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Recipe: Breath-Freshening Dog Treats Pet Recipes from The Kitchn Like most beagles, ours has a major weakness: food in any form, especially dog treats. He goes crazy for these homemade biscuits, and little does he know, they help with his doggie breath, too! With a mix of whole-grain flours, healthy fats, and pooch-friendly, breath freshening ingredients, they're great to have on hand for your favorite four-legged friend.
How To Make 2-Ingredient Nutella Brownies Cooking Lessons from The Kitchn Open Slideshow Seriously, is there anything Nutella can't do? It's already basically the most amazing substance known to human kind, and now you tell me that I can mix Nutella with just one ingredient to make a batch of fudgy, chewy brownies? I know — if I hadn't tried it myself, I wouldn't believe me either. But here's exactly how you, too, can make these magical 2-ingredient brownies for yourself.
Recipe: Jalapeño Cheddar Corn Muffins Recipes from The Kitchn The simple corn muffin is a beautiful thing. You can serve it as a make-ahead side dish for a summer BBQ and then reheat one of the leftover muffins for a quick breakfast. But we can do better than just tossing some corn meal in a bowl. These muffins are laced deliciously with shredded sharp cheddar and slivered jalapeños. The flavor combo is a perfect match.
Mother's Day Cake and a Lullaby Weekend Meditation In honor of Mother's Day, this post is a simple offering of a lullaby and a favorite recipe from my own mum, one that reminds me of her every time that I make it. And maybe a question to ponder: What nourishes you, and do you have enough of it?
Recipe: Mixed Berry & Jasmine Tea Scones Recipes from The Kitchn You can't go wrong with scones for Mother's Day. And you almost have no excuse not to make something home-baked, especially when you can consider these mixed berry scones laced with delicate jasmine come together in just twenty minutes with the help of a food processor.
Recipe: Big Pancake (Dutch Baby) Recipes from The Kitchn Hands down, my favorite breakfast is a whimsical, slightly sour, oven-baked creature that my mom used to make for me when I had sleepovers at our house as a kid. We called it Big Pancake; others know it as a Dutch Baby or German Pancake. In the morning I'd hear the blender going and know she was making the batter. About 45 minutes later, a gaggle of pajamaed girls would gather around the over and watch the pancake's showy, doughy display.
Recipe: Sweet Braided Czech Bread with Almonds & Raisins Recipes from The Kitchn Most Eastern European households have an Easter tradition of sweet eggy bread. This is my family's — an enormous braided loaf, scented with nutmeg and lemon, peppered with almonds and plump golden raisins. It originated on my maternal grandfather's Czech side of the family tree, and all my life I've known it as houska. As in, "Uncle Ed is doing the houska this Easter." Or, "I burned the top of the houska." "Tell me again, who's bringing the houska?" It's a treasured Easter treat, the taste and scent of it mixed with holiday memories. But you know what? My family has it all wrong. This bread isn't houska at all. We've been using the wrong name for at least 70 years. Does it matter?
Recipe: Rose, Orange, and Cardamom Mini Layer Cakes Recipes from The Kitchn The sun is finally shining high up here in the Pacific Northwest, and I am keeping my fingers crossed that spring is here to stay. I cannot think of a better way to celebrate spring and times of renewal than with a delightful layer cake. A slice of one of these rose, cardamom, and orange mini layer cakes is like a little slice of sunshine on every plate. With Easter and Mother's Day just around the corner, now is the time to start turning these bright, light flavors into delectable little treats.
Recipe: Sticky Lemon Rolls with Lemon Cream Cheese Glaze Brunch Recipes from The Kitchn Have you ever wondered what cinnamon rolls would taste like, sans cinnamon? Why aren't there more recipes for sticky, gooey, and sweet breakfast rolls without cinnamon or caramel? There are so many other wonderful options! I was craving a buttery, flaky breakfast bun with the sweet, tangy, taste of lemon — so I made one up.
Recipe: Earl Grey Hot Cross Buns Recipes from The Kitchn If there's one seasonal food I get excited about in the spring, it's hot cross buns. I'm not searching the supermarkets for chocolate eggs come April, no no — I'm looking for these carb-y delights. They're slightly sweet, soft and scented with warm spices like cinnamon and nutmeg. Exactly what I crave during these sporadically rainy days in the UK.


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Utah forecast: Cold, high pressure front to bring inversion return
A high pressure system was to roll into the region late Wednesday, bringing with it a return of pollution-trapping air inversions and colder temperatures to northern Utah's urban valleys.
On Tuesday, the Utah Division of Air Quality rated the entire state as "green," or healthy for breathability. That was forecast to deteriorate considerably by late Wednesday or Thursday, though, when Salt Lake, Davis, Utah, Weber and Cache counties were down to "yellow," or moderate for air quality.
DAQ officials said that diminished air quality was likely to continue into the weekend as smog levels grew.
Colder temperatures, too, were to hit the state, despite generally sunny skies into late this week.
The Wasatch Front looked for highs in the upper-30s on Wednesday, down 3-5 degrees from Tuesday's forecast. Overnight lows will range into the teens Wednesday, again a few degrees chillier than Tuesday's lows.
While northern Utahns shivered, southern Utah will be awash in sunshine and high temperatures around 60 degrees with overnight lows in the mid-30s.
The Utah Avalanche Center predicted "high" risks for potentially deadly snowslides for the mountains above Logan and the Uintas on Wednesday; 'considerable" for Provo, Ogden and Salt Lake backcountry slopes; and "moderate" for the mountains around Moab.
For more extensive forecast information, visit the Tribune's weather page at http://www.sltrib.com/weather.
Twitter: @remims

subset: commoncrawl


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The judge pointed with pride to her appellate record. Out of 93 criminal appeals, she'd been reversed 18 times, but not once had she been reversed for imposing a criminal sentence that was too harsh. True, she was "disheartened" that attorneys seemed to find her lacking in courtesy and compassion, the whole "judicial demeanor" thing, but she'd sought the help of a professional who worked with "executives who have communication problems" and was trying to change.
"What do the voters want to know about their judges?" she asked. "If a judge is courteous and compassionate, does that outweigh a lack of diligence or legal knowledge? If a female judge takes control of her courtroom and demands excellence from attorneys, is that less tolerable than if a male judge does the same thing? Is excellence from attorneys too much to demand when people's lives and liberty are at stake?"
And so it went. As Hufnagel saw it, her poor score could be largely explained as the revenge of sloppy attorneys on a female judge who set high standards for her courtroom. Never mind that Fasing's panel urged the retention of four other female judges in Denver--not a shrinking violet in the bunch--or that surveys have indicated, over and over, that attorneys have serious qualms about Hufnagel's sense of justice.
The lawyerly closing argument failed to sway the commission, but in the final analysis, it isn't their verdict that counts. On November 5 Judge Hufnagel will face a higher court, one that can be as tough and capricious as her own. That court may be no larger than a voting booth, but its judgment is final.
To read related Westword stories, visit www. westword. com.


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The National Gallery of Ireland is a member of the Council of National Cultural Institutions (CNCI).
The Council of National Cultural Institutions (CNCI) is a statutory body established under the Heritage Fund. The purpose of the Council is to facilitate the pooling together of talent, experience and vision of the Directors of the National Cultural Institutions in furtherance of the national cultural interest and to make recommendations to the Minister for Arts, Sport and Tourism on proposed acquisitions using the Heritage Fund Act, 2001.
You can visit the CNCI website here, and find out about the country's other National Cultural Institutions.
Find out more about the exhibition and the publication, and listen to podcasts.Find out more


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Welfare Effects of Social Security Reforms Across Europe : the Case of France and Italy
ABSTRACT We introduce a new hybrid approach to joint estimation of Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) for high quantiles of return distributions. We investigate the relative performance of VaR and ES models using daily returns for sixteen stock market indices (eight from developed and eight from emerging markets) prior to and during the 2008 financial crisis. In addition to widely used VaR and ES models, we also study the behavior of conditional and unconditional extreme value (EV) models to generate 99 percent confidence level estimates as well as developing a new loss function that relates tail losses to ES forecasts. Backtesting results show that only our proposed new hybrid and Extreme Value (EV)-based VaR models provide adequate protection in both developed and emerging markets, but that the hybrid approach does this at a significantly lower cost in capital reserves. In ES estimation the hybrid model yields the smallest error statistics surpassing even the EV models, especially in the developed markets.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the welfare effects of the Italian social security system in an economy with uncertainty on wages, financial market returns and life expectancy. The introduction of a pension system reproducing the Italian statutory scheme turns out to decrease ex-ante individual welfare, unless restrictions are assumed on retirement behavior. Overall, risk insurance effects of social security play a minor role in determining welfare variations. The new Italian NDC pension system is shown to yield a slight ex-ante welfare improvement from a purely risk-insurance perspective. This relative gain stems from risk diversification across working-life wages in computing benefits.CESifo Group Munich, CESifo Working Paper Series. 01/2009; - [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: I consider a theory based on households that differ in their education, receive an unin- surable, idiosyncratic endowment of efficiency labor units, and face health and survival risks. Households also understand the link between the payroll taxes they pay and the public pensions that they receive, and decide when to retire from the labor force. I cali- brate this theory to the Spanish economy so that it replicates its demographic features, its macroeconomic aggregates and ratios, the Lorenz curves of its income and earnings distri- butions, and many of its institutional features. I show that this theory accounts for the retirement behavior of Spanish households almost exactly. I then use the model economy to study the aggregate, distributional, retirement and welfare consequences of increasing the number of years of contributions that are used to compute the pensions, and I evaluate this policy reform in the context of both the Spanish demographic and educational tran- sitions. I find that the reform increases the stock of capital by 6.3 percent, and output by 1.6 percent, but it decreases consumption per capita by 2.6 percent. The average pension decreases by more than 19 percent, and the average retirement age from 61.9 to 60.9 years. The reform also reduces the Social Security deficit from 8.6 to 5.4 percent of GDP in the year 2050. Finally, I find that the welfare loss for the population alive at the moment of the reform is 2.5 percent of lifetime consumption.
Page 1
Welfare Effects of Social
Security Reforms Across
The Case of France and Italy
October 2006
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Welfare Effects of Social Security Reforms Across Europe
The Case of France and Italy
Raquel Fonseca∗
Thepthida Sopraseuth† ‡
This paper uses a calibrated life cycle model to quantify the distributional effects of Social
Security reforms. We focus on two countries, Italy and France, because they adopted two different
strategies to cope with aging. While France marginally modified its defined benefit pension plan,
Italy switched from a defined benefit pension plan to a contributive system. We find both reforms
redistribute welfare unevenly: high skilled workers are the primary winners of the French reform
and self employed individuals, especially unskilled workers, are the losers under the new Italian
Social Security arrangement. Finally, we estimate that the French reform only finances 20% of
the expected deficit. This is in sharp contrast with the Italian reform which finances the expected
deficit by cutting drastically the generosity of Social Security benefits.
∗Email : email@example.com RAND Corporation.
†Email : firstname.lastname@example.com. EPEE, University of Evry, CEPREMAP and PSE Jourdan.
‡We are grateful to Richard Disney, Elsa Fornero, Tullio Japelli, Sergio Jiménez - Martin, Francois Langot, John
Rust and Justin Wolfers for helpful comments. We also thank the audiences for presentations of drafts of this paper at
ESEM (2005), EALE/SOLE (2005).We thank the audiences for presentations of drafts of this version at ESEM (2005),
EALE/SOLE (2005) and L&P Brown Bag seminar at RAND (2005).
Page 3
All industrialized countries have adopted reforms to support the "Pay as you go" (PAYG) system
jeopardized by population aging. The funding of pension systems is one of the major concern in view
of the changing demographic trends. However, beyond the solvency issue, it is crucial to quantify the
distributional effects of Social Security reforms allowing to identify winners and losers from reforms.
Some careers are naturally longer than others and some workers expect to live longer after retirement
than others. These facts underline that Social Security (hereafter SS) is not only an individual in-
surance but also a social insurance. By affecting insurance possibilities as well as savings and labor
supply, SS reforms redistribute welfare within and across generations. Redistributive considerations
also help understand political support for these reforms.
This paper investigates how changes in Social Security regimes affect workers' welfare. We focus
on two countries and their associated reforms that occurred during the nineties: Italy and France,
because they adopted very different strategies to cope with aging. While France marginally modified
its defined benefit pension plan, a contributive system was introduced in Italy in place of a defined
benefit plan. This paper is in direct relation with a large literature, focused primarily on the United
States that uses a life cycle framework for the analysis of SS policy reforms (DeNardi, Imrohoroglu &
Sargent (1999), Conesa & Krueger (1999), Huggett & Ventura (1999) among others).1
We develop a unified theoretical framework in order to quantify the welfare effects of SS reforms.
Along the lines of Rust & Phelan (1997), Huggett & Ventura (1999) and Fuster, Imrohoroglu &
Imrohoroglu (2003), we use a fully dynamic life-cycle model, in which individuals are heterogeneous
with respect to age, wealth and labor status. Our model also allows individuals to differ in skill levels,
which permits a rich analysis of intragenerational welfare changes. Retirement and savings decisions
are endogenous decisions made under uncertainty, while agents are altruistic (with respect to their
offsprings) and face financial constraints. The model is first calibrated to match key features in the
data across heterogeneous groups within countries. We then evaluate redistributive effects of policy
reforms in steady-state after carefully mapping the "real world" Social Security reforms in France and
Italy into the model.
Our results suggest that high-skilled workers were the primary winners of the reform that occurred
in France as these workers took advantage of the greater flexibility in pension schemes. However, we
estimate that the reform only finances 20% of the expected deficit and as a consequence, no particular
group suffered a loss from that reform. Further reforms in the French benefit system are needed to
1In a recent literature, some studies use microsimulation models to investigate institutional differences across countries
as Gruber & Wise (2004) and Blondal & Scarpetta (1998), Blanchet & Pelé (1997) and Brugiavini (1997) for France
and Italy respectively. For want of a complete theoretical setting, such studies can not assess welfare implications of SS
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finance the expected benefit. This is in sharp contrast with the Italian reform which finances the
expected deficit by cutting drastically the generosity of Social Security benefits. This strongly and
negatively affects the self-employed workers, approximately a third of the working population in Italy,
who contribute little to the pension system and have lower earnings than other workers.
We first present the model, then describe pension reforms in France and Italy. This allows us to
contrast the French system based on a defined pension system with the Italian contributive system.
Third, we solve the model in a benchmark calibration, then check its ability to reproduce the prevailing
features of SS and retirement profiles. Finally, we compare welfare effects of SS reforms in both
2 Social Security Reforms
Why is it interesting to compare Italy with France? Both retirement plans are pay-as-you-go systems.
In the case of France, the SS reform modified the defined benefit pension plan. In contrast, Italy chose
to switch from a defined benefit pension plan to a notional defined contribution system. Descriptions
of the French systems and Italian systems can be found in Blanchet & Pelé (1997), Brugiavini (1997)
and Brugiavini & Peracchi (2003). In this section, we describe key concepts and formulas of each
countries system that will be incorporated in the model.
For French private workers, the pension benefit consists of two elements :
1. a "General Regime". This regime is based on defined pension plans and managed by a State
agency (Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Vieillesse, hereafter CNAV). Its US counterpart is the Old
Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI).
2. mandatory complementary schemes (AGIRC and ARRCO). The second pillar is managed by
trade unions and representatives of employers.
Approximately 70 percent of the labor force falls under this so-called "General Regime". Both re-
tirement plans are pay-as-you-go systems, but they are characterized by separate budgets. Mandatory
schemes cannot be discarded when analyzing retirement decisions and computing pension benefits.
However, policy debates focus on how the pattern of General Regime benefits could be modified in
order to encourage people to postpone retirement. Besides, the General Regime is directly managed
by the government, so it constitutes a policy tool, while complementary schemes are managed by non
Page 5
governmental organization. Hence, we focus on changes in the General Regime pensions2.
Table 1 summarizes the pension formulas that we consider. The difference between the General
Regime and Mandatory Complementary Schemes (MCS) lies in the way the contribution rate affects
the level of the pension. In the General Regime, the level of the contribution rate, and so the magnitude
of the contribution to the pension system, does not affect the level of the pension. The length of
contribution and the average annual wage are the only elements of the individual's working life that
are included in the pension formula. In contrast, in mandatory complementary schemes, the level of
the contribution rate directly determines the level of the pension. The contribution rate enables people
to buy points. Each year, a fixed proportion of the wage is devoted to the purchase of these points.
The pension paid by mandatory schemes converts the number of points into euros. The General
Regime is thus a defined benefit plan while complementary schemes are notional defined contribution
2.1.1The pre-reform system
The French pension is the sum of the pension paid by the General Regime and the benefits paid by
mandatory complementary schemes.
The pension paid by the General regime (Pbasic(k) for an individual of age k) is the product of
three elements :
1. The proratization term min?1,d
years, the individual is entitled to full pension. In case of retirement before 40 contributive years,
the proratization term reduces the pension by
years, the individual does not gain additional pension.
?with d the number of contributive years. With 40 contributive
40. In case of retirement beyond 40 contributive
2. The average wage computed over the 25 best years of each individual's carrier. SS capping
t ) applies in the computation of the average annual wage for redistributive purposes
3. The pension rate. The full pension rate amounts to 50%. If the individual retires before con-
tributing 40 years, the pension rate is reduced by 5% per missing year. In contrast, the pension
rate does not reward additional working years beyond the required 40 years of contribution.
Figure 1 presents the value of the pension rate as a function of the retirement age for an individual
who started working at age 23. This agent will have the 40 required contributive years at age 63.
Should the individual retire earlier, the pension rate falls by 5% per missing year while continued
2To preserve the tractability of the model, we discard French self employed individuals who represent only 10% of
the population. Besides, in contrast to Italy, their pension regime greatly differs from the one that prevails in the private
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activity is not rewarded (which is not the case in the US pension system). The kinked profile of
the pension rate indicates that French agents have little choice in terms of retirement age : they are
enticed to retire as soon as they reach the full rate.
This General Regime pension is supplemented by mandatory schemes PARRCO(k) based on a
contributive plan. Pensions paid by mandatory scheme are also reduced (by 4% per missing year
captured by penalty(k)) in case of retirement before 40 contributive quarters (see table B3, Appendix
B). "Points" are purchased by each individual during his career. Each year, a fixed proportion of
the wage τw is devoted to the purchase of these points. One euro of earning yields 1/pARRCOpoints.
At the age of retirement, points are converted into euros of pension by multiplying the number of
points by a coefficient denoted vd, the value of each point at the date of retirement. Pension at age
k then amounts to PARRCO(k) where points(k) =?k
The complex set of French rules yields a strong implication in terms of retirement age. As underlined
by Blanchet & Pelé (1997), the heavy tax on continued activity leaves no freedom as far as retirement
age is concerned. An individual retires as soon as he contributes 40 years to the Social Security system.
Retiring earlier implies a dramatic fall in his pension, delaying retirement does not yield any significant
increase in benefits.
As the number of contributive years is not a state variable in our model, we use a proxy for this
variable by considering in both countries the current age k minus the age of end of education for
employed individuals (see table A2 in Appendix A ). Buffeteau & Godefroy (2005) who develop a
microsimulation model for France adopt a similar approach. For unemployed agents, the number of
contributive years is given by the difference between the current age and the sum of age of end of
education and average number of years of unemployment at this age and skill level, as documented by
Labor Force Surveys.
pARRCOdenotes the total number of points
accumulated throughout the working life.3
3For non executives, contributions are collected by ARRCO. Different contribution rates are applied to the part of
the wage below and above the SS cap. For executives, ARRCO (respectively AGIRC) collects the contribution for the
part of the wage below (respectively above) the SS cap. Finally, ARRCO and AGIRC introduce a wedge between the
contribution rate paid by workers (δ?) and the contribution rate that grants them points (δ). In the data, δ?> δ :
by imposing this discrepancy between the tax paid and tax yielding points, complementary schemes anticipate the
expected deficit associated with the future demographic change. ARRCO and AGIRC apply different wedges. Let
δAGIRC) be the wedge used by ARRCO (respectively AGIRC) for the part of the wage below and above the
Social Security cap. Both wedges are endogenously determined at the stationary equilibrium in the pre-reform scenario
to balance the budget on complementary schemes. The calibration of parameters of complementary schemes is given
by table A1 Appendix A. 60% of contributions to the complementary schemes are paid by employers and 40% by the
employee. This sharing rule is left unchanged throughout the paper.
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2.1.2 The post reform system (Raffarin Reform, 2003)
The required contributive years to draw full pension is extended from 40 to 42 years. However, in order
to make old age pension more actuarially fair, the reduction in pension in reduced in case of early
retirement (proratization and decrease in the full rate yield a 2.5% fall in pension per missing year
instead of 5% in the pre-regime) and the pension is increased in case of delayed retirement (3% per
additional year beyond 42 years). The last elements aim at introducing more freedom in the choice of
retirement age.
On figure 1, the agent who started working at age 23 accumulated the required 42 years of contri-
bution at age 65. The kink then appears at this age. Notice that the reform introduces some flexibility
in the choice of the retirement age. Indeed, in case of retirement before the age of the full rate (65),
the reduction in pension is less dramatic. Besides, additional working years are rewarded with a 3%
increase in the whole pension (with a full rate unchanged at 50% beyond 42 years of contribution).
Italy pension systems has had different reforms from 1992 until 1997. Before 1992, Italy had a Defined
Benefit (DB) system and has now a mandatory notional defined contribution (NDC) system. This
system is not exactly a defined contribution scheme. Indeed, it is a pay-as-you-go system where
contributions are used to pay current pensions rather than accumulated in a fund. Pension benefits
formula depends on economic growth and wages. Both benefits and contributions are individualized
and determined by the NDC accounting mechanism (see OECD (2005)). Table 2 summarizes the
computation formulas that are considered in our model.
2.2.1 The pre reform system (before 1992)
During the period leading to the reforms, the early retirement age was 60. The pensionable earnings
were the average of last 5 years real earnings for private workers (converted to real values through
price index) and the last 10 years for self employed individuals. The pension benefit was τI= 2% of
the pensionable earnings by years of tax payments (at most 40 years). Pension benefits were indexed
to wages.
2.2.2The post reform regime (after 1997)
The post reform regime is the result of a series of reforms : in 1992 (Amato), 1995 (Dini) and 1997
(Prodi). In the post reform system, each individual has an account in which contributions equal
33 per cent of earnings for employees and 20 per cent for the self-employed. Contributions for each
year are indexed to a five-year moving average of GDP. A conversion coefficient is then applied to
Page 8
total contributions. Pensions are indexed to prices. The conversion coefficient cIis chosen by Italian
authorities and displayed in table A3 of Appendix A. Contributions are capitalized at rate γI= 1.5%.
The age of end of education differs across skill categories (table A2 in Appendix A). These values
are important to compute the workers' years of contribution. In the French and Italian regimes, 2/3
of the SS contribution rate is paid by the employer, leaving 1/3 of the contribution to the employee.
In contrast, Italian self - employed workers pay 100% of their contribution rate.
Both reforms aim at increasing labor supply by introducing strong incentives in case to postponed
retirement. Our model with endogenous retirement and wealth will be able to capture the possible
changes in retirement age that French and Italian governments try to affect through SS reforms.
3 Description of the economy
We assume that labor market status consists of employment and unemployment. Agents cannot com-
pletely insure against the idiosyncratic risk of being unemployed.4Accordingly, agents in our economy
differ with respect to their employment status and their employment history. In both countries, the
economy is modelled using an overlapping generation model with stochastic transitions on the labor
market. As a result, the working life of each individual affects their saving behavior. Agents also differ
in terms of their wealth.
Beyond the heterogeneity arising from uninsurable shock to individual employment opportunities,
life cycle features are also considered. Each period, some individuals are born and some individuals die.
We take into account different age groups and consider stochastic aging along the lines of Castaneda,
Diaz-Gimenez & Rios-Rull (2003). In addition, individuals face borrowing constraints and cannot hold
negative assets at any time. We build on Hairault, Langot & Sopraseuth (2005) that extends Rust &
Phelan (1997)'s model by introducing wealth accumulation. We analyze a small open economy which
implies that interest rate is exogenous. Moreover, we assume that agents are altruistic with respect
to future generations, i.e. they have a bequest motive. Our model does not allow for no aggregate
uncertainty in order to preserve the tractability of the model.
Finally, retirement behavior is endogenous. In order to analyze retirement decisions we take into
account several key features of each country's retirement process
(i) Pensions depend on life-time earnings which is mechanically linked to unemployment spells
during the working life. Transitions on the labor market from employment to unemployment is
a salient feature of our model. These shocks cannot capture all income risks faced by individuals.
4Unemployment insurance leads to incomplete insurance against unemployment risk. There is also a trend toward
less unemployment insurance in most of OECD countries. In fact, Italy has not unemployment benefits longer than one
Page 9
Employment shocks are introduced in order to capture differences in the employment rate during
the life cycle, with in particular a drastic fall in the employment rate of old workers. We want to
take into account the exit from the labor force at the end of working life as labor market status
prior to retirement is likely to affect retirement choices. Moreover, taking into account the low
labor demand for old workers is necessary to measure the implications of any policy aiming at
delaying retirement age (see Hurd (1996)).
(ii) Pensions are assumed indexed on prices. This was used in both countries as a way of reducing
SS generosity. The exact pre and post reform pension formulas are used in the model allowing
to measure the effect of changes in pension rules on retirement and savings.
(iii) A last important feature of the model is the skill structure. In each country, we distinguish
several ability groups defined by different skills. Mortality risk, unemployment transitions, life-
time earnings, age of end of education is specific to each skill category. The model accounts for
the differential mortality by skill groups. Hence, the model will be able to predict savings and
retirement decisions across and within each skill group, allowing each of these group to differ
substantially in the incentives they face.
3.1 Population dynamics and endowments
Some individuals are born and some individuals die every period. When an individual dies, he gives
birth to a single child.5
Individuals belonging to the same dynasty do not overlap. For sake of
simplicity, individuals face a mortality risk from the age of early retirement age on. In order to take
into account a typical life-cycle wage profile, we assume that the population can be divided into three
age groups: the young, the adult and mature respectively denoted Y , A and M. The mature age
group encompasses the ages of early retirement age (ERA) to 70 and more, (M = {ERA,60,...,70
and more})6. From the age of ERA on, each agent chooses to remain in his current state (employed
or unemployed) or retire the following period.7Each individual is born as a young worker. Following
Castaneda, Diaz-Gimenez & Rios-Rull (2003), the stochastic aging process is independent, identically
distributed across individuals of the same skill group and follows a finite state Markov chain with
conditional transition probabilities given by πkk= π(k?| k) = Pr(kt+1= k?| kt= k) where k and
5In all scenarios, the population is constant (n = 0). This assumption is consistent with French data (Aglietta,
Blanchet, & Héran (2002)). We choose to retain the same assumption in the Italian case in order to make our results
comparable across countries.
6Individuals do not die at age 70. The last age group encompasses individuals of 70 years old and more.
7The early retirement age is specific to each country. It is 60 years old for France, 60 years old for Italy in the
pre-reform scenario and 57 years old in the post - reform period.
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k?∈ K = {Y,A,M}. The probability of remaining a young (experienced) worker the next period is
πY Y (πAA). From the age of ERA on, the individual of age k ≥ ERA faces a rising probability to die
(1−πk). The mortality matrix takes into account the inequality in surviving probabilities across skill
groups. For example, the Matrix P that governs the age Markov-process in France for a particular
skill group is given by:
t + 1
(20 - 34 years old)
πY Y
1 − π59
1 − π60
1 − π61
1 − π69
1 − πRR
(35 - 58 years old)
1 − πY Y
69 70 and more
1 − πAA
There are two components in the real wage : a deterministic exogenous productivity trend growing
at rate γ and the experience component allowing for an upward sloping wage profile with age. As a
worker accumulates experience during his life-cycle, we assume that the efficiency of the labor input
grows with the age of the agents.
3.1.3Unemployment Risk
At all ages, people face the risk of being unemployed. Transitions to employment and unemployment
are determined by exogenous probabilities that are specific to each skill level i and age group k. Every
period the individual receives the realization of a random variable z ∈ Z = {e,u} that determines
the probability to be employed or unemployed. z is a two-state, first-order Markov process with the
transition probability matrix πiY = Pr{z?= j|z = i} where πuu,kis the probability of an unemployed
of age k of remaining unemployed at age k +1 and πee,kis the probability of an employed of age k of
remaining employed at age k + 1. Transition probabilities at age k and skill level i are given by
πeu,ki= 1 − πee,k,i
πuu,ki= 1 − πue,k,i
Page 11
3.1.4Social Mobility
Finally, we assume that a newly-born individual's skill status is determined by his father's. This social
mobility Φ is modelled as an exogenous Markov matrix
Φ = π(i?|i) = Pr{it+1= i?|it= i}
where i?is the skill status of the new born in the dynasty, and i denotes the random variable embodying
the skill status of the father. It is assumed that, once born with a random skill status (linked to that
of his father), an individual's skill status is not modified in his life-time.
3.2The individual's decisions: retirement choice, consumption and wealth
Individuals derive utility from leisure, consumption as well as from the consumption of their offsprings.
The intertemporal utility function of an individual is given by
where the period utility function u is strictly concave, the time-discount factor is β ∈]0,1[, consumption
Ctand leisure ltare positive. Labor is inelastically supplied by individuals as in Fuster, Imrohoroglu
& Imrohoroglu (2003). However, labor participation is endogenous in old age as individuals choose to
retire or not. Indeed, we focus on policy reforms aiming at delaying retirement rather than developing
part time jobs for old workers. Retirement age is the core issue in the policy reforms we investigate.
st∈ S is a compact notation to denote age, employment status and skill level. This vector follows a
finite state Markov chain with conditional transition probability given by
π(st|st−1)u(Ct,lt) + ?Φβ
π(st+1|st)V (At+1,st+1)
π(s?|s) = Pr{st+1= s?|st= s}
Finally, the last term of the intertemporal utility function describes the utility derived by a parent
from his bequest. The parameter ? > 0 captures in a simple way the individual's concern for the
welfare of his off-spring. Thus, V (At+1,st+1) denotes the expected utility of a new-born child who
begins his career according to a stochastic productivity ladder linked to that of his father and inherits
a stock of wealth At+1. We adopt a simple altruism specification for computational reasons. We
compute endogenous retirement and savings along the life cycle with heterogenous labor status and
ability levels for three steady states in each country (before reform with the current life expectancy,
after the increase in life expectancy with and without changes in the pension formula). Considering a
model with more complex transfers would substantially increase the computational burden.
As in Huggett & Ventura (1999), we assume that the instantaneous utility function u is a CRRA:
Page 12
u(c) =(c1−η(1 − l)η)1−˜ σ
1 − ˜ σ
with ˜ σ the risk aversion and η the weight of leisure (1−l) in the instantaneous utility. Time endowment
is normalized to 1. The utility function is Cobb Douglas in consumption and leisure. The reasons for
this choice are that this function is compatible with a balanced growth path and the parameters needed
for the calibration have been extensively studied in the literature relying on calibration (Auerbach &
Kotlikoff (1987), Prescott (1986), Cooley & Prescott (1995), Hansen & Imrogoroglu (1992), Rios~Rull
(1996), Huggett & Ventura (1999)). In addition, the individual faces two sources of capital market
inefficiency. The first stems from market incompleteness that prevents them from insuring completely
against idiosyncratic risks. The second relies on a borrowing constraint : net asset holding cannot be
negative (At+1≥ 0).
In order to define a stationary equilibrium, we divide all variables by the growth rate of techno-
logical progress (1 + γ). We denote stationary consumption and wealth by
ct= Ct/(1 + γ)tand at= At/(1 + γ)t
whereas the real wage and the pension are denoted in stationary terms by
wt= Wt/(1 + γ)t, ωt(s) = Ωt(s)/(1 + γ)t,
3.3Computation of the Stationary Equilibrium in a Heterogeneous Agent Econ-
The economic problem of an individual is to choose a sequence of consumption, asset holdings and
retirement age given a set of policies for social insurance and expected life expectancy. The individuals'
problem can be formulated recursively with the help of the value function v(.):
v(a,s;w,r) = max
c,a?u(c,l) + ?Φ˜β
subject to the budget constraint
(1 + γ)a?
= (1 + r)a + y(s) − c
≥ 0
where r, y(s) denote the interest rate, the income and the payroll tax. The individual of age k
has 2 state variables : the pair (a,s) with s the realization of the individual-specific process (age,
employment status and skill level) and a the beginning-of-period financial wealth. We consider a
stationary equilibrium where prices w and r are constant. Indeed, in a small open economy framework,
Page 13
the world interest rate is considered as given which translates into an exogenous wage. As c is the
consumption per effective units of labor, the discount rate becomes˜β = β(1−η)(1−˜ σ)∈]0,1[.
Figure 2 summarizes the decision tree faced by each individual.8(e.g. 62RU59 is an individual
aged 62 who, at age 59, while he was unemployed, decided to retire at age 60). Note that once retired,
individuals remain retired which is consistent with French and Italian data. There does not appear
to be important un-retirement flows as in the U.S. (Gruber & Wise (1999)). As income depends on
labor status and age, we present value functions for each age group and employment status.
Individuals in Young (Y), Adult (A) and Mature (M) age groups make their decisions taking
into account future probabilities of being unemployed (or employed) as well as future payoffs from
their current actions given their skill level. To illustrate the retirement choice we consider a mature
individual. Other value functions are developed in Appendix B.
When mature (s ∈ M), individuals choose their employment status x = E (employed) or U
(unemployed). From the age of 59 on,9individuals have the legal right to claim a pension the following
year. Each individual compares the future value of being retired to the future value of remaining on
the labor market, given the probability of death (1 − πkk?,i).
1. For ages k = {59,...,68}
Employed individual with skill i : From the age of ERA on, individuals of age k ≥ ERA choose
whether to retire or not the following year by comparing the expected future value function at
age k+1 when retired to the future value function at age k+1 if he remains on the labor market,
taking into account the probabilities of transitions to employment or unemployment
i) =max
c≥0, a?u(c,l)
?(1 − πkk?,i)Φ??πY Y,Uv(a?,YU
= (1 + r)a + wk
i) + (1 − πY Y,U)v(a?,YE
i) + (1 − πeu,k,i?)v(a?,k?U
i− Θ(wk
(1 + γ)a?
i) − c
≥ 0
currently employed. The future value is composed of two terms, the future value if alive and the
bequest value of dead. Each individual can die with probability 1 − πkk?,i, in which case a new
young individual is born with skill group is determined by the mobility matrix Φ. (This matrix
imeans that we look at the value function of an individual of age k and skill level i who is
8Based on Labor force data and literature surveys, when individuals are old and unemployed, they have little chance
to find a job. Our calibration based on micro-data find this evidence. See section 4.3.
9We adjust the first age where retirement is possible depending on the country and the period (pre or post reform).
For example, the earliest age an Italian considers retirement in the post-reform period is 56 while it is 59 prior to the
Page 14
is calibrated from French and Italian data (see Appendix A)). The share of young agents born
unemployed πY Y,U. Similarly the following value is derived from being an unemployed individual
and a retired individual.
2. Unemployed individual with skill i at age k :
i)= max
c≥0, a?u(c,l)
?(1 − πkk?,i)Φ??πY Y,Uv(a?,YU
= (1 + r)a + θu
i− c
≥ 0
i) + (1 − πY Y,U)v(a?,YE
i) + (1 − πue,k,i?)v(a?,k?E
(1 + γ)a?
3. Retired individual with skill i at age k :
i )=max
c≥0, a?u(c,l) +˜β
= (1 + r)a + ωkRx
− c
(1 − πkk?,i)Φ??πY Y,Uv(a?,YU
i) + (1 − πY Y,U)v(a?,YE
(1 + γ)a?
≥ 0
where kRx
i after being previously E (employed) or U (unemployed). R denotes retirement. The pension
denoted ωkRx
depends on age k, skill level i and labor market status before retirement x.
(with x = E or U) denotes that the individual is a retiree of age k and skill level
4. Those still employed or unemployed by age 69 are forced to retire in the next year.
?(1 − πkk?,i)Φ??πMM,Uv(a?,MU
(1 + γ)a?
= (1 + r)a + y(69x
i) − c
≥ 0
i) =max
c≥0, a?u(c,l) +˜β
i) + (1 − πMM,U)v(a?,ME
where y(69x
individuals delay past age 70, which is consistent with the data. In the model, pension benefits
will be computed with French and Italian Social Security formulas, respectively.
i) = w69
− Θ(w69
i) if employed (x = E) or θuw69
if unemployed (x = U). No
Stationary Equilibrium
individuals' choices for consumption, savings and retirement {c(a,s),a?(a,s),Ψ(a,s)}, value functions
v(a,s), a stationary distribution of individuals λ(a,s) and a set of aggregate variables (P,D) where
P (respectively D) refers to expenditures (respectively the revenues) of the retirement scheme. The
stationary equilibrium satisfies:
Given the vector of prices (r,w), the stationary equilibrium consists of
Page 15
(i) c(a,s) and a?(a,s) are optimal decision rules given the vector of prices (r,w).
(ii) The real interest rate is given, which is consistent with a small open economy hypothesis. This
leads to a constant capital to labor ratio, thus making real wages w exogenous.
(iii) Saving decisions a?= g(a,s) and retirement behavior ψ = Ψ(a,s) are solutions to the lifetime
maximization program where
for s = e(employed),u (unemployed). Finally, let a?≡ A(a,s) be the individuals' policy that
depends on his state on the labor market (employed or unemployed). A(a,s) is such that:
Ψ(a,s) =
v(a,{s,k}) ≥ v(a,{R,k})
A(a,s) = Ψ(a,s)g(a,? s) + [1 − Ψ(a,s)]g(a,R)
where an agent's policy in state ? s = e(employed),u (unemployed) is denoted by a?≡ g(a,? s).
(iv) The endogenous probability distribution λ(a,s) is the stationary distribution associated with
(A(a,s),π(s?|s)) such that:
λ(a?,s?) =
(v) In the pre-reform scenario, SS budget is balanced:
given pension arrangements specific to each country. P denotes the sum of pensions paid by
the Social Security system while D refers to the sum of collected payroll taxes. Each variable
is computed over the stationary distribution that yields the proportion of employed and retired
We implement numerical techniques based on a discretization of state variables (Ljungqvist &
Sargent (2000)). This study compares steady states that prevail before and after SS reforms.
Our life cycle model allows for endogenous retirement and savings with heterogeneity in wealth,
labor status and skills, which yields results on distributional effects of SS reforms. As in Huggett
View other sources
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- Available from Thepthida Sopraseuth · May 27, 2014
- Available from rand.org
- Available from rand.org


text:
Fri, Sep 21, 12 at 14:25
I switched to Gallery and searched by the screen name but it came up with all the Kitchen forum threads the person participated in.
So, can I find someone's kitchen w//o the link provided by the person? TX! |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by breezygirl (My Page) on Fri, Sep 21, 12 at 14:37
Internet search for 'finished kitchen blog'. It hasn't been updated for about 18 months or so. Starpooh is trying to get it up and running again. Another option is to Internet search for the user's name and "site:gardenweb.com" and "finished" without the quotes. I sometimes get lucky that way. Lastly, there is a fairly recent thread where everybody who's finished kitchens since the FKB went quiet posted links to theirs. Try a search here for "please post your finished kitchen" or similar. |
- Posted by breezygirl (My Page) on Fri, Sep 21, 12 at 14:39
Thank you! That was very helpful! |
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Looking for John McIntire (b SCT) who married a women surnamed White (born in OH?) and had at least one daughter named Mary in 1857 - Springfield, Hampden, MA. Any information would be appreciated Notify Administrator about this message?
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text:
Order Limit On Raspberry Pi Lifted
Re:Speculation: Will somebody do an "EeePC"? (204 comments)
Announcing: Slashdot Deals - Explore geek apps, games, gadgets and more. (what is this?)
We are sorry to see you leave - Beta is different and we value the time you took to try it out. Before you decide to go, please take a look at some value-adds for Beta and learn more about it. Thank you for reading Slashdot, and for making the site better!
Re:Speculation: Will somebody do an "EeePC"? (204 comments)
Re:build children's education around needs, not te (37 comments)
I know you are joking, but I didn't have an assembler when I learned z80 assembly (using a ZX Spectrum+), and had to translate the op codes by hand to decimal using tables, and then entering them into memory using a for loop.
Re:Quite the opposite (408 comments)
Just a correction: That particular commandment is actually better translated as "Thou shalt not murder".
Re:Useless review / video (143 comments)
It would have been nice if they had shown the car in the video...
Oblig xkcd (92 comments)
Re:Jsut use the right Boolean Operator (86 comments)
Google used to be an AND sort of search engine, but nowadays I find myself adding " " and + signs to get what I want...
Faster than light travel (412 comments)
Do you think we'll ever be able to travel faster than the speed of light in vacuum?
Re:I hope this catches on. (281 comments)
I used to have to re-tie my shoes a few times a day until I found Ian's knot site. Now I tie them with the Ian's Secure Shoelace Knot and stopped having problems. I don't even need to tie them so tightly as before, and they are almost as easy to untie as before.
Re:I searched the comments, and one word was missi (1521 comments)
I'm glad someone else remembered Ogg the caveman. I still miss his presence in
Thank you CmdrTaco (1521 comments)
I've been reading
Some mock the
Rob, I wish you all the best in your future endeavours, and hope
Re:OkTrends (73 comments)
Oblig. xkcd http://xkcd.com/523/
Re:I expected more (253 comments)
The bulk of scientific research is done by grad students (or others like them with various kinds of scholarships). The professors whose name is at the end of paper's author list guide and oversee what is done, but don't have time for the daily grind of research. Their main job is to teach and get funding.
Re:Good time to discuss alternatives (113 comments)
Latex beamer is often used for scientific presentations because it's much easier to include formulas. You don't even need to know Latex, you can write the presentations using Lyx. The resulting presentation is a pdf.
Re:Changing TV channels (297 comments)
When I was a kid I had to wait five minutes for a game to load on the ZX Spectrum. Now I have to wait a quite a few minutes to start the computer, steam, then the game and connect to a server. Somewhere in between I had DOS games that started mostly instantly.
Portugal did this in 2000 (189 comments)
Back in 2000 the Portuguese government announced the creation of up to 1 million email accounts. It was a flop I think, as most people that had internet access already had an email account, but still it looks good in the press releases...
Re:are smartphones really not owned by user? (43 comments)
Android OS is linux, so a root-friendly Android phone could be an option. I don't know if you can bypass the google account requirement, but if you install a firewall on the (rooted) phone you can control what gets network access or not. I particularly dislike the fact that google wants to sync all your contacts and get all your phone numbers, etc. For me that is going too far.
Most Android apps will require full net access, mostly to show you ads, but some want to know your location as well, and it's a all or nothing proposition, you either accept giving all the permissions the app asks an run it, or you don't install it at all, there's no finer control of access privileges.
Maybe someone more knowledgeable could give more insights? It might be a good idea to hold on to that N900, even if you are missing out on a large ecosystem of apps.
I just found a recent slashdot article that you should read: http://mobile.slashdot.org/story/11/01/06/1344223/Smartphones-For-Text-SSH-Use-Re-Revisited
Re:Not Gonna Work (43 comments)
Unfortunately there are people involved in the ownership of these mobile devices [...]
Unfortunately you don't really own a smartphone, even one that isn't tied down to a contract and paid big bucks to carry around. The phone doesn't obey to you instead obeys to the manufacturer, to google, to the app developers, etc. It keeps sipping information and reporting it back to headquarters, and it's blocked in such a way that bypassing that is not practical.
I was surprised to find that android phones *require* a google account, or that a iPod Touch requires being connected with iTunes to start. A HTC Desire comes with lots of widgets running in the background that you can't turn off (and it's even worse on Android 2.2, Froyo) and the terms of service clearly states they may collect data on you (duh!). Many apps requires far more permissions than they should, so after a while you either give up and ignore the permission requests or don't use any of them.
Mobile privacy? Is there such a thing?
Re:Malware/Spyware isn't the only problem... (175 comments)
Although I do agree that google seems to be on a descending path, the alternatives don't have an index as comprehensive. So, until then, you either accept sub-optimal results or you have to use google.
Re:Smart==unhappy (769 comments)
I have noticed a disproportionate number of intellectuals are depressed.
Ecclesiastes 1:18 (King James Version)
For in much wisdom is much grief: and he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow.
Re:CD/DVD-ROM Drive (715 comments)
Do you smoke? Smoke has a tendency to shorten CD/DVD-ROM drives lifetime / make them fail.


text:
Find out how to access preview-only content
09 Mar 2010
A Teaching Model for Aromatase Inhibitors After Tamoxifen
- Theresa Trotter,
- Marc Webster,
- Cindy Railton,
- A. H. G. Paterson,
- Tyrone Donnon
- … show all 5 hide
Rent the article at a discount
Rent now* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.
Get AccessAbstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women. The present study evaluated the family physicians' (FPs) understanding of adjuvant hormonal therapies for an early breast cancer. FPs were invited to attend teaching workshops on this topic, which utilized a pretest, didactic and interactive teaching, and posttest format. FPs (n = 23) showed an improvement (p < 0.001) in pretest to posttest score. It is clear that, with a targeted teaching, FPs can quickly become more knowledgeable on the topic of hormonal therapies in breast cancer, with the potential of applying this information in their own practice.
Presented in part at the Canadian Association of Radiation Oncologists Annual Scientific Meeting, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2007 and at San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, San Antonio, TX, USA, 2007
Received from: University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Goss P, Ingle J, Martino S et al (2003) A randomized trial of letrozole in post-menopausal women after five years of tamoxifen therapy for early stage breast cancer. N Engl J Med 349:1793–1802 CrossRef
- Coombes RC, Hall E, Gibson LJ et al (2004) A randomized trial of exemestane after two to three years of tamoxifen therapy in post-menopausal women with primary breast cancer. Intergroup Exemestane Study. N Engl J Med 350:1081–1092 CrossRef
- Howell A, Cuzick J, Baum M et al (2005) Results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in combination) trial after completion of 5 years' adjuvant treatment for cancer. ATAC Trialists' Group. Lancet 365(9453):60–62 CrossRef
- Thurlimann B, Keshaviah A, Coates AS et al (2005) A comparison of letrozole and tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. Breast International Group (BIG) 1-98 Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 353:2747–2757 CrossRef
- Jakesz R, Jonat W, Gnant M et al (2005) Switching of postmenopausal women with endocrine responsive early breast cancer to anastrozole after 2 years' adjuvant tamoxifen: combined results of ABSCG trial 8 and ARNO 95 trial. Lancet 366:455–462 CrossRef
- Boccardo F, Rubagotti A, Guglielmini P, et al. (2006) Switching to anastrozole versus continued tamoxifen treatment of early breast cancer. Updated results of the Italian Tamoxifen Anastrozole Study (ITA) Trial. Ann Oncol 17 Suppl 7:vii10–vii14
- Trotter T, Railton C, Webster M et al (2007) Acceptance of extended hormonal therapy with letrozole after 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen in post-menopausal breast cancer patients. Abstract. Breast Cancer Res Treat 106(Suppl 1):S145
- Davis D, O'Brien MA, Freemantle N et al (1999) Impact of formal continuing medical education: do conferences, workshops, rounds, and other traditional continuing education activities change physician behavior or health care outcomes? JAMA 282:867–874 CrossRef
- O'Brien MA, Freemantle N, Oxman AD, et al. (2001) Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Issue 1. Art. no.: CD002020. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003030
- Davis RS, Bukstein DA, Luskin AT et al (2004) Changing physician prescribing patterns through problem-based learning: an interactive, teleconference case-based education program and review of problem-based learning. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 93:237–242 CrossRef
- White M, Michaud G, Pachev G et al (2004) Randomized trial of problem-based vs didactic seminars for disseminating evidence-based guidelines on asthma management to primary care physicians. J Contin Educ Health Prof 24:237–243 CrossRef
- Fordis M, King JE, Ballantyne CM et al (2005) Comparison of the instructional efficacy of internet-based CME with live interactive CME workshops. JAMA 294(9):1043–1051 CrossRef
- Title
- A Teaching Model for Aromatase Inhibitors After Tamoxifen
- Journal
Journal of Cancer Education
Volume 25, Issue 4 , pp 493-496
- Cover Date
- 2010-12-01
- 10.1007/s13187-010-0095-9
- Print ISSN
- 0885-8195
- Online ISSN
- 1543-0154
- Publisher
- Springer-Verlag
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Tamoxifen
- Physician
- Aromatase inhibitors
- Teaching model
- Letrozole
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Theresa Trotter (1) (4)
- Marc Webster (2)
- Cindy Railton (2)
- A. H. G. Paterson (2)
- Tyrone Donnon (3)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- 4. Tom Baker Cancer Center, 1331 29th St. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N2, Canada
- 2. Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- 3. Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada


text:
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For physician appointments, call 323-442-5900
For more information on our patient services or to find a doctor, visit Keck Medical Center of USC
Department of Family Medicine University of Southern California 1000 S Fremont Avenue, Unit 22 Building A6, 4th Floor Alhambra, CA 91803 Phone (626) 457-5858 Fax (626) 457-4090
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The primary objective of the Department of Family Medicine is the education of medical students, physician assistants, residents, fellows, faculty and community physicians in the principles of family medicine. The department seeks to discover new knowledge that will contribute to the processes and outcomes of healthcare. The Department of Family Medicine also aims to improve the health of the population by providing high quality family and community oriented health care to our patients.
The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) honored the Keck School of Medicine of USC's Family Medicine Interest Group on July 27 for its outstanding activities in generating interest in family medicine.
A new model of delivering primary care studied by Keck Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC) researchers has the potential to improve the health of patients with type 2 diabetes.
The Keck School of Medicine of USC was named the sole grant recipient to become the National Center on Elder Abuse, a vital clearinghouse created by the Administration on Aging, part of the Administration on Community Living in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Keck Medicine of USC is the first medical center in Los Angeles to offer a unique implantable treatment for sleep apnea, a chronic disorder that affects more than 18 million sleep-deprived Americans.
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Berislav V. Zlokovic, MD, PhD, director of the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute at USC, has been named the inaugural holder of the Mary Hayley and Selim Zilkha Chair for Alzheimer's Disease Research. Zilkha, a member of the Keck School of Medicine Board of Overseers, has pledged a gift of $5 million to the school to fund the endowed chair. This latest gift brings Zilkha's total giving to neuroscience research at the Keck School to more than $30 million.
Exposure to air pollution appears to increase the risk for autism among people who carry a genetic disposition for the neurodevelopmental disorder, according to newly published research led by scientists at the Keck School of Medicine of USC.


text:
New American Standard (NAS) | New International Version (NIV) |
4 They tore down the altars of the Baals in his presence, and the incense altars that were high above them he chopped down; also the Asherim, the carved images and the molten images he broke in pieces and ground to powder and scattered it on the graves of those who had sacrificed to them. | 4 Under his direction the altars of the Baals were torn down; he cut to pieces the incense altars that were above them, and smashed the Asherah poles, the idols and the images. These he broke to pieces and scattered over the graves of those who had sacrificed to them. |
New American Standard Bible Copyright © 1960, 1962, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation, La Habra, California. All rights reserved. (New American Standard Version - Holy Bible) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


text:
Complete Jewish Bible (CJB) | New International Version (NIV) |
3 When I heard this, I tore my robe and tunic, pulled hair from my head and beard, and sat down in shock. | 3 When I heard this, I tore my tunic and cloak, pulled hair from my head and beard and sat down appalled. |
Complete Jewish Bible Copyright 1998 by David H. Stern. Published by Jewish New Testament Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. Used by permission. (The Complete Jewish Bible Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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Heart-shaped binoculars are so easy to make! You're kids will love trying to search for their Valentine! We love Valentine's Day ideas for kids here at Happilyevermom. We've played with Valentine's Day goop and created sticky heart art on the light table, but these heart-shaped binoculars are the perfect last minute Valentine's Day craft!
Materials for Heart-Shaped Binoculars
- (2) Toilet Rolls
- Tempera or Acrylic Paint
- String (We received our friendship thread free from Craft Project Ideas. Their website is an awesome place to find craft supplies!)
- Paint Brushes
- Hole Punch
Preparing to Make Heart-Shaped Binoculars
Get your space ready by covering a table in some cut up, brown paper bags (or, whatever you have that you can use). It will make clean up so much easier!
**Tip: Shape each toilet roll like a heart before painting AND after you paint. It will help to hold the shape of a heart.
Amazon links provided for you – thank you for the support!
How to Make Heart-Shaped Binoculars
- My daughter drenched her binoculars in red tempera paint and then moved on to paint mine as well.
- Use a little bit of tape to adhere the two toilet rolls together and let them dry side by side.
- As they paint drys, it will act like a glue between the two rolls.
- Add a little more tape (We used washi tape because it's decorative. You can see where we placed the tape in the picture below!).
- Place holes on either side of the binoculars with a hole punch.
- Then, thread your string through the holes to make a necklace.
**Tip: Punch the holes far from the end of the roll so that it doesn't rip easily when worn
Wear and enjoy! You can go for a walk or stay inside to see if you can find your Valentine. If you love toilet roll art, be sure to check out our toilet roll tree!
Your Turn!
What's your favorite Valentine's Day craft??
Follow along with us on Facebook and Pinterest, too!
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noun \ˈstiks\Definition of STYX
: the principal river of the underworld in Greek mythology
Origin of STYX
Latin Styg-, Styx, from Greek
First Known Use: 14th century
noun (Concise Encyclopedia)In Greek mythology, a river of the underworld. The name comes from a Greek word that denotes both hatred and extreme cold, and it expresses loathing of death. In the epics of Homer, the gods swore by the water of Styx as their most binding oath. Hesiod personified Styx as the daughter of Oceanus and the mother of Emulation, Victory, Power, and Might. The ancients believed that its water was poisonous and would dissolve any vessel except one made of the hoof of a horse or an ass.
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Solazyme Announces Successful Commissioning Of Integrated Renewable Oil Production Biorefinery In Peoria, Illinois
Solazyme, Inc. (NASDAQ: SZYM), a renewable oil and bioproducts company, announced today the successful commissioning of its first fully integrated biorefinery (IBR) in Peoria, Illinois, to produce algal oil. Solazyme has been running routine fermentations at commercial scale since 2007 and began running fermentation operations at the Peoria facility in Q4 2011. With the successful production of algal oil from the integrated facility this month, Solazyme has met its start-up goals for the facility on schedule. The IBR was partially funded with a federal grant that Solazyme received from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in December 2009 to demonstrate integrated commercial-scale production of renewable algal-based fuels. The demonstration/ commercial-scale plant will have a nameplate capacity of two million liters of oil annually and will provide an important platform for continued work on feedstock flexibility and scaling of new tailored oils into the marketplace.
To maximize capital efficiency, Solazyme bought the existing Peoria fermentation facility in May 2011 and began retrofitting the former PMP Fermentation Products plant into an integrated demonstration/commercial-scale facility that will produce renewable tailored triglyceride. Solazyme has been operating at semi-commercial scale through contract manufacturers since 2007. The company has seen linear productivity in its scale-up efforts, including multiple toll manufacturing facilities and multiple successful 128,000-liter scale fermentations at Peoria.
"Bringing the Peoria IBR online is a major milestone for Solazyme and our ability to provide a new source of renewable oils that are specifically tailored to offer enhanced alternatives to conventional sources of oil. The Department of Energy has proven to be a valuable partner in demonstrating how important new technologies like Solazyme can positively impact this country's economy, long-term job creation and energy independence efforts," said Rogerio Manso, Chief Commercialization Officer.
About Solazyme, Inc.
Solazyme, Inc. (NASDAQ: SZYM) is a renewable oil and bioproducts company that transforms a range of low-cost plant-based sugars into high-value oils. Headquartered in South San Francisco, Solazyme's renewable products can replace or enhance oils derived from the world's three existing sources – petroleum, plants and animal fats. Initially, Solazyme is focused on commercializing its products into three target markets: (1) fuels and chemicals, (2) nutrition and (3) skin and personal care.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Martin Midstream Partners Reports 2010 Fourth Quarter And Annual Financial Results
The Partnership's distributable cash flow for the three months ended December 31, 2010 was $22.2 million and for the year ended December 31, 2010 was $65.5 million. Distributable cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure which is explained in greater detail below under "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Information." The Partnership has also included below a table entitled "Distributable Cash Flow" in order to show the components of this non-GAAP financial measure and its reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP measurement.
Ruben Martin, President and Chief Executive Officer of Martin Midstream GP LLC, the general partner of the Partnership, said: "I am pleased with the Partnership's fourth quarter and year end 2010 performance. The fourth quarter 2010 was our best quarter during the year in terms of cash flow generation as we achieved a strong distribution coverage ratio of 1.53 times. That put us in a position to increase our most recent distribution to unitholders for the first time in nine quarters. Further, for the year ended 2010, all four of our operating segments met or exceeded planned performance giving us a solid distribution coverage ratio of 1.16 times.
During the fourth quarter, our sulfur services segment rebounded from the seasonal weakness we typically see in the third quarter. We saw sulfur experience a solid pricing recovery based on high demand across agricultural markets both foreign and domestic. We expect this demand for our sulfur and sulfur-based fertilizer products to remain strong into 2011. Our Marine Transportation segment was also strong during the fourth quarter. Our inland fleet continues to operate near full utilization; and day rate pricing for certain products we move has recently increased. Given the current condition of the oil refining business we feel good about our inland fleet for 2011. On the offshore side, our work on the Macondo disaster recovery is now complete and thus we have two offshore vessels that will seek opportunities in the spot market.
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Another fatal motorcycle accident on the Cross Island Parkway section known as Deadman's Curve has led state Sen. Tony Avella (D-Bayside) to ask the state to redesign the area to prevent further tragedies.
David Wilson, 27, of South Richmond Hill, was killed when he lost control while operating a Suzuki motorcycle early Sunday morning and struck a barrier. He was pronounced dead at the scene. The accident occurred near the Whitestone Expressway.
Wilson's passenger was taken to Queens Hospital Center and is in stable condition. No other vehicle was involved.
The area dips down quickly around a bend, and at night foliage hides an upcoming barrier created by the nearby overpass. During the day, motorcyclists have no trouble making the curve on the parkway, but problems arise at night.
According to records kept by the Queens Chronicle, Sunday's motorcycle fatality was the fourth there since 2004. The deaths have occurred on both sides of the curving road.
The first victim was Michael Moore, 49, from Springfield Gardens, who was missing for 40 days after leaving a party in the Bronx. A search party discovered his body 10 feet from the side of the parkway in tall weeds.
Since then, a flashing warning sign has been installed before the curve becomes visible on that side of the road.
In 2006, Eric Arsenault, 24, crashed into a guardrail and was killed. That's when Avella, then a city councilman, got involved. Following the accident, the Department of Transportation added yellow 25 mph curve warning signs ahead of the bend, installed more reflective arrow signs and increased the grass cutting.
But in 2010, the added safety measures did not prevent off-duty Police Officer Philip Clemens, 27, on his way to a biker party in Astoria, from losing control of his motorcycle and fatally crashing into the same guardrail that took Arsenault's life.
Avella announced last year that the Federal Highway Administration indicated it was studying possible changes to the design of roadway guardrails. The study was supposed to be completed at the end of 2012, but the senator has just learned that the completion has been extended to the end of this year.
The federal agency is studying fatal motorcycle crashes involving traffic barriers and will use the results to improve the design of "roadside safety hardware" and offer guidance on making the changes.
Avella, however, is tired of waiting. He told the Chronicle on Tuesday that he will ask the state DOT to redesign the location. "It's something that has to be done," he said. "Sunday's death is one more unfortunate incident and it shows the need to make changes," adding that the barriers "are deadly to motorcyclists."


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Join Date: Aug 1998
Location: South Carolina
Posts: 32,209
DVC Planning Board
Please note the name change for this forum. Hopefully, this change will better reflect the real intent of the board.
The DVC Board will remain as the appropriate forum to post questions/comments about joining DVC and making the purchase - either direct from Disney or thru a resale broker. Questions and discussion about renting DVC reservations from a member are appropriate for the DVC Board as are any discussion about DVC programs and policies. Questions and comments about annual fees, purchase incentives, DVC resorts and rooms are also best posed on the DVC Forum. The DVC Rent/Trade Board is the proper place to post offers to rent or requests to rent. Think of that board as a "classified ad" area for the site. Discussion is not appropriate there and will be removed. Rental discussion is appropriate on the DVC Forum. The DVC Planning Board is the place for posts involved with planning a DVC vacation. This will include Trip Reports, grocery questions, meal planning in villas, comparison of ticket media, rumors and speculation about possible new DVC resorts, congratulations for DVC purchases and add-on, countdowns for upcoming trips, ME, opinions regarding best resort, best decor, pool hopping, views, speculation/discussion about systems used by DVC and MS and many other similar DVC related-topics. If a discussion involves most any component of planning a trip to a DVC resort or option. We will allow limited leeway for non-DVC topics and will try to move some discussion to more appropriate locations on the DIS. Questions about restaurants may end up on the DIS Restaurant Forum, questions about tramsportation may be moved to the DIS Transportation Board and topics not fitting any of the Disney related forums may wind up on the DIS Community Board (even if it has indicated a desire to include the opinion of DVC members). The real intent of this board is to compliment the DVC Forum by augmenting the variety of questions and comments unique to the DVC experience. Here, members may share their experiences with the reservation system, resort experiences and tips to assist others enjoy their next DVC stay. The spirit of community is certainly welcome here and should be an integral component of mutual sharing of experiences. The DIS also supports a Community Board for the site, where discussion of non-Disney topics is welcome. We encourage the utilization of that board for posts off-topic for this forum or any of our other Disney related boards.
Join Date: Aug 1998
Location: South Carolina
Posts: 32,209
Since there has been an outcry for information about recent changes and my two former attempts at providing that information have apparently been the fuel for heated comments, name calling and insults, I will make a final attempt to explain the reasons for the name change on this board.
I have read thru the misinformation and incomplete quotes attributed to myself and other moderators and would like to address those comments first. I don't know if you read the whole thread or not here, but when this board was set up, it was set up as a "fluff" board. Even the original posts from Webmaster Doc say so. It was for posting about DVC things that are not "factual" or "the mechanics" to borrow wording from a PP. It was also to seperate out the "welcome homes" and "dance with me" posts. FINALLY, it was also about a place for the DVC members to come and just hang out. Doc's own words (several times over they have been quoted - more than one quote). My original post from 10/31/04 never said anything about "fluff" and I dont believe I have ever used that term in a post on the DIS. (Im sure someone will correct me if Im wrong and will invite the correction.) Rather than depend on someone else to "quote" "Docs own words", why not take a look at my post yourself ... in my own words: We are pleased to announce DVC Community Board.. Please enjoy this new forum for DVC trip reports, announcing add-ons, happy-dances, congratulating new members, roll calls, where-are-you-from posts, etc. Questions and discussion about the DVC program (points, policies, banking, borrowing, villa and resort amenities, etc) are still appropriate for the DVC Forum. Offers and requests to rent are should still be posted on the DVC Rent/Trade Board. Non-DVC posts will still be moved to more appropriate boards, just as before. Enjoy! http://www.disboards.com/showthread.php?t=673342 No mention of anything except DVC topics and even the comment about still moving posts to more appropriate boards was included in the original post but failed to be included in the quotes attributed to me in this thread. " Suddenly and without warning, they changed the rules." "A good "friend" would at a minimum acknowledge our phone calls. We have gotten nothing (except from Kathy - who by her own admission is not representing the board)." WOW! "Suddenly and without warning" I had to re-read the post I made at the top of the board, but even now, the purpose of the Planning Board seems to be clearly outlined in that post. Compare that with my post (also quoted in this thread) of 12/27/04: "This thread is about AP rates at non-DVC resorts and, while it may be interesting to some DVC members (as are most threads on the DVC Community Board), it is still not a DVC topic. The other thread currently on the first page of the DVC Board is an analysis of the breakeven point for AP's using the DVC new discount versus other ticket options. Since it is a direct discussion of a DVC perk, it is appropriate for the DVC Board. Previously, this thread might have been moved to the Resorts Board (since it's NOT a DVC topic), but instead has been moved to the DVC Community Board (since it does seem to be of interest to a few DVC members). While a few may still long for a single DVC Board (we now have THREE and have had TWO for years), the decision was made to create a DVC Community Board to provide a place for non-DVC discussion (such as this thread) of interest to DVC members." The "such as this thread" comment was in reference to the question posed last December about why a specific thread was moved from the DVC Board to the new board. I have not been able to find any mention, at least by me, about accepting non-DVC-non-Disney posts. (Again, Ill invite correction.) I will agree and admit that the original name used (DVC Community Board) was probably a poor choice and feel that the present name change should remove any doubt about the purpose of this board. As for "good friend acknowledging phone calls and "weve gotten nothing", I have twice posted explanations about the change. Both were sincere attempts to clarify and have been rewarded with insults (comparison references to WWII Germany and "Seig Heil (sp?)") and having my explanation called "smarmy". As much as some refuse to accept it, the other moderators and I are as much a part of this "community" as anyone else. I did briefly post another explanation last night and then quickly removed it to try to refine the concepts presented. Unfortunately, it was seen by a few- one of whom chose to PM me about posting his own "interpretation" of my thoughts. After I declined his offer, I was again berated thru PM. When the local "community" responds to explanations in this fashion, its pretty tough to want to offer further comments. I will, however, continue with mine at this time. " its not just a name change. The focus of the forum has been changed and 90% of the old posts will no longer be allowed here. Want to ask for special dinner plans for your 25th anniv - will be moved to the restaurant board. Want to see what other are doing during the Food and Wine festival - again...not truly DVC related is it and it is supposed to be moved (under the new rules). How about wanting to know if certain weeks are better or worse than others for going to WDW? Technically...if you asked it correctly, it would stay, but I know just in the last 2 days a thread about New Years was moved. What is going to be left are "would you go for 6 nights or 7?" "woohoo - I'm dancing" and "we are new member" threads. The rest are pretty much going to be hard to justify as being DVC only issues, so they can/will be moved." Id sure appreciate the source for those statistics or were they just created for dramatic effect? Im not aware of most of those examples being moved and the one about New Years Eve was already sufficiently explained by the moderator who moved it. Please refer again to the post at the top of the board for the topics considered acceptable. As for the assertion that this has been a close-knit community capable of policing themselves, there have been many posts removed for sexual innuendo and off-color jokes. In each case those directly involved were contacted with the reasoning for the removal. Most agreed with the action, some even posted an apology and some chose to respond with less kind remarks. In the past, weve had threads about homeschooling and breastfeeding each prefaced with "What do DVCers think about ?". While some may consider those appropriate topics for the DVC community, many do not agree (myself included) and they were also removed. Apparently many who posted today did not see those posts and threads either- which is a good thing and means that the mods were doing their job. Apparently there are a few who feel that ANYTHING is appropriate on a Community Board and that is also part of the reason for the name change. The DIS does have a board already for those "anything" posts. "It might be a moot point to try to let the ownership and higher-ups of this board know that this is very upsetting and WHY, but I tell my sons the same thing - - - If you don't like something that has happened to you, try to work it out with the person that did it first (which some did talk to Doc first) and then go to the person that can help you next." I have received exactly three contacts by PM (two were about the name change and the other was about my prior short-lived explanation) and a few others that were mass-emailed to all of the Webmasters. I have used quotes from one of those who wrote a general email to illustrate my response tonight. I did respond to Tom Yeary and he has accepted my explanation and encouraged me to post this tonight. The other two PMs have also received an appropriate response. I will reiterate that the change is in name only- as evidenced by the posts from last fall and winter about the board at that time. Perhaps the original name was poorly thought out. Perhaps there have been times when moderators should have removed some of the inappropriate threads and didnt - thus making the error of allowing some to remain and become part of the folklore of the board. That does not change the original stated purpose of the board and does not suggest that there has been any change in the last few days. Effective now, further discussion of the purpose of the DVC Planning Board will be accepted by email to email@example.com. Individual posts may be brought to our attention using the "Report" feature on each post. Further comment on the board itself will be removed. For those wanting to express their feelings to a higher authority, please contact the owner of the site, Pete Werner.
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ASIA/CHINA - "In the Footsteps of St. Teresa, go on a mission"
Shi Jia Zhuang ( Agenzia Fides) - "In the footsteps of St. Therese, Patroness of the Missions, go on a mission!" This is what His Exc. Mgr. Joseph Li Lian Gui, Bishop of the Diocese of Xian Xian/Cang Zhou, in the province of He Bei, told the 9 priests and two deacons who were ordained on October 1, the feast of St. Therese of Lisieux. As pointed out by the Bishop, the 1st October was very significant, because it is the feast of the Patroness of the Missions that has many devotees in China and marks the beginning of the month of the rosary and the missionary month. According to information sent to Fides Agency, two important anniversaries are celebrated this year: 150 years since the construction of the Cathedral and 10 years after its new consecration. The new priests are aware that the ordination to priesthood and diaconate is "a new beginning of their mission and their life dedicated to the Lord, rather than a goal achieved". They chose the House of Elders for their first celebration of the Eucharist, to emphasize that their focus will always be directed towards the most vulnerable and needy.
Always at the beginning of the missionary month, even the archdiocese of Tai Yuan (Shanxi) celebrated the ordination of four priests, presided over by His Excellency Msg. Meng Ning You, Coadjutor of the Archdiocese. After a long and intense spiritual retreat for priests of the Archdiocese on the theme of prayer, community sharing and the life of faith, with joy, "the priestly community welcomed these 4 new brothers, to put themselves at the service of the people of God". (NZ) (Agenzia Fides 08/10/2013)
- 2014-12-12 - "I walk with you": the Catholic community prepares itself for Christmas
- 2014-12-03 - Evangelising with joy: a meeting of sharing, music and prayer
- 2014-12-02 - The Year of Consecrated Life begins: witnesses of hope in the future
- 2014-11-27 - A group of doctors provide free health service in the diocese of Hai Men
- 2014-11-05 - After years of waiting, the small community of Lai Gang has its own chapel
- 2014-10-29 - Christians and make Catholics aware of their missionary responsibility
- 2014-10-08 - Mgr. Giovanni Chrysostom Lan Shi, an apostle of the youth
- 2014-10-08 - Msg. Giovanni Battista Wang Jin's particular commitment to priestly vocations
- 2014-09-26 - A hundred days dedicated to the formation of young people in the diocese of Xian Xian
- 2014-09-25 - Born into a family of martyrs, Fr. Bonaventura De Li Chong has died, a witness of the Gospel and the life of charity


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Heavy Seas Holds Contest for 'Talk Like a Pirate Day'
August 14, 2014 - Staff(Press Release) BALTIMORE, MD—Heavy Seas Beer will celebrate "International Talk Like A Pirate Day" on Friday, September 19th. This holiday was created by John Baur and Mark Summers in 2002 when they were playing a game of racquetball. One of them yelled "Aaarrr!" in pain from the sport, which led them to begin talking like... View Article


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The Complete Overboard Bag - Rate It
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Originally Posted by
I'd toss out 80% of what's in his kit, shave off about 40lbs from it in the process and fit in a couple more PLB/ELB, then spend the extra budget on a good quality life raft and making sure it's in solid shape every year.
I agree with you.
The 80% you'd toss out is worth a lot of money too and that money may be better spent on something that stops the boat sinking in the first place... Like better weather services for offshore passages etc.
How many times have you been told: "you can't afford not to have this! Your life may depend on it"?
I get told that all the damn time by everyone for everything, even the doctor the other day wanted to book me up for a lot of tests that do nothing, show nothing but are EXPENSIVE. And look askance at you when you tell them to shove it!
If I bought everything people tell em is a "Must Have Your Life Depends on it" I would never have been able to afford to start cruising! I would still be at home! Dying an early death of boredom.
Yes, it would be nice to have pillows and a magazine rack in the life raft but if it stops you leaving in the first place?
Mark. Beware those that tell you what you MUST have.
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32" Polyresin Indoor Floor Standing Fountain
This floor standing polyresin fountain has the look of petrified wood and mossy rocks. Complete with pump and LED lighting, it makes the perfect accent for any location in need of serenity.
- Realistic rock and wood fountain
- Polyresin Material
- LED Light
- Pump Wattage: 25
- Warranty: 1 Year on Product, 2 Years on Pump
- Number of Bulbs: 1
- Bulb Type: LED
- Watts Per Bulb: 3
- Wattage: 3
- Voltage: 110
- Height: 31.5"
- Width: 26.38"
- Depth: 19.69"
- Limited warranty. All products sold are warranted by Yosemite only to customers for resale or for use in business; or original equipment manufacture, against defects in workmanship or materials under normal use for one year after date of purchase from Yosemite. Any product determined by Yosemite to be defective in material or workmanship and returned to a Yosemite branch or authorized location, as Yosemite designates items will be, repaired or replaced, or at Yosemite's discretion - the purchase price refunded.
Additional Yosemite Links
This Yosemite item can also be referenced by the following color/finish specific model #:
- Yosemite CW22025
Mossy Stone and Wood
*Discontinued model or finish
More Than Just a Store - Your Reasons to Shop
Discover the best online deals for the CW22025 and everything else for your home from the leading online home improvement store.
We're committed to providing you with the best assortment of Yosemite products with over 400 warehouses across the country.
Our knowledgeable product specialists work to bring you the best prices on every product and provide unmatched customer service. Your satisfaction is our highest priority!
Installation Resource Center
Whether you are installing the product yourself or hiring a professional, our installation Resource Center has everything you need to get your project done. Visit the Installation Resource Center to get started.


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10 tips for choosing between a surrogate and natural primary key
Free registration required
Executive Summary
The superiority of surrogate versus natural keys is a hotly debated topic among database developers. Susan Harkins offers some insights into when -- and why -- you might choose one over the other.
This download is also available as an entry in our 10 Things blog.
- Format: PDF
- Size: 202 KB


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Let them talk, those cold theologians |
Written by Chris Floyd |
Saturday, 31 October 2009 08:01 |
Today's guest blogger is Vincent Van Gogh. The text is from a letter to his brother, Theo, written in 1884, and quoted in the London Review of Books by Julian Bell, in a review of a new English edition of Van Gogh's complete letters. blog comments powered by Disqus |