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Who Caresfor
America 's Children ?
Child Care Policyfor the 1990s
Cheryl D. Hayes, John L. Palmer, and
Martha I. ZasIow, Editors
Pane} on Child Care Policy
Committee on Child Development Research and
Public Policy
Commission on Behavioral and
Social Sciences and Education
National Research Council
Washington, D.C. 1990
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National Academy Press � 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. � Washington, D.C. 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose membem are drawn from the councils of
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute
of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for
their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to
procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The work that provided the basis for this volume was supported by the Ford
Foundation, the Foundation for Child Development, and the U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Who cares for America's children?: child care policy for the 1990s /
Cheryl D. Hayes, John L" Palmer, and Martha J. Zaslow, editors:
Panel on Child Care Policy, Committee on Child Development Research
and Public Polio, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and
Education, National Research Council.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Child care United States. 2. Child care Government policy
-United States. 3. Child care services Government policy United
States. I. Hayes, Cheryl D. II. Palmer, John Logan. III. Zaslow,
Martha J. IV. National Research Council (U.S.~. Panel on Child
Care Policy.
Cover: A collage of drawings done by children from the Stoddert After School Program,
Washington, D.C., and the Clara Barton School-Aged Extended Day Center, Bethesda,
Copyright (if) 1990 by the National Academy of Sciences
Printed in the United States of America
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JOHN Lo PALMER (Chair), The Maxwell School of Citizenship and
Public Affairs, Syracuse University
J. LAWRENCE ABER, Department of Psychology, Barnard College
ROBERT BECK, Bank of America, San Franc~sco, Calif.
BARBARA BOWMAN, Erikson Institute, Chicago, Ill.
ANDREW CHERLIN, Department of Sociology, Johns Hopkins
JUDITH F. DUNN, Department of Individual and Family Studies,
Pennsylvania State University
ROBERT LEVINE, Graduate School of Education, Harvard University
ELEANOR E. MACCOBY, Department of Psychology, Stanford
RUTH MASSINGA, Maryland Department of Human Resources
REBECCA ~ MAYNARD, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.,
Princeton, NJ
RICHARD NELSON, School of International and Public Affairs,
Columbia University
HARRIET PRESSER, Department of Sociology, University of Maryland
JUNE S. SALE, UCLA Child Care Services, Los Angeles, Calif.
ANNE R. SANFORD, Chapel Hill Gaining Outreach Project, Chapel
Hill, iN.C.
JACK P. SHONKOFF, Department of Pediatrics, University of
Massachusetts Medical School
EUGENE SMOLENSKY, Graduate School of Public Policy, University of
California, Berkeley
ALBERT J. SOLNIT (Er Offirio, Board on Mental Health and Behavioral
Medicine, Institute of Medicine), Child Study Center, Yale University
MARGARET B. SPENCER, Division of Educational Studies, Emory
JOHN J. SWEENEY, Service Employees International Union, AFL-CIO
and CLC, Washington, D.C.
CHERYL D. HAYES, Study Director
BRIGID O'FARRELL, Senior Research Associate
MARTHA J. ZASLOW, Senior Research Associate/Consultant
PATRICIA N. MARKS, Research Associate
APRIL BRAYFIELD, Statistical Consultant
MICHELLE DANIELS, Administrative Secretary
. �-
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MARY JO BANE (Chair), J.F.K School of Government, Harvard
ROSS PARKE Mice Chair), Department of Psychology, University of
ANN L. BROWN, Center for the Study of Reading, University of Illinois
ANTHONY BRYK, Department of Education, University of Chicago
DAVID L. CHAMBERS, School of Law, University of Michigan
ANDREW J. CHERLIN, Department of Sociology, Johns Hopkins
SHELDON DANZIGER, Institute of Public Policy Studies, University of
GREG J. DUNCAN, Department of Economics, University of Delaware
FELTON J. EARLS, Department of Behavioral Sciences, School of Public
Health, Harvard University
GLEN H. ELDER, JR., Carolina Population Center, University of North
RICHARD F. ELMORE, College of Education, Michigan State University
ROBERT W. FOGEL, Center for Population Economics, University of
CYNTHIA T. GARCIA-COIL, Department of Pediatrics, Brown
University Program in Medicine, Women and Infants Hospital of
Rhode Island
NORMAN GARMEZY, Department of Psychology, University of
RICHARD JESSOR, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of
JUDITH E. JONES, National Resource Center for Children in Poverty,
School of Public Health, Columbia University
RICHARD J. LIGHT, J.F.K School of Government, Harvard University
AMADO M. PADILLA, School of Education, Stanford University
JOHN L. PALMER, The Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public
Affairs, Syracuse University
DIANA T. SLAUGHTER, School of Education and Social Policy,
Northwestern University
BARBARA STARFIELD, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins
THOMAS S. WEISNER, Department of Anthropology, University of
California, Los Angeles
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1 Child Care in a Changing Society
2 Mends in Work Family, and Child Care
3 The Effects of Child Care
4 Quality of Child Care: Perspectives of Research and
Professional Practice
5 Supporting Physical and Psychological Development in
Child Care Settings
6 Child Care Services
7 Child Care Policies and Programs
8 The Child Care Market and Alternative Policies
9 Recommendations for Data Collection and Research
10 Conclusions and Recommendations for Policies
and Programs
A State Regulations for Family Day Care and Center Care
B Professional Standards for Early Childhood Programs
C Participants in Panel Workshops
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Honorable Louis Sullivan
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Washington, D.C.
Dear Mr. Secretary:
We are pleased to forward Ho CaresforA?nerka's Children.? the
report of the Panel on Child Care Policy. The report was prepared at the
request of and with support from the Department of Health and Human
Services, with additional support from the Ford Foundation and the
Foundation for Child Development.
This report is an important statement on child policy issues. It has
been prepared by a distinguished group of professionals with diverse
backgrounds in pediatrics, public policy, business, education, economics
psychology, and other social science fields.
The panel was impressed with research showing the importance of
close parental involvement with children in the first year of life. In its
fifth recommendation, in recognition of the need for dose and early
parent-child interaction and the shortage of quality infant care programs,
the panel recommends mandating the option of unpaid, job-protected
leave for employed parents of infants up to one year of age.
As the panel chair notes in his preface, "appropriate public and private
policies toward child care ultimately must reflect differing value
orientations as much as the weight of scientific evidence and analysis."
At least in the near term, there is unlikely to be a clear public consensus
on parental leave issues. We believe that further review will be necessary
to resolve the matter. We anticipate that such studies will recognize the
undoubted burdens that are convincingly documented here to families
and children of the current absence of such a provision. But they will
also need to consider in fuller detail the very real burdens to individual
firms, to the nature of hiring decisions, and to the economy at large that
uniform federal mandating of such leave would entail and how they
would be allocated. These are issues that should now be addressed with
a different array of specialists than those represented on the current
Very truly yours,
Robert McC. Adams, Chairman
Commission on Behavioral and
Social Sciences and Education
National Research Council
Frank Press
National Research Council
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One has had only to follow the news media in recent years, or to be the
parent of a young child, to know that child care has become an issue of great
concern in America. The social revolution that has transformed American
family life over the past several decades has had many repercussions, but
none more important than those that affect the care and rearing of our
children. As a consequence, a subject that as recently as a generation ago
was strictly regarded as a private family matter is today the focus of intense
public debate and, increasingly, of public policies.
While there is general agreement that the current U.S. system of child
care is inadequate and that child care policies should promote the healthy
development of children, there is little social consensus beyond this. How
important is parental care relative to nonparental care? What specific
kinds of care are needed by children of different ages and of various social,
economic, and cultural backgrounds? How available and affordable is such
care in out-of-home settings? What is the appropriate role of parents,
of governments, of employers, and of other institutions in ensuring that
children receive such care? These are but some of the important issues
that must be better understood, if the nation is to respond effectively to
what some have characterized as a crisis in child care.
The Panel on Child Care Policy was convened under the auspices
of the National Research Council's Committee on Child Development
Research and Public Policy to collect, integrate, and critically assess data
and research that bears on these issues. Our efforts were financed by
the Ford Foundation, the Foundation for Child Development, and the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. This diverse group of sponsors
sought a comprehensive review of knowledge concerning the costs, effects,
and feasibility of alternative child care policies and programs to assist
. .
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. . .
federal, state, and local decision makers as well as decision makers in the
private sector- who, in the coming years, will set the course for government
and employer involvement in the provision, financing, and regulation of
child care services. This report contains the major findings of this review
and the panel's consequent recommendations for future data collection and
research and for directions for policy and program development.
The magnitude of our task was obviously large and the allotted time
to carry it out short. Fortunately, we were blessed in several respects. Our
sponsors' key staff, Betsy Ussery, Associate Commissioner of Head Start in
the Office of Human Development Services, Heidi Sigal of the Foundation
for Child Development, and Shelby Miller of the Ford Foundation, were
all that one could wish supportive and generous but nonintrusive. The
various members of the panel embodied a wide range of essential scholarly
and practical perspectives and, to the last, were exceedingly generous with
their time and goodwill.
The National Research Council provided us with very able staff as-
sistance. The leadership and contributions of Cheryl Hayes, the study
director, in particular, were invaluable at every stage of the process, from
the initial formulation of the study through to the drafting and redrafting
of the final report. In addition to her overall responsibility for managing
the study, Cheri worked with the working group on service delivery and
assumed primary responsibility for drafting chapters 1, 2, 6, 9, and 10 of
this report. The contributions of other members of the staff were also
significant to the outcome of the study. Martha J. Zaslow, senior research
associate/consultant, worked with members of the working group on the
policy implications of child care research to prepare a detailed scholarly
review of the child development research on child care and assumed pri-
mary responsibility for drafting chapters 3, 4, and 5 of this volume. Brigid
O'Farrell, senior research associate, worked with the members of the work-
ing group on the child care market and assumed primary responsibility for
drafting chapters 7 and 8. Pat N. Marks, research associate, worked with
the working group on standards, regulations, and enforcement and assumed
primary responsibility for the state data collection, as well as for prepara-
tion of all the tables and figures in the report. April Brayfield, consultant,
worked with Pat Marks to gather and analyze the state data. Michelle
Daniels, administrative secretary, managed all of the details associated
with the panel's meetings and prepared the manuscript for publication.
Eugenia Grohman, the CBASSE associate director for reports, edited the
manuscript and managed its formal review.
Finally, numerous individuals outside the panel and its immediate staff
also contributed in important ways to the success of the study. Several
scholars prepared background papers and analyses that were critical to
the panel's deliberations: Teresa Kohlenberg and Frederick Jarman of
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the University of Massachusetts Medical School, a detailed review of the
research on illness and injury in child care; Lorelei Brush, a paper on the
projected costs of expanding Head Start; Roberta Barnes of the Urban
Institute, simulation projections of the costs of proposed alternative child
care policies; Linda Waite and Arlene Leibowitz of the Rand Corporation,
a paper on the effects of child care on women's labor force participation
and fertility; Rachel Connelly of the University of Vermont, a paper on
the child care market; Sheila Kamerman and Alfred Kahn of the Columbia
University School of Social Work an overview of international comparisons
of child care policies. Drs. Kamerman and Kahn also organized and
cochaired the panel's workshop on cross-national perspectives on child
care policy. Many other social science scholars, health and early childhood
professionals, federal, state, and local policy officials, representatives of
community organizations, businesses, and labor unions from the United
States and abroad participated in the panel's five workshops and generously
contributed their knowledge, experience, and ideas (see Appendix C).
In addition, several individuals were invaluable sources of information
and comment that aided the panel and staff in preparing this report,
most especially Howard Hayghe at the Bureau of the Census, Lindsay
Chase-Landsdale at the George Washington University Medical School,
Deborah Phillips at the University of Virginia, Peggy Connerton of the
Service Employees International Union, Marcy Whitebook at the Child
Care Employee Project, Norton Grubb at the University of California at
Berkeley, and Douglas Besharov at the American Enterprise Institute.
As is the case with so many important issues currently facing our
country, appropriate public and private policies toward child care ulti-
mately must reflect differing value orientations as much as the weight of
scientific evidence and analysis. Nowhere was this more evident than in the
deliberations and conclusions of our panel. Nevertheless, panel members
were unanimous in their conviction that we are currently investing far too
little in the care of our children for the future health of our nation as a
whole. Scientific evidence and analysis are persuasive on this point, and
they illuminate fruitful avenues of remedy. We trust that this will be evident
to the readers of the pages that follow.
John L. Palmer, Chair
Panel on Child Care Policy
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating
society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research,
dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the
general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in
1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government
on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National
Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the
charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of out-
standing engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection
of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility
for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages edu-
cation and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr.
Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy
of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions
in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The
Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences
by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon
its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr.
Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of
Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology
with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal
government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the
Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in
providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering
communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the
Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman
and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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Executive Summary
In the United States over the past decade and a half, as in other
developed countries, mothers' entry and attachment to the labor force has
changed the allocation of child care and childrearing tasks. The majority of
children now have working mothers, and as a result, child care increasingly
includes market services provided in an array of out-of-home settings. Since
the mid-197Os, care outside the home by unrelated adults has become an
increasingly common experience for very young children and for older
children during the hours when they are not in school. Child care is no
longer simply a protective or remedial service for poor youngsters or those
from troubled families; it is an everyday experience for children from all
economic classes. What was until recently treated strictly as a private family
matter has become a topic of widespread public debate and public policy.
In light of these dramatic demographic and economic changes, in
1987 the National Research Council's Committee on Child Development
Research and Public Policy established under its auspices the Panel on
Child Care Policy to critically review and assess knowledge concerning the
costs, effects, and feasibility of alternative child care policies and programs
as a basis for recommending future directions for public- and private-
sector decision making. Over a 2-year period, with support from the
Administration for Children, Youth, and Families in the U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, the Foundation for Child Development,
and the Ford Foundation, the panel has gathered, integrated, and reviewed
existing data and research on trends in work, family, and child care; the
implications of child care for child health and development; the delivery
and regulation of services; and the costs and effects of alternative child
care policies and programs.
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. ~
On the basis of its review and deliberations, the panel has reached
seven general findings and conclusions that underlie its recommendations:
1. Existing child care services in the United States are inadequate to
meet current and likely future needs of children, parents, and society as a
whole. For some families, child care services are simply unavailable; for
many others, care may be available, but it is unaffordable or fails to meet
basic standards of quality. The general accessibility of high-quality, afford-
able child care has immediate and long-term implications for the health
and well-being of children, parents, and society as a whole. Developmen-
tally appropriate care, provided in safe and healthy environments, has been
shown to enhance the well-being of young children. It enables parents who
need or want to work outside the home to do so, secure in the knowledge
that their children are being well provided for. It can contribute to the
economic status of families and enhance parents' own personal and career
development. And since today's children are tomorrow's adult citizens and
workers, their proper care and nurturance will pay enormous dividends to
society as a whole.
2. Of greatest concern is the large number of children who are
presently cared for in settings that do not protect their health and safety and
do not provide appropriate developmental stimulation. Poor-quality care,
more than any single type of program or arrangement, threatens children's
development, especially children from poor and minority families. Quality
varies within and across programs and arrangements provided under differ-
ent institutional auspices. High-quality and low-quality care can be found
among all types of services, whether they are provided in the child's home
or outside it, in schools, child care centers, or family day care homes, in
programs operated for profit or those operated not for profit.
3. Irrespective of family income, child care has become a necessity for
the majority of American families. Yet specific gaps in current programs
and arrangements mean that many children and families lack access to
services. Families with infants and toddlers, those with children with dis-
abilities, those with mildly or chronically ill children, those with school-age
children, and those in which parents work nontraditional schedules often
have particular difficulty arranging appropriate child care services.
4. Arranging quality child care can be difficult, stressful, and time-
consuming for all families. However, the problems are inevitably com-
pounded for low-income families who lack time, information, and economic
resources. For these families, the choices are often more limited, and the
consequences of inadequate care are likely to be more severe. Therefore,
in addressing specific child care needs, public policies should give priority
to those who are economically disadvantaged.
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. . .
5. The most striking characteristic of existing child care services is
their diversity. The current system is an amalgam of providers, programs,
and institutional auspices that have little interconnectedness and do not
share a sense of common purpose or direction. This diversity is at once a
source of strength and a challenge to the development of a more coherent
system that meets the needs of all children and all families. On the positive
side, the diversity means that parents seeking child care outside their homes
have a range of programs and arrangements from which to choose. On the
negative side, the diversity means that the costs, availability, and quality of
care vary substantially. Preserving parents' choices in the care and rearing
of their children is essential; however, it has to be balanced against the
need to plan and coordinate services in a way that ensures their quality and
accessibility to all families who need them.
6. There is no single policy or program that can address the child care
needs of all families and children. The nation will need a comprehensive
array of coordinated policies and programs responsive to the needs of
families in different social, economic, and cultural circumstances and to
children of different ages, stages of development, and with special needs.
7. Responsibility for meeting the nation's child care needs should be
widely shared among individuals, families, voluntary organizations, employ-
ers, communities, and government at all levels. Americans place a high
priority on individuals' values and on the rights of parents to raise their
children according to their own beliefs. Therefore, all child care policies
should affirm the role and responsibilities of families in childrearing. Gov-
ernments, community institutions, and employers should support rather
than detract from that role.
The panel has identified three overarching policy goals that should
guide the future development of the child care system in the United States:
achieve quality in out-of-home child care services and arrange-
improve accessibility to quality child care services for families in
different social, economic, and cultural circumstances; and
enhance the affordability of child care services for low- and moder-
ate-income families.
Achieving all three of these goals is critical to the development of
an improved child care system in which all children and families have
access to affordable programs and arrangements that meet fundamental
standards of quality and parents have increased choice in combining child
care and employment. In the absence of fiscal constraints, these goals are
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not mutually exclusive, nor do they necessarily reflect competing priorities;
In the current environment, however, pursuing them simultaneously will
inevitably involve some difficult tradeoffs.
On the basis of its review of the scientific evidence and the panel's best
assessment of the costs, effects, and feasibility of selected alternative policy
and programmatic actions, the panel recommends five immediate steps to
improve the child care system in the United States. The first three will
require substantially augmenting current government allocations for child
care by $5 to $10 billion annually. The other two can be implemented
at much more modest cost, much of which could be borne by the private
1. The federal government, in partnership with the states,
should expand subsidies to support low-income families'
use of quality child care programs and arrangements.
For many parents in or near poverty, problems with child care can be
a barrier to becoming and staying employed. Therefore, child care must be
a central component of any policy to help poor families achieve economic
self-sufficiency through employment. Several specific funding mechanisms
are available to channel support for low-income child care, including: (1)
changing the dependent care tax credit to meet the needs of low-income
families; (2) expanding the earned income tax credit or converting the
personal tax exemption for children to a refundable credit; (3) providing
additional support for the purchase of services through grant programs such
as the Social SeIvices Block Grant program; and (4) allocating additional
support for child care and early childhood education provided by the public
school systems.
The panel is neutral as to the specific funding mechanisms for chan-
neling general support for low-income child care. Each of the policy alter-
natives presents tradeoffs among the three goals of quality, accessibility,
and affordability. While scientific evidence and policy analysis can highlight
these tradeoffs, choosing among the goals, and therefore among the policy
instruments, is the role of the political process.
2. In partnership with the states, the federal government
should expand Head Start and other compensatory pre-
school programs for income-eligible 3- and 4-year-olds
who are at risk of early school failure.
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Over two decades of experience with the federally funded Head Start
program and major evaluation studies provide convincing evidence of the ef-
fectiveness of high~uality comprehensive early childhood education. These
programs provide economically disadvantaged and at-risk preschool chil-
dren an early educational experience that improves their chances of later
academic success. Accordingly, the panel concludes that the Head Start
program should be expanded to serve all income-eligible 3- and 4-year-olds
in need of comprehensive child development services. In addition, Head
Start programs should be integrated with community child care programs to
provide extended-day care for children whose parents are employed. They
should also be coordinated with other public and private school and child
care programs serving children in low-income families and children with
disabilities in this age group to ensure that appropriate services are acces-
sible to all children and families who need them. For low-income children
who do not require intensive comprehensive child care programs that com-
bine health, education, and social services, publicly provided compensatory
education programs should be expanded.
3. Governments at all levels, along with employers and
other private-sector groups, should make investments to
strengthen the infrastructure of the child care system.
The panel urges several specific steps to strengthen the infrastructure
of the child care system:
a. expand resource and referral services;
b. improve caregiver training and wages;
c. expand vendor-voucher programs;
d. encourage the organization of family day care systems;
e. improve planning and coordination.
Improving the accessibility of quality child care to low- and moderate-
income families will depend in part on developing a child care system that
meets the needs of all children and families. Improving the capacity of
the system to match consumers and providers, to offer information and
referral to parents, to provide training and technical assistance to family
day care providers, and to support effective planning and coordination of
policies, programs, and resources at all levels would enhance the quality
and accessibility of services to all families.
4. The federal government should initiate a process to de-
velop national standards for child care.
An extensive and growing body of scientific research and best pro-
fessional practice has established the importance of child care quality for
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child development. Based on existing knowledge, it is possible to specify
reasonable ranges for standards to govern many important features of child
care, including stafI/child ratios, group size, caregiver qualifications, and
the configuration of physical space.
Staff/Child Ratios Research shows that the staff/child ratio is most
critical for infants and young toddlers (O to 24 months). For those youngest
children, the ratio should not exceed 1:4. For 2year-olds, acceptable ranges
are 1:3 to 1:6; for 3-year-olds, 1:5 to 1:10; and for 4- and 5-year-olds, 1:7
to 1:10.
Group Size Children benefit from social interactions with peers; how-
ever, larger groups are generally associated with less positive interactions
and developmental outcomes. Acceptable ranges are a maximum of 6 to 8
children during the first year of life, 6 to 12 for 1- and 2-year-olds, 14 to
20 for 3-year-olds, and 16 to 20 for 4- and 5-year-olds.
Caregiver Training and EJcpertence Caregivers in child care centers,
family day care homes, and school-based programs should have specific
training in child development theory and practice. In addition, research
shows that more years of general education contribute to caregiver perfor-
mance and children's developmental outcomes.
Physical Space and Facilities Space should be well organized, orderly,
differentiated, and designed for children's use. Specific activities should
have assigned areas within a child care center or family day care home
(e.g., an art table, a dramatic play corner, a block-building corner, a
reading corner). Facilities and toys should be age appropriate for the
children using them.
Current state regulations vary dramatically, and few reflect existing
knowledge about the dimensions of qualibr that are essential to protect
children's health and safety and to stimulate social and cognitive devel-
opment. Unfortunately, there are few economic or political incentives
for the states to take this step. Thus, incentives must also be created
to encourage state involvement: for example, linking federal funding to
compliance with national standards. Accordingly, the panel recommends
that the federal government establish a national-level task force to bring
together representatives of the states, the relevant professional organiza-
tions, service providers, and appropriate federal agencies to review current
knowledge from child development research and professional practice to
develop national standards for the provision of child care services and
preschool education.
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5. The federal government should mandate unpaid, job-
protected leave for employed parents of infants up to 1
year of age.
In light of scientific evidence on the importance of establishing strong
relationships between parents and children in the early months of life
and the greater likelihood that these enduring relationships will develop
when parents have time and emotional energy to devote to their young
children, the panel urges that the federal government mandate unpaid, job-
protected leave for employed parents of infants up to 1 year of age. Clearly,
public policies should also stimulate the development of quality child care
programs for infants and toddlers. However, in light of existing knowledge
from child development research and the shortage of quality infant and
toddler care programs, national child care policy should also offer parents
the option of remaining at home to care for their own children.
Even among those who agree that parental leave policies should be
implemented, there is little consensus about whether leaves should be paid
or unpaid and, if paid, at what level of wage replacement, for what period
of time, at whose cost, and with what assistance for the particular problems
of small employers. Our conclusion, based on a review of the available
research and the panel's professional judgment, is that, in the long term,
policies should provide paid leave with partial income replacement for up
to 6 months and unpaid leave 'or up to an additional 6 months, with
job-related health benefits and job guarantees during the year.
We recognize, however, that the costs to employers and governments
will make the implementation of paid parental leave impossible in the
near term. Accordingly, as a first step, we recommend that the federal
government mandate that employers ensure unpaid, job-protected leave,
with continued health benefits, for up to 1 year for all parents who prefer
to remain at home following the arrival of a new baby. We acknowledge
that without wage replacement, parental leave will not be a viable option
for many families, and we look forward to the eventual implementation of
policies to provide paid leave.
In sum, in keeping with the panel's objective of enhancing families'
choices among child care arrangements for infants, parental leave as well
as quality out-of-home care should be an option regardless of parents'
economic status.
OCR for page R1


text:
Privacy and Cookies
Irish flag-carrier Aer Lingus is to defer delivery of its first two Airbus A350s and three A330s, and return other leased A330s early, in order to ease its long-haul capacity pressure.
Aer Lingus ordered six A330-300s and six A350s in 2007. It has taken delivery of two of the A330s, with four still on order.
While Aer Lingus will take its third A330 in April next year, it has agreed with Airbus to postpone the other three.
Deliveries would originally have been completed in 2011. But two A330s will be deferred to the third and fourth quarters of 2013, while the last will not arrive until the first quarter of 2014.
All three of the deferred A330s could also be converted to A350s and delivered later.
Aer Lingus' original six A350-900s had been scheduled to arrive from 2014. But the first two A350s have been rescheduled for delivery in the first half of 2015.
Two more A350s will follow in the second half of 2015 and the last pair will arrive in the first half of 2016.
The carrier currently has six A330-300s and three A330-200s but it has agreed to return two leased A330s early - one in October, 18 months ahead of schedule, and a second in March 2010, 14 months ahead.
Introduction of the third new A330 in April 2010 will give it a fleet of eight long-haul aircraft. Seven will be used for long-haul operations while the other will be made available for its Madrid-Washington joint venture with United Airlines.
Aer Lingus says the agreement with Airbus will "stabilise" its fleet at eight jets until 2013 and "significantly reduce" capital commitment for the next three years. It adds that it has negotiated the revised schedule at "no additional cost" to the company.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
2013 CNN iReport Spirit Honoree Jannet Walsh loves cutting-edge innovation and using new technology to engage people's attention in today's social media world. Her videos have aired on CNN, CNN iReport, HLN, and elsewhere. With a background as a New York Times Company staff photographer, you can find her latest multimedia work at jannetwalsh.com.
Latest venture - Find out what Jannet is currently working on. Learn more. . .
Veronica Belmont - about.me user since 2010
"First, customize your page. It's easy and fun to design!"
Hi! I'm currently living in (City), where I work at (Work Place) doing (Job Title). When I'm not working I like to (Hobby), (Interest) and (Passion). Connect with me!
"Next, connect services and send people to your page."
"That's it! Let about.me do all of the work for you."
Showcase a 360 degree view of who you are
Help people find and follow you on your social networks
Be found for new opportunities


text:
from Derek over perl4lib: "Basically a bugfix and sanity checks after Elizabeth Shaw noticed that pack_008 left the 008 field empty. Also added a ship script to automate the creation of
the .tar.gz version. Please beat on this and let the list know of any problems..." Go get it at marcpm.sourceforge.net. [p.s. hey Liz, that you? how's that reference MOO doin'? ;)]
EPrints code coming
Thomas wrote in to oss4lib-list about eprints.org and its promise of a free code release. At the site you'll see that this is a generic successor to the CogPrints codebase, and is intended to be fully Open Archives-savvy. This is a Good Thing(tm)...
Internet Station Manager
Doug writes in: The Internet Station Manager (ISM) is open source software developed by the Grand Rapids Public Library for managing public Internet stations.
ISM, written in Perl, is a completely server based system which uses custom Apache web server modules and the MySQL database to provide login, management, and timeout services for public use Internet PCs in libraries. FreeBSD is the recommended server OS, but any Unix/Linux variants could be used.
Mark wrote to oss4lib-list: "jake2marc is a utility that can create simple USMARC records for the full-text journals in databases listed in the jake project.
jake2marc is incorporated into and distributed with the standard jake application, and currently appears as a "Download as MARC" option in the database list and in the record for each database. jake2marc can also be installed and used separately from the main jake application because it queries jake for data over the net. The Perl source code is available for people interested in installing jake2marc on their own web server and modifying it to suit their own library's needs. jake2marc is currently under development and is available under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).
More information about jake2marc, including a detailed description of the records it creates, is available at www.lib.sfu.ca/kiosk/mjordan/jake/."
as seen at freshmeat: "This release includes a new class for interactions with PubMed, POD documentation for the BioMail::Mails module, and a range of bug fixes and cosmetic changes." for more see the BioMail site...
Prospero 1.2 Released
to excerpt Eric: "Features of 1.2 include: moved staff module from a Perl codebase to C codebase... This will enable us to make a future release an Ariel "plug-in"; added ability to attach pdf documents to an email message rather than posting them to the Web; added Alphabetical sorting to user list database; fixed bugs in TIFF/PDF conversion and other interface problems; [many] changes in server scripts." check it out yourself at the Prospero page at the Prior Health Sciences Library. Very cool; now I can reimplement it here.
Prospero-1.34: ALERT
Eric S. writes in: "Important: Versions prior to 1.33 contained in the file "getdoc.pl" a potentially serious security threat. Malicious Web users could submit a modified document request to "getdoc.pl" that could provide the Web user with the contents of important files or even provide them will local shell access if the script is running on a system that provides such access. WE STRONGLY RECOMMEND updating to version 1.34 [available at:] bones.med.ohio-state.edu/prospero/. Thanks also go to John C. for finding the hole and supplying the patch.
MARC.pm is a Perl 5 module for reading, manipulating and writing MARC records. Once installed in your Perl library you will be able to use MARC.pm's functionality to read in individual records or batches of MARC records, extract data from particular fields, and convert the records into a variety of formats including HTML and XML. You can also use MARC.pm to create records from scratch--which might prove useful if you have have some delimited data that you would like to convert into a MARC record. Since it is a Perl Module, MARC.pm might prove also prove to be useful as a component of a larger application that uses MARC in some form.
as seen at freshmeat: "This release adds a column to the library browser indicating whether a work is still under copyright, fixes to compensate for the library index file not being up-to-date with available etexts (a tweaked regex pattern matching on etext filenames), and other feature additions and minor modifications." For more see www.gutenbook.org.
Prospero 1.24 available
several more bug fixes taken care of in the latest release available from the Prior Health Science Library at OSU. of note also is that "Through October 11 , 1999, about 200 different organizations from 17 countries have downloaded


text:
After reading multiple threads, it appears that many others are struggling in this area as well.
I thought maybe posting a sentence or two about our strengths or what we DO like about ourselves would help us get back on the right mental track? Or at least, not hurt?
I'll start.
I like my persistence. When I put my mind to something, I don't give up easily.
I like also that I try to think of others and practice empathy, even when I am struggling.
What do YOU like about yourself?
I'm goofy. It's fun.
Delay is the deadliest form of denial. - C. Northcote Parkinson
Your standards aren't up for negotiation just because he/she can't meet them.
me (WW/BS): 48 him: (BS/WH)52 4 kiddos in mid 20's
Most things will be okay eventually, but not everything will be. Acceptance is a small, quiet room.
Oh. And I am also really good at Oscar picks (see post in Off Topic) that my gambling friends rely upon!
Good thread to start Spotless!
Thanks for this thread!
Love this thread, it's good to focus on our positives while wading through all the crappy stuff!
I edit often because I make a lot of typos. ☺
Oh, you want the real list?
I'm really quite good at my job, when I am really focused and not dicking off online. Uhhh...
I have a good sense of style and I have really good taste.
I'm quite funny, if slightly off-center humor is your cuppa.
I can hold my liquor.
I care incredibly deeply about the causes I work for.
I can be terribly mean and shallow sometimes, but it's part of my charm (and I need it to balance out the last one).


text:
Crosby Has Mumps?
This photo of Sidney Crosby leads you to believe he could be yet another NHL player to come down with mumps. Read More
Sidney Crosby is Penguins' MVP So Far
Sidney Crosby is the face of the NHL and he continues to produce at an extremely high level this season. Read More
Penguins' Early-Season Grade
As expected, the Pittsburgh Penguins are again among the elite teams in the NHL thus far. Have their offseason moves made them a better team, though? Read More
5 Things Penguin Fans Should Be Thankful For
With Thanksgiving right around the corner, find out five things that Pittsburgh Penguin fans should be thankful for. Read More
10 Takeaways From Canadiens vs. Penguins
Pittsburgh Penguins snapped the Montreal Canadiens' six-game winning streak. Here are 10 takeaways from the game, the good and the bad. Read More
5 Keys To Canadiens vs. Penguins
The Montreal Canadiens will meet the Pittsburgh Penguins for the first time this season. What do both teams need to keep in mind for this matchup? Read More
Penguins Should Consider Trading Paul Martin
If the Pittsburgh Penguins trade Paul Martin, it would benefit the team greatly. Here's why. Read More
5 Takeaways From Penguins' Early-Season Play
The Pittsburgh Penguins are off to a running start, but they still have a lot of work to do. Here is why. Read More
Hornqvist Making Penguins Fans Forget Neal
The James Neal trade is paying off for the Pittsburgh Penguins, with Patric Hornqvist leading the way. Read More
5 Photos That Prove Malkin Has More Fun Than Us
Pittsburgh Penguins' Evgeni Malkin proves once again that he is having more fun than the rest of us. Read More
Penguins' Maatta Has Been Playing With Tumor
Despite having a tumor, Pittsburgh Penguins' Olli Maatta has been a force to be reckoned with. Read More
Penguins Must Address Early Issues
If the Pittsburgh Penguins want to return to the playoffs, then they need to address their problem now. See why it's imperative that they do here. Read More


text:
- 72Promote
Framed Art Print
Choose from a variety of frame styles, colors and sizes to compliment your favorite Society6 gallery, or fine art print - made ready to hang. Fine-crafted from solid woods, premium shatterproof acrylic protects the face of the art print, while an acid free dust cover on the back provides a custom finish. All framed art prints include wall hanging hardware.
Keep the mug topped off and use a big cookie.
Yay he's back! :) And I am feeling the burn too as I sit here with my afternoon coffee and a festive mince pie... ;)
really adorable, laurie :) i've got my post-holiday-run coffee + pumpkin spice coconut milk eggnog right now - cheers!
Thanks, pixel 404! I had to get on another computer to see what the little graphic is that you posted. For some reason my desktop sees it as a little rectangle. I appreciate the gold trophy cup! ;)
Had no other way of letting you know this print was being sold on iPhone case on Etsy by someone else... I was browsing through lists of bogus sellers on Etsy and found this one. Dunno if you have given this seller permission to use your work, but, from the looks of their shop I doubt anyone has.
you can delete this after reading :)
you can delete this after reading :)
YW. I found them in Biancas post here ~ http://society6.com/beegreen/ETSY-x-S...S6-Artwork Hopefully there's no more of your pieces in these.
Well, I figured it would happen eventually. I'll learn how to deal with it, starting now! I'm grateful for the heads-up.
See More Comments


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Winter Graduation Recap > Tennessee Tigers: Back Home with Santa Train > President Barker Among Most Admired Educators > Motion Sickness Reality in the Virtual World > Broccoli Project Grows the Economy > Ethics Team Bowls Over Competition > Dominican Republic is a Home for the Holidays > Students Help Senior Citizens "Wire In" > Student Organic Farm Overcomes Great Obstacles >
Scholarship Named After Anna Marie Calhoun Clemson > Learning Today; Learning Tomorrow > Alumni Participation is 3rd Highest Nationwide > Alumnus Hits all the Right Notes >
Pearl Harbor History Expert Visits Campus > Recognizing Excellent Faculty and Staff > Go Bowling With the Tigers > Basketball Players Make a Difference in Children's Lives > A Holiday Message from CBBS >
2010 was filled with many outstanding achievements for Clemson University and 2011 promises to be even more exciting. President and Mrs. Barker would like to wish you and your family all the best wishes this holiday season. The Clemson snow globe animation seen towards the end of the video was created by students, faculty and staff in the digital production arts program in the College of Engineering and Science. Jerry Tessendorf, 2007 winner of the Academy Award for Technical Achievement, was recently named the director of this program at Clemson and his film credits include "Titanic," "Waterworld," the "X-men" series, "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe," the "Night at the Museum" series and "Superman Returns." Tessendorf earned his doctorate in theoretical physics from Brown University. View video >
Approximately 1,000 degrees were distributed during Clemson's winter graduation ceremony on Dec. 16, and an honorary doctorate of humanities was awarded to Jim Anthony, CEO of The Cliffs Communities, for his success in business and his work in non-profit, philanthropic foundations locally, nationally and internationally. Read more >
Since 1943, the Santa Train has been winding its way through the mountains of Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee, distributing over 15 tons of donated gifts, toys, candies and clothing from individuals and organizations across the United States. This year marked the 68th running of the Santa Special, and in addition to the jolly old man himself, Clemson University President Jim and Marcia Barker were also on board the train. Read more > View Photos >
"DesignIntelligence" magazine has named Clemson University President James F. Barker one of the Most Admired Educators of 2011. The publication also named Clemson's graduate program in architecture as one of the nation's top 20. Read more >
Clemson University psychologist Eric Muth sees motion sickness as potential fallout from high-end technology that once was limited to the commercial marketplace and is now moving to consumer use in gaming devices. Read More >
Despite high and growing consumption in the eastern United States, very little broccoli is produced in this region. Broccoli isn't just good for nutrition. It's also good for South Carolina farmers and for cleaner air. That's why Clemson Extension is working with growers to add the new crop in a USDA research project. Read more >
Clemson students Yancey Appling, Courtney Dixon, Calla Jean, Nikki Powell and Spencer Taylor led their team to victory in the fourth annual Mid-Atlantic Regional Ethics Bowl in Richmond, Va. by knocking off past regional champion University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in the final round. It is the second time Clemson University's Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl team has been a winner in the regional competition. Read more >
"Home for the holidays" will have a new meaning for some Clemson University students and Dominican Republic residents this year. Sixteen fraternity and sorority members will spend part of their holiday break on a service trip, building a home in a remote village in the Dominican Republic. The students and two student affairs staffers were there Dec. 11-18. Read more >
Clemson University students are reaching out to senior residents of the community through an agricultural education course in which they become the teachers. Dale Layfield, the Clemson professor who designed the course, believes intergenerational service-learning benefits the Clemson students as much as it does the seniors by addressing societal issues. Read more >
For years, the 15-acre Student Organic farm has provided students with an opportunity to learn about sustainable and organic farming practices, despite the challenges of keeping the farm going with no permanent source of support. Low on funds, but always high on morale, the farm has grown to include certified organic crops, seasonal vegetables and herbs, cut flowers and blueberries. Read more >
The Clemson Women's Alumni Council is renaming their scholarship fund in honor of Anna Marie Calhoun Clemson. She was the daughter of John C. Calhoun and the wife of Thomas Green Clemson, and she had a vital role in founding Clemson University. Read more >
Bob Hambright believes he has a simple, effective solution to most of the world's problems: good leadership. The Clemson alumnus, along with his wife, Susan, and his former employer, Balfour Beatty Construction LLC, believe in this concept so devoutly that they have donated $100,000 to initiate a new program that will help engineering students develop leadership skills. Read more >
According to the U.S. News and World Report, Clemson University's alumni participation is the third highest among public research universities in the nation. These rankings are based off of the percentage of alumni that donate to their alma maters. Almost 28 percent of Clemson alumni give back to their university. Read more >
Whether he's in the tuxedo-clad-concert-hall-world of orchestral music or the open-collared-dark-nightclub-world of jazz, Michael Geib's talent for the double bass is apparent. A familiar face in the Brooks Center, Geib's Clemson days reflect his music career. He was heard playing in the jazz ensemble, symphony orchestra, symphonic band, steel band and percussion ensemble, as well as Clemson Players shows. Read more >
"People refer to the Sept. 11 attacks as the 'Pearl Harbor of the 21st century.'" 69 years ago, the United States was attacked by surprise by Japan, and the entire foundation of military strategy was forever altered. Clemson University invited Jack Green, a former staff of the U.S. Naval Historical Center, to speak about Pearl Harbor and its impact on America's history. Read more >
Clemson University recognized its faculty and staff's hard work during the fall semester at the university's end-of-semester meeting. Many awards and honors were presented to various university employees, and President Barker discussed Clemson University's plan for the future. Read more >
The Tigers are heading to the Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, NC on Friday, Dec. 31 at Noon to play the South Florida Bulls in the 9th Annual Meineke Car Care Bowl. We have info on tickets, travel packages, and pre-bowl game parties! The Clemson Alumni Association and IPTAY will host an event on Thursday, December 30th from 6:30-8:30 p.m. at Blackfinn American Saloon at EpiCentre, and the Charlotte Clemson Club will host an event on Friday, December 31st from 9:00-11:00 a.m. at Buffalo Wild Wings at the NASCAR Hall of Fame. Ticket Information > Travel Packages > Bowl Party >
This December the Clemson basketball teams appreciated the gift of giving by participating in the Tiger Wonderland event. Children from Clemson Community Care got the opportunity to hang out with the players and receive presents that were at the top of their Christmas lists. Sleigh rides, arts and crafts, and hot chocolate created a memorable night for everyone who participated. Read more > View Photos >
Happy holidays from your friends in the College of Business and Behavioral Science at Clemson University! Wishing you a wonderful holiday season and a new year of peace and happiness. View video message from Dean Lilly>
Log on to My Clemson Connections | Privacy Policy | Opt-Out | Contact Us


text:
recipe reviews for:
"A pecan pie without the corn syrup. Pecans, white sugar, and brown sugar are combined to create a satisfying dessert."
My Profile | Cooks I Like Reviews | Photos | Recipes | Menus | Blog
Cooking Level: Expert
Cooking Level: Beginning
Cooking Level: Intermediate
Chili, brats, and more to feed your hungry football fans.
Cheer on your team with a little something sweet.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
See how to make a top-rated pecan pie without the corn syrup.
Put a sweet, chocolate twist on classic pecan pie with this recipe.
See how to make a nutty, buttery pie with a sweet touch of chewy caramel.


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Discover what to do, where to stay and what to see in New York City with our planning tool.
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Enjoy the Mets' and Yankees' openers, Armory Arts Week, the Tribeca Film Festival and more.
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The Hispanic Society of America is a museum and library dedicated to Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American culture and art. The Hispanic Society's extensive collection is one of the finest outside Spain and features paintings, sculptures, textiles, archaeological finds and other historical relics. It is situated on Audubon Terrace, and the surrounding neighborhood is abundant with authentic Spanish and Latin American cuisine. And best of all, admission is free.
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text:
Gear Review
they put some effort into these
straight stupid! these bindings can be compared to the Burton missions in flex and response but have allot more padding for the feet. they have a heal dampener and a toe strap that doubles as a cap strap and an old school over the toe. in the end very responsive, very comfortable, very sweet
View More Details on K2 Formula Snowboard Binding


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(12-23-2011 04:44 AM)arod0770710 Wrote: IF you still have the Gronk Tribute, check me, would sure love a shot at it...thanks.
(12-23-2011 10:12 AM)kylebucksfan Wrote: I need the Beanie and the Blount. Might be willign to trade some PC b/c I know I am VERY low on trade bait.
(12-23-2011 12:26 AM)mizeryluvkompany Wrote: like the dual best sterling both wells and both contenders best and suh, been gone awile, ut plz pm me if anythng and i have sum new cards i need 2 add, need 2 get use 2 the new sites controls u ave a ton of great cards man congrats, thx


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Snowden's father thankful to Putin
Comment on this story
Moscow -
The father of National Security Agency leaker Edward Snowden says on Russian television that he is grateful to the Kremlin for protecting his son.
Speaking on state Rossiya 24 television in remarks broadcast on Wednesday, Lon Snowden of Allentown, Pennsylvania, thanked President Vladimir Putin and his government for the "courage" they have shown in keeping his son safe.
Addressing his son, Lon Snowden said that "your family is well and we love you." He added that "I hope to see you soon, but most of all I want you to be safe."
The younger Snowden has been stuck in the transit zone of Moscow's Sheremetyevo airport since arriving from Hong Kong on June 23. Russia is considering his request for temporary asylum. - Sapa-AP
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Providing High Quality, Custom-Made Mattresses and Box Springs at a Low Price - Since 1976 more
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Getting kids to bed on time can be difficult. Here are ... more
© 2015 Local Corporation - US Patent 7,231,405
Some data provided by Acxiom. Questions and Comments?


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TagSocial Media Marketing Resources You Should be Using–Now
Social media marketing is here to stay. You should be using the best tips and howtos in the..
7 Strategies You Need To Be Using for Social Media Marketing–Now
There are currently lots of social media platforms that your business can leverage to acquire..
10 Things Successful People Do On Twitter
Twitter has become a global useful social tool for making contacts, exchanging information and..
60 of The Best Timeless Business Quotes Ever
There are great businesses and extraordinary people doing great things in a great way. Every..
15 of the Hottest 2012 iPhone Apps
Smartphones are most productive when they are packed with the best and great apps. Your iPhone..


text:
Thu, May 20, 10 at 10:06
The brass/bronze tiller gear or worm wheel that many are looking for is part no. MTD 717-0105 (previously 717-105). It was used in many of the tillers made by MTD. |
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text:
27 total reviews
show reviews by reviewer type:
- All (27)
- | Bride (18)
- | Wedding Party (2)
- | Parent of the Bride/Groom (2)
- | Guest (4)
- | Groom (1)
- 1
- 2
Wedding: 4/19/2014
Sasha was the perfect choice for our wedding. We customized a ceremony based on her extensive book of suggestions, and it came out beautifully. I don't think most people even noticed that we never included a prayer or mention of God! We love the printed booklet of our vows; it will become a cherished memento. Sasha is also just a cool, down-to-earth person, just the type of person you want around you on your crazy wedding day. Highly recommended.
Wedding: 10/15/2011
My husband and I had the hardest time finding an officiant that would fit our style and way of thinking. We were brushed off by a few others and were ready to give up when we happened upon Sasha. We filled out a request form and she called us that same night to talk to us. We instantly bonded over the phone and our personalities just meshed, it was meant to be! She penciled us in her book until we were able to meet in person so that our date would not book up. We met at her home to go over details of the ceremony. She had binders full of ceremony ideas and we were able to pick and choose, add and take out things as we pleased, make it ours in other words. She put everything together and emailed us what our ceremony would entail. My husband and I wrote our own vows and she reviewed them and added them to the ceremony noting that they were perfect. She also attended our rehearsal at the wedding venue and went over last minute details with us and our family. Our wedding ceremony was absolutely amazing and we could not have asked for more! All of our guests had nothing but good things to say about Sasha and were very complimentary about how beautiful the ceremony was. The best part is keeping the complied ceremony book! Sasha is very professional, personable and the most amazing officiant ever! I would definitely recommend her to anyone! Thanks so much!
-Keith and Rosie Dennis
Wedding: 7/11/2000
I recently served as a matron of honor in a dear friend's wedding. Sasha officiated the ceremony; the bride, the groom, the wedding party, and all of the guests both laughed and teared up during the ceremony. Not only was the ceremony itself fantastic, but Sasha's calming presence before the ceremony got us all organized and off on the right foot. There was no stress, no drama, and a wonderful sense that she really knew what she was doing, and that she really did care about the couple.
Wedding: 9/10/2011
Sasha Rusk was our wedding officiant for our 9/10/11. We booked her early because of our date and we really liked her views on the ceremony process. She had guidelines to go by for how we wanted our ceremony to go(like vows and sand ceremony) and we just picked which ones we liked. She was so on top of everything and made us feel so at ease with everything. She's hilarious and so easy going. She called me a month or 2 before just to make sure we are okay and if we ever had any questions to call her no matter what. The ceremony was absolutely gorgeous and she spoke so clearly and no one ever had a problem not being able to hear her. After the wedding, everyone kept telling me how cool she was and the best officiant they have ever seen. She mailed out our license right away and everything was taken care of. I would 100% recommend Sasha and will be telling EVERYONE I know to use her services. Thanks Sasha! YOU ROCK!!!
Wedding: 4/23/2011
Sasha is such an incredible human being and is absolutely spectacular at what she does. She officiated my wedding this past August and I can't tell you how many people came up to us afterward to comment on how our vows spoke to them and how amazing Sasha was. She brought a creative and calming energy from the very start of creating our vows to the final 'I Do'. I would renew m vows every year just to have Sasha there!
Wedding: 7/9/2011
We were so happy with our ceremony that Sasha performed. We got several compliments on her calm, soothing presence and how much she added to the ceremony. We wanted something completely unique, and not generic, expected or overly flowery in any way. We had an honest script, of what marriage really meant to us and not some canned version you hear all the time. The groom and I both wrote our own vows and between the vows and the ceremony script we had the whole crowd in tears...in a good way! Use her, she's wonderful. She'll make your wedding day just what you want it to be.
Wedding: 4/16/2011
I had SO many guests comment on the ceremony and ask who the officiant was. It was spiritual without being religous, and frankly, I don't think of of religous guests even noticed.
Wedding: 10/24/2009
I was there to witness Sasha officiate my sister-in-law's wedding. She made the ceremony very personable. There wasn't a dry eye in sight. She was very professional and cared deeply about the happy couple having a perfect day. I told my husband Sasha will be renewing our vows at our 10 year anniversary.
Wedding: 8/16/2003
I was a guest at a wedding that Sasha officiated at a few years ago and it was beautiful. What stands out to me was how she touched the bride, the groom and their family members who know them best and made their ceremony about them. I could see by the look in their eyes that everything said was perfect and just what they wanted for such a special occassion. Sasha did a wonderful job and I would recommend her to anyone reading this review.
Wedding: 1/27/2007
Wedding officiants seem to be one of those things that many people can do acceptably but very few can do exceedingly well. Sasha Rusk is one of those few, however. The wedding day is no small pressure to place on the hands of the officiant. They are, after all, the ring master at the center of the three-ring circus. The bride and groom have spent months, sometimes years preparing for this brief moment together. To them, this is everything. And watching Sasha Rusk perform her ceremony I can see that she understands that. She is comfortable, personable, empathetic, sincere, and as perfect as you could hope for.
Wedding: 10/24/2009
Sasha was the officiant at my wedding last year and she did an amazingly superb job. Thanks, Sasha.
Wedding: 8/28/2010
its my sincere pleasure to whole-heartedly recommend sasha at agnostic weddings. we definitely wanted a completely non-religious ceremony and i'm so glad that i found sasha. we were thinking about having one of our friends do the ceremony, but after meeting with sasha decided to go with her instead (also sasha can do the ceremony text for you and you can have someone else read it). and im so glad we did as it took all the stress away from planning that part of the wedding, and it was very calming to see her smiling at us when we came down the aisle on the day. so - the ceremony text. sasha has this amazing selection of beautifully crafted passages that you can put together to form the perfect ceremony. so many of our guests commented on how meaningful the text of our ceremony was, and also how contemporary and fresh. we chose to go with a theme of how marriage is an artistic enterprise, crafted by both of the members of the couple together. there were light-hearted sections, and also very deeply poignant sections. it perfectly captured the way we feel about our relationship (two individuals maintaining our independence but also supporting each other) and about marriage in general. it was really such a beautiful text! and, sasha has a great friendly and relaxing presence on the day. she really puts you at ease, and makes sure you know when to say your lines! i couldnt have been happier with the ceremony text and the way it was carried out on the day. and i have a lovely keepsake of the words to look over.
my husband adds - picking the passages to make up the ceremony text together was fun and really made us think about what we wanted to say, but with beautifully written choices already prepared for us!
I have had the chance to see Sasha in action many times as a guest, as father of the bride, father of the groom and proud parent of the minister. Her ceremonies are grounded in a true sense of respect for the state of union between two individuals and peppered with a wry sense of humor, compassion and a profound understanding why people feel the need to declare their love and devotion to one another in the presence of loved ones. Sasha is a true wonder and the fact that she happens to be my daughter is just icing on the cake.
Wedding: 8/15/2009
My husband and I felt very strongly about having our wedding ceremony be very personal and meaningful. We have been to many weddings where the ceremony focused more on religion than the couple getting married, and as a result felt very cold and impersonal. As nonbelievers, we also knew we didn't want religion to play any part in our ceremony.
I am SO thankful we found Sasha and Agnostic Weddings. When we met with her for the first time, I knew instantly that I wanted her to be our officiant. She was so warm and friendly, and seemed to feel as strongly as we did about helping us create a very personal ceremony.
I know many friends who got married around the same time as us who were married by religious officiants, and they were dismayed that they had almost no say in the content of their ceremony. But Sasha sat with us as we literally handpicked every part of our ceremony from her vast notebook of readings, rituals, etc. She offered suggestions without imposing her opinion, and then took all our input and turned it into the most beautiful, meaningful ceremony I could have ever imagined.
I honestly could not have asked for a more perfect ceremony. We got so many compliments from people at the wedding (and even now, more than a year later) about how beautiful the ceremony was. It was amazing the response it got - I guess there are even more people who are tired of the same old religious fill-in-the-blank ceremonies than I realized! Two of my out-of-town friends even asked if they could use some of the readings and language into their own weddings - which I think is the highest compliment you could ask for!
If you want a deeply meaningful ceremony that celebrates who you are as a couple and that people will talk about for years to come, I highly recommend Agnostic Weddings!
Wedding: 5/15/2010
Sasha officated at my son's wedding. It was a lovely outdoor setting. She was very accommodating to the bride and groom allowing them total freedom to express
themselves. There was no audio system, but Sasha spoke clearly enough for all to hear the wonderful vows. I am thinking of renewing my vows and of course Sasha will be my first choice for that. I recommend her to any couple that I know that is planning a wedding or committment ceremony.
Wedding: 12/19/2009
Sasha is AMAZING! From the very beginning, she makes it clear that this is YOUR wedding, whatever you want, you got it! Her presence is calming and from the moment you meet her, you feel comfortable, as if you've known her for years.
If you want a wedding ceremony that is unique to your preferences, Sasha is the one for you! You choose the features that you want to include in your wedding, and Sasha skillfully weaves them into an inspiring, captivating ceremony. Guests came up to us at the reception and commented that our wedding was one of the best ceremonies they'd ever seen.
I would recommend Sasha to anyone!
Wedding: 1/27/2007
I have been to many wedding ceremonies in my years. I have never experienced a more beautiful wedding ceremony than that of my daughter and son in law's wedding. When I first saw Sasha smiling at my daughter and son in law I thought how warm and friendly she seemed. When she started to speak I began to cry. She was warm, personable, and fun. She seemed as if she had always known my daughter and son in law. She made me laugh and cry. She was articulate, sincere and engaging. The ceremony was truly reflective of my daughter and son in law. It was so beautiful and fun. After the ceremony many of our friends and family commented on how fabulous she was. Sasha made a day in my life that was already very special even more so. She is very much a part of my beautiful memories of that very special day.
Wedding: 5/21/2011
Just because you're an Atheist doesn't mean you don't deserve a real wedding. It may come as a surprise to some, but when you don't belong to a church, temple, mosque, etc., your wedding options drop to basically one: the horrifically unromantic county courthouse. And what happy couple wants to get married there?
Agnostic Weddings is the greatest thing to happen to Atheist weddings possibly ever. Thanks to Sasha Rusk, we now can have a beautiful (but not sappy) wedding ceremony surrounded by our friends and family...and, we can even have it anywhere we want...not some stuffy building surrounded by disgruntled state workers!
Sasha is amazing...funny, warm, sensitive and extremely attentive to your needs. And, she's amazingly easy to work with...which is great, considering even the most casual wedding planning can be stressful.
If you live in SoCal and are a proud Atheist/Agnostic/Freethinker/Secular Humanist, you can have the ceremony you deserve...thanks to Agnostic Weddings. It's one less thing to stress over...if only dress shopping was easier!
Wedding: 1/27/2007
While planning our wedding in Northern California, we had the hardest time finding an officiant. We didn't want our wedding ceremony to be too traditional, but we also didn't want it to be too off-the-wall, either. Even though both my husband and I would consider ourselves agnostic, we had absolutely no desire to rub that in anyone's face at our wedding. We just wanted our ceremony to reflect us, and our love, and we wanted it to be genuine. And fun. And tasteful. And anything else we dreamed up along the way. =)
We literally stumbled upon Sasha's site, after several disappointing endeavors to find an officiant. All the other non-traditional, secular officiants we found were a little ...odd... but we had a good feeling about Sasha. That good feeling turned into an OUTSTANDING feeling when we met Sasha face-to-face. We were instantly excited, and we knew we were going to be able to design the perfect ceremony with Sasha's help.
The true test, I thought, was the day of the wedding. The words we'd put together sounded EVEN BETTER when Sasha spoke them to all of our friends and family members. We laughed, we cried, but most of all, we smiled so much that our cheeks ached when the ceremony was over.
As it turns out, the real joy of our ceremony is that we have the beautiful memories, and that our family and friends still. to. this. day. (almost 4 years later) tell us how much they loved our ceremony. No one has forgotten it. We will never forget it.
And for as much as we focused on getting the right dresses and tuxedos, and the right food and music, the venue, the invitations, etc... the ceremony is why we were all there that day. Choosing Sasha as our wedding officiant was absolutely the best decision that we made.
(By the way - Sasha's website said that she roasted someone right after the vows of a ceremony once. That was us, and our poor friend, Jim. Just so you know, Jim deserved it, and he probably speaks more highly of the ceremony than anyone else! Even the elderly in attendance at our wedding LOVED that. You just need to go with your gut and do what's right for you when planning your wedding. Sasha delivered our vision flawlessly. Good luck!)
Wedding: 5/15/2010
Sasha did a wonderful job marrying us - I couldn't of picked a better person for the job! The guests thought she was pretty fabulous as well. :)
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Your Fairytale Wedding Without the Fairy Tale
Greetings skeptics, freethinkers, and nonbelievers! Rather not bite your tongue when you meet with your wedding officiate? Want a totally custom, beautifully written ceremony? I am committed to making my couples' wildest wedding dreams come true. Call today to set up a free consultation.
- Denomination: Non-Denominational/Secular
awards and affiliations
- The Knot Best Of Weddings 2012
- The Knot Best Of Weddings 2011


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Crime fiction has just got much, much too real for comfort...|Ray Cragg is one of the country's biggest gangsters. His patch extends from Birmingham to the Scottish borders, dealing in drugs, prostitution and illegal immigrants. The cops are desperate to nail him. When Marty, Cragg's brother and side-kick, ends up with his face blown off having been sent by Cragg to "whack" one of Cragg's henchman who had run off with a million pounds of laundered money, Detective… (más)
Editor: Severn House Digital (01 de febrero de 2013)
Format: EPUB
Número de páginas: 256 páginas
Tamaño del archivo: 344 KB
Protección: DRM
Idioma: Inglés


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Your resource for exclusive content and insights from Social Media Today, and opportunities to reach our community of professionals.
The Social Business Book Club brings you books, discussions, and insights from today's to business thought leaders.
Join interactive talks and and panel discussions with leading thinkers and practitioners on social media and networked business, or browse the catalogue of recorded sessions - all completely free.
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Hans Kullin is a Digital PR Strategist based in Stockholm, Sweden. He runs the blog Media Culpa, the first Swedish PR blog, about Public Relations and social media.
I realize the challenge in managing such a large social network, but if Facebook can't manage abuse against brands quickly, they will have trouble attracting brands to participate in positive actions as well, such as advertising or running campaigns. I don't know how long it took for them to delete the groups, maybe it went quickly. Hopefully Facebook could implement, if they don't already have one, a monitoring system that would alert when new groups are being created with certain brand names or phrases in them during a period. It would benefit both FB, brands and not least the users.
I don't really see any signs that IKEA has underestimated social media. It seems IKEA has had Facebook take down 2 of these hoaxes only to find a third one pop up. What is interesting is that a company with a fan base such as IKEA's, gets help from its fans in cases like these. Earlier this week someone posted a comment about the 1,000 dollar offer on the IKEA USA Facebook page and it took less than an hour for another fan to inform the group that this was fake.
IKEA posted both a press release and a note on the fan page so it seems they are doing what they can. Wonder if the same can be said about Facebook?
Paul, I guess the underlying message is that VW's are more fun to drive. The videos show that different things in life can be improved and made funnier, and that's the connection to the cars. I admit that the link to the product is extremely vague, especially if you only watch a single clip. But I can see VW associating the car with "fun" if they can repeat this stunt over and over again in new formats.
BTW, the English language version is here:


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This recipe is brought to you by the American Heart Association's Patient Education program. Recipe copyright © 2008 by the American Heart Association. Look for other delicious recipes in American Heart Association cookbooks, available from booksellers everywhere, and at heart.org/recipes.
Serves 4; 3 ounces salmon and 1/4 cup salsa per serving
The fresh tomato-basil salsa will have you "hooked" on this delicious salmon dish. Rich in omega-3 fats, salmon is good for your heart as well as your taste buds.
Cooking spray
4 salmon fillets (about 4 ounces each), rinsed and patted dry
3 tablespoons light mayonnaise
2 tablespoons chopped fresh basil
½ teaspoon garlic powder
½ teaspoon paprika
6 ounces grape tomatoes
¼ cup fresh basil
1 to 1¼ ounces sweet onion
1 tablespoon red wine vinegar
Preheat the oven to 375°F.
Lightly spray a shallow baking pan with cooking spray. Place the fish in the pan. In a small bowl, stir together the remaining salmon ingredients. Lightly spread on each fillet.
Bake for 15 to 20 minutes, or until the fish flakes easily when tested with a fork. Meanwhile, chop the tomatoes, basil and onion. Put in a small bowl. Add the vinegar, stirring gently to combine. Spoon over or beside the cooked fish.
Some produce areas indicate "sweet onions" and others specify certain types, such as Vidalia, OsoSweet, Maui, Walla Walla, or Texas 1015. As the term indicates, these onions are less pungent than most other onions.
(per serving)
Calories 200
Total Fat 8.5 g
Saturated Fat 1.5 g
Trans Fat 0.0 g
Polyunsaturated Fat 4.0 g
Monounsaturated Fat 2.0 g
Cholesterol 68 mg
Sodium 175 mg
Carbohydrates 5 g
Fiber 1 g
Sugars 2 g
Protein 26 g
3 lean meat, 1 vegetable
© 2012 American Heart Association, Inc.
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International Edition
The Southern Foodways Alliance has a pretty solid collection of community cookbooks in their office—and many more in their staffers' home libraries. And the holidays seem like the right time to whip them out and share some choice recipes with you, our readers. So fix yourself an eggnog, pull up a seat, and check back often between now and New Year's for their Holiday Throwback Recipes.
Today's Cookbook: The NEW Lovin' Spoonfuls By John and Ann Egerton and family published in 1980; 1982; 1984; 2009
In 1980, Southern Foodways Alliance founder John Egerton and his wife, Ann, came up with a much better holiday dispatch than the much-mocked Christmas letter: a hand-typed, spiral-bound cookbook of some two dozen recipes from their family and friends. That was the first edition of The Lovin' Spoonfuls, and the Egertons published volumes 2 and 3 in 1982 and 1984, respectively.
Twenty-five years later, they bundled the original three Lovin' Spoonfuls with an all-new fourth edition. The NEW Lovin' Spoonfuls boasts some 100 recipes, from civil rights activist Rev. Will Campbell's "All-Purpose Sauce" to the late Hap Townes's famous stewed raisins. We dig the charming, funny stories that accompany many of the recipes, but the best part of the whole thing is the introduction to the 1984 volume, which hints at the publication of the book that would become Southern Food: At Home, on the Road, in History:
"This may be a good time to tell you about our grander plans for 1986. If all goes well, Alfred A. Knopf of New York will publish that fall or the next our volume of collected wisdom about food in the history and culture of the South. The working title is Southern Food: An Entertainment. We'd love for you to help us. If you know of any rare old cookbooks, magazine articles, recipes, great places to eat, memorable quotes, funny stories, wise people, etc., that we need to be acquainted with, send us word."
We think it's safe to say that all went well on that front! Now pass the cornbread dressing, please.
Grandmother White's Cornbread Dressing (from the 1980 Lovin' Spoonfuls)
There is no telling how far back this prize recipe goes; John has been eating it for over four decades, and it was a venerable specialty in his family long before he took his place at the table. Grandmother white, and after her Rebecca, John's mother, passed the recipe down in a cryptic shorthand that only wise cooks could understand. Here it is, with as much interpretation as we can add for clarity. Mix together:
2 cups white cornmeal 2 cups flour 1 1/2 tsp soda 1 tbsp salt 4 tsp baking powder 1 tsp pepper 2 eggs
Add enough buttermilk to give the mixture the consistency of cornbread batter; pour into a black skillet greased with hot bacon grease; bake in 400 degree oven for about 30 minutes, or until crispy brown—like cornbread (which, in fact, it is). When done, take out and dump on rack to cool.
When the bread is cold, crumble it up thoroughly. Then saute a little onion and celery (how much, you may wonder; enough to make their presence felt), add them to the bread, and sprinkle on a little sage to suit your taste. Moisten the mixture with turkey broth, making it sticky enough to shape by hand into patties about the size of large eggs. Lay these onto a cookie sheet and run into a 350 degree oven until they're piping hot, well-browned, and crusty (about 30 min).
(If you prefer, you can stuff the dressing into your turkey, but we seem to like it better served in patties alongside the sliced meat and mashed potatoes, where it can be generously doused with gravy.)
This recipe should make enough dressing to serve four hungry holiday diners. We routinely double it, and have been known to triple it. Whether fresh or left over, hot or cold, it is superb, and never in memory has a single crumb of it gone begging at any house or in any generation of our clan. We would consider a turkey without this dressing to be indecently exposed. Properly prepared, it is more to be sought and savored than the big bird itself. Grandmother White attained greatness with this one.
Okay, now it's YOUR turn. Tell us all about your stuffing and dressing traditions in the comments below and we'll share our favorites in an upcoming post.
More from the Southern Foodways Alliance and all our best Thanksgiving advice and recipes
My Moms cornbread dressing~~It's the best! No one can make it like she does!!! She always had to make two pans of it, because my Dad didn't like a lot of sage in it, but the rest of us did!
I like a stuffing with some substance, chewy and crunchy on the edges. I use whole wheat maza farfel, which is the whole wheat matza broken into i/8 inch pieces. I saute onin, carrots and celery, season with salt, pepper, and chicken stock, and then mix in the matza farfel to soak up the juices. I bake this in a casserole dish, or in hollowed out zucchini boats, and serve along side the turkey. the matza farfel that is wet gets soft, but doesn't melt like soft bread, and the surface bits are nice and crunchy. This is a favourite for Passover and for Thanksgiving.
Mrs. Cubbisons cubed white bread herb stuffing mix, Onions, Celery, Sage, garlic powder, salt, Pepper, butter, applesauce broth from cooking neck and giblets ( toss the giblets after boiling, chicken broth if needed.
We do our dressing very simply. Over the course of the year, we freeze leftover scraps of homemade bread, sourdough, white, wheat, no knead, etc. the key is it has to have some structure, not like soft store bought bread. Tear the bread up, add celery, onion, turkey, salt and pepper and thoroughly mix, then add egg and broth. I don't know amounts on any of it, just what looks good, then bake and eat. (leftovers are awesome put in a toaster oven to put a little crunch on the edges.
Please don't forget the thanksgiving b eer.
There's gotta be a recipe that has cornbread and beer in it somewhere.
Why yes, there is! This one looks pretty good, but Google beer cornbread stuffing and there is quite a few.
Direct Hit! That one is on the mark and will hit our table too. I'll look around a bit but this one has cornbread, beer and nuts – what else could be missing? Thanks
Please don't forget the thanksgiving beer either. (Polish potato vodka is an acceptable substitute). mmmmmm.
It has to be Stove Top, cornbread variety, cooked outside of the bird. Anything else, and it ain't Thanksgiving, and you obviously hate America.
StoveTop chicken or turkey or regular, enhanced with fresh onions, celery, extra sage, extra butter. Stuffed in the bird and some cooked outside. That's the was we roll in my house...
That actually does sound really good...
We just made it Sunday and had the leftovers last night, it was super tasty. I like the added crunch the fresh veggies add, although I saute them in the butter first before adding the chicken broth instead of water. Like I said yesterday, it was a semi-homemade turkey dinner... :)
Exactly how my Pops does his dressing. I like how you roll!
I like pops. Dressing though? Stuffing in my house. :)
I like Stovetop so much that sometimes I will just cook and eat an entire box on my own. I like your extra butter idea. I may have to try that...
Sorry to bust everyone's Thanksgiving but......... That ain't healthy. Grandma has no clue what white flour = no nutritional value. HA, whoops.
Thanksgiving isn't about nutritional value. It's about America and family and giving thanks. It's the one day a year it's ok to eat and eat. GOD Bless America and turkeys and dressing and mashed potatoes and gravy. And sweet potato soufflé and pumpkin pie. mmmmmmm. And beer.
Ha Ha! That's most important, giving thanks! :)
HEY! Don't forget chopped jalapenos in the cornbread!
Or green chilis, so darn good.
Gotta go easy on the spicy on Turkey Day. That's the last day you want to get a case of the whistles!
No worries, if you feel a southerly gale a coming you can share the company of the smokers on the back porch.
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for some reason, it does not too well w/ eye make-up and burns ur eyes if u are not careful when rubbing over ur eye. it left my skin feeling a lil sticky afterwards. the bottle does contain a good size amount for the price and it seems really gentle on the skin.
I love this product! I bought it on a whim, browsing thru The Body Shop, because I was very unhappy with my Clinique solvent (read review). The Body Shop only makes gentle products, so I went for it. I was pleased I did, because it swipes on with a cotton square easily, and doesn't feel harsh at all. I splash on water before my cleanser goes on, and the makeup is on its way out. The chamomile is very gentle, and unlike the Clinique stuff it didn't irritate the fragile skin around my eyes. It lasts a long time, but I will definitely repurchase when I run out!
This is supposed to be a gentle remover. I once got some of it in my eye and it wwas stinging like crazy.
This is extremely greasy and does not do a great job of taking off waterproof liners and mascara.
I bought this one while it was on sale and I was just used it up. It's a nice product, quite gentle for my sensitive skin, and it cleans well (even waterproof mascara).
Just wanna try something else, otherwise I'll buy this one again.
I too experienced a burning sensation around my eyes that I have never experienced with any sort of face cleanser or make-up remover before. it says its gentle so i'm not sure who they think that applies to because generally, my skin is not sensitive at all. i really had to scrub to get my make-up off too, which probably made the irritation even worse. i went back to using baby oil which doubles as an excellent make-up remover and around-the-eye moisturizer.
Very good makeup remover!!! Don't get it in your eyes or it may burn... But I still think it's very gentle, quick, and effective... I use this even on my waterproof stuff and hard to remove shadows and liners... it takes them all off with minimum effort... this is remover's a staple...
This product was a big disappointment. It was neither "gentle" nor a "makeup remover." I'm not kidding. It did not perform better than most drugstore brands. I would rather spring the extra 3 dollars for clinique's take the day off remover. (which is WONDERFUL and GENTLE) The most irritating thing (literally) was the stinging sensation in the eyes. You would think they would be able to avoid that since it says on the bottle that it is a "gentle eye makeup remover."
I DID NOT like this product.
It worked for quite a few of my friends but it stings my eyes unfortunately! Definitely a no-no for me coz my eyes r sensitive, even when the price is relatively reasonable.
This works! It gets rid of all my eye makeup -including stubborn waterproof mascara-, and doesn't make eyes red, itchy or sting. It sometimes dries out the skin around my eye but that problem is easily remedied with a lil eye cream. This is a good product that's reasonably priced and does its job well.