text:
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Using measured equipment load profiles to "right-size" HVAC systems and reduce energy use in laboratory buildings (Pt. 2)
E-Print Network (OSTI)
load profiles to �right-size� HVAC systems and reduce energyGeorgia. ASHRAE [1999]. HVAC Applications Handbook 1999.Inefficiency of a Common Lab HVAC System,� presented at the
Mathew, Paul; Greenberg, Steve; Frenze, David; Morehead, Michael; Sartor, Dale; Starr, William
Using measured equipment load profiles to �right-size� HVAClighting and occupancy load profiles in all the spaces wereintensity� equipment load profile, while the remaining zones
Alternative Fuels Data Center: Transportation System Efficiency
Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center (EERE)
Transportation System Transportation System Efficiency to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Transportation System Efficiency on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Transportation System Efficiency on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Transportation System Efficiency on Google Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Transportation System Efficiency on Delicious Rank Alternative Fuels Data Center: Transportation System Efficiency on Digg Find More places to share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Transportation System Efficiency on AddThis.com... More in this section... Idle Reduction Parts & Equipment Maintenance Driving Behavior Fleet Rightsizing System Efficiency Ridesharing Mass Transit Active Transit Multi-Modal Transportation Telework
Alternative Fuels Data Center: Rightsizing Your Vehicle Fleet to Conserve
Rightsizing Your Rightsizing Your Vehicle Fleet to Conserve Fuel to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Rightsizing Your Vehicle Fleet to Conserve Fuel on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Rightsizing Your Vehicle Fleet to Conserve Fuel on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Rightsizing Your Vehicle Fleet to Conserve Fuel on Google Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Rightsizing Your Vehicle Fleet to Conserve Fuel on Delicious Rank Alternative Fuels Data Center: Rightsizing Your Vehicle Fleet to Conserve Fuel on Digg Find More places to share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Rightsizing Your Vehicle Fleet to Conserve Fuel on AddThis.com... More in this section... Idle Reduction Parts & Equipment Maintenance Driving Behavior
HVAC Right-Sizing Part 1: Calculating Loads
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Building America Building America Presented by: Mike Gestwick - National Renewable Energy Laboratory Arlan Burdick, Anthony Grisolia - IBACOS, a Building America Research Team HVAC Right-Sizing Part 1: Calculating Loads Thursday, April 28 11:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m. Eastern Building Technologies Program Mike Gestwick email@example.com Building America: Introduction April 28, 2011 Introduction to Building America * Reduce energy use in new and existing residential buildings * Promote building science and systems engineering / integration approach * "Do no harm": Ensure safety, health and durability are maintained or improved * Accelerate adoption of high performance technologies www.buildingamerica.gov 15 Industry Research Teams Habitat Cost Effective Energy Retrofit Program
HVAC Right-Sizing Part 1-Calculating Loads | Department of Energy
-Calculating Loads HVAC Right-Sizing Part 1-Calculating Loads During this webinar, Building America Research Team IBACOS highlighted the key criteria required to create accurate...
HVAC Right-Sizing Part 1: Calculating Loads | Department of Energy
: Calculating Loads HVAC Right-Sizing Part 1: Calculating Loads This webinar, presented by IBACOS (a Building America Research Team) will highlight the key criteria required to...
Microsoft Word - GRS Review_OMB White Paper - Real Property Right-sizing and Carbon Reduction August 7 2009 _2_.docx
Document - Submitted to OMB Document - Submitted to OMB August 7th, 2009 1 Whitepaper on Real Property Right-Sizing and Carbon Footprint Reduction Purpose: 1. The team (identified at the end of this document) was tasked by the Federal Real Property Council (FRPC) with identifying action-oriented goals, specific to the disposal of unneeded real property assets which will ultimately yield improved efficiency of operations. The goals related to the disposal of real property are part of a set of strategic goals to focus FRPC efforts under the new Administration and must be meaningful to the taxpayer. The objective of this tasking included: Establish a long-term, high impact "stretch" goal with enabling activities that lead to significant improvement to real property management.
Model Energy Conversion Efficiency of Biological Systems
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
MML Researchers Model Energy Conversion Efficiency of Biological Systems. Novel, highly efficient energy conversion ...
Pump Systems Optimization: Energy Efficiency
Pump Systems Pump Systems Optimization: Energy Efficiency and Bottom-Line Savings Host this one-day course to help participants learn how to identify and reduce hidden operation and energy costs. Participants will: * Identify energy savings * Increase profitability * Increase reliability * Earn seven PDH credits Attendees of the "Pump Systems Optimization" one-day course will gain valuable new skills to help them improve centrifugal pump system efficiency to reduce energy and operating costs while earning seven professional development hour (PDH) credits from the Hydraulic Institute. Topics covered include:* * Why Efficient Pump Systems Are Important
Pupillary efficient lighting system
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A lighting system having at least two independent lighting subsystems each with a different ratio of scotopic illumination to photopic illumination. The radiant energy in the visible region of the spectrum of the lighting subsystems can be adjusted relative to each other so that the total scotopic illumination of the combined system and the total photopic illumination of the combined system can be varied independently. The dilation or contraction of the pupil of an eye is controlled by the level of scotopic illumination and because the scotopic and photopic illumination can be separately controlled, the system allows the pupil size to be varied independently of the level of photopic illumination. Hence, the vision process can be improved for a given level of photopic illumination. 5 figs.
Berman, S.M.; Jewett, D.L.
A lighting system having at least two independent lighting subsystems each with a different ratio of scotopic illumination to photopic illumination. The radiant energy in the visible region of the spectrum of the lighting subsystems can be adjusted relative to each other so that the total scotopic illumination of the combined system and the total photopic illumination of the combined system can be varied independently. The dilation or contraction of the pupil of an eye is controlled by the level of scotopic illumination and because the scotopic and photopic illumination can be separately controlled, the system allows the pupil size to be varied independently of the level of photopic illumination. Hence, the vision process can be improved for a given level of photopic illumination.
Berman, Samuel M. (San Francisco, CA); Jewett, Don L. (Mill Valley, CA)
Aruna Ravinagarajan System Energy Efficiency Lab
Aruna Ravinagarajan System Energy Efficiency Lab Aruna Ravinagarajan Advisor : Prof. Tajana Simunic of monitoring a structure over time and identifying damage System Energy Efficiency Lab damage A wireless sensor Efficiency Lab #12;SHM How is it done?SHM How is it done? System Energy Efficiency Lab Stuart G Taylor
Best Practices for Energy Efficient Cleanrooms Efficient HVAC Systems: Variable-Speed-Drive Chillers
resource/24/ ASHRAE handbook � HVAC systems and equipments.Efficient Cleanrooms Efficient HVAC Systems: Variable-Speed-Efficient Cleanrooms Efficient HVAC Water Systems: Variable-
Xu, Tengfang
Advanced Energy Efficient Roof System
SciTech Connect
Energy consumption in buildings represents 40 percent of primary U.S. energy consumption, split almost equally between residential (22%) and commercial (18%) buildings.1 Space heating (31%) and cooling (12%) account for approximately 9 quadrillion Btu. Improvements in the building envelope can have a significant impact on reducing energy consumption. Thermal losses (or gains) from the roof make up 14 percent of the building component energy load. Infiltration through the building envelope, including the roof, accounts for an additional 28 percent of the heating loads and 16 percent of the cooling loads. These figures provide a strong incentive to develop and implement more energy efficient roof systems. The roof is perhaps the most challenging component of the building envelope to change for many reasons. The engineered roof truss, which has been around since 1956, is relatively low cost and is the industry standard. The roof has multiple functions. A typical wood frame home lasts a long time. Building codes vary across the country. Customer and trade acceptance of new building products and materials may impede market penetration. The energy savings of a new roof system must be balanced with other requirements such as first and life-cycle costs, durability, appearance, and ease of construction. Conventional residential roof construction utilizes closely spaced roof trusses supporting a layer of sheathing and roofing materials. Gypsum board is typically attached to the lower chord of the trusses forming the finished ceiling for the occupied space. Often in warmer climates, the HVAC system and ducts are placed in the unconditioned and otherwise unusable attic. High temperature differentials and leaky ducts result in thermal losses. Penetrations through the ceilings are notoriously difficult to seal and lead to moisture and air infiltration. These issues all contribute to greater energy use and have led builders to consider construction of a conditioned attic. The options considered to date are not ideal. One approach is to insulate between the trusses at the roof plane. The construction process is time consuming and costs more than conventional attic construction. Moreover, the problems of air infiltration and thermal bridges across the insulation remain. Another approach is to use structurally insulated panels (SIPs), but conventional SIPs are unlikely to be the ultimate solution because an additional underlying support structure is required except for short spans. In addition, wood spline and metal locking joints can result in thermal bridges and gaps in the foam. This study undertook a more innovative approach to roof construction. The goal was to design and evaluate a modular energy efficient panelized roof system with the following attributes: (1) a conditioned and clear attic space for HVAC equipment and additional finished area in the attic; (2) manufactured panels that provide structure, insulation, and accommodate a variety of roofing materials; (3) panels that require support only at the ends; (4) optimal energy performance by minimizing thermal bridging and air infiltration; (5) minimal risk of moisture problems; (6) minimum 50-year life; (7) applicable to a range of house styles, climates and conditions; (8) easy erection in the field; (9) the option to incorporate factory-installed solar systems into the panel; and (10) lowest possible cost. A nationwide market study shows there is a defined market opportunity for such a panelized roof system with production and semi-custom builders in the United States. Senior personnel at top builders expressed interest in the performance attributes and indicate long-term opportunity exists if the system can deliver a clear value proposition. Specifically, builders are interested in (1) reducing construction cycle time (cost) and (2) offering increased energy efficiency to the homebuyer. Additional living space under the roof panels is another low-cost asset identified as part of the study. The market potential is enhanced through construction activity levels in target marke
Jane Davidson
Alternative Fuels Data Center: Heavy-Duty Vehicle and Engine...
Maintenance Driving Behavior Fleet Rightsizing System Efficiency Locate Stations Search by Location Map a Route Laws & Incentives Search Federal State Key Legislation Data &...
Motor Systems Efficiency Supply Curves
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
expert opinion and available data from the United States, Canada, the European Union, Thailand, Vietnam, and Brazil, bottom-up energy efficiency supply curve models were...
Metadata Efficiency in Versioning File Systems
Versioning file systems retain earlier versions of modified files, allowing recovery from user mistakes or system corruption. Unfortunately, conventional versioning systems do not efficiently record large numbers of versions. In particular, versioned ...
Craig A. N. Soules; Garth R. Goodson; John D. Strunk; Gregory R. Ganger
Metadata efficiency in versioning file systems
Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems
.8.1 Ideal Transformers 37 1.8.2 Magnetization Losses 40 Problems 44 2 Fundamentals of Electric Power 51 2Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems Gilbert M. Masters Stanford University A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION #12;#12;Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems #12;#12;Renewable
Kammen, Daniel M.
Improving Industrial Refrigeration System Efficiency - Actual Applications
This paper discusses actual design and modifications for increased system efficiency and includes reduced chilled liquid flow during part load operation, reduced condensing and increased evaporator temperatures for reduced system head, thermosiphon cycle cooling during winter operation, compressor intercooling, direct refrigeration vs. brine cooling, insulation of cold piping to reduce heat gain, multiple screw compressors for improved part load operation, evaporative condensers for reduced system head and pumping energy, and using high efficiency motors.
White, T. L.
Energy efficiency improvements in Chinese compressed air systems
Air Systems, Paper #071 Energy efficiency improvements into increase industrial energy efficiency. As a result, morein use. Over time, energy efficiency decreases and the cost
McKane, Aimee; Li, Li; Li, Yuqi; Taranto, T.
Industrial Compressed Air System Energy Efficiency Guidebook.
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
Energy efficient design, operation and maintenance of compressed air systems in industrial plants can provide substantial reductions in electric power and other operational costs. This guidebook will help identify cost effective, energy efficiency opportunities in compressed air system design, re-design, operation and maintenance. The guidebook provides: (1) a broad overview of industrial compressed air systems, (2) methods for estimating compressed air consumption and projected air savings, (3) a description of applicable, generic energy conservation measures, and, (4) a review of some compressed air system demonstration projects that have taken place over the last two years. The primary audience for this guidebook includes plant maintenance supervisors, plant engineers, plant managers and others interested in energy management of industrial compressed air systems.
United States. Bonneville Power Administration.
Demand-Responsive and Efficient Building Systems as a Resource...
Demand-Responsive and Efficient Building Systems as a Resource for Electricity Reliability Title Demand-Responsive and Efficient Building Systems as a Resource for Electricity...
Building Technologies Office: Highly Energy Efficient Wall Systems...
Highly Energy Efficient Wall Systems Research Project to someone by E-mail Share Building Technologies Office: Highly Energy Efficient Wall Systems Research Project on Facebook...
Motor System Energy Efficiency Supply Curves: A Methodology for...
Motor System Energy Efficiency Supply Curves: A Methodology for Assessing the Energy Efficiency Potential of Industrial Motor Systems Speaker(s): Ali Hasanbeigi Date: February 8,...
Exploring Efficient Data Movement Strategies for Exascale Systems...
Exploring Efficient Data Movement Strategies for Exascale Systems with Deep Memory Hierarchies Exploring Efficient Data Movement Strategies for Exascale Systems with Deep Memory...
Solar ADEPT: Efficient Solar Energy Systems
Solar ADEPT Project: The 7 projects that make up ARPA-E's Solar ADEPT program, short for 'Solar Agile Delivery of Electrical Power Technology,' aim to improve the performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar energy systems, which convert the sun's rays into electricity. Solar ADEPT projects are integrating advanced electrical components into PV systems to make the process of converting solar energy to electricity more efficient.
Energy Efficient Operation of Ammonia Refrigeration Systems
Ammonia refrigeration systems typically offer many energy efficiency opportunities because of their size and complexity. This paper develops a model for simulating single-stage ammonia refrigeration systems, describes common energy saving opportunities, and uses the model to quantify those opportunities. The simulation model uses data that are typically available during site visits to ammonia refrigeration plants and can be calibrated to actual consumption and performance data if available. Annual electricity consumption for a base-case ammonia refrigeration system is simulated. The model is then used to quantify energy savings for six specific energy efficiency opportunities; reduce refrigeration load, increase suction pressure, employ dual suction, decrease minimum head pressure set-point, increase evaporative condenser capacity, and reclaim heat. Methods and considerations for achieving each saving opportunity are discussed. The model captures synergistic effects that result when more than one component or parameter is changed. This methodology represents an effective method to model and quantify common energy saving opportunities in ammonia refrigeration systems. The results indicate the range of savings that might be expected from common energy efficiency opportunities.
Mohammed, Abdul Qayyum [University of Dayton, Ohio; Wenning, Thomas J [ORNL; Sever, Franc [University of Dayton, Ohio; Kissock, Professor Kelly [University of Dayton, Ohio
LBNL-58636 Best Practices for Energy Efficient Cleanrooms Efficient HVAC Systems: Variable Efficient Cleanrooms Efficient HVAC Water Systems: Variable-Speed-Drive Chillers Tengfang Xu Contents HVAC.................................................................................................................................... 6 #12;HVAC Water Systems Variable-Speed-Drive Chillers Summary Cleanroom energy benchmarking data
Transmission System Efficiency Technology and Methodology Assessment
Reducing the carbon footprint of the electric power industry and increasing the role of renewable energy are crucial parts of a strategy for the greening of electric energy supply. This work describes the technological options available to reduce losses in transmission systems. It presents a comprehensive framework that can be applied consistently and uniformly to all energy efficiency demonstration projects to identify and quantify the various types of benefits in a standardized manner. The framework id...
Advanced Systems of Efficient Use of Electrical Energy SURE ...
Open Energy Info (EERE)
of Efficient Use of Electrical Energy SURE (Smart Grid Project) Jump to: navigation, search Project Name Advanced Systems of Efficient Use of Electrical Energy SURE Country...
Energy efficiency of a dynamic glazing system
The reduction of air-conditioning energy consumptions is one of the main indicators to act on when improving the energy efficiency in buildings. In the case of advanced technological buildings, a meaningful contribution to the thermal loads and the energy consumptions reduction could depend on the correct configuration and management of the envelope systems. In recent years, the architectural trend toward highly transparent all-glass buildings presents a unique challenge and opportunity to advance the market for emerging, smart, dynamic window and dimmable daylighting control technologies (). A prototype dynamic glazing system was developed and tested at ITC-CNR; it is aimed at actively responding to the external environmental loads. Both an experimental campaign and analyses by theoretical models were carried out, aimed at evaluating the possible configurations depending on different weather conditions in several possible places. Therefore, the analytical models of the building-plant system were defined by using a dynamic energy simulation software (EnergyPlus). The variables that determine the system performance, also influenced by the boundary conditions, were analysed, such as U- and g-value; they concern both the morphology of the envelope system, such as dimensions, shading and glazing type, gap airflow thickness, in-gap airflow rate, and management, in terms of control algorithm parameters tuning fan and shading systems, as a function of the weather conditions. The configuration able to provide the best performances was finally identified by also assessing such performances, integrating the dynamic system in several building types and under different weather conditions. The dynamic envelope system prototype has become a commercial product with some applications in facade systems, curtain walls and windows. The paper describes the methodological approach to prototype development and the main results obtained, including simulations of possible applications on real buildings. (author)
Lollini, R. [Institute for Renewable Energy, EURAC Research, Viale Druso 1, I-39100 Bolzano (Italy); Danza, L.; Meroni, I. [ITC-CNR, Construction Technologies Institute - Italian National Research Council, Via Lombardia, 49 - 20098 San Giuliano Milanese (MI) (Italy)
Comparison of energy efficiency between variable refrigerant flow systems and ground source heat pump systems
Comparison of energy efficiency between variable refrigeranttheir superior energy efficiency. The variable refrigerantfew studies reporting the energy efficiency of VRF systems
Hong, Tainzhen
Efficient thermal management for multiprocessor systems
2.2.4 Thermal Modeling . . . . . . . .63 Table 4.3: Thermal Hot Spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Performance-Efficient Thermal Management . . . . . . . . . .
Co?kun, Ay?e K?v?lc?m
Pulp and Paper Mills: Profiting for Efficient Motor System Use...
Motor System Use This profile discusses how energy efficienct motor systems can help pulp and paper mills save money. Pulp and Paper Mills: Profiting for Efficient Motor System Use...
Energy efficiency strategies in refrigeration systems of large supermarkets
Energy efficiency and its relationship with sustainable development are one of the most important objectives in modern engineering systems. In Industrial Installations that use refrigeration systems that are associated with the food industry, this optimization ... Keywords: energy efficiency, optimizing parameters, refrigeration systems, supermarkets
J. M. Garcia; L. M. R. Coelho
Efficiency of Steam and Hot Water Heat Distribution Systems
Efficiency of Steam and Hot Water Heat Distribution Systems Gary Phetteplace September 1995- tion medium (steam or hot water) and temperature for heat distribution systems. The report discusses the efficiency of both steam and hot water heat distribution systems in more detail. The results of several field
Increase energy efficiency in systems and buildings and improve...
Increase energy efficiency in systems and buildings and improve indoor environment: How to validate comfort and energy reduction Speaker(s): Wouter Borsboom Date: December 8, 2009...
Energy Efficiency Labeling System & its Development in China
Labeling Labeling System & Its Development in China Cheng Jianhong Berkeley, U.S. 6 May, 2011 The Second U.S.-China Energy Efficiency Forum Initiated in 2005 The issue of Measures for the Administration of Energy Efficiency Labels ([2004] Decree No. 17) by NDRC and AQSIQ marked that energy efficiency labeling system was formally established in China. I. Concept of Energy Efficiency Labels in China Positive externalities of energy conservation management Dissymmetry of energy efficiency information Disclosure of energy efficiency information Supervision over information authenticity Essence of energy efficiency labeling system 10 One of the Tools for Market Transformation Energy Conservation Law Product Quality Law Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Certification
Energy-efficient lighting system for television
A light control system for a television camera comprises an artificial light control system which is cooperative with an iris control system. This artificial light control system adjusts the power to lamps illuminating the camera viewing area to provide only sufficient artificial illumination necessary to provide a sufficient video signal when the camera iris is substantially open.
Cawthorne, Duane C. (Amarillo, TX)
Highly Energy Efficient Wall Systems Research Project | Department of
Highly Energy Efficient Wall Systems Highly Energy Efficient Wall Systems Research Project Highly Energy Efficient Wall Systems Research Project The Department of Energy is currently conducting research into highly energy efficient wall systems. Walls with high R-values are better insulators, and their development can help buildings come closer to having zero net energy consumption. Project Description This project seeks to develop a commercially viable wall system up to R-40 through integration of vacuum technology with the exterior insulated façade system (EIFS). Dow Corning will develop a wall system configuration of expanded polystyrene vacuum isolation panels that can be specified for R-values of 20, 30, and 40. This project also aims to develop a unitized protection system of vacuum isolation panels and to validate current code
Klystron "efficiency loop" for the ALS storage ring RF system
EFFICIENCY LOOP� FOR THE ALS STORAGE RING RF SYSTEM* S.at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in order to decrease thethe cavities. 1 INTRODUCTION ALS Storage Ring RF system is
Kwiatkowski, Slawomir; Julian, Jim; Baptiste, Kenneth
Power-efficient time-sensitive mapping in heterogeneous systems
Heterogeneous systems that contain multiple types of resources, such as CPUs and GPUs, are becoming increasingly popular thanks to the potential of achieving high performance and energy efficiency. In such systems, the problem of data mapping and communication ... Keywords: heterogeneous cpu/gpu multiprocessors, multi-core architectures, power-efficient scheduling
Cong Liu; Jian Li; Wei Huang; Juan Rubio; Evan Speight; Xiaozhu Lin
greenhouses, passive solar heating and other non-viewingpassive and active solar heating systems. the fact remainsthe expense of winter solar heating), Life Cycle Costing We
Authors, Various
Scalable and Energy Efficient Computer Systems - Energy ...
Technology Marketing Summary Computer engineers have developed a new design to support construction of large computer systems that perform closer to ...
Highly Efficient Electric Motor Systems - National Renewable ...
Electric Motor Systems ... savings. Conical hubs Matching axial field poles. Issued Patents on Motor Geometry. 7 NREL Energy Forum November 2009 www.novatorque.com.
Improving Energy Efficiency of Compressed Air System Based on System Audit
plan, formulate energy efficiency goals and adopt energyGO-102004-1926 [3] Energy Efficiency and Market Potential ofImproving Energy Efficiency of Compressed Air System Based
Shanghai, Hongbo Qin; McKane, Aimee
Communication architecture based power management for battery efficient system design
Communication-based power management (CBPM) is a new battery-driven system-level power management methodology in which the system-level communication architecture regulates the execution of various system components, with the aim of improving battery ... Keywords: battery efficiency, communication architectures, embedded systems, low power design, power management
Kanishka Lahiri; Sujit Dey; Anand Raghunathan
A light control system for a television camera which adjusts the power to lamps illuminating the camera viewing area to provide only sufficient artificial illumination necessary to keep the camera iris substantially open is described.
Cawthorne, D.C.
Efficient design methods for embedded communication systems
Nowadays, design of embedded systems is confronted with complex signal processing algorithms and a multitude of computational intensive multimedia applications, while time to product launch has been extremely reduced. Especially in the wireless domain, ...
M. Holzer; B. Knerr; P. Belanovi?; M. Rupp
Toward green systems for cleanrooms: Energy efficient fan-filter units
filter unit (FFU), energy efficiency, green system, electricToward Green Systems for Cleanrooms: Energy Efficient Fan-energy efficient models; Market transformation toward �green�
Jeng, Ming-Shan; Xu, Tengfang; Lan, Chao-Ho
Energy Efficiency in Compressed Air Systems
Energy use in compressed air systems accounts for typically 10% of the total industrial electricity consumption. It also accounts for close to 99% of the CO2 footprint of an air compressor and approximately 80% of the life cycle costs of a compressor, over its lifetime. Considering these facts, it is sometimes surprising to see the lack of attention to compressed air systems in industry. This paper attempts to create awareness as to how a great deal of energy can be saved through a conscious process of selection and use of compressed air systems, bringing substantial benefits in economics and the environment. It also attempts to highlight the relative importance of energy savings over the costs of investments made in energy saving features and processes.
Hingorani, A.; Pavlov, A.
Secure and Efficient Routable Control Systems
This document provides the methods to secure routable control system communication in the electric sector. The approach of this document yields a long-term vision for a future of secure communication, while also providing near term steps and a roadmap. The requirements for the future secure control system environment were spelled out to provide a final target. Additionally a survey and evaluation of current protocols was used to determine if any existing technology could achieve this goal. In the end a four-step path was described that brought about increasing requirement completion and culminates in the realization of the long term vision.
Edgar, Thomas W.; Hadley, Mark D.; Manz, David O.; Winn, Jennifer D.
. This model as- sumes that the decision to transition to low power state can be made in only one state model assumes that a decision to transition into a lower-power state can be made upon each event, the whole system, or some of its components can be transitioned into low-power states using dynamic power
Simunic, Tajana
Energy Efficiency of Distributed Environmental Control Systems
In this report, we present an analytical evaluation of the potential of occupant-regulated distributed environmental control systems (DECS) to enhance individual occupant thermal comfort in an office building with no increase, and possibly even a decrease in annual energy consumption. To this end we developed and applied several analytical models that allowed us to optimize comfort and energy consumption in partitioned office buildings equipped with either conventional central HVAC systems or occupant-regulated DECS. Our approach involved the following interrelated components: 1. Development of a simplified lumped-parameter thermal circuit model to compute the annual energy consumption. This was necessitated by the need to perform tens of thousands of optimization calculations involving different US climatic regions, and different occupant thermal preferences of a population of ~50 office occupants. Yearly transient simulations using TRNSYS, a time-dependent building energy modeling program, were run to determine the robustness of the simplified approach against time-dependent simulations. The simplified model predicts yearly energy consumption within approximately 0.6% of an equivalent transient simulation. Simulations of building energy usage were run for a wide variety of climatic regions and control scenarios, including traditional �one-size-fits-all� (OSFA) control; providing a uniform temperature to the entire building, and occupant-selected �have-it-your-way� (HIYW) control with a thermostat at each workstation. The thermal model shows that, un-optimized, DECS would lead to an increase in building energy consumption between 3-16% compared to the conventional approach depending on the climate regional and personal preferences of building occupants. Variations in building shape had little impact in the relative energy usage. 2. Development of a gradient-based optimization method to minimize energy consumption of DECS while keeping each occupant�s thermal dissatisfaction below a given threshold. The DECS energy usage was calculated using the simplified thermal model. OSFA control; providing a uniform temperature to the entire building, and occupant-selected HIYW control with a thermostat at each workstation were implemented for 3 cities representing 3 different climatic regions and control scenarios. It is shown that optimization allows DECS to deliver a higher level of individual and population thermal comfort while achieving annual energy savings between 14 and 26% compared to OSFA. The optimization model also allowed us to study the influence of the partitions� thermal resistance and the variability of internal loads at each office. These influences didn�t make significant changes in the optimized energy consumption relative to OSFA. The results show that it is possible to provide thermal comfort for each occupant while saving energy compared to OSFA Furthermore, to simplify the implementation of this approach, a fuzzy logic system has been developed to generalize the overall optimization strategy. Its performance was almost as good as the gradient system. The fuzzy system provided thermal comfort to each occupant and saved energy compared to OSFA. The energy savings of the fuzzy system were not as high as for the gradient-optimized system, but the fuzzy system avoided complete connectivity, and the optimization did not have to be repeated for each population. 3. We employed a detailed CFD model of adjacent occupied cubicles to extend the thermal-circuit model in three significant ways: (a) relax the �office wall� requirement by allowing energy to flow between zones via advection as well as conduction, (b) improve the comfort model to account both for radiation as well as convection heat transfer, and (c) support ventilation systems in which the temperature is stratified, such as in underfloor air distribution systems. Initially, three-dimensional CFD simulations of several cubicle configurations, with an adjoining corridor, were performed both to understand the advection between cubicles and the
Khalifa, H. Ezzat; Isik, Can; Dannenhoffer, John F. III
Implementation and Rejection of Industrial Steam System Energy Efficiency
Implementation and Rejection of Industrial Steam System Energy Efficiency Implementation and Rejection of Industrial Steam System Energy Efficiency Measures Title Implementation and Rejection of Industrial Steam System Energy Efficiency Measures Publication Type Journal Article Refereed Designation Unknown LBNL Report Number LBNL-6288E Year of Publication 2013 Authors Therkelsen, Peter L., and Aimee T. McKane Journal Energy Policy Volume 57 Start Page 318 Date Published 06/2013 Publisher Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Keywords industrial energy efficiency, industrial energy efficiency barriers, steam system efficiency Abstract Steam systems consume approximately one third of energy applied at U.S. industrial facilities. To reduce energy consumption, steam system energy assessments have been conducted on a wide range of industry types over the course of five years through the Energy Savings Assessment (ESA) program administered by the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE). ESA energy assessments result in energy efficiency measure recommendations that are given potential energy and energy cost savings and potential implementation cost values. Saving and cost metrics that measure the impact recommended measures will have at facilities, described as percentages of facility baseline energy and energy cost, are developed from ESA data and used in analyses. Developed savings and cost metrics are examined along with implementation and rejection rates of recommended steam system energy efficiency measures. Based on analyses, implementation of steam system energy efficiency measures is driven primarily by cost metrics: payback period and measure implementation cost as a percentage of facility baseline energy cost (implementation cost percentage). Stated reasons for rejecting recommended measures are primarily based upon economic concerns. Additionally, implementation rates of measures are not only functions of savings and cost metrics, but time as well.
HVAC & Building Management Control System Energy Efficiency Replacements
The project objective was the replacement of an aging, un-repairable HVAC system which has grown inefficient and a huge energy consumer with low energy and efficient HVAC units, and installation of energy efficient building control technologies at City's YMCA Community Center.
Hernandez, Adriana
Energy-efficient deadline scheduling for heterogeneous systems
Energy efficiency is a major concern in modern high performance computing (HPC) systems and a power-aware scheduling approach is a promising way to achieve that. While there are a number of studies in power-aware scheduling by means of dynamic power ... Keywords: Deadline scheduling, Energy efficiency, High performance computing, Pricing scheme
Yan Ma; Bin Gong; Ryo Sugihara; Rajesh Gupta
The building industry faces the challenge of reducing energy use while simultaneously improving construction methods and marketability. This paper describes the first phase of a project to address these concerns by designing an Integrated Window Wall System (IWWS) that can be commercialized. This work builds on previous research conducted during the 1990's by Lawrence Berkeley national Laboratories (LBNL). During this phase, the objective was to identify appropriate technologies, problems and issues and develop a number of design concepts. Four design concepts were developed into prototypes and preliminary energy analyses were conducted Three of these concepts (the foam wall, steel wall, and stiffened plate designs) showed particular potential for meeting the project objectives and will be continued into a second phase where one or two of the systems will be brought closer to commercialization.
Michael Arney, Ph.D.
High efficiency stoichiometric internal combustion engine system
A power system including a stoichiometric compression ignition engine in which a roots blower is positioned in the air intake for the engine to control air flow. Air flow is decreased during part power conditions to maintain the air-fuel ratio in the combustion chamber of the engine at stoichiometric, thus enabling the use of inexpensive three-way catalyst to reduce oxides of nitrogen. The roots blower is connected to a motor generator so that when air flow is reduced, electrical energy is stored which is made available either to the roots blower to temporarily increase air flow or to the system electrical load and thus recapture energy that would otherwise be lost in reducing air flow.
Winsor, Richard Edward (Waterloo, IA); Chase, Scott Allen (Cedar Falls, IA)
Metering Air Compressor Systems for Efficiency: A Progress Report
Air compressors have energy efficiency quantified as SCFM/BHP. However, this efficiency fluctuates over a broad range based on the loading of the compressor. When multiple compressors operate with varying loads, as in a central plant, the overall system efficiency is totally unknown. With funding from California Energy Commission under the PIER Program, we spent considerable effort over the past few years to develop system efficiency for air compressor central plants. The system efficiency was termed CASE Index, which varies from 0 to about 320, and has the units of SCF/KWH. The procedure we developed, involved metering of input (KWH) and output (SCFM), in and out of the central plant. After the initial beta testing of the procedure, as more and more compressor professionals started to use the procedure and as more metering equipments entered the picture, some metering complications were encountered. These problems were dealt with and the procedure developed under this project can produce reliable data. This paper also presents the system efficiencies we have recorded so far and the opportunities they indicate. The data shows a wide range, from a low 82 to about 250 on a 0 to 320 scale. This confirms our expectations of large energy efficiency improvement potential in compressed air systems.
Joseph, B.
Precipitation Efficiency of Warm-Season Midwestern Mesoscale Convective Systems
The precipitation efficiencies for mesoscale convective systems (MCS) over the central United States are calculated. During July�September 2000 and June�September 2001, 24 MCS for which sufficient data were available occurred over or near ...
Patrick Market; Stacy Allen; Roderick Scofield; Robert Kuligowski; Arnold Gruber
Design and global optimization of high-efficiency thermophotovoltaic systems
Despite their great promise, small experimental thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems at 1000 K generally exhibit extremely low power conversion efficiencies (approximately 1%), due to heat losses such as thermal emission of ...
Bermel, Peter A.
Motor System Energy Efficiency Supply Curves: A Methodology for Assessing
Motor System Energy Efficiency Supply Curves: A Methodology for Assessing Motor System Energy Efficiency Supply Curves: A Methodology for Assessing the Energy Efficiency Potential of Industrial Motor Systems Speaker(s): Ali Hasanbeigi Date: February 8, 2011 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Aimee McKane Motor-driven equipment accounts for approximately 60% of manufacturing final electricity use worldwide. A major barrier to effective policymaking, and to more global acceptance of the energy efficiency potential in industrial motor systems, is the lack of a transparent methodology for quantifying the magnitude and cost-effectiveness of these energy savings. This paper presents the results of groundbreaking analyses conducted for five countries and one region to begin to address this barrier. Using a combination of expert opinion and available data from the United States,
Petroleum Reduction Strategies to Improve Vehicle Fuel Efficiency |
Improve Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Improve Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Petroleum Reduction Strategies to Improve Vehicle Fuel Efficiency October 7, 2013 - 11:53am Addthis YOU ARE HERE: Step 3 For reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the table below describes petroleum reduction strategies to improve vehicle fuel efficiency, as well as guidance and best practices for each strategy. Table 1. Determining When and How to Promote the Use of Strategies to Improve Fuel Efficiency Strategy When Applicable Best Practices Acquiring higher fuel economy vehicles Applicable to all types of vehicles, regardless of ownership or vehicle and fuel type Mission and geographical (e.g., terrain, climate) constraints should be evaluated when acquiring new vehicles Use a VAM to ensure vehicles are right-sized to their intended mission.
Energy efficiency in wireless communication systems
Wireless communication systems and methods utilize one or more remote terminals, one or more base terminals, and a communication channel between the remote terminal(s) and base terminal(s). The remote terminal applies a direct sequence spreading code to a data signal at a spreading factor to provide a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signal. The DSSS signal is transmitted over the communication channel to the base terminal which can be configured to despread the received DSSS signal by a spreading factor matching the spreading factor utilized to spread the data signal. The remote terminal and base terminal can dynamically vary the matching spreading factors to adjust the data rate based on an estimation of operating quality over time between the remote terminal and base terminal such that the amount of data being transmitted is substantially maximized while providing a specified quality of service.
Caffrey, Michael Paul; Palmer, Joseph McRae
Efficient Power Profiling for Battery-Driven Embedded System Design
The ability to efficiently and accurately estimate battery life under different design choices at the system level is an important aid in designing battery-efficient systems. Recently developed battery models help by estimating battery life under given profiles of the battery discharge current over time. However, existing techniques for energy (or average power) estimation do not provide sufficient information (such as time profiles of system power consumption) to drive battery-life estimation. Techniques that are capable of generating such profiles often lack the efficiency required to support exploration at the system level. In this paper, we describe techniques for efficient generation of system-level power profiles, for use in a battery-life estimation framework. Our power profiling technique allows a designer to experiment with: 1) the mapping of system tasks to a set of architectural components and 2) the mapping of system communications to a specified communication architecture, and efficiently generate system power profiles for each alternative. The resulting profiles can then be analyzed using existing battery models to estimate battery lifetime and capacity. Extensive experiments conducted on an IEEE 802.11 MAC processor design demonstrate that our power profiler offers orders of magnitude improvement in runtimes over state-of-the-art cosimulation-based power estimation techniques, while suffering minimal loss of accuracy (average profiling error was 3.8%).
Kanishka Lahiri; Anand Raghunathan; Senior Member; Sujit Dey
comparison of VAV and VRF air conditioning systems in anThe variable refrigerant flow (VRF) and ground source heatthe energy efficiency of VRF systems compared with GSHP
Electric motor systems in developing countries: Opportunities for efficiency improvement
This report presents an overview of the current status and efficiency improvement potential of industrial motor systems in developing countries. Better management of electric motor systems is of particular relevance in developing countries, where improved efficiency can lead to increased productivity and slower growth in electricity demand. Motor systems currently consume some 65--80% of the industrial electricity in developing countries. Drawing on studies from Thailand, India, Brazil, China, Pakistan, and Costa Rica, we describe potential efficiency gains in various parts of the motor system, from the electricity delivery system through the motor to the point where useful work is performed. We report evidence of a significant electricity conservation potential. Most of the efficiency improvement methods we examine are very cost-effective from a societal viewpoint, but are generally not implemented due to various barriers that deter their adoption. Drawing on experiences in North America, we discuss a range of policies to overcome these barriers, including education, training, minimum efficiency standards, motor efficiency testing protocols, technical assistance programs, and financial incentives.
Meyers, S.; Monahan, P.; Lewis, P.; Greenberg, S. [Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States); Nadel, S. [American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Washington, DC (United States)
CIBO's Energy Efficiency Handbook for Steam Power Systems
The Council of Industrial Boiler Owners (CIBO) has developed a handbook to help boiler operators get the best performance from their industrial steam systems. This energy efficiency handbook takes a comprehensive look at the boiler and steam system and addresses opportunities to improve performance every step of the way, including boiler maintenance, optimization, benchmarking, water treatment, and energy efficiency services. The handbook will include a checklist of items that operators should look for to improve their steam system's performance. This IETC paper will introduce the new CIBO handbook and describe its contents. The paper will also explain how the handbook is intended to be used.
Bessette, R. D.
Efficient simulation of hybrid systems: A hybrid bond graph approach
Accurate and efficient simulations facilitate cost-effective design and analysis of large, complex, embedded systems, whose behaviors are typically hybrid, i.e. continuous behaviors interspersed with discrete mode changes. In this paper we present an ... Keywords: component-oriented modeling, dynamic causal assignment, hybrid bond graphs, modeling and simulation environments, simulation of hybrid systems
Indranil Roychoudhury; Matthew J Daigle; Gautam Biswas; Xenofon Koutsoukos
Results of a field test of heating system efficiency and thermal distribution system efficiency in a manufactured home
A two-day test using electric coheating was performed on a manufactured home in Watertown, New York. The main objective of the test was to evaluate planned procedures for measuring thermal distribution system efficiency. (Thermal distribution systems are the ductwork or piping used to transport heat or cooling effect from the equipment that produces it to the building spaces in which it is used.) These procedures are under consideration for a standard method of test now being prepared by a special committee of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. The ability of a coheating test to give a credible and repeatable value for the overall heating system efficiency was supported by the test data. Distribution efficiency is derived from system efficiency by correcting for energy losses from the equipment. Alternative means for achieving this were tested and assessed. The best value for system efficiency in the Watertown house was 0.53, while the best value for distribution efficiency was 0.72.
Andrews, J.W.; Krajewski, R.F.; Strasser, J.J. [Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States); Kinney, L.; Lewis, G. [Synertech Systems Corp., Syracuse, NY (United States)
Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impact Analyses of Supermarket Refrigeration Systems
This paper presents energy and life cycle climate performance (LCCP) analyses of a variety of supermarket refrigeration systems to identify designs that exhibit low environmental impact and high energy efficiency. EnergyPlus was used to model refrigeration systems in a variety of climate zones across the United States. The refrigeration systems that were modeled include the traditional multiplex DX system, cascade systems with secondary loops and the transcritical CO2 system. Furthermore, a variety of refrigerants were investigated, including R-32, R-134a, R-404A, R-1234yf, R-717, and R-744. LCCP analysis was used to determine the direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the operation of the various refrigeration systems over their lifetimes. Our analysis revealed that high-efficiency supermarket refrigeration systems may result in up to 44% less energy consumption and 78% reduced carbon dioxide emissions compared to the baseline multiplex DX system. This is an encouraging result for legislators, policy makers and supermarket owners to select low emission, high-efficiency commercial refrigeration system designs for future retrofit and new projects.
Fricke, Brian A [ORNL; Bansal, Pradeep [ORNL; Zha, Shitong [Hillphoenix
A High Efficiency PSOFC/ATS-Gas Turbine Power System
A study is described in which the conceptual design of a hybrid power system integrating a pressurized Siemens Westinghouse solid oxide fuel cell generator and the Mercury{trademark} 50 gas turbine was developed. The Mercury{trademark} 50 was designed by Solar Turbines as part of the US. Department of Energy Advanced Turbine Systems program. The focus of the study was to develop the hybrid power system concept that principally would exhibit an attractively-low cost of electricity (COE). The inherently-high efficiency of the hybrid cycle contributes directly to achieving this objective, and by employing the efficient, power-intensive Mercury{trademark} 50, with its relatively-low installed cost, the higher-cost SOFC generator can be optimally sized such that the minimum-COE objective is achieved. The system cycle is described, major system components are specified, the system installed cost and COE are estimated, and the physical arrangement of the major system components is discussed. Estimates of system power output, efficiency, and emissions at the system design point are also presented. In addition, two bottoming cycle options are described, and estimates of their effects on overall-system performance, cost, and COE are provided.
W.L. Lundberg; G.A. Israelson; M.D. Moeckel; S.E. Veyo; R.A. Holmes; P.R. Zafred; J.E. King; R.E. Kothmann
Identifying Efficiency Degrading Faults in Split Air Conditioning Systems
Studies estimate that as much as 50% of packaged air conditioning systems operate in faulty conditions that degrade system efficiency. Common faults include: under- and over-charged systems (too much or too little refrigerant), faulty expansions valves (stuck valves, valve hunting, poorly tuned valve controllers), and fouled evaporators and condensers. Furthermore, air conditioning systems can often be adjusted to improve efficiency while continuing to meet cooling loads (adjusting system pressures, decreasing superheat setpoints). This study presents the design of a low cost device that can non-invasively measure system operating conditions, diagnose faults, estimate potential energy savings, and provide recommendations on how the system should be adjusted or repaired. Using eight external temperature measurements, the device potentially can detect and diagnose up to ten faults commonly found in HVAC systems. Steady state temperatures are compared to threshold values obtained from literature and HVAC manufacturers to detect and determine the severity of faults and subsequent reductions in coefficient of performance. Preliminary tests reveal the potential for the device to detect and diagnose common efficiency-degrading faults in HVAC systems.
Terrill, T. J.; Brown, M. L.; Cheyne, R. W. Jr.; Cousins, A. J.; Daniels, B. P.; Erb, K. L.; Garcia, P. A.; Leutermann, M. J.; Nel, A. J.; Robert, C. L.; Widger, S. B.; Williams, A. G.; Rasmussen, B. P.
Boiler System Efficiency Improves with Effective Water Treatment
Water treatment is an important aspect of boiler operation which can affect efficiency or result in damage if neglected. Without effective water treatment, scale can form on boiler tubes, reducing heat transfer, and causing a loss of boiler efficiency and availability. Proper control of boiler blowdown is also important to assure clean boiler surfaces without wasting water, heat, and chemicals. Recovering hot condensate for reuse as boiler feedwater is another means of improving system efficiency. Condensate which is contaminated with corrosion products or process chemicals, however, is ill fit for reuse; and steam which leaks from piping, valves, traps and connections cannot be recovered. Effective chemical treatment, in conjunction with mechanical system improvements, can assure that condensate can be safely returned and valuable energy recovered.
Bloom, D.
Energy Efficiency Evaluation of Guangzhou West Tower Fa�ade System
Guangzhou West Tower is an extremely tall public building. The energy efficiency evaluation of its fa�ade should be different than that of ordinary public buildings. Based on the national code GB50189-2005, �Design Standard for Energy efficiency of Public Buildings�, typical meteorological yearly data for Guangzhou were used and revised according to architectural character of Guangzhou West Tower. The energy efficiency design of a single skin fa�ade and active airflow curtain wall was analyzed by a dynamic energy simulation tool and modified weather data. The payback period of initial investment in the fa�ade system was evaluated based on simulation results. In addition, the results confirm the fa�ade system scheme of Guangzhou West Tower.
Meng, Q.; Zhang, L.
Maximizing efficiency of solar-powered systems by load matching
Solar power is an important source of renewable energy for many low-power systems. Matching the power consumption level with the supply level can make a great difference in the efficiency of power utilization. This paper proposes a source-tracking power ... Keywords: load matching, photovoltaics, power management, power model, solar energy, solar-aware
Dexin Li; Pai H. Chou
Toward Green Systems for Cleanrooms: Energy Efficient Fan-FFU), energy efficiency, green system, electric power use,are challenges and benefits in green designs that integrate
System Effects of High Efficiency Filters in Homes
System Effects of High Efficiency Filters in Homes System Effects of High Efficiency Filters in Homes Title System Effects of High Efficiency Filters in Homes Publication Type Conference Paper LBNL Report Number LBNL-6144E Year of Publication 2013 Authors Walker, Iain S., Darryl J. Dickerhoff, David Faulkner, and William J. N. Turner Conference Name ASHRAE Annual Conference Date Published 03/2013 Abstract Occupant concern about indoor air quality (IAQ) issues has led to the increased use of more effective air filters in residential heating and cooling systems. A drawback of improved filtration is that better filters tend to have more flow resistance. This can lead to lower system airflows that reduce heat exchanger efficiency, increase duct pressure that leads to increased air leakage for ducts and, in some case s, increased blower power consumption. There is currently little knowledge on the magnitude of these effects. In this study, the performance of ten central forced air systems was monitored for a year. The systems used either a Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) or a Brushless Permanent Magnet (BPM) blower. Each system was operated with a range of filter efficiencies ranging from MERV 6 (the lowest currently permitted in ASHRAE Standard 62.2) up to MERV 16. Measurements were recorded every ten seconds for blower power, filter pressure drop, supply and return plenum pressures together with plenum and indoor temperatures. These detailed continuous measurements allowed observation of filter loading effects as well as the initial change in system performance when filters were swapped. The results of the field measurements were used in simulations to examine more general system performance effects for a wider range of climates. The field tests showed that system static pressures were highly influenced by filter selection, filter loading rates varied more from house to house than by MERV rating and overall were quite low in many of the homes. PSC motors showed reduced power and airflow as the filters loaded, but BPM motors attempted to maintain a constant airflow and increased their power to do so. The combined field test and simulation results from this study indicate that for MERV 10-13 filters the effects on energy use are small (5%) and usability. In systems using low MERV filters that are already close to blower performance limits the addition of a MERV 16 filter pushed the blowers to their performance limits.
Steam Power Partnership: Improving Steam System Efficiency Through Marketplace Partnerships
The Alliance to Save Energy, a national nonprofit organization based in Washington DC, and the U.S. Department of Energy are working with energy efficiency suppliers to promote the comprehensive upgrade of industrial steam systems. Like EPA's Green Lights and DOE's Motor Challenge, the Steam Power Partnership program will encourage industrial energy consumers to retrofit their steam plants wherever profitable. The Alliance has organized a "Steam Team" of trade associations, consulting engineering firms, and energy efficiency companies to help develop this public- private initiative.
Jones, T.
High-efficiency multidetector system for tumor scanning
A high-efficiency detector system developed especially for medical imaging has three specially cut Ge(Li) coaxial detectors (total volume 249 cm$sup 3$). At 122 keV, the peak efficiency is 93 percent of that of a 7.6 x 7.6 cm NaI (Tl) detector. Degradation of the paralleled energy resolution is avoided and resolution is improved by 35 percent over that of conventional output-summing techniques by gating the detector outputs. In effect this multiplexes them to a single line output. (auth)
Kirby, J.A.; Phelps, P.L.; Armantrout, G.A.; Sawyer, D.; Beck, R.N.
Motor Systems Efficiency Supply Curves | Open Energy Information
Motor Systems Efficiency Supply Curves Motor Systems Efficiency Supply Curves Jump to: navigation, search Tool Summary Name: Motor Systems Efficiency Supply Curves Agency/Company /Organization: United Nations Industrial Development Organization Sector: Energy Focus Area: Energy Efficiency, Industry Topics: Technology characterizations Resource Type: Publications, Case studies/examples Website: www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_Climate_Change/ Country: United States, Canada, Thailand, Vietnam, Brazil UN Region: South-Eastern Asia, "Latin America and Caribbean" is not in the list of possible values (Eastern Africa, Middle Africa, Northern Africa, Southern Africa, Western Africa, Caribbean, Central America, South America, Northern America, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, South-Eastern Asia, Western Asia, Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, Latin America and the Caribbean) for this property., Northern America, "Western & Eastern Europe" is not in the list of possible values (Eastern Africa, Middle Africa, Northern Africa, Southern Africa, Western Africa, Caribbean, Central America, South America, Northern America, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, South-Eastern Asia, Western Asia, Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, Latin America and the Caribbean) for this property.
Increase energy efficiency in systems and buildings and improve indoor
Increase energy efficiency in systems and buildings and improve indoor Increase energy efficiency in systems and buildings and improve indoor environment: How to validate comfort and energy reduction Speaker(s): Wouter Borsboom Date: December 8, 2009 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 TNO is a research institute which is active in the energy saving and indoor environment. We like to present our research, our goals and discuss the challenges and the opportunities for cooperation. Therefore we like to give a presentation about the following topic and we are also interested in a presentation of LBL and UC Berkeley. An important topic in the building industry is near zero energy buildings. Most countries in Europe implemented programs to advance this goal in one way or another. In near-zero energy buildings, the interaction between building and systems
An Efficient Vein Pattern-based Recognition System
This paper presents an efficient human recognition system based on vein pattern from the palma dorsa. A new absorption based technique has been proposed to collect good quality images with the help of a low cost camera and light source. The system automatically detects the region of interest from the image and does the necessary preprocessing to extract features. A Euclidean Distance based matching technique has been used for making the decision. It has been tested on a data set of 1750 image samples collected from 341 individuals. The accuracy of the verification system is found to be 99.26% with false rejection rate (FRR) of 0.03%.
Soni, Mohit; Rao, M S; Gupta, Phalguni
Electrical Equipment Replacement: Energy Efficiency versus System Compatibility
Electrical equipment components are replaced every day because of failure, obsolescence, or upgrade. Because of technological gains, replacement components are typically more energy efficient than older equipment. Life cycle cost analyses encourage end users to select the most energy efficient equipment when replacing motors, motor drives, transformers, lamps, ballasts, etc., given costs associated with energy consumption when compared with installation. The selection of replacement parts that are compatible with existing system components and loads is critical. The purpose of this paper is to discuss fundamental electrical design principles often overlooked when replacing existing equipment with energy efficient models. NOTE: The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States of America, the U. S. Department of Justice, or the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
Massey, G. W.
Energy-Efficient Building HVAC Control Using Hybrid System LBMPC
Improving the energy-efficiency of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems has the potential to realize large economic and societal benefits. This paper concerns the system identification of a hybrid system model of a building-wide HVAC system and its subsequent control using a hybrid system formulation of learning-based model predictive control (LBMPC). Here, the learning refers to model updates to the hybrid system model that incorporate the heating effects due to occupancy, solar effects, outside air temperature (OAT), and equipment, in addition to integrator dynamics inherently present in low-level control. Though we make significant modeling simplifications, our corresponding controller that uses this model is able to experimentally achieve a large reduction in energy usage without any degradations in occupant comfort. It is in this way that we justify the modeling simplifications that we have made. We conclude by presenting results from experiments on our building HVAC testbed, which s...
Aswani, Anil; Taneja, Jay; Krioukov, Andrew; Culler, David; Tomlin, Claire
Measure it, See it, Manage it: Using Real Time Data to Benchmark, Optimize, and Sustain System Energy Efficiency
Compressed Air System Energy Efficiency Study for Del Monteand Sustain System Energy Efficiency Thomas Taranto, Dataindustrial system energy efficiency - providing plant
Taranto, Thomas; McKane, Aimee; Amon, Ricardo; Maulhardt, Michael
Financing; A Cost Effective Alternative When Upgrading Energy Efficient Systems
In the 1990's, many organizations are attempting to do more, faster, with less cost and improved quality. In many cases, this involves improving the efficiency of their systems. Increased competition is creating pressure to continuously improve in order to effectively compete in the marketplace. One obvious method of reducing costs and improving productivity is to upgrade old, antiquated equipment such as lighting to more modern energy efficient systems. Most projects provide a return on investment to the owner in several years, through energy and demand savings, Power Utility rebates, maintenance savings and increased productivity, however, the initial capital expense required is cost prohibitive. Budget constraints, a lengthy and complicated approval process and large up-front capital requirements are only a few "road blocks" to improvement. In order to make an equipment acquisition, every company must consider how they will pay for it! How do companies acquire the equipment they need to be more competitive? One cost effective solution -FINANCING! There are numerous benefits to both the end user customer (Lessee) and the installing contractor from utilizing financing to upgrade or retrofit to energy efficient systems. It is possible to provide design, material, installation, maintenance and soft costs as well as positive cash flow to the end user by structuring financing terms and payments around the energy savings. A wide array of programs and services are offered by many different financial organizations.
Ertle, J. M.
Efficient Bulk Data Replication for the Earth System Grid
The Earth System Grid (ESG) community faces the difficult challenge of managing the distribution of massive data sets to thousands of scientists around the world. To move data replicas efficiently, the ESG has developed a data transfer management tool called the Bulk Data Mover (BDM). We describe the performance results of the current system and plans towards extending the techniques developed so far for the up- coming project, in which the ESG will employ advanced networks to move multi-TB datasets with the ulti- mate goal of helping researchers understand climate change and its potential impacts on world ecology and society.
Sim, Alex; Gunter, Dan; Natarajan, Vijaya; Shoshani, Arie; Williams, Dean; Long, Jeff; Hick, Jason; Lee, Jason; Dart, Eli
Pumping systems efficiency improvements flow straight to thebottom line
Industrial electrical motors account for two-thirds of theUS industrial electricity usage. Pumping systems account for an estimated25 percent of this electrical motor consumption, while pumping systems inuse in US chemical facilities consume over 37,000 GWh/year, based on USDepartment of Energy (DOE) data. A study funded by DOE estimatespotential energy savings within the chemical industry alone ofapproximately 20 percent, representing an energy savings of over 7,500GWh/year, through industrial pumping systems optimization using existing,proven techniques and technologies. This energy savings potentialrepresents significant cost savings potential for industrial facilities.Additionally, it has been shown that energy efficiency improvements toindustrial systems usually provide improved reliability, improvedproductivity, and reduced environmental costs.
Tutterow, Vestal; Casada, Don; McKane, Aimee
Fuel Cell/Turbine Ultra High Efficiency Power System
FuelCell Energy, INC. (FCE) is currently involved in the design of ultra high efficiency power plants under a cooperative agreement (DE-FC26-00NT40) managed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) as part of the DOE's Vision 21 program. Under this project, FCE is developing a fuel cell/turbine hybrid system that integrates the atmospheric pressure Direct FuelCell{reg_sign} (DFC{reg_sign}) with an unfired Brayton cycle utilizing indirect heat recovery from the power plant. Features of the DFC/T{trademark} system include: high efficiency, minimal emissions, simplicity in design, direct reforming internal to the fuel cell, no pressurization of the fuel cell, independent operating pressure of the fuel cell and turbine, and potential cost competitiveness with existing combined cycle power plants at much smaller sizes. Objectives of the Vision 21 Program include developing power plants that will generate electricity with net efficiencies approaching 75 percent (with natural gas), while producing sulfur and nitrogen oxide emissions of less than 0.01 lb/million BTU. These goals are significant improvements over conventional power plants, which are 35-60 percent efficient and produce emissions of 0.07 to 0.3 lb/million BTU of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. The nitrogen oxide and sulfur emissions from the DFC/T system are anticipated to be better than the Vision 21 goals due to the non-combustion features of the DFC/T power plant. The expected high efficiency of the DFC/T will also result in a 40-50 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions compared to conventional power plants. To date, the R&D efforts have resulted in significant progress including proof-of-concept tests of a sub-scale power plant built around a state-of-the-art DFC stack integrated with a modified Capstone Model 330 Microturbine. The objectives of this effort are to investigate the integration aspects of the fuel cell and turbine and to obtain design information and operational data that will be utilized in the design of a 40-MW high efficiency Vision 21 power plant. Additionally, these tests are providing the valuable insight for DFC/Turbine power plant potential for load following, increased reliability, and enhanced operability.
Hossein, Ghezel-Ayagh
Lessons learned on closed cavity thermophotovoltaic system efficiency measurements
Previous efficiency measurements have highlighted that to accurately measure and predict thermophotovoltaic (TPV) integrated cell or array efficiencies, a thorough understanding of the system is required. This includes knowledge of intrinsic diode and filter characteristics, radiative surface properties of all materials used within the cavity, and an intimate knowledge of the radiator/photon source. As a result of these and other lessons learned, the cavity test fixture used in earlier experiments was redesigned. To reduce radiator temperature gradients, the radiator was oversized and thickened, cavity walls were eliminated, the diode heat sink and shielding material were separated, and the cold side was redesigned to incorporate a steady state heat absorbed measurement technique. This redesigned test fixture provides an isothermal radiator and significantly enhances calorimetry capabilities. This newly designed cavity test fixture, in conjunction with the Monte Carlo Photon Transport code RACER-X, was used to improve and demonstrate the understanding of in-cavity TPV diode/module system efficiency testing. A single TPV diode was tested in this new fixture and yielded good agreement between measurements and predictions.
Gethers, C.K.; Ballinger, C.T.; DePoy, D.M. [Lockheed Martin Corp., Schenectady, NY (United States)
System and method to determine electric motor efficiency nonintrusively
A system and method for nonintrusively determining electric motor efficiency includes a processor programed to, while the motor is in operation, determine a plurality of stator input currents, electrical input data, a rotor speed, a value of stator resistance, and an efficiency of the motor based on the determined rotor speed, the value of stator resistance, the plurality of stator input currents, and the electrical input data. The determination of the rotor speed is based on one of the input power and the plurality of stator input currents. The determination of the value of the stator resistance is based on at least one of a horsepower rating and a combination of the plurality of stator input currents and the electrical input data. The electrical input data includes at least one of an input power and a plurality of stator input voltages.
Lu, Bin (Kenosha, WI); Habetler, Thomas G. (Snellville, GA); Harley, Ronald G. (Lawrenceville, GA)
Energy Efficient Steam Trapping of Trace Heating Systems
Since as many as 40-60% of a plant's steam traps may be used on steam tracer lines, it is essential to select the correct, properly sized 'traps'; to optimize the efficient removal of condensate while providing maximum heat transfer to maintain desired product temperatures and greatly reduce steam losses. Factors related to achieving uniform product temperatures and maximum heat transfer rates and energy efficiency are: 1.Types and Methods used for Steam Tracing; 2. Systematic heat balance required to achieve economic tracer lengths; 3. Maximum allowable trapping distance for specific applications 4.Data important to determine condensate loads; 5. Trap selection, sizing, good installation practices, and proper maintenance. Using an engineered approach to steam trapping of trace heating systems have resulted in stable tracer line temperatures while reducing steam consumption 10-50% with minimum maintenance.
Krueger, R. G.; Wilt, G. W.
Integration of High Efficiency Solar Cells on Carriers for Concentrating System Applications .
??High efficiency multi-junction (MJ) solar cells were packaged onto receiver systems. The efficiency change of concentrator cells under continuous high intensity illumination was done. Also,� (more)
Chow, Simon Ka Ming
Nanocoatings for High-Efficiency Industrial Hydraulic and Tooling Systems
Industrial manufacturing in the U.S. accounts for roughly one third of the 98 quadrillion Btu total energy consumption. Motor system losses amount to 1.3 quadrillion Btu, which represents the largest proportional loss of any end-use category, while pumps alone represent over 574 trillion BTU (TBTU) of energy loss each year. The efficiency of machines with moving components is a function of the amount of energy lost to heat because of friction between contacting surfaces. The friction between these interfaces also contributes to downtime and the loss of productivity through component wear and subsequent repair. The production of new replacement parts requires additional energy. Among efforts to reduce energy losses, wear-resistant, low-friction coatings on rotating and sliding components offer a promising approach that is fully compatible with existing equipment and processes. In addition to lubrication, one of the most desirable solutions is to apply a protective coating or surface treatment to rotating or sliding components to reduce their friction coefficients, thereby leading to reduced wear. Historically, a number of materials such as diamond-like carbon (DLC), titanium nitride (TiN), titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN), and tungsten carbide (WC) have been examined as tribological coatings. The primary objective of this project was the development of a variety of thin film nanocoatings, derived from the AlMgB14 system, with a focus on reducing wear and friction in both industrial hydraulics and cutting tool applications. Proof-of-concept studies leading up to this project had shown that the constituent phases, AlMgB14 and TiB2, were capable of producing low-friction coatings by pulsed laser deposition. These coatings combine high hardness with a low friction coefficient, and were shown to substantially reduce wear in laboratory tribology tests. Selection of the two applications was based largely on the concept of improved mechanical interface efficiencies for energy conservation. In mobile hydraulic systems, efficiency gains through low friction would translate into improved fuel economy and fewer greenhouse gas emissions. Stationary hydraulic systems, accordingly, would consume less electrical power. Reduced tooling wear in machining operations would translate to greater operating yields, while lowering the energy consumed during processing. The AlMgB14 nanocoatings technology progressed beyond baseline laboratory tests into measurable energy savings and enhancements to product durability. Three key hydraulic markets were identified over the course of the project that will benefit from implementation: industrial vane pumps, orbiting valve-in-star hydraulic motors, and variable displacement piston pumps. In the vane pump application, the overall product efficiency was improved by as much as 11%. Similar results were observed with the hydraulic motors tested, where efficiency gains of over 10% were noted. For variable displacement piston pumps, overall efficiency was improved by 5%. For cutting tools, the most significant gains in productivity (and, accordingly, the efficiency of the machining process as a whole) were associated with the roughing and finishing of titanium components for aerospace systems. Use of the AlMgB14 nanocoating in customer field tests has shown that the coated tools were able to withstand machining rates as high as 500sfm (limited only by the substrate material), with relatively low flank wear when compared to other industrial offerings. AlMgB14 coated tools exhibited a 60% improvement over similarly applied TiAlN thin films. Furthermore, AlMgB14-based coatings in these particular tests lasted twice as long than their TiAlN counterparts at the 500sfm feed rates. Full implementation of the technology into the industrial hydraulic and cutting tool markets equates to a worldwide energy savings of 46 trillion BTU/year by 2030. U.S.-based GHG emissions associated with the markets identified would fall accordingly, dropping by as much as 50,000 tonnes annually.
Clifton B. Higdon III
Developing Energy Efficient Roof Systems DEERS | Open Energy Information
Roof Systems DEERS Roof Systems DEERS Jump to: navigation, search Name Developing Energy Efficient Roof Systems (DEERS) Place Ripon, California Zip 95366 Sector Solar Product Developer of roof top solar PV projects. Coordinates 43.84582°, -88.837054° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":43.84582,"lon":-88.837054,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Method and system for efficiently searching an encoded vector index
Method and system aspects for efficiently searching an encoded vector index are provided. The aspects include the translation of a search query into a candidate bitmap, and the mapping of data from the candidate bitmap into a search result bitmap according to entry values in the encoded vector index. Further, the translation includes the setting of a bit in the candidate bitmap for each entry in a symbol table that corresponds to candidate of the search query. Also included in the mapping is the identification of a bit value in the candidate bitmap pointed to by an entry in an encoded vector.
Bui, Thuan Quang (Alameda, CA); Egan, Randy Lynn (Rochester, MN); Kathmann, Kevin James (Rochester, MN)
Measured Performance of Energy-Efficient Computer Systems
The intent of this study is to explore the potential performance of both Energy Star computers/printers and add-on control devices individually, and their expected savings if collectively applied in a typical office building in a hot and humid climate. Recent surveys have shown that the use of personal computer systems in commercial office buildings is expanding rapidly. The energy consumption of such a growing end-use also has a significant impact on the total building power demand. In warmer climates, office equipment energy use has important implications for building cooling loads as well as those directly associated with computing tasks. Recently, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed an Energy Star (ES) rating system intended to endorse more efficient equipment. To research the comparative performance of conventional and low-energy computer systems, four Energy Star computer systems and two computer systems equipped with energy saving devices were monitored for power demand. Comparative data on the test results are summarized. In addition, a brief analysis uses the DOE-2.1E computer simulation to examine the impact of the test results and HVAC interactions if generically applied to computer systems in a modern office building in Florida's climate.
Floyd, D. B.; Parker, D. S.
Surrogater: A Simple Yet Efficient Document Condensation System
This paper describes Surrogater, a simple yet efficient document condensation system that is applicable for commercial use. The system consists of two components, a preprocessing component for automatic generation of key terms for a predefined topic, and a condensation component that produces the condensed versions of on-line documents. To evaluate its performance, we compared Surrogater with five other summarization technologies, including Searchable LEAD, a commercial product. Twenty topics across four domains were evaluated, totalling. 30 documents and 1800 summaries. A two-way ANOVA test suggested that Surrogater performed at least equally well, if not better, compared to other commercial or nearly commercial products. More significantly, the empirical comparison did not show any dramatic differences in performance between Surrogater and Searchable LEAD as reported in an earlier study (Brandow et al. 1995) 1.
Joe Zhou
Energy Efficiency in Heavy Vehicle Tires, Drivetrains, and Braking Systems
This document was prepared to support the primary goals of the Department of Energy, Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies. These were recently stated as follows: ''Develop by 2004 the enabling technologies for a class 7-8 truck with a fuel efficiency of 10 mpg (at 65 mph) which will meet prevailing emission standards. For Class 3-6 trucks operating on an urban driving cycle, develop by 2004 commercially viable vehicles that achieve at least double the fuel economy of comparable current vehicles (1999), and as a research goal, reduce criteria pollutants to 30% below EPA standards. Develop by 2004 the diesel engine enabling technologies to support large-scale industry dieselization of Class 1 and 2 trucks, achieving a 35 % fuel efficiency improvement over comparable gasoline-fueled trucks, while meeting applicable emissions standards.'' The enabling technologies for improving the fuel efficiency of trucks, include not only engine technologies but also technologies involved with lowering the rolling resistance of tires, reducing vehicle aerodynamic drag, improving thermal management, and reducing parasitic frictional losses in drive train components. Opportunities also exist for making better use of the energy that might ordinarily be dissipated during vehicle braking. Braking systems must be included in this evaluation since safety in truck operations is vital, and braking requirements are greater for vehicles having lowered resistance to rolling. The Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies has initiated a program to improve the aerodynamics of heavy vehicles through wind tunnel testing, computational modeling, and on-road evaluations. That activity is described in a separate multi-year plan; therefore, emphasis in this document will be on tires, drive trains, and braking systems. Recent, dramatic fluctuations in diesel fuel prices have emphasized the importance of effecting savings in truck fuel economy by implementing new component designs and materials.
Peter J. Blau
Offshore loading-system design is aimed at higher efficiency
Mobil Shipping and Transporation Co. has completed the design of an offshore loading system aimed at overcoming the limitations of existing terminals. The loading/mooring/storage system (LMS) is a semisubmersible vessel with ship mooring and loading facilities atop a box-shaped crude storage structure, which is well below the water line away from the effect of waves and clear of loading tankers' bows. The storage volume equals or exceeds that of a VLCC. There are 15 dual-purpose cargo/ballast tanks in the lower section with a control tower over the center tank. The loading system is designed to load 800,000 bbl of crude in about 12 hr. Each tank contains a diagonally suspended synthetic rubber diaphragm that will isolate crude from water ballast. Computer simulations based on North Sea weather data indicate that the LMS will allow marine loading efficiencies of at least 95Vertical Bar3< with total storage of a week's production or more. Other advantages of the LMS include the ability to moor shuttle tankers up to 200,000 dwt; self-contained repair and maintenance capabilities; and mobility. Variations of anchoring and riser systems for the LMS are discussed.
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
Information about the regulations, formats, objectives, and implementation of energy efficiency labeling in China.
SunShot Initiative: High-Efficiency Thermal Storage System for...
Efficiency Thermal Storage System for Solar Plants to someone by E-mail Share SunShot Initiative: High-Efficiency Thermal Storage System for Solar Plants on Facebook Tweet about...
SunShot Initiative: High-Efficiency Thermal Energy Storage System for CSP
High-Efficiency Thermal Energy High-Efficiency Thermal Energy Storage System for CSP to someone by E-mail Share SunShot Initiative: High-Efficiency Thermal Energy Storage System for CSP on Facebook Tweet about SunShot Initiative: High-Efficiency Thermal Energy Storage System for CSP on Twitter Bookmark SunShot Initiative: High-Efficiency Thermal Energy Storage System for CSP on Google Bookmark SunShot Initiative: High-Efficiency Thermal Energy Storage System for CSP on Delicious Rank SunShot Initiative: High-Efficiency Thermal Energy Storage System for CSP on Digg Find More places to share SunShot Initiative: High-Efficiency Thermal Energy Storage System for CSP on AddThis.com... Concentrating Solar Power Systems Components Competitive Awards CSP Research & Development Thermal Storage CSP Recovery Act
Upcoming emissions regulations (Tiers 3, 4a and 4b) are imposing significantly higher heat loads on the cooling system than lesser regulated machines. This work was a suite of tasks aimed at reducing the parasitic losses of the cooling system, or improving the design process through six distinct tasks: 1. Develop an axial fan that will provide more airflow, with less input power and less noise. The initial plan was to use Genetic Algorithms to do an automated fan design, incorporating forward sweep for low noise. First and second generation concepts could not meet either performance or sound goals. An experienced turbomachinery designer, using a specialized CFD analysis program has taken over the design and has been able to demonstrate a 5% flow improvement (vs 10% goal) and 10% efficiency improvement (vs 10% goal) using blade twist only. 2. Fan shroud developments, using an 'aeroshroud' concept developed at Michigan State University. Performance testing at Michigan State University showed the design is capable of meeting the goal of a 10% increase in flow, but over a very narrow operating range of fan performance. The goal of 10% increase in fan efficiency was not met. Fan noise was reduced from 0 to 2dB, vs. a goal of 5dB at constant airflow. The narrow range of fan operating conditions affected by the aeroshroud makes this concept unattractive for further development at this time 3. Improved axial fan system modeling is needed to accommodate the numbers of cooling systems to be redesigned to meet lower emissions requirements. A CFD fan system modeling guide has been completed and transferred to design engineers. Current, uncontrolled modeling practices produce flow estimates in some cases within 5% of measured values, and in some cases within 25% of measured values. The techniques in the modeling guide reduced variability to the goal of + 5% for the case under study. 4. Demonstrate the performance and design versatility of a high performance fan. A 'swept blade mixed flow' fan was rapid prototyped from cast aluminum for a performance demonstration on a small construction machine. The fan was mounted directly in place of the conventional fan (relatively close to the engine). The goal was to provide equal airflow at constant fan speed, with 75% of the input power and 5 dB quieter than the conventional fan. The result was a significant loss in flow with the prototype due to its sensitivity to downstream blockage. This sensitivity to downstream blockage affects flow, efficiency, and noise all negatively, and further development was terminated. 5. Develop a high efficiency variable speed fan drive to replace existing slipping clutch style fan drives. The goal for this task was to provide a continuously variable speed fan drive with an efficiency of 95%+ at max speed, and losses no greater than at max speed as the fan speed would vary throughout its entire speed range. The process developed to quantify the fuel savings potential of a variable speed fan drive has produced a simple tool to predict the fuel savings of a variable speed drive, and has sparked significant interest in the use of variable speed fan drive for Tier 3 emissions compliant machines. The proposed dual ratio slipping clutch variable speed fan drive can provide a more efficient system than a conventional single ratio slipping clutch fan drive, but could not meet the established performance goals of this task, so this task was halted in a gate review prior to the start of detailed design. 6. Develop a cooling system air filtration device to allow the use of automotive style high performance heat exchangers currently in off road machines. The goal of this task was to provide a radiator air filtration system that could allow high fin density, louvered radiators to operate in a find dust application with the same resistance to fouling as a current production off-road radiator design. Initial sensitivity testing demonstrated that fan speed has a significant impact on the fouling of radiator cores due to fine dusts, so machines equipped with continuously variabl
Ronald Dupree
Monitoring System Used to Optimize Compressed Air System Efficiency, Cut Costs
In 1994, Thomson Consumer Electronics (RCA), an international manufacturer of electronics equipment purchased a UtillTRACK� Monitoring System for a plant in Indianapolis, Indiana. The system monitored gas and electric meters, substations, main feeders, and major equipment and systems including compressed air. For the compressed air system, monitored data included compressor amps, electrical demand and consumption, pressure and airflow. The resulting UtiliTRACK� reports and graphs showed a significant variation in system efficiency depending upon the demand for air (day of week, time of day, production schedule) and which compressor or compressors were operating. By working with the boiler plant operators and making minor modifications to the existing compressor controls, the operating sequence was modified to maintain high system efficiency under all operating conditions. Monitored data after the changes were made showed a 20% reduction in compressed air system operating costs.
Holmes, W. A.
sizing ? Cooling tower and condenser optimization ? Controland cooling tower or condenser fans. Figure 1 and Figure 2those with evaporative condensers are more efficient than
The effects on system efficiency of excess refrigerant line length are calculated for an idealized residential heating and cooling system. By excess line length is meant refrigerant tubing in excess of the 25 R provided for in standard equipment efficiency test methods. The purpose of the calculation is to provide input for a proposed method for evaluating refrigerant distribution system efficiency. A refrigerant distribution system uses refrigerant (instead of ducts or pipes) to carry heat and/or cooling effect from the equipment to the spaces in the building in which it is used. Such systems would include so-called mini-splits as well as more conventional split systems that for one reason or another have the indoor and outdoor coils separated by more than 25 ft. This report performs first-order calculations of the effects on system efficiency, in both the heating and cooling modes, of pressure drops within the refrigerant lines and of heat transfer between the refrigerant lines and the space surrounding them.
Design and global optimization of high-efficiency solar thermal systems with tungsten cermets
Solar thermal, thermoelectric, and thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems have high maximum theoretical efficiencies; experimental systems fall short because of losses by selective solar absorbers and TPV selective emitters. To ...
Chester, David A.
Energy Efficient Pump Control for an Offshore Oil Processing System Yang, Zhenyu; Soleiman, Kian ; Lhndorf, Bo
Energy Efficient Pump Control for an Offshore Oil Processing System Yang, Zhenyu; Soleiman, Kian. (2012). Energy Efficient Pump Control for an Offshore Oil Processing System: IFAC Workshop - Automatic of a pump system for an offshore oil processing system is investigated. The seawater is lifted up by a pump
Yang, Zhenyu
System and method to determine electric motor efficiency using an equivalent circuit
A system and method for determining electric motor efficiency includes a monitoring system having a processor programmed to determine efficiency of an electric motor under load while the electric motor is online. The determination of motor efficiency is independent of a rotor speed measurement. Further, the efficiency is based on a determination of stator winding resistance, an input voltage, and an input current. The determination of the stator winding resistance occurs while the electric motor under load is online.
Lu, Bin (Kenosha, WI); Habetler, Thomas G. (Snellville, GA)
Efficient transformations from geodetic to UTM coordinate systems
The problem of efficiently performing transformations from geocentric to geodetic coordinates has been addressed at previous DIS (Distributed Interactive Simulation) workshops. This paper extends the work presented at the 14th DIS Workshop. As a consequence of the new algorithm for geocentric to geodetic coordinate conversion, a subsequent conversion to Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates is made considerably more efficient. No additional trigonometric or square root evaluations are required and accuracy is not degraded.
Toms, R.M.
A New Thermal-Conscious System-Level Methodology for Energy-Efficient Processor Voltage Selection
A New Thermal-Conscious System-Level Methodology for Energy-Efficient Processor Voltage Selection a thermal-conscious system-level methodology to make energy-efficient voltage selection (VS) for nanometer), thermal resistance, are integrated and considered in our system models, and their impacts on energy
Wang, Yu
Roof-and-attic system delivers year-round efficiency | ornl.gov
at ORNL improves efficiency using controls for radiation, convection, and insulation, including a passive ventilation system that pulls air from the underbelly of the...
Energy-Efficient Spectrum Sharing in Relay-Assisted Cognitive Radio Systems
Energy-Efficient Spectrum Sharing in Relay-Assisted Cognitive Radio Systems (Invited Paper) Mariem of a relevant spectrum game. Two energy-efficient sources communicating with their respective destination energy-efficient sources. Keywords: resource allocation, cognitive radio, cooperative transmission, Nash
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Small Hydropower Systems: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse
This fact sheet introduces consumers to small hydropower systems, and includes information on how the systems work and how to assess a stream site for hydropower suitability.
Nachman-Hunt, N.
air system assessments and energy audits based on a systemaudit. These compressed air system assessments may be conducted by compressor manufacturers/distributors or energy
Implications of Low Particulate Matter Emissions on System Fuel Efficiency for High Efficiency Clean Combustion
Advanced diesel combustion regimes such as High Efficiency Clean Combustion (HECC) offer the benefits of reduced engine out NOX and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Lower PM emissions during advanced combustion reduce the demand on diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and can, thereby, reduce the fuel penalty associated with DPF regeneration. In this study, a SiC DPF was loaded and regenerated on a 1.7-liter 4-cylinder diesel engine operated in conventional and advanced combustion modes at different speed and load conditions. A diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a lean NOX trap (LNT) were also installed in the exhaust stream. Five steady-state speed and load conditions were weighted to estimate Federal Test Procedure (FTP) fuel efficiency. The DPF was loaded using lean-rich cycling with frequencies that resulted in similar levels of NOX emissions downstream of the LNT. The pressure drop across the DPF was measured at a standard point (1500 rpm, 5.0 bar) before and after loading, and a P rise rate was determined for comparison between conventional and advanced combustion modes. Higher PM emissions in conventional combustion resulted in a higher rate of backpressure rise across the DPF at all of the load points leading to more frequent DPF regenerations and higher fuel penalty. The fuel penalty during conventional combustion was 4.2% compared with 3.1% for a mixture of conventional and advanced modes.
Parks, II, James E [ORNL; Prikhodko, Vitaly Y [ORNL
Improving the Efficiency of Your Process Cooling System
Many industries require process cooling to achieve desired outcomes of specific processes. This cooling may come from cooling towers, once-through water, mechanical refrigeration, or cryogenic sources such as liquid nitrogen or dry ice. This paper deals primarily with mechanically-based process cooling. Based on the author's experiences, this category provides the greatest opportunity for energy efficiency improvement.
Baker, R.
Efficiency of critical incident management systems: Instrument development and validation
There is much literature in the area of emergency response management systems. Even so, there is in general a lacuna of literature that deals with the issue of measuring the effectiveness of such systems. The aim of this study is to develop and validate ... Keywords: Critical incident management system (CIMS), Decision support, Emergency response systems, Instrument, Measurement, Media richness theory, National incident management systems (NIMS), Validation
Jin Ki Kim; Raj Sharman; H. Raghav Rao; Shambhu Upadhyaya
An energy-efficient communication system for ad hoc wireless and sensor networks
Existing ad hoc wireless and sensor network systems often trade off energy against performance. As such, it is hard to find a single deployable system that supports high data rates while maintaining energy-efficient ...
Tetteh, William Nii Adjetey
Design of control for efficiency of AUV power systems
The MIT Rapid Development Group designed and built an internal combustion hybrid recharging system for the REMUS 600 Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) in collaboration with the MIT Lincoln Laboratory. This power system ...
Ware, Laura M. (Laura Marie)
High Quality Down Lighting Luminaire with 73% Overall System Efficiency
This report summarizes work to develop a high flux, high efficiency LED-based downlight at OSRAM SYLVANIA under US Department of Energy contract DE-FC26-08NT01582. A new high power LED and electronic driver were developed for these downlights. The LED achieved 100 lumens per watt efficacy and 1700 lumen flux output at a correlated color temperature of 3500K. The driver had 90% electrical conversion efficiency while maintaining excellent power quality with power factor >0.99, and total harmonic distortion LED and driver were shown to exceed the project targets for steady-state luminous efficacy and flux of 70 lumens per watt and 1300 lumens, respectively. Compared to similar existing downlights using compact fluorescent or LED sources, these downlights had much higher efficacy at nearly the same luminous flux.
Robert Harrison; Steven C. Allen; Joseph Bernier; Robert Harrison
This report summarizes work to develop a high flux, high efficiency LED-based downlight at OSRAM SYLVANIA under US Department of Energy contract DE-FC26-08NT01582. A new high power LED and electronic driver were developed for these downlights. The LED achieved 100 lumens per watt efficacy and 1700 lumen flux output at a correlated color temperature of 3500K. The driver had 90% electrical conversion efficiency while maintaining excellent power quality with power factor >0.99, and total harmonic distortion <10%. Two styles of downlights using the LED and driver were shown to exceed the project targets for steady-state luminous efficacy and flux of 70 lumens per watt and 1300 lumens, respectively. Compared to similar existing downlights using compact fluorescent or LED sources, these downlights had much higher efficacy at nearly the same luminous flux.
Field Measurements of Heating System Efficiency in Nine Electrically-Heated Manufactured Homes.
This report presents the results of field measurements of heating efficiency performed on nine manufactured homes sited in the Pacific Northwest. The testing procedure collects real-time data on heating system energy use and heating zone temperatures, allowing direct calculation of heating system efficiency.
Davis, Bob; Siegel, J.; Palmiter, L.; Baylon, D.
Evaluation of energy-efficiency in lighting systems using sensor networks
In modern energy aware buildings, lighting control systems are put in place so to maximise the energy-efficiency of the lighting system without effecting the comfort of the occupant. In many cases this involves utilising a set of presence sensors, with ... Keywords: building, decision, efficiency, energy, lighting, network, sensor, support
Declan T. Delaney; Gregory M. P. O'Hare; Antonio G. Ruzzelli
Efficient optimal design of uncertain discrete time dynamical systems
In this paper we consider the problem of optimal design of an uncertain discrete time nonlinear dynamical system. The problem is formulated using an a-posterori design criterion, which can account for uncertainties generated by the dynamics of the system ... Keywords: Discrete time dynamical systems, Optimal design, Randomized algorithms, Uncertain parameters
Chenxi Lin; Thordur Runolfsson
Evaluation of Hydraulic Efficiency of Disinfection Systems Based on
time (TDT) and the rising limb of the residence time distribution (RTD) curve. This evaluation and scalar transport dynamics and subsequent RTD curve. The main objective of this study was to analyze, primarily a pipe loop system, pressurized tank system, and baffled tank system, from their respective RTD
POEM: Power-efficient Occupancy-based Energy Management System
for optimally controlling HVAC systems in buildings based on actual occupancy levels. POEM is comprised for Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. Current HVAC systems only condition based are then fused with an occupancy prediction model us- ing a particle filter in order to determine the most
Cerpa, Alberto E.
New technology can improve electric power system efficiency and ...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
The term "smart grid" covers a range of devices and systems that leverage recent advances in digital technology and communications to ... Developing methods for ...
An efficient multi-channel wireless switching system
the scheduling operation in wireless switching systems. Thefor the local operation between a wireless switch port andoperations in interference-rich multi-channel wireless
Shim, Jaewook
Highly efficient photochemical HCOOH production from CO{sub 2} and water using an inorganic system
We have constructed a system that uses solar energy to react CO{sub 2} with water to generate formic acid (HCOOH) at an energy conversion efficiency of 0.15%. It consists of an AlGaN/GaN anode photoelectrode and indium (In) cathode that are electrically connected outside of the reactor cell. High energy conversion efficiency is realized due to a high quantum efficiency of 28% at 300 nm, attributable to efficient electron-hole separation in the semiconductor's heterostructure. The efficiency is close to that of natural photosynthesis in plants, and what is more, the reaction product (HCOOH) can be used as a renewable energy source.
Yotsuhashi, Satoshi; Hashiba, Hiroshi; Deguchi, Masahiro; Zenitani, Yuji; Hinogami, Reiko; Yamada, Yuka [Advanced Technology Research Laboratory, Panasonic Corporation, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0237 (Japan); Deura, Momoko; Ohkawa, Kazuhiro [Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan)
Pipelining with common operands for power-efficient linear systems
We propose a systematic pipelining method for a linear system to minimize power and maximize throughput, given a constraint on the number of pipeline stages and a set of resource constraints. Unlike most existing pipelining approaches, our method takes ... Keywords: common operand, linear system, operand sharing, pipelining, power
Daehong Kim; Dongwan Shin; Kiyoung Choi
POEM: power-efficient occupancy-based energy management system
Buildings account for 40% of US primary energy consumption and 72% of electricity. Of this total, 50% of the energy consumed in buildings is used for Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. Current HVAC systems only condition based on ... Keywords: HVAC, energy savings, occupancy, ventilation
Varick L. Erickson; Stefan Achleitner; Alberto E. Cerpa
An efficient system for collaboration in tele-immersive environments
The paper describes the development of a high-performance system for visualizing complex scientific models in real-time. The architecure of the system is a client/server model, in which the simulator generates lists of 3D graphics objects in parallel ...
N. Jensen; S. Olbrich; H. Pralle; S. Raasch
Energy and Spectral Efficiency of Very Large Multiuser MIMO Systems
A multiplicity of autonomous terminals simultaneously transmits data streams to a compact array of antennas. The array uses imperfect channel-state information derived from transmitted pilots to extract the individual data streams. The power radiated by the terminals can be made inversely proportional to the square-root of the number of base station antennas with no reduction in performance. In contrast if perfect channel-state information were available the power could be made inversely proportional to the number of antennas. Lower capacity bounds for maximum-ratio combining (MRC), zero-forcing (ZF) and minimum mean-square error (MMSE) detection are derived. A MRC receiver normally performs worse than ZF and MMSE. However as power levels are reduced, the cross-talk introduced by the inferior maximum-ratio receiver eventually falls below the noise level and this simple receiver becomes a viable option. The tradeoff between the energy efficiency (as measured in bits/J) and spectral efficiency (as measured in b...
Ngo, Hien Quoc; Marzetta, Thomas L
Efficiency Measures
recommended steam system energy efficiency measures Based on analyses implementation of steam system energy efficiency measures is driven primarily by cost metrics payback period...
Direct Digital Control in Air Conditioning Systems for Energy Efficiency
With the rapid development of Intelligent Buildings (IB), the Building Automation System (BAS) has come to control and manage the equipment in the building more and more scientifically, economically and rationally, which can not only raise the function and the level of the building, but also save energy. At present, air-conditioning design in internal commercial buildings is becoming more complex and enormous. The proportion of air conditioning systems in the whole building is getting larger. In order to control and manage the air-conditioning systems effectively and take full use of energy-saving technology, we apply computer control to the system of air automation control. This paper discusses direct digital control (DDC) in the air conditioning system in buildings.
Liu, W.; Ye, A.; Li, D.
Biological optimization systems for enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and methods of use
Biological optimization systems for enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and methods of use. Specifically, methods for enhancing photosynthetic efficiency including applying pulsed light to a photosynthetic organism, using a chlorophyll fluorescence feedback control system to determine one or more photosynthetic efficiency parameters, and adjusting one or more of the photosynthetic efficiency parameters to drive the photosynthesis by the delivery of an amount of light to optimize light absorption of the photosynthetic organism while providing enough dark time between light pulses to prevent oversaturation of the chlorophyll reaction centers are disclosed.
Hunt, Ryan W.; Chinnasamy, Senthil; Das, Keshav C.; de Mattos, Erico Rolim
High Efficiency, Ultra-Low Emission, Integrated Process Heater System
The team of TIAX LLC, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, and Callidus Technologies, LLC conducted a six-year program to develop an ultra-low emission process heater burner and an advanced high efficiency heater design. This project addresses the critical need of process heater operators for reliable, economical emission reduction technologies to comply with stringent emission regulations, and for heater design alternatives that reduce process heater energy requirements without significant cost increase. The key project targets were NOx emissions of 10 ppm (@ 3% O2), and a heater thermal efficiency of 95 percent. The ultra low NOx burner was developed through a series of pilot-scale and field tests combined with computational fluid dynamic modeling to arrive at simultaneous low emissions and suitable flame shape and stability. Pilot scale tests were run at TIAX, at the 2 MMBtu/hr scale, and at Callidus at 8 MMBtu/hr. The full scale burner was installed on a 14 burner atmospheric pipestill furnace at an ExxonMobil refinery. A variety of burner configurations, gas tips and flame stabilizers were tested to determine the lowest emissions with acceptable flame shape and stability. The resulting NOx emissions were 22 ppm on average. Starting in 2001, Callidus commercialized the original ultra low NOx burner and made subsequent design improvements in a series of commercial burners evolving from the original concept and/or development. Emissions in the field with the ultra low-NOx burner over a broad spectrum of heater applications have varied from 5 ppm to 30 ppm depending on heater geometry, heater service, fuel and firing capacity. To date, 1550 of the original burners, and 2500 of subsequent generation burners have been sold by Callidus. The advanced heater design was developed by parametric evaluations of a variety of furnace and combustion air preheater configurations and technologies for enhancing convective and radiative heat transfer. The design evolution relied heavily on computational fluid dynamic predictions of design alternatives. The final design features modular separate radiant cells, each with one and two-side fired vertical tubes. The convection section configuration is vertical tube banks enclosed in the radiant channels. Commercial modular plate air preheaters are used. The predicted performance for the integrated advanced heater and Callidus burner is 95 percent efficiency with 9 ppm NOx emissions firing natural gas, and 12 ppm firing refinery gas. The total erected cost is less than a conventional heater with combustion air preheat.
Mason, Howard; Boral, Anindya; Chhotray, San; Martin, Matthew
Direct address translation for virtual memory in energy-efficient embedded systems
This article presents a methodology for virtual memory support in energy-efficient embedded systems. A holistic approach is proposed, where the combined efforts of compiler, operating system, and hardware architecture achieve a significant system power ... Keywords: Low-power embedded systems, address translation, virtual memory
Xiangrong Zhou; Peter Petrov
Nutrient use efficiency in bioenergy cropping systems: Critical research questions
x giganteus. Biomass Bioenergy 12:21-24. Christian, D.G. ,for-biofuels systems. Biomass Bioenergy Gentry, L.E. , F.E.cynosuroides. Biomass Bioenergy 12:419-428. Brejda, J.J.
Brouder, Sylvie; Volenec, Jeffrey J; Turco, Ronald; Smith, Douglas R; Ejeta, Gebisa
Pulp and Paper Mills: Profiting from Efficient Motor System Use
spends 3.6 billion or about 2.6% of its overall operating costs to operate electric motor systems-higher than any other 2- digit manufacturing SIC. Opportunities to effectively...
Energy Efficiency and Reliability in Wireless Biomedical Implant Systems
The use of wireless implant technology requires correct delivery of the vital physiological signs of the patient along with the energy management in power-constrained devices. Toward these goals, we present an augmentation protocol for the physical layer of the Medical Implant Communications Service (MICS) with focus on the energy efficiency of deployed devices over the MICS frequency band. The present protocol uses the rateless code with the Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation scheme to overcome the reliability and power cost concerns in tiny implantable sensors due to the considerable attenuation of propagated signals across the human body. In addition, the protocol allows a fast start-up time for the transceiver circuitry. The main advantage of using rateless codes is to provide an inherent adaptive duty-cycling for power management, due to the flexibility of the rateless code rate. Analytical results demonstrate that an 80% energy saving is achievable with the proposed protocol when compared to the IE...
Abouei, Jamshid; Plataniotis, Konstantinos N; Pasupathy, Subbarayan
Transmission System Efficiency and Utilization Improvement: Summary of R&D Activity and Demonstration Projects
��This report compiles and summarizes the activities, findings, and main conclusions derived from the development of EPRI R&D Program 172 - Efficient Transmission Systems for a Carbon-Constrained World.BackgroundEPRI R&D Program 172, Efficient Transmission Systems for a Carbon-Constrained World, was initiated in 2008 and finalized in 2012. The main objective of the program was to assist utilities to prepare for operating a power-delivery system ...
High-Efficiency Thermal Energy Storage System for CSP
April 15. 2013 | Singh April 15. 2013 | Singh * Thermal modeling will be conducted to establish the benefits of using a high thermal conducting graphite foams in conjunction with PCM and to develop a design for a laboratory scale prototype. * Variety of characterizations will be carried out to qualify the materials (PCMs, alloys, coatings) for the prototype construction. * Process to infiltrate selected PCM into the foam will be developed. * Using the appropriate brazing/joining techniques, prototype will be assembled. * Performance testing of the TES system prototype to ensure a full- scale system will meet the SunShot goals. * Complete cost analysis of the proposed TES system * Complete laboratory scale prototype design * Develop SiC coating using polycarbosilanes for graphite
Starter systems designed for efficient air/gas comsumption
This paper examines engine starting systems designed by Pow-R-Quik. Pow-R-Quik's most recent product line includes several models that are designed to start most diesel and natural gas engines. Pow-R-Quick also offers air starting systems for a wide range of gas turbine applications. The model DS16, air or gas starter, is designed for engines with a displacement up to 500 cid diesel and up to 1000 cid natural gas. The DS60 model is also an air or gas operated starter with specially designed heavy duty bearings for maximum performance. To prove out starter durability and performance, Pow-R-Quik has installed three fully instrumented diesel engine test cells. The number of starts that can be achieved ranges from zero to 99,000. The system can be set to regulate the air for low or high pressure starts, control the lubricant, etc.
Not Available
A high-efficiency indirect lighting system utilizing the solar 1000 sulfur lamp
High-lumen light sources represent unique challenges and opportunities for the design of practical and efficient interior lighting systems. High-output sources require a means of large-scale distribution and avoidance of high-luminance glare while providing efficient delivery. An indirect lighting system has been developed for use with a 1,000 Watt sulfur lamp that efficiently utilizes the high-output source to provide quality interior lighting. This paper briefly describes the design and initial testing of this new system.
Siminovitch, M.; Gould, C.; Page, E.
Highly-efficient noise-assisted energy transport in classical oscillator systems
Photosynthesis is a biological process that involves the highly-efficient transport of energy captured from the sun to a reaction center, where conversion into useful biochemical energy takes place. Even though one can always use a quantum perspective to describe any physical process, since everything follows the laws of Quantum Mechanics, is the use of quantum theory imperative to explain this high efficiency? Several theoretical studies suggest that the high efficiency can only be understood as a result of the interplay between the quantum coherent evolution of the photosynthetic system, and noise introduced by its surrounding environment. Notwithstanding, we show here that noise-assisted highly-efficient energy transport can be found as well in purely classical systems; therefore, we might conclude that high efficiency energy transfer in photosynthetic systems could also be anticipated by classical models, without the need to resorting to quantum effects. Strikingly, the wider scope of applicability of the...
Le�n-Montiel, R de J
Energy Efficient Free Cooling System for Data Centers
A data center is a facility used to keep computer related equipments. It is estimated that heat production rate of the data center is doubled in every two years and hence the inevitability of the cooling system gets increased. In due course power consumption ... Keywords: Performance ratio, Water Economizer, Air Economizer, Energy Consumption, Data Center
Christy Sujatha D.; Satheesh Abimannan
Open source tool for energy saving and efficient system management
In order to improve power quality (PQ) techniques, efforts are made to develop smart sensors that can report near real-time data. Proprietary software and hardware on dedicated computers or servers processes these data and shows relevant information ... Keywords: arm architecture, embedded systems, energy saving optimization, power quality optimization
Consolaci�n Gil; Pedro S�nchez; Francisco G. Montoya; Antonio L. M�rquez
Self-Adjustable Trust-Based Energy Efficient Routing for Smart Grid Systems
Smart Grid is the trend of next generation electrical power system which makes the power grid intelligent and energy efficient. It requires high level of network reliability to support two-way communication among electrical services, electrical units ... Keywords: Smart Grid, wireless mesh network, trust-based geographical routing, vulnearabilities and attacks, energy efficiency
Ming Xiang; Quan Bai; William Liu
Energy Aware Paradigm for Energy Efficient ICT: a Systemic Approach Sergio Ricciardi
Energy Aware Paradigm for Energy Efficient ICT: a Systemic Approach Sergio Ricciardi Technical) Jordi Girona 3 08034 Barcelona, Spain +34 93 4016982 email@example.com ABSTRACT Energy is imposing as the new constraint in the ICT sector and the problem of energy efficient in ICT has consequently arisen
Politècnica de Catalunya, Universitat
Efficiency of a hybrid-type plasma-assisted fuel reformation system
The major advantages of a new plasma-assisted fuel reformation system are its cost effectiveness and technical efficiency. Applied Plasma Technologies has proposed its new highly efficient hybrid-type plasma-assisted system for organic fuel combustion and gasification. The system operates as a multimode multipurpose reactor in a wide range of plasma feedstock gases and turndown ratios. This system also has convenient and simultaneous feeding of several reagents in the reaction zone such as liquid fuels, coal, steam, and air. A special methodology has been developed for such a system in terms of heat balance evaluation and optimization. This methodology considers all existing and possible energy streams, which could influence the system's efficiency. The developed hybrid-type plasma system could be suitable for combustion applications, mobile and autonomous small- to mid-size liquid fuel and coal gasification modules, hydrogen-rich gas generators, waste-processing facilities, and plasma chemical reactors.
Matveev, I.B.; Serbin, S.I.; Lux, S.M. [Applied Plasma Technologies, Mclean, VA (USA)
Commercial high efficiency dehumidification systems using heat pipes
An improved heat pipe design using separately connected two-section one-way flow heat pipes with internal microgrooves instead of wicks is described. This design is now commercially available for use to increase the dehumidification capacity of air conditioning systems. The design also includes a method of introducing fresh air into buildings while recovering heat and controlling the humidity of the incoming air. Included are applications and case studies, load calculations and technical data, and installation, operation, and maintenance information.
Dynamical systems in nanophotonics: From energy efficient modulators to light forces and optomechanics
We demonstrate novel device concepts based on rigorous design of the dynamics of resonant nanophotonic systems, such as dispersionless resonant switches and energy-efficient mo-dulator architectures, slow-light cells, and ...
Kaertner, Franz X.
Harnessing waste heat and reducing wasted lighting : three mechanical structures for efficient energy systems
This thesis presents three mechanical structures designed for efficient energy systems. In [3], Cooley presents a modification of a fluorescent lamp which allows it to detect nearby occupants and dim itself automatically. ...
Stronger, Brad A
Improving the Water Efficiency of Cooling Production System
For most of the time, cooling towers (CTs) of cooling systems operate under partial load conditions and by regulating the air circulation with a variable frequency drive (VFD), significant reduction in the fan power can be achieved. In Kuwait and other counties of Arabian Peninsula, reduced airflow can lead to reduction in water consumption as well, since during the summer season, the dry bulb temperature of the ambient air is higher than the incoming hot water temperature, and the air undergoes sensible cooling. This paper presents the findings of a study conducted in the Avenues mall, Kuwait. Initially, the CTs operated only at high speed, and on a typical summer day nearly one fourth of the make-up water was used for self cooling of air. The study based on measured data revealed that the use of VFD can reduce the water wastage for self-cooling of air by as much as 75% and overall water consumption by 18.6% while keeping the cooling system performance at design level.
Maheshwari, G.; Al-Hadban, Y.; Al-Taqi, H. H.; Alasseri, R.
In Phase IIA of this project, CeraMem has further developed and scaled up ceramic HEPA filters that are appropriate for use on filtration of vent gas from HLW tanks at DOE sites around the country. This work included procuring recrystallized SiC monoliths, developing membrane and cement materials, and defining a manufacturing process for the production of prototype full sizes HEPA filters. CeraMem has demonstrated that prototype full size filters can be manufactured by producing 9 full size filters that passed DOP aerosol testing at the Oak Ridge Filter Test Facility. One of these filters was supplied to the Savannah River Technical Center (SRTC) for process tests using simulated HLW tank waste. SRTC has reported that the filter was regenerable (with some increase in pressure drop) and that the filter retained its HEPA retention capability. CeraMem has also developed a Regenerable HEPA Filter System (RHFS) design and acceptance test plan that was reviewed by DOE personnel. The design and acceptance test plan form the basis of the system proposal for follow-on work in Phase IIB of this project.
Bruce Bishop; Robert Goldsmith; Karsten Nielsen; Phillip Paquette
Pulp and Paper Mills: Profiting for Efficient Motor System Use | ENERGY
Pulp and Paper Mills: Profiting for Efficient Motor System Use Pulp and Paper Mills: Profiting for Efficient Motor System Use Secondary menu About us Press room Contact Us Portfolio Manager Login Facility owners and managers Existing buildings Commercial new construction Industrial energy management Small business Service providers Service and product providers Verify applications for ENERGY STAR certification Design commercial buildings Energy efficiency program administrators Commercial and industrial program sponsors Associations State and local governments Federal agencies Tools and resources Training In This Section Campaigns Commercial building design Communications resources Energy management guidance Financial resources Portfolio Manager Products and purchasing Recognition Research and reports Service and product provider (SPP) resources
Personal Comfort Systems: Cooling/Heating Local Body Parts Efficient Ways
Personal Comfort Systems: Cooling/Heating Local Body Parts Efficient Ways Personal Comfort Systems: Cooling/Heating Local Body Parts Efficient Ways to Provide Comfort Indoors Speaker(s): Hui Zhang Date: October 9, 2012 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Rongxin Yin This presentation describes energy efficient approaches to provide comfort in offices by creating non-uniform and transient thermal environments. The presentation will describe 1) distributions and characteristics of thermoreceptors of human body, 2) comfort responses of people exposed to complex thermal environments, 3) concept of "alliesthesia", 4) personal comfort systems developed by CBE, 5) their energy efficiency and demand response potential, and 6) the CBE advanced thermal comfort model. A recording of this seminar is available at: https://vimeo.com/51536661
Nanocoatings for High-Efficiency Industrial and Tooling Systems
This industry-driven project was the result of a successful response by Eaton Corporation to a DOE/ITP Program industry call. It consisted of three phases in which ORNL participated. In addition to Eaton Corporation and ORNL (CRADA), the project team included Ames Laboratory, who developed the underlying concept for aluminum-magnesium-boron based nanocomposite coatings [1], and Greenleaf, a small tooling manufacturer in western Pennsylvania. This report focuses on the portion of this work that was conducted by ORNL in a CRADA with Eaton Corporation. A comprehensive final report for the entire effort, which ended in September 2010, has been prepared by Eaton Corporation. Phase I, �Proof of Concept� ran for one year (September 1, 2006 to September 30, 2007) during which the applicability of AlMgB14 single-phase and nanocomposite coatings on hydraulic material coupons and components as well as on tool inserts was demonstrated.. The coating processes used either plasma laser deposition (PLD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD). During Phase I, ORNL conducted laboratory-scale pin-on-disk and reciprocating pin-on-flat tests of coatings produced by PLD and PVD. Non-coated M2 tool steel was used as a baseline for comparison, and the material for the sliding counterface was Type 52100 bearing steel since it simulated the pump materials. Initial tests were run mainly in a commercial hydraulic fluid named Mobil DTE-24, but some tests were later run in a water-glycol mixture as well. A tribosystem analysis was conducted to define the operating conditions of pump components and to help develop simulative tests in Phase II. Phase II, �Coating Process Scale-up� was intended to use scaled-up process to generate prototype parts. This involved both PLD practices at Ames Lab, and a PVD scale-up study at Eaton using its production capable equipment. There was also a limited scale-up study at Greenleaf for the tooling application. ORNL continued to conduct friction and wear tests on process variants and developed tests to better simulate the applications of interest. ORNL also employed existing lubrication models to better understand hydraulic pump frictional behavior and test results. Phase III, �Functional Testing� focused on finalizing the strategy for commercialization of AlMgB14 coatings for both hydraulic and tooling systems. ORNL continued to provide tribology testing and analysis support for hydraulic pump applications. It included both laboratory-scale coupon testing and the analysis of friction and wear data from full component-level tests performed at Eaton Corp. Laboratory-scale tribology test methods are used to characterize the behavior of nanocomposite coatings prior to running them in full-sized hydraulic pumps. This task also includes developing tribosystems analyses, both to provide a better understanding of the performance of coated surfaces in alternate hydraulic fluids, and to help design useful laboratory protocols. Analysis also includes modeling the lubrication conditions and identifying the physical processes by which wear and friction of the contact interface changes over time. This final report summarizes ORNL�s portion of the nanocomposite coatings development effort and presents both generated data and the analyses that were used in the course of this effort.
Blau, P; Qu, J.; Higdon, C. (Eaton Corporation)
Assessing the Energy Efficiency of Small Transit Systems; A Case Study of the Miami Metro Bus Service.
??In the recent past there has been an emphasis on energy and fuel efficiency in transit systems across the United States. Transit systems continue to� (more)
Kazungu, Conny Sidi
Purchasing a New Energy-Efficient Central Heating System | Department of
Purchasing a New Energy-Efficient Central Heating System Purchasing a New Energy-Efficient Central Heating System Purchasing a New Energy-Efficient Central Heating System October 21, 2008 - 4:00am Addthis John Lippert Energy prices are skyrocketing. According to the Energy Information Administration's October 7, 2008 forecast, heating fuel expenditures for the average household using oil as its primary heating fuel are expected to increase by $449 over last winter. Households using natural gas to heat their homes can expect to pay $155 more this winter, on average, than last year, and those using propane can expect to pay $188 more. Households heating primarily with electricity can expect to pay an average of $89 more. That's a lot of money resulting solely from rising heating expenses. You may long for the "good old days," but when it comes to heating systems,
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS are the build-ing blocks of modern society. Efficient and
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS are the build- ing blocks of modern society. Efficient and safe movement. How- ever, transportation systems by their very nature also affect the environment through operations, construction, and maintenance of transportation facilities, and through the travel behaviors they encourage
Wang, Yuhang
Impact of the Variable Refrigerant Volume Air Conditioning System on Building Energy Efficiency
The application of the variable refrigerant volume multi-zone air conditioning systems has met with mixed results since the publication of the Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the variable refrigerant volume multi-zone air conditioning system, and discusses the advantages of its application.
Zhu, H.
Poster: INPRESS: indoor climate prediction and evaluation system for energy efficiency using sensor networks
Modern buildings include an indoor climate control system, installed and operated to maintain a comfortable environment for the building occupants. However, these climate control systems consume a significant amount of energy due to an inefficient control ... Keywords: energy efficiency, indoor climate, sensor network
Jae Yoon Chong; Jinwook Baek; Sukun Kim
Decision system based on neural networks to optimize the energy efficiency of a petrochemical plant
The energy efficiency of industrial plants is an important issue in any type of business but particularly in the chemical industry. Not only is it important in order to reduce costs, but also it is necessary even more as a means of reducing the amount ... Keywords: Cost optimization, Crude oil distillation, Data mining, Decision system, Expert system, Neural network, Petrochemical plant
I�igo Monedero; F�lix Biscarri; Carlos Le�n; Juan I. Guerrero; Rocio Gonz�lez; Luis P�rez-Lombard
OBSERVE: Occupancy-Based System for Efficient Reduction of HVAC Energy
control conditioning strategies. Using strategies based on sensor network occupancy model predictions, weOBSERVE: Occupancy-Based System for Efficient Reduction of HVAC Energy Varick L. Erickson, Miguel Á Descriptors I.6.5 [Simulation and Modeling]: Model Development; J.7 [Computers In Other Systems]: Command
Efficiency of energy transfer in a light-harvesting system under quantum coherence
We investigate the role of quantum coherence in the efficiency of excitation transfer in a ring-hub arrangement of interacting two-level systems, mimicking a light-harvesting antenna connected to a reaction center as it is found in natural photosynthetic systems. By using a quantum jump approach, we demonstrate that in the presence of quantum coherent energy transfer and energetic disorder, the efficiency of excitation transfer from the antenna to the reaction center depends intimately on the quantum superposition properties of the initial state. In particular, we find that efficiency is sensitive to symmetric and asymmetric superposition of states in the basis of localized excitations, indicating that initial state properties can be used as a efficiency control parameter at low temperatures.
Alexandra Olaya-Castro; Chiu Fan Lee; Francesca Fassioli Olsen; Neil F. Johnson
Performance of ground source heat pump system in a near-zerosimulation tool for ground- source heat pump system designflow systems and ground source heat pump systems Abstract
High-Efficiency Thermal Energy Storage System for CSP High-Efficiency Thermal Energy Storage System for CSP ANL logo Photo of a black and white porous material magnified 50 times by a microscope. Microstructure of the highly thermal conductive foam that will be used for the prototype TES system. Image from ANL Argonne National Laboratory and project partner Ohio Aerospace Institute, under the National Laboratory R&D competitive funding opportunity, will design, develop, and test a prototype high-temperature and high-efficiency thermal energy storage (TES) system with rapid charging and discharging times. By increasing the efficiency of TES systems, this project aims to lower the capital costs of concentrating solar power (CSP) systems. Approach The research team is developing and evaluating a novel approach for TES at temperatures greater than 700˚C for CSP systems. The approach uses high thermal conductivity and high-porosity graphite foams infiltrated with a phase change material (PCM) to provide TES in the form of latent heat.
Improving the efficiency of residential air-distribution systems in California, Phase 1
This report describes the results of the first phase of a multiyear research project. The project`s goal is to investigate ways to improve the efficiency of air-distribution systems in detached, single-family residences in California. First-year efforts included: A survey of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) contractors in California. A 31-house field study of distribution-system performance based on diagnostic measurements. Development of an integrated air-flow and thermal-simulation tool for investigating residential air-distribution system performance. Highlights of the field results include the following: Building envelopes for houses built after 1979 appear to be approximately 30% tighter. Duct-system tightness showed no apparent improvement in post-1979 houses. Distribution-fan operation added an average of 0.45 air changes per hour (ACH) to the average measured rate of 0.24 ACH. The simulation tool developed is based on DOE-2 for the thermal simulations and on MOVECOMP, an air-flow network simulation model, for the duct/house leakage and flow interactions. The first complete set of simulations performed (for a ranch house in Sacramento) indicated that the overall heating-season efficiency of the duct systems was approximately 65% to 70% and that the overall cooling-season efficiency was between 60% and 75%. The wide range in cooling-season efficiency reflects the difference between systems with attic return ducts and those with crawl-space return ducts, the former being less efficient. The simulations also indicated that the building envelope`s UA-value, a measurement of thermoconductivity, did not have a significant impact on the overall efficiency of the air-distribution system.
Modera, M.; Dickerhoff, D.; Jansky, R.; Smith, B.
Sensitivity of forced air distribution system efficiency to climate, duct location, air leakage and insulation
This study was performed in order to find suitable efficiency and leakage specifications for Energy Star duct systems and provide recommendations on duct insulation specifications. This analysis looks at a typical house, with a selection of duct locations, climates, duct insulation (R-value), and duct leakage. A set of calculations were performed with reduced capacity and airflow to look at the effect of variable capacity systems. This was done to address concerns regarding the increased efficiency of multi-capacity equipment due to good part load performance and how these efficiency gains may be offset by increased duct losses. The duct system efficiencies were calculated using the procedures in proposed ASHRAE Standard 152P ''Method of Test for Determining the Design and Seasonal Efficiencies of Residential Thermal Distribution Systems'' (ASHRAE 1999). This proposed ASHRAE Standard can be used to calculate duct efficiency for both design and seasonal weather conditions. In this report, the seasonal efficiencies are used for most of the analysis because they are the most appropriate for estimating energy consumption in buildings. The effects at peak conditions are examined for changing duct insulation in order to provide preliminary estimates of the potential responses to time of use pricing. The study was performed in two parts. The first part focused on duct leakage and the second part on duct insulation. The HVAC systems in the two parts share many attributes, however, they differ in detail and so are treated separately here. All the calculation results are summarized in tables in the Appendix, and specific results are given in the text.
Walker, Iain
Energy efficient Phase Change Memory based main memory for future high performance systems
Phase Change Memory (PCM) has recently attracted a lot of attention as a scalable alternative to DRAM for main memory systems. As the need for high-density memory increases, DRAM has proven to be less attractive from the point of view of scaling and ... Keywords: DDR3 commodity DRAM memory system, energy efficient phase change memory, main memory, future high performance systems, energy consumption, latency issues, write energy, write endurance, cache, embedded DRAM
R. A. Bheda; Jason A. Poovey; J. G. Beu; T. M. Conte
On the Contribution of Compressed Air Systems to Energy Efficiency Targets
On the Contribution of Compressed Air Systems to Energy Efficiency Targets On the Contribution of Compressed Air Systems to Energy Efficiency Targets - A Function-Based Bottom-Up Approach Speaker(s): Patrick Plötz Date: May 4, 2012 - 2:00pm Location: 90-4133 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Sanaee Iyama Achieving current EU energy targets as stipulated in the energy service directive and in the energy strategy for 2020 implies substantial efficiency improvements across a variety of industrial end-uses. The achievable saving potential of an end-use depends considerably on the age structure of the existing stock and on the technology definition, i.e. whether a product approach, an extended product approach or a system-approach is used. Within this context, important ErP studies on air compressors are in preparation. In this paper, we address the possible
Energy Efficiency Evaluation of Refrigeration Technologies in Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Systems
With development of absorption refrigeration technology, the cooling requirement can be met using various optional refrigeration technologies in a CCHP system, including compression refrigeration, steam double-effect absorption refrigeration, steam single-effect absorption refrigeration, flue gas absorption refrigeration and hot water absorption refrigeration, etc. As a universal criterion, the COP coefficient cannot reflect the difference in availability of driving energy for different chillers. Exergy efficiency of optional chillers in CCHP system was analyzed and compared, which can be regarded as an important reference criterion in comparison of energy efficiency. Furthermore, a new index, relative electricity saving ratio, was put forward for evaluating end energy efficiency of all kinds of chillers in a CCHP system, which indicates actual energy or electricity saving ratio for different absorption chillers with various parameters in contrast to the reference electricity-driven refrigeration scheme.
Zuo, Z.; Hu, W.
Energy Savings with Energy-Efficient HVAC Systems in Commercial Buildings of Hong Kong
Hong Kong has seen a dramatic increase in energy consumption in recent years, particularly electricity use in commercial buildings. The growth of electricity demand in future years is crucial both economically and environmentally. As over half of the electricity in Hong Kong is consumed by commercial buildings, and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) is the largest end-user in such buildings, improving the efficiency of HVAC systems in commercial buildings, is the key measure to take in Hong Kong for sustainable development. In this study, the major factors influencing the electricity use of HVAC systems are studied with the building energy simulation program EnergyPlus, which include chiller efficiency, space cooling temperature, variable vs. constant air flow, fan efficiency, lighting intensity and building envelope. From the analysis of the simulation results, it can be found that substantial energy-saving potential exists through improving the efficiency of HVAC systems in commercial buildings, and a combination of desirable system parameters for energy efficiency of commercial building is proposed.
Yang, J.; Chan, K.; Wu, X.
Macro-modeling and energy efficiency studies of file management in embedded systems with flash memory
Technological advancements in computer hardware and software have made embedded systems highly affordable and widely used. Consumers have ever increasing demands for powerful embedded devices such as cell phones, PDAs and media players. Such complex and feature-rich embedded devices are strictly limited by their battery life- time. Embedded systems typically are diskless and use flash for secondary storage due to their low power, persistent storage and small form factor needs. The energy efficiency of a processor and flash in an embedded system heavily depends on the choice of file system in use. To address this problem, it is necessary to provide sys- tem developers with energy profiles of file system activities and energy efficient file systems. In the first part of the thesis, a macro-model for the CRAMFS file system is established which characterizes the processor and flash energy consumption due to file system calls. This macro-model allows a system developer to estimate the energy consumed by CRAMFS without using an actual power setup. The second part of the thesis examines the effects of using non-volatile memory as a write-behind buffer to improve the energy efficiency of JFFS2. Experimental results show that a 4KB write-behind buffer significantly reduces energy consumption by up to 2-3 times for consecutive small writes. In addition, the write-behind buffer conserves flash space since transient data may never be written to flash.
Goyal, Nitesh
Energy Efficiency Challenges in Heating Supply System of Turkmenistan and Potential Solutions
The poor condition and inefficient operation of the existing heat and hot water supply system in Turkmenistan is causing serious economic, social and environmental problems. Yet, the situation may very well change to the worse as increase of energy consumption is projected for near future. The country's commitment to reduce greenhouse gases emissions faces the challenge of ensuring that both the short- and long-term environmental impacts can be minimized while service levels of heat and hot water supply to the population are simultaneously improved. Despite the energy, economic, and environmental benefits of energy efficiency in Turkmenistan, little has been done to eliminate energy waste. Due historic legacy, there is a limited institutional capacity to increase energy efficiency. Achieving energy and environmental goals will require a basic institutional transformation. Gaps in polices and legislation in the area of energy efficiency and the lack capacity and institutional expertise in managing local, regional and national energy efficiency programs have to be addressed.
Zomov, A.; Behnke, R.
can cover the maximum system demand. The similar successfulsized to meet the maximum plant air demand. Few air systems
Human Capacity Building in Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy System Maintenance for the Yurok Tribe
From July 2005 to July 2007, the Schatz Energy Research Center (SERC) assisted the Yurok Tribe in the implementation of a program designed to build the Tribe�s own capacity to improve energy efficiency and maintain and repair renewable energy systems in Tribal homes on the Yurok Reservation. Funding for this effort was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy�s Tribal Program under First Steps grant award #DE-FG36-05GO15166. The program�s centerpiece was a house-by-house needs assessment, in which Tribal staff visited and conducted energy audits at over fifty homes. The visits included assessment of household energy efficiency and condition of existing renewable energy systems. Staff also provided energy education to residents, evaluated potential sites for new household renewable energy systems, and performed minor repairs as needed on renewable energy systems.
Engel, R. A.' Zoellick, J J.
High Temperature Superconducting Magnets for Efficient Low Energy Beam Transport Systems
Modern ion accelerators and ion implantation systems need very short, highly versatile, Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) systems. The need for reliable and continuous operation requires LEBT designs to be simple and robust. The energy efficiency of available high temperature superconductors (HTS), with efficient and simple cryocooler refrigeration, is an additional attraction. Innovative, compact LEBT systems based on solenoids designed and built with high-temperature superconductor will be developed using computer models and prototyped. The parameters will be chosen to make this type of LEBT useful in a variety of ion accelerators, ion implantation systems, cancer therapy synchrotrons, and research accelerators, including the ORNL SNS. The benefits of solenoids made with HTS will be evaluated with analytical and numerical calculations for a two-solenoid configuration, as will be used in the SNS prototype LEBT that will replace the electrostatic one at SNS, and a single solenoid configuration, as was proposed...
Popovic, M; Johnson, R P; Nipper, J H
Energy Efficient Single Stack Exhaust Fan Systems (E3S3F)
This paper first investigates the fan energy performance of a constant air volume exhaust system. Two single stack energy efficient exhaust fan systems (E3S3F) are presented. The E3S3F-I has the static pressure sensor located at the inlet of the exhaust fan. It has been found to consume up to 15% less fan power than conventional constant air volume exhaust systems. The E3S3F-II uses a variable speed device to maintain the static pressure at the entrance of the stack. It consumes up to 60% less fan power than conventional constant volume exhaust systems.
Wang, G.; Liu, M.
Computationally efficient algorithms for location area planning in future cellular systems
Efficient resource utilisation in future cellular systems is related to the control of the signalling load imposed by the location update and paging operations. Important means for controlling this load is the ''proper'' planning of location areas. In ... Keywords: Genetic algorithm paradigm, Simulated annealing, Taboo search
P. Demestichas; N. Georgantas; E. Tzifa; V. Demesticha; M. Striki; M. Kilanioti; M. Theologou
Designing Energy Efficient Communication Runtime Systems for Data Centric Programming Models
The insatiable demand of high performance computing is being driven by the most computationally intensive applications such as computational chemistry, climate modeling, nuclear physics, etc. The last couple of decades have observed a tremendous rise ... Keywords: PGAS, Communication Runtime Systems, Energy Efficiency
Abhinav Vishnu; Shuaiwen Song; Andres Marquez; Kevin Barker; Darren Kerbyson; Kirk Cameron; Pavan Balaji
Charge Migration Efficiency Optimization in Hybrid Electrical Energy Storage (HEES) Systems
. Experimental results for an HEES system comprising of banks of batteries and supercapacitors demonstrate a migration efficiency improvement up to 51.3%, for su- percapacitor to battery and supercapacitor to supercapacitor charge migration. 1. INTRODUCTION Electrical energy usage changes over time due to the types
Pedram, Massoud
Absorber and emitter for solar thermo-photovoltaic systems to achieve efficiency
Pbs photovoltaic cells," Int. J. Energy Res. 16(6), 481487 (1992). 7. V. Badescu, "ThermodynamicAbsorber and emitter for solar thermo- photovoltaic systems to achieve efficiency exceeding, provides a sharp emissivity peak at the solar cell band-gap while suppressing emission at lower frequencies
Fan, Shanhui
A Taxonomy and Survey of Energy-Efficient Data Centers and Cloud Computing Systems
efficiently · Reduce he transition overhead caused by switching between different power states and VM is independent of clock rates, device usage scenarios and system status, for example, the leakage power, Power Supply... interact with ACPI-compliant OS through AML(ACPI machine Language) · Global states
Lu, Ying
Towards an empirical method of efficiency testing of system parts: A methodological study
Current usability evaluation methods are essentially holistic in nature. However, engineers that apply a component-based software engineering approach might also be interested in understanding the usability of individual parts of an interactive system. ... Keywords: Efficiency, Empirical method, HCI methodology, Log file analysis, Usability evaluation method, Usability testing
Willem-Paul Brinkman; Reinder Haakma; Don G. Bouwhuis
E2WFQ: an energy efficient fair scheduling policy for wireless systems
As embedded systems are being networked, often wirelessly, an increasingly larger share of their total energy budget is due to the communication. This necessitates the development of power management techniques that address communication subsystems, ... Keywords: energy efficient design, fair scheduling, power management, wireless communications
Vijay Raghunathan; Saurabh Ganeriwal; Curt Schurgers; Mani Srivastava
Designing cost-efficient wireless sensor/actuator networks for building control systems
A modern Building Automation System (BAS) aims to enhance the functionality of interactive control strategies leading towards energy efficiency and enhanced user comfort. Typically, it is cheaper to embed the BAS within a Wireless Sensor/Actuator Network ... Keywords: MPC, building energy, co-design, sensor
Alie El-Din Mady; Gregory Provan; Ning Wei
Proceedings of the Fourth ACM Workshop on Embedded Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Buildings
On behalf of the Technical Program Committee (TPC), it is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 2012 ACM Workshop on Embedded Systems for Energy Efficiency in Buildings (BuildSys), in Toronto, Canada. We have what we believe is an exceptional technical ...
George J. Pappas
Designing energy efficient communication runtime systems: a view from PGAS models
As the march to the exascale computing gains momentum, energy consumption of supercomputers has emerged to be the critical roadblock. While architectural innovations are imperative in achieving computing of this scale, it is largely dependent on the ... Keywords: Communication runtime system, DVFS, Energy efficiency, InfiniBand
Test and Evaluation of a High Efficiency Residential Fuel Cell System
A confluence of industry drivers, including the availability of low-cost natural gas, is creating new market opportunities for natural gas-based distributed generation. Solid oxide fuel cell systems (SOFC) are a potentially attractive option because of their high electrical efficiency (50�60% lower heating value (LHV)). This report documents two years of testing and evaluation of a 1.5 kW SOFC residential system provided by Ceramics Fuel Cell Limited. Tests were conducted in collaboration with ...
50 compressed air system energy audits completed by Shanghai50 compressed air system energy audits completed by Shanghaiof compressed air energy audits conducted by the Shanghai
Maximal spin and energy conversion efficiency in a symbiotic system of black hole, disk and jet
We study the mass and spin evolution in a symbiotic system consisting of a black hole with magnetosphere and jets, surrounded by a steady-state, thin accretion disk. We analyze how the limiting value of the spin parameter and the conversion efficiency of accreted mass into radiation depend on the interplay of electromagnetic radiation reaction, magnetosphere characteristics and jet cross-section. As a main result, we find that the presence of the jets increases the spin limit (basically obstructing the reverse effect of radiation in the innermost region of the accretion disk) and enhances the energy conversion efficiency.
Kov�cs, Zolt�n; Biermann, Peter L
Improving Energy Efficiency in Pharmaceutical ManufacturingOperations -- Part I: Motors, Drives and Compressed Air Systems
In Part I of this two-part series, we focus on efficient use of motors, drives and pumps, both for process equipment and compressed air systems. Pharmaceutical manufacturing plants in the U.S. spend nearly $1 billion each year for the fuel and electricity they need to keep their facilities running (Figure 1, below). That total that can increase dramatically when fuel supplies tighten and oil prices rise, as they did last year. Improving energy efficiency should be a strategic goal for any plant manager or manufacturing professional working in the drug industry today. Not only can energy efficiency reduce overall manufacturing costs, it usually reduces environmental emissions, establishing a strong foundation for a corporate greenhouse-gas-management program. For most pharmaceutical manufacturing plants, Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is typically the largest consumer of energy, as shown in Table 1 below. This two-part series will examine energy use within pharmaceutical facilities, summarize best practices and examine potential savings and return on investment. In this first article, we will focus on efficient use of motors, drives and pumps, both for process equipment and compressed air systems. Part 2, to be published in May, will focus on overall HVAC systems, building management and boilers.
Galitsky, Christina; Chang, Sheng-chien; Worrell, Ernst; Masanet,Eric
Hybrid energy storage systems based on compressed air and supercapacitors with maximum efficiency point tracking
This paper presents a hybrid energy storage system based on Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), where the charging and discharging is done within maximum efficiency conditions. As the maximum efficiency conditions impose the level of converted power, an intermittent time-modulated operation mode is applied to the thermodynamic converter to obtain a variable converted power. A smoothly variable output power is achieved with the help of a supercapacitive auxiliary storage device used as a filter. The paper describes the concept of the system, the power-electronic interface circuits and especially the Maximum Efficiency Point Tracking (MEPT) algorithm and the strategy used to vary the output power. In addition, the paper will present the characteristics of a high efficiency storage device where the pure pneumatic machine is replaced by an oil-hydraulics and pneumatics converter, used under isothermal conditions. Practical results are also presented, recorded from a low-power pneumatic motor coupled to a small DC generator, as well as from a first prototype of the final hydraulic/pneumatic system.
Sylvain Lemofouet; Alfred Rufer
Photosynthesis is a biological process that involves the highly-efficient transport of energy captured from the sun to a reaction center, where conversion into useful biochemical energy takes place. Even though one can always use a quantum perspective to describe any physical process, since everything follows the laws of Quantum Mechanics, is the use of quantum theory imperative to explain this high efficiency? Making use of the quantum-classical correspondence of electronic energy transfer recently introduced by Eisfeld and Briggs [Phys. Rev. E 85, 046118 (2012)], we show here that the highly-efficient noise-assisted energy transport described by Rebentrost et al. [New J. Phys. 11, 033003 (2009)], and Plenio and Huelga [New J. Phys. 10, 113019 (2008)], as the result of the interplay between the quantum coherent evolution of the photosynthetic system and noise introduced by its surrounding environment, it can be found as well in purely classical systems. The wider scope of applicability of the enhancement of energy transfer assisted by noise might open new ways for developing new technologies aimed at enhancing the efficiency of a myriad of energy transfer systems, from information channels in micro-electronic circuits to long-distance high-voltage electrical lines.
R. de J. Le�n-Montiel; Juan P. Torres
Efficient Motor System Tools Sponsored by the DOE Motor Challenge Program
The Department of Energy's (DOE) Motor Challenge program is an industry/government collaborative that is working to increase the market penetration of efficient motor-driven systems. In support of the program's Showcase Demonstrations, a variety of tools, protocols and databases are being developed. These tools will aid industry in the design, implementation, procurement, and validation of the benefits of energy efficient motor-driven systems. DOE's goal is to provide value-added products to industry to facilitate the decision-making process in maintaining and upgrading motor-driven systems and components. Tools will focus not only on energy factors, but also on productivity, reliability, and capital cost reduction. The tools will be flexible enough to be useful and user-friendly to all potential industrial end-users. It is important that the tools complement rather than compete with currently available software products. To facilitate concurrent development and future improvements, the software tools will consist of modular components.
Blazewicz, S.; McCoy, G. A.; Olszewski, M.; Scheihing, P.
Technology Management Inc. (TMI), teamed with the Ohio Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, has engineered, constructed, and demonstrated a stationary, low power, multi-module solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) prototype system operating on propane and natural gas. Under Phase I, TMI successfully operated two systems in parallel, in conjunction with a single DC-AC inverter and battery bus, and produced net AC electricity. Phase II testing expanded to include alternative and renewable fuels typically available in rural regions of Ohio. The commercial system is expected to have ultra-low pollution, high efficiency, and low noise. The TMI SOFC uses a solid ceramic electrolyte operating at high temperature (800-1000 C) which electrochemically converts gaseous fuels (hydrogen or mixed gases) and oxygen into electricity. The TMI system design oxidizes fuel primarily via electrochemical reactions and uses no burners (which pollute and consume fuel)--resulting in extremely clean exhaust. The use of proprietary sulfur tolerant materials developed by TMI allows system operation without additional fuel pre-processing or sulfur removal. Further, the combination of high operating temperatures and solid state operation increases the potential for higher reliability and efficiencies compared to other types of fuel cells. Applications for the TMI SOFC system cover a wide range of transportation, building, industrial, and military market sectors. A generic technology, fuel cells have the potential to be embodied into multiple products specific to Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) program areas including: Fuel Cells and Microturbines, School Buildings, Transportation, and Bioenergy. This program focused on low power stationary applications using a multi-module system operating on a range of common fuels. By producing clean electricity more efficiently (thus using less fuel), fuel cells have the triple effect of cleaning up the environment, reducing the amount of fuel consumed and, for energy intensive manufacturers, boosting their profits (by reducing energy expenses). Compared to conventional power generation technologies such as internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and coal plants, fuel cells are extremely clean and more efficient, particularly at smaller scales.
Sara Ward; Michael A. Petrik
Advanced Systems of Efficient Use of Electrical Energy SURE (Smart Grid
Efficient Use of Electrical Energy SURE (Smart Grid Efficient Use of Electrical Energy SURE (Smart Grid Project) Jump to: navigation, search Project Name Advanced Systems of Efficient Use of Electrical Energy SURE Country Slovenia Coordinates 46.151241°, 14.995463° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":46.151241,"lon":14.995463,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Energy Efficiency: The New Holy Grail of Data Management Systems Research
Energy costs are quickly rising in large-scale data centers and are soon projected to overtake the cost of hardware. As a result, data center operators have recently started turning into using more energy-friendly hardware. Despite the growing body of research in power management techniques, there has been little work to date on energy efficiency from a data management software perspective. In this paper, we argue that hardware-only approaches are only part of the solution, and that data management software will be key in optimizing for energy efficiency. We discuss the problems arising from growing energy use in data centers and the trends that point to an increasing set of opportunities for software-level optimizations. Using two simple experiments, we illustrate the potential of such optimizations, and, motivated by these examples, we discuss general approaches for reducing energy waste. Lastly, we point out existing places within database systems that are promising for energy-efficiency optimizations and ...
Harizopoulos, Stavros; Meza, Justin; Ranganathan, Parthasarathy
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 25, NO. 4, NOVEMBER 2010 1865 Impact of Energy Efficiency Incentives
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 25, NO. 4, NOVEMBER 2010 1865 Impact of Energy Efficiency the implementation of energy efficiency poli- cies on the power distribution sector. To assess the outcome different energy efficiency levels required by the regulator. The results reveal that the introduction
Rudnick, Hugh
``You need this done by when?``: Increasing your efficiency with the SAS{reg_sign} system
The SAS Institute publication -- SAS Programming Tips: A Guide to Efficient SAS Processing defines efficiency as ``obtaining more results from fewer computer or human resources.`` While this publication contains many very useful tips, it seems to concentrate mostly on computer efficiency. This paper will focus on ways of increasing your efficiency in developing, writing, and debugging SAS programs, i.e. increasing human efficiency. In my job as a consulting statistician, my programs are usually one-run programs. That is, I develop and test a program, then I run them once to get the results I need, and the program is typically never used again. Even for multiple run jobs, the greatest expense by far is the time used to develop a program, and any CPU/hardware ``expense`` is relatively insignificant. I believe that this is true for most SAS system users and that not enough attention has been given to this aspect of ``cost``. While most of these tips and techniques were developed under the PC platform, nearly all are applicable and useful under all SAS supported platforms. Some of the tips the experienced SAS programmer may already be familiar with, but many should be new and useful to both novice and veteran users.
DeHaan, M.S.
Essays on Efficiency of the Farm Credit System and Dynamic Correlations in Fossil Fuel Markets
Markets have always changed in response to either exogenous or endogenous shocks. Many large events have occurred in financial and energy markets the last ten years. This dissertation examines market behavior and volatility in agricultural credit and fossil fuel markets under exogenous and endogenous changes in the last ten years. The efficiency of elements within the United States Farm Credit System, a major agricultural lender in the United States, and the dynamic correlation between coal, oil and natural gas prices, the three major fossil fuels, are examined. The Farm Credit system is a key lender in the U.S. agricultural sector, and its performance can influence the performance of the agricultural sector. However, its efficiency in providing credit to the agricultural sector has not been recently examined. The first essay of the dissertation provides assessments on the performance of elements within the Farm Credit System by measuring their relative efficiency using a stochastic frontier model. The second essay addresses the changes in relationship in coal, oil, and natural gas markets with respect to changes and turbulence in the last decade, which has also not been fully addressed in literature. The updated assessment on the relative performance of entities within the Farm Credit System provides information that the Farm Credit Administration and U.S. policy makers can use in their management of and policy toward the Farm Credit System. The measurement of the changes in fossil fuel markets� relationships provides implications for energy investment, energy portfolio anagement, energy risk management, and energy security. It can also be used as a foundation for structuring forecasting models and other models related to energy markets. The dynamic correlations between coal, oil, and natural gas prices are examined using a dynamic conditional correlation multivariate autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (MGARCH DCC) model. The estimated results show that the FCS�s five banks and associations with large assets have more efficiently produced credit to the U.S. agricultural sector than smaller sized associations. Management compensation is found to be positively associated with the system�s efficiency. More capital investment and monitoring along with possible consolidation are implied for smaller sized associations to enhance efficiency. On average, the results show that the efficiency of the associations is increasing over time while the average efficiency of the five large banks is more stable. Overall, the associations exhibit a higher variation of efficiency than the five banks. In terms of energy markets the estimates from the MGARCH DCC model indicate significant and changing dynamic correlations and related volatility between the coal, oil, and natural gas prices. The coal price was found to experience more volatility and become more closely related to oil and natural gas prices in recent periods. The natural gas price was found to become more stable and drift away from its historical relationship with oil.
Dang, Trang Phuong Th 1977-
Overview of existing residential energy-efficiency rating systems and measuring tools
Three categories of rating systems/tools were identified: prescriptive, calculational, and performance. Prescriptive systems include rating systems that assign points to various conservation features. Most systems that have been implemented to date have been prescriptive systems. The vast majority of these are investor-owned utility programs affiliated with the National Energy Watch program of the Edison Electric Institute. The calculational category includes computational tools that can be used to estimate energy consumption. This estimate could then be transformed, probably by indexing, into a rating. The available computational tools range from very simple to complex tools requiring use of a main-frame computer. Performance systems refer to residential energy-efficiency ratings that are based on past fuel consumption of a home. There are few of these systems. For each identified system/tool, the name, address, and telephone number of the developer is included. In addition, relevant publications discussing the system/tool are cited. The extent of field validation/verification of individual systems and tools is discussed. In general, there has been little validation/verification done. A bibliography of literature relevant to the use and implementation of a home energy rating system is also included.
Hendrickson, P.L.; Garrett-Price, B.A.; Williams, T.A.
Analysis of space heating and domestic hot water systems for energy-efficient residential buildings
An analysis of the best ways of meeting the space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) needs of new energy-efficient houses with very low requirements for space heat is provided. The DHW load is about equal to the space heating load in such houses in northern climates. The equipment options which should be considered are discussed, including new equipment recently introduced in the market. It is concluded that the first consideration in selecting systems for energy-efficient houses should be identification of the air moving needs of the house for heat distribution, heat storage, ventilation, and ventilative cooling. This is followed, in order, by selection of the most appropriate distribution system, the heating appliances and controls, and the preferred energy source, gas, oil, or electricity.
Dennehy, G
Dynamic Scheduling of Skippable Periodic Tasks with Energy Efficiency in Weakly Hard Real-Time System
Energy consumption is a critical design issue in real-time systems, especially in battery- operated systems. Maintaining high performance, while extending the battery life between charges is an interesting challenge for system designers. Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) allows a processor to dynamically change speed and voltage at run time, thereby saving energy by spreading run cycles into idle time. Knowing when to use full power and when not, requires the cooperation of the operating system scheduler. Usually, higher processor voltage and frequency leads to higher system throughput while energy reduction can be obtained using lower voltage and frequency. Instead of lowering processor voltage and frequency as much as possible, energy efficient real-time scheduling adjusts voltage and frequency according to some optimization criteria, such as low energy consumption or high throughput, while it meets the timing constraints of the real-time tasks. As the quantity and functional complexity of battery powered porta...
Baskaran, Santhi
Pressure Regain Strategies for Existing Air Distribution Systems
Pressure Regain Strategies for Pressure Regain Strategies for Existing Air Distribution Systems Arlan Burdick IBACOS, Inc. Pressure Regain Strategies for Existing Air Distribution Systems Problem Statement Thermal enclosure upgrades can reduce peak loads by 50%. If the furnace is right-sized for this new peak load and the ducts are not modified or replaced, the resulting airflows at the supply registers will be significantly reduced. -Will the outlets meet industry standards for performance? - Should they be replaced to achieve good room air mixing? - Should the end of the duct be modified to improve airflow characteristics? Pressure Regain Strategies for Existing Air Distribution Systems Expected Results We expect to find a cost-effective solution to gaining proper airflow to a room without completely replacing
Efficient energy transfer in light-harvesting systems, I: optimal temperature, reorganization energy and spatial�temporal correlations
Understanding the mechanisms of efficient and robust energy transfer in light-harvesting systems provides new insights for the optimal design of artificial systems. In this paper, we use the Fenna�Matthews�Olson (FMO) ...
Wu, Jianlan
be a significant source of wasted energy in an industrialto being a source of wasted energy and money, leaks can alsofor about 3.2% of system energy wasted. Figure 5 Excessive
Cost Effective, High Efficiency Integrated Systems Approach to Auxilliary Electric Motors
The CARAT program, carried out by Kinetic Art & Technology Corporation (KAT), has been one of the most commercially successful KAT R&D programs to date. Based on previous development of its technology, KAT designed, constructed and tested a highly efficient motor and controller system under this CARAT program with supplemental commercial funding. Throughout this CARAT effort, the technical objectives have been refined and refocused. Some objectives have been greatly expanded, while others have been minimized. The determining factor in all decisions to refocus the objectives was the commercial need, primarily the needs of KAT manufacturing partners. Several companies are employing the resulting CARAT motor and controller designs in prototypes for commercial products. Two of these companies have committed to providing cost share in order to facilitate the development. One of these companies is a major manufacturing company developing a revolutionary new family of products requiring the ultra-high system efficiency achievable by the KAT motor and controller technologies (known as Segmented ElectroMagnetic Array, or SEMA technology). Another company requires the high efficiency, quiet operation, and control characteristics afforded by the same basic motor and controller for an advanced air filtration product. The combined annual production requirement projected by these two companies exceeds one million units by 2005.
Roy Kessinger Jr.; Keith Seymour; Kanchan Angal; Jason Wolf; Steve Brewer; Leonard Schrank
An Efficient LED System-in-Module for General Lighting Applications
The objective of the project was to realize an LED-based lighting technology platform for general illumination, starting with LED chips, and integrating the necessary technologies to make compact, user-friendly, high-efficiency, energy-saving sources of controlled white (or variable-colored) light. The project is to build the system around the LEDs, and not to work on the LEDs themselves, in order that working products can be introduced soon after the LEDs reach suitable efficiency for mass-production of high-power light sources for general illumination. Because the light sources are intended for general illumination, color must be accurately maintained, requiring feedback control in the electronics. The project objective has been realized and screw base demonstrators, based on the technology developed in the project, have been built.
Energy Efficiency of large Cryogenic Systems: the LHC Case and Beyond
Research infrastructures for high-energy and nuclear physics, nuclear fusion and production of high magnetic fields are increasingly based on applied superconductivity and associated cryogenics in their quest for scientific breakthroughs at affordable capital and operation costs, a condition for their acceptance and sustained funding by society. The thermodynamic penalty for operating at low temperature makes energy efficiency a key requirement for their large cryogenic systems, from conceptual design to procurement, construction and operation. Meeting this requirement takes a combined approach on several fronts in parallel: management of heat loads and sizing of cooling duties, distribution of cooling power matching the needs of the superconducting devices, efficient production of refrigeration, optimal control resting on precise instrumentation and diagnostics, as well as a targeted industrial procurement policy. The case of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is presented. Potential improvements for fu...
Claudet, S; Ferlin, G; Lebrun, P; Tavian, L; Wagner, U
High efficiency vapor-fed AMTEC system for direct conversion. Final report
The Alkali Metal Thermal to Electric Converter (AMTEC) is a high temperature, high efficiency system for converting thermal to electrical energy, with no moving parts. It is based on the unique properties of {beta}{double_prime}-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE), which is an excellent conductor of sodium ions, but an extremely poor conductor of electrons. When the inside of the BASE is maintained at a higher temperature and pressure, a concentration gradient is created across the BASE. Electrons and sodium atoms cannot pass through the BASE. However, the sodium atoms are ionized, and the sodium ions move through the BASE to the lower potential (temperature) region. The electrons travel externally to the AMTEC cell, providing power. There are a number of potential advantages to a wick-pumped, vapor-fed AMTEC system when compared with other designs. A wick-pumped system uses capillary forces to passively return liquid to the evaporator, and to distribute the liquid in the evaporator. Since the fluid return is self-regulating, multiple BASE tubes can use a single remote condenser, potentially improving efficiency in advanced AMTEC designs. Since the system is vapor-fed, sodium vapor is supplied at a uniform temperature and flux to the BASE tube, even with non-uniform heat fluxes and temperatures at the evaporator. The primary objective of the Phase 2 program was to develop wick-pumped AMTEC cells. During the program, procedures to fabricate wicks with smaller pore sizes were developed, to allow operation of an AMTEC cell at 800 C. A revised design was made for a High-Temperature, Wick-Fed AMTEC cell. In addition to the smaller wick pore size, several other changes were made to increase the cell efficiency: (1) internal artery return of condensate; (2) high temperature electrical feedthrough; and (3) separate heat pipe for providing heat to the BASE.
Anderson, W.G.; Bland, J.J.
Joint System Prognostics For Increased Efficiency And Risk Mitigation In Advanced Nuclear Reactor Instrumentation and Control
The science of prognostics is analogous to a doctor who, based on a set of symptoms and patient tests, assesses a probable cause, the risk to the patient, and a course of action for recovery. While traditional prognostics research has focused on the aspect of hydraulic and mechanical systems and associated failures, this project will take a joint view in focusing not only on the digital I&C aspect of reliability and risk, but also on the risks associated with the human element. Model development will not only include an approximation of the control system physical degradation but also on human performance degradation. Thus the goal of the prognostic system is to evaluate control room operation; to identify and potentially take action when performance degradation reduces plant efficiency, reliability or safety.
Donald D. Dudenhoeffer; Tuan Q. Tran; Ronald L. Boring; Bruce P. Hallbert
Energy Efficient Building Ventilation Systems: Innovative Building-Integrated Enthalpy Recovery
BEETIT Project: A2 is developing a building moisture and heat exchange technology that leverages a new material and design to create healthy buildings with lower energy use. Commercial building owners/operators are demanding buildings with greater energy efficiency and healthier indoor environments. A2 is developing a membrane-based heat and moisture exchanger that controls humidity by transferring the water vapor in the incoming fresh air to the drier air leaving the building. Unlike conventional systems, A2 locates the heat and moisture exchanger within the depths of the building�s wall to slow down the air flow and increase the surface area that captures humidity, but with less fan power. The system�s integration into the wall reduces the size and demand on the air conditioning equipment and increases liable floor area flexibility.
Truck Essential Power Systems Efficiency Improvements for Medium-Duty Trucks
With a variety of hybrid vehicles available in the passenger car market, electric technologies and components of that scale are becoming readily available. Commercial vehicle segments have lagged behind passenger car markets, leaving opportunities for component and system development. Escalating fuel prices impact all markets and provide motivation for OEMs, suppliers, customers, and end-users to seek new techniques and technologies to deliver reduced fuel consumption. The research presented here specifically targets the medium-duty (MD), Class 4-7, truck market with technologies aimed at reducing fuel consumption. These technologies could facilitate not only idle, but also parasitic load reductions. The development efforts here build upon the success of the More Electric Truck (MET) demonstration program at Caterpillar Inc. Employing a variety of electric accessories, the MET demonstrated the improvement seen with such technologies on a Class 8 truck. The Truck Essential Power Systems Efficiency Improvements for Medium-Duty Trucks (TEPS) team scaled the concepts and successes of MET to a MD chassis. The team designed an integrated starter/generator (ISG) package and energy storage system (ESS), explored ways to replace belt and gear-driven accessory systems, and developed supervisory control algorithms to direct the usage of the generated electricity and system behavior on the vehicle. All of these systems needed to fit within the footprint of a MD vehicle and be compatible with the existing conventional systems to the largest extent possible. The overall goal of this effort was to demonstrate a reduction in fuel consumption across the drive cycle, including during idle periods, through truck electrification. Furthermore, the team sought to evaluate the benefits of charging the energy storage system during vehicle braking. The vehicle features an array of electric accessories facilitating on-demand, variable actuation. Removal of these accessories from the belt or geartrain of the engine yields efficiency improvements for the engine while freeing those accessories to perform at their individual peak efficiencies to meet instantaneous demand. The net result is a systems approach to fuel usage optimization. Unique control algorithms were specifically developed to capitalize on the flexibility afforded by the TEPS architecture. Moreover, the TEPS truck technology mixture exhibits a means to supplant current accessory power sources such as on-board or trailer-mounted gasoline-powered generators or air compressors. Such functionality further enhances the value of the electric systems beyond the fuel savings alone. To demonstrate the fuel economy improvement wrought via the TEPS components, vehicle fuel economy testing was performed on the nearly stock (baseline) truck and the TEPS truck. Table 1 illustrates the fuel economy gains produced by the TEPS truck electrification. While the fuel economy results shown in Table 1 do reflect specific test conditions, they show that electrification of accessory hardware can yield significant fuel savings. In this case, the savings equated to a 15 percent reduction in fuel consumption during controlled on-road testing. Truck electrification allows engine shutdown during idle conditions as well as independent on-demand actuation of accessory systems. In some cases, independent actuation may even include lack of operation, a feature not always present in mechanically driven components. This combination of attributes allows significant improvements in system efficiency and the fuel economy improvements demonstrated by the TEPS team.
Larry Slone; Jeffery Birkel
Thermal-Electric Conversion Efficiency of the Dish/AMTEC Solar Thermal Power System in Wind Condition
The dish/AMTEC solar thermal power system is a newly proposed solar energy utilization system that enables the direct thermal-electric conversion. The performance of the solar dish/AMTEC system in wind condition has been theoretically evaluated in addition ... Keywords: dish/AMTEC solar thermal power system, efficiency, thermal-electric conversion, wind condition
Lan Xiao; Shuang-Ying Wu; You-Rong Li
Minimizing Failures While Maintaining Efficiency of Complex Interactive Networks and Systems: EPRI/DoD Complex Interactive Networks/ Systems Initiative; First Annual Report
This is the first annual report from the EPRI/DOD Complex Interactive Networks/Systems Initiative. The report describes research progress in minimizing failures while maintaining efficiency of complex interactive networks and systems.
Efficiency Improvement through Reduction in Friction and Wear in Powertrain Systems
The objective of this project is to improve the efficiency of truck drivelines through reduction of friction and parasitic losses in transmission and drive axles. Known efficiencies for these products exceeded 97 percent, so the task was not trivial. The project relied on a working relationship between modeling and hardware testing. Modeling was to shorten the development cycle by guiding the selection of materials, processes and strategies. Bench top and fixture tests were to validate the models. Modeling was performed at a world class, high academic level, but in the end, modeling did not impact the hardware development as much as intended. Insights leading to the most significant accomplishments came from bench top and fixture tests and full scale dynamometer tests. A key development in the project was the formulation of the implementation strategy. Five technical elements with potential to minimize friction and parasitic losses were identified. These elements included churning, lubrication, surface roughness, coatings and textures. An interesting fact is that both Caterpillar and Eaton independently converged on the same set of technical elements in formulating their implementation strategies. Exploiting technical elements of the implementation strategy had a positive impact on transmission and drive axle efficiencies. During one dynamometer test of an Eaton Best Tech 1 transmission, all three gear ranges tested: Under drive, direct drive and over drive, showed efficiencies greater than 99 percent. Technology boosts to efficiency for transmissions reached 1 percent, while efficiency improvements to drive axle pushed 2 percent. These advancements seem small, but the accomplishment is large considering that these products normally run at greater than 97 percent efficiency. Barriers and risks to implementing these technology elements are clear. Schemes using a low fill sump and spray tubes endanger the gears and bearings by lubricant starvation. Gear coatings have exhibited durability issues, stripping away under conditions less demanding than 750,000 miles in service on the road. Failed coatings compound the problem by contaminating the lubricant with hard particles. Under the most severe conditions, super finished surfaces may polish further, reaching a surface roughness unable to support the critical oil film thickness. Low viscosity and low friction lubricants may not protect the gears and bearings adequately leading to excessive pitting, wear and noise. Additives in low friction oils may not stay in solution or suspended thus settling to the bottom and unavailable when they are needed most. Technical barriers and risks can be overcome through engineering, but two barriers remain formidable: (1) cost of the technology and (2) convincing fleet owners that the technology provides a tangible benefit. Dry sumps lower lubricant operating temperatures so the removal of heat exchangers and hoses and reduced demand on engine cooling systems justify their use. The benefits of surface texturing are varied and remain unproven. Lubricant costs seem manageable, but the cost of super finishing and gear coating are high. These are issues of scale and processing technology. Going across the board with gear super finishing and coating will reduce costs. Pushing the envelope to applications with higher torque and higher power density should drive the adoption of these technologies. Fleet owners are an educated and seasoned lot. Only technology measureable in dollars returned is used on truck fleets. To convince fleet owners of the benefit of these technologies, new precision in measuring fuel efficiency must be introduced. Legislation for a minimum standard in truck miles per gallon would also enable the use of these technologies. Improving the efficiency of truck transmissions and axle will make a noticeable impact on the fuel consumption by heavy vehicles in the United States. However, the greatest benefit will come when all the individual efficiency technologies like hybrid power, aerodynamic fairings, auxiliary power units, super
Michael Killian
Pilot States Program report: Home energy ratings systems and energy-efficient mortgages
This report covers the accomplishments of the home energy ratings systems/energy-efficient mortgages (HERS/EEMs) pilot states from 1993 through 1998, including such indicators as funding, ratings and EEMs achieved, active raters, and training and marketing activities. A brief description of each HERS program's evolution is included, as well as their directors' views of the programs' future prospects. Finally, an analysis is provided of successful HERS program characteristics and factors that appear to contribute to HERS program success.
Farhar, B.
The trigger system of the Pierre Auger Surface Detector: operation, efficiency and stability
The trigger system of the Surface Detector (SD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory is described, from the identification of candidate showers ($E>1$ EeV) at the level of a single station, among a huge background (mainly single muons), up to the selection of real events and the rejection of random coincidences at a higher central trigger level (including the reconstruction accuracy). Efficiency of a single station trigger is evaluated using real data , and the high performance of event selection hierarchy will be demonstrated.
D. Allard; E. Armengaud; I. Allekotte; P. Allison; J. Aublin; M. Ave; P. Bauleo; J. Beatty; T. Beau; X. Bertou; P. Billoir; C. Bonifazi; A. Chou; J. Chye; S. Dagoret-Campagne; A. Dorofeev; P. L. Ghia; M. Gomez Berisso; A. Gorgi; J. C. Hamilton; J. Harton; R. Knapik; C. Lachaud; I. Lhenry-Yvon; A. Letessier-Selvon; J. Matthews; C. Medina; R. Meyhandan; G. Navarra; D. Nitz; E. Parizot; B. Revenu; Z. Szadkowski; T. Yamamoto
An efficient all-optical switch using a lambda atom in a cavity QED system
We propose an all-optical switch constructed from a two-mode optical resonator containing a strongly coupled, three-state system. The coupling allows a weak laser drive to incoherently control the transmission of a much stronger signal laser into (and through) the resonator. We demonstrate that in this simple setup the presence of a control drive with one tenth the power of the signal drive can induce near complete reflection of the signal, while its absence allows for near complete transmission. The switch can also be operated as a set-reset relay with two control inputs that efficiently drive the switch into either the reflecting or the transmitting state
Anne E. B. Nielsen; Joseph Kerckhoff
Nielsen, Anne E B
Improving the Efficiency of Die Casting Machine Hydraulic Systems with the Retrofit of Adjustable Frequency Drives
Die casting is a common method of light metal processing which is used to produce accurately dimensioned, sharply defined metal parts. Most die casting machines in use today utilize a complex hydraulic system to perform the necessary work required for the process. The pressure and flow rate demands on the hydraulic system vary significantly throughout the cycle. Many older systems are greatly oversized so that they are able to meet the peak hydraulic demand at any point. These systems operate inefficiently because there is typically no way to limit the hydraulic capacity during periods of low demand. As a result, fluid is throttled to lower pressures and excess fluid flow is routed directly back to the system reservoir, wasting motor energy and increasing the thermal load on the cooling system. One option for improving the efficiency of older die casting machines currently in use is the retrofit of an adjustable frequency drive, or AFD. An AFD allows the speed of the pump motor to be varied, changing the pump output to suit the cycle demands. This minimizes the amount of wasted energy without affecting other process parameters. This paper will discuss the die casting process and examine the energy savings potential of retrofitting die casting machines with adjustable frequency drives.
Ambs, L.; Kosanovic, D.; Edberg, C.
Injection Timing Effects on Brake Fuel Conversion Efficiency and Engine System's Respones
Societal concerns on combustion-based fuel consumption are ever-increasing. With respect to internal combustion engines, this translates to a need to increase brake fuel conversion efficiency (BFCE). Diesel engines are a relatively efficient internal combustion engine to consider for numerous applications, but associated actions to mitigate certain exhaust emissions have generally deteriorated engine efficiency. Conventionally, diesel engine emission control has centered on in-cylinder techniques. Although these continue to hold promise, the industry trend is presently favoring the use of after-treatment devices which create new opportunities to improve the diesel engine's brake fuel conversion efficiency. This study focuses on injection timing effects on the combustion processes, engine efficiency, and the engine system's responses. The engine in the study is a medium duty diesel engine (capable of meeting US EPA Tier III off road emission standards) equipped with common rail direct fuel injection, variable geometry turbo charging, and interfaced with a custom built engine controller. The study found that injection timing greatly affected BFCE by changing the combustion phasing. BFCE would increase up to a maximum then begin to decrease as phasing became less favorable. Combustion phasing would change from being mostly mixing controlled combustion to premixed combustion as injection timing would advance allowing more time for fuel to mix during the ignition delay. Combustion phasing, in turn, would influence many other engine parameters. As injection timing is advanced, in-cylinder temperatures and pressures amplify, and intake and exhaust manifold pressures deteriorate. Rate of heat release and rate of heat transfer increase when injection timing is advanced. Turbocharger speed falls with the advancing injection timing. Torque, however, rose to a maximum then fell off again even though engine speed and fueling rate were held constant between different injection timings. Interestingly, the coefficient of heat transfer changes from a two peak curve to a smooth one peak curve as the injection timing is advanced further. The major conclusion of the study is that injection advance both positively and negatively influences the diesel engine's response which contributes to the brake fuel conversion efficiency.
McLean, James Elliott
Advanced Organic Vapor Cycles for Improving Thermal Conversion Efficiency in Renewable Energy Systems
in thermal energy conversion efficiency over present solarsolar thermal- photovoltaic co-generation scheme could have potentially very high solar-to-electric efficiency.solar-to-electric conversion efficiencies are attained and no thermal
Ho, Tony
An energy-efficient differential flip-flop for deeply pipelined systems
Abstract � Deeply pipelined systems require flip-flops with low latency and power consumption. Often, the flip-flop must supply both inverted and non-inverted signals to subsequent logic. Generating both outputs at the same time improves performance by equalizing the worst-case delays. In this paper, we present a novel differential flip-flop for deeply pipelined systems. The circuit uses cross-coupled p-transistors as pull-up devices to achieve high energy efficiency. We simulated the design in 90-nm CMOS technology to determine the delay and power consumption. We then repeated the analysis with four other differential flip-flops that produce symmetric outputs. The proposed design achieves the best power-delay product of the five alternatives. I.
Mitchell J. Myjak; Jos� G. Delgado-frias; Seon Kwang Jeon
Ultra Clean 1.1MW High Efficiency Natural Gas Engine Powered System
Dresser, Inc. (GE Energy, Waukesha gas engines) will develop, test, demonstrate, and commercialize a 1.1 Megawatt (MW) natural gas fueled combined heat and power reciprocating engine powered package. This package will feature a total efficiency > 75% and ultra low CARB permitting emissions. Our modular design will cover the 1 � 6 MW size range, and this scalable technology can be used in both smaller and larger engine powered CHP packages. To further advance one of the key advantages of reciprocating engines, the engine, generator and CHP package will be optimized for low initial and operating costs. Dresser, Inc. will leverage the knowledge gained in the DOE - ARES program. Dresser, Inc. will work with commercial, regulatory, and government entities to help break down barriers to wider deployment of CHP. The outcome of this project will be a commercially successful 1.1 MW CHP package with high electrical and total efficiency that will significantly reduce emissions compared to the current central power plant paradigm. Principal objectives by phases for Budget Period 1 include: � Phase 1 � market study to determine optimum system performance, target first cost, lifecycle cost, and creation of a detailed product specification. � Phase 2 � Refinement of the Waukesha CHP system design concepts, identification of critical characteristics, initial evaluation of technical solutions, and risk mitigation plans. Background
Zurlo, James; Lueck, Steve
Similarity and generalized analysis of efficiencies of thermal energy storage systems
This paper examined the features of three typical thermal storage systems including: (1) direct storage of heat transfer fluid in containers, (2) storage of thermal energy in a packed bed of solid filler material, with energy being carried in/out by a flowing heat transfer fluid which directly contacts the packed bed, and (3) a system in which heat transfer fluid flows through tubes that are imbedded into a thermal storage material which may be solid, liquid, or a mixture of the two. The similarity of the three types of thermal storage systems was discussed, and generalized energy storage governing equations were introduced in both dimensional and dimensionless forms. The temperatures of the heat transfer fluid during energy charge and discharge processes and the overall energy storage efficiencies were studied through solution of the energy storage governing equations. Finally, provided in the paper are a series of generalized charts bearing curves for energy storage effectiveness against four dimensionless parameters grouped up from many of the thermal storage system properties including dimensions, fluid and thermal storage material properties, as well as the operational conditions including mass flow rate of the fluid, and the ratio of energy charge and discharge time periods. Engineers can conveniently look up the charts to design and calibrate the size of thermal storage tanks and operational conditions without doing complicated individual modeling and computations. It is expected that the charts will serve as standard tools for thermal storage system design and calibration.
Peiwen Li; Jon Van Lew; Cholik Chan; Wafaa Karaki; Jake Stephens; J. E. O'Brien
Improve Motor System Efficiency with MotorMaster+, Software Tools for Industry, Industrial Technologies Program (ITP) (Fact Sheet)
This fact sheet describes how the Industrial Technologies Program MotorMaster+ software tool aids industrial plants with finding energy-efficient motor replacement options and managing motor systems.
Energy-efficient mortgages and home energy rating systems: A report on the nation`s progress
This report summarizes progress throughout the nation in establishing voluntary programs linking home energy rating systems (HERS) and energy-efficient mortgages (EEMs). These programs use methods for rating the energy efficiency of new and existing homes and predicting energy cost savings so lenders can factor in energy cost savings when underwriting mortgages. The programs also encourage lenders to finance cost-effective energy-efficiency improvements to existing homes with low-interest mortgages or other instruments. The money saved on utility bills over the long term can more than offset the cost of such energy-efficiency improvements. The National Collaborative on HERS and EEMs recommended that this report be prepared.
Farhar, B.C.; Eckert, J.
Rimac: A novel redundancybased hierarchical cache architecture for energy efficient, high performance storage systems
Energy efficiency becomes increasingly important in today�s high-performance storage systems. It can be challenging to save energy and improve performance at the same time in conventional (i.e. single-rotation-rate) disk-based storage systems. Most existing solutions compromise performance for energy conservation. In this paper, we propose a redundancy-based, two-level I/O cache architecture called RIMAC to address this problem. The idea of RIMAC is to enable data on the standby disk to be recovered by accessing data in the two-level I/O cache or on currently active/idle disks. At both cache and disk levels, RIMAC dynamically transforms accesses toward standby disks by exploiting parity redundancy in parity-based redundant disk arrays. Because I/O requests that require physical accesses on standby disks involve long waiting time and high power consumption for disk spin-up (tens of seconds for SCSI disks), transforming those requests to accesses in a two-level, collaborative I/O cache or on active disks can significantly improve both energy efficiency and performance. In RIMAC, we developed i) two power-aware read request transformation schemes called Transformable Read in Cache (TRC) and Transformable Read on Disk (TRD), ii) a poweraware write request transformation policy for parity update and (iii) a second-chance parity cache replacement algorithm to improve request transformation rate. We evaluated RI-MAC by augmenting a validated storage system simulator, disksim. For several real-life server traces including HP�s cello99, TPC-D and SPC�s search engine, RIMAC is shown to reduce energy consumption by up to 33 % and simultaneously improve the average response time by up to 30%. 1.
Xiaoyu Yao; Jun Wang
This report will present hand calculations for transport efficiency based on aspiration efficiency and particle deposition losses. Because the hand calculations become long and tedious, especially for lognormal distributions of aerosols, an R script (R 2011) will be provided for each element examined. Calculations are provided for the most common elements in a remote air sampling system, including a thin-walled probe in ambient air, straight tubing, bends and a sample housing. One popular alternative approach would be to put such calculations in a spreadsheet, a thorough version of which is shared by Paul Baron via the Aerocalc spreadsheet (Baron 2012). To provide greater transparency and to avoid common spreadsheet vulnerabilities to errors (Burns 2012), this report uses R. The particle size is based on the concept of activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD). The AMAD is a particle size in an aerosol where fifty percent of the activity in the aerosol is associated with particles of aerodynamic diameter greater than the AMAD. This concept allows for the simplification of transport efficiency calculations where all particles are treated as spheres with the density of water (1 g?cm-3). In reality, particle densities depend on the actual material involved. Particle geometries can be very complicated. Dynamic shape factors are provided by Hinds (Hinds 1999). Some example factors are: 1.00 for a sphere, 1.08 for a cube, 1.68 for a long cylinder (10 times as long as it is wide), 1.05 to 1.11 for bituminous coal, 1.57 for sand and 1.88 for talc. Revision 1 is made to correct an error in the original version of this report. The particle distributions are based on activity weighting of particles rather than based on the number of particles of each size. Therefore, the mass correction made in the original version is removed from the text and the calculations. Results affected by the change are updated.
Hogue, M.; Hadlock, D.; Thompson, M.; Farfan, E.
Energy-Efficient Power Control in Multipath CDMA Channels via Large System Analysis
This paper is focused on the design and analysis of power control procedures for the uplink of multipath code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) channels based on the large system analysis (LSA). Using the tools of LSA, a new decentralized power control algorithm aimed at energy efficiency maximization and requiring very little prior information on the interference background is proposed; moreover, it is also shown that LSA can be used to predict with good accuracy the performance and operational conditions of a large network operating at the equilibrium over a multipath channel, i.e. the power, signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and utility profiles across users, wherein the utility is defined as the number of bits reliably delivered to the receiver for each energy-unit used for transmission. Additionally, an LSA-based performance comparison among linear receivers is carried out in terms of achieved energy efficiency at the equilibrium. Finally, the problem of the choice of the utility-maximizing tr...
Buzzi, Stefano; Poor, H Vincent
Advanced Electric Systems and Aerodynamics for Efficiency Improvements in Heavy Duty Trucks
The Advanced Electric Systems and Aerodynamics for Efficiency Improvements in Heavy Duty Trucks program (DE-FC26-04NT42189), commonly referred to as the AES program, focused on areas that will primarily benefit fuel economy and improve heat rejection while driving over the road. The AES program objectives were to: (1) Analyze, design, build, and test a cooling system that provided a minimum of 10 percent greater heat rejection in the same frontal area with no increase in parasitic fan load. (2) Realize fuel savings with advanced power management and acceleration assist by utilizing an integrated starter/generator (ISG) and energy storage devices. (3) Quantify the effect of aerodynamic drag due to the frontal shape mandated by the area required for the cooling system. The program effort consisted of modeling and designing components for optimum fuel efficiency, completing fabrication of necessary components, integrating these components into the chassis test bed, completing controls programming, and performance testing the system both on a chassis dynamometer and on the road. Emission control measures for heavy-duty engines have resulted in increased engine heat loads, thus introducing added parasitic engine cooling loads. Truck electrification, in the form of thermal management, offers technological solutions to mitigate or even neutralize the effects of this trend. Thermal control offers opportunities to avoid increases in cooling system frontal area and forestall reduced fuel economy brought about by additional aerodynamic vehicle drag. This project explored such thermal concepts by installing a 2007 engine that is compliant with current regulations and bears additional heat rejection associated with meeting these regulations. This newer engine replaced the 2002 engine from a previous project that generated less heat rejection. Advanced power management, utilizing a continuously optimized and controlled power flow between electric components, can offer additional fuel economy benefits to the heavy-duty trucking industry. Control software for power management brings added value to the power distribution and energy storage architecture on board a truck with electric accessories and an ISG. The research team has built upon a previous truck electrification project, formally, 'Parasitic Energy Loss Reduction and Enabling Technologies for Class 7/8 Trucks', DE-FC04-2000AL6701, where the fundamental concept of electrically-driven accessories replacing belt/gear-driven accessories was demonstrated on a Kenworth T2000 truck chassis. The electrical accessories, shown in Figure 1, were controlled to provide 'flow on demand' variable-speed operation and reduced parasitic engine loads for increased fuel economy. These accessories also provided solutions for main engine idle reduction in long haul trucks. The components and systems of the current project have been integrated into the same Kenworth T2000 truck platform. Reducing parasitic engine loading by decoupling accessory loads from the engine and driving them electrically has been a central concept of this project. Belt or gear-driven engine accessories, such as water pump, air conditioning compressor, or air compressor, are necessarily tied to the engine speed dictated by the current vehicle operating conditions. These conventional accessory pumps are sized to provide adequate flow or pressure at low idle or peak torque speeds, resulting in excess flow or pressure at cruising or rated speeds. The excess flow is diverted through a pressure-minimizing device such as a relief valve thereby expending energy to drive unnecessary and inefficient pump operation. This inefficiency causes an increased parasitic load to the engine, which leads to a loss of usable output power and decreased fuel economy. Controlling variable-speed electric motors to provide only the required flow or pressure of a particular accessory system can yield significant increases in fuel economy for a commercial vehicle. Motor loads at relatively high power levels (1-5 kW, or higher) can be efficiently provided
Larry Slone; Jeffrey Birkel
Current Building Energy Codes: Using the Process to Advance Energy Efficient Systems
12 12 NREL / Build America Stakeholders Meeting Presented by David Karmol, VP, Federal & External Affairs The purpose of this presentation is to provide information on ICC model codes that impact the design and construction of buildings, and tactics to allow Building America advances to be incorporated into the model code and/or recognized by building code officials The expected outcome is an ability to expand the reach of Build America innovations, by using available resources to mainstream new energy efficiency systems into building practices nationwide 2 3 Will apply to traditional commercial and high-performance buildings. Consistent and coordinated with the ICC family of Codes & Standards. Applicable to the construction of
Catalytic reactive separation system for energy-efficient production of cumene
The present invention relates to an atmospheric pressure, reactive separation column packed with a solid acid zeolite catalyst for producing cumene from the reaction of benzene with propylene. Use of this un-pressurized column, where simultaneous reaction and partial separation occur during cumene production, allow separation of un-reacted, excess benzene from other products as they form. This high-yielding, energy-efficient system allows for one-step processing of cumene, with reduced need for product purification. Reacting propylene and benzene in the presence of beta zeolite catalysts generated a selectivity greater than 85% for catalytic separation reactions at a reaction temperature of 115 degrees C and at ambient pressure. Simultaneously, up to 76% of un-reacted benzene was separated from the product; which could be recycled back to the reactor for re-use.
Buelna, Genoveva (Nuevo Laredo, MX); Nenoff, Tina M. (Albuquerque, NM)
Tandem filters using frequency selective surfaces for enhanced conversion efficiency in a thermophotovoltaic energy conversion system
This invention relates to the field of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) direct energy conversion. In particular, TPV systems use filters to minimize parasitic absorption of below bandgap energy. This invention constitutes a novel combination of front surface filters to increase TPV conversion efficiency by reflecting useless below bandgap energy while transmitting a very high percentage of the useful above bandgap energy. In particular, a frequency selective surface is used in combination with an interference filter. The frequency selective surface provides high transmission of above bandgap energy and high reflection of long wavelength below bandgap energy. The interference filter maintains high transmission of above bandgap energy and provides high reflection of short wavelength below bandgap energy and a sharp transition from high transmission to high reflection.
Dziendziel, Randolph J. (Middle Grove, NY); DePoy, David Moore (Clifton Park, NY); Baldasaro, Paul Francis (Clifton Park, NY)
Dziendziel, Randolph J. (Middle Grove, NY); Baldasaro, Paul F. (Clifton Park, NY); DePoy, David M. (Clifton Park, NY)
Fan System Effects: How Fan Ductwork Design Impacts Overall System Efficiency and What the Approach Should be for Optimization
"In order to establish the aerodynamic performance characteristics of a custom fan or even a line of fans, the accepted practice of the industry is to carry out testing on a scale model in a laboratory to develop its fan performance curve. Then by applying affinity laws in conjunction with very specific rules that address scaling issues, the performance characteristics of geometrically similar fans can be predicted. These affinity laws (frequently referred to as fan laws) also allow the performance of fans operating at different speeds or handling gases at different density values to be accurately predicted. However, it is often found that even fans with well defined and pedigreed performance curves are unable to meet their performance expectations once they are installed on the systems for which they have been sold. This is primarily due to the adverse aerodynamic impact of the inlet or outlet connections on the performance capacity of the fan and thus on the overall system efficiency. The general term for design conditions at inlets or outlets of fans that cause deficient aerodynamic performance is �system effects�. The characteristics of fan system effects are that they reduce fan capacity and are both velocity and geometry dependent. On the inlet side of a fan, this generally characterizes itself by a flow pattern that is highly non?uniform. On the discharge side, the high and low velocity flow streams leaving the fan may simply be prevented from redeveloping a uniform flow profile and normal static pressure conversion before encountering a disturbance. The term can also apply to system elements such as silencers, elbows and transitions. For these components, the actual pressure drop across them may be significantly higher than their calculated or rated values if the velocity profile of the entering flow is skewed or non?uniform. For either case (fan connection or system component), the result is that additional power will be required to address the flow rate required by the system. In many instances, system designers are simply unfamiliar with the importance of understanding system effects as it pertains to new fan selections and the attendant power requirements. At a minimum, a reasonable approach for new fan projects should be to establish the theoretical system effect of connection designs by using a recognized document such as Air Movement and Control Association Publication 201. The objective should be to first minimize their impact through appropriate connection design modifications in conjunction with potential fan inlet and outlet re?orientation. Once the system effects are minimized, the residual value should be applied to the fan performance specification in order to ensure that the fan is selected for the required aerodynamic capacity. For system components, an approach that has proved to be of significant value is to predict the flow pattern using computation fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling tools and in this process, the design can be tweaked until the designer finds the overall pressure drops of a system are minimized to the greatest practical extent. Similarly, CFD can be used to predict the flow profile at a fan inlet to ensure that it is as uniform as practically possible. This paper reviews the concept of system effects from the perspective of fan power requirements and provides a methodology for approaching system design from the perspective of optimizing fan energy use while achieving the required system capacity."
Martin, V.
Evaluating Interventions in the U.S. Electricity System: Assessments of Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy,
of Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, and Small-Scale Cogeneration from electricity generation. Renewable energy, energy efficiency, and energy, where performance is measured relative to three objectives: energy production
information to users and designers to make informed decisions such as selecting more energy efficient models; Market
Efficient model-based leak detection in boiler steam-water systems Xi Sun, Tongwen Chen *, Horacio J. Marquez
Efficient model-based leak detection in boiler steam-water systems Xi Sun, Tongwen Chen *, Horacio detection in boiler steam-water systems. The algorithm has been tested using real industrial data from Syncrude Canada, and has proven to be effective in detection of boiler tube or steam leaks; proper
Marquez, Horacio J.
Steam systems in industry: Energy use and energy efficiency improvement potentials
Steam systems are a part of almost every major industrial process today. Thirty-seven percent of the fossil fuel burned in US industry is burned to produce steam. In this paper we will establish baseline energy consumption for steam systems. Based on a detailed analysis of boiler energy use we estimate current energy use in boilers in U.S. industry at 6.1 Quads (6.4 EJ), emitting almost 66 MtC in CO{sub 2} emissions. We will discuss fuels used and boiler size distribution. We also describe potential savings measures, and estimate the economic energy savings potential in U.S. industry (i.e. having payback period of 3 years or less). We estimate the nationwide economic potential, based on the evaluation of 16 individual measures in steam generation and distribution. The analysis excludes the efficient use of steam and increased heat recovery. Based on the analysis we estimate the economic potential at 18-20% of total boiler energy use, resulting in energy savings approximately 1120-1190 TBtu ( 1180-1260 PJ). This results in a reduction of CO{sub 2} emissions equivalent to 12-13 MtC.
Einstein, Dan; Worrell, Ernst; Khrushch, Marta
Demonstration of a Highly Efficient Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power System Using Adiabatic Steam Reforming and Anode Gas Recirculation
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are currently being developed for a wide variety of applications because of their high efficiency at multiple power levels. Applications for SOFCs encompass a large range of power levels including 1-2 kW residential combined heat and power applications, 100-250 kW sized systems for distributed generation and grid extension, and MW-scale power plants utilizing coal. This paper reports on the development of a highly efficient, small-scale SOFC power system operating on methane. The system uses adiabatic steam reforming of methane and anode gas recirculation to achieve high net electrical efficiency. The anode exit gas is recirculated and all of the heat and water required for the endothermic reforming reaction are provided by the anode gas emerging from the SOFC stack. Although the single-pass fuel utilization is only about 55%, because of the anode gas recirculation the overall fuel utilization is up to 93%. The demonstrated system achieved gross power output of 1650 to 2150 watts with a maximum net LHV efficiency of 56.7% at 1720 watts. Overall system efficiency could be further improved to over 60% with use of properly sized blowers.
Powell, Michael R.; Meinhardt, Kerry D.; Sprenkle, Vincent L.; Chick, Lawrence A.; Mcvay, Gary L.
Study of Energy and Demand Savings on a High Efficiency Hydraulic Pump System with Infinite Turn Down Technology (ITDT)
Detailed field measurement and verification of electrical energy (kWh) and demand (kW) savings is conducted on an injection molding machine used in typical plastic manufacturing facility retrofitted with a high efficiency hydraulic pump system. Significant energy usage and demand savings are verified for the retrofitted injection molding machine. The savings are realized by electronically attenuating the torque of a positive displacement pump irrespective of the volumetric flow required by the cycle. With help of a power analyzer, power quality issues are addressed. Some voltage distortion was observed due to the harmonic currents introduced by the control algorithm of the high efficiency hydraulic system. A comparative study of electrical energy and demand savings between an injection molding machine retrofitted with the high efficiency hydraulic pump system or variable frequency drive will also be presented.
Sfeir, R. A.; Kanungo, A.; Liou, S.
A study of lead-acid battery efficiency near top-of-charge and the impact on PV system design
Knowledge of the charge efficiency of lead-acid batteries near top-of-charge is important to the design of small photovoltaic systems. In order to know how much energy is required from the photovoltaic array in order to accomplish the task of meeting load, including periodic full battery charge, a detailed knowledge of the battery charging efficiency as a function of state of charge is required, particularly in the high state-of-charge regime, as photovoltaic systems are typically designed to operate in the upper 20 to 30% of battery state-of-charge. This paper presents the results of a process for determining battery charging efficiency near top-of-charge and discusses the impact of these findings on the design of small PV systems.
Stevens, J.W.; Corey, G.P.
Efficient electric motor systems for industry. Report on roundtable discussions of market problems and ways to overcome them
Improving the efficiency of electric motor systems is one of the best energy-saving opportunities for the United States. The Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Industrial Technologies estimates that by the year 2010 in the industrial sector, the opportunities for savings from improved efficiency in electric motor systems could be roughly as follows: 240 billion kilowatthours per year. $13 billion per year from US industry`s energy bill. Up to 50,000 megawatts in new powerplant capacity avoided. Up to 44 million metric tons of carbon-equivalent emissions mitigated per year, corresponding to 3 percent of present US emissions. Recognizing the benefits of this significant opportunity for energy savings, DOE has targeted improvements in the efficiency of electric motor systems as a key initiative in the effort to promote flexibility and efficiency in the way electricity is produced and used. Efficient electric motor systems will help the United States reach its national goals for energy savings and greenhouse gas emission reductions.
Efficient energy transfer in light-harvesting systems, III: The influence of the eighth bacteriochlorophyll on the dynamics and efficiency in FMO
The most recent crystal structure of the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) protein complex indicates that each subunit contains an additional eighth chromophore. It has been proposed that this extra site functions as a link between the chlorosome antenna complex and the remaining seven chromophores in FMO [Schmidt am Busch et al, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., {\\bf 2}, 93 (2011)]. Here, we investigate the implications of this scenario through numerical calculations with the generalized Bloch-Redfield (GBR) equation and the non-interacting blip approximation (NIBA). Three key insights into the population dynamics and energy transfer efficiency in FMO are provided. First, it is shown that the oscillations that are often observed in the population relaxation of the dimer composed of sites one and two may be completely suppressed in the eight site model. The presence of the coherent oscillations is shown to depend upon the particular initial preparation of the dimer state. Secondly it is demonstrated that while the presence of the eighth chromophore does not cause a dramatic change in the energy transfer efficiency, it does however lead to a dominant energy transfer pathway which can be characterized by an effective three site system arranged in an equally spaced downhill configuration. Such a configuration leads to an optimal value of the site energy of the eighth chromophore which is shown to be near to its suggested value. Finally we confirm that the energy transfer process in the eight site FMO complex remains efficient and robust. The optimal values of the bath parameters are computed and shown to be closer to the experimentally fitted values than those calculated previously for the seven site system.
Jeremy Moix; Jianlan Wu; Pengfei Huo; David Coker; Jianshu Cao
energy conversion systems ..on thermal energy conversion systems As energy demandsefficient energy conversion in power systems," in Thermal
Generic Mechanism of Optimal Energy Transfer Efficiency: A Scaling Theory of the Mean First Passage Time in Exciton Systems
An asymptotic scaling theory is presented using the conceptual basis of trapping-free subspace (i.e., orthogonal subspace) to establish the generic mechanism of optimal efficiency of excitation energy transfer (EET) in light-harvesting systems. Analogous to Kramers' turnover in classical rate theory, the enhanced efficiency in the weak damping limit and the suppressed efficiency in the strong damping limit define two asymptotic scaling regimes, which are interpolated to predict the functional form of optimal efficiency of the trapping-free subspace. In the presence of static disorder, the scaling law of transfer time with respect to dephasing rate changes from linear to square root, suggesting a weaker dependence on the environment. Though formulated in the context of EET, the analysis and conclusions apply in general to open quantum processes, including electron transfer, fluorescence emission, and heat conduction.
Wu, Jianlan; Silbey, Robert J
Fuel Flexible Combustion Systems for High-Efficiency Utilization of Opportunity Fuels in Gas Turbines
The purpose of this program was to develop low-emissions, efficient fuel-flexible combustion technology which enables operation of a given gas turbine on a wider range of opportunity fuels that lie outside of current natural gas-centered fuel specifications. The program encompasses a selection of important, representative fuels of opportunity for gas turbines with widely varying fundamental properties of combustion. The research program covers conceptual and detailed combustor design, fabrication, and testing of retrofitable and/or novel fuel-flexible gas turbine combustor hardware, specifically advanced fuel nozzle technology, at full-scale gas turbine combustor conditions. This project was performed over the period of October 2008 through September 2011 under Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-08NT05868 for the U.S. Department of Energy/National Energy Technology Laboratory (USDOE/NETL) entitled "Fuel Flexible Combustion Systems for High-Efficiency Utilization of Opportunity Fuels in Gas Turbines". The overall objective of this program was met with great success. GE was able to successfully demonstrate the operability of two fuel-flexible combustion nozzles over a wide range of opportunity fuels at heavy-duty gas turbine conditions while meeting emissions goals. The GE MS6000B ("6B") gas turbine engine was chosen as the target platform for new fuel-flexible premixer development. Comprehensive conceptual design and analysis of new fuel-flexible premixing nozzles were undertaken. Gas turbine cycle models and detailed flow network models of the combustor provide the premixer conditions (temperature, pressure, pressure drops, velocities, and air flow splits) and illustrate the impact of widely varying fuel flow rates on the combustor. Detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms were employed to compare some fundamental combustion characteristics of the target fuels, including flame speeds and lean blow-out behavior. Perfectly premixed combustion experiments were conducted to provide experimental combustion data of our target fuels at gas turbine conditions. Based on an initial assessment of premixer design requirements and challenges, the most promising sub-scale premixer concepts were evaluated both experimentally and computationally. After comprehensive screening tests, two best performing concepts were scaled up for further development. High pressure single nozzle tests were performed with the scaled premixer concepts at target gas turbine conditions with opportunity fuels. Single-digit NOx emissions were demonstrated for syngas fuels. Plasma-assisted pilot technology was demonstrated to enhance ignition capability and provide additional flame stability margin to a standard premixing fuel nozzle. However, the impact of plasma on NOx emissions was observed to be unacceptable given the goals of this program and difficult to avoid.
Venkatesan, Krishna
Reducing Barriers To The Use of High-Efficiency Lighting Systems
With funding from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the Lighting Research Center (LRC) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute completed the four-year research project, Reducing Barriers to the Use of High-Efficiency Lighting Systems. The initial objectives were: (1) identifying barriers to widespread penetration of lighting controls in commercial/industrial (C/I) applications that employ fluorescent lamp technologies, and (2) making recommendations to overcome these barriers. The addition of a fourth year expanded the original project objectives to include an examination of the impact on fluorescent lamps from dimming utilizing different lamp electrode heating and dimming ratios. The scope of the project was narrowed to identify barriers to the penetration of lighting controls into commercial-industrial (C/I) applications that employ fluorescent lamp technologies, and to recommend means for overcoming these barriers. Working with lighting manufacturers, specifiers, and installers, the project identified technological and marketing barriers to the widespread use of lighting controls, specifically automatic-off controls, occupancy sensors, photosensors, dimming systems, communication protocols and load-shedding ballasts. The primary barriers identified include cost effectiveness of lighting controls to the building owner, lack of standard communication protocols to allow different part of the control system to communicate effectively, and installation and commissioning issues. Overcoming the identified barriers requires lighting control products on the market to achieve three main goals: (1) Achieve sufficient functionality to meet the key requirements of their main market. (2) Allow significant cost reduction compared to current market standard systems. Cost should consider: hardware capital cost including wiring, design time required by the specifier and the control system manufacturer, installation time required by the electrician, and commissioning time and remedial time required by the electrician and end user. (3) Minimize ongoing perceived overhead costs and inconvenience to the end user, or in other words, systems should be simple to understand and use. In addition, we believe that no lighting controls solution is effective or acceptable unless it contributes to, or does not compromise, the following goals: (1) Productivity--Planning, installation, commissioning, maintenance, and use of controls should not decrease business productivity; (2) Energy savings--Lighting controls should save significant amounts of energy and money in relation to the expense involved in using them (acceptable payback period); and/or (3) Reduced power demand--Society as a whole should benefit from the lowered demand for expensive power and for more natural resources. Discussions of technology barriers and developments are insufficient by themselves to achieve higher penetration of lighting controls in the market place. Technology transfer efforts must play a key role in gaining market acceptance. The LRC developed a technology transfer model to better understand what actions are required and by whom to move any technology toward full market acceptance.
Peter Morante
Efficient energy transfer in light-harvesting systems, I: optimal temperature, reorganization energy, and spatial-temporal correlations
Understanding the mechanisms of efficient and robust energy transfer in light-harvesting systems provides new insights for the optimal design of artificial systems. In this paper, we use the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) protein complex and phycocyanin 645 (PC 645) to explore the general dependence on physical parameters that help maximize the efficiency and maintain its stability. With the Haken-Strobl model, the maximal energy transfer efficiency (ETE) is achieved under an intermediate optimal value of dephasing rate. Guided by the insight, we use the generalized Bloch-Redfield (GBR) equation approach to correctly describe dissipative exciton dynamics and find that maximal ETE can be achieved under various physical conditions, including temperature, reorganization energy, and spatial-temporal correlations in noise. We also identify regimes of reorganization energy where the ETE changes monotonically with temperature or spatial correlation and therefore cannot be optimized with respect to these two variables.
Wu, Jianlan; Shen, Young; Cao, Jianshu; Silbey, Robert J
Techno-Economic Feasibility of Highly Efficient Cost-Effective Thermoelectric-SOFC Hybrid Power Generation Systems
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems have the potential to generate exhaust gas streams of high temperature, ranging from 400 to 800 C. These high temperature gas streams can be used for additional power generation with bottoming cycle technologies to achieve higher system power efficiency. One of the potential candidate bottoming cycles is power generation by means of thermoelectric (TE) devices, which have the inherent advantages of low noise, low maintenance and long life. This study was to analyze the feasibility of combining coal gas based SOFC and TE through system performance and cost techno-economic modeling in the context of multi-MW power plants, with 200 kW SOFC-TE module as building blocks. System and component concepts were generated for combining SOFC and TE covering electro-thermo-chemical system integration, power conditioning system (PCS) and component designs. SOFC cost and performance models previously developed at United Technologies Research Center were modified and used in overall system analysis. The TE model was validated and provided by BSST. The optimum system in terms of energy conversion efficiency was found to be a pressurized SOFC-TE, with system efficiency of 65.3% and cost of $390/kW of manufacturing cost. The pressurization ratio was approximately 4 and the assumed ZT of the TE was 2.5. System and component specifications were generated based on the modeling study. The major technology and cost barriers for maturing the system include pressurized SOFC stack using coal gas, the high temperature recycle blowers, and system control design. Finally, a 4-step development roadmap is proposed for future technology development, the first step being a 1 kW proof-of-concept demonstration unit.
Jifeng Zhang; Jean Yamanis
Creating systems that effectively convert energy, such as efficient solar cells and electrochemical batteries, has been a
SEMTE abstract Creating systems that effectively convert energy, such as efficient solar cells stimuli, the solar energy from sunlight, and the mechanical motion is commonplace, indeed fundamental and electrochemical batteries, has been a longstanding scientific pursuit, especially given the global energy
Reisslein, Martin
HiPPIS: an online P2P system for efficient lookups on d-dimensional hierarchies
In this paper we describe HiPPIS, a system that enables efficient storage and on-line querying of multidimensional data organized into concept hierarchies and dispersed over a network. Our scheme utilizes an adaptive algorithm that automatically ... Keywords: concept hierarchies, data warehousing, distributed hash table
Katerina Doka; Dimitrios Tsoumakos; Nectarios Koziris
Threshold jumping and wrap-around scan techniques toward efficient tag identification in high density RFID systems
With the emergence of wireless RFID technologies, the problem of Anti-Collision has been arousing attention and instigated researchers to propose different heuristic algorithms for advancing RFID systems operated in more efficient manner. However, there ... Keywords: Query tree, Tag anti-collision, Threshold jumping, Wrap-around scan
Ching-Hsien Hsu; Han-Chieh Chao; Jong Hyuk Park
Systems Analyses of Advanced Brayton Cycles For High Efficiency Zero Emission Plants
Table 1 shows that the systems efficiency, coal (HHV) to power, is 35%. Table 2 summarizes the auxiliary power consumption within the plant. Thermoflex was used to simulate the power block and Aspen Plus the balance of plant. The overall block flow diagram is presented in Figure A1.3-1 and the key unit process flow diagrams are shown in subsequent figures. Stream data are given in Table A1.3-1. Equipment function specifications are provided in Tables A1.3-2 through 17. The overall plant scheme consists of a cryogenic air separation unit supplying 95% purity O{sub 2} to GE type high pressure (HP) total quench gasifiers. The raw gas after scrubbing is treated in a sour shift unit to react the CO with H{sub 2}O to form H{sub 2} and CO{sub 2}. The gas is further treated to remove Hg in a sulfided activated carbon bed. The syngas is desulfurized and decarbonized in a Selexol acid gas removal unit and the decarbonized syngas after humidification and preheat is fired in GE 7H type steam cooled gas turbines. Intermediate pressure (IP) N{sub 2} from the ASU is also supplied to the combustors of the gas turbines as additional diluent for NOx control. A portion of the air required by the ASU is extracted from the gas turbines. The plant consists of the following major process units: (1) Air Separation Unit (ASU); (2) Gasification Unit; (3) CO Shift/Low Temperature Gas Cooling (LTGC) Unit; (4) Acid Gas Removal Unit (AGR) Unit; (5) Fuel Gas Humidification Unit; (6) Carbon Dioxide Compression/Dehydration Unit; (7) Claus Sulfur Recovery/Tail Gas Treating Unit (SRU/TGTU); and (8) Power Block.
A. D. Rao; J. Francuz; H. Liao; A. Verma; G. S. Samuelsen
Study of the design Method of an Efficient Ground Source Heat Pump Thermal Source System in a Cold Area
The ground source heat pump (GSHP) system-an energy efficiency and environment friendly system-is becoming popular in many parts of China. However, an imbalance usually exists between the annual heat extracted from and rejected to the ground due to the different heating and cooling load of a building, which will consistently deteriorate the heat pump efficiency leading even to the breakdown of the heat pump. This paper brings forward a design method of adding supplemental heat rejection equipment, a cooling tower, in the system to solve the problem in a cold area. Taking an office building in Beijing as an example, the authors simulate the GSHP system with two different connection methods between the cooling tower and vertical buried-pipe heat exchangers (in series and in parallel) using TRNSYS simulation software, and put forward several design schemes that can ensure the whole system continually operates with high efficiency. This also makes it possible to perform a more detailed economic optimization of the GSHP-based system in the future.
Shu, H.; Duanmu, L.; Hua, R.; Zou, Y.; Du, G.
Financial analysis of energy-efficient fa�ade systems for application in commercial office developments
Advocates for sustainable development have been campaigning for the implementation of green features in developments. New and high-technology energy-efficient technologies, such as photovoltaic cells and double skin fac?ades, ...
Dee, Rocelyn Sy, 1976-
A systems engineering methodology for fuel efficiency and its application to a tactical wheeled vehicle demonstrator
The U.S. Department of Defense faces growing fuel demand, resulting in increasing costs and compromised operational capability. In response to this issue, the Fuel Efficient Ground Vehicle Demonstrator (FED) program was ...
Luskin, Paul (Paul L.)
ASE/CAGI Meeting about Compressors and Compressed Air System Efficiency
On April 25, 2013, several representatives of energy efficiency advocacy organizations met with staff and members of the Compressed Air and Gas Institute (CAGI) along with some compressed air...
Ecological and Economical efficient Heating and Cooling by innovative Gas Motor Heat Pump Systems and Solutions
options ·Universal application as an Air-Air System (VRF), Air-Water System or combined as a Mixed System application options · Option 1: Air-Air System (VRF) #12;· Option 2: Air-Air System (HVAC System) Gas Heat
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Development and Demonstration of a New Generation High Efficiency 10kW Stationary Fuel Cell System
The overall project objective is to develop and demonstrate a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell combined heat and power (PEMFC CHP) system that provides the foundation for commercial, mass produced units which achieve over 40% electrical efficiency (fuel to electric conversion) from 50-100% load, greater than 70% overall efficiency (fuel to electric energy + usable waste heat energy conversion), have the potential to achieve 40,000 hours durability on all major process components, and can be produced in high volumes at under $400/kW (revised to $750/kW per 2011 DOE estimates) capital cost.
Howell, Thomas Russell
Integrated system for control and monitoring in real time of efficient electrical and thermal energy production
The integrated monitoring and driving system is made of main distributed components: - first level:_one or two computers placed in the control room which monitors the thermal and electrical processes based on the datas provided by the second level via ... Keywords: cogenerative gas power plant, control of distributed parameter systems, distribution management system, electric power systems, optimization, process control, real time systems, simulation
Ion Miciu; Florin Hartescu
Phase II Final Project Report SBIR Project: "A High Efficiency PV to Hydrogen Energy System"
The innovative research conducted for this project contributed greatly to the understanding of generating low-cost hydrogen from solar energy. The project�s research identified two highly leveraging and complementary pathways. The first pathway is to dramatically increase the efficiency of converting sunlight into electricity. Improving solar electric conversion efficiency directly increases hydrogen production. This project produced a world record efficiency for silicon solar cells and contributed to another world record efficiency for a solar concentrator module using multijunction solar cells. The project�s literature review identified a second pathway in which wasted heat from the solar concentration process augments the electrolysis process generating hydrogen. One way to do this is to use a �heat mirror� that reflects the heat-producing infrared and transmits the visible spectrum to the solar cells; this also increases solar cell conversion efficiency. An economic analysis of this concept confirms that, if long-term concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) and solid-oxide electrolyzer cost goals can be achieved, hydrogen will be produced from solar energy cheaper than the cost of gasoline. The potential public benefits from this project are significant. The project has identified a potential energy source for the nation�s future electricity and transportation needs that is entirely �home grown� and carbon free. As CPV enter the nation�s utility markets, the opportunity for this approach to be successful is greatly increased. Amonix strongly recommends further exploration of this project�s findings.
Slade, A; Turner, J; Stone, K; McConnell, R
reclamation and solar thermal energy," Energy [accepted]. [and M Dennis, "Solar thermal energy systems in Australia,"and M Dennis, "Solar thermal energy systems in Australia,"
You need this done by when '': Increasing your efficiency with the SAS reg sign system
The SAS Institute publication -- SAS Programming Tips: A Guide to Efficient SAS Processing defines efficiency as obtaining more results from fewer computer or human resources.'' While this publication contains many very useful tips, it seems to concentrate mostly on computer efficiency. This paper will focus on ways of increasing your efficiency in developing, writing, and debugging SAS programs, i.e. increasing human efficiency. In my job as a consulting statistician, my programs are usually one-run programs. That is, I develop and test a program, then I run them once to get the results I need, and the program is typically never used again. Even for multiple run jobs, the greatest expense by far is the time used to develop a program, and any CPU/hardware expense'' is relatively insignificant. I believe that this is true for most SAS system users and that not enough attention has been given to this aspect of cost''. While most of these tips and techniques were developed under the PC platform, nearly all are applicable and useful under all SAS supported platforms. Some of the tips the experienced SAS programmer may already be familiar with, but many should be new and useful to both novice and veteran users.
How Does Your Data Center Measure Up? Energy Efficiency Metrics and Benchmarks for Data Center Infrastructure Systems
Data centers are among the most energy intensive types of facilities, and they are growing dramatically in terms of size and intensity [EPA 2007]. As a result, in the last few years there has been increasing interest from stakeholders - ranging from data center managers to policy makers - to improve the energy efficiency of data centers, and there are several industry and government organizations that have developed tools, guidelines, and training programs. There are many opportunities to reduce energy use in data centers and benchmarking studies reveal a wide range of efficiency practices. Data center operators may not be aware of how efficient their facility may be relative to their peers, even for the same levels of service. Benchmarking is an effective way to compare one facility to another, and also to track the performance of a given facility over time. Toward that end, this article presents the key metrics that facility managers can use to assess, track, and manage the efficiency of the infrastructure systems in data centers, and thereby identify potential efficiency actions. Most of the benchmarking data presented in this article are drawn from the data center benchmarking database at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The database was developed from studies commissioned by the California Energy Commission, Pacific Gas and Electric Co., the U.S. Department of Energy and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority.
Mathew, Paul; Greenberg, Steve; Ganguly, Srirupa; Sartor, Dale; Tschudi, William
Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing
The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is arguably the most complex system installed in a house and is a substantial component of the total house energy use. A right-sized HVAC system will provide the desired occupant comfort and will run efficiently. This Strategy Guideline discusses the information needed to initially select the equipment for a properly designed HVAC system. Right-sizing of an HVAC system involves the selection of equipment and the design of the air distribution system to meet the accurate predicted heating and cooling loads of the house. Right-sizing the HVAC system begins with an accurate understanding of the heating and cooling loads on a space; however, a full HVAC design involves more than just the load estimate calculation - the load calculation is the first step of the iterative HVAC design procedure. This guide describes the equipment selection of a split system air conditioner and furnace for an example house in Chicago, IL as well as a heat pump system for an example house in Orlando, Florida. The required heating and cooling load information for the two example houses was developed in the Department of Energy Building America Strategy Guideline: Accurate Heating and Cooling Load Calculations.
Burdick, A.
Investigating potential light-duty efficiency improvements through simulation of turbo-compounding and waste-heat recovery systems
Modern diesel engines used in light-duty transportation applications have peak brake thermal efficiencies in the range of 40-42% for high-load operation with substantially lower efficiencies at realistic road-load conditions. Thermodynamic energy and exergy analysis reveals that the largest losses from these engines are due to combustion irreversibility and heat loss to the coolant, through the exhaust, and by direct convection and radiation to the environment. Substantial improvement in overall engine efficiency requires reducing or recovering these losses. Unfortunately, much of the heat transfer either occurs at relatively low temperatures resulting in large entropy generation (such as in the air-charge cooler), is transferred to low-exergy flow streams (such as the oil and engine coolant), or is radiated or convected directly to the environment. While there are significant opportunities for recovery from the exhaust and EGR cooler for heavy-duty applications, achieving similar benefits for light-duty applications is complicated by transient, low-load operation at typical driving conditions and competition with the turbocharger and aftertreatment system for the limited thermal resources. We have developed an organic Rankine cycle model using GT-Suite to investigate the potential for efficiency improvement through waste-heat recovery from the exhaust and EGR cooler of a light-duty diesel engine. The model is used to examine the effects of efficiency-improvement strategies such as cylinder deactivation, use of advanced materials and improved insulation to limit ambient heat loss, and turbo-compounding on the steady-state performance of the ORC system and the availability of thermal energy for downstream aftertreatment systems. Results from transient drive-cycle simulations are also presented, and we discuss strategies to address operational difficulties associated with transient drive cycles and balancing the thermal requirements of waste-heat recovery, turbocharging or turbo-compounding, and exhaust aftertreatment.
Edwards, Kevin Dean [ORNL; Wagner, Robert M [ORNL; Briggs, Thomas E [ORNL
Best Practices for Energy Efficient Cleanrooms: Control of Chilled Water System
for cleanrooms and their adjacent spaces. Chillers 39% Cooling Towers 7% Pumps 17% MUAH + RCU Fans 9% Hot Water;chilled water pumps, secondary loop chilled water pumps, condenser water pumps, and cooling towers for water-cooled chillers. While nominal energy efficiency ratings of individual component influence
Using information systems to improve energy efficiency: Do smart meters make a difference?
The large-scale generation of electricity is a major contributor to increasing levels of greenhouse gas emissions, putting pressure on the industry to reduce its environmental impacts. Electricity utility companies are looking to two strategies to help ... Keywords: Demand-side management, Energy efficiency, Energy informatics, Green IS, Information processing, Information waste, Smart grid, Sustainability
Jacqueline Corbett
A national program for energy-efficient mortgages and home energy rating systems: A blueprint for action
This Review Draft reports findings and recommendations of the National Collaborative on Home Energy Rating Systems and Mortgage Incentives for Energy Efficiency. The US Department of Energy, in cooperation with the US Department of Housing and Urban Development, formed this National Collaborative as a National Energy Strategy initiative. Participating in the Collaborative were representatives of the primary and secondary mortgage markets, builder and remodeler organizations, real estate and appraiser associations, the home energy rating system industry, utility associations, consumer and public interest groups, state and local government interest groups, and environmental organizations. The Collaborative's purpose was to develop a voluntary national program encouraging energy efficiency in homes through mortgage incentives linked to home energy ratings.
A national program for energy-efficient mortgages and home energy rating systems: A blueprint for action. Review draft
This Review Draft reports findings and recommendations of the National Collaborative on Home Energy Rating Systems and Mortgage Incentives for Energy Efficiency. The US Department of Energy, in cooperation with the US Department of Housing and Urban Development, formed this National Collaborative as a National Energy Strategy initiative. Participating in the Collaborative were representatives of the primary and secondary mortgage markets, builder and remodeler organizations, real estate and appraiser associations, the home energy rating system industry, utility associations, consumer and public interest groups, state and local government interest groups, and environmental organizations. The Collaborative`s purpose was to develop a voluntary national program encouraging energy efficiency in homes through mortgage incentives linked to home energy ratings.
Performance Evaluation of Hot Water Efficiency Plumbing System Using Thermal Valve
In Korea two popular water distribution systems�the branch type and the separate type systems�have serious drawbacks. The branch type suffers from temperature instability while the separate type suffers from excessive piping. Neither of them re-circulates water. The system proposed in this paper utilizes a water-conserving piping system with a thermostat valve. This paper compares the proposed system with that of the separate type. Our findings show that the proposed system wastes less water. After re-circulating for 78-87 seconds, water is available at set point temperature (40�C). Also, when multiple water taps are in use, the average temperature deviation is less than 0.6�C. Moreover, the proposed system has 50% less flow rate than the separate type system.
Cha, K. S.; Park, M. S.; Seo, H. Y.
Efficiencies of adiabatic transfer in a multistate system R. M. Godun, C. L. Webb, M. K. Oberthaler, G. S. Summy, and K. Burnett
of the efficiency of adiabatic transfer between the Zeeman substates of the cesium ground level, using the D1 F 44- erally been confined to systems where atoms are trans- ferred between two Zeeman ground states for adiabatic transfer efficiency in a multistate system, the cesium ground level F 4. A sys- tem with a higher
Summy, Gil
Intelligent e-learning systems for evaluation of user's knowledge and skills with efficient information processing
This paper presents a new concept of an e-learning system with intelligent two-way speech communication between the system and its users. Computational intelligence methods allow for analysis, evaluation and assessment of user's knowledge and skills ... Keywords: artificial intelligence, cybernetics, e-learning system, mobile technology, speech interface, user-computer interaction
Wojciech Kacalak; Maciej Majewski; Jacek M. Zurada
Lean NOx adsorber systems are one of the primary candidate technologies for the control of NOx from diesel engines to meet the 2007-2010 US emissions regulations, which require a 90% reduction of NOx from the 2004 regulations. Several of the technical challenges facing this technology are regeneration at low exhaust temperatures and the efficient use of diesel fuel to minimize fuel penalty. A diesel processor system has been developed and tested in a single leg NOx adsorber configuration on a diesel engine test stand. During NOx adsorber regeneration, this fuel processor system performs reduces the exhaust O2 level to zero and efficiently processes the diesel fuel to H2 and CO. Combined with a Nox adsorber catalyst, this system has demonstrated NOx reduction above 90%, regeneration of the NOx adsorber H2/CO pulses as short as 1 second and fuel penalties in the 3 to 4% range at 50% load. This fuel processor system can also be used to provide the desulfation cycle required with sulfur containing fuels as well as providing thermal management for PM filter regeneration.
Betta, R; Cizeron, J; Sheridan, D; Davis, T
Quality assurance assessment of new efficient lighting systems for naval ships. Final report. Revision
Ballasts and lamps, which have been selected to replace existing lamp/ballast systems based on improved performance, were tested to determine if they meet standard Naval MIL specifications. Fifty ballasts manufactured by Advance Transformer Corporation and Universal Manufacturing Corporation and 100 lamps manufactured by GTE were tested to determine their quality assurance and durability. These components met all of the MIL specifications that lamp/ballast systems in use must meet. These new systems have an improved system efficacy, 62 lumens per watt, and lower third harmonics, which will reduce the need for generating capacity for lighting on ships. An addendum to the original study describes the assessment of the performance of the advanced ballast system with a new F-17 fluorescent lamp. The results indicate the system performs reliably and shows increased efficacy. This new lamp/ballast system reduces the harmonic content to within Navy limits, and improves the power factor, resulting in a 50% reduction in line current.
Verderber, R.R.; Morse, O.; Dumm, C.
Dynamic Rightsizing with Quality-Controlled Algorithms in Virtualization Environments
Virtualization and partitioning are the means by which multiple application instances can share and run multiple virtual machines supported by a platform. In a Green Cloud environment, the goal is to consolidate multiple applications onto virtual machines ... Keywords: Cloud Computing, Energy-Saving, Green Cloud, Queuing, Theory Virtual Machine
Ming-Jeng Yang; Chin-Lin Kuo; Yao-Ming Yeh
Measure it, See it, Manage it: Using Real Time Data to Benchmark,Optimize, and Sustain System Energy Efficiency
Even after years of training and awareness building at thestate and national level, industrial cross-cutting systems (motor-driven,steam, process heating) continue to offer significant opportunities forenergy savings. The US Department of Energy estimates these remainingsavings at more than 7 percent of all industrial energy use. This paperpresents a different approach to promoting industrial system energyefficiency -- providing plant personnel with ready access to data uponwhich to base energy management decisions.In 2005, a Del Monte Foodsfruit processing plant in Modesto, California worked with LawrenceBerkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)to specify and purchase permanentinstrumentation for monitoring their compressed air system. This work,completed as part of a demonstration project under a State TechnologiesAdvancement Collaborative (STAC) grant, was designed to demonstrate theeffectiveness of enterprise energy management (EEM), which is predicatedon the assumption that the energy efficiency of existing, cross-cuttingindustrial systems (motor-driven, steam) can be improved by providingmanagement and operating personnel with real-time data on energy use. Theinitial STAC grant provided for the installation and some initialanalyses, but did not address the larger issue of integrating these newdata into an ongoing energy management program for the compressed airsystem.The California Energy Commission (CEC) decided to support furtheranalysis to identify potential for air system optimization. Through theCEC's Energy in Agriculture Program, a compressed air system audit wasperformed by Tom Taranto to: Measure and document the system's baselineand CASE Index of present operation; Establish methods to sustain anongoing CASE Index measure of performance; Use AIRMaster+ to analyzesupply side performance as compared to the CASE Index; Identify demandside opportunities for efficiency and performance improvement; Assesssupply / demand balance and energy reduction opportunities; Evaluate thepresent air compressor control strategy and potential improvement, andCollect data to benchmark parameters for compressed air systems atsimilar facilities.This paper addresses the benefits and limitations ofboth continuous and targeted measurement in benchmarking, optimizing, andsustaining an efficient compressed air system. Included are methods usedin applying both of these measurements to a complex industrial system.Further, this paper will describe the results of these additionalanalyses and the plant response to them.
is crucial to achieving sustainable energy efficiency in anoperation and sustainable energy efficiency. Targetednecessary to achieve sustainable energy savings. A
Understanding the mechanisms of efficient and robust energy transfer in light-harvesting systems provides new insights for the optimal design of artificial systems. In this paper, we use the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) protein complex and phycocyanin 645 (PC 645) to explore the general dependence on physical parameters that help maximize the efficiency and maintain its stability. With the Haken-Strobl model, the maximal energy transfer efficiency (ETE) is achieved under an intermediate optimal value of dephasing rate. To avoid the infinite temperature assumption in the Haken-Strobl model and the failure of the Redfield equation in predicting the Forster rate behavior, we use the generalized Bloch-Redfield (GBR) equation approach to correctly describe dissipative exciton dynamics and find that maximal ETE can be achieved under various physical conditions, including temperature, reorganization energy, and spatial-temporal correlations in noise. We also identify regimes of reorganization energy where the ETE changes monotonically with temperature or spatial correlation and therefore cannot be optimized with respect to these two variables.
Jianlan Wu; Fan Liu; Young Shen; Jianshu Cao; Robert J. Silbey
Continuous flow microwave heating : evaluation of system efficiency and enzyme inactivation kinetics.
??A continuous flow microwave heating system was set up by using one domestic microwave oven (1000W nominal output at 2450MHz). Water was run through the� (more)
Lin, Man Guang, 1966-
??An energy modeling software was used to analyze the current building configuration and simulations were performed in an attempt to redesign the current HVAC system� (more)
Hagene, Brian Matthew
Field Measurements of Efficiency and Duct Effectiveness in Residential Forced Air Distributions Systems
sealing and insulating the duct system. ABSTRACT Forced airair conditioning, gas furnaces, electric furnaces and heat pumps. The retrofits consisted of sealing
Jump, D.A.
large tanks of hot molten salt are stored in containments soreceiver and the liquid molten salt coolant being heated;system; for example, high molten salt temperatures increases
REACTING SYSTEMS ON THE GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT H. Li ? L.The current generation of graphics processing units (GPU) issystems on the low cost graphics processing unit (GPU)
Li, Hong; Petzold, Linda
Tools to Boost Steam System Efficiency, Software Tools for Industry, Industrial Technologies Program (ITP) (Fact Sheet)
This fact sheet describes how the Industrial Technologies Program steam software tools can help industrial plants identify steam system improvements to save energy and money.
Evaluation of Thermal Efficiency and Energy Conservation of an Extraction / Condensing Cogeneration System.
??The extraction-condensing cogeneration system is a popular technology for heat and power integration which can be used by petrochemical process. To compare with back pressure� (more)
Ko, Yi-tsung
Quality assurance assessment of new efficient lighting systems for Naval ships. Final report
Ballasts and lamps, which have been selected to replace existing lamp/ballast systems based on improved performance, were tested to determine if they meet standard Naval MIL specifications. Fifty ballasts manufactured by Advance Transformer Corporation and Universal Manufacturing Corp., and 100 lamps manufactured by GTE were tested to determine their quality assurance and durability. These components met all of the MIL specifications that lamp/ballast systems in use must meet. In addition, these new systems have an improved system efficacy, 62 lumens per watt, and lower third harmonics, which will reduce the need for generating capacity for lighting on ships.
Verderber, R.
The ultimate goal of this program is to identify the power block cycle conditions and/or configurations which could increase the overall thermal efficiency of the Baseline IGCC by about 8% on a relative basis (i.e., 8% on a heat rate basis). This document presents the cycle conditions and/or the configurations for evaluation in an initial screening analysis. These cycle conditions and/or configurations for investigation in the screening analysis are identified by literature searches and brain storming sessions. The screening analysis in turn narrows down the number of promising cases for detailed analysis.
A. D. Rao; J. Francuz; A. Verma; G. S. Samuelsen
The Human Side of Efficiency: The Value of Training in Plant Systems Optimization
Is the best way to improve industrial plant energy efficiency through a technical overhaul or management structure? The answer is that neither is effective without the other. Unfortunately, many operators concentrate their energies on technical improvements, ignoring the tremendous savings that can arise through low-risk, low-tech solutions such as training for proper maintenance and operation. This paper outlines the issues managers face in implementing an effective training program, the benefits that result from training, and further explains key areas where training is especially effective in reducing energy waste and increasing plant profitability.
Madan, R.
Energy Efficiency | Open Energy Information
Efficiency Jump to: navigation, search Energy Efficiency refers to products or systems using less energy to do the same or better job than conventional products or systems. Energy...
Efficient reasoning
Many tasks require �reasoning��i.e., deriving conclusions from a corpus of explicitly stored information�to solve their range of problems. An ideal reasoning system would produce all-and-only the correct answers ... Keywords: efficiency trade-offs, soundness/completeness/expressibility
Russell Greiner; Christian Darken; N. Iwan Santoso
Context and profile based cascade classifier for efficient people detection and safety care system
This study propose a system of extracting and tracking objects for a multimedia system and addresses how to extract the head feature from an object area. It is observed in images taken from real-time records like a video, there is always a variance in ... Keywords: Context-awareness, Feature selection, Human detection, Tracking
Kang-Dae Lee; Mi Young Nam; Kyung-Yong Chung; Young-Ho Lee; Un-Gu Kang
Evolutionary and adaptive strategies for efficient search across whole system engineering design hierarchies
Evolutionary and Adaptive strategies (ES & AS) for diverse multilevel search across a preliminary, whole-system design hierarchy defined by discrete and continuous variable parameters are described. Such strategies provide high-level decision support ... Keywords: Adaptive Search, Design Hierarchies, Genetic Algorithms, Whole System Design
I. C. Parmee
The Australian domain name registration system : a more efficient system for the promotion of liberalisation, consumer protection and growth.
??This thesis is about the Australian domain name system and, in particular, the principles governing the registration of domain names in the '.au' country code� (more)
Ng, Jenny Swee Gaik
Cogeneration and beyond: The need and opportunity for high efficiency, renewable community energy systems
The justification, strategies, and technology options for implementing advanced district heating and cooling systems in the United States are presented. The need for such systems is discussed in terms of global warming, ozone depletion, and the need for a sustainable energy policy. Strategies for implementation are presented in the context of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act and proposed new institutional arrangements. Technology opportunities are highlighted in the areas of advanced block-scale cogeneration, CFC-free chiller technologies, and renewable sources of heating and cooling that are particularly applicable to district systems.
Gleason, T.C.J.
Towards a Secure and Efficient System for End-to-End Provenance
Work on the End-to-End Provenance System (EEPS) began in the late summer of 2009. The EEPS effort seeks to explore the three central questions in provenance systems: (1) �Where and how do I design secure hostlevel provenance collecting instruments (called provenance monitors)?�; (2) �How do I extend completeness and accuracy guarantees to distributed systems and computations?�; and (3) �What are the costs associated with provenance collection? � This position paper discusses our initial exploration into these issues and posits several challenges to the realization of the EEPS vision.
Patrick Mcdaniel; Kevin Butler; Steve Mclaughlin; Radu Sion; Erez Zadok; Marianne Winslett
Enhancing Efficiency and Robustness of a Photovoltaic Power System under Partial Shading
construct a HEES system with high-power- capacity EES arrays (supercapacitor arrays) together with by the supercapacitor arrays. A PV module exhibits highly non-linear current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and mandates
Fundamental performance limits and efficient polices for Transportation-On-Demand systems
Transportation-On-Demand (TOD) systems, where users generate requests for transportation from a pick-up point to a delivery point, are already very popular and are expected to increase in usage dramatically as the inconvenience ...
Pavone, Marco
First-principles transition-metal catalysis : efficient and accurate approaches for studying enzymatic systems
(cont.) We apply our approach to several paradigmatic systems: spin state splittings and structural properties of Fe2 and other small molecules as well as the addition-elimination reactions of hydrogen and methane on FeO+ ...
Kulik, Heather J
Energy-Efficient Delay-Constrained Transmission and Sensing for Cognitive Radio Systems
In this work we study energy-efficient transmission for Cognitive Radio (CR) which opportunistically operates on Primary User's (PU's) channel through spectrum sensing. Spectrum sensing and compulsory idling (for incumbent protection) introduce energy-overheads for Secondary User's (SU's) operations, and thus an appropriate balance between energy consumption in data transmission and energy-overheads is required. We formulate this problem as a discrete-time Markov Decision Process (MDP) in which the SU aims at minimizing its average cost (including both energy consumption and delay cost) to finish a target traffic payload through an appropriate rate allocation. Based on Certainty Equivalent Control, we propose a low-complexity rate-adaptation policy that achieves comparable performance as the optimal policy. With the low-complexity policy, we quantify the impact of energy-overheads (including the power consumption for spectrum sensing and compulsory idling) on the SU transmission strategy. Specifically, the SU...
Wu, Yuan; Tsang, Danny H K; Qian, Liping
Advanced Building Efficiency Testbed Initiative/Intelligent Workplace Energy Supply System; ABETI/IWESS
ABETI/IWESS is a project carried out by Carnegie Mellon's Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, the CBPD, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy/EERE, to design, procure, install, operate, and evaluate an energy supply system, an ESS, that will provide power, cooling, heating and ventilation for CBPD's Intelligent Workplace, the IW. The energy sources for this system, the IWESS, are solar radiation and bioDiesel fuel. The components of this overall system are: (1) a solar driven cooling and heating system for the IW comprising solar receivers, an absorption chiller, heat recovery exchanger, and circulation pump; (2) a bioDiesel fueled engine generator with heat recovery exchangers, one on the exhaust to provide steam and the other on the engine coolant to provide heated water; (3) a ventilation system including an enthalpy recovery wheel, an air based heat pump, an active desiccant wheel, and an air circulation fan; and (4) various convective and radiant cooling/heating units and ventilation air diffusers distributed throughout the IW. The goal of the ABETI/IWESS project is to demonstrate an energy supply system for a building space that will provide a healthy, comfortable environment for the occupants and that will reduce the quantity of energy consumed in the operation of a building space by a factor of 2 less than that of a conventional energy supply for power, cooling, heating, and ventilation based on utility power and natural gas fuel for heating.
David Archer; Frederik Betz; Yun Gu; Rong Li; Flore Marion; Sophie Masson; Ming Qu; Viraj Srivastava; Hongxi Yin; Chaoqin Zhai; Rui Zhang; Elisabeth Aslanian; Berangere Lartigue
Chapter 4, Small Commercial and Residential Unitary and Split System HVAC Cooling Equipment-Efficiency Upgrade Evaluation Protocol: The Uniform Methods Project: Methods for Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures
4: Small Commercial 4: Small Commercial and Residential Unitary and Split System HVAC Cooling Equipment-Efficiency Upgrade Evaluation Protocol David Jacobson, Jacobson Energy Research Subcontract Report NREL/SR-7A30-53827 April 2013 The Uniform Methods Project: Methods for Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures 4 - 1 Chapter 4 - Table of Contents 1 Measure Description .............................................................................................................. 2 2 Application Conditions of Protocol ....................................................................................... 3 2.1 Programs with Enhanced Measures ................................................................................. 5 3 Savings Calculations .............................................................................................................. 6
Event Indexing Systems for Efficient Selection and Analysis of HERA Data
The design and implementation of two software systems introduced to improve the eciency of oine analysis of event data taken with the ZEUS Detector at the HERA electron-proton collider at DESY are presented. Two dierent approaches were made, one using a set of event directories and the other using a tag database based on a commercial object-oriented database management system. These are described and compared. Both systems provide quick direct access to individual collision events in a sequential data store of several terabytes, and they both considerably improve the event analysis eciency. In particular the tag database provides a very exible selection mechanism and can dramatically reduce the computing time needed to extract small subsamples from the total event sample. Gains as large as a factor 20 have been obtained. now at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, USA y on leave at Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, USA z now at NIKHEF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1
L. A. T. Bauerdick; Adrian Fox-murphy; Tobias Haas; Stefan Stonjek; Enrico Tassi
Field Testing of Energy-Efficient Flood-Damage-Resistant Residential Envelope Systems Summary Report
The primary purpose of the project was to identify materials and methods that will make the envelope of a house flood damage resistant. Flood damage resistant materials and systems are intended to be used to repair houses subsequent to flooding. This project was also intended to develop methods of restoring the envelopes of houses that have been flooded but are repairable and may be subject to future flooding. Then if the house floods again, damage will not be as extensive as in previous flood events and restoration costs and efforts will be minimized. The purpose of the first pair of field tests was to establish a baseline for typical current residential construction practice. The first test modules used materials and systems that were commonly found in residential envelopes throughout the U.S. The purpose of the second pair of field tests was to begin evaluating potential residential envelope materials and systems that were projected to be more flood-damage resistant and restorable than the conventional materials and systems tested in the first pair of tests. The purpose of testing the third slab-on-grade module was to attempt to dry flood proof the module (no floodwater within the structure). If the module could be sealed well enough to prevent water from entering, then this would be an effective method of making the interior materials and systems flood damage resistant. The third crawl space module was tested in the same manner as the previous modules and provided an opportunity to do flood tests of additional residential materials and systems. Another purpose of the project was to develop the methodology to collect representative, measured, reproducible (i.e. scientific) data on how various residential materials and systems respond to flooding conditions so that future recommendations for repairing flood damaged houses could be based on scientific data. An additional benefit of collecting this data is that it will be used in the development of a standard test procedure which could lead to the certification of building materials and systems as flood damage resistant.
Aglan, H.
Direct electrochemical conversion of carbon: systems for efficient conversion of fossil fuels to electricity
The direct electrochemical conversion of carbon involves discharge of suspensions of reactive carbon particles in a molten salt electrolyte against an oxygen (air) cathode. (Figure 1). The free energy and the enthalpy of the oxidation reaction are nearly identical. This allows theoretical efficiencies ({Delta}G(T)/{Delta}H) to approach 100% at temperatures from 500 to 800 C. Entropy heat losses are therefore negligible. The activities of the elemental carbon and of the carbon dioxide product are uniform throughout the fuel cell and constant over discharge time. This stabilizes cell EMF and allows full utilization of the carbon fuel in a single pass. Finally, the energy cost for pyrolysis of hydrocarbons is generally very low compared with that of steam reforming or water gas reactions. Direct electrochemical conversion of carbon might be compared with molten carbonate fuel cell using carbon rather than hydrogen. However, there are important differences. There is no hydrogen involved (except from trace water contamination). The mixture of molten carbonate and carbon is not highly flammable. The carbon is introduced in as a particulate, rather than as a high volume flow of hydrogen. At the relatively low rates of discharge (about 1 kA/m{sup 2}), the stoichiometric requirements for carbon dioxide by the cathodic reaction may be met by diffusion across the thin electrolyte gap. We report recent experimental work at LLNL using melt slurries of reactive carbons produced by the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons. We have found that anodic reactivity of carbon in mixed carbonate melts depends strongly on form, structure and nano-scale disorder of the materials, which are fixed by the hydrocarbon starting material and the conditions of pyrolysis. Thus otherwise chemically pure carbons made by hydrocarbon pyrolysis show rates at fixed potentials that span an order of magnitude, while this range lies 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the current density of graphite plate electrodes. One carbon materials was identified which delivered anode current densities of 1 kA/m{sup 2} at 0.8 V (i.e., 80% efficiency, based on the standard enthalpy of carbon/oxygen reaction, and assuming full conversion), which we believe to be sufficiently great to allow practical application in fuel cell arrays. Since the hydrocarbon starting materials are ''ash free,'' entrainment of ash into the melt is not limiting. Finally, the use of fine carbon particulates in slurries avoids cost and logistics of carbon electrode manufacture and distribution.
Cooper, J F; Cherepy, N; Krueger, R
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 1 EPPA: An Efficient and Privacy-Preserving
to smart grid operation center, data aggregation is performed directly on ciphertext at local gateways be matched by the power supply and transmission capacity in the electric power grid. While swift advances electricity distribution. Modernizing the aging power system is currently a strategic plan in many countries
Shen, Xuemin "Sherman"
North American Electricity Infrastructure: System Security, Quality, Reliability, Availability, and Efficiency
1 North American Electricity Infrastructure: System Security, Quality, Reliability, Availability for reliable and disturbance-free electricity. The massive power outages in the United States, Canada, UK and Italy in 2003 underscored electricity infrastructure's vulnerabilities [1-11]. This vital yet complex
Amin, S. Massoud
High efficiency vapor-fed AMTEC system for direct conversion. Appendices for final report
This report consists of four appendices for the final report. They are: Appendix A: 700 C Vapor-Fed AMTEC Cell Calculations; Appendix B: 700 C Vapor-Fed AMTEC Cell Parts Drawings; Appendix C: 800 C Vapor-Fed AMTEC Cell Calculations; and Appendix D: 800 C Wick-Pumped AMTEC Cell System Design.
office build- ings [9]. This type of system is often used since it is able to heat and cool areas while - Merced {verickson,mcarreira-perpinan,email@example.com ABSTRACT Heating, cooling and ventilation uncomfortable [13]. If not properly calibrated, these sensors can also be inaccurate [13]. Electrical loads have
Carreira-Perpiñán, Miguel Á.
An enhanced dynamic voltage scaling scheme for energy-efficient embedded real-time control systems
Real-Time Dynamic Voltage Scaling (RT-DVS) has been one of the most important techniques for energy savings in battery-powered embedded systems. However, pure RT-DVS approaches rarely take into account the actual performance requirements of the target ...
Feng Xia; Youxian Sun
Flexible on-chip power delivery for energy efficient heterogeneous systems
Heterogeneous systems-on-chip pose a challenge for power delivery given the variety of needs for different components. In this paper, we describe recent work that leverages power switches and conventional EDA toolflows to implement a set of power delivery ... Keywords: PDVS, dynamic voltage scaling, leakage, low power design, variable weighted headers
Benton H. Calhoun, Kyle Craig
Improving schedulability and energy efficiency for real-time systems with (m,k)-guarantee
In this paper, we explore improving the schedulability and energy performance for real-time systems with (m, k)-constraints, which require that at least m out of any k consecutive jobs of a task meet their deadlines. The preliminary ...
Linwei Niu, Kuai Xu
Simulation and analysis of high efficiency absorption systems for solar cooling
A flexible modular computer code was developed for simulation of absorption systems. The code is capable to investigate, on a comparable basis, various cycles configurations with a variety of working fluids. In Phase 1 of the program, two open cycle absorption systems for solar energy were successfully simulated. Modifications which were applied to the code in Phase 2, allowed the analysis of systems with volatile absorbents, as used in advanced, high COP, absorption systems such as the GAX cycle. Ammonia-water database was developed into equation form and introduced to the code. That eliminated discontinuities in evaluating differentials used in the solver. Properties calculated with these equations fit well the tabulated data. This and other modifications allowed to model absorption cycles using ammonia-water. Single effect cycles converged in most ranges. Direct analysis of the code to advanced cycles, such as GAX, still encountered some convergence problems. It was, however, possible to analyze the GAX cycle in groups. The results show that high COP's are obtainable and are compatible with those reached by LBL. The properties of two additional pairs, that were developed in BG Univ., are reported. 27 refs., 13 figs., 13 tabs.
Shavit, A.; Haim, I. (Technion-Israel Inst. of Tech., Haifa (Israel). Faculty of Mechanical Engineering); Borde, I.; Jelinek, M. (Ben-Gurion Univ. of the Negev, Beersheba (Israel). Applied Research Inst.)
A Hamiltonian approach to compute an energy efficient trajectory for a servomotor system
This paper considers a nonlinear constrained optimal control problem (NCOCP) originated from energy optimal trajectory planning of servomotor systems. Solving the exact optimal solution is challenging because of the nonlinear and switching cost function, ... Keywords: Constraints, Optimal trajectory, Servomotors, Switching functions
Yebin Wang, Koichiro Ueda, Scott A. Bortoff
Small Hydropower Systems: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC) Fact Sheet
you're considering building a small you're considering building a small hydropower system on water flowing through your property, you have a long tradition from which to draw your inspi- ration. Two thousand years ago, the Greeks learned to harness the power of running water to turn the massive wheels that rotated the shafts of their wheat flour grinders. And in the hydropower heyday of the 18th century, thousands of towns and cities worldwide were located around small hydropower sites. Today, small hydropower projects offer emissions-free power solutions for many remote communities throughout the world-such as those in Nepal, India, China, and Peru-as well as for highly industrialized countries, like the United States. This fact sheet will help you determine whether a small hydropower system will
Power-Efficient Data Management for a Wireless Structural Monitoring System
A low-cost wireless sensing unit for installation in structural monitoring systems is proposed. To eliminate the high cost of installing cables widely used in conventional systems, each wireless sensing unit includes wireless radios for reliable communication of response measurements. With wireless radios consuming large amounts of power, battery preservation can be achieved by limiting the use of the wireless channel. This study explores two approaches to reducing the power demands of the wireless sensing unit. First, embedded engineering analyses are carried out by the sensing unit�s computational core to avoid transmission of long time-history records. Various engineering algorithms are encoded and executed using structural response data to illustrate the power saved in local data interrogation. Second, lossless data compression using Huffman coding is employed to reduce the size of data packets wirelessly transmitted.
J. P. Lynch; A. Sundararajan; K. H. Law; A. S. Kiremidjian; E. Carryer
Supersonic Technology for CO2 Capture: A High Efficiency Inertial CO2 Extraction System
IMPACCT Project: Researchers at ATK and ACENT Laboratories are developing a device that relies on aerospace wind-tunnel technologies to turn CO2 into a condensed solid for collection and capture. ATK�s design incorporates a special nozzle that converges and diverges to expand flue gas, thereby cooling it off and turning the CO2 into solid particles which are removed from the system by a cyclonic separator. This technology is mechanically simple, contains no moving parts and generates no chemical waste, making it inexpensive to construct and operate, readily scalable, and easily integrated into existing facilities. The increase in the cost to coal-fired power plants associated with introduction of this system would be 50% less than current technologies.
Energy efficiency lighting on board naval ships: Phase 2 (The T-8 lamp system)
This report describes the development and performance of the T-8 fluorescent lamp-ballast system. Similar to the Phase I effort, the cooperation of the lamp and ballast companies (GTE, North American Philips Lighting, and IOTA Engineering) were required for the successful result. The above companies submitted prototype lamps and ballasts to the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Lighting Group to evaluate. The lamp designs were modified as required and the optimum system selected. Two-lamp designs and one ballast were chosen and tested to determine if they met the Navy specifications. The second section describes the lamp-ballast specifications. This section includes the measured thermal performance from an ambient of 10/degree/C to 60/degree/C. 1 ref., 8 figs., 11 tabs.
Verderber, R.R.
Efficiency calculations for the direct energy conversion system of the Cadarache neutral beam injectors
A prototype energy conversion system is presently in operation at Cadarache, France. Such a device is planned for installation on each six neutral beam injectors for use in the Tore Supra experiment in 1989. We present calculations of beam performance that may influence design considerations. The calculations are performed with the DART charged particle beam code. We investigate the effects of cold plasma, direct energy conversion and neutral beam production. 4 refs., 6 figs., 4 tabs.
White, R.C.
Energy-efficiency and storage flexibility in the blue file system
A fundamental vision driving pervasive computing research is access to personal and shared data anywhere at anytime. In many ways, this vision is close to being realized. Wireless networks such as 802.11 offer connectivity to small, mobile devices. Portable storage, such as mobile disks and USB keychains, let users carry several gigabytes of data in their pockets. Yet, at least three substantial barriers to pervasive data access remain. First, power-hungry network and storage devices tax the limited battery capacity of mobile computers. Second, the danger of viewing stale data or making inconsistent updates grows as objects are replicated across more computers and portable storage devices. Third, mobile data access performance can suffer due to variable storage access times caused by dynamic power management, mobility, and use of heterogeneous storage devices. To overcome these barriers, we have built a new distributed file system called BlueFS. Compared to the Coda file system, BlueFS reduces file system energy usage by up to 55% and provides up to 3 times faster access to data replicated on portable storage. 1
Edmund B. Nightingale; Jason Flinn
HybridStore: A Cost-Efficient, High-Performance Storage System Combining SSDs and HDDs
Unlike the use of DRAM for caching or buffering, certain idiosyncrasies of NAND Flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs) make their integration into existing systems non-trivial. Flash memory suffers from limits on its reliability, is an order of magnitude more expensive than the magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs), and can sometimes be as slow as the HDD (due to excessive garbage collection (GC) induced by high intensity of random writes). Given these trade-offs between HDDs and SSDs in terms of cost, performance, and lifetime, the current consensus among several storage experts is to view SSDs not as a replacement for HDD but rather as a complementary device within the high-performance storage hierarchy. We design and evaluate such a hybrid system called HybridStore to provide: (a) HybridPlan: improved capacity planning technique to administrators with the overall goal of operating within cost-budgets and (b) HybridDyn: improved performance/lifetime guarantees during episodes of deviations from expected workloads through two novel mechanisms: write-regulation and fragmentation busting. As an illustrative example of HybridStore s ef cacy, HybridPlan is able to nd the most cost-effective storage con guration for a large scale workload of Microsoft Research and suggest one MLC SSD with ten 7.2K RPM HDDs instead of fourteen 7.2K RPM HDDs only. HybridDyn is able to reduce the average response time for an enterprise scale random-write dominant workload by about 71% as compared to a HDD-based system.
Kim, Youngjae [ORNL; Gupta, Aayush [Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; Urgaonkar, Bhuvan [Pennsylvania State University; Piotr, Berman [Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; Sivasubramaniam, Anand [Pennsylvania State University
Novel High Efficiency Photovoltaic Devices Based on the III-N Material System: Final Technical Report, 7 December 2005 - 29 August 2008
The research shows that InGaN material system can be used to realize high-efficiency solar cells, making contributions to growth, modeling, understanding of loss mechanisms, and process optimization.
Hornsberg, C.; Doolittle, W. A.; Ferguson, I.
Control Scheme Modifications Increase Efficiency of Steam Generation System at ExxonMobil Gas Plant. Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT) Chemicals BestPractices Project Case Study
This case study highlights control scheme modifications made to the steam system at ExxonMobil's Mary Ann Gas Plant in Mobile, Alabama, which improved steam flow efficiency and reduced energy costs.
Utilization of Advanced Conductors to Improve Transmission System Utilization and Efficiency
Entergy has recently carried out a project on utilization of an advanced conductor to solve a reliability issue related to components overloading at N-1 conditions. The 230-kV Line 195 (Hartburg Inland Orange McLewis Helbig) in Entergy's system is one of the primary sources into the Beaumont/Port Arthur area. The single contingency loss of 500-kV Line 547 (Cypress Hartburg) causes thermal overloads of this line. To prevent conditions from overloading and potential cascading effects, the power transmitted...
Efficient System Design and Sustainable Finance for China's Village Electrification Program: Preprint
This paper describes a joint effort of the Institute for Electrical Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEE), and the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to support China's rural electrification program. This project developed a design tool that provides guidelines both for off-grid renewable energy system designs and for cost-based tariff and finance schemes to support them. This tool was developed to capitalize on lessons learned from the Township Electrification Program that preceded the Village Electrification Program. We describe the methods used to develop the analysis, some indicative results, and the planned use of the tool in the Village Electrification Program.
Ma, S.; Yin, H.; Kline, D. M.
Cost-efficient monitoring of water quality in district heating systems This article examines the monitoring strategy for water quality in a large Danish district
Cost-efficient monitoring of water quality in district heating systems This article examines the monitoring strategy for water quality in a large Danish district heating system and makes a proposal for a technical and economic improvement. Monitoring of water quality in district heating systems is necessary
Combining compiler and operating system support for energy efficient i/o on embedded platforms
Mobile and embedded platforms have experienced dramatic advances in capabilities, largely due to the development of associated peripheral devices for storage and communication. The incorporation of these I/O devices has increased the overall power envelope of these platforms. In fact, system-level power consumption of mobile platforms is often dominated by peripheral devices. Since battery technologies alone have been unable to provide the lifetimes required by many platforms, in order to conserve energy, most devices provide the ability to transition into low power states during idle periods. The resulting energy savings are heavily dependent upon the lengths and number of idle periods experienced by a device. This paper presents an infrastructure designed to take advantage of device low power states by increasing the burstiness of device accesses and idle periods to provide a reduced power profile, and thereby an improvement in battery life. Our approach combines compiler-based source modifications with operating system support to implement a dynamic solution for enhanced energy consumption. We evaluate our infrastructure on an XScale-based embedded platform with a Linux implementation. 1.
Ripal Nathuji
In 2002, the U S Department of Energy established a cooperative agreement for a program now designated as the University Turbine Systems (UTSR) Program. As stated in the cooperative agreement, the objective of the program is to support and facilitate development of advanced energy systems incorporating turbines through a university research environment. This document is the first annual, technical progress report for the UTSR Program. The Executive Summary describes activities for the year of the South Carolina Institute for Energy Studies (SCIES), which administers the UTSR Program. Included are descriptions of: Outline of program administrative activities; Award of the first 10 university research projects resulting from a year 2001 RFP; Year 2002 solicitation and proposal selection for awards in 2003; Three UTSR Workshops in Combustion, Aero/Heat Transfer, and Materials; SCIES participation in workshops and meetings to provide input on technical direction for the DOE HEET Program; Eight Industrial Internships awarded to higher level university students; Increased membership of Performing Member Universities to 105 institutions in 40 states; Summary of outreach activities; and a Summary table describing the ten newly awarded UTSR research projects. Attachment A gives more detail on SCIES activities by providing the monthly exceptions reports sent to the DOE during the year. Attachment B provides additional information on outreach activities for 2002. The remainder of this report describes in detail the technical approach, results, and conclusions to date for the UTSR university projects.
Lawrence P. Golan; Richard A. Wenglarz; William H. Day
Phase II report on energy efficient electronic ballasts for a two-40 watt fluorescent lamp system
The Department of Energy (DOE) has established a project aimed at accelerating the commercialization of electronic ballasts. During the Phase I portion of the project a small quantity of ballasts and other hardware were delivered for independent testing. Results verified the claims for energy savings and other unique and advantageous features of the electronic ballast. Phase II, a large scale field demonstration, is reported. The demonstration is being conducted by LBL and the Pacific Gas and Electric Company in the PG and E headquarters building in downtown San Fracisco. The test demonstration hardware is being procured. Included are two models of energy saving ballasts; two dimmer systems that show the potential for additional power savings; and, two models of Automatic Emergency Light Systems. Installation of ballasts and the beginning of actual test operations were originally scheduled for February 1978. However, slippages in hardware deliveries have caused a three-month delay. Testing at PG and E is now scheduled to begin in June 1978. Even though broad scale results from the Phase II demonstration at PG and E are not yet available, performance and versatility advantages of the electronic ballast have been demonstrated. They offer a clear incentive to the industry for development and production of reliable hardware that will be competitively saleable on a long term cost-of-lighting basis.
Air Conditioning with Magnetic Refrigeration : An Efficient, Green Compact Cooling System Using Magnetic Refrigeration
BEETIT Project: Astronautics is developing an air conditioning system that relies on magnetic fields. Typical air conditioners use vapor compression to cool air. Vapor compression uses a liquid refrigerant to circulate within the air conditioner, absorb the heat, and pump the heat out into the external environment. Astronautics� design uses a novel property of certain materials, called �magnetocaloric materials�, to achieve the same result as liquid refrigerants. These magnetocaloric materials essentially heat up when placed within a magnetic field and cool down when removed, effectively pumping heat out from a cooler to warmer environment. In addition, magnetic refrigeration uses no ozone-depleting gases and is safer to use than conventional air conditioners which are prone to leaks.
Absolute intensity calibration of the Wendelstein 7-X high efficiency extreme ultraviolet overview spectrometer system
The new high effiency extreme ultraviolet overview spectrometer (HEXOS) system for the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X is now mounted for testing and adjustment at the tokamak experiment for technology oriented research (TEXTOR). One part of the testing phase was the intensity calibration of the two double spectrometers which in total cover a spectral range from 2.5 to 160.0 nm with overlap. This work presents the current intensity calibration curves for HEXOS and describes the method of calibration. The calibration was implemented with calibrated lines of a hollow cathode light source and the branching ratio technique. The hollow cathode light source provides calibrated lines from 16 up to 147 nm. We could extend the calibrated region in the spectrometers down to 2.8 nm by using the branching line pairs emitted by an uncalibrated pinch extreme ultraviolet light source as well as emission lines from boron and carbon in TEXTOR plasmas. In total HEXOS is calibrated from 2.8 up to 147 nm, which covers most of the observable wavelength region. The approximate density of carbon in the range of the minor radius from 18 to 35 cm in a TEXTOR plasma determined by simulating calibrated vacuum ultraviolet emission lines with a transport code was 5.5x10{sup 17} m{sup -3} which corresponds to a local carbon concentration of 2%.
Greiche, Albert; Biel, Wolfgang; Marchuk, Oleksandr [Institut fuer Energieforschung-Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, D-52425 Juelich (Germany); Burhenn, Rainer [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, D-17491 Greifswald (Germany)
Segregated tandem filter for enhanced conversion efficiency in a thermophotovoltaic energy conversion system
A filter system to transmit short wavelength radiation and reflect long wavelength radiation for a thermophotovoltaic energy conversion cell comprises an optically transparent substrate segregation layer with at least one coherent wavelength in optical thickness; a dielectric interference filter deposited on one side of the substrate segregation layer, the interference filter being disposed toward the source of radiation, the interference filter including a plurality of alternating layers of high and low optical index materials adapted to change from transmitting to reflecting at a nominal wavelength .lambda..sub.IF approximately equal to the bandgap wavelength .lambda..sub.g of the thermophotovoltaic cell, the interference filter being adapted to transmit incident radiation from about 0.5.lambda..sub.IF to .lambda..sub.IF and reflect from .lambda..sub.IF to about 2.lambda..sub.IF ; and a high mobility plasma filter deposited on the opposite side of the substrate segregation layer, the plasma filter being adapted to start to become reflecting at a wavelength of about 1.5.lambda..sub.IF.
Brown, Edward J. (Clifton Park, NY); Baldasaro, Paul F. (Clifton Park, NY); Dziendziel, Randolph J. (Middlegrove, NY)
Integrated window systems: An advanced energy-efficient residential fenestration product
The last several years have produced a wide variety of new window products aimed at reducing the energy impacts associated with residential windows. Improvements have focused on reducing the rate at which heat flows through the total window product by conduction/convection and thermal radiation (quantified by the U-factor) as well as in controlling solar heat gain (measured by the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) or Shading Coefficient (SC)). Significant improvements in window performance have been made with low-E coated glazings, gas fills in multiple pane windows and with changes in spacer and frame materials and designs. These improvements have been changes to existing design concepts. They have pushed the limits of the individual features and revealed weaknesses. The next generation of windows will have to incorporate new materials and ideas, like recessed night insulation, seasonal sun shades and structural window frames, into the design, manufacturing and construction process, to produce an integrated window system that will be an energy and comfort asset.
Arasteh, D.; Griffith, B.; LaBerge, P.
A filter system to transmit short wavelength radiation and reflect long wavelength radiation for a thermophotovoltaic energy conversion cell comprises an optically transparent substrate segregation layer with at least one coherent wavelength in optical thickness; a dielectric interference filter deposited on one side of the substrate segregation layer, the interference filter being disposed toward the source of radiation, the interference filter including a plurality of alternating layers of high and low optical index materials adapted to change from transmitting to reflecting at a nominal wavelength {lambda}{sub IF} approximately equal to the bandgap wavelength {lambda}{sub g} of the thermophotovoltaic cell, the interference filter being adapted to transmit incident radiation from about 0.5{lambda}{sub IF} to {lambda}{sub IF} and reflect from {lambda}{sub IF} to about 2{lambda}{sub IF}; and a high mobility plasma filter deposited on the opposite side of the substrate segregation layer, the plasma filter being adapted to start to become reflecting at a wavelength of about 1.5{lambda}{sub IF}.
Brown, E.J.; Baldasaro, P.F.; Dziendziel, R.J.
A filter system to transmit short wavelength radiation and reflect long wavelength radiation for a thermophotovoltaic energy conversion cell comprises an optically transparent substrate segregation layer with at least one coherent wavelength in optical thickness; a dielectric interference filter deposited on one side of the substrate segregation layer, the interference filter being disposed toward the source of radiation, the interference filter including a plurality of alternating layers of high and low optical index materials adapted to change from transmitting to reflecting at a nominal wavelength {lambda}{sub IF} approximately equal to the bandgap wavelength {lambda}{sub g} of the thermophotovoltaic cell, the interference filter being adapted to transmit incident radiation from about 0.5{lambda}{sub IF} to {lambda}{sub IF} and reflect from {lambda}{sub IF} to about 2{lambda}{sub IF}; and a high mobility plasma filter deposited on the opposite side of the substrate segregation layer, the plasma filter being adapted to start to become reflecting at a wavelength of about 1.5{lambda}{sub IF}. 10 figs.
NETL: Turbine Projects - Efficiency Improvement
Efficiency Improvemenet Turbine Projects Efficiency Improvemenet Advanced Hot Section Materials and Coatings Test Rig DataFact Sheets System Study for Improved Gas Turbine...
Up? Energy Efficiency Metrics and Benchmarks for Data CenterUp? Energy Efficiency Metrics and Benchmarks for Data CenterHigh Med/High Figure 4. Benchmarks for Return Temperature
Mathew, Paul
Development of advanced drilling, completion, and stimulation systems for minimum formation damage and improved efficiency: A program overview
The Department of Energy`s (DOE) Natural Gas Resource and Extraction Program consists of industry/government co-sponsored research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) projects, which focus on gas recovery from both conventional and nonconventional resources. The Drilling, Completion, and Stimulation (DCS) Project focuses on advanced, non-damaging technology systems and equipment for improving gas recovery from conventional and nonconventional reservoirs. As operators move from development of current day economically attractive gas-field development to the lower permeability geologic regions of domestic onshore plays, increasing the emphasis on minimum formation damage DCS will permit economic development of gas reserves. The objective of the Project is to develop and demonstrate cost-effective, advanced technology to accelerate widespread use and acceptance of minimum formation damage DCS systems. The goal of this product development effort is to reduce costs and improve the overall efficiency of vertical, directional, and horizontally drilled wells in gas formations throughout the US. The current focus of the Project is on the development of underbalanced drilling technology and minimum formation damage stimulation technology concurrently with the appropriate completion hardware to improve the economics of domestic natural gas field development. Ongoing drilling technology projects to be discussed include development of an electromagnetic measurement while drilling system for directional and horizontal drilling in underbalanced drilling applications and the development of a steerable air percussion drilling system for hard formation drilling and improved penetration rates. Ongoing stimulation technology projects to be discussed include introduction of carbon dioxide/sand fracturing technology for minimal formation damage.
Layne, A.W.; Yost, A.B. II
The effect of component efficiency and operating conditions on the 50-kW dish Stirling system in Riyadh, Saudia Arabia
This paper deals with the development of a weather data base and the performance prediction of a 50-kW dish Stirling system. An analysis of direct solar insolation data for 1985 from the site in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was made to determine the available solar energy. A parameter study was done of the effects of component efficiencies and operating conditions on instantaneous and yearly average system efficiency using the prepared weather data. The system performance was found to be most affected by wind, mirror reflectivity, and exact placement of the receiver in the focal point of the mirror.
Noyes, G.W. (Deutsche Forshungsanstait fur Luft-und Raumfahrt, Inst. fur Technische Thermodynamik, Pfaffenwaldrign 38-40, 7000 Stuttgart 80 (DE))
Development of Production PVD-AIN Buffer Layer System and Processes to Reduce Epitaxy Costs and Increase LED Efficiency
The DOE has set aggressive goals for solid state lighting (SSL) adoption, which require manufacturing and quality improvements for virtually all process steps leading to an LED luminaire product. The goals pertinent to this proposed project are to reduce the cost and improve the quality of the epitaxial growth processes used to build LED structures. The objectives outlined in this proposal focus on achieving cost reduction and performance improvements over state-of-the-art, using technologies that are low in cost and amenable to high efficiency manufacturing. The objectives of the outlined proposal focus on cost reductions in epitaxial growth by reducing epitaxy layer thickness and hetero-epitaxial strain, and by enabling the use of larger, less expensive silicon substrates and would be accomplished through the introduction of a high productivity reactive sputtering system and an effective sputtered aluminum-nitride (AlN) buffer/nucleation layer process. Success of the proposed project could enable efficient adoption of GaN on-silicon (GaN/Si) epitaxial technology on 150mm silicon substrates. The reduction in epitaxy cost per cm{sup 2} using 150mm GaN-on-Si technology derives from (1) a reduction in cost of ownership and increase in throughput for the buffer deposition process via the elimination of MOCVD buffer layers and other throughput and CoO enhancements, (2) improvement in brightness through reductions in defect density, (3) reduction in substrate cost through the replacement of sapphire with silicon, and (4) reduction in non-ESD yield loss through reductions in wafer bow and temperature variation. The adoption of 150mm GaN/Si processing will also facilitate significant cost reductions in subsequent wafer fabrication manufacturing costs. There were three phases to this project. These three phases overlap in order to aggressively facilitate a commercially available production GaN/Si capability. In Phase I of the project, the repeatability of the performance was analyzed and improvements implemented to the Veeco PVD-AlN prototype system to establish a specification and baseline PVD-AlN films on sapphire and in parallel the evaluation of PVD AlN on silicon substrates began. In Phase II of the project a Beta tool based on a scaled-up process module capable of depositing uniform films on batches of 4�or 6� diameter substrates in a production worthy operation was developed and qualified. In Phase III, the means to increase the throughput of the PVD-AlN system was evaluated and focused primarily on minimizing the impact of the substrate heating and cooling times that dominated the overall cycle time.
Cerio, Frank
Efficiency of a liquid desiccant dehumidification system regenerated by using solar collectors/regenerators with photovoltaic fans
A hybrid solar dehumidification air-conditioning system was used to study the absorption of water vapor from moist air by contacting the air with aqueous solutions that contained from 90 to 94% triethylene glycol (TEG). For the packings of 2-inch polypropylene Jaeger Tri-Packs, which have a surface-to-volume ratio of 157 m{sup 2}/m{sup 3} (48 ft{sup 2}/ft{sup 3}), the efficiency of dehumidification can reach 93.3%. The environmental air was introduced into the dehumidifier cocurrently flowing with the liquid desiccant, and the liquid desiccant was sprayed on the top of the packing material. The air-to-liquid mass flow ratio was controlled in a range of 0.46 to 1.36. As the moisture was absorbed from air by the TEG solution, the solution was diluted. The regeneration of the solution was carried out in 20-piece (38.8 m{sup 2}) basin-type solar collectors/regenerators whose regeneration coefficients of performance are above 0.2. Air generated by photovoltaic fans was blown into the solar collectors/regenerators and carried away the water vapor from the evaporation of the aqueous desiccant solution. On the basis of the experimental results, the system performance is acceptable for most applications.
Tsair-Wang Chung; Wei-Yih Wu; Wen-Jih Yan; Ching-Lin Huang [Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan (China)
Select an Energy-Efficient Centrifugal Pump
BestPractices Program tip sheet discussing pumping system efficiency by selecting an energy-efficient centrifugal pump.
171Yb+ System Stability, 5D3/2 Hyperfine State Detection Efficiency and F=2 Lifetime
A data acquisition system is described that is designed to stabilize cooling and probe rates to maximize detection sensitivity and minimize possible systematic errors due to correlations between drifting experimental conditions and varying drive parameters. Experimental parameters that affect the Yb171 5D3/2 hyperfine state preparation and detection efficiency are characterized and optimized. A set of wait times for optimal sampling of the D3/2(F=2) lifetime is chosen and used to measure that lifetime with high statistical sensitivity. A systematic variation in this lifetime seems to be apparent. The source of the variation was not identified, but ion number and cooling rate appear to be ruled out. A net determination is made of tau=61.8ms+-(0.6)_stat+-(6.4)_sys which is significantly longer than other measurements of the same quantity. An alternate shelving scheme is proposed that would provide S-D state discrimination for Yb even isotopes as well as improved sensitivity for D state hyperfine discrimination ...
Schacht, M
Evaluating Interventions in the U.S. Electricity System: Assessments of Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, and Small-�?Scale Cogeneration.
??There is growing interest in reducing the environmental and human-�?health impacts resulting from electricity generation. Renewable energy, energy efficiency, and energy conservation are all commonly� (more)
Siler-Evans, Kyle
Save Energy Now (SEN) Assessment Helps Expand Energy Management Program at Shaw Industries: Flooring Company Saves $872,000 Annually by Improving Steam System Efficiency
This case study describes how the Shaw Industries plant #20 in Dalton, Georgia, achieved annual savings of $872,000 and 93,000 MMBtu after receiving a DOE Save Energy Now energy assessment and implementing recommendations to improve the efficiency of its steam system.
Development of high-efficiency silicon solar cells and modeling the impact of system parameters on levelized cost of electricity .
??The objective of this thesis is to develop low-cost high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells which are at the right intersection of cost and performance to� (more)
Kang, Moon Hee
Land Use and Water Efficiency in Current and Potential Future U.S. Corn and Brazilian Sugarcane Ethanol Systems (Poster), NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
Use and Water Efficiency in Current and Potential Future U.S. Corn and Use and Water Efficiency in Current and Potential Future U.S. Corn and Brazilian Sugarcane Ethanol Systems Ethan Warner 1 , Yimin Zhang 1 , Helena Chum 2 , Robin Newmark 1 Biofuels represent an opportunity for improved sustainability of transportation fuels, promotion of rural development, and reduction of GHG emissions. But the potential for unintended consequences, such as competition for land and water, necessitates biofuel expansion that considers the complexities of resource requirements within specific contexts (e.g., technology, feedstock, supply chain, local resource availability). Through technological learning, sugarcane and corn ethanol industries have achieved steady improvements in
Tax Credits for Home Energy Improvements: If You Buy an Energy-Efficient Product or Renewable Energy System for Your Home, You May be Eligible for a Federal Tax Credit (Fact Sheet)
This two-page fact sheet provides an overview of 2010 federal tax credits for energy efficient products or renewable energy systems in the home.
Present Status of the Nanotomography System at BL47XU at SPring-8 and Its Efficiency Improvement Using Double-Condenser Optics
Although imaging x-ray nanotomography developed at beamline BL47XU of SPring-8 has reached a spatial resolution less than 200 nm, poor intensity and low signal-to-noise ratio are more serious problems in the system using zone plate optics. Improvement of the diffraction efficiency of Koehler illumination optics is attempted by doubling two condenser zone plates, which have a constant grating pitch of 200 nm. Although a long longitudinal distance between two condensers is possible ({approx}100 mm), efficiency varies periodically as the distance is changed due to the Talbot effect. A maximum efficiency close to 0.3 is obtained with a periodic distance of approximately 500 {mu}m.
Takeuchi, A.; Suzuki, Y.; Uesugi, K. [Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8 (Japan)
Improve the Energy Efficiency of Fan Systems, Software Tools for Industry, Industrial Technologies Program (ITP) (Fact Sheet)
This fact sheet describes how the Industrial Technologies Program Fan System Assessment Tool (FSAT) can help quantify energy consumption and savings opportunities in industrial fan systems.
Energy efficient data centers
Energy Efficiency Energy Systems Integration What follows issystems approach (integration) Develop standards as well as guides Establish champion industry group (e.g. energysystems approach (integration) Develop standards as well as guides Establish champion industry group (e.g. energy
Tschudi, William; Xu, Tengfang; Sartor, Dale; Koomey, Jon; Nordman, Bruce; Sezgen, Osman
Energy Efficient
www.efficientwindows.org July 2011 E nergy-efficient windows save heating and cooling energy and improve occupant comfort while allowing for downsized HVAC equipment....
A computationally efficient open-source water resource system simulator - Application to London and the Thames Basin
Interactive River-Aquifer Simulation-2010 (IRAS-2010) is a generalized water resource system simulation model. IRAS-2010 is a new release of IRAS previously released by Cornell University in 1995. Given hydrological inflows, evaporation rates, water ... Keywords: Conjunctive use water resource systems, Decision support systems (DSS), Open-source, Simulation models, Water management models
Evgenii S. Matrosov; Julien J. Harou; Daniel P. Loucks
Efficient Energy Transfer in Light-Harvesting Systems, II: Quantum-Classical Comparison, Flux Network, and Robustness Analysis
Following the calculation of optimal energy transfer in thermal environment in our first paper (Wu et al., New J. Phys., 2010, 12, 105012), full quantum dynamics and leading-order `classical' hopping kinetics are compared in the seven-site Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) protein complex. The difference between these two dynamic descriptions is due to higher-order quantum corrections. Two thermal bath models, classical white noise (the Haken-Strobl-Reineker model) and quantum Debye model, are considered. In the seven-site FMO model, we observe that higher-order corrections lead to negligible changes in the trapping time or in energy transfer efficiency around the optimal and physiological conditions (2% in the HSR model and 0.1% in the quantum Debye model for the initial site at BChl 1). However, using the concept of integrated flux, we can identify significant differences in branching probabilities of the energy transfer network between hopping kinetics and quantum dynamics (26% in the HSR model and 32% in the quantum Debye model for the initial site at BChl 1). This observation indicates that the quantum coherence can significantly change the distribution of energy transfer pathways in the flux network with the efficiency nearly the same. The quantum-classical comparison of the average trapping time with the removal of the bottleneck site, BChl 4, demonstrates the robustness of the efficient energy transfer by the mechanism of multi-site quantum coherence. To reconcile with the latest eight-site FMO model, the quantum-classical comparison with the flux network analysis is summarized in the appendix. The eight-site FMO model yields similar trapping time and network structure as the seven-site FMO model but leads to a more disperse distribution of energy transfer pathways.
Jianlan Wu; Fan Liu; Jian Ma; Robert J. Silbey; Jianshu Cao
Energy Department Announces New University-Led Projects to Create More Efficient, Lower Cost Concentrating Solar Power Systems
As part of the Energy Department�s SunShot Initiative, Secretary Steven Chu announced today new investments to advance innovative concentrating solar power (CSP) system technologies.
High Efficiency Integrated Space Conditioning, Water Heating and Air Distribution System for HUD-Code Manufactured Housing
Recognizing the need for new space conditioning and water heating systems for manufactured housing, DeLima Associates assembled a team to develop a space conditioning system that would enhance comfort conditions while also reducing energy usage at the systems level. The product, Comboflair® was defined as a result of a needs analysis of project sponsors and industry stakeholders. An integrated system would be developed that would combine a packaged airconditioning system with a small-duct, high-velocity air distribution system. In its basic configuration, the source for space heating would be a gas water heater. The complete system would be installed at the manufactured home factory and would require no site installation work at the homesite as is now required with conventional split-system air conditioners. Several prototypes were fabricated and tested before a field test unit was completed in October 2005. The Comboflair® system, complete with ductwork, was installed in a 1,984 square feet, double-wide manufactured home built by Palm Harbor Homes in Austin, TX. After the home was transported and installed at a Palm Harbor dealer lot in Austin, TX, a data acquisition system was installed for remote data collection. Over 60 parameters were continuously monitored and measurements were transmitted to a remote site every 15 minutes for performance analysis. The Comboflair® system was field tested from February 2006 until April 2007. The cooling system performed in accordance with the design specifications. The heating system initially could not provide the needed capacity at peak heating conditions until the water heater was replaced with a higher capacity standard water heater. All system comfort goals were then met. As a result of field testing, we have identified improvements to be made to specific components for incorporation into production models. The Comboflair® system will be manufactured by Unico, Inc. at their new production facility in St. Louis, MO. The product will be initially launched in the hot-humid climates of the southern U.S.
Henry DeLima; Joe Akin; Joseph Pietsch
Efficient energy transfer in light-harvesting systems: Quantum-classical comparison, flux network, and robustness analysis
Following the calculation of optimal energy transfer in thermal environment in our first paper [J. L. Wu, F. Liu, Y. Shen, J. S. Cao, and R. J. Silbey, New J. Phys. 12, 105012 (2010)], full quantum dynamics and leading-order 'classical' hopping kinetics are compared in the seven-site Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) protein complex. The difference between these two dynamic descriptions is due to higher-order quantum corrections. Two thermal bath models, classical white noise (the Haken-Strobl-Reineker (HSR) model) and quantum Debye model, are considered. In the seven-site FMO model, we observe that higher-order corrections lead to negligible changes in the trapping time or in energy transfer efficiency around the optimal and physiological conditions (2% in the HSR model and 0.1% in the quantum Debye model for the initial site at BChl 1). However, using the concept of integrated flux, we can identify significant differences in branching probabilities of the energy transfer network between hopping kinetics and quantum dynamics (26% in the HSR model and 32% in the quantum Debye model for the initial site at BChl 1). This observation indicates that the quantum coherence can significantly change the distribution of energy transfer pathways in the flux network with the efficiency nearly the same. The quantum-classical comparison of the average trapping time with the removal of the bottleneck site, BChl 4, demonstrates the robustness of the efficient energy transfer by the mechanism of multi-site quantum coherence. To reconcile with the latest eight-site FMO model which is also investigated in the third paper [J. Moix, J. L. Wu, P. F. Huo, D. F. Coker, and J. S. Cao, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 3045 (2011)], the quantum-classical comparison with the flux network analysis is summarized in Appendix C. The eight-site FMO model yields similar trapping time and network structure as the seven-site FMO model but leads to a more disperse distribution of energy transfer pathways.
Wu Jianlan [Physics Department, Zhejiang University, 38 ZheDa Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027 (China); Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States); Liu Fan; Silbey, Robert J.; Cao Jianshu [Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (United States); Ma Jian [Physics Department, Zhejiang University, 38 ZheDa Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027 (China)
Advanced Hybrid Propulsion and Energy Management System for High Efficiency, Off Highway, 240 Ton Class, Diesel Electric Haul Trucks
The objective of this project is to reduce the fuel consumption of off-highway vehicles, specifically large tonnage mine haul trucks. A hybrid energy storage and management system will be added to a conventional diesel-electric truck that will allow capture of braking energy normally dissipated in grid resistors as heat. The captured energy will be used during acceleration and motoring, reducing the diesel engine load, thus conserving fuel. The project will work towards a system validation of the hybrid system by first selecting an energy storage subsystem and energy management subsystem. Laboratory testing at a subscale level will evaluate these selections and then a full-scale laboratory test will be performed. After the subsystems have been proven at the full-scale lab, equipment will be mounted on a mine haul truck and integrated with the vehicle systems. The integrated hybrid components will be exercised to show functionality, capability, and fuel economy impacts in a mine setting.
Richter, Tim; Slezak, Lee; Johnson, Chris; Young, Henry; Funcannon, Dan
Novel photonic phenomena in nanostructured material systems with applications and mid-range efficient insensitive wireless energy-transfer
A set of novel mechanisms for the manipulation of light in the nanoscale is provided. In the class of all-dielectric material systems, techniques for the suppression of radiative loss from incomplete-photonic-bandgap ...
Karalis, Aristeidis, 1978-
Enhancing I/O Throughput via Efficient Routing and Placement for Large-scale Parallel File Systems
As storage systems get larger to meet the demands of petascale systems, careful planning must be applied to avoid congestion points and extract the maximum performance. In addition, the large data sets generated by such systems makes it desirable for all compute resources to have common access to this data without needing to copy it to each machine. This paper describes a method of placing I/O close to the storage nodes to minimize contention on Cray s SeaStar2+ network, and extends it to a routed Lustre configuration to gain the same benefits when running against a center-wide file system. Our experiments using half of the resources of Spider the center-wide file system at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility show that I/O write bandwidth can be improved by up to 45% (from 71.9 to 104 GB/s) for a direct-attached configuration and by 137% (47.6 GB/s to 115 GB/s) for a routed configuration. We demonstrated up to 20.7% reduction in run-time for production scientific applications. With the full Spider system, we demonstrated over 240 GB/s of aggregate bandwidth using our techniques.
Dillow, David A [ORNL; Shipman, Galen M [ORNL; Oral, H Sarp [ORNL; Zhang, Zhe [ORNL; Kim, Youngjae [ORNL
Energy Efficiency Upgrades
The energy efficiency upgrades project at Hardin County General Hospital did not include research nor was it a demonstration project. The project enabled the hospital to replace outdated systems with modern efficient models. Hardin County General Hospital is a 501c3, nonprofit hospital and the sole community provider for Hardin and Pope Counties of Illinois. This project provided much needed equipment and facility upgrades that would not have been possible through locally generated funding. Task 1 was a reroofing of the hospital. The hospital architect designed the replacement to increase the energy efficiency of the hospital roof/ceiling structure. Task 2 was replacement and installation of a new more efficient CT scanner for the hospital. Included in the project was replacement of HVAC equipment for the entire radiological suite. Task 5 was a replacement and installation of a new higher capacity diesel-fueled emergency generator for the hospital replacing a 50+ year old gas-fired generator. Task 7 was the replacement of 50+ year-old walk-in cooler/freezer with a newer, energy efficient model. Task 8 was the replacement of 10+ year-old washing machines in the hospital laundry with higher capacity, energy efficient models. Task 9 was replacement of 50-year old single pane curtain window system with double-pane insulated windows. Additionally, insulation was added around ventilation systems and the curtain wall system.
Roby Williams
Energy Efficient Technologies
Energy Efficient Technologies Energy Efficient Technologies Energy efficient technologies are available now! Many of the vehicles currently on display in dealer showrooms boast new performance-enhancing, fuel-saving technologies that can save you money. Engine Technologies Transmission Technologies All Engine Technology Average Efficiency Increase Variable Valve Timing & Lift improve engine efficiency by optimizing the flow of fuel & air into the engine for various engine speeds. 5% Cylinder Deactivation saves fuel by deactivating cylinders when they are not needed. 7.5% Turbochargers & Superchargers increase engine power, allowing manufacturers to downsize engines without sacrificing performance or to increase performance without lowering fuel economy. 7.5% Integrated Starter/Generator (ISG) Systems automatically turn the engine on/off when the vehicle is stopped to reduce fuel consumed during idling. 8%
How Far Energy Efficiency?
Analysts agree about the need for developing both new and cleaner energy resources. At the same time, some argue that energy efficiency can provide only a minimal role in meeting future energy needs. Hence, energy supply is encouraged while energy efficiency is supported only minimally. Analysts Douglas Lightfoot and Christopher Green suggest in a series of papers, for example, that there are practical limits that will constrain the rate of efficiency improvement to no more than about one percent per annum over the next 100 years. This paper explores the assumptions that underpin such �practical limits � and concludes that efficiency gains perhaps could more than double the rate suggested by Lightfoot and Green. The question is not one of practical limits; rather, the issue is one of choosing to develop energy paths that allow greater system efficiencies to emerge.
John A. �skip Laitner
Energy Efficiency | Department of Energy
and Analytical Tools: Find software and tools that help implement energy- and water-efficiency projects. October 8, 2013 EISA Compliance Tracking System Reports and Data The...
Rico is creating jobs and saving money with energy efficiency. November 2, 2010 The 112-panel solar photovoltaic system at Parker River National Wildlife Refuge's visitor center...
Information-theoretic CAD system in mammography: Entropy-based indexing for computational efficiency and robust performance
We have previously presented a knowledge-based computer-assisted detection (KB-CADe) system for the detection of mammographic masses. The system is designed to compare a query mammographic region with mammographic templates of known ground truth. The templates are stored in an adaptive knowledge database. Image similarity is assessed with information theoretic measures (e.g., mutual information) derived directly from the image histograms. A previous study suggested that the diagnostic performance of the system steadily improves as the knowledge database is initially enriched with more templates. However, as the database increases in size, an exhaustive comparison of the query case with each stored template becomes computationally burdensome. Furthermore, blind storing of new templates may result in redundancies that do not necessarily improve diagnostic performance. To address these concerns we investigated an entropy-based indexing scheme for improving the speed of analysis and for satisfying database storage restrictions without compromising the overall diagnostic performance of our KB-CADe system. The indexing scheme was evaluated on two different datasets as (i) a search mechanism to sort through the knowledge database, and (ii) a selection mechanism to build a smaller, concise knowledge database that is easier to maintain but still effective. There were two important findings in the study. First, entropy-based indexing is an effective strategy to identify fast a subset of templates that are most relevant to a given query. Only this subset could be analyzed in more detail using mutual information for optimized decision making regarding the query. Second, a selective entropy-based deposit strategy may be preferable where only high entropy cases are maintained in the knowledge database. Overall, the proposed entropy-based indexing scheme was shown to reduce the computational cost of our KB-CADe system by 55% to 80% while maintaining the system's diagnostic performance.
Tourassi, Georgia D.; Harrawood, Brian; Singh, Swatee; Lo, Joseph Y. [Digital Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (United States); Digital Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (United States) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710 (United States)
Energy Efficiency Internship Summer 2011
Energy Efficiency Internship Summer 2011 About the Job Reports To: Energy Efficiency Manager Type: Unpaid Internship Dates: June 15, 2011 to August 15, 2011 BASIC FUNCTION Work with the energy efficiency manager to organize and document energy saving implementation systems. In addition, (s)he will interact
Colorado at Boulder, University of
Quantum/Relativistic Computation of Security and Efficiency of Electrical Power System for a Day-Ahead: I. Renormalization
The realization of Daily Artificial Dispatcher as a quantum/relativistic computation consists of perturbative renormalization of the Electrical Power System (EPS), generating the flowcharts of computation, verification, validation, description and help. Perturbative renormalization of EPS energy and time has been carried out in this paper for a day ahead via virtual thermalization of the EPS for a day ahead.
Stefanov, Stefan Z
Fuzzy inference systems for efficient non-invasive on-line two-phase flow regime identification
The identification of two-phase flow regimes that occur in heated pipes is of paramount importance for monitoring nuclear installations such as boiling water reactors. A Sugeno-type fuzzy inference system is put forward for non-invasive, on-line flow ...
Tatiana Tambouratzis; Imre P�zsit
Efficiency of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Relative to Manned Aircraft for Surveying Bowhead Whale Distribution and Density in the Arctic
, interest in the use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) as an aerial survey platform for studying BCB manned aircraft surveys as part of the Bowhead Whale Aerial Survey Project (BWASP) (Monnett and Treacy through funding from MMS (Fig. 1). BWASP and COMIDA aerial surveys followed a linetransect protocol
(Energy Efficiency)
DECLARATION DECLARATION INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIP FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY COOPERATION [IPEEC] Considering: Declarations of the Gleneagles, St. Petersburg and Heiligendamm Summits, which emphasize the need for global cooperation in the field of energy efficiency. Recognizing: 1. that improving energy saving and energy efficiency is one of the quickest, greenest, and most cost-effective way to address energy security, climate change, and ensuring economic growth; 2. that a comprehensive process has been launched to enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of the UNFCCC through long-term cooperative action, now, up to and beyond 2012, in order to reach an agreed outcome and adopt a decision at the COP 15. 3. that all countries, both developed and developing, share common interests for improving their
Multifamily Individual Heating and Ventilation Systems, Lawrence, Massachusetts (Fact Sheet), Building America Case Study: Efficient Solutions for New and Existing Homes, Building Technologies Office (BTO)
Multifamily Individual Heating Multifamily Individual Heating and Ventilation Systems Lawrence, Massachusetts PROJECT INFORMATION Construction: Retrofit Type: Multifamily, affordable Builder: Merrimack Valley Habitat for Humanity (MVHfH) www.merrimackvalleyhabitat.org Size: 840 to 1,170 ft 2 units Price Range: $125,000-$130,000 Date completed: Slated for 2014 Climate Zone: Cold (5A) PERFORMANCE DATA HERS Index Range: 48 to 63 Projected annual energy cost savings: $1,797 Incremental cost of energy efficiency measures: $3,747 Incremental annual mortgage: $346 Annual cash flow: $1,451 Billing data: Not available The conversion of an older Massachusetts building into condominiums illustrates a safe, durable, and cost-effective solution for heating and ventilation systems that can potentially benefit millions of multifamily buildings. Merrimack Valley
Field Test of High Efficiency Residential Buildings with Ground-source and Air-source Heat Pump Systems
This paper describes the field performance of space conditioning and water heating equipment in four single-family residential structures with advanced thermal envelopes. Each structure features a different, advanced thermal envelope design: structural insulated panel (SIP); optimum value framing (OVF); insulation with embedded phase change materials (PCM) for thermal storage; and exterior insulation finish system (EIFS). Three of the homes feature ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) for space conditioning and water heating while the fourth has a two-capacity air-source heat pump (ASHP) and a heat pump water heater (HPWH). Two of the GCHP-equipped homes feature horizontal ground heat exchange (GHX) loops that utillize the existing foundation and utility service trenches while the third features a vertical borehole with vertical u-tube GHX. All of the houses were operated under the same simulated occupancy conditions. Operational data on the house HVAC/Water heating (WH) systems are presented and factors influencing overall performance are summarized.
Ally, Moonis Raza [ORNL; Munk, Jeffrey D [ORNL; Baxter, Van D [ORNL
Development of Technologies on Innovative-Simplified Nuclear Power Plant Using High-Efficiency Steam Injectors (9) System Outline and Endurance Test of Low-Pressure Steam Injectors
A Steam Injector (SI) is a simple, compact and passive pump and also acts as a high-performance direct-contact compact heater. This provides SI with capability to serve also as a direct-contact feedwater heater that heats up feedwater by using extracted steam from the turbine. We are developing technology for 'Innovative Simplified Nuclear Power Plants' in order to further improve the economy and safety of nuclear power plants. Our technology development aims to significantly simplify equipment and reduce physical quantities by applying 'High-Efficiency SI', which are applicable to a wide range of operation regimes beyond the performance and applicable range of existing SIs and enables unprecedented multistage and parallel operation, to the low-pressure feedwater heaters and Emergency Core Cooling Systems (ECCS) of nuclear power plants, as well as achieve high inherent safety to prevent severe accidents by keeping the core covered with water (a Severe Accident-Free Concept). The innovative-simplified nuclear power plant consists of a simplified feedwater heating system, a passive core injection system and a passive containment cooling system. This report describes the results of the endurance and performance tests of low-pressure SIs for feedwater heaters with Jet-deaerator and core injection system. A part of this report are fruits of research which is carried out by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), Toshiba, and 7 Universities in Japan, funded from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan as the national public research-funded program. (authors)
Shuichi Ohmori; Michitsugu Mori; Shoji Goto [Tokyo Electric Power Company (Japan); Tadashi Narabayashi [Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo (Japan); Chikako Iwaki; Yutaka Asanuma [Toshiba Corporation (Japan)
An Innovative System for the Efficient and Effective Treatment of Non-Traditional Waters for Reuse in Thermoelectric Power Generation
This study assessed opportunities for improving water quality associated with coal-fired power generation including the use of non-traditional waters for cooling, innovative technology for recovering and reusing water within power plants, novel approaches for the removal of trace inorganic compounds from ash pond effluents, and novel approaches for removing biocides from cooling tower blowdown. This research evaluated specifically designed pilot-scale constructed wetland systems for treatment of targeted constituents in non-traditional waters for reuse in thermoelectric power generation and other purposes. The overall objective of this project was to decrease targeted constituents in non-traditional waters to achieve reuse criteria or discharge limitations established by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) and Clean Water Act (CWA). The six original project objectives were completed, and results are presented in this final technical report. These objectives included identification of targeted constituents for treatment in four non-traditional water sources, determination of reuse or discharge criteria for treatment, design of constructed wetland treatment systems for these non-traditional waters, and measurement of treatment of targeted constituents in non-traditional waters, as well as determination of the suitability of the treated non-traditional waters for reuse or discharge to receiving aquatic systems. The four non-traditional waters used to accomplish these objectives were ash basin water, cooling water, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) water, and produced water. The contaminants of concern identified in ash basin waters were arsenic, chromium, copper, mercury, selenium, and zinc. Contaminants of concern in cooling waters included free oxidants (chlorine, bromine, and peroxides), copper, lead, zinc, pH, and total dissolved solids. FGD waters contained contaminants of concern including arsenic, boron, chlorides, selenium, mercury, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and zinc. Similar to FGD waters, produced waters contained contaminants of concern that are predominantly inorganic (arsenic, cadmium, chlorides, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, sulfide, zinc, total dissolved solids), but also contained some organics (benzene, PAHs, toluene, total organic carbon, total suspended solids, and oil and grease). Constituents of concern that may cause chemical scaling, biofouling and corrosion, such as pH, hardness and ionic strength, and nutrients (P, K, and N) may also be found in all four non-traditional waters. NPDES permits were obtained for these non-traditional waters and these permit limits are summarized in tabular format within this report. These limits were used to establish treatment goals for this research along with toxicity values for Ceriodaphnia dubia, water quality criteria established by the US EPA, irrigation standards established by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and reuse standards focused on minimization of damage to the power plant by treated waters. Constructed wetland treatment systems were designed for each non-traditional water source based on published literature reviews regarding remediation of the constituents of concern, biogeochemistry of the specific contaminants, and previous research. During this study, 4 non-traditional waters, which included ash basin water, cooling water, FGD water and produced water (PW) were obtained or simulated to measure constructed wetland treatment system performance. Based on data collected from FGD experiments, pilot-scale constructed wetland treatment systems can decrease aqueous concentrations of elements of concern (As, B, Hg, N, and Se). Percent removal was specific for each element, including ranges of 40.1% to 77.7% for As, 77.6% to 97.8% for Hg, 43.9% to 88.8% for N, and no measureable removal to 84.6% for Se. Other constituents of interest in final outflow samples should have aqueous characteristics sufficient for discharge, with the exception of chlorides (<2000 mg/L). Based on total dissolved solids, co-
John Rodgers; James Castle
Tradeoff Analysis of Delay-Power-CSIT Quality of Dynamic BackPressure Algorithm for Energy Efficient OFDM Systems
In this paper, we analyze the fundamental power-delay tradeoff in point-to-point OFDM systems under imperfect channel state information quality and non-ideal circuit power. We consider the dynamic back- pressure (DBP) algorithm, where the transmitter determines the rate and power control actions based on the instantaneous channel state information (CSIT) and the queue state information (QSI). We exploit a general fluid queue dynamics using a continuous time dynamic equation. Using the sample-path approach and renewal theory, we decompose the average delay in terms of multiple unfinished works along a sample path, and derive an upper bound on the average delay under the DBP power control, which is asymptotically accurate at small delay regime. We show that despite imperfect CSIT quality and non-ideal circuit power, the average power (P) of the DBP policy scales with delay (D) as P = O(Dexp(1/D)) at small delay regime. While the impacts of CSIT quality and circuit power appears as the coefficients of the scalin...
Lau, Vincent K N
Efficiency and Loss Models for Key Electronic Components of Hybrid and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles' Electrical Propulsion Systems
Isolated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are widely used in power electronic applications including electric, hybrid electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs, HEVs, and PHEVs). The trend towards more electric vehicles (MEVs) has demanded the need for power electronic devices capable of handling power in the range of 10-100 kW. However, the converter losses in this power range are of critical importance. Therefore, thermal management of the power electronic devices/converters is crucial for the reliability and longevity of the advanced vehicles. To aid the design of heat exchangers for the IGBT modules used in propulsion motor drives, a loss model for the IGBTs is necessary. The loss model of the IGBTs will help in the process of developing new heat exchangers and advanced thermal interface materials by reducing cost and time. This paper deals with the detailed loss modeling of IGBTs for advanced electrical propulsion systems. An experimental based loss model is proposed. The proposed loss calculation method utilizes the experimental data to reconstruct the loss surface of the power electronic devices by means of curve fitting and linear extrapolating. This enables the calculation of thermal losses in different voltage, current, and temperature conditions of operation. To verify the calculation method, an experimental test set-up was designed and built. The experimental set-up is an IGBT based bi-directional DC/DC converter. In addition, simulation results are presented to verify the proposed calculation method.
Cao, J.; Bharathan, D.; Emadi, A.
Considerations for efficient airflow design in cleanrooms
common recirculating air system designs: fan-tower (FT) withfan-filter unit (FFU) Improving Airflow System Efficiency A high-performance cleanroom airflow designfan motor operation. These results point to opportunities for improving energy efficiency at the design
Second-generation PFBC systems research and development: Phase 2, Best efficiency approach in light of current data
The low-Btu gas is produced in the carbonizer by pyrolysis/mild devolatilization of coal in a fluidized bed reactor. Because this unit operates at temperatures much lower than gasifiers currently under development, it also produces char residue. Left untreated, the fuel gas will contain hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing tar/light oil vapors; therefore, lime-based sorbents are injected into the carbonizer to catalytically enhance tar cracking and to capture sulfur as calcium sulfide. Sulfur is captured in situ, and the raw fuel gas is fired hot. Thus expensive, complex, fuel gas heat exchangers and chemical or sulfur-capturing bed cleanup systems that are part of the coal gasification combined-cycle plants now being developed are eliminated. The char and calcium sulfide produced in the carbonizer and contained in the fuel gas as elutriated particles are captured by high-temperature filters, rendering the fuel gas essentially particulate-free and able to meet New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). The captured material, with carbonizer bed drains, is collected in a central hopper and injected into the CPFBC through a nitrogen-aerated non-mechanical valve. The high excess air in the combustor transforms the calcium sulfide to sulfate, allowing its disposal with the normal CPFBC spent sorbent. In the CPFBC, the burning char heats the high-excess-air flue gas to 1600{degree}F; any surplus heat is transferred to the FBHE by the recirculation of solids (sorbent and coal fly ash) between the two units. Controlled recirculation is accomplished with cyclone separators and non-mechanical valves. The FBHE contains tube surfaces that cool the circulating solids. Because of the low fluidizing velocity in the FBHE ({le} 1/2 ft/s), the risk of tube erosion is virtually eliminated.
Robertson, A.; Burkhard, F.; Carli, G. [and others
Consumption & Efficiency - U.S. Energy Information ...
Consumption & Efficiency. Energy use in homes, commercial buildings, ... State Energy Data System: Noncombustible Renewable Energy for 2011 ...
With the rising cost of energy and increased concerns for pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from power generation, increased focus is being put on energy efficiency. This study looks at several approaches to reducing energy consumption in clothes care appliances by considering the appliances and laundry chemistry as a system, rather than individually.
Tim Richter
Energy Efficiency Manual
Review: Energy Efficiency Manual By Donald R. WulfinghoffWulfinghoff, Donald R. Energy Efficiency Manual. Wheaton,and efficiently. The Energy Efficiency Manual offers up-to-
Weintraub, Irwin
Linking Energy Efficiency and ISO: Creating a Framework for Sustainable Industrial Energy Efficiency
Institute Management System for Energy (ANSI/MSE 2000),Institute Management System for Energy (ANSI/MSE 2000)energy efficiency into these existing management systems. A
McKane, Aimee; Perry, Wayne; Aixian, Li; Tienan, Li; Williams, Robert
High Efficiency, Clean Combustion
Energy use in trucks has been increasing at a faster rate than that of automobiles within the U.S. transportation sector. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA) Annual Energy Outlook (AEO), a 23% increase in fuel consumption for the U.S. heavy duty truck segment is expected between 2009 to 2020. The heavy duty vehicle oil consumption is projected to grow between 2009 and 2050 while light duty vehicle (LDV) fuel consumption will eventually experience a decrease. By 2050, the oil consumption rate by LDVs is anticipated to decrease below 2009 levels due to CAFE standards and biofuel use. In contrast, the heavy duty oil consumption rate is anticipated to double. The increasing trend in oil consumption for heavy trucks is linked to the vitality, security, and growth of the U.S. economy. An essential part of a stable and vibrant U.S. economy is a productive U.S. trucking industry. Studies have shown that the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) is strongly correlated to freight transport. Over 90% of all U.S. freight tonnage is transported by diesel power and over 75% is transported by trucks. Given the vital role that the trucking industry plays in the economy, improving the efficiency of the transportation of goods was a central focus of the Cummins High Efficient Clean Combustion (HECC) program. In a commercial vehicle, the diesel engine remains the largest source of fuel efficiency loss, but remains the greatest opportunity for fuel efficiency improvements. In addition to reducing oil consumption and the dependency on foreign oil, this project will mitigate the impact on the environment by meeting US EPA 2010 emissions regulations. Innovation is a key element in sustaining a U.S. trucking industry that is competitive in global markets. Unlike passenger vehicles, the trucking industry cannot simply downsize the vehicle and still transport the freight with improved efficiency. The truck manufacturing and supporting industries are faced with numerous challenges to reduce oil consumption and greenhouse gases, meet stringent emissions regulations, provide customer value, and improve safety. The HECC program successfully reduced engine fuel consumption and greenhouse gases while providing greater customer valve. The US EPA 2010 emissions standard poses a significant challenge for developing clean diesel powertrains that meet the DoE Vehicle Technologies Multi-Year Program Plan (MYPP) for fuel efficiency improvement while remaining affordable. Along with exhaust emissions, an emphasis on heavy duty vehicle fuel efficiency is being driven by increased energy costs as well as the potential regulation of greenhouse gases. An important element of the success of meeting emissions while significantly improving efficiency is leveraging Cummins component technologies such as fuel injection equipment, aftertreatment, turbomahcinery, electronic controls, and combustion systems. Innovation in component technology coupled with system integration is enabling Cummins to move forward with the development of high efficiency clean diesel products with a long term goal of reaching a 55% peak brake thermal efficiency for the engine plus aftertreatment system. The first step in developing high efficiency clean products has been supported by the DoE co-sponsored HECC program. The objectives of the HECC program are: (1) To design and develop advanced diesel engine architectures capable of achieving US EPA 2010 emission regulations while improving the brake thermal efficiency by 10% compared to the baseline (a state of the art 2007 production diesel engine). (2) To design and develop components and subsystems (fuel systems, air handling, controls, etc) to enable construction and development of multi-cylinder engines. (3) To perform an assessment of the commercial viability of the newly developed engine technology. (4) To specify fuel properties conducive to improvements in emissions, reliability, and fuel efficiency for engines using high-efficiency clean combustion (HECC) technologies. To demonstrate the technology is compatible with B2
Donald Stanton
Efficient Windows Collaborative
The project goals covered both the residential and commercial windows markets and involved a range of audiences such as window manufacturers, builders, homeowners, design professionals, utilities, and public agencies. Essential goals included: (1) Creation of 'Master Toolkits' of information that integrate diverse tools, rating systems, and incentive programs, customized for key audiences such as window manufacturers, design professionals, and utility programs. (2) Delivery of education and outreach programs to multiple audiences through conference presentations, publication of articles for builders and other industry professionals, and targeted dissemination of efficient window curricula to professionals and students. (3) Design and implementation of mechanisms to encourage and track sales of more efficient products through the existing Window Products Database as an incentive for manufacturers to improve products and participate in programs such as NFRC and ENERGY STAR. (4) Development of utility incentive programs to promote more efficient residential and commercial windows. Partnership with regional and local entities on the development of programs and customized information to move the market toward the highest performing products. An overarching project goal was to ensure that different audiences adopt and use the developed information, design and promotion tools and thus increase the market penetration of energy efficient fenestration products. In particular, a crucial success criterion was to move gas and electric utilities to increase the promotion of energy efficient windows through demand side management programs as an important step toward increasing the market share of energy efficient windows.
Nils Petermann
Joint China-United States Report for Year 1 Insulation Materials and Systems Project Area Clean Energy Research Center Building Energy Efficiency (CERC-BEE)
In November of 2009, the presidents of China and the U.S. announced the establishment of the Clean Energy Research Center (CERC). This broad research effort is co-funded by both countries and involves a large number of research centers and universities in both countries. One part of this program is focused on improving the energy efficiency of buildings. One portion of the CERC-BEE was focused on building insulation systems. The research objective of this effort was to Identify and investigate candidate high performance fire resistant building insulation technologies that meet the goal of building code compliance for exterior wall applications in green buildings in multiple climate zones. A Joint Work Plan was established between researchers at the China Academy of Building Research and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Efforts in the first year under this plan focused on information gathering. The objective of this research program is to reduce building energy use in China via improved building insulation technology. In cold regions in China, residents often use inefficient heating systems to provide a minimal comfort level within inefficient buildings. In warmer regions, air conditioning has not been commonly used. As living standards rise, energy consumption in these regions will increase dramatically unless significant improvements are made in building energy performance. Previous efforts that defined the current state of the built environment in China and in the U.S. will be used in this research. In countries around the world, building improvements have typically followed the implementation of more stringent building codes. There have been several changes in building codes in both the U.S. and China within the last few years. New U.S. building codes have increased the amount of wall insulation required in new buildings. New government statements from multiple agencies in China have recently changed the requirements for buildings in terms of energy efficiency and fire safety. A related issue is the degree to which new standards are adopted and enforced. In the U.S., standards are developed using a consensus process, and local government agencies are free to implement these standards or to ignore them. For example, some U.S. states are still using 2003 versions of the building efficiency standards. There is also a great variation in the degree to which the locally adopted standards are enforced in different U.S. cities and states. With a more central process in China, these issues are different, but possible impacts of variable enforcement efficacy may also exist. Therefore, current building codes in China will be compared to the current state of building fire-safety and energy-efficiency codes in the U.S. and areas for possible improvements in both countries will be explored. In particular, the focus of the applications in China will be on green buildings. The terminology of 'green buildings' has different meanings to different audiences. The U.S. research is interested in both new, green buildings, and on retrofitting existing inefficient buildings. An initial effort will be made to clarify the scope of the pertinent wall insulation systems for these applications.
Stovall, Therese K [ORNL; Biswas, Kaushik [ORNL; Song, Bo [China Academy of Building Research; Zhang, Sisi [China Academy of Building Research
Categorical Exclusion Determinations: Office of Energy Efficiency...
September 29, 2010 CX-004166: Categorical Exclusion Determination Contributing to Net Zero Building: High Energy Efficient Exterior Insulation and Finishing System Wall Systems...
Energy Crossroads: Utility Energy Efficiency Programs Arizona...
Buildings Cool Roofs and Heat Islands Demand Response Energy Efficiency Program and Market Trends High Technology and Industrial Systems Lighting Systems Residential...
Developing energy efficient filtering systems
Azzopardi,L. Vanderbauwhede,W. Moadeli,M. Proceedings of the 32nd international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval (SIGIR09) pp 664-665 ACM
Efficient optical pulse stacker system
Method and apparatus for spreading and angle-encoding each pulse of a multiplicity of small area, short pulses into several temporally staggered pulses by use of appropriate beam splitters, with the optical elements being arranged so that each staggered pulse is contiguous with one or two other such pulses, and the entire sequence of stacked pulses comprising a single, continuous long pulse. The single long pulse is expanded in area, and then doubly passed through a nonstorage laser amplifier such as KrF. After amplification, the physically separated, angle-encoded and temporally staggered pulses are recombined into a single pulse of short duration. This high intensity output beam is well collimated and may be propagated over long distance, or used for irradiating inertial confinement fusion targets.
Seppala, Lynn G. (Pleasanton, CA); Haas, Roger A. (Pleasanton, CA)
Development of a Markerless Genetic Exchange System in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough and Its Use in Generating a Strain with Increased Transformation Efficiency
In recent years, the genetic manipulation of the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough has seen enormous progress. In spite of this progress, the current marker exchange deletion method does not allow for easy selection of multiple sequential gene deletions in a single strain because of the limited number of selectable markers available in D. vulgaris. To broaden the repertoire of genetic tools for manipulation, an in-frame, markerless deletion system has been developed. The counterselectable marker that makes this deletion system possible is the pyrimidine salvage enzyme, uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, encoded by upp. In wild-type D. vulgaris, growth was shown to be inhibited by the toxic pyrimidine analog 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); whereas, a mutant bearing a deletion of the upp gene was resistant to 5-FU. When a plasmid containing the wild-type upp gene expressed constitutively from the aph(3')-II promoter (promoter for the kanamycin resistance gene in Tn5) was introduced into the upp deletion strain, sensitivity to 5-FU was restored. This observation allowed us to develop a two-step integration and excision strategy for the deletion of genes of interest. Since this inframe deletion strategy does not retain an antibiotic cassette, multiple deletions can be generated in a single strain without the accumulation of genes conferring antibiotic resistances. We used this strategy to generate a deletion strain lacking the endonuclease (hsdR, DVU1703) of a type I restriction-modification system, that we designated JW7035. The transformation efficiency of the JW7035 strain was found to be 100 to 1000 times greater than that of the wild-type strain when stable plasmids were introduced via electroporation.
Keller, Kimberly L.; Bender, Kelly S.; Wall, Judy D.
Energy Efficient Commercial Technologies
Commercial Technologies April 11th, 2012 Presented by: Warren Willits Energy Solutions Center (202) 824-7150 www.ESCenter.org Federal Utility Partnership Working Group Spring 2012 Jekyll Island, GA Todays Energy Efficient Technologies Water Heating Heating Air Conditioning Humidity Control CHP / Cogeneration Atmospheric Direct Vent High Efficiency .7 EF Atmospheric water heaters now available 97 % efficient tank water heaters now available Traditional Tank Style Water Heating Tankless Water Heaters EF = .82 Standard Unit EF = .97 Condensing Solar Water Heaters With H.E. gas back up systems Newer Water Heaters Water Heater Life Cycle Cost Life Cycle Costs Electric Tank Water Heater Gas Water Heater
Resources on Water Efficiency | Department of Energy
Water Efficiency » Resources on Water Efficiency Water Efficiency » Resources on Water Efficiency Resources on Water Efficiency October 8, 2013 - 10:03am Addthis Many helpful resources about water efficiency are available. Also see Contacts. Federal Resources Reverse Osmosis Optimization Technology Evaluation: -This FEMP technology evaluation assesses techniques for optimizing reverse osmosis systems to increase system performance and water efficiency. Side Stream Filtration for Cooling Towers (Full Report): Comprehensive document assessing side stream filtration options for cooling towers, with an objective to assess key attributes that optimize energy and water savings along with providing information on specific technology and implementation options. Technical Evaluation of Side Stream Filtration for Cooling Towers (Fact
The Energy-Efficient Fixtures Laboratory
0 0 The Energy-Efficient Fixtures Laboratory Replacing the incandescent bulb with a more efficient light source is only the first step in developing an energy-efficient lighting system. Improved fixtures can raise the system's efficiency even further. At LBL's Energy-Efficient Fixtures Laboratory, researchers in the Lighting Systems Group study the optical and thermal efficiency of luminaires, and work closely with fixture manufacturers to develop more efficient products. "Fifty to seventy percent efficiencies are now typical of fixtures," says senior research associate Chin Zhang, "and we're trying to improve them to eighty to ninety percent." Oliver Morse adjusts a centralized light guide system consisting of a 250-watt metal halide lamp, a high-efficiency beam splitter and four hollow
Improved blue response and efficiency of A-Si:H solar cells deposited from disilane using a dual-chamber plasma system
Thin film amorphous silicon solar cells with glass/SnO/sub 2//p/i/n/Al structures and 6 to 7% AM1 conversion efficiencies were fabricated at rapid deposition rates in a newly constructed dual-chamber glow discharge deposition system. The 500 nm thick intrinsic layer was deposited at the rate of 1.7 nm/s using disilane (Si/sub 2/H/sub 6/)-helium mixtures. This deposition rate is an order of magnitude greater than conventional high efficiency amorphous silicon solar cell depositions. Residual boron doping effects at the p/i interface can severely degrade cell performance particularly when the intrinsic layer is deposited in one chamber of the dual-chamber system and the intrinsic layer is deposited in the other chamber that is free of boron contaminants. Parameters such as electrode spacing, Si/sub 2/H/sub 6/ partial pressure and flow rate were optimized to produce uniform deposition over large areas. At the substrate temperature T/sub s/ selected for solar cell intrinsic layer deposition, the spin density was measured to be a minimum at 5 x 10/sup 15//cm/sup 3/. For a given T/sub s/, an intrinsic layer deposited from Si/sub 2/H/sub 6/ absorbs fewer photons and can generate less current under solar simulation than a similar film produced from monosilane. Identical solar cells were deposited in either the single-chamber mode or the dual-chamber mode for comparison. Single-chamber mode cells perform poorly over the visible wavelengths and hence produce low short circuit currents. The dual-chamber mode cells show a significant improvement in blue response and a factor of two increase in short circuit current over the single-chamber mode cells. Under short circuit conditions, 15 mA/cm/sup 2/ was generated from rapidly deposited (1.7 nm/s) cells from disilane and 18 mA/cm/sup 2/ from low deposition rate (0.18 nm/s) monosilane cells. These values are comparable to or better than those reported for similar cells by other groups.
Rajeswaran, G.; Vanier, P.E.; Corderman, R.R.; Kampas, F.J.
Energy-efficient communication protocols
Wireless networking has experienced a great deal of popularity, and significant advances have been made in wireless technology. However, energy efficiency of radio communication systems is still a critical issue due to the limited battery capacity of ... Keywords: battery charge recovery, energy efficiency, wireless networks
Carla F. Chiasserini; Pavan Nuggehalli; Vikram Srinivasan
Engine Combustion & Efficiency - FEERC
Engine Combustion & Efficiency Engine Combustion & Efficiency ORNL currently and historically supports the U.S. DOE on multi-cylinder and vehicle applications of diesel combustion, lean burn gasoline combustion, and low temperature combustion processes, and performs principal research on efficiency enabling technologies including emission controls, thermal energy recovery, and bio-renewable fuels. Research areas span from fundamental concepts to engine/vehicle integration and demonstration with a particular emphasis on the following areas: Thermodynamics for identifying and characterizing efficiency opportunities for engine-systems as well as the development of non-conventional combustion concepts for reducing fundamental combustion losses. Nonlinear sciences for improving the physical understanding and
What's Energy Efficiency?
Who "does" efficiency? There's no such thing as the profession of energy efficiency-in fact, many professions participate in making the world more efficient. Mechanical, chemical,...
Efficiency kW/ton Fan Coil Unit Design Efficiency CFM/kWEfficiency kW/ton Fan Coil Unit Design Efficiency CFM/kWEfficiency kW/ton Fan Coil Unit Design Efficiency CFM/kW
Mitigating the risk of a new workforce by reducing rework and rightsizing on hand inventory
Dramatically increasing the hourly workforce at a rapid pace to support accelerated product demand in an aircraft manufacturing facility in a short amount of time resulted in: (1) increased rework, and (2) increased part ...
Larson, David (David William)
Western Cooling Efficiency Center | Open Energy Information
Efficiency Center Efficiency Center Jump to: navigation, search Name Western Cooling Efficiency Center Place Davis, CA Website http://http://wcec.ucdavis.edu References Western Cooling Efficiency Center [1] Information About Partnership with NREL Partnership with NREL Yes Partnership Type Test & Evaluation Partner Partnering Center within NREL Electricity Resources & Building Systems Integration LinkedIn Connections Western Cooling Efficiency Center is a research institution located in Davis, CA, at the University of California at Davis (UC Davis). References ↑ "Western Cooling Efficiency Center" Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Cooling_Efficiency_Center&oldid=382319" Categories: Clean Energy Organizations
Sustainability: Energy Efficiency
Sustainability: Energy Efficiency Sustainability: Energy Efficiency (Green Consulting Unit) Overview Walks students through the process of building a model home while considering 11 parameters that influence energy use, such as building orientation, room configuration, building envelope, and energy systems (heating, cooling, lighting, etc.). Objectives The students will be able to: Use models to learn how to maximize the comfort-conditioning of a home. Observe, gather, and analyze data from the model simulations. Draw conclusions from the data. Time Week 1 Period 1 (M) Introduction Period 2 (W) Activities 1, 2 Period 3 (F) Activities 3, 4 Week 2 Period 4 (M) Activities 5, 6, 7 Period 5 (W) Activities 8, 9, 10, 11 Period 6 (F) Activities Presentations and conclusion
How Does Your Data Center Measure Up? Energy Efficiency Metrics...
How Does Your Data Center Measure Up? Energy Efficiency Metrics and Benchmarks for Data Center Infrastructure Systems Title How Does Your Data Center Measure Up? Energy Efficiency...
Estimating Costs and Efficiency of Storage, Demand, and Heat...
more efficient system. When considering a water heater model for your home, estimate its energy efficiency and annual operating cost. Then, compare costs with other more andor...
Power Efficiency and Performance with ORNL's Cray XK7 Titan
This presentation provides some insights into ORNL's Cray XK7 Titan system and its power efficiency and performance. Keywords: Energy Efficiency, Power Profile
Jim Rogers
Measured energy performance of a US-China demonstration energy-efficient office building
lighting system with efficient fixtures, daylighting,has both daylighting controls and a TES system. Electricity
Xu, Peng; Huang, Joe; Jin, Ruidong; Yang, Guoxiong
Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Oportunities for the Concrete Industry
an efficient daylighting system may provide evenly dispersedrefitted with these systems. Daylighting technologies
Kermeli, Katerina
Increasing Power Plant Efficiency: Lignite Fuel Enhancement ...
Increasing Power Plant Efficiency: Lignite Fuel Enhancement (Completed March 31, 2010) Project Description The objectives of this project are to demonstrate a unique system for...
Columbia Rural Electric Association - Irrigation Energy Efficiency...
0.75 Columbia REA, through the Bonneville Power Administration, offers an irrigation energy efficiency program for its agricultural customers. Stationary systems are not...
Laboratory August 13, 2010 CX-003365: Categorical Exclusion Determination Advanced Combustion Controls - Enabling Systems and Solutions (ACCESS) for High Efficiency Vehicles...
Power Administration, offers an irrigation energy efficiency program for its agricultural customers. Stationary systems are not eligible for this program due to the number of...
Empire District Electric - Residential Energy Efficiency Rebate...
rebates to residential customers for energy audits, weatherization measures, central air conditioning systems, and energy efficient home appliances. Eligible air conditioning...
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant Program
efficiency study of Largo Municipal Complex, 3) solar photovoltaic system on new Community Center, 4) upgrade transformers at the Largo Municipal Complex, and 5) retrofit...
High Efficiency Engine Technologies Program
Caterpillar's Product Development and Global Technology Division carried out a research program on waste heat recovery with support from DOE (Department of Energy) and the DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory. The objective of the program was to develop a new air management and exhaust energy recovery system that would demonstrate a minimum 10% improvement in thermal efficiency over a base heavy-duty on-highway diesel truck engine. The base engine for this program was a 2007 C15 15.2L series-turbocharged on-highway truck engine with a LPL (low-pressure loop) exhaust recirculation system. The focus of the program was on the development of high efficiency turbomachinery and a high efficiency turbocompound waste heat recovery system. The focus of each area of development was as follows: (1) For turbine stages, the focus was on investigation and development of technologies that would improve on-engine exhaust energy utilization compared to the conventional radial turbines in widespread use today. (2) For compressor stages, the focus was on investigating compressor wheel design parameters beyond the range typically utilized in production, to determine the potential efficiency benefits thereof. (3) For turbocompound, the focus was on the development of a robust bearing system that would provide higher bearing efficiencies compared to systems used in turbocompound power turbines in production. None of the turbocharger technologies investigated involved addition of moving parts, actuators, or exotic materials, thereby increasing the likelihood of a favorable cost-value tradeoff for each technology. And the turbocompound system requires less hardware addition than competing bottoming cycle technologies, making it a more attractive solution from a cost and packaging standpoint. Main outcomes of the program are as follows: (1) Two turbine technologies that demonstrated up to 6% improvement in turbine efficiency on gas stand and 1-3% improvement in thermal efficiency in on-engine testing. (2) A compressor technology that demonstrated 1.5% improvement in compressor efficiency on gas stand compared to production available compressors. (3) A power turbine with high efficiency bearing system that demonstrated excellent rotordynamic stability throughout the required speed range, up to 60,000 rpm. (4) A predicted improvement (using engine simulation) in engine thermal efficiency of 7% at the peak torque design point, when combining the technologies developed in this program.
Rich Kruiswyk
Energy Efficient Motors
Efficiency is only one aspect of motor performance. This paper discusses how efficiency is influenced by such factors as horsepower rating, poles, actual load, and starting requirements. It discusses some of the variables affecting efficiency, and how to interpret efficiency data. A perspective is given from which to evaluate available energy efficient motor offerings for a given application.
Hoffmeyer, W.
Energy Efficient Computing at NERSC
Green Flash Exascale Computing Performance & Monitoring Tools Petascale Initiative Science Gateway Development Storage and I/O Technologies Design Forward Home » R & D » Energy Efficient Computing Energy Efficient Computing Energy Monitoring to Improve Efficiency NERSC has instrumented its machine room with state-of-the-art wireless monitoring technology from SynapSense. To date, the center has installed 834 sensors, which gather information on variables important to machine room operation, including air temperature, pressure, and humidity. The sensors signal temperature changes and NERSC has already seen benefits in center reliability. For example, after cabinets of a large, decommissioned system were shut down and removed, cold air pockets developed near
The smallest refrigerators can reach maximal efficiency
We investigate whether size imposes a fundamental constraint on the efficiency of small thermal machines. We analyse in detail a model of a small self-contained refrigerator consisting of three qubits. We show analytically that this system can reach the Carnot efficiency, thus demonstrating that there exists no complementarity between size and efficiency.
Paul Skrzypczyk; Nicolas Brunner; Noah Linden; Sandu Popescu
EnergyEfficiency Energy:Waste
EnergyEfficiency Energy:Waste Copyright © 2012 by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved potential #12;Energy: Physics 809 EnergyEfficiency Energy:Waste with other properties, defines the system in F direction Fig. 3 Work, force, and displacement. #12;810 Energy: Physics EnergyEfficiency Energy:Waste
Kostic, Milivoje M.
Cellular Energy Efficiency Evaluation Framework (Invited Paper)
Cellular Energy Efficiency Evaluation Framework (Invited Paper) Gunther Auer, Vito Giannini, Istv, the power consumption of the entire system needs to be captured and an appropriate energy efficiency evaluation frameworks are discussed, such that the energy efficiency of the entire network comprising
Stevenson, Paul
Energy-Efficiency Labels and Standards: A Guidebook for Appliances, Equipment, and Lighting - 2nd Edition
Energy- Efficient Appliances Policy Analysis Modeling Systemenergy-efficiency interest groups�should Chapter 6 The Policy Analysis Modeling System
Wiel, Stephen; McMahon, James E.
White Paper on Energy Efficiency Status of Energy-Using Products in China (2011)
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Energy Efficiency Resource Standard | Department of Energy
Efficiency Resource Standard Efficiency Resource Standard Energy Efficiency Resource Standard < Back Eligibility Investor-Owned Utility Utility Program Info State Rhode Island Program Type Energy Efficiency Resource Standard Provider Rhode Island Public Utilities Commission Rhode Island enacted legislation in 2006 requiring the state Public Utilities Commission (PUC) to establish standards for system reliability, energy efficiency and conservation procurement, including standards for energy supply diversification, distributed generation, demand response, and "prudent and reliable" energy efficiency and energy conservation measures. These standards and guidelines, which were adopted by the PUC in 2008, must be reviewed at least once every three years. Each electric and natural gas
Energy Efficiency Savings Protocols | Department of Energy
Energy Efficiency Savings Protocols Energy Efficiency Savings Protocols Energy Efficiency Savings Protocols In April 2013 the U.S. Department of Energy published the first set of protocols for determining energy savings from energy efficiency measures and programs. You can read individual protocols below or all of them combined into a single report titled The Uniform Methods Project: Methods for Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures. Acknowledgements Introduction Commercial and Industrial Lighting Evaluation Protocol Commercial and Industrial Lighting Controls Evaluation Protocol Small Commercial and Residential Unitary and Split System HVAC Cooling Equipment-Efficiency Upgrade Evaluation Protocol Residential Furnaces and Boilers Evaluation Protocol Residential Lighting Evaluation Protocol
MS-City-Jackson MS-City-Jackson Location: City Jackson MS

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