of the precipitation of silica from hypersaline geothermal brine IV. Final tests of candidate additives
The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Brine Treatment Test System at Niland, Imperial Valley, California, has been used to evaluate a number of cationic polymers and surfactants as scale control agents. An initial group of compounds was narrowed to four on the basis of their activity as silica precipitation inhibitors. Three of these and certain combinations of compounds were then given a 40-h test to determine their effectiveness in retarding scales formed at 220, 125, and 90/sup 0/C. The best single compound was Corcat P-18 (Cordova Chemical Co. polyethylene imine, M.W. approx. = 1800). It had no effect on the scale at 220/sup 0/C, but it reduced the scales at 125 and 90/sup 0/C by factors of 4 and 18, respectively, and it also has activity as a corrosion inhibitor. Other promising compounds are PAE HCl (Dynapol poly(aminoethylene, HCl salt)), which also somewhat reduces the 220/sup 0/C scale; Ethoquad 18/25 (Armak methyl polyoxyethylene(15) octadecylammonium chloride); and Mirapol A-15 (a Miranol Chemical polydiquaternary compound). The best additive formulation for the brines of the Salton Sea Geothermal Field appears to be a mixture of one of these silica precipitation inhibitors with a small amount of hydrochloric acid and a phosphonate crystalline deposit inhibitor. Speculations are presented as to the mechanism of inhibition of silica precipitation and recommendations for further testing of these additives.
Harrar, J.E.; Locke, F.E.; Otto, C.H. Jr.; Lorensen, L.E.; Frey, W.P.; Snell, E.O.
Evaporative evolution of a Na�Cl�NO 3�K�Ca�SO 4�Mg�Si brine at 95 �C: Experiments and modeling relevant to Yucca Mountain, Nevada
A synthetic Topopah Spring Tuff water representative of one type of pore water at Yucca Mountain, NV was evaporated at 95 �C in a series of experiments to determine the geochemical controls for brines that may form on, and possibly impact upon the long-term integrity of waste containers and drip shields at the designated high-level, nuclear-waste repository. Solution chemistry, condensed vapor chemistry, and precipitate mineralogy were used to identify important chemical divides and to validate geochemical calculations of evaporating water chemistry using a high temperature Pitzer thermodynamic database. The water evolved toward a complex �sulfate type � brine that contained
Maureen Alai; A Mark Sutton; Susan Carroll
Sculpting space through sound
How does one experience space? What kind of information do humans collect in the process of constructing space in their mind? How does one begin to understand volume, light, texture, material, smell and sense of space? The ...
Nakagawa, Junko, 1975-
Space Solar Power Program
Information pertaining to the Space Solar Power Program is presented on energy analysis; markets; overall development plan; organizational plan; environmental and safety issues; power systems; space transportation; space manufacturing, construction, operations; design examples; and finance.
Arif, H.; Barbosa, H.; Bardet, C.; Baroud, M.; Behar, A.; Berrier, K.; Berthe, P.; Bertrand, R.; Bibyk, I.; Bisson, J.; Bloch, L.; Bobadilla, G.; Bourque, D.; Bush, L.; Carandang, R.; Chiku, T.; Crosby, N.; De Seixas, M.; De Vries, J.; Doll, S.; Dufour, F.; Eckart, P.; Fahey, M.; Fenot, F.; Foeckersperger, S.; Fontaine, J.E.; Fowler, R.; Frey, H.; Fujio, H.; Gasa, J.M.; Gleave, J.; Godoe, J.; Green, I.; Haeberli, R.; Hanada, T.; Ha
Exhibit Space Reservation (PDF)
Zip: Country: E-mail Address: Telephone Number: Fax Number: Signature: Date: Please reserve _____ (quantity) 10' x 10' space at $1,100 each. Exhibit space�...
... OOF2: The Manual. Electric:SpaceCharge. Prev, 6.4.1. Material Properties, Next. Name. Electric:SpaceCharge � Spatial charge density. Details. ...
In Outer Space without a Space Suit?
The author proposes and investigates his old idea - a living human in space without the encumbrance of a complex space suit. Only in this condition can biological humanity seriously attempt to colonize space because all planets of Solar system (except the Earth) do not have suitable atmospheres. Aside from the issue of temperature, a suitable partial pressure of oxygen is lacking. In this case the main problem is how to satiate human blood with oxygen and delete carbonic acid gas (carbon dioxide). The proposed system would enable a person to function in outer space without a space suit and, for a long time, without food. That is useful also in the Earth for sustaining working men in an otherwise deadly atmosphere laden with lethal particulates (in case of nuclear, chemical or biological war), in underground confined spaces without fresh air, under water or a top high mountains above a height that can sustain respiration.
Alexander Bolonkin
Transformations of Grassman Spaces
This is a version of a part of the book ``Transformations of Grassman Spaces'' (in progress). We study transformations of Grassman spaces preserving certain geometrical constructions related to buildings. The next part will be devoted to Grassman spaces associated with polar spaces.
Mark Pankov
Space System Architecture
Final Report of SSPARC: the Space Systems, Policy, and Architecture Research Consortium (Thrust II and III)
McManus, Dr. Hugh
DOE/EA-1482: Environmental Assessment for Pilot Experiment for Geological Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide in Saline Aquifer Brine Formations (October 2003)
82 82 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PILOT EXPERIMENT FOR GEOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN SALINE AQUIFER BRINE FORMATIONS FRIO FORMATION, LIBERTY COUNTY, TEXAS OCTOBER 2003 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY ii iii National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Compliance Cover Sheet Proposed Action: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) proposes to provide funds for a field test of the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG) at The University of Texas at Austin, under contract with DOE, has studied the potential for sequestration of CO 2 in geologic formations of the United States as part of a broader series of DOE-sponsored research projects to
Topological Test Spaces
A test space is the set of outcome-sets associated with a collection of experiments. This notion provides a simple mathematical framework for the study of probabilistic theories -- notably, quantum mechanics -- in which one is faced with incommensurable random quantities. In the case of quantum mechanics, the relevant test space, the set of orthonormal bases of a Hilbert space, carries significant topological structure. This paper inaugurates a general study of topological test spaces. Among other things, we show that any topological test space with a compact space of outcomes is of finite rank. We also generalize results of Meyer and Clifton-Kent by showing that, under very weak assumptions, any second-countable topological test space contains a dense semi-classical test space.
Alexander Wilce
NSLS Committees | Space Committee
Photon Sciences Space Committee Charge Purpose The Photon Sciences Directorate (PS) Space Committee is convened by the PS Chief Operating Officer (COO) on an as-needed basis to...
Small Space Heaters
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
Small space heaters, also called portable heaters, are typically used when the main heating system is inadequate or when central heating is too costly to install or operate. Space heater capacities...
Neutron Tomography and Space
Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), uses a small Maxom motor on applications for manipulators in some of their space
Egbert, Hal; Walker, Ronald; Flocchini, R.
Strongly exponential symmetric spaces
We study the exponential map of connected symmetric spaces and characterize, in terms of midpoints and of infinitesimal conditions, when it is a diffeomorphism, generalizing the Dixmier-Saito theorem for solvable Lie groups. We then give a geometric characterization of the (strongly) exponential solvable symmetric spaces as those spaces for which every triangle admits a unique double triangle. This work is motivated by Weinstein's quantization by groupoids program applied to symmetric spaces.
Yannick Voglaire
Whither design space?
Design space exploration is a long-standing focus in computational design research. Its three main threads are accounts of designer action, development of strategies for amplification of designer action in exploration, and discovery of computational ... Keywords: Design Space Exploration, Knowledge Representation, Search, State Space, Typed Feature Structures
Robert F. Woodbury; Andrew L. Burrow
Berkeley Lab Space
Space Space Committee Charter Articles Presentations Feedback Contact Us ANNOUNCEMENTS Space Planning Advisory Committee (SPAC) The LBNL Space Planning Advisory Committee (SPAC) was chartered in January 2010 to help manage the growth, both in the short term as well as long term. Specifically, SPAC will recommend to senior laboratory management policies and procedures for the allocation and utilization of space and opportunities for increased efficiency. (For the complete charter, click here.)We welcome comments and suggestions. Our email is: email@example.com. SPAC (Space Planning Advisory Committee) SPAC Members Telephone Number Email Rich Diamond 510-486-4459 email@example.com Rich McClure 510-486-4486 firstname.lastname@example.com Diana Attia 510-486-7399 email@example.com Rebecca Rishell 510-486-6689
Gymnastics in Phase Space
As accelerator technology advances, the requirements on accelerator beam quality become increasingly demanding. Facing these new demands, the topic of phase space gymnastics is becoming a new focus of accelerator physics R&D. In a phase space gymnastics, the beam's phase space distribution is manipulated and precision tailored to meet the required beam qualities. On the other hand, all realization of such gymnastics will have to obey accelerator physics principles as well as technological limitations. Recent examples of phase space gymnastics include Emittance exchanges, Phase space exchanges, Emittance partitioning, Seeded FELs and Microbunched beams. The emittance related topics of this list are reviewed in this report. The accelerator physics basis, the optics design principles that provide these phase space manipulations, and the possible applications of these gymnastics, are discussed. This fascinating new field promises to be a powerful tool of the future.
Chao, Alexander Wu; /SLAC
Experimental investigation of the permeability of Kayenta and St. Peter sandstones to hypersaline brine in the temperature interval 70 to 90/sup 0/C at 10. 3-MPa confining pressure
Permeabilities of 10.2 cm in length, 2.5 cm in diameter Kayenta (porosity, 20.7, +- 1.66%) and St. Peter (porosity, 13.6, +- 0.13%) sandstones to Magmamax No. 1 brine containing suspended solids were determined from 70 to 90/sup 0/C at 10.3-MPa confining pressure. Measurements were performed without filters, with one 10-..mu..m filter, and with two 10-..mu..m filters inserted upstream of the core sample. In all cases, there was a dramatic decrease in permeability within the first hour of flow or few hundred pore volumes of flow through the core. Experiments conducted without filters or with one filter yield permeabilities that represent both the rock and the 2- to 3-mm amorphous silica-iron layer on the top face of the core. The experimental results show that if the Salton Sea Geothermal Field (SSGF) were composed of porous, sedimentary formations similar to Kayenta sandstone, long-term injection of unmodified Magmamax brine would not be feasible. In the case of acidified brine, most of the permeability decline may result from the mobilization of calcite.
Piwinskii, A.J.; Netherton, R.
Geochemistry and petrology of surface samples, six boreholes and brines from the Salton Sea geothermal field: A natural analog of a nuclear waste repository in salt: Report No. 3
Cuttings from six wells in the Salton Sea geothermal field, and rocks at outcrop that are correlative in age with those encountered at depth in the wells were analyzed in detail. Mineralogy, petrography, x-ray diffraction, electron microprobe, instrumental neutron activation analysis, fission track radiography, oxygen and stable carbon isotopic, uranium-thorium series disequilibrium, and fluid inclusion analyses are reported. Where fluids were being produced from wells, brine chemistry as well as stable isotope and uranium-thorium series analyses are reported. Particular attention has been paid to defining zones of fluid-rock interaction in which analyses of coexisting geothermal reservoir brine and hydrothermally altered sediments could be acquired. A wide span of temperatures, from surficial to greater than 300/degree/C, and salinities ranging from relatively dilute ground waters up to brines of 25 wt% total dissolved solids, span a range of environments that might be encountered in a waste repository in salt. Progressive hydrothermal alteration, mineral formation and element mobility are documented in the data presented. 52 refs., 25 figs., 49 tabs.
Section D: SPACE HEATING
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey Form EIA-457A (2005)--Household Questionnaire OMB No.: 1905-0092, Expiring May 31, 2008 33 Section D: SPACE HEATING
Total Space Heat-
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update (EIA)
Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heat- ing Cool- ing Venti- lation Water Heat- ing Light- ing Cook- ing Refrig- eration Office Equip- ment Com- puters Other All Buildings...
Revised: December, 2008 Total Space Heat- ing Cool- ing Venti- lation Water Heat- ing Light- ing Cook- ing Refrig- eration Office Equip- ment Com- puters Other All Buildings*...
Passive solar space heating
An overview of passive solar space heating is presented indicating trends in design, new developments, performance measures, analytical design aids, and monitored building results.
Balcomb, J.D.
Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heat- ing Cool- ing Venti- lation Water Heat- ing Light- ing Cook- ing Refrig- eration Office Equip- ment Com- puters Other All Buildings*...
Revised: December, 2008 Total Space Heat- ing Cool- ing Venti- lation Water Heat- ing Light- ing Cook- ing Refrig- eration Office Equip- ment Com- puters Other All Buildings...
Use of data obtained from core tests in the design and operation of spent brine injection wells in geopressured or geothermal systems
The effects of formation characteristics on injection well performance are reviewed. Use of data acquired from cores taken from injection horizons to predict injectivity is described. And methods for utilizing data from bench scale testing of brine and core samples to optimize injection well design are presented. Currently available methods and equipment provide data which enable the optimum design of injection wells through analysis of cores taken from injection zones. These methods also provide a means of identifying and correcting well injection problems. Methods described in this report are: bulk density measurement; porosity measurement; pore size distribution analysis; permeability measurement; formation grain size distribution analysis; core description (lithology) and composition; amount, type and distribution of clays and shales; connate water analysis; consolidatability of friable reservoir rocks; grain and pore characterization by scanning electron microscopy; grain and pore characterization by thin section analysis; permeability damage and enhancement tests; distribution of water-borne particles in porous media; and reservoir matrix acidizing effectiveness. The precise methods of obtaining this information are described, and their use in the engineering of injection wells is illustrated by examples, where applicable. (MHR)
Jorda, R.M.
On Multi-Metric Spaces
A Smarandache multi-space is a union of $n$ spaces $A_1,A_2,..., A_n$ with some additional conditions holding. Combining Smarandache multi-spaces with classical metric spaces, the conception of multi-metric space is introduced. Some characteristics of a multi-metric space are obtained and Banach's fixed-point theorem is generalized in this paper.
Linfan Mao
Space bounds for resolution
We introduce a new way to measure the space needed in a resolution refutation of a CNF formula in propositional logic. With the former definition [6] the space required for the resolution of any unsatisfiable formula in CNF is linear in the number of ...
Juan Luis Esteban; Jacobo Tor�n
The metaplastic virtual spaces
Virtual reality systems need new metaphors for their communication. This paper presents a fuzzy enhanced semantic virtual space model. The application of the model tries to improve its conceptualization and definition of a new virtual world system. The ... Keywords: fuzzy, metaphysical, semantic spaces, synaesthesia, virtual reality
Gianluca Mura
Atoms for space
Nuclear technology offers many advantages in an expanded solar system space exploration program. These cover a range of possible applications such as power for spacecraft, lunar and planetary surfaces, and electric propulsion; rocket propulsion for lunar and Mars vehicles; space radiation protection; water and sewage treatment; space mining; process heat; medical isotopes; and self-luminous systems. In addition, space offers opportunities to perform scientific research and develop systems that can solve problems here on Earth. These might include fusion and antimatter research, using the Moon as a source of helium-3 fusion fuel, and manufacturing perfect fusion targets. In addition, nuclear technologies can be used to reduce risk and costs of the Space Exploration Initiative. 1 fig.
Buden, D.
Tangent spaces to metric spaces and to their subspaces
We investigate a tangent space at a point of a general metric space and metric space valued derivatives. The conditions under which two different subspace of a metric space have isometric tangent spaces in a common point of these subspaces are completely determinated.
Dovgoshey, O
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Space Shuttle Era Facts
System (STS), began its flight career with Columbia roaring off Launch Pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy SpaceNational Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAfacts Space Shuttle Era Facts NASA's shuttle fleet achieved numerous firsts and opened up space to more people than ever before during the Space
On globally Symmetric Finsler spaces
The paper consider the symmetric of Finsler spaces. We give some conditions about globally symmetric Finsler spaces. Then we prove that these spaces can be written as a coset space of Lie group with an invariant Finsler metric. Finally, we prove that such a space must be Berwaldian
Khatamy, R Chavosh
Simplified Space Conditioning
Simplified Space Conditioning Simplified Space Conditioning Duncan Prahl, RA IBACOS, Inc. Building America Technical Update April 29, 2013 Simplified Space Conditioning Rethinking HVAC Design * Traditional Method - Assume envelope losses dictate the load - Room by room load analysis - Pick Equipment and distribute to meet the load in each room * New Method - Consider how the occupants live in the building - Seriously consider internal gains in both heating and cooling - Consider ventilation strategy - Design system Simplified Space Conditioning If you are: * A production builder * Participating in "above code" programs * Following ACCA Manual RS or ASHRAE 55 * Need to prove "delivering heat to each habitable room" * Concerned about litigation * Play it safe, Use Manual J, S & D and condition every
Live From Outer Space
Live from Outer Space: How Cells Influence the Growth of Nanostructures Live from Outer Space: How Cells Influence the Growth of Nanostructures Far above the heads of Earthlings, arrays of single-cell creatures embedded in nanostructures ride on the International Space Station (courtesy of Sandia National Laboratories and the University of New Mexico, NASA, and the U.S. Air Force) to test whether nanostructures whose formations were directed by yeast and other single cells can create more secure homes for their occupants-even in the vacuum and radiation of outer space-than those created by more standard chemical procedures. Cheap, tiny, and very lightweight sensors of chemical or biological agents could be made from long-lived cells that require no upkeep, yet sense and then communicate effectively with each other and their external
Survey: Energy End-Use Consumption Tables Total Space Heat- ing Cool- ing Venti- lation Water Heat- ing Light- ing Cook- ing Refrig- eration Office Equip- ment Com- puters Other...
Space Mapping - Optimization Online
Thus, we can usec oP�to locally minimize the surrogatecoP that the space. mappingP provides for the fine model�.An alternative surrogate introduced byMadsen�...
Beam Space Propulsion
Author offers a revolutionary method non-rocket transfer of energy and thrust into Space with distance of millions kilometers. The author has developed theory and made the computations. The method is more efficient than transmission of energy by high-frequency waves. The method may be used for space launch and for acceleration the spaceship and probes for very high speeds, up to relativistic speed by current technology. Research also contains prospective projects which illustrate the possibilities of the suggested method.
Space Weather 101
This report describes the basic physical concepts associated with space weather that pertain to the effects on high-voltage power transmission systems. Space weather is an extremely complex and multi-faceted phenomenon. To focus on power grid�related effects, the report addresses coronal mass ejections, which are known to be the most important driver of large geomagnetically induced currents, and describes ongoing research that is being conducted to better understand, predict, and mitigate the ...
Parabolic John-Nirenberg spaces
We introduce a parabolic version of John-Nirenberg space with exponent $p$ and show that it is contained in local weak-$L^p$ spaces.
Berkovits, Lauri
Earth, Space Sciences
Earth, Space Sciences Earth, Space Sciences /science-innovation/_assets/images/icon-science.jpg Earth, Space Sciences National security depends on science and technology. The United States relies on Los Alamos National Laboratory for the best of both. No place on Earth pursues a broader array of world-class scientific endeavors. Climate, Ocean and Sea Ice Modeling (COSIM)» Earth A team of scientists is working to understand how local changes in hydrology might bring about major changes to the Arctic landscape, including the possibility of a large-scale carbon release from thawing permafrost. Bryan Travis, an expert in fluid dynamics, is author of the Mars global hydrology numerical computer model, or MAGHNUM, used for calculating heat and fluid transport phenomena. (MAGHNUM was previously
International Space Station Again
For the fifth time in 2 1/2 years, the International Space Station (ISS) had to execute a collision avoidance maneuver in early April to ensure a safe miss distance for a piece of orbital debris. As solar activity increases during the next few years, the frequency of ISS collision avoidance might increase as many hundreds of resident space objects drift down through the ISS orbital regime. The subject of concern in late March 2011 was a fragment from Cosmos 2251, the Russian communications satellite which had accidentally collided with the U.S. Iridium 33 communications satellite in February 2009, producing more than
Iss Airlock Shields; A Note On Active; A Publication Of
Demystifying White Spaces Xuemin Hongl
white spaces. The term "white space" refers to "spatial white space" in the rest of this paper cellular (planned) networks [9] and ad-hoc networks [10]. Different from previous works, in this paper weDemystifying White Spaces Xuemin Hongl , Cheng-Xiang Wangl , John Thompson2 , and Yan Zhang3 1Joint
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2011 Confined Space Program Update
Confined Space Entry Program Update Confined Space Entry Program Update IMPORTANT: After reading this document, click the "Get Course Credit" link at the bottom of the page. You will then log in to the EHS training system using your LDAP to get course credit. LBNL's confined space entry program was substantially improved this year. Several new features have been included which improve overall safety for Confined Space Entrants and better align the confined space entry program with the OSHA requirements. As an Activity Lead, Confined Space Entrant or Entry Supervisor, you should be aware of the following: We improved the procedures for safely working in confined spaces. Please review the new Chapter 34 in Publication 3000. Additionally, we have a new planning tool known as the confined space inventory which is a registry of LBNL's confined spaces, their potential hazards and safe work procedures unique to a particular confined space.
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We study program states that are described as tuples, i.e., product state spaces. We show how to add program variables and assignment notation to simply typed lambda calculus in order to describe functions, relations and predicate transformers on such ...
Ralph Back; Joakim Wright von
Capacity on Finsler Spaces
Here, the concept of electric capacity on Finsler spaces is introduced and the fundamental conformal invariant property is proved, i.e. the capacity of a compact set on a connected non-compact Finsler manifold is conformal invariant. This work enables mathematicians and theoretical physicists to become more familiar with the global Finsler geometry and one of its new applications.
Bidabad, B
Membrane distillation of concentrated brines.
??Salinity is one of the most critical environmental problems for water scarce countries, deteriorating water quality and threatening economic and social consequences. This research encompasses� (more)
Mariah, Lynette.
Models of Geothermal Brine Chemistry
Many significant expenses encountered by the geothermal energy industry are related to chemical effects. When the composition, temperature of pressure of the fluids in the geological formation are changed, during reservoir evolution, well production, energy extraction or injection processes, the fluids that were originally at equilibrium with the formation minerals come to a new equilibrium composition, temperature and pressure. As a result, solid material can be precipitated, dissolved gases released and/or heat lost. Most geothermal energy operations experience these phenomena. For some resources, they create only minor problems. For others, they can have serious results, such as major scaling or corrosion of wells and plant equipment, reservoir permeability losses and toxic gas emission, that can significantly increase the costs of energy production and sometimes lead to site abandonment. In future operations that exploit deep heat sources and low permeability reservoirs, new chemical problems involving very high T, P rock/water interactions and unknown injection effects will arise.
Nancy Moller Weare; John H. Weare
Orbit Spaces in Superconductivity
In the framework of Landau theory of phase transitions one is interested to describe all the possible low symmetry ``superconducting'' phases allowed for a given superconductor crystal and to determine the conditions under which this crystal undergoes a phase transition. These problems are best described and analyzed in the orbit space of the high symmetry group of the ``normal, non-superconducting'' phase of the crystal. In this article it is worked out a simple example concerning superconductivity, that shows the P-matrix method to determine the equations and inequalities defining the orbit space and its stratification. This approach is of general validity and can be used in all physical problems that make use of invariant functions, as long as the symmetry group is compact.
Vittorino Talamini
MHD Space Sailing
The rocket technology dates back as far as medieval China. Used initially for entertainment and religious practices over time rockets evolved into weapons and finally into means of transportation. Today, we are nearing the top of the rockets' capabilities. Although, for now they are the only way for us to send anything into space we are becoming more and more aware of the limitations of this technology. It is essential that we invent other means of propelling probes and other interplanetary vehicles through space. The authors had performed a series of magnetohydrodynamic simulations using the University of Chicago's Flash package to find out whether the interactions between the Solar Wind and the conducting ring with the electric current would occur. The MHD simulations gave the results similar to the monte-carlo calculations performed by dr Charles Danforth [1] from the University of Colorado. It is the authors' conclusion that the promising results should encourage further study of the phenomenon and the po...
Kisiel, T
Magnetic Space Launcher
A method and facilities for delivering payload and people into outer space are presented. This method uses, in general, engines located on a planetary surface. The installation consists of a space apparatus, power drive stations, which include a flywheel accumulator (for storage) of energy, a variable reducer, a powerful homopolar electric generator and electric rails. The drive stations accelerate the apparatus up to hypersonic speed. The estimations and computations show the possibility of making this project a reality in a short period of time (for payloads which can tolerate high g-forces). The launch will be very cheap at a projected cost of 3 - 5 dollars per pound. The authors developed a theory of this type of the launcher.
Alexander Bolonkin; Mark Krinker
Space Time Matter inflation
We study a model of power-law inflationary inflation using the Space-Time-Matter (STM) theory of gravity for a five dimensional (5D) canonical metric that describes an apparent vacuum. In this approach the expansion is governed by a single scalar (neutral) quantum field. In particular, we study the case where the power of expansion of the universe is $p \\gg 1$. This kind of model is more successful than others in accounting for galaxy formation.
Mariano Anabitarte; Mauricio Bellini
Dendrite Arm Spacing
...Casting processes Cooling rate Dendrite arm spacing °C/s °F/s μm mils Plaster, investment 1 1.80 100�??1000 3.94�??39.4 Green sand, shell 10 18.0 50�??500 1.97�??19.7 Permanent mold 100 180.0 30�??70 1.18�??2.76 Die 1000 1800 5�??15 0.20�??0.59...
Nowcasting for Space Shuttle Landings at Kennedy Space Center, Florida
Space shuttle launches and landings at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) are subject to strict weather-related launch commit criteria and landing weather flight rules. Complex launch commit criteria and end-of-mission landing weather flight rules demand ...
William H. Bauman III; Steven Businger
Lens space surgeries and L-space homology spheres
We describe necessary and sufficient conditions for a knot in an L-space to have an L-space homology sphere surgery. We use these conditions to reformulate a conjecture of Berge about which knots in S^3 admit lens space surgeries.
Rasmussen, Jacob
Symplectic space and orthogonal space of n qubits
In the Hilbert space of n qubits, we introduce the symplectic space (n odd) and the orthogonal space (n even) via the spin-flip operator. Under this mathematical structure we discuss some properties of n qubits, including homomorphically mapping the local operations of n qubits into the symplectic group or orthogonal group, and prove that the generalized ``magic basis'' is just the bi-orthonormal basis (that is, the orthonormal basis of both Hilbert space and the orthogonal space ). Finally, an example is given to discuss the application in physics of this mathematical structure.
Jian-Wei Xu
Particle simulations of space weather
We review the application of particle simulation techniques to the full kinetic study of space weather events. We focus especially on the methods designed to overcome the difficulties created by the tremendous range of time and space scales present in ... Keywords: Adaptive, Implicit, Particle-in-cell, Space weather
Giovanni Lapenta
Upgrading Below Grade Spaces
Patrick H. Huelman, Sam Breidenbach, Steve Schirber Patrick H. Huelman, Sam Breidenbach, Steve Schirber NorthernSTAR Building America Partnership Upgrading Below Grade Spaces Residential Energy Efficiency Stakeholder March 1, 2012 Austin, TX * Act 1: Technical Challenges & Opportunities - Pat Huelman, University of Minnesota * Act 2: Assessing Homeowner Priorities & Risks - Sam Breidenbach, TDS Custom Construction * Act 3: An Industry Perspective - Steve Schirber, Cocoon Act 1. Upgrade Below Grade * Basement Remodeling: It Doesn't Get Any Riskier! - Combustion safety - Foundation moisture - Radon (& other soil gases) - Biologicals (mold, dust mites, etc.) - Garage gases (if attached) * And front and center are uncontrolled... - negative pressures in basements (beyond stack)
space booklet_DOE
U U C L E A R E N E R G Y DOE/NE-0071 U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f E n e r g y O f f i c e o f N u c l e a r E n e r g y , S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y N UCLEAR Power in Space 2
The rocket technology dates back as far as medieval China. Used initially for entertainment and religious practices over time rockets evolved into weapons and finally into means of transportation. Today, we are nearing the top of the rockets' capabilities. Although, for now they are the only way for us to send anything into space we are becoming more and more aware of the limitations of this technology. It is essential that we invent other means of propelling probes and other interplanetary vehicles through space. The authors had performed a series of magnetohydrodynamic simulations using the University of Chicago's Flash package to find out whether the interactions between the Solar Wind and the conducting ring with the electric current would occur. The MHD simulations gave the results similar to the monte-carlo calculations performed by dr Charles Danforth [1] from the University of Colorado. It is the authors' conclusion that the promising results should encourage further study of the phenomenon and the possibility of using it in practice.
T. Kisiel; M. Soida
Intelligent Satellite Teams Space Systems
This paper examines the development of Intelligent Satellite Teams (IST's) for complex space missions such as construction of space hardware, or Earth or space science. IST's are composed of many nanosatellites (mass control including formation flying, collision avoidance, knowledge sharing, and adaptive reconfiguration; microtechnology including microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microfabricated sensors and actuators, nanotechnology, and integrated wireless communication; mission analysis -- high-level planning and control of mission, satellites, and procedures. Recent rapid technological advances in these fields open up exciting new possibilities for future space missions: space science missions such as testing gravitational variation, detecting and characterizing near-Earth asteroids and comets, and comprehensive exploration of the solar system; Earth science missions ...
Mark E. Campbell; Karl F. B�hringer
CO2-H2O Mixtures in the Geological Sequestration of CO2. II. Partitioning in Chloride Brines at 12-100 °C and 1-600 bar.
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
CO CO 2 -H 2 O Mixtures in the Geological Sequestration of CO 2 . II. Partitioning in Chloride Brines at 12-100°C and up to 600 bar. Nicolas Spycher and Karsten Pruess Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS 90-1116, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, USA September 2004 ABSTRACT Correlations presented by Spycher et al. (2003) to compute the mutual solubilities of CO 2 and H 2 O are extended to include the effect of chloride salts in the aqueous phase. This is accomplished by including, in the original formulation, activity coefficients for aqueous CO 2 derived from several literature sources, primarily for NaCl solutions. Best results are obtained when combining the solubility correlations of Spycher et al. (2003) with the activity coefficient formulation of Rumpf et al. (1994) and Duan and Sun (2003), which
Converting Unconditioned Basement to Conditioned Space - Code...
Conditioned Space - Code Notes Converting a basement to conditioned space increases the living space of a house. As with most construction activities, the conversion or...
Evaporative Evolution of a Na-Cl-NO3-K-Ca-SO4-Mg-Si Brine at 95(degree)C: Experiments and Modeling relevant to Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA
A synthetic Topopah Spring Tuff water representative of one type of pore water at Yucca Mountain, Nevada (USA) was evaporated at 95 C in a series of experiments to determine the geochemical controls for brines that may form on, and possibly impact upon the long-term integrity of waste containers and drip shields at the designated high-level, nuclear-waste repository. Solution chemistry, condensed vapor chemistry, and precipitate mineralogy were used to identify important chemical divides and to validate geochemical calculations of evaporating water chemistry using a high temperature Pitzer thermodynamic database. The water evolved towards a complex ''sulfate type'' brine that contained about 45 mol% Na, 40 mol% Cl, 9 mol% NO{sub 3}, 5 mol% K, and less than 1 mol% each of SO{sub 4}, Ca, Mg, {Sigma}CO{sub 2}(aq), F, and Si. All measured ions in the condensed vapor phase were below detection limits. The mineral precipitates identified were halite, anhydrite, bassanite, niter and nitratine. Trends in the solution composition and identification of CaSO{sub 4} solids suggest that fluorite, carbonate, sulfate, and magnesium-silicate precipitation control the aqueous solution composition of sulfate type waters by removing fluoride, calcium, and magnesium during the early stages of evaporation. In most cases, the high temperature Pitzer database, used by EQ3/6 geochemical code, sufficiently predicts water composition and mineral precipitation during evaporation. Predicted solution compositions are generally within a factor of two of the experimental values. The model predicts that sepiolite, bassanite, amorphous silica, calcite, halite and brucite are the solubility controlling mineral phases.
Alai, M; Sutton, M; Carroll, S A
Exploring Lighting Spaces
We present a simple system for interactively specifying lighting parameters, including position, for high-quality image synthesis. Unlikeinverse approaches to the lighting-design problem, we do not require the user to indicate a priori the desired illuminative characteristics of an image. In our approach the computer proposes, culls, and organizes a set of candidate lights automatically, using an elementary measure of image similarityasthe basis for both culling and organization. The user then browses the set of candidate-light images, selects which lights to include, and combines them as desired. This work is a particular instance of a general strategy --- sampling a design space broadly and intelligently and organizing the results for rapid browsing by the user --- that may be applicable to many other design problems in computer graphics.
T. Kang; J. Seims; J. Marks; S. Shieber
Hilbert space of wormholes
Wormhole boundary conditions for the Wheeler--DeWitt equation can be derived from the path integral formulation. It is proposed that the wormhole wave function must be square integrable in the maximal analytic extension of minisuperspace. Quantum wormholes can be invested with a Hilbert space structure, the inner product being naturally induced by the minisuperspace metric, in which the Wheeler--DeWitt operator is essentially self--adjoint. This provides us with a kind of probabilistic interpretation. In particular, giant wormholes will give extremely small contributions to any wormhole state. We also study the whole spectrum of the Wheeler--DeWitt operator and its role in the calculation of Green's functions and effective low energy interactions.
Garay, L J
AERaSPACE CORPORATION
Office of Legacy Management (LM)
THE ' THE ' AERaSPACE CORPORATION Suite 300, 955 L' &njon~ Pkzza. S. W., Washingvan. D.C. 200242174, Tekphanc (202) 488~6CllO 7117-03.87.cdy.43 23 September 1987 CA CA.Ot M r. Andrew Wallo, III. NE-23 Division of Facility & Site cr.05 Decommissioning Projects FL .0-d U.S. Department of Energy TAl.OL Germantown; Maryland 20545 JA/.OZ 1hJ . o-01 Dear M r. Wallo: flA.05 ELIMINATION RECOMMENDATION -- COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES M /4.0-* 11 D.OF The attached elimination recommendation was prepared in accordance ML.o= with your suggestion during our meeting on 22 September. The recommendation nO.o-02 includes 26 colleges and universities identified,in Enclosure 4 to Aerospace letter subject: Status of Actions - FUSRAP Site List, dated MO.03. 27 May 1987; three institutions (Tufts College, University of Virginia,
The unavailable candidate model: a decision-theoretic view of social choice
One of the fundamental problems in the theory of social choice is aggregating the rankings of a set of agents (or voters) into a consensus ranking. Rank aggregation has found application in a variety of computational contexts. However, the goal ... Keywords: preferences, rank aggregation, social choice, voting
Tyler Lu; Craig E. Boutilier
No Prejudice in Space
We present a summary of recent results obtained from a scan of the 19-dimensional parameter space of the pMSSM and its implications for dark matter searches. We have generated a large set of points in parameter space (which we call 'models') for the 19-parameter CP-conserving pMSSM, where MFV has been assumed. We subjected these models to numerous experimental and theoretical constraints to obtain a set of {approx}68 K models which are consistent with existing data. We attempted to be somewhat conservative in our implementation of these constraints; in particular we only demanded that the relic density of the LSP not be greater than the measured value of {Omega}H{sup 2} for non-baryonic dark matter, rather than assuming that the LSP must account for the entire observed relic density. Examining the properties of the neutralinos in these models, we find that many are relatively pure gauge eigenstates with Higgsinos being the most common, followed by Winos. The relative prevalence of Higgsino and Wino LSPs leads many of our models to have a chargino as nLSP, often with a relatively small mass splitting between this nLSP and the LSP; this has important consequences in both collider and astroparticle phenomenology. We find that, in general, the LSP in our models provides a relatively small ({approx} 4%) contribution to the dark matter, however there is a long tail to this distribution and a substantial number of models for which the LSP makes up all or most of the dark matter. Typically these neutralinos are mostly Binos. Examining the signatures of our models in direct and indirect dark matter detection experiments, we find a wide range of signatures for both cases. In particular, we find a much larger range of WIMP-nucleon cross sections than is found in any particular model of SUSY-breaking. As these cross sections also enter the regions of parameter space suggested by non-SUSY models, it appears that the discovery of WIMPs in direct detection experiments might not be sufficient to determine the correct model of the underlying physics. As a first look at the signatures of these models in indirect detection experiments, we examined whether our models could explain the PAMELA excess in the positron to electron ratio at high energies. We find that there are models which fit the PAMELA data rather well, and some of these have significantly smaller boost factors than generally assumed for a thermal relic. The study of the pMSSM presents exciting new possibilities for SUSY phenomenology. The next few years will hopefully see important discoveries both in colliders and in satellite or ground-based astrophysical experiments. It is important that we follow the data and not our existing prejudices; hopefully this sort of relatively model-independent approach to collider and astrophysical phenomenology can be useful in this regard.
Cotta, R.C.; Gainer, J.S.; Hewett, J.L.; Rizzo, T.G.; /SLAC
Entropic Gravity in Rindler Space
We show that Rindler horizons are entropic screens and gravity is an entropic force in Rindler space by deriving the Verlinde entropy formula from the focusing of light due to a mass close to the horizon. Consequently, gravity is also entropic in the near horizon regions of Schwarzschild and de Sitter space-times. In different limits, the entropic nature of gravity in Rindler space leads to the Bekenstein entropy bound and the uncertainty principle.
Halyo, Edi
Edi Halyo
Acceptability of reactors in space
Reactors are the key to our future expansion into space. However, there has been some confusion in the public as to whether they are a safe and acceptable technology for use in space. The answer to these questions is explored. The US position is that when reactors are the preferred technical choice, that they can be used safely. In fact, it does not appear that reactors add measurably to the risk associated with the Space Transportation System.
Reactors are the key to our future expansion into space. However, there has been some confusion in the public as to whether they are a safe and acceptable technology for use in space. The answer to these questions is explored. The US position is that when reactors are the preferred technical choice, that they can be used safely. In fact, it dies not appear that reactors add measurably to the risk associated with the Space Transportation System.
A characterization of separable conjugate spaces
Necessary and sufficient conditions for a separable Banach space to be a dual space are proved. Some applications are discussed
Rossi, Stefano
Physics in discrete spaces (A): Space-Time organization
We put forward a model of discrete physical space that can account for the structure of space- time, give an interpretation to the postulates of quantum mechanics and provide a possible explanation to the organization of the standard model of particles.
P. Peretto
Released: September, 2008 Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heat- ing Cool- ing Venti- lation Water Heat- ing Light- ing Cook- ing Refrig- eration Office Equip- ment Com- puters Other All Buildings* ........................... 3,037 115 397 384 52 1,143 22 354 64 148 357 Building Floorspace (Square Feet) 1,001 to 5,000 ........................... 386 19 43 18 11 93 7 137 8 12 38 5,001 to 10,000 .......................... 262 12 35 17 5 83 4 56 6 9 35 10,001 to 25,000 ........................ 407 20 46 44 8 151 3 53 9 19 54 25,001 to 50,000 ........................ 350 15 55 50 9 121 2 34 7 16 42 50,001 to 100,000 ...................... 405 16 57 65 7 158 2 29 6 18 45 100,001 to 200,000 .................... 483 16 62 80 5 195 1 24 Q 31 56 200,001 to 500,000 .................... 361 8 51 54 5 162 1 9 8 19 43 Over 500,000 ............................. 383 8 47 56 3 181 2 12 8 23 43 Principal Building Activity
Revised: December, 2008 Revised: December, 2008 Total Space Heat- ing Cool- ing Venti- lation Water Heat- ing Light- ing Cook- ing Refrig- eration Office Equip- ment Com- puters Other All Buildings ............................. 91.0 33.0 7.2 6.1 7.0 18.7 2.7 5.3 1.0 2.2 7.9 Building Floorspace (Square Feet) 1,001 to 5,000 ........................... 99.0 30.7 6.7 2.7 7.1 13.9 7.1 19.9 1.1 1.7 8.2 5,001 to 10,000 .......................... 80.0 30.1 5.5 2.6 6.1 13.6 5.2 8.2 0.8 1.4 6.6 10,001 to 25,000 ........................ 71.0 28.2 4.5 4.1 4.1 14.5 2.3 4.5 0.8 1.6 6.5 25,001 to 50,000 ........................ 79.0 29.9 6.8 5.9 6.3 14.9 1.7 3.9 0.8 1.8 7.1 50,001 to 100,000 ...................... 88.7 31.6 7.6 7.6 6.5 19.6 1.7 3.4 0.7 2.0 8.1 100,001 to 200,000 .................... 104.2 39.1 8.2 8.9 7.9 22.9 1.1 2.9 Q 3.2 8.7 200,001 to 500,000 ....................
Upper Estimates for Banach Spaces
We study the relationship of dominance for sequences and trees in Banach spaces. In the context of sequences, we prove that domination of weakly null sequences is a uniform property. More precisely, if $(v_i)$ is a normalized basic sequence and $X$ is a Banach space such that every normalized weakly null sequence in $X$ has a subsequence that is dominated by $(v_i)$, then there exists a uniform constant $C\\geq1$ such that every normalized weakly null sequence in $X$ has a subsequence that is $C$-dominated by $(v_i)$. We prove as well that if $V=(v_i)_{i=1}^\\infty$ satisfies some general conditions, then a Banach space $X$ with separable dual has subsequential $V$ upper tree estimates if and only if it embeds into a Banach space with a shrinking FDD which satisfies subsequential $V$ upper block estimates. We apply this theorem to Tsirelson spaces to prove that for all countable ordinals $\\alpha$ there exists a Banach space $X$ with Szlenk index at most $\\omega^{\\alpha \\omega +1}$ which is universal for all Banach spaces with Szlenk index at most $\\omega^{\\alpha\\omega}$.
Freeman, Daniel B.
Integral Transforms Connecting the Hardy space with Barut-Girardello Spaces
We construct a one parameter family of integral transforms connecting the classical Hardy space with a class of weighted Bergman spaces called Barut-Girardello spaces.
Zouhair Mouayn
Cone structure of $L^2$-Wasserstein spaces
In this paper, we prove that if a base space has a cone structure, then so does its $L^2$-Wasserstein space. Furthermore, we investigate relations between the base spaces of the both cones. Conversely, we show when an $L^2$-Wasserstein space has a cone structure satisfying certain conditions, then its underlying space is also a cone.
Takatsu, Asuka
On Algebraic Multi-Ring Spaces
A Smarandache multi-space is a union of $n$ spaces $A_1,A_2,..., A_n$ with some additional conditions holding. Combining Smarandache multi-spaces with rings in classical ring theory, the conception of multi-ring spaces is introduced. Some characteristics of a multi-ring space are obtained in this paper.
Environmental Design Space model assessment
The Environmental Design Space (EDS) is a multi-disciplinary design tool used to explore trade-offs among aircraft fuel burn, emissions, and noise. This thesis uses multiple metrics to assess an EDS model of a Boeing 777 ...
Spindler, Phillip Michael
TCP extensions for space communications
The space communication environment and mobile and wireless communication environments show many similarities when observed from the perspective of a transport protocol. Both types of environments exhibit loss caused by data corruption and link outage, ...
Robert C. Durst; Gregory J. Miller; Eric J. Travis
BNL NASA Space Radiation Laboratory
Purpose: To use beams of heavy ions provided by the Booster accelerator at Brookhaven to study the effects of simulated space radiation on biological and physical systems, with the goal of developing methods and materials to reduce the risk to human beings on prolonged space missions of the effects of ionizing radiation Sponsor: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Project cost $34 million over 4 years Operating costs Nearly $8 million per year in 2007 Features * beams of heavy ions extracted from the Booster accelerator with masses and energies similar to the cosmic rays encountered in space: * 1-billion electron volt (GeV)/nucleon iron-56 * 0.3-GeV/nucleon gold-97 * 0.6-GeV/nucleon silicon-28 * 1-GeV/nucleon protons * 1-GeV/nucleon titanium
Coordinate transformations in quaternion spaces
The quaternion spaces can be used to describe the property of electromagnetic field and gravitational field. In the quaternion space, some coordinate transformations can be deduced from the feature of quaternions, including Lorentz transformation and Galilean transformation etc., when the coordinate system is transformed into others. And some coordinate transformations with variable speed of light can be obtained in the electromagnetic field and gravitational field.
Zihua Weng
Dynamical 3-Space: Emergent Gravity
The laws of gravitation devised by Newton, and by Hilbert and Einstein, have failed many experimental and observational tests, namely the bore hole g anomaly, flat rotation curves for spiral galaxies, supermassive black hole mass spectrum, uniformly expanding universe, cosmic filaments, laboratory G measurements, galactic EM bending, precocious galaxy formation,.. The response has been the introduction of the new epicycles: ``dark matter", ``dark energy", and others. To understand gravity we must restart with the experimental discoveries by Galileo, and following a heuristic argument we are led to a uniquely determined theory of a dynamical 3-space. That 3-space exists has been missed from the beginning of physics, although it was 1st directly detected by Michelson and Morley in 1887. Uniquely generalising the quantum theory to include this dynamical 3-space we deduce the response of quantum matter and show that it results in a new account of gravity, and explains the above anomalies and others. The dynamical theory for this 3-space involves G, which determines the dissipation rate of space by matter, and alpha, which experiments and observation reveal to be the fine structure constant. For the 1st time we have a comprehensive account of space and matter and their interaction - gravity.
Reginald T Cahill
Spaces of Quantum Field Theories
The concept of a "space of quantum field theories" or "theory space" was set out in the 1970's in work of Wilson, Friedan and others. This structure should play an important role in organizing and classifying QFTs, and in the study of the string landscape, allowing us to say when two theories are connected by finite variations of the couplings or by RG flows, when a sequence of QFTs converges to another QFT, and bounding the amount of information needed to uniquely specify a QFT, enabling us to estimate their number. As yet we do not have any definition of theory space which can be used to make such arguments. In this talk, we will describe various concepts and tools which should be developed for this purpose, inspired by the analogous mathematical problem of studying the space of Riemannian manifolds. We state two general conjectures about the space of two-dimensional conformal field theories, and we define a distance function on this space, which gives a distance between any pair of theories, whether or not they are connected by varying moduli. Based on talks given at QTS6 (University of Kentucky), Erice, Texas A& M, and Northwestern University. To appear in the proceedings of QTS6.
Michael R. Douglas
Deep Space Mission Radiation Shielding Optimization
Providing protection against the hazards of space radiation is a major challenge to the exploration and development of space. The great cost of added radiation shielding is a potential limiting factor in deep space missions. In the present report, we ...
Tripathi R. K.; Wilson J. W.; Cucinotta F. A.; Nealy J. E.; Clowdsley M. S.; Kim M-H. Y.
Building Technologies Office: Simplified Space Conditioning Systems...
Simplified Space Conditioning Systems for Energy Efficient Homes Expert Meeting to someone by E-mail Share Building Technologies Office: Simplified Space Conditioning Systems for...
Simplified Space Conditioning Systems for Energy Efficient Homes Expert Meeting Building America hosted the "Simplified Space Conditioning Systems for Energy Efficient Homes"...
Sustainable Spaces Inc | Open Energy Information
Spaces Inc Jump to: navigation, search Name Sustainable Spaces Inc. Place San Francisco, California Zip 94103 Sector Carbon Product California-based provider of energy audits and...
Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook-
Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other All Buildings* ... 222 194 17...
Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other All Buildings ... 2,100...
Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other All Buildings* ... 1,928 1,316...
Energy Consumption Survey: Energy End-Use Consumption Tables Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other All...
Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other All Buildings* ... 1,870 1,276...
Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other All Buildings* ... 1,602 1,397...
Released: September, 2008 Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other Total Space Heating Water Heating Cook- ing Other All Buildings ... 2,037...
Passive Solar Space Heat | Open Energy Information
Solar Space Heat Jump to: navigation, search TODO: Add description List of Passive Solar Space Heat Incentives Retrieved from "http:en.openei.orgwindex.php?titlePassive...
Solar Space Heat | Open Energy Information
icon Solar Space Heat Jump to: navigation, search TODO: Add description List of Solar Space Heat Incentives Retrieved from "http:en.openei.orgwindex.php?titleSolarS...
Integration of space weather into space situational awareness
Rapid assessment of space weather effects on satellites is a critical step in anomaly resolution and satellite threat assessment. That step, however, is often hindered by a number of factors including timely collection and delivery of space weather data and the inherent com plexity of space weather information. As part of a larger, integrated space situational awareness program, Los Alamos National Laboratory has developed prototype operational space weather tools that run in real time and present operators with customized, user-specific information. The Dynamic Radiation Environment Assimilation Model (DREAM) focuses on the penetrating radiation environment from natural or nuclear-produced radiation belts. The penetrating radiation environment is highly dynamic and highly orbit-dependent. Operators often must rely only on line plots of 2 MeV electron flux from the NOAA geosynchronous GOES satellites which is then assumed to be representative of the environment at the satellite of interest. DREAM uses data assimilation to produce a global, real-time, energy dependent specification. User tools are built around a distributed service oriented architecture (SOA) which will allow operators to select any satellite from the space catalog and examine the environment for that specific satellite and time of interest. Depending on the application operators may need to examine instantaneous dose rates and/or dose accumulated over various lengths of time. Further, different energy thresholds can be selected depending on the shielding on the satellite or instrument of interest. In order to rapidly assess the probability that space weather was the cause of anomalous operations, the current conditions can be compared against the historical distribution of radiation levels for that orbit. In the simplest operation a user would select a satellite and time of interest and immediately see if the environmental conditions were typical, elevated, or extreme based on how often those conditions occur in that orbit. This allows users to rapidly rule in or out environmental causes of anomalies. The same user interface can also allow users to drill down for more detailed quantitative information. DREAM can be run either from a distributed web-based user interface or as a stand-alone application for secure operations. In this paper we discuss the underlying structure of the DREAM model and demonstrate the user interface that we have developed . We also present some prototype data products and user interfaces for DREAM and discuss how space environment information can be seamlessly integrated into operational SSA systems.
Reeves, Geoffrey D [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Dielectric Analog Space-Times
We generalize the notion of a dielectric analog Schwarzschild black hole model to analog models of arbitrary space-times; in particular, the approach is not restricted to static space-times. This is done by establishing a correspondence between electrodynamics on a curved, vacuum manifold, with electrodynamics in a general linear dielectric residing in Minkowski space-time. The mapping is not unique, allowing for some freedom in the specification of equivalent materials, which could be useful for exploiting recent developments in the production of metamaterials. Some examples are considered, with special attention paid to the dielectric analog of the exterior Kerr geometry, which is found to be reproducible with regular, linear, dielectrics.
Robert T. Thompson; J�rg Frauendiener
Quantum dynamics in dual spaces
Quantum mechanics gives us information about spectra of dynamical variables and transition rates including scattering cross sections. They can be exhibited as spectral information in analytically continued spaces and their duals. Quantum mechanics formulated in these generalized spaces is used to study scattering and time evolution. It is shown that the usual asymptotic condition is inadequate to deal with scattering of composite or unstable particles. Scattering theory needs amendment when the interacting system is not isospectral with the free Hamiltonian, and the amendment is formulated. Perturbation theory in generalized spaces is developed and used to study the deletion and augmentation of the spectrum of the Hamiltonian. A complete set of algebraically independent constants for an interacting system is obtained. The question of the breaking of time symmetry is discussed.
Sudarshan, E.C.G.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration SpaceMathVI
data. The problems were designed to be `one-pagers' with a Teacher's Guide and Answer Key as a second;Answer Key Problem 1 - How many atoms of hydrogen (H), carbon (C) and oxygen (O) are contained the planets be after 6 years? Space Math http://spacemath.gsfc.nasa.gov #12;2Answer Key Problem 1 - Students
Exponential Smoothing and State-Space Modeling
Exponential Smoothing and State-Space Modeling. Purpose: Exponential smoothing methods for forecasting are sometimes ...
Some moduli spaces of Bridgeland's stability conditions
We shall study some moduli spaces of Bridgeland's semi-stable objects on abelian surfaces and K3 surfaces with Picard number 1. Under some conditions, we show that the moduli spaces are isomorphic to the moduli spaces of Gieseker semi-stable sheaves. We also study the ample cone of the moduli spaces.
Minamide, Hiroki; Yoshioka, Kota
Free loop spaces in topology and
Free loop spaces in topology and physics Kathryn Hess What is the space of free loops? Enumeration of geodesics Hochschild and cyclic homology Homological conformal field theories Free loop spaces in topology Meeting of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society Glasgow, 14 November 2008 #12;Free loop spaces in topology
Thévenaz, Jacques
Some necessary conditions for vector space partitions
Some new necessary conditions for the existence of vector space partitions are derived. They are applied to the problem of finding the maximum number of spaces of dimension t in a vector space partition of V(2t,q) that contains m_d spaces of dimension d, where t/2spaces of other dimensions. It is also discussed how this problem is related to maximal partial (t-1)-spreads in V(2t,q). We also give a lower bound for the number of spaces in a vector space partition and verify that this bound is tight.
Heden, Olof
Debris and Future Space Activities
Debris and Future Space Activities Prof. Joel R. Primack Physics Department University eleven year cycle, it heats the upper atmosphere and makes it expand so that debris and spacecraft in low which overflows occasionally and washes only the lowest hillsides clear of debris. Debris in orbit
California at Santa Cruz, University of
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
and Contracting Processes. Developing adequate cost estimates, managing program costs, and ensuring that NASA, simultaneously, developing the next generation of space vehicles. · Managing Risk to People, Equipment to address continued problems such as NASA's internal controls over property, plant, and equipment
Christian, Eric
of turbulent flow with phase transitions and radiation · Extreme weather and climate change -> is essentially and carbon with the ocean/ land/ice surface are mediated by turbulence #12;National Aeronautics and Space-Diffusivity (ED) approach In ED closure the sub-grid flux is parameterized as where k is the diffusivity
Bordoni, Simona
Fusion for Earth and Space
The compact reactor concept (Williams, 2007) has the potential to provide clean, safe and unlimited supply of energy for Earth and Space applications. The concept is a potential fusion reactor wherein deuterium nuclei are preferentially fused into helium nuclei. Because the deuterium nuclei are preferentially fused into helium nuclei at temperatures and energies lower than specified by the standard model there is no harmful radiation as a byproduct of this fusion process. Therefore, a reactor using this reaction does not need any shielding to contain such radiation. The energy released from each reaction and the absence of shielding makes the deuterium-plus-deuterium-to-helium (DDH) reactor very compact when compared to other reactors, both fission and fusion types. Moreover, the potential energy output per reactor weight and the absence of harmful radiation makes the DDH reactor an ideal candidate for individual home and space power. The concept also would make it possible for each plant or remote location to have it's own power source, on site, without the need for a connection to the power grid. This would minimize, or eliminate, power blackouts. The concept could replace large fission reactors and fossil fuel power plants plus provide energy for ships, locomotives, trucks and autos. It would make an ideal source of energy for space power applications and for space propulsion.
Williams, Pharis E
On Algebraic Multi-Group Spaces
A Smarandache multi-space is a union of $n$ spaces $A_1,A_2,..., A_n$ with some additional conditions holding. Combining classical of a group with Smarandache multi-spaces, the conception of a multi-group space is introduced in this paper, which is a generalization of the classical algebraic structures, such as the group, filed, body, $...$, etc.. Similar to groups, some characteristics of a multi-group space are obtained in this paper.
Discrete space-time symmetries
Symmetries have always fascinated human beings; they are found in nature, art, and architecture. Physicists, like other scientists have often used symmetries as a basis of their understanding of nature. When the dynamics is unknown, symmetries serve to delineate and define it. When the dynamics is known, symmetries are used to study structure. These two lectures review the theory and present understanding and status of two discrete space-time symmetries,, namely parity (P) and time reversal (T).
Henley, E.M.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this volume are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Material in this volume may be copied without restraint for library, abstract service, education, or personal research purposes; however, republication of any paper or portion thereof requires the written permission of the authors as well as the appropriate acknowledgment of this publication. Abstracts in this volume may be cited as
Curt Niebur; Nasa Headquarters; Terry Hurford; Nasa Goddard; Curt Niebur; Nasa Headquarters
TCP Extensions for Space Communications
The space communication environment and mobile and wireless communication environments show many similarities when observed from the perspective of a transport protocol. Both types of environments exhibit loss caused by data corruption and link outage, in addition to congestion-related loss. The constraints imposed by the two environments are also similar --- power, weight, and physical volume of equipment are scarce resources. Finally, it is not uncommon for communication channel data rates to be severely limited and highly asymmetric. We are working on solutions to these types of problems for space communication environments, and we believe that these solutions may be applicable to the mobile and wireless community. As part of our work, we have defined and implemented the Space Communications Protocol Standards-Transport Protocol (SCPSTP) , a set of extensions to TCP that address the problems that we have identified. The results of our performance tests, both in the laboratory and on actual satellites, indicate that the SCPS-TP extensions yield significant improvements in throughput over unmodified TCP on error-prone links. Additionally, the SCPS modifications significantly improve performance over links with highly asymmetric data rates.
Embeddings and factorizations of Banach spaces
One problem, considered important in Banach space theory since at least the 1970�s, asks for intrinsic characterizations of subspaces of a Banach space with an unconditional basis. A more general question is to give necessary and sufficient conditions for operators from Lp (2 space, being a subspace of a reflexive space with an unconditional basis or being a quotient of such a space, is equivalent to having the unconditional tree property. I also show that a bounded linear operator from Lp (2 spaces.
Zheng, Bentuo
Small Space Heater Basics | Department of Energy
Small Space Heater Basics Small Space Heater Basics Small Space Heater Basics August 19, 2013 - 10:38am Addthis Small space heaters, also called portable heaters, are typically used when the main heating system is inadequate or when central heating is too costly to install or operate. Space heater capacities generally range between 10,000 Btu to 40,000 Btu per hour. Common fuels used for this purpose are electricity, propane, natural gas, and kerosene. Although most space heaters rely on convection (the circulation of air in a room), some rely on radiant heating; that is, they emit infrared radiation that directly heats up objects and people that are within their line of sight. Combustion Space Heaters Space heaters are classified as vented and unvented, or "vent free." Unvented combustion units are not recommended for inside use, as they
Solar space heating | Open Energy Information
heating heating Jump to: navigation, search (The following text is derived from the United States Department of Energy's description of solar space heating technology.)[1] Contents 1 Space Heating 2 Passive Solar Space Heating 3 Active Solar Space Heating 4 References Space Heating A solar space-heating system can consist of a passive system, an active system, or a combination of both. Passive systems are typically less costly and less complex than active systems. However, when retrofitting a building, active systems might be the only option for obtaining solar energy. Passive Solar Space Heating Passive solar space heating takes advantage of warmth from the sun through design features, such as large south-facing windows, and materials in the floors or walls that absorb warmth during the day and release that warmth
Precipitation from Space: Advancing Earth System Science
Advances to space-based observing systems and data processing techniques have made precipitation datasets quickly and easily available via various data portals and widely used in Earth sciences. The increasingly lengthy time span of space-based ...
Paul A. Kucera; Elizabeth E. Ebert; F. Joseph Turk; Vincenzo Levizzani; Dalia Kirschbaum; Francisco J. Tapiador; Alexander Loew; M. Borsche
Defining digital space through a visual language
Current approaches toward digital spaces mainly mimic the physical space that surrounds us. While this approach is valid in a wide range of applications and research, the goal of this thesis is to propose an alternative ...
Kilian, Axel, 1971-
A WRINKLE IN SPACE Christopher Adam Cross
committee. ii #12;Abstract Christopher Adam Cross We explore notions of curvature of regular surfaces be made between distant points in space and time by curving space until the two points touch. I would
Cyber-Physical Challenges for Space Systems
Modern space systems necessarily have a tight coupling between onboard cyber (processing, communication) and physical (sensing, actuation) elements to survive the harsh extraterrestrial environment and successfully complete ambitious missions. This article ... Keywords: attitude control, communication, robotics, space systems
Andrew T. Klesh; James W. Cutler; Ella M. Atkins
Color spaces in digital video
Whether it`s photography, computer graphics, publishing, or video; each medium has a defined color space, or gamut, which defines the extent that a given set of RGB colors can be mixed. When converting from one medium to another, an image must go through some form of conversion which maps colors into the destination color space. The conversion process isn`t always straight forward, easy, or reversible. In video, two common analog composite color spaces are Y`tjv (used in PAL) and Y`IQ (used in NTSC). These two color spaces have been around since the beginning of color television, and are primarily used in video transmission. Another analog scheme used in broadcast studios is Y`, R`-Y`, B`-Y` (used in Betacam and Mll) which is a component format. Y`, R`-Y`,B`-Y` maintains the color information of RGB but in less space. From this, the digital component video specification, ITU-Rec. 601-4 (formerly CCIR Rec. 601) was based. The color space for Rec. 601 is symbolized as Y`CbCr. Digital video formats such as DV, Dl, Digital-S, etc., use Rec. 601 to define their color gamut. Digital composite video (for D2 tape) is digitized analog Y`UV and is seeing decreased use. Because so much information is contained in video, segments of any significant length usually require some form of data compression. All of the above mentioned analog video formats are a means of reducing the bandwidth of RGB video. Video bulk storage devices, such as digital disk recorders, usually store frames in Y`CbCr format, even if no other compression method is used. Computer graphics and computer animations originate in RGB format because RGB must be used to calculate lighting and shadows. But storage of long animations in RGB format is usually cost prohibitive and a 30 frame-per-second data rate of uncompressed RGB is beyond most computers. By taking advantage of certain aspects of the human visual system, true color 24-bit RGB video images can be compressed with minimal loss of visual information. For example, humans `see` more white-to-black (luminance) detail then red, green, or blue color detail. Also, the eye is most sensitive to green colors. Taking advantage of this, both composite and component video allocates more bandwidth for the luma (Y`) signal than the chroma signals. Y`611 is composed of 59% green`, 30% red`, and 11% blue` (prime symbol denotes gamma corrected colors). This luma signal also maintains compatibility with black and white television receivers. Component digital video converts R`G`B` signals (either from a camera or a computer) to a monochromatic brightness signal Y` (referred here as luma to distinguish it from the CIE luminance linear- light quantity), and two color difference signals Cb and Cr. These last two are the blue and red signals with the luma component subtracted out. As you know, computer graphic images are composed of red, green, and blue elements defined in a linear color space. Color monitors do not display RGB linearly. A linear RGB color space image must be gamma corrected to be displayed properly on a CRT. Gamma correction, which is approximately a 0.45 power function, must also be employed before converting an RGB image to video color space. Gamma correction is defined for video in the international standard: ITU-Rec. BT.709-4. The gamma correction transform is the same for red, green, and blue. The color coding standard for component digital video and high definition video symbolizes gamma corrected luma by Y`, the blue difference signal by Cb (Cb = B` -Y`), and the red color difference signal by Cr (Cr = R` - Y`). Component analog HDTV uses Y`PbPr. To reduce conversion errors, clip in R`G`B`, not in Y`CbCr space. View video on a video monitor, computer monitor phosphors are wrong. Use a large word size (double precision) to avoid warp around, the0232n round the results to values between 0 and 255. And finally, recall that multiplying two 8- bit numbers results in a 16-bit number, so values need to be clipped to 8-bits.
Gaunt, R.
Mapping densities in a noisy state space
Weak noise smooths out fractals in a chaotic state space and introduces a maximum attainable resolution to its structure. The balance of noise and deterministic stretching/contraction in each neighborhood introduces local invariants of the dynamics that can be used to partition the state space. We study the local discrete-time evolution of a density in a two-dimensional hyperbolic state space, and use the asymptotic eigenfunctions for the noisy dynamics to formulate a new state space partition algorithm.
Domenico Lippolis
All Universal Coverings Are Spanier Spaces
In this paper, we study necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of categorical universal coverings using open covers of a given space $X$. In fact, we define several homotopy theoretic conditions which we then prove are equivalent to the existence of a categorical universal covering space. As an application, we show that all universal coverings of a connected and locally path connected space are Spanier spaces.
Pakdaman, Ali; Mashayekhy, Behrooz
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Technologies ...
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Technologies Available for Licensing ... solar system and universe beyond; ... power, energy storage and conversion, ...
Atomic Power in Space: A History
DOE R&D Accomplishments (OSTI)
"Atomic Power in Space," a history of the Space Isotope Power Program of the United States, covers the period from the program's inception in the mid-1950s through 1982. Written in non-technical language, the history is addressed to both the general public and those more specialized in nuclear and space technologies. Interplanetary space exploration successes and achievements have been made possible by this technology, for which there is no known substitue.
Efficient optimal design space characterization methodologies
One of the primary advantages of a high-level synthesis system is its ability to explore the design space. This paper presents several methodologies for design space exploration that compute all optimal tradeoff points for the combined ... Keywords: bounding, clock-length determination, design space exploration, efficient searching, high-level synthesis, module selection, scheduling
Stephen A. Blythe; Robert A. Walker
On the design of potential collaboration spaces
In this paper, we introduce the concepts of Potential and Actual Collaboration Spaces. The former applies to the initial space where opportunities for collaboration are identified and an initial interaction is established, while the latter relates to ... Keywords: Doc2U, casual and informal interactions, potential collaboration awareness, potential collaboration spaces
Alberto L. Moran; Jesus Favela; Ana M. Martinez Enriquez; Dominique Decouchant
Space-Conditioning System Selection Guide
This handbook represents a single-source guide to the selection of space-conditioning equipment for commercial facilities. Written for the utility marketing representative, it provides information on these topics: heating, cooling, ventilation, and dehumidification requirements of commercial buildings; customer needs when selecting a space-conditioning system; and, the options among energy-efficient electric space-conditioning systems for commercial buildings.
Atomic power in space: A history
''Atomic Power in Space,'' a history of the Space Isotope Power Program of the United States, covers the period from the program's inception in the mid-1950s through 1982. Written in non-technical language, the history is addressed to both the general public and those more specialized in nuclear and space technologies. 19 figs., 3 tabs.
Exploring indoor white spaces in metropolises
It is a promising vision to utilize white spaces, i.e., vacant VHF and UHF TV channels, to satisfy skyrocketing wireless data demand in both outdoor and indoor scenarios. While most prior works have focused on exploring outdoor white spaces, the indoor ... Keywords: TV white spaces, clustering algorithms, sensor placement
Xuhang Ying, Jincheng Zhang, Lichao Yan, Guanglin Zhang, Minghua Chen, Ranveer Chandra
COTS-based applications in space avionics
The use of commercial electronic components is increasingly attractive for the space domain. This paper discusses the current degree of use of these components in space avionics, the selection and qualification phases to be successfully completed before ... Keywords: COTS, commercial electronic components, disruptive technology, fault-tolerant architectures, performance limitation, space avionics
Michel Pignol
State-space least mean square
In this paper, we present a generalized form of the well-known least mean square (LMS) filter. The proposed filter incorporates linear time-varying state-space model of the underlying environment and hence is termed as state-space LMS (SSLMS). This attribute ... Keywords: Adaptive filtering, SSLMS, State-space LMS, Tracking
Mohammad Bilal Malik; Muhammad Salman
Earthwatch: The climate from space
This concise textbook shows how observations from satellites can be used to derive variables important to the monitoring of the climate system. The aim of this book is not to provide a rigorous treatment of climate or of remote sensing and instrumentation, but to attempt to integrate the different disciplines at a level appropriate for undergraduate students of meteorology. The general topics covered are as follows: components of the climate system, basic physical laws (radiations and radiative transfer), current climate issues (greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, Southern Oscillations), remote sensing techniques, and operational principles of sensors aboard space platforms.
Harries, J.E.
Free-space quantum cryptography
An experimental free-space quantum key distribution (QKD) system has been tested over an outdoor optical path of {approximately}1 km under nighttime conditions at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This system employs the Bennett 92 protocol; here the authors give a brief overview of this protocol, and describe the experimental implementation of it. An analysis of the system efficiency is presented, as well as a description of the error detection protocol, which employs a two-dimensional parity check scheme. Finally, the susceptibility of this system to eavesdropping by various techniques is determined. Possible applications include the rekeying of satellites in low earth orbit.
Hughes, R.J.; Buttler, W.T.; Kwiat, P.G.; Lamoreaux, S.K.; Morgan, G.L.; Nordholt, J.E.; Peterson, C.G.
Better bases for kernel spaces
In this article we investigate the feasibility of constructing stable, local bases for computing with kernels. In particular, we are interested in constructing families $(b_{\\xi})_{\\xi\\in\\Xi}$ that function as bases for kernel spaces $S(k,\\Xi)$ so that each basis function is constructed using very few kernels. In other words, each function $b_{\\zeta}(x) = \\sum_{\\xi\\in\\Xi} A_{\\zeta,\\xi} k(x,\\xi)$ is a linear combination of samples of the kernel with few nonzero coefficients $A_{\\zeta,\\xi}$. This is reminiscent of the construction of the B-spline basis from the family of truncated power functions. We demonstrate that for a large class of kernels (the Sobolev kernels as well as many kernels of polyharmonic and related type) such bases exist. In fact, the basis elements can be constructed using a combination of roughly $O(\\log N)^d$ kernels, where $d$ is the local dimension of the manifold and $N$ is the dimension of the kernel space (i.e. $N=#\\Xi$). Viewing this as a preprocessing step -- the construction of the...
Fuselier, E J; Narcowich, F J; Ward, J D; Wright, G B
Efforts to determine the concentration of the cryocondensates in fluids of the various USDOE Geopressured wells a function of production volume. The wells are visited monthly as they are operating and samples are reported taken cryogenically during each visit. A gas scrubbing system continuously sample the gas streams of the wells in the intergas scrubbing system continuously sample the gas streams of the wells in the intervals between visit. Results obtained are to correlated the production of the collected compounds with reservoir and well production characteristics.
Geochemistry of Aluminum in High Temperature Brines
geothermal industry to predict the chemistry ofthe reservoirs; these calculations will be tested for reliability against our laboratory results and field observations. Moreover, based on the success of the experimental methods developed in this program, we intend to use our unique high temperature pH easurement capabilities to make kinetic and equilibrium studies of pH-dependent aluminosilicate transformation reactions and other pH-dependent heterogeneous reactions.
Benezeth, P.; Palmer, D.A.; Wesolowski, D.J.
Analysis and Modelling of Desalination Brines.
??Seawater desalination constitutes an important water supply to the population bordering the Arabian Gulf, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The three regions represent� (more)
Bashitialshaaer, Raed
Rock-brine chemical interactions. Final report
The results of experimental interaction of powdered volcanic rock with aqueous solutions are presented at temperatures from 200 to 400/sup 0/C, 500 to 1000 bars fluid pressure, with reaction durations of approximately 30 days under controlled laboratory conditions. The aim of this research is to develop data on the kinetics and equilibria of rock solution interactions that will provide insight into the complex geochemical processes attending geothermal reservoir development, stimulation, and reinjection. The research was done in the Stanford Hydrothermal Lab using gold cell equipment of the Dickson design. This equipment inverts the solution rock mixture several times a minute to ensure thorough mixing. Solution samples were periodically withdrawn without interruption of the experimental conditions. The data from these experiments suggests a path dependent series of reactions by which geothermal fluids might evolve from meteoric or magmatic sources.
source source History View New Pages Recent Changes All Special Pages Semantic Search/Querying Get Involved Help Apps Datasets Community Login | Sign Up Search Page Edit History Facebook icon Twitter icon » Solar space heating (Redirected from - Solar Ventilation Preheat) Jump to: navigation, search (The following text is derived from the United States Department of Energy's description of solar space heating technology.)[1] Contents 1 Space Heating 2 Passive Solar Space Heating 3 Active Solar Space Heating 4 References Space Heating A solar space-heating system can consist of a passive system, an active system, or a combination of both. Passive systems are typically less costly and less complex than active systems. However, when retrofitting a building, active systems might be the only option for obtaining solar
Quantum L_p and Orlicz spaces
Let $\\A$ ($\\cM$) be a $C^*$-algebra (a von Neumann algebra respectively). By a quantum dynamical system we shall understand the pair $({\\A}, T)$ ($({\\cM}, T)$) where $T : {\\A} \\to {\\A}$ ($T : {\\cM} \\to {\\cM}$) is a linear, positive (normal respectively), and identity preserving map. In our lecture, we discuss how the techniques of quantum Orlicz spaces may be used to study quantum dynamical systems. To this end, we firstly give a brief exposition of the theory of quantum dynamical systems in quantum $L_p$ spaces. Secondly, we describe the Banach space approach to quantization of classical Orlicz spaces. We will discuss the necessity of the generalization of $L_p$-space techniques. Some emphasis will be put on the construction of non-commutative Orlicz spaces. The question of lifting dynamical systems defined on von Neumann algebra to a dynamical system defined in terms of quantum Orlicz space will be discussed.
L. E. Labuschagne; W. A. Majewski
Before House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology | Department...
Space, and Technology Before House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology Before House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology By: Peter Lyons Subject: Assessing America's...
Before House Committee on Science, Space and Technology | Department...
Space and Technology Before House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Before House Committee on Science, Space and Technology By: Secretary Steven Chu Subject: FY 2013...
Before the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology ...
the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Before the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Statement Before the Committee on Science, Space and Technology,...
Survivable pulse power space radiator
A thermal radiator system is described for use on an outer space vehicle, which must survive a long period of nonuse and then radiate large amounts of heat for a limited period of time. The radiator includes groups of radiator panels that are pivotally connected in tandem, so that they can be moved to deployed configuration wherein the panels lie largely coplanar, and to a stowed configuration wherein the panels lie in a stack to resist micrometerorite damage. The panels are mounted on a boom which separates a hot power source from a payload. While the panels are stowed, warm fluid passes through their arteries to keep them warm enough to maintain the coolant in a liquid state and avoid embrittlement of material. The panels can be stored in a largely cylindrical shell, with panels progressively further from the boom being of progressively shorter length. 5 figs.
Mims, J.; Buden, D.; Williams, K.
Data structure as topological spaces
Abstract. In this paper, we propose a topological metaphor for computations: computing consists in moving through a path in a data space and making some elementary computations along this path. This idea underlies an experimental declarative programming language called mgs. mgs introduces the notion of topological collection: a set of values organized by a neighborhood relationship. The basic computation step in mgs relies on the notion of path: a path C is substituted for a path B in a topological collection A. This step is called a transformation and several features are proposed to control the transformation applications. By changing the topological structure of the collection, the underlying computational model is changed. Thus, mgs enables a unified view on several computational mechanisms. Some of them are initially inspired by biological or chemical processes (Gamma and the CHAM, Lindenmayer systems, Paun systems and cellular automata).
Jean-louis Giavitto; Olivier Michel
Space Power Systems | Department of Energy
Reactor Technologies » Space Power Systems Reactor Technologies » Space Power Systems Space Power Systems Through a strong partnership between the Energy Department's office of Nuclear Energy and NASA, Radioisotope Power Systems have been providing the energy for deep space exploration. Through a strong partnership between the Energy Department's office of Nuclear Energy and NASA, Radioisotope Power Systems have been providing the energy for deep space exploration. The Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessors have provided radioisotope power systems that have safely enabled deep space exploration and national security missions for five decades. Radioisotope power systems (RPSs) convert the heat from the decay of the radioactive isotope plutonium-238 (Pu-238) into electricity. RPSs are capable of producing heat and electricity under the harsh conditions
Moduli spaces of PU(2)-monopoles
The goal of this article was the S^1-equivariant transversality-problem and the compactification-problem for the moduli spaces of (perturbed) PU(2)-monopoles. A substantially improved version entitled "Moduli spaces of PU(2)-monopoles (revised version)" which gives simpler, clearer proofs of the transversality results, has been published on arxiv in June 99 and appeared in Asian J. Math, see Moduli spaces of PU(2)-Monopoles, Asian J. Math. Vol. 4, No. 2 (2000), 391-436.
Andrei Teleman
Space reactors - past, present, and future
In the 1990s and beyond, advanced-design nuclear reactors could represent the prime source of both space power and propulsion. Many sophisticated military and civilian space missions of the future will require first kilowatt and then megawatt levels of power. This paper reviews key technology developments that accompanied past US space nuclear power development efforts, describes on-going programs, and then explores reactor technologies that will satisfy megawatt power level needs and beyond.
Buden, D.; Angelo, J.
Upgrading Below-Grade Spaces: Assessing Priorities
Below-Grade Spaces: Below-Grade Spaces: Assessing Priorities Sam Breidenbach [Cold climate bias] Gap-Balancing risk and homeowner expectations * Managing risk and challenges for contractors - Moisture, mold and liability - Durability/Sustainability - Design/build vs. owner's architect - Contract language to reduce liability - Aligning technical details with specific situations - Below grade spaces are business opportunities - Selling and Competition Gap-Balancing risk and homeowner expectations * Homeowner Expectations and Priorities - Focused on "house beautiful" until technical failure occurs - Health related issues - Opportunity to conserve energy - Cost vs. value-"inexpensive additional space" - Expectations not aligned with physical realities.
Models for multimegawatt space power systems
This report describes models for multimegawatt, space power systems which Sandia's Advanced Power Systems Division has constructed to help evaluate space power systems for SDI's Space Power Office. Five system models and models for associated components are presented for both open (power system waste products are exhausted into space) and closed (no waste products) systems: open, burst mode, hydrogen cooled nuclear reactor -- turboalternator system; open, hydrogen-oxygen combustion turboalternator system; closed, nuclear reactor powered Brayton cycle system; closed, liquid metal Rankine cycle system; and closed, in-core, reactor therminonic system. The models estimate performance and mass for the components in each of these systems. 17 refs., 8 figs., 15 tabs.
Edenburn, M.W.
Section D: SPACE HEATING - Energy Information Administration
2001 Residential Energy Consumption Survey Form EIA-457A (2001)--Household Questionnaire OMB No.: 1905-0092, Expiring February 29, 2004 19 Section D: SPACE HEATING
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Technology ...
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Technology Marketing Summaries. Here you�ll find marketing summaries for technologies available for licensing from the ...
Wider benefits of Space Science & Exploration
, batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors (nuclear) · High impact technologies · Miniature systems · Facilities power sources Deep space missions Improved weather forecasting Climate monitoring Vehicle systems
Anand, Mahesh
Perspectives in Fundamental Physics in Space
We discuss the fundamental principles underlying the current physical theories and the prospects of further improving their knowledge through experiments in space.
Orfeu Bertolami; Clovis Jacinto de Matos; Jean Christophe Grenouilleau; Olivier Minster; Sergio Volonte
Testbed Environment for Space Situational Awareness (TESSA)
TESSA is a parallelized discrete event simulation for large-scale modeling and simulation of space events in a high performance computing environment.
We study the S^1-equivariant transversality-problem and the compactification-problem for the moduli spaces of (perturbed) PU(2)-monopoles.
User interfaces in space science instrumentation .
??This thesis examines user interaction with instrumentation in the specific context of space science. It gathers together existing practice in machine interfaces with a look� (more)
McCalden, A.J.
Space-time thermodynamics of the glass transition
Space-time Thermodynamics of the Glass Transition Maurobehavior in terms of a thermodynamics of trajectory space.
Merolle, Mauro; Garrahan, Juan P.; Chandler, David
Space heating for office building at Glenwood Springs, Colorado
Technical assistance in a preliminary design and economic evaluation of a geothermal heating system was provided. The use of a downhole heat exchanger was evaluated, with the objective of reducing costs in this first stage of the project, but was abandoned. The low resource temperature and lack of sufficient aquifer data were the reasons for abandonment of the downhole heat exchanger concept. The use of surface plate heat exchangers was selected as the preferred approach for utilizing the geothermal resource. Brine will be passed through three plate heat exchangers in the building basement. Separate loops of clean circulating fluid will be used to extract heat from the brine in three heat exchangers, with the loops providing heat to the building, a hot tub, and a deicing system. The cooled geothermal fluid from the heat exchangers will be injected to an isolated injection zone at the bottom of the production well. Aquifer tests are required to develop final pump sizes and process flows. The information developed from the work tasks of this project is presented.
Garing, K.L.; Coury, G.E.
Chaotic eigenfunctions in phase space
We study individual eigenstates of quantized area-preserving maps on the 2-torus which are classically chaotic. In order to analyze their semiclassical behavior, we use the Bargmann-Husimi representations for quantum states, as well as their stellar parametrization, which encodes states through a minimal set of points in phase space (the constellation of zeros of the Husimi density). We rigorously prove that a semiclassical uniform distribution of Husimi densities on the torus entails a similar equidistribution for the corresponding constellations. We deduce from this property a universal behavior for the phase patterns of chaotic Bargmann eigenfunctions, which reminds of the WKB approximation for eigenstates of integrable systems (though in a weaker sense). In order to obtain more precise information on ``chaotic eigenconstellations", we then model their properties by ensembles of random states, generalizing former results on the 2-sphere to the torus geometry. This approach yields statistical predictions for the constellations, which fit quite well the chaotic data. We finally observe that specific dynamical information, e.g. the presence of high peaks (like scars) in Husimi densities, can be recovered from the knowledge of a few long-wavelength Fourier coefficients, which therefore appear as valuable order parameters at the level of individual chaotic eigenfunctions.
S. Nonnenmacher; A. Voros
Is Interstellar Space Travel Possible?
It is shown that space travel, even in the most distant future, will remain confined to our own planetary system, and a similar conclusion will hold forth for any other civilization, no matter how advanced it might be, unless those extra-terrestrial species have life spans order of magnitude longer than ours. Even in such a case it is unlikely that they will travel much farther than their immediate stellar neighbourhood, as each such excursion will exhaust the resources of their home planet so much that those will dwindle rather fast and there might not be much left for the further scientific and technological advancements. So the science-fiction fancy of a "Galactic Empire" may ever remain in our fantasies only. And as for the mythical UFOs, whose quiet appearances do get reported in the press once in a while, recent explorations have shown no evidence that any such thing could have an origination within our own solar system itself. And a "quiet trip" back and forth from a distant star is almost impossible a...
Singal, Tanmay
Towards a routing framework in ad hoc space networks
A routing framework called Space Gateway Routing (SGR) is proposed for routing through Autonomous Regions (ARs) in ad hoc space networks. SGR has two integral parts: External SGR (ESGR) and Interior SGR (ISGR). ESGR ... Keywords: ad hoc networks, autonomous regions, contact allocation, data delivery, inter-region message scheduling, remote control messages, space communications, space gateway routing, space missions, space networks
Chao Chen; Zesheng Chen
Reclaiming residual space from elevated transport infrastructure : time, space, and activity under the Chicago Brown Line
This thesis studies the non-transport functions of the residual space generated by elevated transport infrastructure and its relationship with abutting neighborhoods The space under the Chicago Brown Line, among all other ...
Su, Jing, S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Design principles for the development of space technology maturation laboratories aboard the International Space Station
This thesis formulates seven design principles for the development of laboratories which utilize the International Space Station (ISS) to demonstrate the maturation of space technologies. The principles are derived from ...
Saenz Otero, Alvar, 1975-
Building a time- and space-partitioned architecture for the next generation of space vehicle avionics
Future space systems require innovative computing system architectures, on account of their size, weight, power consumption, cost, safety and maintainability requisites. The AIR (ARINC 653 in Space Real-Time Operating System) architecture answers the ...
Jos� Rufino; Jo�o Craveiro; Paulo Verissimo
Optimized Shielding for Space Radiation Protection
Future deep space mission and International Space Station exposures will be dominated by the high-charge and -energy (HZE) ions of the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR). A few mammalian systems have been extensively tested over a broad range of ion types and ...
Wilson J. W.; Cucinotta F. A.; Kim M-H. Y.; Schimmerling W.
Electrostatic Climber for Space Elevator and Launcher
Author details research on the new, very prospective, electrostatic Space Elevator climber based on a new electrostatic linear engine previously offered at the 42nd Joint Propulsion Conference (AIAA-2006-5229) and published in AEAT, Vol.78, No.6, 2006, pp. 502-508. The electrostatic climber discussed can have any speed (and braking), the energy for climber movement is delivered by a lightweight high-voltage line into a Space Elevator-holding cable from Earth electric generator. This electric line also can be used for delivery electric energy to a Geosynchronous Space Station. At present, the best solution of the climber problem (announced by NASA as one important awarding problem of Space Elevator) is problematic. Author also shows the linear electrostatic engine may be used as realistic power space launcher at the present time. Two projects illustrate these new devices. Key words: Space elevator, Electrostatic climber for space elevator, Electrostatic space launcher, Electrostatic accelerator. This work is presented as paper AIAA-2007-5838 for 43 Joint Propulsion Conference, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, 9-11 July, 2007,
A. Bolonkin
TV white-space for smart grid
Inability to obtain frequency spectrum for meeting the surge in demand for wireless solutions has been a worldwide problem. The recent advancement in TV White Space (TVWS), which uses frequency spectrum opportunistically when the incumbent users are ... Keywords: TV white-space, advanced metering infrastructure, cognitive radio, smart grid
Ser Wah Oh; Francois Chin; See Gim Kerk
Gravity in Complex Hermitian Space-Time
A generalized theory unifying gravity with electromagnetism was proposed by Einstein in 1945. He considered a Hermitian metric on a real space-time. In this work we review Einstein's idea and generalize it further to consider gravity in a complex Hermitian space-time.
Ali H. Chamseddine
State space representation of routing flexibility
This paper describes a state space representation for sequencing and routing flexibility in manufacturing systems. Routing flexibility is represented using five different stages as follows: (i) Precedence Graph of Operations; (ii) State Transition Graph ... Keywords: Flexible manufacturing systems, Routing flexibility, Sequencing flexibility, State space representation
Leonardo Rosa Rohde; Denis Borenstein
Machine learning in space: extending our reach
We introduce the challenge of using machine learning effectively in space applications and motivate the domain for future researchers. Machine learning can be used to enable greater autonomy to improve the duration, reliability, cost-effectiveness, and ... Keywords: Autonomy, Machine learning applications, Space missions
Amy Mcgovern; Kiri L. Wagstaff
Quantum Mechanics and Multiply Connected Spaces
t is well known that the difference between Quantum Mechanics and Classical Theory appears most crucially in the non Classical spin half of the former theory and the Wilson-Sommerfelt quantization rule. We argue that this is symptomatic of the fact that Quantum Theory is actually a theory in multiply connected space while Classical Theory operates in simply connected space.
B. G. Sidharth
Mutual information aspects of scale space images
In image registration, mutual information is a well-performing measure based on principles of uncertainty. Similarly, in image analysis the Gaussian scale space, based on minimal assumptions of the image, is used to derive intrinsic properties of an ... Keywords: Entropy, Image analysis, Image structure, Multiresolution, Mutual information, Registration, Scale space
A. Kuijper
Space directed coils for biological objectives
There are given different constructions of electromagnetic coils for using in biomedicine. There are developed constructions of space directed coils for increasing and decreasing the growth of cells in biology and medicine. Keywords: biological objectives, coils, decreasing, growth, increasing, space-directed
V. I. Vlastopulo
Modular Reconfigurable Robots in Space Applications
Robots used for tasks in space have strict requirements. Modular reconfigurable robots have a variety of attributes that are well suited to these conditions, including: serving as many different tools at once (saving weight), packing into compressed ... Keywords: locomotion, modular, robot, self-reconfigurable, snake robot, space
Mark Yim; Kimon Roufas; David Duff; Ying Zhang; Craig Eldershaw; Sam Homans
Beta decays with momentum space Majorana spinors
We construct and apply to beta decays a truly neutral local quantum field that is entirely based upon momentum space Majorana spinors. We make the observation that theory with momentum space Majorana spinors of real C parities is equivalent to Dirac's theory. For imaginary C parities, the neutrino mass can drop from the single beta decay trace and reappear in 0\
M. Kirchbach; C. Compean; L. Noriega
Lab celebrates 50 years in space
celebrates 50 years in space celebrates 50 years in space Community Connections: Our link to Northern New Mexico Communities Latest Issue:Dec. 2013 - Jan. 2014 All Issues » submit Lab celebrates 50 years in space National security missions and pure research December 1, 2013 Lab celebrates 50 years in space Lab's instruments have helped detect possible nuclear weapon detonations and led to fundamental scientific discoveries. Contacts Community Programs Office Director Kurt Steinhaus Email Editor Linda Anderman Email Not only does 2013 mark the Lab's 70th anniversary, it also marks the 50th anniversary of its first mission into space. During those five decades, it's been involved in 206 launches-only a few other organizations in the world can claim more-that began with the goal of helping monitor compliance with the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty through
Space nuclear power: a strategy for tomorrow
Energy: reliable, portable, abundant and low cost will be a most critical factor, perhaps the sine qua non, for the unfolding of man's permanent presence in space. Space-based nuclear power, in turn, is a key technology for developing such space platforms and the transportation systems necessary to service them. A strategy for meeting space power requirements is the development of a 100-kW(e) nuclear reactor system for high earth orbit missions, transportation from Shuttle orbits to geosynchronous orbit, and for outer planet exploration. The component technology for this nuclear power plant is now underway at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. As permanent settlements are established on the Moon and in space, multimegawatt power plants will be needed. This would involve different technology similar to terrestrial nuclear power plants.
Buden, D.; Angelo, J. Jr.
Abstract. An infinite dimensional notion of asymptotic structure is considered. This notion is developed in terms of trees and branches on Banach spaces. Every countably infinite countably branching tree T of a certain type on a space X is presumed to have a branch with some property. It is shown that then X can be embedded into a space with an FDD (Ei) so that all normalized sequences in X which are almost a skipped blocking of (Ei) have that property. As an application of our work we prove that if X is a separable reflexive Banach space and for some 1 0, there exists a finite codimensional subspace of X which C 2 + ? embeds into the ?p sum of finite dimensional spaces. 1.
E. Odell; Th. Schlumprecht
Twistors and antipodes in de Sitter space
We develop the basics of twistor theory in de Sitter space, up to the Penrose transform for free massless fields. We treat de Sitter space as fundamental, as one does for Minkowski space in conventional introductions to twistor theory. This involves viewing twistors as spinors of the de Sitter group SO(4,1). When attached to a spacetime point, such a twistor can be reinterpreted as a local SO(3,1) Dirac spinor. Our approach highlights the antipodal map in de Sitter space, which gives rise to doublings in the standard relations between twistors and spacetime. In particular, one can generate a field with both handedness signs from a single twistor function. Such fields naturally live on antipodally-identified de Sitter space dS_4/Z_2, which has been put forward as the ideal laboratory for quantum gravity with positive cosmological constant.
Neiman, Yasha
Radiation Effects in the Space Telecommunications Environment
Trapped protons and electrons in the Earth's radiation belts and cosmic rays present significant challenges for electronics that must operate reliably in the natural space environment. Single event effects (SEE) can lead to sudden device or system failure, and total dose effects can reduce the lifetime of a telecommmiications system with significant space assets. One of the greatest sources of uncertainty in developing radiation requirements for a space system is accounting for the small but finite probability that the system will be exposed to a massive solar particle event. Once specifications are decided, standard laboratory tests are available to predict the total dose response of MOS and bipolar components in space, but SEE testing of components can be more challenging. Prospects are discussed for device modeling and for the use of standard commercial electronics in space.
Fleetwood, Daniel M.; Winokur, Peter S.
Medical Applications of Space Light-Emitting Diode Technology--Space Station and Beyond
Space light-emitting diode (LED) technology has provided medicine with a new tool capable of delivering light deep into tissues of the body, at wavelengths which are biologically optimal for cancer treatment and wound healing. This LED technology has already flown on Space Shuttle missions, and shows promise for wound healing applications of benefit to Space Station astronauts.
Whelan, H.T.; Houle, J.M.; Donohoe, D.L.; Bajic, D.M.; Schmidt, M.H.; Reichert, K.W.; Weyenberg, G.T.; Larson, D.L.; Meyer, G.A.; Caviness, J.A.
Space Logistics Modeling and Simulation Analysis using SpaceNet: Four Application Cases
The future of space exploration will not be limited to sortie-style missions to single destinations. Even in present exploration taking place at the International Space Station in low-Earth orbit, logistics is complicated by flights arriving from five launch sites on Earth. The future challenges of space logistics given complex campaigns of interconnected missions in deep space will require innovative tools to aid planning and conceptual design. This paper presents a modeling framework to evaluate the propulsive and logistics feasibility of space exploration from the macro-logistics perspective, which covers the delivery of elements and resources to support demands generated during exploration. The modeling framework is implemented in a versatile and unifying software tool, SpaceNet, for general space exploration scenario analysis. Four space exploration scenarios are presented as application cases to highlight the applicability of the framework across vastly different scenarios. The first case investigates the resupply of the International Space Station between 2010 and 2015 using 77 missions combining NASA, European Space Agency, Japanese Space Agency, Russian Space Agency, and commercial space transportation. The second case models a lunar outpost build-up consisting of 17 flights to achieve continuous human presence over eight years. The third case models and evaluates a conceptual sortie-style mission to a near-Earth object, 1999 AO10. Finally, the fourth case models a flexible path type human exploration in the vicinity of Mars using a combination of human and tele-operated exploration. Taken together these cases demonstrate the challenges and logistical requirements of future human space exploration campaigns during the period from 2010-2050 and illustrate the ability of SpaceNet to model and simulate the feasibility of meeting these requirements. I.
Paul T. Grogan; Howard K. Yue; Olivier L. De Weck
Geothermal Energy: Residential Space Heating
The purpose of this study, which was carried out under the auspices of the DGRST, was to determine the best way to use geothermal hot water for residential space heating. It quickly became apparent that the type of heating apparatus used in the housing units was most important and that heat pumps could be a valuable asset, making it possible to extract even more geothermal heat and thus substantially improve the cost benefit of the systems. Many factors play a significant role in this problem. Therefore, after a first stage devoted to analyzing the problem through a manual method which proved quite useful, the systematic consideration of all important aspects led us to use a computer to optimize solutions and process a large number of cases. The software used for this general study can also be used to work out particular cases: it is now available to any interested party through DGRST. This program makes it possible to: (1) take climatic conditions into account in a very detailed manner, including temperatures as well as insolation. 864 cases corresponding to 36 typical days divided into 24 hours each were chosen to represent the heating season. They make it possible to define the heating needs of any type of housing unit. (2) simulate and analyze the behavior in practice of a geothermal heating system when heat is extracted from the well by a simple heat exchanger. This simulation makes it possible to evaluate the respective qualities of various types of heating apparatus which can be used in homes. It also makes it possible to define the best control systems for the central system and substations and to assess quite accurately the presence of terminal controls, such as radiators with thermostatically controlled valves. (3) determine to what extent the addition of a heat pump makes it possible to improve the cost benefit of geothermal heating. When its average characteristics and heating use conditions (price, coefficient of performance, length of utilization, electrical rates, etc.) are taken into account, the heat pump should not be scaled for maximum heating power. Consequently, the program considers several possible sizes, with different installation schemes, and selects for each case the value which corresponds to the lowest cost of heating.
The Hardy Space $H^1$ on Non-homogeneous Metric Spaces
Let $({\\mathcal X}, d, \\mu)$ be a metric measure space and satisfy the so-called upper doubling condition and the geometrical doubling condition. In this paper, we introduce the atomic Hardy space $H^1(\\mu)$ and prove that its dual space is the known space ${\\rm RBMO}(\\mu)$ in this context. Using this duality, we establish a criterion for the boundedness of linear operators from $H^1(\\mu)$ to any Banach space. As an application of this criterion, we obtain the boundedness of Calder\\'on--Zygmund operators from $H^1(\\mu)$ to $L^1(\\mu)$.
Hyt�nen, Tuomas; Yang, Dongyong
Project Title
William Bourcier William Bourcier Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Carbon Storage R&D Project Review Meeting Developing the Technologies and Infrastructure for CCS August 20-22, 2013 Saline Aquifer Brine Production Well Brine Injection Well Chiller Pretreatment Desalination Brine Permeate To power plant or other use Storage pump CO 2 injection Concept is to extract and desalinate aquifer brines to create fresh water and space for CO 2 storage cap-rock 3 Presentation Outline * Overview, Purpose, Goals and Benefits * Technical status - Brine treatment and disposition - Reservoir management * Accomplishments * Summary and Planned work Goals and Objectives Technical Goals Potential advantages of brine
Using standard Internet Protocols and applications in space
This paper discusses approaches for using standard Internet technologies to meet the communication needs of future space missions. It summarizes work done by the Operating Missions as Nodes on the Internet (OMNI) project at NASA/GSFC since 1997. That ... Keywords: Internet in space, Internet space missions, Space communication protocols, Space shuttle STS-107, Spacecraft networking
Keith Hogie; Ed Criscuolo; Ron Parise
Dutch Space BV | Open Energy Information
Space BV Space BV Jump to: navigation, search Name Dutch Space BV Place Leiden, Netherlands Zip 2333 Sector Solar Product Leiden-based supplier of subsystems for the European space industry, including the production of solar arrays for spacecraft. Coordinates 52.15457°, 4.49463° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":52.15457,"lon":4.49463,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Space-Time Insight | Open Energy Information
Space-Time Insight Space-Time Insight Jump to: navigation, search Name Space-Time Insight Address 45680 Northport Loop East Place Fremont, California Zip 94538 Sector Efficiency Product SpaceTime Awareness Server Year founded 2008 Number of employees 11-50 Website http://www.spacetimeinsight.co Coordinates 37.4923832°, -121.9532879° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":37.4923832,"lon":-121.9532879,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Vortex tracking in scale-space
Scale-space techniques have become popular in computer vision for their capability to access the multiscale information inherently contained in images. We show that the field of flow visualization can benefit from these techniques, too, yielding more ...
Dirk Bauer; Ronald Peikert
Social catalysts : embracing communication in mediated spaces
Mediated communication between public spaces is a relatively new concept. One current example of this interaction is video conferencing among people within the same organization. Large scale video-conferencing walls have ...
Karahalios, Kyratso G., 1972-
Open Space Stewardship Program 2013 Celebration
Students in grades K through 12 are involved in authentic environmental research on properties in their own communities, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility for open space within...
Climate Monitoring from Space: Asynoptic Sampling Considerations
Monitoring climate variability from space is considered from the standpoint of satellite sampling. Asynoptic sampling leads to well-defined limits in spatial and temporal resolution which are violated by behavior involving sufficiently small ...
Murry L. Salby
Reinterpretation of space in a networked community
One of the most significant reasons why architects dwell on the design of a space is because we believe that the physical environment will influence social and interpersonal relationships. Recognizing the limitations in ...
Park, Kat Suejung, 1973-
SloanSpace- DSpace file transfer component
This thesis demonstrates how to use Web services to integrate course management systems with digital repositories. We present a component that provides interoperation between SloanSpace, a course management system, and ...
Cuevas, Genevieve T
Spacing innovation and learning in design organizations
The main research question of this thesis is the following: What is the relationship between spaces and innovation in the context of design organizations such as IDEO, the MIT Media Lab and Design Continuum? This thesis ...
Garc�a Herrera, Crist�bal, 1974-
Securing Public Space [Awards Jury Commentaries
suited to the EDRA/Places awards. Yet�except for one entry,absent from this year�s awards cycle. Those who design,Vale / Securing Public Space Awards Jury Commentaries Places
Vale, Lawrence J
Scatterometer Data Interpretation: Measurement Space and Inversion
The geophysical interpretation of the radar measurements from the ERS-1 scatterometer, called ?0, is considered. An important tool in the interpretation of the data is the visualization of the triplets of radar backscatter in measurement space. ...
Ad Stoffelen; David Anderson
Effects as functions on projective Hilbert space
The set of effect operators in a complex Hilbert space can be injectively embedded into the set of functions from the set of one-dimensional projections to the real interval [0,1]. Properties of this injection are investigated.
P. Busch; S. P. Gudder
State-Space Modeling for Atmospheric Pollution
Two different aspect concerning the state-space modeling for atmospheric pollution are dealt with separately in this paper: (i) the treatment of the advection-diffusion equation and (ii) the use of time series analysis.
E. Hern�ndez; F. Mart�n; F. Valero
Cargo revenue management for space logistics
This thesis covers the development of a framework for the application of revenue management, specifically capacity control, to space logistics for use in the optimization of mission cargo allocations, which in turn affect ...
Armar, Nii A
Kinetic modeling of electrodynamic space tethers
Electrodynamic space tethers provide propellant-less orbit boosting and de-orbiting of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. On the one hand, when driven by a current, their interaction with the Earth's magnetic field creates ...
Deux, Jean-Marie A
Generalized integrability conditions and target space geometry
In some higher dimensional nonlinear field theories integrable subsectors with infinitely many conservation laws have been identified by imposing additional integrability conditions. Originally, the complex eikonal equation was chosen as integrability condition, but recently further generalizations have been proposed. Here we show how these new integrability conditions may be derived from the geometry of the target space and, more precisely, from the Noether currents related to a certain class of target space transformations.
C. Adam; J. Sanchez-Guillen
Flying on Sun Shine: Sailing in Space
On January 20th, 2011, NanoSail-D successfully deployed its sail in space. It was the first solar sail vehicle to orbit the earth and the second sail ever unfurled in space. The 10m2 sail, deployment mechanism and electronics were packed into a 3U CubeSat with a volume of about 3500cc. The NanoSail-D mission had two objectives: eject a nanosatellite from a minisatellite; deploy its sail from a highly compacted volume to validate large structure deployment and potential de-orbit technologies. NanoSail-D was jointly developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and Ames Research Center. The ManTech/NeXolve Corporation provided key sail design support. NanoSail-D is managed by Marshall and jointly sponsored by the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, the Space Test Program, the Von Braun Center for Science and Innovation and Dynetics Inc. The presentation will provide insights into sailcraft advances and potential missions enabled by this emerging in-space propulsion technology.
Alhorn, Dean (NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center)
Proceedings of the ASCE Earth&Space 2006 Conference, League City, Texas, April 2006 Space Power Grid-Evolutionary Approach To Space Solar Power
Grid- Evolutionary Approach To Space Solar Power N. Komerath, N. Boechler, S. Wanis School of Aerospace architecture towards space- based solar power. The space power grid approach integrates the issues of global warming and energy demand with the technologies for space-based solar power. In the first stage
Concept for lightweight spaced-based deposition technology
and considered for space propulsion. It is proposed toVAT) technology for space propulsion [2], it is now in thePropulsion Conference, Pasadena, CA, M. L. Fulton, "Future space-
Fulton, Michael; Anders, Andre
Spaces of Type BLO on Non-homogeneous Metric Measure Spaces
Let $({\\mathcal X}, d, \\mu)$ be a metric measure space and satisfy the so-called upper doubling condition and the geometrically doubling condition. In this paper, the authors introduce the space ${\\mathop\\mathrm{RBLO}}(\\mu)$ and prove that it is a subset of the known space ${\\mathop\\mathrm{RBMO}}(\\mu)$ in this context. Moreover, the authors establish several useful characterizations for the space ${\\mathop\\mathrm{RBLO}}(\\mu)$. As an application, the authors obtain the boundedness of the maximal Calder\\'on-Zygmund operators from $L^\\infty(\\mu)$ to ${\\mathop\\mathrm{RBLO}}(\\mu)$.
Lin, Haibo
Table SH7. Average Consumption for Space Heating by Main Space ...
Fuel Oil (gallons) Main Space Heating Fuel Used (physical units of consumption per household using the fuel as a main heating source) Table SH7.
Table SH8. Average Consumption for Space Heating by Main Space ...
Fuel Oil Main Space Heating Fuel Used (million Btu of consumption per household using the fuel as a main heating source) Any Major Fuel 4 Table SH8.
Warm Springs State Hospital Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal...
Warm Springs State Hospital Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Jump to: navigation, search Name Warm Springs State Hospital Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal...
Merle West Medical Center Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal...
Merle West Medical Center Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Jump to: navigation, search Name Merle West Medical Center Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal...
Pages that link to "Space Coast Next Generation Solar Energy...
icon Pages that link to "Space Coast Next Generation Solar Energy Center Solar Power Plant" Space Coast Next Generation Solar Energy Center Solar Power Plant Jump...
Changes related to "Space Coast Next Generation Solar Energy...
icon Changes related to "Space Coast Next Generation Solar Energy Center Solar Power Plant" Space Coast Next Generation Solar Energy Center Solar Power Plant Jump...
A Piecewise Linearization Framework for Retail Shelf Space ...
Oct 1, 2004 ... Abstract: Managing shelf space is critical for retailers to attract customers ... essential in-store costs and considers space- and cross-elasticities.
Before the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology...
Before the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology Testimony of Ernest Moniz, Secretary of Energy Before the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology...
Klamath Apartment Buildings (13) Space Heating Low Temperature...
Apartment Buildings (13) Space Heating Low Temperature Geothermal Facility Jump to: navigation, search Name Klamath Apartment Buildings (13) Space Heating Low Temperature...
Before the House Science, Space, and Technology Subcommittee...
Investigations and Oversight Before the House Science, Space, and Technology Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight Before the House Science, Space, and Technology...
Space Heaters, Computers, Cell Phone Chargers: How Plugged In...
Space Heaters, Computers, Cell Phone Chargers: How Plugged In Are Commercial Buildings? Title Space Heaters, Computers, Cell Phone Chargers: How Plugged In Are Commercial...
Electrostatic AB-Ramjet Space Propulsion
A new electrostatic ramjet space engine is proposed and analyzed. The upper atmosphere (85 -1000 km) is extremely dense in ions (millions per cubic cm). The interplanetary medium contains positive protons from the solar wind. A charged ball collects the ions (protons) from the surrounding area and a special electric engine accelerates the ions to achieve thrust or decelerates the ions to achieve drag. The thrust may have a magnitude of several Newtons. If the ions are decelerated, the engine produces a drag and generates electrical energy. The theory of the new engine is developed. It is shown that the proposed engine driven by a solar battery (or other energy source) can not only support satellites in their orbit for a very long time but can also work as a launcher of space apparatus. The latter capability includes launch to high orbit, to the Moon, to far space, or to the Earth atmosphere (as a return thruster for space apparatus or as a killer of space debris). The proposed ramjet is very useful in interplanetary trips to far planets because it can simultaneously produce thrust or drag and large electric energy using the solar wind. Two scenarios, launch into the upper Earth atmosphere and an interplanetary trip, are simulated and the results illustrate the excellent possibilities of the new concept.
Multimegawatt power sources for commercial space operations
There is a great deal of interest in commercial operation in space today, but very little consideration of where the power to run such an operation is to come from. For any commercial operation in space, the power source, especially those involving kilowatts and megawatts of power, must be considered at the very onset of the venture. The Multimegawatt Space Reactor Program at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory is working this problem in conjunction with the development of Strategic Defense Initiative needs. The same type of up-front power development program needs to be considered in all discussions associated with commercial development in space. A system developed for a commercial operation in space will most likely be a hybrid system utilizing both electrical and thermal energy. Even if the commercial process consists totally of high power thermal energy usage, there will be a certain amount of electricity required for controls, mass transport, environmental control (if manned), and communications. The optimum system will thus require a great deal of planning and coordination with the development of the commercial process. 2 refs., 4 figs.
Dearien, J.A.; Martinell, J.S.
Physics Research on the International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is orbiting Earth at an altitude of around 400 km. It has been manned since November 2000 and currently has a permanent crew of six. On-board ISS science is done in a wide field of sciences, from fundamental physics to biology and human physiology. Many of the experiments utilize the unique conditions of weightlessness, but also the views of space and the Earth are exploited. ESA�s (European Space Agency) ELIPS (European Programme Life and Physical sciences in Space) manages some 150 on-going and planned experiments for ISS, which is expected to be utilized at least to 2020. This presentation will give a short introduction to ISS, followed by an overview of the science field within ELIPS and some resent results. The emphasis, however, will be on ISS experiments which are close to the research performed at CERN. Silicon strip detectors like ALTEA are measuring the flux of ions inside the station. ACES (Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space) will provide unprecedented global ti...
CERN. Geneva
On the Metric of Space-time
Maxwell's equations are obeyed in a one-parameter group of isotropic gravity-free flat space-times whose metric depends upon the value of the group parameter. An experimental determination of this value has been proposed. If it is zero, the metric is Minkowski's. If it is non-zero, the metric is not Poincare invariant and local frequencies of electromagnetic waves change as they propagate. If the group parameter is positive, velocity independent red shifts develop and the group parameter plays a role similar to that of Hubble's constant in determining the relation of these redshifts to propagation distance. In the resulting space-times, the velocity dependence of Doppler shifts is a function of propagation distance. If the group parameter and Hubble's constant have the same order of magnitude, observed frequency shifts in radiation received from stellar sources can imply source velocities quite different from those implied in Minkowski space. In these space-times, electromagnetic waves received from bodies in galactic Kepler orbits undergo frequency shifts which are indistinguishable from shifts currently attributed to dark matter and dark energy in Minkowski space, or to a non-Newtonian physics.
Carl E. Wulfman
Adaptation Space: Surviving Non-Maskable Failures
Some failures cannot be masked by redundancies, because an unanticipated situation occurred, because fault-tolerance measures were not adequate, or because there was a security breach (which is not amenable to replication). Applications that wish to continue to offer some service despite nonmaskable failure must adapt to the loss of resources. When numerous combinations of non-maskable failure modes are considered, the set of possible adaptations becomes complex. This paper presents adaptation spaces, a formalism for navigating among combinations of adaptations. An adaptation space describes a collection of possible adaptations of a software component or system, and provides a uniform way of viewing a group of alternative software adaptations. Adaptation spaces describe the different means for monitoring the conditions that different adaptations depend on, and the particular configurations through which an adaptive application navigate. Our goal is to use adaptation spaces to provide survivable services to applications despite non-maskable failures such as malicious attacks. We present the basic concepts concerning adaptation spaces, with examples. We then present a formal model for reasoning about and selecting alternative adaptations, allowing developers of survivable application to automate their system�s adaptive behavior. 1
Crispin Cowan; Lois Delcambre; Anne-francoise Le Meur; Ling Liu; David Maier; Dylan Mcnamee; Michael Miller; Calton Pu; Perry Wagle; Jonathan Walpole
Stellar science unveiled at space conference
Stellar science unveiled at space conference Stellar science unveiled at space conference Stellar science unveiled at space conference The Laboratory will be represented in more than 20 papers to be given at the 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston. March 8, 2011 Los Alamos National Laboratory sits on top of a once-remote mesa in northern New Mexico with the Jemez mountains as a backdrop to research and innovation covering multi-disciplines from bioscience, sustainable energy sources, to plasma physics and new materials. Los Alamos National Laboratory sits on top of a once-remote mesa in northern New Mexico with the Jemez mountains as a backdrop to research and innovation covering multi-disciplines from bioscience, sustainable energy sources, to plasma physics and new materials.
Projective Hilbert space structures at exceptional points
A non-Hermitian complex symmetric 2x2 matrix toy model is used to study projective Hilbert space structures in the vicinity of exceptional points (EPs). The bi-orthogonal eigenvectors of a diagonalizable matrix are Puiseux-expanded in terms of the root vectors at the EP. It is shown that the apparent contradiction between the two incompatible normalization conditions with finite and singular behavior in the EP-limit can be resolved by projectively extending the original Hilbert space. The complementary normalization conditions correspond then to two different affine charts of this enlarged projective Hilbert space. Geometric phase and phase jump behavior are analyzed and the usefulness of the phase rigidity as measure for the distance to EP configurations is demonstrated. Finally, EP-related aspects of PT-symmetrically extended Quantum Mechanics are discussed.
Guenther, Uwe; Samsonov, Boris F
Solar Power Beaming: From Space to Earth
Harvesting solar energy in space and power beaming the collected energy to a receiver station on Earth is a very attractive way to help solve mankind's current energy and environmental problems. However, the colossal and expensive 'first step' required in achieving this goal has to-date stifled its initiation. In this paper, we will demonstrate that recent advance advances in laser and optical technology now make it possible to deploy a space-based system capable of delivering 1 MW of energy to a terrestrial receiver station, via a single unmanned commercial launch into Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Figure 1 depicts the overall concept of our solar power beaming system, showing a large solar collector in space, beaming a coherent laser beam to a receiving station on Earth. We will describe all major subsystems and provide technical and economic discussion to support our conclusions.
Rubenchik, A M; Parker, J M; Beach, R J; Yamamoto, R M
Yang-Mills Gravity in Biconformal Space
We propose a new conformal supergravity model with direct relevance to string/gauge theory dualities. This biconformal supergravity theory is formulated with a Yang-Mills type action. The resulting 8-dim symplectic geometries describe 4-dim scale-invariant general relativity. We then show an extension of N = 4 SUSY Yang-Mills to a curved biconformal geometry such that the extended form of the Yang-Mills fields provides the curvatures for the biconformal space. These curvatures solve the biconformal field equations whenever the original 4-dim fields satisfy the 4-dim YM theory. This gives a 1-1 mapping between the gravity and gauge theories. We also display systematic extension of any spacetime co-tangent bundle to a biconformal space, and extension of any 4-dim Yang-Mills theory to an equivalent theory on that space. 1
Lara B. Anderson; James T. Wheeler
Space does not exist, so time can
It is often said that in general relativity time does not exist. This is because the Einstein equations generate motion in time that is a symmetry of the theory, not true time evolution. In quantum gravity, the timelessness of general relativity clashes with time in quantum theory and leads to the ``problem of time'' which, in its various forms, is the main obstacle to a successful quantum theory of gravity. I argue that the problem of time is a paradox, stemming from an unstated faulty premise. Our faulty assumption is that space is real. I propose that what does not fundamentally exist is not time but space, geometry and gravity. The quantum theory of gravity will be spaceless, not timeless. If we are willing to throw out space, we can keep time and the trade is worth it.
Fotini Markopoulou
Space Nuclear Power: Opening the Final Frontier
Nuclear power sources have enabled or enhanced some of the most challenging and exciting space missions yet conducted, including missions such as the Pioneer flights to Jupiter, Saturn, and beyond; the Voyager flights to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and beyond; the Apollo lunar surface experiments; the Viking Lander studies of Mars; the Ulysses mission to study the polar regions of the Sun; the Galileo mission that orbited Jupiter; the Cassini mission orbiting Saturn and the recently launched New Horizons mission to Pluto. In addition, radioisotope heater units have enhanced or enabled the Mars exploration rover missions (Sojourner, Spirit and Opportunity). Since 1961, the United States has successfully flown 41 radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and one reactor to provide power for 24 space systems. The former Soviet Union has reportedly flown at least 35 nuclear reactors and at least two RTGs to power 37 space systems. 1.
Gary L. Bennett
Demand response-enabled autonomous control for interior space conditioning in residential buildings.
for Interior Space Conditioning . . . . . . . . . .HumanControl in Interior Space Conditioning Problem DescriptionMechanism of Interior Space Conditioning System . . . . . .
Chen, Xue
Bose-Einstein condensation in real space
We illustrate how Bose-Einstein condensation occurs not only in momentum space but also in coordinate (or real) space. Analogies between the isotherms of a van der Waals gas of extended (or finite-diameter) identical atoms and the point (or zero-diameter) particles of an ideal Bose gas allow one to conclude that, in contrast to the van der Waals case, the volume per particle can go to zero in the pure Bose condensate phase precisely because the particle diameter is zero. PACS # 03.75.Hh; 05.30.Jp; 05.70.Fh 1 1
J. J. Valencia; M. De Llano; M. A. Sol�s
Parabolic Weingarten surfaces in hyperbolic space
A surface in hyperbolic space $\\h^3$ invariant by a group of parabolic isometries is called a parabolic surface. In this paper we investigate parabolic surfaces of $\\h^3$ that satisfy a linear Weingarten relation of the form $a\\kappa_1+b\\kappa_2=c$ or $aH+bK=c$, where $a,b,c\\in \\r$ and, as usual, $\\kappa_i$ are the principal curvatures, $H$ is the mean curvature and $K$ is de Gaussian curvature. We classify all parabolic linear Weingarten surfaces in hyperbolic space.
L�pez, Rafael
Thulium heat sources for space power applications
Reliable power supplies for use in transportation and remote systems will be an important part of space exploration terrestrial activities. A potential power source is available in the rare earth metal, thulium. Fuel sources can be produced by activating Tm-169 targets in the space station reactor. The resulting Tm-170 heat sources can be used in thermoelectric generators to power instrumentation and telecommunications located at remote sites such as weather stations. As the heat source in a dynamic Sterling or Brayton cycle system, the heat source can provide a lightweight power source for rovers or other terrestrial transportation systems.
Alderman, C.J.
Infinitesimal Bishop-Gromov condition for Alexandrov spaces
We prove the infinitesimal version of Bishop-Gromov volume comparison condition for Alexandrov spaces.
Kuwae, Kazuhiro
Finsleroid-regular space. Landsberg-to-Berwald implication
By performing required evaluations, we show that in the Finsleroid-regular space the Landsberg-space condition just degenerates to the Berwald-space condition (at any dimension number $N\\ge2$). Simple and clear expository representations are obtained. Due comparisons with the Finsleroid-Finsler space are indicated. Keywords: Finsler metrics, spray coefficients, curvature tensors.
Asanov, G S
SPGD: A central power system for space title in French
This paper describes the Space Power Generation and Distribution (SPGD) concept for providing power to any satellite in earth orbit via power beaming. Other applications such as providing power for terrestrial or space exploration purposes are identified. An assessment of SPGD versus conventional space power is summarized concluding SPGD appears extremely attractive for our space future. 1 ref.
Widrig, R.D.
State-space models and methods for MIMO communication
transmission schemes, including both spatial multiplexing and space-time codes, assume the availability
Zhang, Chengjin
Integrating ducts into the conditioned space: Successes and challenges
air into the conditioned space. Further conversations with construction crews indicated that sealing
Siegel, Jeffrey; Walker, Iain
In the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space
was tested March 26, 2004. The engines will burn for eight and one-half minutes as Atlantis roars into spaceIn the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, the external fuel tank for space. The external tank carries the fuel that will be used by a trio of space shuttle main engines to lift Atlantis
Global attractors for parabolic problems in fractional power spaces
Keywords: cooperative systems, fractional power spaces, global attractors, reaction-diffusion equations, thin domains
Alexandre Nolasco De Carvalho; Jos� Gaspar Ruas-Filho
Before the Subcommittee on Energy -- House Science, Space, and Technology
-- House Science, Space, and -- House Science, Space, and Technology Committee Before the Subcommittee on Energy -- House Science, Space, and Technology Committee Before the Subcommittee on Energy -- House Science, Space, and Technology Committee Testimony of Christopher Smith, Acting Assistant Secretary Before the Subcommittee on Energy -- House Science, Space, and Technology Committee More Documents & Publications Before the Subcommittee on Energy -- House Science, Space, and Technology Committee Before the Subcommittee on Environment and the Economy -- House Energy and Commerce Committee Before the Subcommittee on Energy -- House Science, Space, and Technology Committee Before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power -- House Energy and Commerce Committee Before the Subcommittees on Energy and Environment - House Committee on
A Generalization in Space of Jung's Theorem
Let's have $n$ points in the space such that the maximum distance between any of them is $a$. We prove that there exists a sphere of radius $r \\leq a \\frac{\\sqrt(6)}{4}$ that contains in its interior or on its surface all these points. [This is a generalization of Jung's theorem that he designed for a plane.
Florentin Smarandache
National Aeronautics and Space Administration April 2012
exploration by humans and robots to destinations within and be- yond our solar system is characteristicNational Aeronautics and Space Administration April · 2012 Ground and Launch SyStemS Proce-Unique Infrastructure and Launch Support Systems TA13-8 1.4.3. Limited Demonstration Capability for Ground and Launch
Exploration of the Design Space for the . . .
The ABLV-GT is a conceptual design for an advanced reusable launch vehicle based on the current NASA Langley ABLV concept. It is a Vision Vehicle class, horizontal takeoff, horizontal landing single-stage-to-orbit vehicle. Main propulsion is provided by Aerojet's `Strutjet' LOX/LH2 rocket-based combined cycle engine design. The ABLV-GT is designed to deliver 25,000 lbs. to the orbit of the International Space Station from Kennedy Space Center. This paper will report the findings of a conceptual design study on the ABLV-GT performed over the last year by members of the Space Systems Design Lab at Georgia Tech. This work has been sponsored by the Advanced Reusable Transportation Technologies program office at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Details of the concept design including external and internal configuration, mass properties, trajectory analysis, aerodynamics, and aeroheating are given. This vehicle study resulted in the closure of 18 different vehicle designs. The trade vari...
J. Bradford; J. Olds; R. Bechtel; T. Cormier; D. Messitt
Managing Delegated Search Over Design Spaces
Organizations increasingly seek solutions to their open-ended design problems by employing a contest approach in which search over a solution space is delegated to outside agents. We study this new class of problems, which are costly to specify, pose ... Keywords: clustering, open innovation, product design, research and development, search
Sanjiv Erat; Vish Krishnan
Enabling Grid technologies for Planck space mission
PLANCK, the ESA satellite aimed at mapping the microwave sky through two complete sky surveys, will fly in 2007. It is an extremely demanding space mission in terms of computing power and data storage. PLANCK simulations mimic the whole mission starting ... Keywords: CMB, EGEE, HPC, Planck satellite mission, globus, grid computing
Giuliano Taffoni; Davide Maino; Claudio Vuerli; Giuliano Castelli; Riccardo Smareglia; Andrea Zacchei; Fabio Pasian
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Math
to be `one-pagers' with a Teacher's Guide and Answer Key as a second page. This compact form was deemed very molecules you could produce? Space Math http://spacemath.gsfc.nasa.gov #12;1 Answer Key Problem 1 - What;2Answer Key Problem 1 - How many atoms of hydrogen (H), carbon (C) and oxygen (O) are contained
Mesoscale Observations of Lightning from Space Shuttle
Motion pictures have been taken at night by astronauts on the space shuttle showing lightning discharges that spread horizontally at speeds of 105 m s?1 for distances over 60 km. Tape recordings have been made of the accompanying optical pulses ...
B. Yonnegut; O. H. Vaughan Jr.; M. Brook; P. Krehbiel
Mesoscale Time and Space Wind Variability
The results of a program to study the time and space variability of the wind field below 5 km are presented. Wind data were collected using pilot balloons tracked with the METRAC positioning system. Balloons were launched at 10-30 min intervals ...
W. H. Jasperson
- metric information were trained against a single determin- istic checkers heuristic. The main result Gauci and Kenneth O. Stanley Evolutionary Complexity Research Group School of Electrical Engineering in space from what was ex- perienced in training can go wholly unrecognized unless the algorithm is able
Portman, Douglas
DESCOMP: a new design space exploration approach
In this paper, we introduce a new approach in Design-Space-Exploration (DSE) for non-clustered VLIW architectures. It differs from existing techniques by using a �bottom-up� strategy. While other approaches start with the design of an architecture, ...
Mario Sch�lzel; Peter Bachmann
Compactness of the space of causal curves
We prove that the space of causal curves between compact subsets of a separable globally hyperbolic poset is itself compact in the Vietoris topology. Although this result implies the usual result in general relativity, its proof does not require the use of geometry or differentiable structure.
Keye Martin
Creating Chinkin works in the virtual space
In this paper, a method to enable people to experience "Chinkin" in the virtual space is introduced. Chinkin is a traditional artistic technique to draw designs on lacquer ware with fine lines and dots, and it was widely used to produce Daimyo's utensils ...
Shinji Mizuno
Deep Space Formation Flying Spacecraft Path Planning
Efficient algorithms for collision-free energy sub-optimal path planning for formations of spacecraft flying in deep space are presented. The idea is to introduce a set of way-points through which the spacecraft are required to pass, combined with ... Keywords: formation flying spacecraft, path planning for multiple mobile robot systems, trajectory generation
Cornel Sultan; Sanjeev Seereram; Raman K. Mehra
Space, time and nesting Integrated Assessment Models
Integrated Assessment Modelling in the field of air pollution has advanced greatly since the 1985 Helsinki Protocol on the reduction of Sulphur emissions and their transboundary fluxes. With subsequent protocols and increased understanding of the inter-relationships ... Keywords: CLRTAP, Integrated Assessment Modelling, Scale, Science-policy interaction, Space, Time
T. Oxley; H. M. ApSimon
Brain---computer interfaces for space applications
Recent experiments have shown the possibility to use the brain electrical activity to directly control the movement of robots. Such a kind of brain---computer interface is a natural way to augment human capabilities by providing a new interaction link ... Keywords: Astronauts, BCI, Space operations
Cristina Negueruela; Michael Broschart; Carlo Menon; Jos� R. Mill�n
MIT Nuclear Space Research Andrew C. Kadak
SELENE MIT Nuclear Space Research Andrew C. Kadak Professor of the Practice Nuclear Science with Nuclear Energy Selene - Sodium-Cooled Epithermal Long-term Exploration Nuclear Engine (MS thesis) The Martian Surface Reactor: An Advanced Nuclear Power Station for Manned Extraterrestrial Exploration
Design Scenarios: Enabling transparent parametric design spaces
This paper presents a novel methodology called Design Scenarios (DSs) intended for use in conceptual design of buildings. DS enables multidisciplinary design teams to streamline the requirements definition, alternative generation, analysis, and decision-making ... Keywords: Conceptual design, Design spaces, Ontology, Parametric modeling, Process mapping, Requirements modeling
Victor Gane; John Haymaker
Autonomous Control of Space Reactor Systems
Autonomous and semi-autonomous control is a key element of space reactor design in order to meet the mission requirements of safety, reliability, survivability, and life expectancy. Interrestrial nuclear power plants, human operators are avilable to perform intelligent control functions that are necessary for both normal and abnormal operational conditions.
Belle R. Upadhyaya; K. Zhao; S.R.P. Perillo; Xiaojia Xu; M.G. Na
-weather-prone property and infrastructure includes: · satellites (e.g., solar panels & electronics: exposed to particle, telecommunication, internet, GPS etc.) · utility components (e.g., transformers: exposed to geomagnetic induced in the 1970s typically designed for a life time of ~40 years Space Weather Risks B) Vulnerability Aged
Schrijver, Karel
Time-Dependent Phase-Space Mapping of Space-Charge-Dominated Beams
In this paper we report on a proof of principle experiment for demonstrating the possibility of reconstructing the time resolved-phase-space distribution of a space-charge dominated beam by a tomographic technique which provides us with far more information than a time-sliced emittance. We emphasize that this work describes and demonstrates a new methodology which can be applicable to any beam pulse using imaging methods with the appropriate time resolution for the pulse duration. The combination of a high precision tomographic diagnostic with fast imaging screens and a gated camera are used to produce phase space maps of two beams: one with a parabolic current profile and another with a short perturbation atop a rectangular pulse. The correlations between longitudinal and transverse phase spaces are apparent and their impact on the dynamics is discussed.
D. Stratakis, R.B. Fiorito, I. Haber, R.A. Kishek, P.G. O'Shea, M. Reiser, J.C.T. Thangaraj, K. Tian
Medical Hardware for the Space Environment: An Engineering Experience at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
The complexity and amount of medical hardware needed by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) constantly shifts with mission requirements. Early missions such as Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo required minimal, relatively non-complex medical hardware, but as mission lengths have increased from hours to multiple months and mission crew sizes have increased from one to seven, so has the amount and complexity of medical hardware. As such, a need has arisen to develop a methodology by which medical hardware is certified for the space environment in a safe, consistent, and economically viable manner. This record of study documents my experiences certifying medical hardware for the space environment by providing two specific certification examples, a defibrillator, and automated external defibrillator and provides a brief history of the medical hardware used by NASA for its manned space programs.
Reyna, Baraquiel
A compact moduli space for Cohen-Macaulay curves in projective space
We define a moduli functor parametrizing finite maps from a projective (locally) Cohen-Macaulay curve to a fixed projective space. The definition of the functor includes a number of technical conditions, but the most ...
H�nsen, Morten Oskar, 1973-
Consumer thermal energy storage costs for residential hot water, space heating and space cooling systems
The cost of household thermal energy storage (TES) in four utility service areas that are representative for hot water, space heating, and space cooling systems in the United States is presented. There are two major sections of the report: Section 2.0 is a technology characterization of commercially available and developmental/conceptual TES systems; Section 3.0 is an evaluation of the consumer cost of the three TES systems based on typical designs in four utility service areas.
Alcator C-Mod Port Space
Port Space Port Space 3/4/2011 A PORT Top Flange * 10" Inner Flange (2) 2 ¾" Flanges WASP probe(LaBombard) * 10" Outer Flange ????? * 10" Top Flange IR periscope(J.Terry) Horizontal Flange * O-Mode reflectometer (Marmar) * Scanning probe (LaBombard) * 6" window (J. Terry) * Two mini conflat flanges (XXXX) * Penning gauges (B. LaBombard) * Camera array (J. Terry) * Iris shutter (j. Terry) Bottom Flange * Periscope * 10" Inner Ledge and Wall Box Bolometer Connectors(Reinke) * 10" Outer TC Feed-thru Flange(LaBombard) B PORT Top Flange * 10" top Flange Zweben Views (2) (J.Terry) * 10" Outer Flange B-Top Piezo gas valve(Toland) * 10" Outer flange Wall Box AXUV diodes and Lyman-alpha diodes
Space Conditioning Standing Technical Commitee Presentation
Partnership for Improved Residential Construction Partnership for Improved Residential Construction ba-pirc.org Building America Stakeholder Meeting 2012 RESNET Building Performance Conference Space Conditioning Standing Technical Committee Eric Martin and Janet McIlvaine Partnership for Improved Residential Construction Florida Solar Energy Center email@example.com February 29, 2012 2 | Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction ba-pirc.org https://sites.google.com/site/bastcspaceconditioning/ Space Conditioning Standing Technical Committee Upcoming Activity Upcoming Activity Files, docs, schedule, etc. Files, docs, schedule, etc. 3 | Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction ba-pirc.org * U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program directs the Building America program
Practical free-space quantum cryptography
An experimental free-space quantum key distribution (QKD) system has been tested over an outdoor optical path of {approx} 1 km under nighttime conditions at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This system employs the Bennett 92 protocol; here the authors give a brief overview of this protocol, and describe the experimental implementation of it. An analysis of the system efficiency is presented, as well as a description of the error detection protocol, which employs a two-dimensional parity check scheme. Finally, the susceptibility of this system to eavesdropping by various techniques is determined, and the effectiveness of privacy amplification procedures is discussed. The conclusions are that free-space QKD is both effective and secure; possible applications include the rekeying of satellites in low earth orbit.
Hughes, R.J.; Buttler, W.T.; Kwiat, P.G.; Lamoreaux, S.K.; Luther, G.G.; Morgan, G.L.; Nordholt, J.E.; Peterson, C.G.; Simmons, C.M.
Space Conditioning Standing Technical Committee Strategic Plan
Space Conditioning Standing Technical Space Conditioning Standing Technical Committee Strategic Plan, v2011a Revised: January 2012 Committee Chair: 2011 Eric Martin Janet McIlvaine BA-PIRC Standing Technical Committee Strategic Plan Overview Standing Technical Committees (STCs) focus on resolving key technical action items required to meet Building America performance goals. STC chairs lead each committees' activities in addressing specific research challenges, gaps in understanding, and new research opportunities. Committees include experts from the Building America research teams, DOE, national laboratories, and outside organizations that possess specialized knowledge or heightened interest in the topics being addressed. Committee chairs can create sub-committees on an as-needed basis to address targeted research needs.
Regression modeling method of space weather prediction
A regression modeling method of space weather prediction is proposed. It allows forecasting Dst index up to 6 hours ahead with about 90% correlation. It can also be used for constructing phenomenological models of interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere. With its help two new geoeffective parameters were found: latitudinal and longitudinal flow angles of the solar wind. It was shown that Dst index remembers its previous values for 2000 hours.
Parnowski, Aleksei
Thermodynamics of space quanta models quantum gravity
Canonically quantized 3+1 general relativity with the global one dimensionality (1D) conjecture defines the model, which dimensionally reduced and secondary quantized yields the 1D quantum field theory wherein generic one-point correlations create physical scales. This simple quantum gravity model, however, can be developed in a wider sense. In this paper we propose to consider ab initio thermodynamics of space quanta as the quantum gravity phenomenology. The thermodynamics is constructed in the entropic formalism.
L. A. Glinka
Very Large Aperture Diffractive Space Telescope
A very large (10's of meters) aperture space telescope including two separate spacecraft--an optical primary functioning as a magnifying glass and an optical secondary functioning as an eyepiece. The spacecraft are spaced up to several kilometers apart with the eyepiece directly behind the magnifying glass ''aiming'' at an intended target with their relative orientation determining the optical axis of the telescope and hence the targets being observed. The magnifying glass includes a very large-aperture, very-thin-membrane, diffractive lens, e.g., a Fresnel lens, which intercepts incoming light over its full aperture and focuses it towards the eyepiece. The eyepiece has a much smaller, meter-scale aperture and is designed to move along the focal surface of the magnifying glass, gathering up the incoming light and converting it to high quality images. The positions of the two space craft are controlled both to maintain a good optical focus and to point at desired targets.
Hyde, Roderick Allen
Understanding the Role of UFOs Within Space
this paper, we are concerned with understanding the e#cient planning and management of teaching space, such as lecture rooms, within universities. There is a perception that such space is a rather scarce resource. However, some studies have revealed that in many institutions it is actually chronically under-used [3, 4]. Specifically, overall space-usage e#ciency is measured by the "utilisation" (U ), which is basically the percentage of available "seat-hours" that are exploited: Utilisation, U = used seat-hours total seat-hours available (1) It is also standard practice to measure the overall frequency, F , Frequency, F = used time-slots total time-slots (2) and the room occupancy, O, Occupancy, O = used seat-hours within occupied rooms total seat-hours available within occupied rooms (3) The three measures U , F and O are not independent. If all the rooms were the same size, then, directly from the definitions, we would have U = FO, and a similar relationship continues to hold when we have rooms of di#erent sizes
Exploitation Camille Beyrouthy; Camille Beyrouthy; Edmund K. Burke; J. Dario L; Paul Mcmullan; Andrew J. Parkes
Space reactor safety, 1985--1995 lessons learned
Space reactor safety activities and decisions have evolved over the last decade. Important safety decisions have been made in the SP-100, Space Exploration Initiative, NEPSTP, SNTP, and Bimodal Space Reactor programs. In addition, international guidance on space reactor safety has been instituted. Space reactor safety decisions and practices have developed in the areas of inadvertent criticality, reentry, radiological release, orbital operation, programmatic, and policy. In general, the lessons learned point out the importance of carefully reviewing previous safety practices for appropriateness to space nuclear programs in general and to the specific mission under consideration.
Marshall, A.C.
SpacePy - a Python-based library of tools for the space sciences
Space science deals with the bodies within the solar system and the interplanetary medium; the primary focus is on atmospheres and above - at Earth the short timescale variation in the the geomagnetic field, the Van Allen radiation belts and the deposition of energy into the upper atmosphere are key areas of investigation. SpacePy is a package for Python, targeted at the space sciences, that aims to make basic data analysis, modeling and visualization easier. It builds on the capabilities of the well-known NumPy and MatPlotLib packages. Publication quality output direct from analyses is emphasized. The SpacePy project seeks to promote accurate and open research standards by providing an open environment for code development. In the space physics community there has long been a significant reliance on proprietary languages that restrict free transfer of data and reproducibility of results. By providing a comprehensive, open-source library of widely used analysis and visualization tools in a free, modern and intuitive language, we hope that this reliance will be diminished. SpacePy includes implementations of widely used empirical models, statistical techniques used frequently in space science (e.g. superposed epoch analysis), and interfaces to advanced tools such as electron drift shell calculations for radiation belt studies. SpacePy also provides analysis and visualization tools for components of the Space Weather Modeling Framework - currently this only includes the BATS-R-US 3-D magnetohydrodynamic model and the RAM ring current model - including streamline tracing in vector fields. Further development is currently underway. External libraries, which include well-known magnetic field models, high-precision time conversions and coordinate transformations are wrapped for access from Python using SWIG and f2py. The rest of the tools have been implemented directly in Python. The provision of open-source tools to perform common tasks will provide openness in the analysis methods employed in scientific studies and will give access to advanced tools to all space scientists regardless of affiliation or circumstance.
Morley, Steven K [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Welling, Daniel T [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Koller, Josef [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Larsen, Brian A [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Henderson, Michael G [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Artificial nature : water infrastructure and its experience as natural space
This work is about water infrastructure and its experience as urban and natural space. It deals with the concepts of nature/geography, technology, and the integral experiential space by analyzing water dams and reservoirs ...
Demirta?, Fatma Asl?han, 1970-
Radon transformation on reductive symmetric spaces: support theorems
We introduce a class of Radon transforms for reductive symmetric spaces, including the horospherical transforms, and study some of their properties. In particular we obtain a generalization of Helgason's support theorem for the horospherical transform on a Riemannian symmetric space.
Kuit, J J
The bioenergetics of walking and running in space suits
Space-suited activity is critical for human spaceflight, and is synonymous with human planetary exploration. Space suits impose kinematic and kinetic boundary conditions that affect movement and locomotion, and in doing ...
Carr, Christopher E. (Christopher Edward), 1976-
You reserve the space. We'll bring the customers.
Feb 9, 2007 ... After Oct. 15, 2007, cost is $25 per square foot. Reserve your space now! See the floor plan on the back of this flier and complete the space�...
Optimality Conditions for Bilevel Programming Problem in Asplund Spaces
Here, necessary optimal condition for Optimistic Bilevel programming problem is obtained in Asplund spaces. Also we have got necessary optimal conditions in finite dimensional spaces, by assuming differentiability on the given functions.
Pattanaik, Suvendu
In-Between Space - Museum of Chinese Tea.
??Project: museum of Chinese tea. Site: in Chinatown of Washington DC. Thesis: What is in-between space? How is in-between space designed in the museum of� (more)
Li, Yanyan
Quantifying flexibility in the operationally responsive space paradigm
Designing complex space systems that will deliver value in the presence of an uncertain future is difficult. As space system lifetimes are now measured in decades, the systems face increased risk from uncertain future ...
Viscito, Lauren
Complexity in simplicity: flexible agent-based state space exploration
In this paper, we describe a new flexible framework for state space exploration based on cooperating agents. The idea is to let various agents with different search patterns explore the state space individually and communicate information about fruitful ...
Jacob I. Rasmussen; Gerd Behrmann; Kim G. Larsen
Space-Age Ceramics Get Their Toughest Test
Space-Age Ceramics Get Their Toughest Test Space-Age Ceramics Get Their Toughest Test Print Wednesday, 17 April 2013 07:23 Advanced ceramic composites can withstand the ultrahigh...
Kinetic Solvers with Adaptive Mesh in Phase Space
An Adaptive Mesh in Phase Space (AMPS) methodology has been developed for solving multi-dimensional kinetic equations by the discrete velocity method. A Cartesian mesh for both configuration (r) and velocity (v) spaces is produced using a tree of trees data structure. The mesh in r-space is automatically generated around embedded boundaries and dynamically adapted to local solution properties. The mesh in v-space is created on-the-fly for each cell in r-space. Mappings between neighboring v-space trees implemented for the advection operator in configuration space. We have developed new algorithms for solving the full Boltzmann and linear Boltzmann equations with AMPS. Several recent innovations were used to calculate the full Boltzmann collision integral with dynamically adaptive mesh in velocity space: importance sampling, multi-point projection method, and the variance reduction method. We have developed an efficient algorithm for calculating the linear Boltzmann collision integral for elastic and inelastic...
Arslanbekov, Robert R; Frolova, Anna A
Simulator Evaluation of Airborne Information for Lateral Spacing (AILS) Concept
The Airborne Information for Lateral Spacing (AILS) concept is designed to support independent parallel approach operations to runways spaced as close as 2500 ft. This report describes the AILS operational concept and the results of a ground-based flight ...
Abbott Terence S.; Elliott Dawn M.
A voice enabled procedure browser for the International Space Station
Clarissa, an experimental voice enabled procedure browser that has recently been deployed on the International Space Station (ISS), is to the best of our knowledge the first spoken dialog system in space. This paper gives background on the system and ...
Manny Rayner; Beth Ann Hockey; Nikos Chatzichrisafis; Kim Farrell; Jean-Michel Renders
Comparative Usability Study of Two Space Logistics Analysis Tools
Future space exploration missions and campaigns will require sophisticated tools to help plan and analyze logistics. To encourage their use, space logistics tools must be usable: a design concept encompassing terms such ...
Lee, Chairwoo
PARABOLIC COMPARISON PRINCIPLE AND QUASIMINIMIZERS IN METRIC MEASURE SPACES JUHA KINNUNEN AND MATHIAS MASSON Abstract. We give several characterizations of parabolic (quasisuper)- minimizers prove a version of com- parison principle for super- and subminimizers on parabolic space-time cylinders
Kinnunen, Juha
Measuring space systems flexibility : a comprehensive six-element framework
Space systems are extremely delicate and costly engineering artifacts that take a long time to design, manufacture, and launch into space and after they are launched, there is limited access to them. Millions of dollars ...
Nilchiani, Roshanak
Understanding Space Weather: The Sun as a Variable Star
The American Meteorological Society has recently adopted space weather as a new core competency. This is the first in a series of papers discussing the multidisciplinary aspects of space weather. This paper concerns the physics behind solar variability, ...
Keith Strong; Julia Saba; Therese Kucera
Visualizing Space-Based Interactions Among Distributed Agents ...
... Heidelberg 2006. Visualizing Space-Based Interactions Among Distributed ..... Knowledge Generation, Frame Problem, Cognitive Mapping. Lecture Notes in�...
Space isotope power program. Quarterly report, October--December 1968
Progress during October through December 1968 in the Space Isotope Power Program at the Sandia Laboratories is reported. (LCL)
Joint spacing criterion for equivalent continuum model
Currently, the Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project is investigating the feasibility of the disposal of high-level radioactive waste in the unsaturated Topopah Spring formation. The Topopah Spring formation is a heavily fractured, predominantly vertically jointed, welded tuff, and the potential disposal area is cut by the Ghost Dance fault and bounded by several other faults structures. The joints in the tuff and the faults may have an impact on the emplacement drift or borehole stability, as well as on the movement of fluids through the rock mass. The design of the repository drifts and layout, the waste emplacement scheme, and the thermomechanical performance of the rock mass will be analyzed using various numerical models. These models may be based on different assumptions regarding the representation of the fracture behavior under given applied stresses, and will range from discrete models where individual mechanically active fractures are treated distinctly, to continuum models where the joint behavior is smeared over a representative volume. There is always the question of applicability of a model with respect to a given material domain to be analyzed. For the mechanical analysis of the rock mass response around a repository drift, the applicability of an equivalent continuum model is dependent on the joint spacing in the rock mass. Considering the joint spacings that may be encountered at the potential repository site, a ratio of joint spacing to the planned drift diameter may be adopted as a criterion for evaluating the applicability of the Compliant Joint Model (CJM) in the Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project. In this paper, this criterion is established by reviewing basic continuum concepts and numerical approximation implications used to build the CJM and by examining rock mass conditions that may be encountered at the potential Yucca Mountain repository site.
Tsai, F.C.
A Chapter In Space Weather: Physics and Effects
the activity of a particular region of geospace and thus we have space weather modeling for the solar- 1 - A Chapter In Space Weather: Physics and Effects by V. Bothmer and I.A. Daglis (editors) Springer Praxis September 2005 Draft date: March 9, 2007 Forecasting Space Weather Dimitris Vassiliadis ST
Vassiliadis, Dimitrios
General Hormander and Mikhlin conditions for multipliers of Besov spaces
Here a new condition for the geometry of Banach spaces is introduced and the operator--valued Fourier multiplier theorems in weighted Besov spaces are obtained. Particularly, connections between the geometry of Banach spaces and Hormander-Mikhlin conditions are established. As an application of main results the regularity properties of degenerate elliptic differential operator equations are investigated.
Shahmurov, Rishad
Null space and eigenspace computations with additive preprocessing
We propose and analyze additive preprocessing for computing a vector in the null space of a matrix and a basis for this space. Due to our preprocessing, instead of singular linear systems we solve nonsingular ones, which preserve the conditioning properties ... Keywords: additive preprocessing, eigenspace computations, ill conditioned matrices, null space computations
Victor Y. Pan; Xiaodong Yan
Third-space architecture for learning in 3D
Learning can be increasingly untethered to home, work or school spaces by means of integrative cloud services coupled with 3D worlds, and mobile, collaboratively driven use of digital "third space." A 3rd-space, portable and modular design ... Keywords: learning in 3D, model-based reasoning, virtual environments, visual simulation
Andrew G. Stricker; Kimberly-Combs Hardy; Elizabeth S. Stricker; Toni A. Scribner; John A. Cook; Cynthia A. Calongne; Kathryn L. Flitter; Fil J. Arenas
THE SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION M. W. Werner,1
with a cryogenic telescope in space with the great imaging and spectroscopic power of modern detector arraysTHE SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION M. W. Werner,1 T. L. Roellig,2 F. J. Low,3 G. H. Rieke,3 M2 Receivved 2004 March 26; accepted 2004 May 26 ABSTRACT The Spitzer Space Telescope, NASA's Great
Galis, Frietson
Dual-Mode Space-Temporal Simultaneous Processing Equalizer
A tapped delayed line adaptive array antenna (TDL-AAA) and a space-temporal simultaneous processing equalizer (ST-SPE) are proposed as simple space-temporal equalizers based on minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion. The ST-SPE has a compact hardware ... Keywords: MMSE, dual-mode, space-temporal simultaneous processing equalizer
Yoshihiro Ichikawa; Shigeki Obote; Kenichi Kagoshima
A fundamental and practical survey is made of nuclear rocket application to space vehicle propulsion. The engine is described and propellant and radiation effects are discussed. Project Rover is summarized and performance requirements for a space vehicle are discussed. It is concluded that nuclear rockets can provide substantial performance, reliability, and economic advantages for difficult space missions. (T.R.H.)
Schmidt, H.R.; Decker, R.S.
Transactions of the fourth symposium on space nuclear power systems
This paper contains the presented papers at the fourth symposium on space nuclear power systems. Topics of these papers include: space nuclear missions and applications, reactors and shielding, nuclear electric and nuclear propulsion, refractory alloys and high-temperature materials, instrumentation and control, energy conversion and storage, space nuclear fuels, thermal management, nuclear safety, simulation and modeling, and multimegawatt system concepts. (LSP)
El-Genk, M.S.; Hoover, M.D. (eds.)
Debris and Future Space Activities1 Prof. Joel R. Primack
1 Debris and Future Space Activities1 Prof. Joel R. Primack Physics Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA Abstract: There is already so much space debris in low orbits this problem. Even one war in space could encase the entire planet in a shell of whizzing debris
From interaction to participation: configuring space through embodied interaction
When computation moves off the desktop, how will it transform the new spaces that it comes to occupy? How will people encounter and understand these spaces, and how will they interact with each other through the augmented capabilities of such spaces? ...
Amanda Williams; Eric Kabisch; Paul Dourish
Duality in spaces of finite linear combinations of atoms
in Hp . In other words, Hp and Fp are both quotients of the space of "formal series" of (p, )-atoms understand the space Fp we prove now the following. Proposition. Given any sequence of (p, ) atoms aj and anyDuality in spaces of finite linear combinations of atoms Fulvio Ricci and Joan Verdera Abstract
Verdera, Joan
are both quotients of the space of "formal series" of (p, )-atoms with p coefficients, but the equivalence understand the space Fp we prove now the following. Proposition. Given any sequence of (p, ) atoms aj and anyDuality in spaces of finite linear combinations of atoms Fulvio Ricci and Joan Verdera Abstract
Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat
Surveillance to detect emerging space-time clusters
The interest is on monitoring incoming space-time events to detect an emergent space-time cluster as early as possible. Assume that point process events are continuously recorded in space and time. In a certain unknown moment, a small localized cluster ...
Renato Assun��o; Thais Correa
Transactions of the fifth symposium on space nuclear power systems
This paper contains the presented papers at the fourth symposium on space nuclear power systems. Topics of these paper include: space nuclear missions and applications, reactors and shielding, nuclear electric and nuclear propulsion, high-temperature materials, instrumentation and control, energy conversion and storage, space nuclear fuels, thermal management, nuclear safety, simulation and modeling, and multimegawatt system concepts. (LSP)
Free Space Computation Using Stochastic Occupancy Grids and Dynamic Programming
1 Free Space Computation Using Stochastic Occupancy Grids and Dynamic Programming Hern´an Badino1Chrysler AG, Stuttgart Abstract. The computation of free space available in an environment is an essential, which builds a stochastic occupancy grid to address the free space problem as a dynamic pro- gramming
Mester, Rudolf
Linear and nonlinear degenerate boundary value problems in Besov spaces
The boundary value problems for linear and nonlinear degenerate differential-operator equations in Banach-valued Besov spaces are studied. Several conditions for the separability of linear elliptic problems are given. Moreover, the positivity and the ... Keywords: Banach-valued Besov spaces, Boundary value problems, Differential-operator equations, Interpolation of Banach spaces, Operator-valued multipliers
Veli B. Shakhmurov; Ravi P. Agarwal
Properties of parabolic Sobolev and parabolic Besov spaces
In this paper, we characterize parabolic Besov and parabolic Sobolev spaces in ${\\bf R}^{n+1}$ and ${\\bf R}^{n+1}_T, \\,\\, T > 0$. We also, study the relation between parabolic Besov spaces in ${\\bf R}^{n}_T, \\,\\, T > 0$ and standard Besov space in $\\R$.
Chang, Tongkeun
Parabolic surfaces in hyperbolic space with constant Gaussian curvature
Parabolic surfaces in hyperbolic space with constant Gaussian curvature Rafael L´opez firstname.lastname@example.com Keywords: hyperbolic space, parabolic surface, Gaussian curvature MSC 2000 subject classification: 53A10, 53C45 Abstract A parabolic surface in hyperbolic space H3 is a surface invariant by a group
López, Rafael
A nuclear Frechet space consisting of C -functions and
A nuclear Fr´echet space consisting of C -functions and failing the bounded approximation property Dietmar Vogt Abstract An easy and transparent example is given of a nuclear Fre´echet space failing of Grothendieck whether every nuclear Fr´echet space has the bounded approximation property was open for quite
Vogt, Dietmar
Collision provoked failure sequencing in space reentry vehicles
This work underlines damage prognosis and crashworthiness verification studies aim to provide a fast methodology for investigation of complex and non-linear responses of future advanced reentry space vehicles. The output of the methodology can be broadcast ... Keywords: Crashworthiness, Foreign object damage, Micro-mechanics modeling, Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-107), Space Transportation System
Frank Abdi; Kevin Bowcutt; Cody Godines; Javid Bayandor
The moduli space of striped black branes
At finite charge density certain holographic models exhibit the spontaneous breaking of translational invariance resulting in an inhomogeneous phase. We follow up on recent numerical work, reporting results for a larger class of cohomogeneity two black branes in AdS, dual to a holographic striped phase. We construct the continuous moduli space of inhomogeneous black branes as a function of the temperature. Minimising the free energy we determine the dominant striped solutions, revealing a growth in the stripe size as the system is cooled. We discuss the thermodynamic properties of this line of solutions.
Benjamin Withers
Withers, Benjamin
Projective Space Codes for the Injection Metric
In the context of error control in random linear network coding, it is useful to construct codes that comprise well-separated collections of subspaces of a vector space over a finite field. In this paper, the metric used is the so-called "injection distance", introduced by Silva and Kschischang. A Gilbert-Varshamov bound for such codes is derived. Using the code-construction framework of Etzion and Silberstein, new non-constant-dimension codes are constructed; these codes contain more codewords than comparable codes designed for the subspace metric.
Khaleghi, Azadeh
Theory of space charge limited currents
Space-charge-limited currents are important in energy devices such as solar cells and light-emitting diodes, but the available theory from the 1950's finds it necessary to postulate an exponential density of defect energy levels to match data. Here we revisit the theory and show that this postulate is not warranted. Instead, we demonstrate that dopants and the concomitant Frenkel effect, which have been neglected, control the shape of measured current-voltage characteristics. We also account for the observed peak in the noise power. Finally, the new theory can anchor efforts to develop experimental techniques to measure deep-trap levels.
Zhang, Xiaoguang [ORNL; Pantelides, Sokrates T. [Vanderbilt University
Kicked rotor quantum resonances in position space
We present an approach of the kicked rotor quantum resonances in position-space, based on its analogy with the optical Talbot effect. This approach leads to a very simple picture of the physical mechanism underlying the dynamics and to analytical expressions for relevant physical quantities, such as mean momentum or kinetic energy. The ballistic behavior, which is closely associated to quantum resonances, is analyzed and shown to emerge from a coherent adding of successive kicks applied to the rotor thanks to a periodic reconstruction of the spatial wavepacket.
Maxence Lepers; V�ronique Zehnl�; Jean Claude Garreau
Lepers, Maxence; Garreau, Jean Claude
Droplet Charging Effects in the Space Environment
Several applications exist for transiting liquid droplets through the near-Earth space environment. Numerical results are presented for the charging of liquid droplets of trimethyl pentaphenyl siloxane (DC705) in three different plasma environments: ionosphere, auroral, and geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO). Nominal and high geomagnetic activity cases are investigated. In general, high levels of droplet charging (>100 V) exist only in GEO during periods of high geomagnetic or solar activity. An experiment was conducted to assess the charging of silicon-oil droplets due to photoemission. The photoemission yield in the 120-200 nm wavelength range was found to be approximately 0.06.
Joslyn, Thomas B. [United States Air Force Academy, Department of Astronautics, USAF Academy, CO 80840 (United States); Ketsdever, Andrew D. [University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Colorado, Springs, CO 80918 (United States)
Space nuclear power, propulsion, and related technologies.
Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) is one of the nation's largest research and development (R&D) facilities, with headquarters at Albuquerque, New Mexico; a laboratory at Livermore, California; and a test range near Tonopah, Nevada. Smaller testing facilities are also operated at other locations. Established in 1945, Sandia was operated by the University of California until 1949, when, at the request of President Truman, Sandia Corporation was formed as a subsidiary of Bell Lab's Western Electric Company to operate Sandia as a service to the U.S. Government without profit or fee. Sandia is currently operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by AT&T Technologies, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of AT&T. Sandia's responsibility is national security programs in defense and energy with primary emphasis on nuclear weapon research and development (R&D). However, Sandia also supports a wide variety of projects ranging from basic materials research to the design of specialized parachutes. Assets, owned by DOE and valued at more than $1.2 billion, include about 600 major buildings containing about 372,000 square meters (m2) (4 million square feet [ft2]) of floor space, located on land totalling approximately 1460 square kilometers (km2) (562 square miles [mi]). Sandia employs about 8500 people, the majority in Albuquerque, with about 1000 in Livermore. Approximately 60% of Sandia's employees are in technical and scientific positions, and the remainder are in crafts, skilled labor, and administrative positions. As a multiprogram national laboratory, Sandia has much to offer both industrial and government customers in pursuing space nuclear technologies. The purpose of this brochure is to provide the reader with a brief summary of Sandia's technical capabilities, test facilities, and example programs that relate to military and civilian objectives in space. Sandia is interested in forming partnerships with industry and government organizations, and has already formed several cooperative alliances and agreements. Because of the synergism of multiple governmental and industrial sponsors of many programs, Sandia is frequently able to provide complex technical solutions in a relatively short time, and often at lower cost to a particular customer. They have listed a few ongoing programs at Sandia related to space nuclear technology as examples of the possible synergisms that could result from forming teams and partnerships with related technologies and objectives.
Berman, Marshall