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By Mo Costandi The nerve endings in your fingertips can perform complex neural computations that were thought to be carried out by the brain, according to new research published in the journal Nature Neuroscience. The processing of both touch and visual information involves computations that extract the geometrical features of objects we touch and see, such as the edge orientation. Most of this processing takes place in the brain, which contains cells that are sensitive to the orientation of edges on the things we touch and see, and which pass this information onto cells in neighbouring regions, that encode other features. The brain has outsourced some aspects of visual processing, such as motion detection, to the retina, and the new research shows that something similar happens in the touch processing pathway. Delegating basic functions to the sense organs in this way could be an evolutionary mechanism that enables the brain to perform other, more sophisticated information processing tasks more efficiently. Your fingertips are among the most sensitive parts of your body. They are densely packed with thousands of nerve endings, which produce complex patterns of nervous impulses that convey information about the size, shape and texture of objects, and your ability to identify objects by touch and manipulate them depends upon the continuous influx of this information. © 2014 Guardian News and Media Limited
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 20051 - Posted: 09.09.2014
Erin Allday It's well established that chronic pain afflicts people with more than just pain. With the pain come fatigue and sleeplessness, depression and frustration, and a noticeable disinterest in so many of the activities that used to fill a day. It makes sense that chronic pain would leave patients feeling weary and unmotivated - most people wouldn't want to go to work or shop for a week's worth of groceries or even meet friends for dinner when they're exhausted and in pain. But experts in pain and neurology say the connection between chronic pain and a lousy mood may be biochemical, something more complicated than a dour mood brought on from persistent, long-term discomfort alone. Now, a team of Stanford neurologists have found evidence that chronic pain triggers a series of molecular changes in the brain that may sap patients' motivation. "There is an actual physiologic change that happens," said Dr. Neil Schwartz, a post-doctoral scientist who helped lead the Stanford research. "The behavior changes seem quite primary to the pain itself. They're not just a consequence of living with it." Schwartz and his colleagues hope their work could someday lead to new treatments for the behavior changes that come with chronic pain. In the short term, the research improves understanding of the biochemical effects of chronic pain and may be a comfort to patients who blame themselves for their lack of motivation, pain experts said. © 2014 Hearst Communications, Inc.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain; Chapter 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System; Chapter 11: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress
Link ID: 20007 - Posted: 08.28.2014
By Sandra G. Boodman When the Philadelphia specialist gently tweaked a spot deep inside Heidi Gribble Camp's back, she screamed, an expression of both anguish and elation.Camp's vindication was fueled in large part by her persistence. In 2006, her complaints of severe abdominal pain early in her first pregnancy were brushed aside by her doctor — until she nearly bled to death from a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. That near-fatal hemorrhage was swiftly followed by her sudden lapse into unconsciousness and the discovery of large blood clots in her lung and abdomen, requiring additional emergency surgery. "I told him, 'You found the pain, this is the best day of my life!' " Camp, 32, recalled saying during the June 18 procedure at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. The fact that the interventional radiologist, an expert in minimally invasive surgical procedures, was able to pinpoint and replicate the stabbing pain she had suffered for more than eight years was sweet validation. It proved that Camp wasn't exaggerating her pain and that it had an identifiable, physical cause, something a series of doctors had come to doubt. Months of recovery followed — as did the first episode of searing back pain. But doctors in Florida, Toronto and Northern Virginia, where Camp lived at various times with her husband, a recently retired professional baseball player — told her they could not find a reason for her agony. Some implied that she was dramatizing normal aches; others rebuffed her inquires about a potential cause that would later prove to be prescient.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 19992 - Posted: 08.26.2014
By GRETCHEN REYNOLDS Regular exercise may alter how a person experiences pain, according to a new study. The longer we continue to work out, the new findings suggest, the greater our tolerance for discomfort can grow. For some time, scientists have known that strenuous exercise briefly and acutely dulls pain. As muscles begin to ache during a prolonged workout, scientists have found, the body typically releases natural opiates, such as endorphins, and other substances that can slightly dampen the discomfort. This effect, which scientists refer to as exercise-induced hypoalgesia, usually begins during the workout and lingers for perhaps 20 or 30 minutes afterward. But whether exercise alters the body's response to pain over the long term and, more pressing for most of us, whether such changes will develop if people engage in moderate, less draining workouts, have been unclear. So for the new study, which was published this month in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, researchers at the University of New South Wales and Neuroscience Research Australia, both in Sydney, recruited 12 young and healthy but inactive adults who expressed interest in exercising, and another 12 who were similar in age and activity levels but preferred not to exercise. They then brought all of them into the lab to determine how they reacted to pain. Pain response is highly individual and depends on our pain threshold, which is the point at which we start to feel pain, and pain tolerance, or the amount of time that we can withstand the aching, before we cease doing whatever is causing it. © 2014 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 19952 - Posted: 08.13.2014
By Sandra G. Boodman At first the rash didn't bother her, said Julia Omiatek, recalling the itchy red bumps that suddenly appeared one day on her palm, near the base of her first and third fingers. It was January 2013 — the dead of winter in Columbus, Ohio — so when the area reddened and cracked a few weeks later, she assumed her problem was simply dry skin and slathered on some cream. Omiatek, then 35, had little time to ponder the origin of her problem. An occupational therapist who works with adult patients, she was also raising two children younger than 3. A few weeks later when her lips swelled and the rash appeared on her face, she decided it was time to consult her dermatologist. Skin problems were nothing new; Omiatek was so allergic to nickel that her mother had had to sew cloth inside her onesies to prevent the metal snaps from touching her skin and causing a painful irritation. Over the years she had learned to avoid nickel and contend with occasional, inexplicable rashes that seemed to clear up when she used Elidel, a prescription cream that treats eczema. But this time the perpetually itchy rash didn't go away, no matter what she did. Over the course of 11 months, she saw four doctors, three of whom said they didn't know what was causing the stubborn eruption that eluded numerous tests. The fourth specialist took one look at her hand and figured it out. "The location was a tip-off," said Matthew Zirwas, an assistant professor of dermatology at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center who specializes in treating unexplained rashes. Omiatek's case was considerably less severe than that of many of the approximately 300 other patients he has treated for the same problem.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 19900 - Posted: 07.30.2014
By Janice Lynch Schuster I have never been one to visit a doctor regularly. Even though I had accumulated my share of problems by age 50— arthritic knees, poor hearing — I considered myself to be among the mostly well. But 19 months ago I developed a perplexing problem that forced me to become not only a regular patient but also one of the millions of Americans with chronic pain who struggle to find relief, in part through treatment with opioids. The trouble began with a terrible and persistent pain in my tongue. It alternately throbbed and burned, and it often hurt to eat or speak. The flesh looked red and irritated, and no amount of Orajel or Sensodyne relieved it. My doctor suggested I see my dentist; my dentist referred me to an oral surgeon. The surgeon thought the problem was caused by my being "tongue-tied," a typically harmless condition in which the little piece of tissue under the tongue, called the frenulum, is too short. It seems I have always had this condition but had never noticed, because it hadn't affected my ability to eat or speak. Now things had changed. The doctor recommended a frenectomy, a procedure to remove the frenulum and relieve tension on the tongue. "Just a snip," he promised. It sounded trivial, and I was eager to be done with it. Although I make a living writing about health care, I didn't even bother to do a Web search on the procedure. It never occurred to me that "a snip" might entail some risks. I trusted the oral surgeon.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 19871 - Posted: 07.23.2014
By Lori Aratani The placebo effect — the idea that a treatment works because a patient believes it does — has long been a footnote to the work of finding ways to counteract disease. Some physicians have dismissed placebos as mere hokum, a trick of the mind. But researchers have found that in some people, placebos elicit similar responses in the brain to actual drug treatments. In one experiment, researchers using a PET scanner found that the brain activity in test subjects who received placebos and reported less pain mirrored that of those who received actual treatment for their pain. As Erik Vance writes in "Why Nothing Works," published in the July/August 2014 issue of Discover magazine, the work suggests we possess an "inner pharmacy" of some sort that, if harnessed correctly, could be used as a complement to traditional treatments. But as Vance's overview of recent research on the topic shows, it's complicated. A placebo's impact is not universal. Certain individuals — and certain conditions (pain and depression, for example) — seem to respond better than others to placebos. Researchers think that something in a person's physiological makeup makes him more sensitive to placebos, while others feel little or no impact. There are ethical considerations, too, since it's considered wrong to mislead volunteers participating in a study. But there are ways to navigate this thicket. In one small study, researchers gave placebos to a group of people with irritable bowel syndrome — after telling them that the pills were just placebos; a second group received no treatment. Surprisingly, many more of those who received the placebos reported improvements in their symptoms than did people in the no-treatment group.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain; Chapter 16: Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavior Disorders
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System; Chapter 12: Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders
Link ID: 19777 - Posted: 07.01.2014
Migraines have been diagnosed in about eight per cent of Canadians, a quarter or more of whom say the severe headaches impact day-to-day life such as getting a good night's sleep or driving, Statistics Canada says. The federal agency on Wednesday released its first report on the prevalence of migraine, saying an estimated 2.7 million Canadians, or 8.3 per cent, reported they had been diagnosed with the severe headaches in 2010-2011. Chronic migraines are frequent, severe, pulsating headaches accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. "I think the key finding that was quite interesting was the impact of migraine," said report author Pamela Ramage-Morin, a senior analyst in Ottawa. "For three-quarters to say that it had an impact on their getting a good night sleep, over half said it prevented them from driving on some occasions, even people feeling left out of things because of their condition. There's some social isolation that could be occurring. It may be limiting on people's education and employment opportunities. That can have a long-term effect." The sleep findings are important given lack of sleep can impact other aspects of life, Ramage-Morin said, noting how the effects can extend beyond the individual to the larger community. For both men and women surveyed, migraines were most common at ages 30 to 49, a group represents 12 per cent of the population and the prime working years. © CBC 2014
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 19745 - Posted: 06.19.2014
Haroon Siddique The forehead and fingertips are the most sensitive parts to pain, according to the first map created by scientists of how the ability to feel pain varies across the human body. It is hoped that the study, in which volunteers had pain inflicted without touching them, could help the estimated 10 million people in the UK who suffer from chronic pain by allowing physicians to use lasers to monitor nerve damage across the body. This would offer a quantitative way to monitor the progression or regression of a condition. Lead author Dr Flavia Mancini, of the UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, said: "Acuity for touch has been known for more than a century, and tested daily in neurology to assess the state of sensory nerves on the body. It is striking that until now nobody had done the same for pain." In the study, a pair of lasers were used to cause brief sensation of pinprick pain to 26 blindfolded healthy volunteers on various parts of their body without any touch, in order to define our ability to identify where it hurts, known as "spatial acuity". Sometimes only one laser would be activated, and sometimes both. The participants were asked whether they felt one sting or two, at varying distances between the two beams and researchers recorded the minimum distance between the beams at which people were able to accurately say whether it was one sting or two. © 2014 Guardian News and Media Limited
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 19708 - Posted: 06.07.2014
By C. CLAIBORNE RAY Q. WHY WOULD A PAIN MEDICATION LOSE ITS EFFICACY AFTER WORKING WELL FOR SEVERAL YEARS? A. The mechanism is complex, said Dr. Shakil Ahmed, a pain medicine specialist at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center. "It is due to a phenomenon called tolerance," in which there is a decrease in response over time to repeated exposures of the body to pain medication, he said. "This might be due to alteration in the way the body disposes of the medication," Dr. Ahmed suggested. Or it could occur because drug interactions or bodily changes add a substance that induces an enzyme responsible for disposing of the drug. Another explanation is that long-term administration of pain medications results in a reduction of the number of target drug receptors or a drop in their responsiveness, and in desensitization to the pain medication in question. There is also an increase in the function of other nervous system receptors, called NMDA receptors , which may lead to the development of the tolerance, Dr. Ahmed said. Dr. Ahmed's practice and research include several alternatives to conventional drug treatment for pain, including spinal cord stimulation, use of radio frequency to interrupt the nerve pathways of pain, delivery of pain medication with a pump directly to the space around the spinal cord, and non-invasive laser therapy. © 2014 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain; Chapter 4: The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System; Chapter 4: The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology
Link ID: 19666 - Posted: 05.28.2014
Pain is a symptom of many disorders; chronic pain can present as a disease in of itself. The economic cost of pain is estimated to be hundreds of billions of dollars annually in lost wages and productivity. "This database will provide the public and the research community with an important tool to learn more about the breadth and details of pain research supported across the federal government. They can search for individual research projects or sets of projects grouped by themes uniquely relevant to pain," said Linda Porter, Ph.D., Policy Advisor for Pain at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). "It also can be helpful in identifying potential collaborators by searching for topic areas of interest or for investigators." Users of the database easily can search over 1,200 research projects in a multi-tiered system. In Tier 1, grants are organized as basic, translational (research that can be applied to diseases), or clinical research projects. In Tier 2, grants are sorted among 29 scientific topic areas related to pain, such as biobehavioral and psychosocial mechanisms, chronic overlapping conditions, and neurobiological mechanisms. The Tier 2 categories are also organized into nine research themes: pain mechanisms, basic to clinical, disparities, training and education, tools and instruments, risk factors and causes, surveillance and human trials, overlapping conditions, and use of services, treatments, and interventions.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain; Chapter 7: Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System; Chapter 13: Memory, Learning, and Development
Link ID: 19665 - Posted: 05.28.2014
By Sandra G. Boodman, Cheron Wicker sank to her knees and began weeping, the contents of her purse and the bags of groceries she had dropped littering the floor of her suburban Maryland kitchen. As the searing pain in her index finger left her unable to reach the counter with the bags, Wicker felt an overwhelming sense of despair. Looking up, her gaze fell on a rack of kitchen knives. An idea that would have been unthinkable months earlier flickered through her mind. That morning in the fall of 2012 when she briefly considered cutting off her finger was the lowest point in her seven-year ordeal, recalled Wicker, a former public affairs official at the U.S. Maritime Administration. The Columbia resident had repeatedly consulted pain specialists and orthopedic surgeons, as well as her internist and endocrinologist; all were mystified by the persistence of her constant, excruciating pain. Wicker had even undergone two operations to replace the herniated disks in her neck that were believed to be the cause of the pain. She had taken all sorts of painkillers and become dependent on the sleeping pill Ambien to buy her a few hours of relief each night. She was increasingly convinced that she must be crazy; madness seemed to be the only reason that nothing had worked. The real reason, she would learn weeks later when she saw a new doctor, was simple: The pain in her fingertip was caused by something inside it, not by a pinched nerve in her neck. In December 2012, after a third surgery, her pain vanished. "I had to convince her that I knew what I was doing," recalled Baltimore orthopedic surgeon Raymond Pensy, who diagnosed Wicker's unusual disorder minutes after meeting her. "She was at her wit's end." © 1996-2014 The Washington Post
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 19660 - Posted: 05.26.2014
Jasmin Fox-Skelly Scientists have found a way to beat back the hands of time and fight the ravages of old age, at least in mice. A new study finds that mice bred without a specific pain sensor, or receptor, live longer and are less likely to develop diseases such as diabetes in old age. What's more, exposure to a molecule found in chili peppers and other spicy foods may confer the same benefits as losing this pain receptor—meaning that humans could potentially benefit, too. When you touch something hot or get a nasty paper cut, pain receptors in your skin are activated, causing neurons to relay a message to your brain: "Ouch!" Although pain protects your body from damage, it also causes harm. People who experience chronic pain, for example, are more likely to have shorter lifespans, but the reason for this has remained unclear. To investigate further, researchers from the University of California (UC), Berkeley, bred mice without a pain receptor called TRPV1. Found in the skin, nerves, and joints, it's known to be activated by the spicy compound found in chili peppers, known as capsaicin. (When you feel like your mouth is burning after eating a jalapeño, that's TRPV1 at work.) Surprisingly, the mice without TRPV1 lived on average 14% longer than their normal counterparts, the team reports today in Cell. (Meanwhile, calorie restriction—another popular way of lengthening mouse lifespans—can make them live up to 40% longer.) When the TRPV1-less mice got old, they still showed signs of fast, youthful metabolisms. Their bodies continued to quickly clear sugar from the blood—a trait called glucose tolerance that usually declines with age—and they burned more calories during exercise than regular elderly mice. © 2014 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 19652 - Posted: 05.23.2014
Four common chronic pain conditions share a genetic element, suggesting they could - at least in part - be inherited diseases, say UK researchers. The four include irritable bowel syndrome, musculoskeletal pain, pelvic pain and dry eye disease. The study of more than 8,000 sets of twins found the ailments were common in identical pairs sharing the same DNA. The King's College London team say the discovery could ultimately help with managing these debilitating diseases. While environmental factors probably still play a role in the four conditions, genes could account for as much as two-thirds of someone's chances of developing the disease, they believe. They told the journal Pain that more research is needed to pinpoint the precise genes involved. Chronic pain - pain which persists or recurs for months on end - is common and has many different causes, which can make it difficult to diagnose and treat. While the pain can be related to other medical conditions, it is thought to be caused by problems with the nervous system, sending pain signals to the brain despite no obvious tissue damage. Experts are keen to understand more about chronic pain to improve the quality of life of the millions of people who have to endure it. Some have suspected that some people may have a genetic predisposition to chronic pain since many sufferers share similar symptoms and often have more than one of the different types of chronic pain conditions. The team at King's College London decided to study identical and non-identical twins because these two groups provide an ideal comparison for investigating inherited genes - identical twins share the same DNA while non-identical twins do not. BBC © 2014
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 19643 - Posted: 05.21.2014
By BARRY MEIER Four years and a lifetime ago, a new war began for Sgt. Shane Savage. On Sept. 3, 2010, the armored truck he was commanding near Kandahar, Afghanistan, was blown apart by a roadside bomb. His head hit the ceiling so hard that his helmet cracked. His left foot was pinned against the dashboard, crushing 24 bones. Sergeant Savage came home eight days later, at age 27, with the signature injuries of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: severe concussion, post-traumatic stress and chronic pain. Doctors at Fort Hood in Killeen, Tex., did what doctors across the nation do for millions of ordinary Americans: They prescribed powerful narcotic painkillers. What followed was a familiar arc of abuse and dependence and despair. At one point, Sergeant Savage was so desperate that he went into the bathroom and began swallowing narcotic tablets. He would have died had his wife, Hilary, not burst through the door. Today Sergeant Savage has survived, even prevailed, through grit, his family and a radical experiment in managing pain without narcotics. When off-duty, he pulls on cowboy boots and plays with his children, does charity work and, as part of a therapy program, rides horses. The only medication he takes for pain is Celebrex, a non-narcotic drug. "You have to find alternative ways to get out and do stuff to stay active, to get your brain off the thought process of 'I'm in pain,' " said Sergeant Savage, whose ears push out from under a Texas A&M baseball cap. The story of Sergeant Savage illuminates an effort by experts inside and outside the military to change how chronic, or long-term, pain is treated. By some estimates, tens of millions of Americans suffer from chronic pain, and the use of opioids — drugs like hydrocodone, methadone and oxycodone (the active ingredient in painkillers like OxyContin) — to treat such conditions has soared over the last decade. © 2014 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain; Chapter 4: The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System; Chapter 4: The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology
Link ID: 19600 - Posted: 05.12.2014
by Susan Milius Sometimes called the unicorn of the sea, the male narwhal's tusk is actually a tooth, and it grows directly through the whale's upper lip instead of pushing the lip aside. It's an exuberantly large version of a canine tooth that grows in a spiral; the only tooth known to do so. Otherwise narwhals are practically toothless, with only vestigial stubs that stop growing during development and rarely emerge into the mouth. This extreme anatomy has captivated dentist Martin Nweeia, who practices in Connecticut and teaches at Harvard University. For more than a decade, he has pioneered ways to study these difficult-to-reach Arctic whales, and he and his colleagues now describe in the April Anatomical Record that narwhals can detect changes in water salinity using only their tusks. The animals "don't have a good sense of humor," though, about being temporarily restrained for the testing, Nweeia says. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2013
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 19571 - Posted: 05.05.2014
Chelsea Wald The sailfish's sword-like bill looks as if it was made to slash at prey. But a study published today in Proceedings of the Royal Society B1 reveals that the bill is actually a multifunctional killing tool, enabling the fish to perform delicate, as well as swashbuckling, manoeuvres. By following throngs of predatory birds off the coast of Cancún, Mexico, the study's authors were able to track Atlantic sailfish (Istiophorus albicans) hunting sardines, says co-author Alexander Wilson, a behavioural ecologist now at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. He and his colleagues made high-speed, high-resolution films in the open ocean over six days in 2012. Sailfish hunt in groups, taking turns to approach the ball of schooling fish. Their bodies darken and sometimes flash stripes and spots, perhaps to confuse the prey, or to signal to each other. "It's a very orderly process," Wilson says. "They don't want to risk breaking their bills." Although sailfish are among the fastest creatures in the ocean — they have been documented to swim at more than 110 kilometres per hour, or 60 knots — the new research shows that their strategy is to approach their prey slowly from behind and gently insert their bills into the school, without eliciting an evasive manoeuvre from the sardines. Then, by whipping their heads in powerful, sudden jerks, they can slash their bills left and right, with their upright fins providing stability. In fact, their bill tips slash with about the same acceleration as the tip of a swinging baseball bat, even in the water, says co-author Paolo Domenici, an environmental physiologist at the Institute for the Marine and Coastal Environment of Italy's National Research Council in Torregrande, on the island of Sardinia. The result is a scene of fishy carnage, as the surrounding water fills with iridescent fragments of sardine skin. © 2014 Nature Publishing Group,
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain; Chapter 11: Motor Control and Plasticity
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System; Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 19523 - Posted: 04.23.2014
By Ella Davies Reporter, BBC Nature The whales are known for their tusks which can reach 2.6m (9ft) in length, earning them comparisons with mythological unicorns. The tusk is an exaggerated front tooth and scientists have discovered that it helps the animals sense changes in their environment. Dr Martin Nweeia from the Harvard School of Dental Medicine, US, undertook the study alongside an international team of colleagues. Through the years, many theories have tried to explain the function of the narwhal's impressive tusk. "People have said it's everything from an ice pick to an acoustic probe, but this is the first time that someone has discovered sensory function and has the science to show it," said Dr Nweeia. More recently, experts have agreed that the tusk is a sexual characteristic because it is more often exhibited by males and they appear to use them during fights to assert their social hierarchy. But because the animals are rarely seen, the exact function of the tusk has remained a mystery. Previous studies have revealed that the animals have no enamel on their tusk - the external layer of the tooth that provides a barrier in most mammal teeth. Dr Nweeia and the team's analysis revealed that the outer cementum layer of the tusk is porous and the inner dentin layer has microscopic tubes that channel in towards the centre. In the middle of the tusk lies the pulp, where nerve endings which connect to the narwhal's brain are found. BBC © 2014
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain; Chapter 12: Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System; Chapter 8: Hormones and Sex
Link ID: 19374 - Posted: 03.18.2014
Daniel Cressey Researchers have called for a common method of killing zebrafish used in laboratories to be abandoned amid growing evidence that it causes unnecessary suffering. The anaesthetic MS-222, which can be added to tanks to cause overdose, seems to distress the fish, two separate studies have shown. The studies' authors propose that alternative anaesthetics or methods should be used instead. "These two studies — carried out independently — use different methodologies to reach the same conclusion: zebrafish detect and avoid MS-222 in the water," says Stewart Owen, a senior environmental scientist at AstraZeneca's Brixham Environmental Laboratory in Brixham, UK, and a co-author of one of the studies. "As this is a clear aversive response, as a humane choice, one would no longer use this agent for routine zebrafish anaesthesia." The use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in research has skyrocketed in recent years as scientists have sought alternatives to more controversial animal models, such as mammals. The fish are cheap and easy to keep, and although no firm data on numbers have been collected, millions are known to be housed in laboratories around the world. Nearly all will eventually be killed. MS-222 (ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulphate, also known as TMS) is one of the agents most frequently used to kill the creatures. It is listed as an acceptable method of euthanasia by many institutions, and also by societies such as the American Veterinary Medical Association. But the study by Owen and his co-authors, published last year (G. D. Readman et al. PLoS ONE 8, e73773; 2013), and the second study, published earlier this month by Daniel Weary and his colleagues at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada (D. Wong et al. PLoS ONE 9, e88030; 2014), show that zebrafish seem to find the chemical distressing. The research should fundamentally change the practice, say the authors of both papers. © 2014 Nature Publishing Group
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 19294 - Posted: 02.26.2014
By Michelle Roberts Health editor, BBC News online Doctors have devised a new way to treat amputees with phantom limb pain. Using computer-generated augmented reality, the patient can see and move a virtual arm controlled by their stump. Electric signals from the muscles in the amputated limb "talk" to the computer, allowing real-time movement. Amputee Ture Johanson says his pain has reduced dramatically thanks to the new computer program, which he now uses regularly in his home. He now has periods when he is free of pain and he is no longer woken at night by intense periods of pain. Mr Johanson, who is 73 and lives in Sweden, lost half of his right arm in a car accident 48 years ago. After a below-elbow amputation he faced daily pain and discomfort emanating from his now missing arm and hand. Over the decades he has tried numerous therapies, including hypnosis, to no avail. Within weeks of starting on the augmented reality treatment in Max Ortiz Catalan's clinic at Chalmers University of Technology, his pain has now eased. "The pain is much less now. I still have it often but it is shorter, for only a few seconds where before it was for minutes. BBC © 2014
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain; Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System; Chapter 14: Attention and Consciousness
Link ID: 19293 - Posted: 02.26.2014


text:
boys basketball
P-T top 10
1. Bowman
The Eagles finish against Kokomo. They beat East Chicago soundly this week. Clearly the best regular-season team in the area this year.
2. Lake Central
The Indians ran the table on the DAC schedule — no easy feat. They're probably as good as Bowman, though, a loss at home to Bowman made the difference.
3. Munster
The Mustangs roll into sectionals in a good position. They have to get past Morton and Lowell to get to the final. It seems likely.
4. Bishop Noll
The Warriors are as good as any area team — that includes Bowman and Lake Central. They lost a double-digit lead to EC on the road but beat Michigan City.
5. East Chicago
It was a good news, bad news week for EC. The Cardinals beat Noll at home but lost to Bowman on the road.
6. Griffith
The Panthers get a tough opening draw against Hammond in the Clark Sectional The Wildcats beat them in regular season.
7. Kouts
The Mustangs won by 25, lost by 30 and won by 17 all in the course of a week. Still a pretty good Class 1A team.
8. Marquette
The Blazers are blazing into postseason play. They have won five straight. They finish with 4A Elkhart Memorial.
9. Valparaiso
The Vikings played poorly against Chesterton last week, shooting 21 percent from the field. They get the Trojans again at home in sectionals.
10. Hammond
The Wildcats make their first appearance in the Top 10. They lost a tough one to Andrean. They get Griffith in the first round of sectionals after finishing the season against West Side.
Player of the Week
Justin King, Bowman
King scored 26 points for Bowman in an 86-71 victory over East Chicago.
Updated: April 1, 2014 10:32AM

subset: commoncrawl


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When you're on a tight schedule, the last thing you want to do is spend time trying to find a parking spot. This is especially true when you have a flight to catch, which is why the team members at Park-N-Go Airport Parking make getting to your terminal as easy as possible. They offer both valet and self-service parking in their well-lit lot, with gates open and monitored 24 hours a day so clients know they and their cars are safe at all hours. Once cars are parked, staff helps clients carry their bags to the shuttle, which delivers fliers safely to Dayton International Airport in four minutes. The staff also can complete optional services to keep cars in prime condition while clients are away, such as changing oil, washing exteriors, or fully detailing vehicles. Clients who opt for the valet service even have their car prepared for their arrival, with attendants ensuring their ride is free of morning breath and the perfect temperature for the ride home.
Underwater World Scuba Center offers scuba-diving courses that take students from the shallows of a heated indoor swimming pool at its dive shop to the depths of the ocean in faraway places such as Fiji and the Cayman Islands. Open-water certification classes cover breathing techniques and safety regulations for beginners, whereas advanced certification courses give pupils enough skills to explore the depths as a master diver or marine-life photographer. The center's trainers also provide guidance to customers who are purchasing equipment, service and repair gear, and organize scuba trips to exotic locations.
A. Limousine Associates' fleet of more than 40 four-wheelers offers the luxury of ancient Roman sedan chairs at the speed of contemporary traffic. A stylish stable of vehicles affords voyagers the opportunity to take a three-hour jaunt in a 10-passenger stretch limousine (from $230), a six-hour cruise in a limousine bus (from $550), or an eternity with the one you love (wedding packages are also available). A. Limousine escorts aerial adventurers to the Greater Cincinnati Airport ($48 and up), as well as other nearby flight fields including those in Columbus, Indianapolis, Dayton, Lexington, and Louisville. Daytrippers may languidly lounge upon plush leather seats while traveling to Churchill Downs or relax en route to boisterous bachelor or bachelorette bonanzas.
Cincinnati Bike Center pursues a simple mission—to encourage bike riding for transportation and recreation. They pursue this goal on multiple fronts, uniting the cycling community through events, interactive platforms, and collaborations with bicycle advocacy groups to improve local bike culture and elect a bicycle as the city's next mayor. The organization also makes a difference in bikers' lives on a daily basis, managing bicycle-commuter centers on busy thoroughfares and aiding bikers with repairs, ride shares, rentals, and guided tours.
It's not every day that one gets to race down the highway in a Lamborghini Gallardo or a BMW Z4 without facing felony theft charges. Enalux affords this chance to almost any licensed driver through its innovative luxury-car rental system. A free membership gives drivers temporary access to the sports cars and luxury SUVs of their dreams, and optional event packages make wedding days and birthday celebrations even more memorable with eye-catching decorations. Check out the FAQs to find out more about rental policies.
ProMusica Chamber Orchestra not only celebrates some of the most beautiful music ever written, it helps artists create more. Since its founding in 1978, it has commissioned 59 pieces and presented more than 100 world premieres by composers such as Peter Schickele and Pulitzer Prize winner Aaron Jay Kernis. This, coupled with the ensemble's tendency to mix time-tested pieces with modern American masterpieces, has helped it rack up eight awards from the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers.


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ResearchSocial second-quarter 2014: analysis and outlook
We're now transitioning to a new economic model where the exploding scale of both mobile and cloud has shifted real value to the services that connect us. At the same time… Read more »
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We're now transitioning to a new economic model where the exploding scale of both mobile and cloud has shifted real value to the services that connect us. At the same time… Read more »
Some major acquisitions jolted the mobile industry in the first quarter of 2014, underscoring some important trends. Meanwhile, turbulence plagues the mobile-gaming industry and Dish is ramping up speculation about its… Read more »
Cloud-based videoconferencing that offers high fidelity and the ability to connect seamlessly to any video end point is critical to businesses because it increases employee engagement. Read more »
As the year winds to a close, the Gigaom Research curators set their sights on 2014, and share thoughts on what to expect, what not to. Read more »
This past year has been a time of great change and turbulence in the tools, practices, and thinking around the rapidly shifting world of work. Expect these changes to continue building… Read more »
Spanish Wi-Fi provider has already built a 2000-hotspot network in NYC. Now its enticing businesses onto that network by promising them the ability to communicate with their customers. Read more »
A new service delivery model of the cloud, called Mobile Backend as a Service (MBaaS), fills the gap that exists in the current cloud delivery models and offers a higher level… Read more »
The mobile industry saw some important consolidation unfold in the second quarter as the lesser tier-one carriers made some strong alliances: Sprint agreed to be acquired by Japan's SoftBank and began… Read more »
A recent survey found that 76 percent of respondents store their digital photos on multiple devices using multiple services.That means ample opportunity exists for companies offering solutions that tackle this "dispersed… Read more »
A small startup trying to gain traction in the Windy City, Evzdrop has designed geo-social network that doesn't connect you to your friends but to strangers wherever you happen to be. Read more »


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Select your state for the 2014 selection period.
Free Month of Gas Every Year!
Regardless of whether or not you take advantage of any of our other special offers, we will still automatically give you a free month of gas. Every year after your enrollment anniversary, Vista Energy will credit your October invoice for the cost of that month's commodity!


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Rolls-Royce and British Airways have finally signed a long-awaited contract for Trent 900 and 1000 engines to power the carrier's forthcoming Airbus A380 and Boeing 787 fleets.
It covers Trent 900s to power 12 A380s (plus seven options) and 24 Boeing 787s (plus 18 options) and is worth more than $5 billion at list prices if all the options are exercised. One new aspect of the contract is the inclusion of the powerplant manufacturer's TotalCare long-term support package.
"We are delighted to have concluded these contracts, which position British Airways strongly for the future," says BA CEO Willie Walsh. "We believe the support of the TotalCare package will significantly benefit British Airways' operations."
His opposite number at Rolls-Royce, Sir John Rose, adds: "We are pleased that British Airways continues to put its trust in our world-class Trent engine technology and service provision."
The agreement was originally announced in September 2007 but has only now been completed: "It's a very complex and detailed contract, especially given the fact that the aircraft haven't been in the fleet when they were due to be in the fleet, for a variety of reasons," says a BA spokesman.
Deliveries of the A380s to BA have been delayed by BA due to the economic downturn, while the 787 has been delayed due to the type's well-publicised development problems.
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- Alumni & Friends Menu
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The Corporal William A. Brabant Memorial Scholarship
Bernard Heineman, Sr., and his sons, Bernard, Jr., William M., and Andrew D. Heineman, members of the Brabant family and various friends established this scholarship in 1968. These individuals wanted to commemorate William Andrew Brabant who was named after two Heineman brothers and who died in action during the Vietnam War. This fund also pays tribute to the years of service given by the Brabant family while taking care of the Heineman's summer residence on Picton Island, Clayton, New York. It is offered to a freshman and a returning student working toward any Jefferson Community College degree.
Remembering his brother, Peter Brabant said, 'He was athletic, and in high school he joined the football and wrestling teams. He loved the outdoors and especially enjoyed being in and around water. Today, I can still remember him traveling along the St. Lawrence River in his Higgin's boat. In the depths of fog concealing everyone, people knew he was coming because his whistle always carried a happy tune. His smiling face was always welcome around elderly people whom he loved to visit.'
Born on December 12, 1947, Cpl. William A. Brabant attended Clayton Central High School in Clayton. He graduated on June 28, 1965, and continued to work for the Heineman family helping his father as the island's caretaker. Later, being employed by the American Boat Line in Alexandria Bay, New York, he completed an associate's degree in applied science from JCC in 1967.
Although many young men were drafted during the Vietnam War, some volunteered for service. This is what Mr. Brabant did. On November 14, 1967, he enlisted in the Army. His basic training was completed at Fort Dix, New Jersey, on February 2, 1968.
Promoted in Vietnam to corporal, after having completed tracking school in the United States only ten days earlier, Mr. Brabant was killed in action on October 8, 1968, near Duc Pho, Vietnam, while serving as an infantryman in the 11th Infantry Brigade of the Americal Division.
Mr. Brabant was a member of Troop 32, Boy Scouts of America and the Clayton Waterski Club.
The Jefferson Community College Foundation is grateful to the Heineman and Brabant families and friends for starting this scholarship.


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Marketed as a modern spin on the Joan of Arc saga, The Messenger is no special delivery. The rape and murder of young Joan's sister is the first of many hard-to-watch moments in this expensive flop of a historical drama. Milla Jovovich's manic performance as Joan lacks the essence of complexity that director Luc Besson asks the audience to consider: is Joan truly a messenger of God or just plain "nuts," as one soldier declares. Such laughable anachronistic dialogue, the overdone breathy pleading, hysterical screaming, and watery blue-eyed stare of Jovovich, and the miscasting of Dustin Hoffman as Joan's Conscience retracts any credibility the film might have gained from a famed cast. John Malkovich gives an entertaining performance as the neurotic and effeminate Charles VII, Dauphin of France, while Faye Dunaway, as his mother-in-law, is interesting to watch -- mostly because of her costumes. The strongest minute of the movie is its final one, as Joan is burned alive while the holy men watch, raising their own symbols of (what they think is) God's will, suggesting a bold statement of hypocrisy by the director.
by Lisa Kropiewnicki


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How to Rig an Election
The perils of voting in the modern age.
"You are reading this because you have no idea what NASA is doing. And NASA, tongue-tied by jargon, can't figure out how to tell you. But the agency is engaged in work that can be more enduring and far-reaching than anything else this country is paying for."
On the president's campaign to crack down on campus rape.
How an education reform effort became the new Obamacare.
The case of Brett Kimberlin.
The aging action star's second wind abroad: political maneuvering, many guns and, most importantly, a market for his B movies.
Almost 40 percent of the world's population lives in countries with limits on abortion. Activists like Rebecca Gompert imagine a future where those limits are meaningless because most abortions happen at home.
Elias Pompa is the lone deputy in one of the poorest counties in Texas. He is also at the center of the U.S. border crisis.
A profile of Florida's former (and perhaps future) governor.
How the GOP took control of state politics in Alabama, leaving black lawmakers — and their constituents — powerless.


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I Dig Big Machines
Member of Whatcom County Library System
Send WhatcomKidsLibrarians a Message Follow Ignore Report This ListDescription
Young children "dig" big machines - the bulldozers at a construction site, the farm tractors plowing the fields, and the freight trains that carry coal and other materials dug from the earth. Here's a list to dig into!
Topic Guide


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Ask yourself this crucial question
By Kavita Patel
Every single time I have gone to the hospital I have made sure to ask
my best friends to come with me. I will also admit that I have pulled
them out of work to come with me. They are happy to do it, and I
would be happy to return the love. Of course, my husband will come
every now and then also, but when it comes to female stuff it is nice
to have another female with ya. =)
It is essential to shift the way you think about burdening
others in order to attract in the man of your dreams, and to sustain
a relationship you have to let HIM love you. If you can't do that
with the people that are already trying, how does he have a chance?
Ask yourself this question, "If you were dying, and you knew it,
would you want to be surrounded by people you love and adore, or
be by yourself?" Reflect on your answer, then ask one person to help
you with something this week. I would love to hear what your thoughts are regarding letting people in. Leave a comment on my site!


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Select () or exclude () categories to narrow your recipe search.
As you select categories, the number of matching recipes will update.
Find exactly what you're looking for with the web's most powerful recipe filtering tool.
I'm a full time homemaker and part-time personal trainer. My husband and I have seven kids, but only one is left at home full-time. I love to cook and my favorite thing to do it to turn out delicious meals that no one realizes are healthy. Having said that, there are some recipes I don't mess with- Some things need to be left as they are for an indulgent treat
Hamburgers, pizza, red beans and rice and anything sweet that has no nuts (I am alregic to tree nuts) and is not puffy (I don't care for airy foods).


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WESTERLY, R.I. — The two speckled gray eggs nestled in the sand at the edge of the dunes could soon add to Rhode Island's precious population of piping plovers — those diminutive seabirds that captivate beachgoers with their fleet-footed quickness.
So with predators blamed for killing a disheartening number of plover chicks last year, Ryan Kleinert and his team of field biologists from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service prepare to jump into action.
About 25 yards from the nest, they fashion a circular pen, called an "exclosure," out of metal mesh fencing. Its holes are large enough for plovers to move through, but small enough to keep out predators such as foxes, minks, skunks and other birds.
Peering through binoculars, the team can see an adult standing guard. The eggs blend perfectly into the sand and pebbles. As the biologists lift the pen and begin marching toward the nest, Kleinert wants to be sure they don't step where they shouldn't.
"Who has their eyes on the nest?" he calls out.
Their task is to dig a shallow trench around the nest, stake the pen in place, backfill the trench, install a roof of netting and leave the scene in less than 18 minutes — any longer and they'll risk alienating the parents from the nest.
The pressure's on.
None of this would be necessary if humans, like plovers, weren't so drawn to the shore.
But decades of building along the water — and more people visiting the beach — have shrunk and carved up the bird's coastal breeding grounds.
In Rhode Island, "there are only a couple of beaches that have suitable habitat," says Kleinert, piping plover coordinator for the Fish and Wildlife Service.
Piping plovers can be easily mistaken for their shorebird cousins, the sandpipers. Both are small and stocky and can be seen quick-stepping across the beach. But plovers move in stop-and-go fashion, like robins, and often have a black ring around their necks.
When not foraging along the high tide line for worms, crustaceans and insects, plovers can be difficult to spot. Sandy-colored, they blend into their surroundings, especially when standing still. Their remarkable camouflage helps protect them from predators.
In 1986, the federal government designated the Atlantic Coast population of piping plovers as threatened under the Endangered Species Act, meaning that, without protection, the population would continue to decline.
That has led to what has become a common sight along some stretches of the East Coast — areas cordoned off and designated as plover habitat. "No trespassing" signs threaten prosecution.
One of those signs greets Kleinert and field biologist John Veale one overcast summer morning as they walk onto Moonstone Beach at Trustom Pond National Wildlife Refuge in South Kingstown.
"We're searching for new nests and for chicks," says Kleinert.
In Rhode Island, the Fish and Wildlife Service is charged with managing plover populations not only at its refuges but also at numerous private, municipal and state beaches — 16 nesting sites in all. The Nature Conservancy manages another three sites on its properties.
The busy season begins when the birds arrive in March and April from the southeastern United States and the Caribbean. They live 10 to 15 years and migrate north every year to establish territory, mate and make simple nests — little more than depressions in the sand, sometimes lined with small stones.
Kleinert and his team make frequent visits to beaches to record nest locations and when, and how many, eggs are laid. It's usually three to four per nest.
Kleinert and Veale talk about plovers scientifically one moment and affectionately the next. They refer to nests by their coded designations — TP4 is Trustom Pond, Nest 4 — but also call some birds by nicknames, including one rare banded plover from the Bahamas.
"Her name is 'Bahama Mama,'" says Veale.
They liken the fluffy babies to "cotton balls on toothpicks" and sound like proud parents when the chicks grow up.
"He just stretched his wings and hopped," Veale says, peering through his spotting scope at one juvenile. "He's getting ready to fly."
"It feels good," Kleinert says.
Conservation efforts over the past 30 years have yielded solid success. In the mid-1980s, just before the Atlantic plovers landed on the Endangered Species List, their numbers had fallen precariously low — with fewer than a dozen breeding pairs in Rhode Island. The numbers have steadily increased since then, to 90 pairs this summer.
"Their population is slowly increasing in our region," Kleinert says. "Here in Rhode Island and Massachusetts, our numbers are really good, relatively. Plovers are nesting in areas we've never seen them nest before."
While he's encouraged by the resurgence, Kleinert says protections are likely to remain in place because "their habitat has been altered so dramatically."
That's why his team is vigilant about identifying and responding to threats to the plovers.
While on the beach, Kleinert sees a woman walking a dog. He's pleased to see that the pet is on a leash, but its very presence is still a threat. So Kleinert runs after her and explains how dogs, perceived as predators, can stress the plovers and disrupt breeding.
It's this vigilance that brings Kleinert's team to a stretch of Westerly's East Beach, below the cliff-top mansion of pop star Taylor Swift. In 2012, crows took a toll on plovers along Rhode Island's southern beaches.
"I've never experienced it like that," Kleinert says.
Plover recovery efforts aim to produce an average of 1.5 fledglings per breeding pair each season. Last year, the rate dropped to 0.6 after hovering for several years above 1.
Eager not to see a repeat of 2013, Kleinert is relying more than ever on nest exclosures, putting up 25 this year. They come with some risk, however. Because they are so conspicuous, the mesh shelters can attract the attention of birds and other predators. Parents can also get spooked and abandon their nests.
So the team moves quickly when it arrives with an exclosure at the East Beach nest. An adult plover greets them with all of its anti-predator tricks. It runs away, making the "piping" sound that inspired its name — a plaintive, bell-like whistle — to draw attention away from its clutch of eggs.
When that fails, the plover tries its "broken-wing display." It flails around in the sand, feigning a traumatic injury and posing as easy prey.
The biologists hammer metal rods into the sand to support the pen and zip-tie a net over the top. Then they smooth the disturbed sand with a rake. When they're done and back at the water's edge, Veale looks at his watch.
"Ten and a half minutes," he says.
They had eight minutes to spare. Now, however, the adult must return to the nest or they'll have to remove the pen. Veale and Kleinert watch through binoculars.
"She's in!" Veale announces almost immediately.
And a moment later, Kleinert cries out, "She's on it."
The bird is either laying a third egg or incubating, he says.
"Management is working," Kleinert says, but, he adds, the plovers "still have a long way to go."
About plovers
- The threatened Atlantic Coast population breeds on beaches from Newfoundland and Quebec to North Carolina and winters as far south as Florida, the Bahamas and the West Indies.
- There is a separate Great Lakes population designated as "endangered."
- Adults are about 7 inches long and have orange bills and legs.
- Due to aggressive hunting for the millinery trade (women's hats), plovers nearly disappeared in the 19th century.
- The population rebounded after the 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty Act and peaked in 1940 before beginning its recent decline.
How to help
- Don't leave trash on the beach; it attracts predators to plover habitat.
- Don't enter areas cordoned off for plover breeding.
- Don't approach or linger near nesting areas.
- Keep dogs away from plover areas during the breeding season, April 1 to Sept. 15.
On Twitter: @RichSalit


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Tennis: Record number of pull-outs as Australia Open swelters
Published on Jan 15, 2014 10:42 AM
MELBOURNE (AFP) - The heat-baked Australian Open has been hit by a record number of pull-outs, organisers said on Wednesday, Jan 15, 2014, as temperatures hovered around 40 deg C for a second straight day.
After a first round overshadowed by the sight of players fainting and vomiting in the heat, nine players either retired or forfeited their matches, according to an official tally.
The total is the highest in one round at the Australian Open and equals the Grand Slam Open-era record, matching the first round at the 2011 US Open and Wimbledon's second round last year.
Although most of the players cited injuries, Dutch player Robin Haase went out with cramp, which is often set off by high heat.
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Wednesday, July 23 15:37:43
The Central Bank of Ireland announced today that Patrick Brady, Director of Policy and Risk, has resigned his position.
He will remain with the Central Bank until the end of the year.
Governor Patrick Honohan said: "We are sorry to be losing Patrick Brady as Director of Policy & Risk and as a member of the senior leadership team later this year. Patrick joined the Central Bank in 2000 and has been a key member of the Central Bank's senior management team for the last four years. His contributions have been highly valued by me and the rest of the management team. We would like to wish him well in his future endeavours."
Mr Brady will complete his current responsibilities on 31 July and from 1 August will step away from all activities that might give rise to potential conflicts of interest, the Central Bank said.
For more visit: www.businessworld.ie


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Biography of Ario C. Mendenhall
Ario C. Mendenhall. While the Mendenhall name had been well and honorably known in Kansas for more than a quarter of a century, it is to Pennsylvania that the biographer must turn for the family's earlier history. It had been established that three brothers of that name came to the American colonies from England at


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Follow-Up Postings:
Thanks for posting. All looking good and a few added to my list of course. |
- Posted by lavendargrrl 7b Apex, NC (My Page) on Tue, Jun 3, 14 at 22:39
Lovely plants! Thanks for sharing. |
That Striptease will be filling out more than that area by the oak leaves Paul. Mine looked like yours for a couple of weeks. It took over all the real estate this past weekend! You sure have a beautiful Brave Attempt. Mine was stunted being in a pot, I planted it in the ground past week and it's starting to get some shape. It was one of those shrinky dinks this spring. I really like Curly Fries. I wasn't into that kind of shaped hosta but have grown to like them. They're a good filler for the front of the beds. Gesila |
- Posted by moccasinlanding z9A AL (My Page) on Tue, Jun 3, 14 at 22:49
I'm glad to see someone else grows Alabama Gold. I like it. It is one that I put in the ground too. It seems to like it there. Daybreak is impressive next to your really blue hosta. I will keep an eye out for that one, I always like good golds. Color Festival is new here this year, and I don't know quite how to locate its pot. Yours seems very happy. Morning sun is always a good bet for white midleafs. Very happy to see your pictures. Look forward to the second session, they change so quickly. |
- Posted by hosta_freak z6 NC (My Page) on Wed, Jun 4, 14 at 9:11
Glad to see someone who can actually grow montana Aureomarginata! Mine is so small this year,after so many freezes every year,for many years,that is is finally giving up. It is/was the first one up year after year,that I guess it couldn't take it anymore! Nice plants,Paul. I'm beginning to think that really good plants only grow up north! Phil |
Thanks Paul. I love your pictures. Gives me a list of beautiful plants that I know will thrive in Minnesota. |
- Posted by newhostalady 6 (My Page) on Wed, Jun 4, 14 at 9:31
Great photos and hostas, Paul. I love reading your personal comments on each of your hostas. Blueberry Muffin was available at a nearby reputable garden center last year. I'll have to go and see if they have it this year! |
I like those wider leaves on Little Treasure. How old is it? Do you think it's a temporary anomaly or a sign of maturity? bk |
- Posted by paul_in_mn 4b (My Page) on Wed, Jun 4, 14 at 13:48
Thanks to all for the comments. Gesila, I was suprised how Brave Attempt jumped in growth, so hopefully yours gets settled. Moc, Daybreak gets yellower thru summer and can get big - pic below is a mature one from the local arboretum. Phil, I guess there's one advantage to sub-zero winter days. bk, Little Treasure I got from idiothe in 2010 as 2 division liner - was 6 div in 2012 and then really took off in last two years. Paul |
- Posted by miketropic 6B - 7 KY (My Page) on Wed, Jun 4, 14 at 17:03
what is that in the top left of the strip tease pic? your brave attempt looks wonderful. mine is growing well but I think your has much better color and streaking |
- Posted by paul_in_mn 4b (My Page) on Wed, Jun 4, 14 at 18:02
mike, the bl-grey with white margin is El Nino - it's color is pristine right now, else the light green above is Gilt by Association and the light green with dark center is Velvet Moon. I'll get pictures up on some of these soon. Paul |
- Posted by tsugajunkie z5 SE WI (My Page) on Wed, Jun 4, 14 at 18:43
More nice selections. Stand up double with pics that are on Target (Field). ;-) I got Little Treasure at a hosta sale this spring. Good to see your nice example, as well as the rest. Thanks. tj |
- Posted by tropic_lover 6UT (My Page) on Wed, Jun 4, 14 at 18:57
They all look great but I really love that montana Aureomarginata! I finally bought one this year and I hope it does better than Phil's LOL. Linda |
- Posted by HostaTakeover 6a (My Page) on Wed, Jun 4, 14 at 19:51
Paul, that montana Aureomarginata is beautiful! I've been considering getting one but I'm afraid it'll collapse from the heat here. How is the substance on it? Also, how old is your Great Expectations? I received mine as a starter plug years ago and it's growing painfully slow. I'm wondering how long it'll take to get as large as yours. |
- Posted by moccasinlanding z9A AL (My Page) on Thu, Jun 5, 14 at 0:16
HostaTakeover, I know it gets hot up your way, but I got a montana Aureomarginata this year and it seems to be doing fine. It has more to fight in this climate than it would up there, except emerging early is not a problem for it here. I think it might emerge TOO early for you, and get frost bite. But I would not let that deter me from getting one. It is a lovely plant. |
- Posted by paul_in_mn 4b (My Page) on Thu, Jun 5, 14 at 0:20
tj - very good, Target it is ;-) Little Treasure showed signs of growing well right from the start. I think it has thrown off a solid division occasionally, looked decent. I had one in a pot but it rotted over winter - oops. Thanks Linda, it's one of those you have to grow. Hosta Takeover, hopefully someone with similar climate can give you info on how mA grows. It's been in top 15 in hosta polls so getting votes from a range of growers. -Great Expectations - added in 2011 as decent sized divisions 2 or 3, grown to 8 divisions this year (doubled from 2013). This one gets morning sun and decent watering. Have a second GE in shade that was 1 division since 2008 and it finally added an eye. Paul |
- Posted by HostaTakeover 6a (My Page) on Thu, Jun 5, 14 at 16:09
Moccasin, thank you for the info; that's very helpful. I bought my first Hosta only 5 years ago and there's never been a problem with early freezes until this year, so hopefully it'll do just fine for most years. Thank you for the picture! Paul, thanks for the info on GE. I'm glad I put it in the sunniest location I had, but I'll try making sure it gets more water. |
- Posted by sandyslopes z5 UT (My Page) on Thu, Jun 5, 14 at 17:35
Beautiful hostas! I just came inside from moving a soaker hose to make sure my mont. A. gets more water. I want it to grow big like yours. Thanks for sharing. They all look great. |
- Posted by paul_in_mn 4b (My Page) on Sat, Jun 7, 14 at 17:39
Great pictures. My fav maybe Blueberry Muffin, but ask me tomorrow and it will change. They look very nice. I was saving my comments for the last one. (Home run?) Beverly |
- Posted by blacksheep998 (My Page) on Sat, Jun 7, 14 at 22:58
Really cool hostas. What's the one in the background of the second shot? The gold with green stripes. |
- Posted by paul_in_mn 4b (My Page) on Sun, Jun 8, 14 at 8:57
Black sheep that's Velvet Moon. Paul |
- Posted by paul_in_mn 4b (My Page) on Sun, Jun 8, 14 at 8:59
dup deleted |
This post was edited by paul_in_mn on Sun, Jun 8, 14 at 9:01
- Posted by paul_in_mn 4b (My Page) on Sun, Jul 20, 14 at 11:42
A couple of updated pics- montana Aureomarginata - stretching out and margin colors changing. Great Expectations - is it any wonder that we strive to successfully grow this one. Paul |
Paul, the hosta which led me to revamp my hostas in 2009 was a h.montana 'Aureomarginata', could have been also a 'Atlantis'. I was parked at a little park waiting for my grandson to finish pre-school when I saw that hosta there in semi shade, what a view. Right after I started to go from 35 different ones to 220 right now. Now I also have a h. 'Abba Dabba Wow', looks the same to me. Bernd |
- Posted by hostahillbilly 4 (My Page) on Sun, Jul 20, 14 at 16:47
Good looking plants, very good pics! Comments on comments: sorry ya'all zone 7 folk. I believe that, with the exemption of south China natives such as plantaginea, it's commonly accepted that most Hosta grow bigger 'up north. Note I didn't say faster ;-) From my travels I believe z5 is their favorite, in general. As regards GE - LEAVE.IT.ALONE. We've only lost one over the years. The really old timers will tell you - LEAVE IT ALONE. ;-) Montana Aureomarginata is a very early old time variegated cultivar. Few people on tour here fail to notice and appreciate them. Unlike ones like Krossa Regal, MA really needs fully watered to maintain it's capability to remain turgid, upright, erect vase-shaped but is still an eye catcher when a little droopy. MN Paul, this post of yours is this weeks enabling rascal. That's alright, we still have some dupes we can replace (but our GE's are gonna get LEFT.ALONE. a Thanks, |
- Posted by moccasinlanding z9A AL (My Page) on Sun, Jul 20, 14 at 19:21
I'll let you know how my montana Aureomarginata does next spring. This is its first year, and it is holding its own in our heat and humidity. It gest sun of course but not afternoon kind. I am excited to think it is gonna be a monster. |
- Posted by Hostas_for_Barb none (My Page) on Sun, Jul 20, 14 at 20:08
Glad to see your pic of blueberry muffin. Bought that one on impulse this year at a local parking lot nursery. Knew nothing about it except it was blue and a good price. Now I need to find it a home where it can spread out. |
Paul, how do you keep your hosta looking so pristine? They are all beautiful, makes me feel like pulling everything out of my garden and filling it with hosta. Really must find Blueberry Muffin, it grows more beautiful each time I see it. |
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Doctor: More Should Screen Heart Health In Their 30s
When you think about screening for heart disease, you probably think of blood pressure and cholesterol levels, but at the University of Minnesota Rasmussen Center there's so much more. The best way to beat a heart attack is to prevent it from happening in the first place.
Project Has Goal Of Improving Health In NE Minn.
The state Department of Health has received a $140,000 federal grant to help lower blood pressure and improve health for residents in northeastern Minnesota. Minnesota is one of nine states to receive a grant as part of the federal Million Hearts Initiative.
New, Less Invasive Surgery To Clear Blocked Arteries
More than 300,000 people in the United States are diagnosed every year with blockages in the carotid arteries. Now, doctors are testing out a new, less invasive surgery to clear blocked arteries, and save patients from strokes.
The Fonz Takes A Tumble From WCCO News Desk
The actor best known as Fonzie, the king of '50s biker cool, ended up taking a somewhat Jerry Lewis-like spill from WCCO's morning news set Friday.
Experts Say Salt Study Is Flawed
Could all those warnings about too much salt be wrong? That's the question what one independent researcher is raising in a New York Times op-ed piece.
New Approach Tested For Hypertension
"Maxed out on the medications," is how Bill Ezzell describes his struggle with blood pressure. It's dangerously high even though the North Carolina man swallows six different drugs a day.
Kids' Time In Front Of TV Linked To Eye, Heart Problems
Children today spend more time than ever in front of a screen and, as new study shows, it can damage their health down the road.


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The sequel to Theodore Gray's acclaimed chemistry iPad app The Elements leads you into the wonderful world of molecules.
"Parks and Recreation" writer Megan Amram offers up a "raunchy, crazy" textbook full of carbon dating, physics as nail art and kale.
How do your clothes go from filthy to grunge free? Through the chemistry of laundry detergent. In the latest installment of our Appliance Science column, we look at the chemistry of clean clothes.
How can an electric field cook your dinner? Through the science of induction. In our latest Appliance Science column, we look at how induction cooktops work.
Molecules found by Curiosity on Mars have been confirmed as organic matter -- the building blocks of all known forms of terrestrial life.
At CES 2015, Toyota announced it would make 5,680 patents related to fuel cell drive systems available as a means to help other automakers build fuel cell cars.
In 2014, humanity tagged a comet and became better acquainted with Mars and our place in the universe. Take a tour through the year in space.
We owe a lot to an invisible organism that makes foods like bread possible. In the latest installment of our Appliance Science column, we look at our favorite fungus: yeast.
Just how good are emojis at communicating complex ideas? Bill Nye the Science Guy explains the theory of evolution with a series of the digital symbols. Smiley face.
With a format tailor-made for one-liners, Twitter has become the world's biggest stand-up comedy club. TV comedy writers and an original "SNL" cast member tell Crave why the tweet's the thing.


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In Fouche v. New Jersey Transit, No. 11-3031, 2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 14524, (3rd Cir. July 16, 2012), a bus driver sued his employer under Title VII and the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination for refusing to accommodate his religion-based request not to drive on Sundays. Rejecting the plaintiff's claim, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals held that the plaintiff's requested accommodation would have caused the employer an undue hardship, insofar as it would have required the employer to shift some of the Sunday driving to other drivers, and it would have resulted in a breach of the seniority provision of the union's collective bargaining agreement.
Note: This article was published in the August 2012 issue of the New Jersey eAuthority.
Topics: Discrimination, Reasonable Accommodation, Religious Discrimination, Title VII, Undue Hardship
Published In: Civil Rights Updates, Labor & Employment Updates
DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
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Last July, at the age of 14, Malia Manuel (center), of Kauai, became the youngest winner ever of the U.S. Open of Surfing, surprising even herself. "It still seems unreal. I can't believe it. It's not something a 14-year-old could plan," Manuel says. Alana Blanchard (left), 19, also of Kauai, is currently ranked 13 on the Association of Surfing Professionals World Tour and is the face of surf-gear giant Rip Curl. Hailey Partridge (right), 20, of Santa Cruz, California, has become synonymous with women surfers through her many appearances with her twin, Sierra. Come this July, Manuel is ready to do it all again at the U.S. Open of Surfing. "I'm going to try to defend my title," she says, "but it'll be interesting this year. A lot of the others girls my age are doing the U.S. Open. It'll be a good show."
The New Girls of Summer
With the sun setting on an older generation of women surfers, underscored by the recent retirement of seven-time world champ Layne Beachley, 37, the next tide of young women is ready to rise. Some of these female surfing prodigies came together in Crystal Cove State Park, in Newport Coast, California, to be photographed by iconic surf photographer Michael Halsband for Vanity Fair's July issue. Ranging in age from 14 to 26, these women are no "Girl-Midgets" on the beach; just ask the bros who got snaked. Related: "Tubular Girls". Plus: Video from the beach photo shoot.


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The Alpha Female is the head of the gyno-herd, guiding them for a evening out drinking and partying. Executive decisions such as where to go, what drinks to order, what guys to talk to, who to fuck, all fall under the jurisdiction of the Alpha Female.
Any forward attempts to woo a herd of women should always be focused on convincing the Alpha Female that it is a good idea.
If the Alpha Female goes, the rest of the skirts will go too.
*note* The Alpha Female is typically the angriest of the group. Often are result of poor treatment from past boyfriends. The Alpha Female's wrath is dangerous and should be approached with extreme caution.
Any forward attempts to woo a herd of women should always be focused on convincing the Alpha Female that it is a good idea.
If the Alpha Female goes, the rest of the skirts will go too.
*note* The Alpha Female is typically the angriest of the group. Often are result of poor treatment from past boyfriends. The Alpha Female's wrath is dangerous and should be approached with extreme caution.
Frank started in right away and approached the large, husky Alpha Female, inviting her and her friends to drink with us.
od uživatele deeznutz999
09. Srpen 2010
This is from a real alpha female. Not You wanna- bes. Yes, we want passion, Look out girls. For you frequently get between me and your man out of fear. I am not a bitch and I follow the scent of the most deserving male regardless of his current relationship status. Neither, am I bossy or assertive, but subtly wait for the kill. Once, I hook a male, He's mine. I always stand my ground, never fight. You lesser girls back off. Alpha females can smell a beta from an alpha a mile away. Looks and stature don't make you an alpha, neither does being intelligent. You, like me need to exude sex or like its pheromones from your body in greater amount than a beta to be an Alpha. OR, don't waste your time trying to fool me. I won't be riding you. This is what an alpha female really is. I'm really not a bitch, bossy, cunt nor manipulative. I make as many conquests as I can, just like an Alpha Male.
As an Alpha Female, I have that nice booty, not to soft and not to hard, and long legs. Waist length natural blonde hair. I am not a male version without muscles, but I do like to wrestle in bed. What fun. I do dress sexy. I'm a little taller than the average female and make sure the other girls know it. I lick my lips, Seductively.
od uživatele The Original Hot Potato 1
23. Březen 2011
An Alpha Female is your typical Type A, loud-mouthed, confident, controlling, assertive, power-wielding Alpha Male, with a vagina instead of a dick. As with Alpha Males, it is often frightening if there's more than one of these in the same room.
Note: An Alpha Female is no more an "Alpha Bitch" than an Alpha Male is an "Alpha Cocksucker."
Note: An Alpha Female is no more an "Alpha Bitch" than an Alpha Male is an "Alpha Cocksucker."
Me: "Sometimes I feel like I may be a bit emasculating, but my boyfriend doesn't seem to mind; he only likes Alpha Females. They hold their own."
My friend: "Yeah, that's true."
My friend: "Yeah, that's true."
od uživatele AlphaLady
23. Září 2005
A girl, usually short and stocky in stature, who is the dominate member of a group of girls. She typically was a soccer or lacrosse player in high school and continues to impose her athletic aggression on her pretty friends while out with them at a bar.
The tall brunette I was talking to at the bar was in love with me. Right when I was about to take her to Ron's house, her alpha female friend became enraged and forced her to leave.
od uživatele tactrash
10. Červenec 2008
Granola eating, back packing, non shaving, hiking boot wearing giant hairy vagina with legs
boy 1: that alpha female seems to be really sweaty, maybe i should go tell her.
boy 2: NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
boy 2: NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
od uživatele WomanX
03. Květen 2009
A normal woman with a big ole 3-D booty(wide and round), small waist, no tummy, with nice legs, thighs, and hips. A female version of the world strongest men w/o the man like muscles. Nick names are horse, stallion, pony. She doesn't need to arc her back, she can just stand up and Bam Boom, it's there. She has a body a man would want to wrestle for fun.
Ole girl got a serious booty. She's walking around looking like a pony. U know she strong enough to start a village. That girl is an alpha female alpha.
od uživatele Ray play
02. Březen 2007
If you need to be advised what an Alpha Female is, than you wouldn't recognize one even if you saw one. You would just be another scalp she has collected before you realize you met her.
Bodicca, queen of the Iceni tribe in ancient Britannia, was definitely an "Alpha Female." Its not just any woman that can amass an army of 100,000 pissed offed Celts and nearly drive out the entire Roman occupation from their ancient lands.
od uživatele Lucifer6
26. Leden 2015


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BOSTON January 23, 2011 Strokes are a leading cause of mortality and adult disability. Those that involve intracerebral hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain) are especially deadly, and there are no effective treatments to control such bleeding. Moreover, diabetes and hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) are associated with increases in bleeding during hemorrhagic stroke and worse clinical outcomes.
But Joslin Diabetes Center researchers now have identified one key player that contributes to this increased bleeding, a discovery that may pave the way toward treatments that minimize adverse stroke outcomes both for people with pre-existing diabetes and those with hyperglycemia identified at the time of stroke.
Studies in the lab of Joslin Investigator Edward Feener, Ph.D., pinpointed a new mechanism involving a protein called plasma kallikrein that interferes with the normal clotting process in the brain following blood vessel injury with diabetes. Their work is reported online in the journal Nature Medicine.
The scientists began by injecting a small amount of blood into the brains of rats with diabetes and of control animals without diabetes. The difference was dramaticthe diabetic animals bled over a much greater area of the brain.
Work in the Feener lab had previously implicated plasma kallikrein in diabetic eye complications. When the experimenters pre-treated the diabetic animals with a molecule that inhibits the protein's effects, brain damage from the blood injections dropped to levels similar to that in the control animals. Conversely, when pure plasma kallikrein was injected into the brain, it produced little impact on the control animals but rapidly increased major bleeding in the animals with diabetes.
Further studies by the Joslin researchers showed that normalizing blood glucose levels in diabetic animals could block the effect from plasma kallikrein, and that rapidly inducing hyperglycemia in
Contact: Eric Bender email@example.com 617-309-2418 Joslin Diabetes Center Source:Eurekalert |


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Imagine a female-friendly bike shop that caters to your average novice woman rider. One that organizes 'Sip n' Spin' cruiser rides and carries darling Nutcase helmets. Well, you're in luck, because it exists! Greenville, South Carolina, is home to Pedal Chic, a great shop that hosted me when I passed through town last month. Not only did the owner host me in her home but she also organized events, scheduled me a massage, had her mechanic tune my bike and attended my school presentations. I can't say enough great things about Pedal Chic – if you're in Greenville, pay them a visit!
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