text:
Martha Layne Collins
Martha Layne Collins | |
Governor Martha Layne Collins giving a speech, November 1986 | |
56th Governor of Kentucky | |
In office December 13, 1983 – December 8, 1987 |
Lieutenant | Steve Beshear |
Preceded by | John Y. Brown, Jr. |
Succeeded by | Wallace G. Wilkinson |
48th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky | |
In office December 11, 1979 – December 13, 1983 |
Governor | John Y. Brown, Jr. |
Preceded by | Thelma Stovall |
Succeeded by | Steve Beshear |
Personal details | |
Born | Martha Layne Hall December 7, 1936 Bagdad, Kentucky |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse(s) | Bill Collins |
Alma mater | University of Kentucky |
Profession | Teacher |
Religion | Baptist |
Martha Layne Collins (née Hall, born December 7, 1936) is an American former businesswoman and politician from the U.S. state of Kentucky who was the state's 56th governor from 1983 to 1987. Prior to her election as governor, she was the 48th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky, under John Y. Brown, Jr. As of 2014, she is the only woman to have been a governor of Kentucky. Her election made her the highest-ranking Democratic woman in the U.S. She was considered as a possible running mate for Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale in the 1984 presidential election, but Mondale chose Geraldine Ferraro instead.
After graduating from the University of Kentucky, Collins worked as a school teacher while her husband finished a degree in dentistry. She became interested in politics, and worked on both Wendell Ford's gubernatorial campaign in 1971 and Walter "Dee" Huddleston's U.S. Senate campaign in 1972. In 1975, she was chosen secretary of the state's Democratic Party and was elected clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals. During her tenure as clerk, a constitutional amendment restructured the state's judicial system, and the Court of Appeals became the Kentucky Supreme Court; Collins continued as clerk of the renamed court and worked to educate citizens about the court's new role.
Collins was elected lieutenant governor in 1979, under Governor John Y. Brown, Jr. Brown was frequently out of the state, leaving Collins as acting governor for more than 500 days of her four-year term. In 1983, she defeated Republican Jim Bunning to become Kentucky's first woman governor. Her administration had two primary focuses: education and economic development. After failing to secure increased funding for education in the 1984 legislative session, she conducted a statewide public awareness campaign in advance of a special legislative session the following year; the modified program was passed in that session. She successfully used economic incentives to bring a Toyota manufacturing plant to Georgetown, Kentucky in 1986. Legal challenges to the incentives – which would have cost the state the plant and its related economic benefits – were eventually dismissed by the Kentucky Supreme Court. The state experienced record economic growth under Collins' leadership.
At the time, Kentucky governors were not eligible for reelection. Collins taught at several universities after her four-year term as governor. From 1990 to 1996, she was the president of Saint Catharine College near Springfield, Kentucky. The 1993 conviction of Collins' husband, Dr. Bill Collins, in an influence-peddling scandal damaged her hopes for a return to political life. Prior to her husband's conviction it had been rumored that she would be a candidate for the U.S. Senate, or would take a position in the administration of President Bill Clinton. As of 2012 Collins is an executive scholar in residence at Georgetown College.
Early life[edit]
Martha Layne Hall was born December 7, 1936, in Bagdad, Kentucky,[1] the only child of Everett and Mary (Taylor) Hall.[2] When Martha was in the sixth grade, her family moved to Shelbyville, Kentucky, and opened the Hall-Taylor Funeral Home.[2] Martha was involved in numerous extracurricular activities both in school and at the local Baptist church.[2] Her parents were active in local politics, working for the campaigns of several Democratic candidates, and Hall frequently joined them, stuffing envelopes and delivering pamphlets door-to-door.[3]
Martha attended Shelbyville High School where she was a good student and a cheerleader.[4] She frequently competed in beauty pageants and won the title of Shelby County Tobacco Festival Queen in 1954.[4] After high school, she enrolled at Lindenwood College, an all-woman college in Saint Charles, Missouri.[4][5] After one year at Lindenwood, she transferred to the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky.[5] While there, she was active in many clubs, including the Chi Omega social sorority, the Baptist Student Union, and the home economics club, and was also the president of her dormitory and vice president of the house presidents council.[4]
In 1957, Martha met Billy Louis Collins while attending a Baptist camp in Shelby County.[2] Collins was a student at Georgetown College in Georgetown, Kentucky, about 13 miles from Lexington; he and Hall dated while finishing their degrees.[2] Martha earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Home Economics in 1959.[5] Having won the title of Kentucky Derby Festival Queen earlier that year, she briefly considered a career in modeling.[2] Instead, she and Collins married shortly after her graduation.[2] While Billy Collins pursued a degree in dentistry at the University of Louisville, Martha taught at Seneca High School and Fairdale High School, both in Louisville.[6] While in Louisville, the couple had two children, Steve and Marla.[5]
In 1966, the Collinses moved to Versailles, Kentucky, where Martha taught at Woodford County Junior High School.[3] The couple became active in several civic organizations, including the Jaycees and Jayceettes and the Young Democratic Couples Club.[4] Through the club, they worked on behalf of Henry Ward's unsuccessful gubernatorial campaign in 1967.[4]
Early political career[edit]
By 1971, Collins was the president of the Jayceettes, and it was through that organization that she came to the attention of Democratic state senator Walter "Dee" Huddleston.[4] Huddleston asked Collins to co-chair Wendell Ford's gubernatorial campaign in the 6th District.[4] J.R. Miller, then-chairman of the state Democratic Party, commented that "She organized that district like you wouldn't believe."[3] After Ford's victory, he named her Democratic National Committeewoman from Kentucky.[1] She quit her teaching job and went to work full-time at the state Democratic Party headquarters, as secretary of the state Democratic party and as a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention.[3][6] The following year, she worked for Huddleston's campaign for the U.S. Senate.[1]
In 1975, Collins won the Democratic nomination for clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals in a five-way primary.[3] In the general election, she defeated Republican Joseph E. Lambert by a vote of 382,528 to 233,442.[5] During her term, an amendment to the state constitution changed the name of the Court of Appeals to the Kentucky Supreme Court; Collins thus became the last person to hold the office of clerk of the Court of Appeals and the first to hold the office of clerk of the Supreme Court. As clerk, she compiled and distributed a brochure about the new role of the Supreme Court, and worked with the state department of education to create a teacher's manual for use in the public schools, detailing the changes effected in the court system as a result of the constitutional amendment. The Woodford County chapter of Business and Professional Women chose Collins as its 1976 Woman of Achievement, and in 1977, Governor Julian Carroll named her Kentucky Executive Director of the Friendship Force.[1]
In a field that included six major candidates, Collins secured the Democratic nomination for lieutenant governor in 1979, garnering 23 percent of the vote.[5] She defeated Republican Hal Rogers in the general election 543,176 to 316,798.[5] As lieutenant governor, she traveled the state, attending ceremonies in place of Democratic Governor John Y. Brown, Jr., who disliked such formal events and often chose not to attend.[7] By the end of her term, she declared that she had visited all 120 counties in Kentucky.[7] Governor Brown was frequently out of the state, leaving Collins as acting governor for more than 500 days of her four-year term.[8]
As lieutenant governor, Collins was responsible for presiding over the state Senate. Members of both major parties praised Collins for her impartiality and knowledge of parliamentary procedure in this role.[3] She was twice called upon to break tie votes in the Senate, once on a bill allowing the state's teachers to engage in collective bargaining and another on a bill to allow branch banking across county lines within the state; in both instances she voted in the negative, killing the bill.[3] During her tenure, she also chaired the National Conference of Lieutenant Governors, becoming the first woman to hold that position.[7] In 1982, she was named to the board of regents of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville.[9]
Gubernatorial election of 1983[edit]
Nearing the end of her term as lieutenant governor, Collins announced her intent to run for governor in 1983.[5] Her opponents for the Democratic nomination included Louisville mayor Harvey Sloane and Grady Stumbo, the former secretary of the state's Department of Human Resources.[3] Collins had the support of many leaders in the Democratic Party, but just before the primary, Governor Brown endorsed Stumbo, charging that both Sloane and Collins would use their gubernatorial appointment power to dispense party patronage. Although this was a common practice at the time, Brown notably and vocally shunned it during his term.[5][10] With 223,692 votes, Collins edged out Sloane (219,160 votes) and Stumbo (199,795 votes) to secure the nomination.[5] Sloane asked for a recanvass of the ballots, but ultimately decided it would not change the outcome and conceded defeat.[11]
In the general election, Collins faced Republican state senator and future Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Jim Bunning.[5] The National Organization for Women, the National Women's Campaign Fund, and the Women's Political Caucus all refused to endorse Collins, citing her lukewarm support for the Equal Rights Amendment and her opposition to abortion except in cases of rape, incest, or when the mother's life was in danger.[12] Bunning was not personable on the campaign trail and had difficulty finding issues that would draw traditionally Democratic voters to him.[13] His Catholicism was also a political liability.[13] Collins won the election by a vote of 561,674 to 454,650, becoming the first, and to date only, woman to be elected governor of Kentucky.[1][5]
Following her election, Collins donated the surplus $242,000 from her campaign coffers to the state Democratic party. When Collins' husband was named state treasurer for the party – at an annual salary of $59,900 – the state press charged that the move was a plot to funnel Collins' campaign funds into her personal account. (The previous Democratic state treasurer had received no salary during his tenure.) Following the media criticism, Dr. Collins resigned his post as treasurer; all of the involved individuals insisted that Governor Collins had not been briefed on the details of her husband's appointment. The media's criticism of Collins continued as many of the appointments to her executive cabinet went to inexperienced personnel who had held key positions in her past campaigns. When newly appointed Insurance Commissioner Gilbert McCarty approved a 17% rate increase requested by Blue Cross Blue Shield – a request that his predecessor had denied a few days earlier – Collins quickly countermanded the approval pending a public hearing on the matter.[14]
In her first address to the legislature, Collins asked for an additional $324 million from the Kentucky General Assembly, most of it allocated for education.[5] The additional revenue was to be derived from Collins' proposed tax package, which included increasing the income tax on individuals making more than $15,000 annually, extending the sales tax to cover services such as auto repair and dry cleaning, and increasing the corporate licensing tax.[15] After opposition to her proposal developed among legislators during the 1984 biennial legislative session, Collins revised the tax package, retaining the corporate licensing tax increase, but replacing the sales tax and income tax modifications with a flat five percent personal income tax and phasing out the deductions for depreciation that corporations could claim on their state taxes.[16] With the state still recovering from an economic recession and an election year upcoming, legislators refused to raise taxes, and Collins eventually withdrew her request and submitted a continuation budget instead.[5] Some education proposals advocated by Collins were passed, including mandatory kindergarten, remedial programs for elementary school children, mandatory testing and internship for teachers, and the implementation of academic receivership for underperforming schools.[17] Among the other accomplishments of the 1984 legislative session were passage of a tougher drunk driving law and a measure allowing state banking companies to purchase other banks within the state.[5]
Consideration for vice-president[edit]
By virtue of her election as Kentucky's governor, Collins became the highest-ranking Democratic woman in the nation.[18] The only two women in the U.S. Senate at the time were Republicans, and Collins was the only woman governor of any state.[18] Shortly after her election, she appeared on Good Morning America, where she was asked about her interest in the vice-presidency and gave a non-committal answer.[18] Four days after her inauguration as governor, she was chosen to deliver the Democratic response to President Ronald Reagan's weekly radio address.[19] At a news conference following her speech, she was again asked if she would be willing to be considered as the Democrats' vice-presidential candidate in the upcoming election; she replied "No, not at this time."[19]
In mid-1984, the Democratic National Committee chose Collins to preside over the 1984 Democratic National Convention in San Francisco.[1] This engagement prevented Collins from holding the role of chair of the state delegation to the convention.[20] That designation was given to Collins' son, Steve.[20] Prior to the convention, Walter Mondale, the presumptive presidential nominee, interviewed Collins as a possible vice-presidential candidate before choosing Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate.[17] A writer for The Miami Herald later opined, based on interviews with Mondale advisors, that Collins was never given serious consideration by Mondale and that she was included in his list of potential running mates primarily to blunt potential charges of "tokenism" in considering other women and minorities.[21]
Education proposals[edit]
In January 1985, Collins renewed her push for additional education funding and changes by appointing herself secretary of the state Education and Humanities Cabinet.[22] Following the announcement, Collins and several key legislators held a series of meetings in every county, advocating for her proposed changes and seeking information about what types of changes the state's citizens desired.[23] At the meetings, Collins was careful to separate the issues of her proposed education plan and potential tax increases because she believed the issue of taxes had prevented her previous package from being enacted.[23]
Collins announced a new education package in June 1985 that included a five percent across-the-board pay raise for teachers, a reduction in class sizes, funding for construction projects, aides for every kindergarten teacher in the state, and a "power equalization" program to make funding for poorer school districts more equal to that of their more affluent counterparts.[24] After favorable reaction to the plan from legislators, she called a special legislative session to convene July 8 to consider the plan.[25] After two weeks of deliberation, the General Assembly approved Collins' education plan, tripling the corporate licensing tax to $2.10 per $1,000 in order to pay for the package.[26] The Assembly rejected a proposed five-cents-per-gallon increase in the state gasoline tax to finance other spending.[27]
Collins followed up her success in the 1985 special session with a push for more higher education funding in the 1986 legislative session. Lawmakers obliged by approving an additional $100 million for higher education in the biennial budget. They also approved implementation of a pilot preschool program and the purchase of new reading textbooks, but failed to act on Collins' request for an additional $3.9 million to improve the state's vocational education system.[28] Legislators approved calling a referendum on a constitutional amendment – supported by Collins – to make the state superintendent of education an appointive, rather than elective, office.[28] The amendment was defeated by the state's voters in November 1986, despite a Collins-led campaign in favor of it.[29] The increased corporate tax intended to cover the cost of the increased education budget was, however, inadequate. In 1987, a plan to increase revenue through changes in the state income tax was abandoned when Wallace Wilkinson, the Democratic gubernatorial nominee who would go on to succeed Collins, announced his opposition to it.[5]
Toyota Assembly Plant[edit]
In March 1985, Collins embarked on the first of several trade missions to Japan.[30] She returned there in October 1985, and also visited China – a first for any Kentucky governor – to encourage opening Chinese markets for Kentucky goods and to establish a "sister state" relationship with China's Jiangxi province.[30] Collins' efforts in Japan yielded her most significant accomplishment as governor – convincing Toyota to locate an $800 million manufacturing plant in Georgetown.[31] According to published reports, the Kentucky location was chosen over proposed sites in Indiana, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kansas.[32]
The agreement with Toyota was contingent upon legislative approval of $125 million in incentives promised to Toyota by Collins and state Commerce Secretary Carroll Knicely.[31] They included $35 million to buy and improve a 1,600 acres (650 ha) tract to be given to Toyota for the plant, $33 million for initial training of employees, $10 million for a skills development center for employees, and $47 million in highway improvements near the site.[31] The incentive package was approved in the 1986 legislative session.[28] State Attorney General David L. Armstrong expressed concerns that the incentives might conflict with the state constitution by giving gifts from the state treasury to a private business, but concluded that the General Assembly had made "a good-faith effort to be in compliance with the constitution".[33]
Given Armstrong's concerns, the administration employed general counsel J. Patrick Abell to file a friendly test case to determine the constitutionality of the incentive package.[34] While the suit was pending, the Lexington Herald-Leader reported that the administration had failed to include the interest on the bonds used to finance the expenditures in its estimation of the cost; this, plus the cost overruns reported by the Herald-Leader, had already pushed the total cost of the package to about $354 million by late September 1986.[35] In October, Toyota agreed to cover the cost overruns associated with preparing the site for construction.[36]
Opponents of the economic enticements for Toyota joined the state's test suit.[37] In October 1986, Franklin County Circuit Court Judge Ray Corns issued an initial ruling that the package did not violate the state constitution, but both sides asked the Kentucky Supreme Court to make a final decision.[37] On June 11, 1987, the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled 4–3 that the package served a public purpose and were therefore constitutional.[37] Most of the opposition was blunted when Toyota set up several assembly plants across the state; near the end of Collins' term, the state Commerce Cabinet reported that 25 automotive-related manufacturing plants had been constructed in 17 counties since the Toyota announcement.[5][38]
In 1987, Collins promised $10 million in state aid to Ford to incentivize the company to expand its truck assembly plant in Louisville.[39] The state experienced record job growth under Collins' economic development plan, which included attempts to attract both domestic and international companies.[5] The state's unemployment rate fell from 9.7 percent in October 1983 to 7.2 percent in October 1987; according to the administration's own figures, they created a net increase of 73,000 jobs in the state during Collins' tenure.[38]
Other matters during Collins' term[edit]
On October 7, 1987, Collins called a special legislative session to close a deficit between state contributions to the worker's compensation Special Fund and disbursements.[40] The Special Fund was designated for payments to workers with occupational diseases and workers whose work-related injuries could not be traced to any single employer.[41] A plan proposed by Democratic state senator Ed O'Daniel was expected to provide the framework for legislation considered in the session.[40] Under O'Daniel's plan, additional revenue for the Special Fund would be raised by increasing assessments on worker's compensation premiums for 30 years.[41] Assessments for coal companies were increased more than those on other businesses because the majority of the claims paid from the Special Fund were for black lung, a breathing disease common among coal miners; consequently, it was opposed by legislators from heavily coal-dependent counties.[41] Nevertheless, after nine days of negotiations, a bill substantially similar to O'Daniel's original plan was approved by the legislature and signed by Collins.[41]
Collins chaired the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway Authority and held that position when the waterway opened to the public in 1985.[42] On May 10, 1985, she was named to the University of Kentucky Alumni Association's Hall of Distinguished Alumni.[1] She also chaired the Southern Growth Policies Board, Southern States Energy Board, and was co-chair of the Appalachian Regional Commission.[42]
Activities after leaving office[edit]
Collins' term expired on December 8, 1987, and under the restrictions then present in the Kentucky Constitution, she was ineligible for consecutive terms.[43] In 1988, she accepted a position as "executive in residence" at the University of Louisville, giving guest lectures to students in the university's business classes.[43] She also started an international trade consulting firm in Lexington.[5][43] When Western Kentucky University president Kern Alexander resigned to accept a position at Virginia Tech in 1988, Collins was among four finalists to succeed him.[44] Some faculty members publicly expressed concerns about Collins' lack of experience in academia, and she withdrew her name from consideration shortly before the new president was announced.[44]
After fulfilling her one-year commitment to the University of Louisville, Collins was named a fellow of the Harvard Institute of Politics' John F. Kennedy School of Government, teaching non-credit classes on leadership styles once a week.[45] Concurrent with her position at Harvard, Collins was named to the board of regents for Midway College in 1989; the following year, she was removed from the board of regents of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary.[9][46] Her removal was automatically triggered after she missed three consecutive board meetings between 1986 and 1989.[9] In 1990, Collins accepted the presidency of Saint Catharine College in Springfield, Kentucky, becoming the first president of the small, Catholic college who was not a Dominican nun.[47] College officials stated that Collins was recruited for the presidency to raise the college's profile.[47]
In 1993, Collins' husband, Bill, was charged in an influence-peddling scandal. The prosecution claimed that while Collins was governor, Dr. Collins exploited a perception that he could influence the awarding of state contracts through his wife.[48] It was alleged that he exploited this perception to pressure people who did business with the state to invest nearly $2 million with him.[48] He was convicted on October 14, 1993, after a seven-week trial; he was given a sentence of five years and three months in federal prison, which was at the low end of the range prescribed by the federal sentencing guidelines.[49] He was also fined $20,000 for a conspiracy charge that involved kickbacks disguised as political contributions.[48] Governor Collins was called to testify in the trial, but was not charged.[50] The scandal tarnished her image, however, and may have cost her an appointment in the administration of President Bill Clinton.[50] Collins was also rumored to be considering running for the U.S. Senate, a bid which never materialized following her husband's conviction.[50] The Collinses reunited following Dr. Collins' release from prison on October 10, 1997.[51]
In 1996, Collins resigned as president of Saint Catharine College to direct the International Business and Management Center at the University of Kentucky.[52] Later that year, she was a co-chair of the Credentials Committee at the Democratic National Convention.[53] When her contract with the University of Kentucky expired in 1998, Collins took a part-time position as "executive scholar in residence" at Georgetown College, which allowed her more time to pursue other interests.[54] In 1999, she was named Honorary Consul General of Japan in Kentucky, a position which involved promoting Japanese interests in Kentucky, encouraging Japanese investment in the state, and encouraging cultural understanding between Kentucky and Japan.[55] In 2001, Governor Paul E. Patton named her co-chair of the Kentucky Task Force on the Economic Status of Women.[50] In January 2005, she became the chairwoman and chief executive officer of the Kentucky World Trade Center.[56] She has held positions on the boards of directors for several corporations, including Eastman Kodak.[56]
Awards and honors[edit]
Women Leading Kentucky, a non-profit group designed to promote education, mentorship, and networking among Kentucky professional women, created the Martha Layne Collins Leadership Award in 1999 to recognize "a Kentucky woman of achievement who inspires and motivates other women through her personal, community and professional lives"; Collins was the first recipient of the award.[57] In 2003, Kentucky's Bluegrass Parkway was renamed the Martha Layne Collins Bluegrass Parkway in her honor; Collins also received the World Trade Day Book of Honor Award for the state of Kentucky from the World Trade Centers Association that year.[56][58] In 2009, she was inducted into the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs for her contributions "to strengthening economic and cultural exchanges between Japan and the United States of America".[59] Martha Layne Collins High School in Shelby County was named in her honor and opened in 2010.[60]
- ^ a b c d e f g "Martha Layne Collins". Hall of Distinguished Alumni
- ^ a b c d e f g Ryan, p. 229
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bean, "Collins Prides Herself on Hard Work"
- ^ a b c d e f g h Jones, "Collins' Rise in Politics Credited to Hard Work"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Harrison, p. 214
- ^ a b Ryan, p. 230
- ^ a b c Ryan, p. 231
- ^ Harrison and Klotter, p. 417
- ^ a b c "Ex-Governor Loses Board Post". The Kentucky Post
- ^ Osbourne, "Brown Gives Endorsement to Stumbo"
- ^ Jester, "Harvey Sloane Concedes Loss in May Primary"
- ^ Smith, "Mondale Stays Neutral on Female Running Mate"
- ^ a b Harrison and Klotter, p. 418
- ^ Halsey, "Woman Ky. Governor is Off to a Rough Start"
- ^ Osbourne, "Collins Urges Tax Increase to Aid Schools"
- ^ Osbourne, "Collins Says 'I've Got to Have' Proposals on Revenue, Education"
- ^ a b Ryan, p. 233
- ^ a b c York, "Victory Gives Collins Spot in the National Political Arena"
- ^ a b York, "Collins Delivers Democrats' Reply to Reagan Speech"
- ^ a b Osbourne, "Collins' Son to Head Convention Delegation"
- ^ Eichel, "How Mondale Decided on Ferraro"
- ^ Roser, "Collins Picks Self as Chief of Education"
- ^ a b Osbourne, "Collins, Legislators Begin Campaign"
- ^ Roser, "Governor Urges Legislators to Back Plan"
- ^ Brammer, "Session Call Includes More Than Expected"
- ^ Roser, "Education Reforms to Begin Gradually"
- ^ Brammer, "Roads, Prisons, Child-Abuse Issues Linger"
- ^ a b c Roser, Duke, and Brammer, "'86 Legislature Called Both Independent, Cautious"
- ^ Rugeley and Wagar, "Rural Areas Killed Effort to Appoint School Chief"
- ^ a b "Collins' China Trip to be First for State". Lexington Herald-Leader
- ^ a b c Truman, "Toyota to Get $125 Million in Incentives, Collins Says"
- ^ "Toyota Site Delegation is Given Real Bang-up Welcome by Collins". Lexington Herald-Leader
- ^ Brammer, "Collins Signs Final Accord With Toyota on Incentives"
- ^ Duke, "State Files Test Suit on Toyota"
- ^ Miller and Swasy, "The Wooing of Toyota: Kentucky Adds Up the Bill"
- ^ Swasy, "Toyota Promises to Help Pay Cost Overruns"
- ^ a b c Brammer and Miller, "Toyota Incentives Legal, Court Rules"
- ^ a b Rugeley and Brammer, "After Shaky Start, Collins Converted the Skeptics"
- ^ "Ford to Expand Plant in Louisville". The New York Times
- ^ a b Rugeley and Brammer, "Lawmakers Summoned on Workers' Comp Woes"
- ^ a b c d Brammer and Miller, "Lawmakers Compromise, Pass Workers' Comp Plan"
- ^ a b "Kentucky Governor Martha Layne Collins". National Governors Association
- ^ a b c Berman, "Out of the Mansion, Back in the Classroom"
- ^ a b Pack, "Owensboro Native Picked to Lead WKU"
- ^ Fortune, "A Time to Reflect, A Time to Choose"
- ^ "Midway College Elects Trustees". Lexington Herald-Leader
- ^ a b Lucke and Mead, "Collins Named College President"
- ^ a b c Wolfe, "Bill Collins Sentenced to 5 Years and 3 Months in Prison, Fined"
- ^ "Former Governor's Husband Gets Jail Term for Extortion". The New York Times
- ^ a b c d Ryan, p. 235
- ^ "Ex-governor's Husband Takes Job at Georgetown". The Kentucky Post
- ^ "Collins going to UK". The Kentucky Post
- ^ "Former Fellow: Martha Layne Collins". Harvard University Institute of Politics
- ^ "Ex-Governor Trades UK Position for Georgetown". Lexington Herald-Leader
- ^ Honeycutt, "Japan Names Ex-Governor Collins to Consul Post"
- ^ a b c "Martha Layne Collins". Education Hall of Fame
- ^ "Eastern Kentucky University's Shain Receives Martha Layne Collins Leadership Award". U.S. Federal News Service
- ^ Kocher, "Parkway to be Named for Collins"
- ^ "2009 Autumn Conferment of Decorations on Foreign Nationals". Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- ^ "Our Schools: Martha Layne Collins High School". Shelby County Public Schools. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
- "2009 Autumn Conferment of Decorations on Foreign Nationals" (PDF). Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
- Bean, Ed (May 9, 1983). "Collins Prides Herself on Hard Work". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Berman, Michelle (February 16, 1988). "Out of the Mansion, Back in the Classroom; Collins Appears at Ease in New Role". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Brammer, Jack (March 1, 1986). "Collins Signs Final Accord With Toyota on Incentives". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Brammer, Jack; John Winn Miller (October 23, 1987). "Lawmakers Compromise, Pass Workers' Comp Plan". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Brammer, Jack (July 21, 1985). "Roads, Prisons, Child-Abuse Issues Linger". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Brammer, Jack (July 6, 1985). "Session Call Includes More Than Expected; Collins Also Seeks Consideration of Prison, Children's Services". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Brammer, Jack; John Winn Miller (June 12, 1987). "Toyota Incentives Legal, Court Rules; Justices Split 4–3 Over Package". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- "Collins' China Trip to be First for State". Lexington Herald-Leader. September 26, 1985. p. B6.
- "Collins Going to UK". The Kentucky Post. June 7, 1996. p. 2K.
- Duke, Jacqueline (May 8, 1986). "State Files Test Suit on Toyota". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. B2.
- "Eastern Kentucky University's Shain Receives Martha Layne Collins Leadership Award". U.S. Federal News Service. May 9, 2009.
- Eichel, Larry (July 14, 1984). "How Mondale Decided on Ferraro". The Miami Herald. p. 1A.
- "Ex-Governor Loses Board Post". The Kentucky Post. May 4, 1990. p. 8A.
- "Ex-Governor Trades UK Position for Georgetown". Lexington Herald-Leader. August 23, 1998. p. B3.
- "Ex-governor's Husband Takes Job at Georgetown". The Kentucky Post. November 26, 1997. p. 12A.
- "Ford to Expand Plant in Louisville". The New York Times. July 14, 1987. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- "Former Fellow: Martha Layne Collins". Harvard University Institute of Politics. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- "Former Governor's Husband Gets Jail Term for Extortion". The New York Times. December 25, 1993. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- Fortune, Beverly (April 2, 1989). "A Time to Reflect, A Time to Choose; Ex-Governor Collins Moves Into the Future Slowly, Deliberately". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. K1.
- Halsey, Ashley (February 19, 1984). "Woman Ky. Governor is Off to a Rough Start". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. A1.
- Harrison, Lowell H. (1992). "Collins, Martha Layne". In Kleber, John E. The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark, Lowell H. Harrison, and James C. Klotter. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
- Harrison, Lowell H.; James C. Klotter (1997). A New History of Kentucky. The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2008-X. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
- Honeycutt, Valerie (September 15, 1999). "Japan Names Ex-Governor Collins to Consul Post". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. 23.
- Jester, Art (June 13, 1983). "Harvey Sloane Concedes Loss in May Primary; Stops Short of Offering to Back Collins' Campaign for Governor". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. C1.
- Jones, David (October 30, 1983). "Collins' Rise in Politics Credited to Hard Work". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- "Kentucky Governor Martha Layne Collins". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- Kocher, Greg (September 16, 2003). "Parkway to be Named for Collins – Road is Fifth, and Last, to Honor a Living Former Governor". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- "Martha Layne Collins". Education Hall of Fame. University of Kentucky College of Education. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
- "Martha Layne Collins". Hall of Distinguished Alumni. University of Kentucky Alumni Association. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- "Midway College Elects Trustees". Lexington Herald-Leader. June 7, 1989. p. 4.
- Miller, John Winn; Alecia Swasy (September 28, 1986). "The Wooing of Toyota: Kentucky Adds Up the Bill". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Lucke, Jaime; Andy Mead (June 2, 1990). "Collins Named College President; Ex-Governor Recruited by St. Catharine College". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Osbourne, Diana Taylor (May 17, 1983). "Brown Gives Endorsement to Stumbo". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Osbourne, Diana Taylor (January 20, 1985). "Collins, Legislators Begin Campaign". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. F1.
- Osbourne, Diana Taylor (February 25, 1984). "Collins Says 'I've Got to Have' Proposals on Revenue, Education". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Osbourne, Diana Taylor (June 19, 1984). "Collins' Son to Head Convention Delegation". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Osbourne, Diana Taylor (January 27, 1984). "Collins Urges Tax Increase to Aid Schools". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Pack, Todd (August 6, 1988). "Owensboro Native Picked to Lead WKU; Collins Takes Her Name Out of Consideration". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Roser, Mary Ann; Jacqueline Duke; Jack Brammer (April 6, 1986). "'86 Legislature Called Both Independent, Cautious". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Roser, Mary Ann (January 12, 1985). "Collins Picks Self as Chief of Education; Governor's Surprise Decision Shows 'She Means Business,' Officials Say". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Roser, Mary Ann (July 21, 1985). "Education Reforms to Begin Gradually". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Roser, Mary Ann (June 13, 1985). "Governor Urges Legislators to Back Plan; School Package Would Lead to Excellence, Collins Says". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Rugeley, Cindy; Jack Brammer (December 6, 1987). "After Shaky Start, Collins Converted the Skeptics". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Rugeley, Cindy; Jack Brammer (October 8, 1987). "Lawmakers Summoned on Workers' Comp Woes". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Rugeley, Cindy; Kit Wagar (November 6, 1986). "Rural Areas Killed Effort to Appoint School Chief". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Ryan, Ed; Elizabeth Duffy Fraas (2004). "Martha Layne Collins". In Lowell Hayes Harrison. Kentucky's Governors. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2326-7.
- Smith, Dane (July 1, 1984). "Mondale Stays Neutral on Female Running Mate". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. A1.
- Swasy, Alicia (October 14, 1986). "Toyota Promises to Help Pay Cost Overruns". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- "Toyota Site Delegation is Given Real Bang-up Welcome by Collins". Lexington Herald-Leader. November 16, 1985. p. B2.
- Truman, Cheryl (December 18, 1985). "Toyota to Get $125 Million in Incentives, Collins Says". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Wolfe, Charles (December 22, 1993). "Bill Collins Sentenced to 5 Years and 3 Months in Prison, Fined". Daily News. pp. 1A, 12A. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
- York, Michael (December 17, 1983). "Collins Delivers Democrats' Reply to Reagan Speech". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. B1.
- York, Michael (November 10, 1983). "Victory Gives Collins Spot in National Political Arena". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A16.
Further reading[edit]
- Johnson, Gail (2012). Trailblazing Governors: Six Remarkable Women. North Charleston, South Carolina: CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1-4662-7769-4.
- Madsen, Susan R. (2009). Developing leadership: learning from the experiences of women governors. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-4308-6.
- Marshall, Brenda DeVore; Molly A. Mayhead (2000). Navigating boundaries: the rhetoric of women governors. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96778-6.
- Smith, Frances (1991). The little girl who grew up to be governor: stories from the life of Martha Layne Collins. Lexington, Kentucky: Denham Publishing Company. ISBN 0-9630135-0-5.
Political offices | ||
Preceded by John Y. Brown, Jr. |
Governor of Kentucky 1983–1987 |
Succeeded by Wallace G. Wilkinson |
Preceded by Thelma Stovall |
Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky 1979–1983 |
Succeeded by Steve Beshear |
Party political offices | ||
Preceded by John Y. Brown, Jr. |
Democratic nominee for Governor of Kentucky 1983 |
Succeeded by Wallace G. Wilkinson |
Preceded by Thelma Stovall |
Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky 1979 |
Succeeded by Steve Beshear |
Preceded by Tip O'Neill |
Permanent Chairman of the Democratic National Convention 1984 |
Succeeded by Jim Wright |
Legal offices | ||
Preceded by Frances Jones Mills |
Clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals 1975–1979 |
Succeeded by elective position abolished |
- 1936 births
- American university and college presidents
- Women state governors of the United States
- Baptists from the United States
- Democratic Party state governors of the United States
- Governors of Kentucky
- Kentucky Democrats
- Lieutenant Governors of Kentucky
- Living people
- People from Shelby County, Kentucky
- Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
- University of Kentucky alumni
- Women in Kentucky politics
- American schoolteachers
- People from Versailles, Kentucky
- People from Shelbyville, Kentucky


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TV Buzz: Beau Mirchoff Cast in 'Wizards of Waverly Place' Special; Seth Green to Guest on 'How I Met Your Mother'
Awkward's Beau Mirchoff has been cast opposite Selena Gomez in a brand new Wizard of Waverly Place special TV movie. Mirchoff will play mysterious wizard Dominic who Gomez's Alex Russo will meet when her family travels to Tuscany, Italy. There, Alex will unintentionally create two versions of herself -- a "good" one and an "evil" one -- and her more wicked counterpart will get swept up in Dominic's plan to take over the world. The special is set to air in early 2013. [THR]
Get ready Buffy the Vampire Slayer fans, Willow and Oz are together again. Seth Green is joining former BTVS co-star Alyson Hannigan on an upcoming episode of CBS' How I Met Your Mother. Green will play Daryl LaCoutre, one Lily (Hannigan) and Marshall's (Jason Segel) old college besties who is obsessed with hanging out -- yet, the couple barely remembers being friends with him. Dec. 10 is the tentative airdate for the episode. The casting was originally reported via the show's Twitter. [TVLine]
CBS has found an actress to replace Jennifer Esposito -- at least temporarily. Megan Boone (Law & Order: LA) will be subbing in as Detective Danny Reagan's (Donnie Wahlberg) partner after a short stint from Megan Ketch. Right now, Boone is set to appear in three episodes with an option for series regular. Esposito, who has celiac disease, was put on medical leave after her doctor requested she reduce her workload. Esposito has been vocal about her "removal" on her Twitter page, calling the network's behavior "shameful." [Deadline]
G4's Attack of the Show and X-Play are getting the axe. The two signature series of the youth and male-oriented network have been canceled in preparation for its channel makeover in 2013. Both series will continue to role out new episodes through December with farewell episodes to include favorite guests, former hosts and beloved audience segments. Leading up to the finale of Attack of the Show, guest co-hosts such as John Barrowman and Michael Ian Black will join Candace Bailey and Sara Underwood. [TV Guide]

subset: commoncrawl


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Bruno Mars' 'Locked Out Of Heaven' Reigns Billboard's Hot 100 Chart at No. 1 for Second Straight Week
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Related: Bruno Mars, Locked Out Of Heaven, Billboard Hot 100, Unorthodox Jukebox |
Atlantic recording artist Bruno Mars is standing tall atop Billboard's "Hot 100" for the second consecutive week as "Locked Out Of Heaven" continues its reign at No. 1. The single-which marks the Grammy Award-winner's fourth chart-topper-is featured on Mars' just-released sophomore album, "UNORTHODOX JUKEBOX," which has made its SoundScan/Billboard 200 debut at No. 2 with sales in excess of 192,000 -- marking the singer/songwriter/producer/musician's highest first week sales debut.
"UNORTHODOX JUKEBOX" has exploded to the top spot on the British album charts, making history as the United Kingdom's fastest selling solo album of 2012. The album's phenomenal success follows the equivalent popularity of Mars' now classic 2010 debut, "DOO-WOPS & HOOLIGANS," which proved the U.K.'s third best-selling album of 2011 and also entered the charts at No. 1.
"Locked Out Of Heaven" is currently sitting at No. 1 on the European Airplay Chart -- making it the most played song on the European continent. The single is also sitting atop Canada's Hot 100 chart. Stateside, "Heaven" marks Mars' fifth single to hit No. 1 on the BDS Pop Songs chart, tying him with Nelly and Justin Timberlake for the most leaders among solo males. "Heaven" is also the 10th single Mars has written, produced, or performed to hit the top 5 on the overall "Hot 100." In addition, the single is Mars' ninth consecutive top 10 hit on the Billboard "Hot 100 Airplay" chart, sealing his already-established status as the male artist with the longest streak of top 10 hits as a performer since his debut.
Along with its overall chart success, "Locked Out Of Heaven" is an undeniable online sensation, spending multiple days at No. 1 on the iTunes Store's "Top Songs" tally. As if that weren't enough, the "Locked Out Of Heaven" companion video clip is also lighting it up at YouTube, drawing more than 43 million streams thus far at Bruno's official channel, www.youtube.com/brunomars.
This Tuesday saw Mars unveiling the next single from "UNORTHODOX JUKEBOX" with a stunning debut performance of "When I Was Your Man" on the season finale of NBC's smash singing competition series, The Voice. The track shot to the top 10 on the iTunes Singles Chart within 48 hours of its release, and did so again following Mars' performance on The Voice. "When I Was Your Man" is currently sitting at No. 8 on the iTunes Singles Chart, and an official companion video is currently in production.
Mars' performance on The Voice follows a string of high profile appearances heralding "UNORTHODOX JUKEBOX," including visits to NBC's TODAY, Fox's The X-Factor, CBS' Sunday Morning and their annual The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, and the nationally syndicated The Ellen Degeneres Show. Additionally, Mars' critically acclaimed turn as host and musical guest on NBC's Saturday Night Live-the episode that marked this season's highest ratings-will be rebroadcast on Saturday, December 22nd.
As its title suggests, "UNORTHODOX JUKEBOX" once again sees Mars melding a multitude of musical approaches to create his own distinctive sound. Executive produced by The Smeezingtons, the hit-making production team comprised of Mars, Philip Lawrence, and Ari Levine, the collection also features contributions from such top producers as Jeff Bhasker (fun., Kanye West, Jay-Z), Mark Ronson (Amy Winehouse, Lil Wayne, Black Lips) and Diplo (M.I.A, Usher).
Bruno Mars is undoubtedly among contemporary pop's most gifted and compelling artists. And with global sales currently certified at 40x-platinum and over 50 million singles sold worldwide, the 14-time Grammy Award nominee has fully proven himself as a true superstar.
Released in October 2010, "DOO-WOPS & HOOLIGANS" was greeted with both popular success and critical acclaim from all corners of the globe. "The year's finest pop debut," raved Rolling Stone. "Near-flawless...(the album) delivers pleasure without pretension." Fueled by a remarkable string of hit singles, including the multi-platinum #1 smashes, "Just The Way You Are" and "Grenade," the album instantly confirmed Mars as a major force in modern pop music.
Mars soon racked up a remarkable record of prestigious international awards and nominations, with victories including a "Best Male Pop Vocal Performance" Grammy Award (for "Just The Way You Are"), an American Music Award for "Pop or Rock Music/Favorite Male Artist," a 2012 Brit Award (for "International Male Solo Artist"), two Teen Choice Awards, a 2012 People's Choice Award (for "Favorite Male Artist"), a Soul Train Music Award, two MTV Europe Music Awards, two MTV Music Awards Japan, a BT Digital Music Award, an ECHO Award, and multiple 2011 Billboard Awards including "Top Male Hot 100 Artist of the Year."
As if that weren't enough, Mars received a truly stunning assortment of 2011 and 2012 honors from ASCAP, including the ASCAP Pop Award for "Song of the Year" (for "Just The Way You Are"). In 2011, he was named to the prestigious Time 100, confirming the superstar as one of the most influential people in the world.
For up-to-the-minute news and information, visit: www.brunomars.com, www.facebook.com/thatbrunomars, www.youtube.com/brunomars, and twitter.com/BRUNOMARS.
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text: Sandakan doesn't bowl folk over in the lodging department, and budget options are sparse. That said, if you can shell out into RM80-and-above territory, there's some decent deals. If you're only passing through Sandakan to see the orang-utans, it's better to stay at Sepilok itself, since the rehabilitation centre is only 25km from town.


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Ready In
Recipe by: dragonfly099
Original recipe yields 8 servings
Amount per serving ({{servings}} total)
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
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Quick recipe to put together. Excellent combination of flavors. I added half a chopped unpeeled apple. Didn't have rice vinegar, instead used white vinegar. Substituted salted sunflower seeds for cashews and served in separate dish. Dressing just right. Well liked by all. gruvygram
My husband & I liked this very well. To cut fat and calories, I substituted Splenda for the sugar, and Miracle Whip for the mayonnaise. Also, I used red wine vinegar. I will make this again soon.
Great recipe for potlucks, etc that I've used three times now! Very quick and easy and tastes great! The blanching tip is great. I always receive compliments on the salad.


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MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif., Feb. 25, 2013 /PRNewswire/ --Synopsys, Inc. (Nasdaq: SNPS), a global leader providing software, IP and services used to accelerate innovation in chips and electronic systems, today announced the adoption of Synopsys' Proteus™ LRC by MagnaChip Semiconductor Corporation, a Korea-based designer and manufacturer of analog and mixed-signal semiconductor products. MagnaChip uses Proteus LRC in their production mask synthesis flow to identify hotspot locations in designs that are sensitive to variations in the manufacturing process. Detecting these locations early in the mask creation process improves yield by enabling hotspots to be mitigated prior to committing a design to manufacture.
"Our increasing design complexity requires a tool that accurately identifies manufacturing hotspots early in the mask creation flow when corrective action is most feasible," said Jung Lee, senior vice president of Platform Technology for MagnaChip's corporate engineering division. "Proteus LRC provides a cost-effective lithography verification solution with the accuracy and reliability we need to avoid yield-impacting hotspots."
The industry-proven accuracy of Synopsys' Proteus compact models and Synopsys' SentaurusTM Lithography rigorous models are combined in Proteus LRC to provide a highly accurate hotspot detection capability with optimized turnaround time. Proteus LRC uses this unique access to both compact and rigorous models to efficiently identify features that are sensitive to process variation. Efficient analysis of results and fast disposition of hotspots is facilitated by Proteus' Error Analysis Module, which merges the compact and rigorous model simulations into a single environment for review.
Proteus LRC is built on the Proteus engine and is integrated into Synopsys' Proteus Pipeline Technology, enabling an efficient single-flow solution from design tapeout to mask fracture. The Pipeline delivers concurrent processing at all stages of the mask synthesis and fracture flow to minimize I/O time for optimized handling of large terabyte datasets encountered at leading-edge technology nodes. The Proteus engine provides an industry-proven platform that is highly scalable to hundreds, even thousands, of CPUs. This enables control of turnaround time while maintaining the lowest cost of ownership through the use of standard x86 processor cores.
"The accuracy of Proteus LRC is a critical component for first-pass yield at companies like MagnaChip," said Howard Ko, senior vice president and general manager of the Silicon Engineering Group at Synopsys. "Proteus LRC delivers industry-leading accuracy with its unique access to compact and rigorous models while maintaining the lowest cost of ownership." About MagnaChip SemiconductorHeadquartered in South Korea, MagnaChip Semiconductor is a Korea-based designer and manufacturer of analog and mixed-signal semiconductor products for high volume consumer applications. MagnaChip Semiconductor has one of the broadest and deepest range of analog and mixed-signal semiconductor platforms in the industry, supported by its 30-year operating history, a large portfolio of registered and pending patents, and extensive engineering and manufacturing process expertise. For more information, please visit www.magnachip.com. About SynopsysSynopsys, Inc. (Nasdaq:SNPS) accelerates innovation in the global electronics market. As a leader in electronic design automation (EDA) and semiconductor IP, its software, IP and services help engineers address their design, verification, system and manufacturing challenges. Since 1986, engineers around the world have been using Synopsys technology to design and create billions of chips and systems. Learn more at www.synopsys.com. Editorial Contacts: Tess CahayagSynopsys, Inc.650-584-5446 firstname.lastname@example.com Lisa Gillette-MartinMCA, Inc.650-968-8900 ext. 115 firstname.lastname@example.com Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Sat, Jul 19, 14 at 20:54
This post was edited by nicole__ on Sat, Jul 19, 14 at 22:35
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by kathi_mdgd (My Page) on Sun, Jul 20, 14 at 20:02
Great job,i like the fabric choice as well,as the little pillows for your head.Pat yourself on the back!! Job well done. Kathi |
- Posted by talley_sue_nyc (My Page) on Mon, Jul 21, 14 at 16:56
Nice! |
- Posted by jaceysgranny (My Page) on Wed, Jul 23, 14 at 19:42
They look really good! |
Very nice work Nicole. And YES they do spiff up your patio! |
- Posted by laurie_2008 (My Page) on Fri, Jul 25, 14 at 22:40
I adore the bird fabric. Your patio and furniture look really great. Your work is excellent : ) |
WOW What a great job very nice |
Perfect. Now all you need is some sun & a six pack. |
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recipe reviews for:
"A wonderful, easy, creamy hot dip. I often take this to work potlucks because I can assemble it at work."
Cooking Level: Intermediate
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Cooking Level: Expert
Chili, brats, and more to feed your hungry football fans.
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Make this easy French dip in your slow cooker.
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