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Sure, tenco. Educate me on what about the Israeli/Palestinian conflict I am ignorant on, and what implications this new knowledge should have toward my opinions on the matter. I mean, I'd prefer to have an examination of how the Israelis directly aiding the Palestinian people would be a bad thing, because that was my assertion in the first place.
195 posts


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US 6873549 B2 Abstract The present invention presents several techniques for using writable tracking cells. Multiple tracking cells are provided for each write block of the memory. These cells are re-programmed each time the user cells of the associated write block are written, preferably at the same time, using the same fixed, global reference levels to set the tracking and user cell programmed thresholds. The threshold voltages of the tracking cells are read every time the user cells are read, and these thresholds are used to determine the stored logic levels of the user cells. In one set of embodiments, populations of one or more tracking cells are associated with different logic levels of a multi-state memory. These tracking cell populations may be provided for only a subset of the logic levels. The read points for translating the threshold voltages are derived for all of the logic levels based upon this subset. In one embodiment, two populations each consisting of multiple tracking cells are associated with two logic levels of the multi-bit cell. In an analog implementation, the user cells are read directly using the analog threshold values of the tracking cell populations without their first being translated to digital values. A set of alternate embodiments provide for using different voltages and/or timing for the writing of tracking cells to provide less uncertainty in the tracking cells' final written thresholds.
Claims(14) 1. A multi-state memory comprising:
a plurality of multi-state memory cells, each for storing one of a plurality of N multi-states;
a plurality of M populations of tracking cells, wherein each of said populations is associated with one of said multi-states, and wherein M is less than N; and
a read circuit for reading said multi-state memory cells using read points for each of said plurality of multi-states based upon the threshold voltages associated with the programmed state of said populations of tracking cells.
2. The multi-state memory of
3. The multi-state memory of
4. The multi-state memory of
a programming circuit for writing data values to said memory cells and for programming said tracking cells.
5. The multi-state memory of
6. The multi-state memory of
7. The multi-state memory of
8. The multi-state memory of
tracking cell read circuitry for reading said threshold voltages associated with the programmed state of said tracking cells;
a memory controller for establishing the read points for each of said plurality of multi-states based upon said threshold voltages read from said populations of tracking cells.
9. The multi-state memory of
10. The multi-state memory of
11. The multi-state memory of
12. The multi-state memory of
a fast look-up table for storing said the read points established by said memory controller, wherein the fast look-up table forms part of the same integrated circuit as said memory cells and said populations of cells tracking cells, and wherein the multi-state memory cells are read using the fast look-up table.
13. The multi-state memory of
14. The multi-state memory of
Description This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/350,874, filed Jan. 24, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,714,449, which is a division of application Ser. No. 09/671,793, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,714,449 filed on Sep. 27, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,538,922. 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to non-volatile semiconductor memory devices and, more particularly, to the use of tracking cells for the reading of multi-state memories. 2. Background Information In a semiconductor memory cell, data is stored by programming the cell to have a desired threshold voltage. The data stored in the cell is read by determining the threshold voltage of the cell and translating this voltage to a logic level. For a two state, binary memory cell, this translation can be done by use of a reference or breakpoint voltage to provide a read point: cells with a threshold voltage above this read point correspond to one state, while those with a threshold voltage below this read point correspond to the other state. When a memory cell is a multi-state cell, a number of such read points need to be introduced to distinguish between the states. As the number of states stored in a memory cell increases, more states must be contained within a range of threshold values. Consequently, the portion of this range corresponding to a given state become ever narrower and the read points become ever cloSer. Once the memory cells have been programmed, their threshold values may change from the level to which they were programmed for a number of reasons. This can be due to the less than perfect charge retention in non-volatile memories, where a cell's threshold may go up or down depending on applied bias voltages, fields generated by the stored charge itself, and charge trapped in dielectrics. It can also be due to changes in operating conditions between when the cell is programmed and when it is read. If the read points used to determine the data content of the cells do not follow these changes in the cell, the read points will no longer accurately discriminate between the different threshold voltages. This is the case when a fixed, global set of reference voltages, such as from a band-gap circuit, is used to produce the read points. Such a circuit will not respond, or respond differently, to the conditions which lead the threshold voltages of the memory cells to change. When this change becomes large enough, the read points will no longer accurately discriminate between the threshold voltages found on the cells and the data programmed can no longer be accurately read. One method to improve the accuracy of the correspondence between the read points and threshold voltage of the cells programmed to a particular data state at the time these cells are read is the use of writable reference or tracking cells. These are a set of memory cells, but which are not written with data and instead are written to predetermined reference values. The read points are then extracted from these cells, which, as they will behave similarly to the data cells, will provide a more accurate correspondence between a data level and the current threshold voltage of a cell originally programmed to that level. The use of reference cells in multi-state memories are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,172,338 and further developed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/910,947, filed on Aug. 7, 1997, both of which are assigned to SanDisk Corporation and both of which are hereby incorporated herein by this reference. As the number of states per cell continues to increase, further improvements in the accuracy of the reading process will be needed. Therefore, improvements in tracking cell techniques are needed which not only increase their accuracy and speed of use, but also decrease the amount of overhead they require, both in terms of the actual tracking cells and also in terms of the related circuitry. The present invention presents several techniques for using writable tracking cells. Multiple tracking cells are provided for each write block of the memory. These cells are re-programmed each time the user cells of the associated write block are written, preferably at the same time, using the same fixed, global reference levels to set the tracking and user cell programmed thresholds. The threshold voltages of the tracking cells are read every time the user cells are read, and these thresholds are used to determine the stored logic levels of the user cells. In one set of embodiments, populations of one or more tracking cells are associated with different logic levels of a multi-state memory. These tracking cell populations may be provided for only a subset of the logic levels. The read points for translating the threshold voltages are derived for all of the logic levels based upon this subset. In one embodiment, two populations each consisting of multiple tracking cells are associated with two logic levels of the multi-bit cell. Based on the threshold values of this pair of populations, a linear logic level vs. threshold level relation is able to translate the threshold values of the user cells into any of the logic levels. In this way, the logic level of a data cell may be determined based upon a population of tracking cells associated with a non-adjacent logic level. By using more tracking cell populations, more complex relations between the cell threshold values and logic levels can be obtained. The reading of data cells through use of tracking cells can have digital or analog implementations. In digital implementations, the threshold voltages of the tracking cells are read with a greater resolution than the number of bits stored in the data cells. The controller or other circuitry then converts these higher resolution values to translate the user cell threshold values into the lower logic levels, either by reading cells at the lower resolution level or by translating the user cell values read at the higher resolution into the logic levels. In an analog implementation, the user cells are read directly using the analog threshold values of the tracking cell populations without their first being translated to digital values. An exemplary analog embodiment provides each write sector with a dedicated analog sense amp for each tracking cell, an averaging circuit for each population of tracking cells, and a chain of resistive elements to provide all of the needed read points from the averaged values. A set of alternate embodiments provide for using different voltages and/or timing for the writing of tracking cells to provide less uncertainty in the tracking cells' final written thresholds. Since there are typically many fewer tracking cells than user storage cells, system write speed is most often limited by the user cells, not the reference cells. Therefore, it may be possible to use different voltages and/or timings which write the reference cells more slowly on average while still writing the slowest reference cell as quickly as the slowest user cell. This can reduce reference cell threshold uncertainty without significantly effecting the overall system write speed. Additional objects, advantages, and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of its preferred embodiments, which description should be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The storage capacity of non-volatile semiconductor memories has increased both by the reduction in size of the individual components of the circuits and by increasing the amount of data storable in an individual memory cell. For example, devices such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,712,189 and 6,103,573 and U.S. patent applications Ser. No. 09/505,555, filed on Feb. 17, 2000, and one entitled �Non-Volatile Memory Cell Array Having Discontinuous Drain and Source Diffusions Contacted by Continuous Bit Line Conductors and Methods of Forming� by Jack H. Yuan and Jacob Haskell, field on Sep. 22, 2000, which are all assigned to SanDisk Corporation and which are all hereby incorporated herein by this reference, can store upwards of four logical bits per physical floating gate storage transistor. This storage will require each floating gate to be able to have encoded within it one of the sixteen or more possible memory states. Each one of these memory states corresponds to a unique value, or, more accurately, a narrow range of values, of stored charge on the floating gate which is sufficiently separated from its neighboring states' charge storage values to clearly differentiate it from those neighboring states as well as the other states. The determination of a cell's stored charge level can be performed by current sensing, where the magnitude of its conduction using fixed bias conditions is sensed, or through threshold voltage conditions, where the onset of such conduction is sensed using varied steering gate bias conditions, to give two of the more standard arrangements. Current sensing approaches are more fully developed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,172,338 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/910,947, which were both incorporated by reference above, and may be employed with the various embodiments described below. However, the majority of the following exposition uses the threshold voltage, Vth, sensing approach as this improves the sensing resolution, keeps the current, and consequently the power, associated with massively parallel read operations low, and minimizes vulnerability to high bit line resistance. The actual sensing can be performed in several ways, for example by comparing a cell's threshold voltage to each of the reference values in order. For multi-state cells, it can be more efficient to exploit a cell-by-cell, data conditional binary search, which, for example, is capable of determining, in parallel, each sensed cell's Vth to a one in sixteen resolution through a sequential, four-pass sensing operation. The amount of resolution required for sensing is discussed below with respect to the various embodiments presented. As usual, the amount of resolution used is often a tradeoff between higher resolution, resulting in more potential �bits� beyound the minimum required 4-bit resolution of the exemplary embodiments, but at the cost of more area, to sense and store these extra bits, as well as more time consumed, both due to the additional sensing passes in the binary search of these extra bits and due to transferring this extra information. To extract the data stored in the memory cells, this data must be both written and stored with sufficient fidelity. At the time of programming, the range of values associated with each storage state within the data unit being written, such as a sector, should be confined to a consistently tight range, and the separation between the center of each of these ranges and their associated nearest neighbors, that is, the states with a Vth adjacent just above and below, within the unit being written can also be maintained within a constantly controlled target range. Once the data is written, the stored charge levels within the population of cells will, to first order, maintain their levels over time, with drift from these values in a common mode being a second order effect and dispersion being even less significant. When reading a data unit, the storage state of each of the cells within that unit should be resolved by the sensing circuitry with a sufficiently high precision and resolution to adequately resolve the range of each storage band and the separation between each of the adjacent bands. It should be noted that this does not require that the user data associated with each of these states is known, merely that the states contained therein are read back with sufficient fidelity. Those cells which can not be read, or, alternately, be programmed or store data, with sufficient fidelity can be treated with error correction code (ECC) or other equivalent error management, such as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,418,752, which is hereby incorporated herein by this reference. Under these arrangements, the minimal requirements of sensing are that it only needs to resolve each cell's storage with sufficient fidelity. In this way it is able to recreate the level relationship each cell has with all the other cells within the concurrently written storage unit or sector. It is not essential that the absolute data that these values represent be established at this time, as long as there can be extracted from this information a key or translator to provide such a mapping or discrimination filter between the resolved storage levels and the corresponding states. In the absence of such a key, this imposes the additional requirement of absolute referencing to recreate with sufficient precision the exact operating conditions present at the time the data was originally written in order to allow an accurate translation of the levels to data. Any inaccuracy in such translation must be guard-banded, increasing the margin requirements of the states and consequent memory window. Since a memory window of usable threshold voltages is of limited size, due to, reliability and dynamic range considerations, this would limit the number of levels encodable and, consequently, the number of physical bits stored in a physical memory cell. Even given such an absolute reference capability, in the case where, when read at some time in the future, there is a common mode shift in the read back levels relative to the levels established at the time of the original write, as could occur at high write cycle endurance levels which are vulnerable to �relaxation� due to cell detrapping, such absolute referencing does not help�the translation between levels read back and data is no longer the same. Given this, plus the very difficulty in guaranteeing such absolute referencing capability in volume production, over years of data storage and operation, wide ranges of operating temperatures, and the various target supply levels and associated ranges that end products may be expected to satisfy, it is often preferred not to depend on such �absolute� referencing, but rather to depend on �relative� capabilities inherent in the storage medium. This can be accomplished by burying the translation key within the medium, often within the data sector unit itself. In the embodiments below, an additional number of physical cells, overhead reference or �tracking� cells, can be introduced within each sector to support this function, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,172,338 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/910,947, which were both incorporated by reference above. For most embodiments, these cells are, in all respects, the same as the user data cells, except they contain known data or storage levels established by the controller, firmware, or some combination of these at the time of data write. They can be attached to the user data in a way analogous (as far as location and programming, although not in function) to ECC bits, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,418,752, which was also incorporated by reference above. Each data sector then contains both the user data cells, but can also contain the tracking cells, the error correction code cells, header, and so on which are not directly used for storing data. In embodiments with both tracking cells and ECC cells, both can used to increase reliability of the memory in a complementary manner, with the ECC cells used to correct the data values and the tracking cells used to read both the user data and ECC cells. In most of the embodiments described, the tracking cells are treated the same way as user data cells, benefiting from rotation and any other wear leveling strategies, so that most accurately reflect the history of their associated user data designated cells. The rotation of user data can be tied to the rotation, or toggling, of tracking cells as described below, or else treated independently. Since the tracking cells' rotation information can be extracted by comparing their threshold levels, the rotation of user cells can then be determined from the tracking cell rotation. As the tracking cell rotation can be treated as a function of the user cell rotation, by correlating this information, the memory can save on overhead since extra cells need not be allocated to store user cell rotation information. The description below gives several variations on the use of writable tracking cells which can be used, either individually or in conjunction, to improve upon the methods of U.S. Pat. No. 5,172,338 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/910,947. By reprogramming the tracking cells each time the associated user cells are programmed, the tracking cells develop the same history and therefore the same charge retention characteristics as the user cells. For example, if user cells' thresholds drop on the average by 10 mV after 10 years, the tracking cells' thresholds will on average drop by the same 10 mV. By reading the tracking cells at the same time as the user cells and using the tracking cells to determine the expected threshold voltages for each logic level, this charge loss does not degrade the effective margin of the user cells. Also, it is well know that non-volatile memory cells' charge retention characteristics change as a function of the number of program/erase cycles performed. By having tracking cells erased and reprogrammed roughly the same number of times as the user cells, this cycling dependence on charge retention is also accounted for and does not reduce the effective cell threshold margin. The threshold of tracking cells may be read using either analog or digital techniques. One example of an analog technique includes programming the tracking cells to thresholds between those of the user cells in one of N=2n states, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 1. (Both FIG. 1 and Another method using analog sensing of the tracking cells to be programmed to the same thresholds as those of the user cells, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 3. In this case, during the read operation multiple tracking cells are used to determine the appropriate control gate voltages for reading the user cells, as shown in FIG. 4 and developed more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/910,947. Here the tracking cells 41 and 42 have different programmed thresholds, corresponding, respectively, to states i and i+1. Their respective sense amplifiers, SA 43 and SA 44 feed back to the cell control gates in a manner such that the output of the sense amplifier is the threshold of the tracking cell. Multiple sense amplifier outputs are then input to a circuit, V AVERAGE 45, which determines the appropriate intermediate control gate level for reading the user cells, here represented by the single cell 46. Sense amp SA 47 then determines whether the threshold voltage of the user cell 46 is above or below this intermediate value, as indicated by the output 0/1. In Digital Techniques Other methods for using tracking cells involve reading multiple digital values for the tracking and user cell thresholds, then using digital processing techniques to determine the user cells' logic level are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/910,947, which was included by reference above, will now be more fully developed. One such method starts by programming tracking cells to the same thresholds as those of the user cells, as in (Alternately, rather than varying the control gate voltage, the sense amp trip current may be altered to determine some or all of the digital bits representing the cell threshold. Current based reading techniques are discussed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,172,338, which was incorporated by reference above. However, when the number of multi-states storable on a given floating gate becomes large, the voltage based techniques are often preferred for the reasons stated above.) In Once these digital values are determined, they are used to determine the stored logic levels of the user cells. One method consists of calculating the digital mid-points between the threshold values of the tracking cells programmed to adjacent threshold states. For example, one tracking cell programmed to logic level i may have a digital threshold value stored as 0001110. Another tracking cell programmed to logic level i+1 may have a digital threshold value stored as 0001010. The digital midpoint between these two values is 0001100. Therefore all the user cells with threshold values read as greater than 0001100 are determined to have a logic level of i+1 or higher. All the user cells with threshold values less than 0001100 are determined to have a logic level of i or lower. By repeating this process with multiple sets of tracking cells, the specific logic level of each user cell may be determined. An alternative method for determining the digital breakpoints between logic levels consists of programming tracking cells to non-adjacent logic levels. As long as the memory system knows in advance which logic levels are represented by the various tracking cells, the digital threshold breakpoints between logic levels may be determined without having to program tracking cells to every logic level. In this method, some assumption is made about the shape of the curve of the threshold vs. logic level. For example, Using fewer tracking cells or populations of tracking cells than the number of states reduces the number of required tracking cells as well as the corresponding amount of overhead needed for these cells. In the exemplary 4-bit embodiment, the use of tracking cells associated with only two states results in a factor of 8 reduction in the number of tracking cells compared to using cells associated with each of the 24=16 states. Although Another reason for not using the highest and lowest logic states is these do not correspond as well to a �typical� data cell. One of the motivations for using writable tracking cells is that the tracking will have a fairly typical history when compared with the user cells. To more accurately reflect the history of their associated user data designated cells, as well as provide a more accurate Vth vs. logic level relation, the use of logic states nearer the middle logic levels is generally more accurate. For example, if N=16, the states associated with, say, logic levels 4 and 12 would be more representative. So that the same cell, or population, is not constantly rewritten to either state 4 or 12, the states can be rotated, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/910,947 and developed more fully in U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,979, which is hereby also included herein by this reference. Thus, although the tracking cells are not rotated through all the possible logic state, by being rotated between being programmed to a relatively high and a relatively low Vth state, they will approximate the history of a typical user cell. In most embodiments, these cells are re-programmed each time the user cells of the associated write block are written, preferably at the same time, using the same fixed, global reference levels to set the tracking and user cell programmed thresholds. These verify reference can be produced, for example, by band-gap voltage reference generators or other standard techniques. These can be used to generate all of the needed reference voltages, or else a fewer number with the other needed levels supplied by the same algorithm that produces the read break points from the tracking cells, as is described in more detail below with respect to analog embodiments. The threshold voltages of the tracking cells are also preferably read every time the user cells are read, and these thresholds are used to determine the stored logic levels of the user cells. To lowest order, if the cells are programmed to a particular Vth vs. logic state curve, they will retain this curve. To higher order, with time and varying read conditions, cells with different threshold values will deviate by differing amounts. These effects can be compensated for by using a more complex curve. In So far, the embodiments presented have, usually implicitly, assumed that each population of tracking cells associated a particular logic level consists of a single cell. In other embodiments, multiple tracking cells are used in each population, with each of the populations programmed to one of two or more logic states. The advantages of using multiple tracking cells associated with a given logic level are discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/910,947 included reference above. This method allows for the inevitable non-ideal threshold levels of the tracking cells as shown in In the example of In the event a �bad� tracking cell which fails to program properly, this can either be mapped to an alternate cell in the same way as is done with the user data cells, or, more simply since it contains no user data, just switched out of the population. For example, if upon initial testing, a tracking cell fails to have a threshold around a test state, the defecting cell can be switched out by the supplier. Additionally, if the cell fails to verify properly during a program or erase operation, it can be switched out at that time. Furthermore, even among the �good� tracking cells, some may be ignored: For example, there may be a tracking cell, again such as that indicated by 101 in For any of these methods, whether the populations of tracking cells consist of one or many points, these populations may be associated with only a subset of the total number of logic states. In particular, the example of The actual threshold voltages of the tracking cells can be used to translate the threshold values of the user cells back into data values in a number of ways, both analog and digitally based. In one set of embodiments, the full m bits of the threshold information for the tracking and for the user cells is off-loaded to the processing circuit, which does the m to n bit translation. This processing circuit could be the controller which, depending on the embodiment, is contained on another chip from the actual memory cells, or contained on the same chip. In addition to its other functions, such managing the memory and transferring data from the host system, the controller could then compute the linear or higher order Vth vs. logic state translation curve. Variations on this process for a 4 state user cells using m=7 bit resolution are presented in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/910,947, as noted above. For the present 4-bit user cell example, both the tracking and user cells could be read to 7-bit accuracy, the breakpoints determined, and the threshold values of the user cells converter to data values. Alternately, only the tracking cells could be read to 7-bit accuracy, their values converted to 4-bit breakpoint voltages, and the user cells read directly with these 4-bit breakpoint voltages to determine their data content. As reading is a faster process that programming, reading at 7-bit accuracy while programming to 4-bit accuracy, based on the fixed global verify values, does not result in near the loss of speed that using 7-bit accuracy for both processes would produce. Particularly when the read process uses a binary search, the cost of 7-bit accuracy just for read is much less than losses that would come from a full 7-bit implementation. Given the above options, there a number of various embodiments using writable tracking cells in different ways and in different numbers. Given that the key objective is to establish the proper, or at least optimal, translation between measured states and stored data, the function of the tracking cells is to pin down this optimum translation. If the sensing circuitry maintains its linearity, or at least its consistency if not linear, then the translation transform becomes essentially a straight line fit with a slope and intercept established by two sets of tracking cells, each set at some optimum state to minimize the error of such fitting. Despite the capability to tightly confine a population of cells within any given state, since there is invariably some spread in any group, including the tracking cell groups, this suggests that there be a sufficient number of such cells to establish, statistically, the center of each population. In this way, guard-bands against errors associated with establishing the translation can be increased by as much as one-half of the spread. For example, if memory states are separated by two such full spreads (that is, a full spread is maintained as separation between the outer edges of each neighbors states' distributions), then a reference established from the center, or extremely near the center, will give the maximum margin to differentiate between that state and its nearest neighbor. If too few tracking cells are used in a population, then there is the chance of setting this reference value from close to the extreme of a population, robbing sensing margin equivalent to 25% of the state to state separation. The optimum number of cells is a trade off between overhead area, and consequently cost, versus precision; but even a relatively small population, ranging from 10 to 30 cells should be sufficient in many applications. The cost of such overhead per sector is relatively small. For example, in a write sector containing about 1024 user data cells, which at 4 bits or � Byte per cell gives 512 Bytes, the 16 cells in each of two tracking cell groups of If, however, some non-negligible amount of varying distortion is inherent within the sensing operation, such that there are non-linearities in the transformation that are different between the time of write and later reads, tracking cells associated with more than two states may be needed. In the extreme case, this would require each state to be represented. In order to keep the corresponding overhead increase under control, this would suggest reducing the number of cells per population associated with a state. In most applications, this extreme case is unlikely. It may be, however, that using 3 or 4 different state populations, such as is shown in As already noted, the processing associated with establishing the translation can take place in several different places. In the one option, this can occur within the controller, in which case the digitized threshold values of the tracking cells need to be shifted out from the memory to the controller with the full resolution available at the outset of the read to establish the translation. The remainder of the data can then be shifted out at this same resolution and have the controller process this data using the translation to extract the 4-bit data per cell, which, for a given I/O bus width and clock frequency, reduces the information transfer rate and increases power consumption. Alternately, the translation terms can be shifted back to the memory, for example filling up an on-chip fast look-up table RAM and used to process the remaining data on the memory chip. The translation can be done at the same time as shifting out the data, thereby shifting out only the 4-bit data of interest and minimizing loss of read speed and reducing the power associated with this data shifting. Another option is to perform the translation on the memory chip itself, by placing the controller on the same chip, and/or by establishing what associated voltage best satisfies the population of tracking cells associated with each predetermined state in a first pass sensing session, and from these values adjusting the full set of voltages used to read the 16 levels from the user cells in a second sensing session. Placing the controller on the same chip as the memory cells results in a savings in both time and power as it avoids the transfer of data on an input/output bus. Analog Techniques In Besides the Vaves, circuit 1130 may receive several other inputs. Since the states A and B to which the two populations correspond is rotated to provide a more uniform history, circuit 1130 determines which population corresponds to which level. For example, in an embodiment corresponding to The read points are then supplied to READ/VERIFY circuit 1140. This can consist of only supplying the particular read points used for the operation then in process, for instance the breakpoints for data extraction, or else a larger number of sets of the voltages described with respect to One embodiment of an analog sense amp connected to its tracking cell is shown in In the case where the tracking cell populations are always associated with the same set of logic levels, block 1401 could determine the correspondence simply by comparing the values of the Vaves with one another. For example, in Once the Vaves are properly connected, they are then used to set the voltages of their corresponding logic levels in a chain of resistor elements. Rather than apply VaveHI and VaveLO directly to their corresponding node, they are connected to a corresponding op-amp, respectively 1421 and 1422, which act as buffers. Ignoring for a moment transistors 1431-1436, consider the second input of these op-amps as connected directly to respective nodes Y and X. In To allow for the set of tracking cell populations to correspond to different tracking cell populations, a set of transistors, such as 1431-1433 and 1434-1436, can be included. By use of a set of control signals, here shown schematically as CSa-CSc, the higher logic level associated with a population of tracking cells can be taken logic level 12, 13 (at the node Y), or 14. Circuit 1401 would then supply the signal to turn on the appropriate transistor, the others being off. The lower level is set in a similar manner using transistors 1434-1436 and signals CSd-CSf. In order that the same Vth vs. logic level relation used to read the cells is also used to program the cells, the same read point circuit can be used for program verify (and any other read operations) as is used for data extraction. When the input to op-amps 1421 and 1422 are connected to VaveHI and VaveLO, the node above each resistor Ri is at the voltage Vavei, taken to the average threshold value of the logic state i for translating Vth of a user data cell to a logic level at the time of data extraction. If, instead, the input of these op-amps were connected to the program verify voltages, shown here as VPVhi and VPVlo these nodes correspond to levels of the logic level when they are verified into a programmed state at the end of a write cycle. In the embodiments where the tracking cell are programmed the same as the user cells in their associate logic state, the same resistor chain is used to program both the user and tracking cells in a sector. For example, at the end of programming, if one of the tracking cell populations is associated with logic state 3, both the cells of this population and user cells programmed to this logic level will correspond to the node X. To allow for this multiple use of the resistor chain, a switch is provided to connect either the Vaves or the VPVs to the appropriate op-amp. This is just shown schematically in By using the circuit 1130 for both putting the data on and taking data off the memory cells, non-linearities introduced into the Vth vs. logic level relations during programming are automatically compensated for when translating the threshold values back into logic states. This occurs whether the non-linearity is intentional or not. For example, device mismatches due to process variation can produce a non-uniform spacing of threshold ranges; however, as the same mismatches occur when translating back the user cells to logic level, this effect is largely undone. Alternately, a design choice may be made to pack states more densely into, say, the lower portion of the threshold window. This can be accomplished by taking the values of the resistors on the bottom of end of the chain to a smaller values than those at the top. The non-linearity is then automatically introduced during programming and removed during reading without the sort of loss in performance a computational implementation would introduce. Similarly, to reduce the effects of other device mismatches on read/write and tracking/user cell asymmetries, the same device is used on the drains of both reference cells and data cells for their respective analog sense amps and read sense amps, with the same current mirrors used for the reference currents. So far, the discussion of Each resistor Ri is broken up into a sub-chain of resistors, here taken to be eight resistors R1,0-Ri,7, to provide the breakpoint read points and other intermediate values used in reading processes. Here the breakpoint BPi,(i−1) is set midway between what is taken as the average values taken for the threshold voltages of the states i and (i−1), Vavei and Vave(i−1). Other read points are pulled off in the same way. A low marginning value for the state i and a high marginning value for the state (i−1), Vmli and Vmh(i−1) respectively, are shown as lying on the node just above and below that of BPi,(i−1). How close the margining values are taken to the corresponding Vave value will determine how tightly the distribution is clustered about this value when written. The number of nodes is determined by the amount of resolution desired and the number of distinct sorts of read points desired, such as the various read points described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,962, which is hereby included herein by this reference. Again, depending upon the desired operating characteristics, the resistors Ri,0-Ri,7 of the sub-chain can be taken with non-equal values if a non-uniform spacing of the node values is wanted. Alternate Programming of Tracking Cells All of the embodiments described so far have largely assumed that the tracking cell are programmed in the same manner as the user data cells. These reference cells are then written with the same algorithm as the user cells, using programming pulses of the same intensity, with the same duration, and verified at the same level. Although this produces similar histories and distributions for both the tracking cells and the user cells, in some applications an embodiment that programs the tracking cells differently may be used. Writable reference cells have uncertainty in their written threshold values. When using this threshold to determine the logic level to which a user cell has been written, this uncertainty is a significant probabilistic error term. For example, consider the scenario where the written threshold uncertainty for storage cells may be 105 mV. If the reference cells have the same 105 mV uncertainty, then the voltage difference between a storage cell and a reference cell may be as high as 105 mV. If the voltage separation between levels is 200 mV, then there will be storage cells that will have thresholds closer in value to that of a reference cell for an adjacent logic level than to that of the reference cell for the appropriate logic level. This will cause a read error on such storage cells. The written threshold uncertainty may be reduced by taking more time to write all reference cells and user cells. For example, shorter write pulses may be used. This results in a smaller threshold change for each write pulse, and therefore a finer resolution (less uncertainty) in the final threshold. However, this scheme implies that the cell is being checked against the target threshold more often, meaning more time is being taken for the read operations. This reduces the overall write speed, which may not be an acceptable tradeoff for some applications such as streaming video storage. Instead of writing the tracking cells using the same voltages and timing as is used for the storage cells, resulting in the same threshold uncertainty for the tracking cell populations as for the storage cells, these two types of cells can be written differently. If threshold variation of reference cells is reduced, this reduces the read error term introduced by reference cell threshold uncertainty. Both the average and the maximum differences between the reference and user cell thresholds may be reduced. This may be done without significantly effecting overall write speed. In one example, a lower control gate and/or drain voltage is used for reference cells than for user storage cells. Lower voltages reduce the programming speed for most non-volatile memory cell writing operations. If the same timing is used as for user storage cells, then the average reference cell undergoes less threshold change than the average user cell for the same amount of write time. Typically the write algorithm consists of multiple write pulses, with intervening comparisons of the cell threshold to a final target value. Therefor writing cells more slowly with less threshold change per write pulse results in less uncertainty in the final threshold. However, even if the average reference cell is written more slowly than the average user cell, the slowest writing reference cell can usually complete writing to the target level as quickly as the slowest user cell. Consider the case where there are 1000 user cells and 20 reference cells per write block, and the cells' write speeds are normally distributed. With a 1000 user cells, the slowest cell writes σQ−1({fraction (1/1000)})=3.1σ slower than the average cell, where Q=Gaussian cumulative distribution function and σ is its standard deviation. For the 20 user cells, the slowest cell writes σQ−1({fraction (1/20)})=1.5σ slower than the average cell. Hence for a for typical distribution, the slowest user cell writes 3.1σ/1.5σ=2.07 times slower than the slowest tracking cell. Therefore, the reference cells may be written about twice as slowly as the user cells, and consequently to about two times better resolution, without impacting the overall required write time for the total cell population. In the above example, the reference cell threshold uncertainty could be reduced from 105 mV to 105/2.07=51 mV. The largest difference between user cell and reference cell thresholds is thereby reduced from 105 mV to (105+51)/2=78 mV, a 26% improvement. In another example, the same voltages may used for programming the user cells and reference cells, but different write timing may be used for the reference cells. Specifically, if shorter write pulses may be used for the reference cells, then they may be written to a better resolution. Consider again the scenario described above: 1000 user cells and 20 reference cells. Furthermore, consider a write/verify cycle where the verify time is 20% that of the write time. Given that we want the total write plus verify time to the same for the slowest user cell and slowest reference cell, we have the following equations:
Therefore, the reference cells may be written to 7.7 times better resolution. In the case where user cell threshold uncertainty is 105 mV, this gives reference cell uncertainty of less than 14 mV. This reduces the largest difference between user cell threshold and reference cell threshold to (105+14)/2<60 mV. This can significantly reduce the error rate in using the reference cells to determine the correct logic level stored in the user cells. Conversely, this could allow logic levels to be placed more closely together, reducing the required threshold range, or possibly even allowing more levels to be stored per cell. These calculations are probabilistic calculations and it may occur that a particular cell in a tracking cell population fails to verify in this time. As with the other embodiments above, where the tracking cells are programmed with the same algorithm as the user cells, the defective reference cell can either be mapped to a new cell or simply removed from the population as it contains no user data. Using different timing for the tracking cells than for user cells results in control logic that is more complex, typically twice that of using the same timing for all cells. Writing the tracking cells will also require more AC power, since the shorter pulses required result in more signal switching. Also, potentially more noise may be generated by simultaneous writing of user cells and reading of tracking cells (and the also the other way around), creating an error term in reading the cell thresholds. These disadvantages may be more than offset, however, by the improved distribution of tracking cell thresholds. Various details of the implementation and method are merely illustrative of the invention. It will be understood that various changes in such details may be within the scope of the invention, which is to be limited only by the appended claims. Patent Citations
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The Diamond Run Mall has lost another major retailer.
American Eagle Outfitters closed its store Monday after a dozen years at the mall.
"The mall has a low occupancy rate of 60 percent and per our current strategy plan, we seek to return great results to our shareholders and one of those ways is to re-evaluate our store footprint," company spokeswoman Iris Yen said in an email. "We look at closing/moving stores in underperforming locations."
The 19-year-old mall has seen a steady decline in business as one retailer after another has abandoned the area's only indoor shopping center.
Mall owner, Gemini Real Estate Advisors, is surrendering ownership of the property to its major creditor, an investment trust.
Gemini purchased the mall in 2007 from Zamias Services, which was recently hired to oversee management of the 400,000 square-foot mall.
American Eagle operates two other stores in Vermont, one on Church Street in Burlington and one in the University Mall in South Burlington.MORE IN This Just InPSB orders Full StoryBOYS BASKETBALL Full StoryPROCTOR The Phantoms wouldnt win titles if they couldnt handle a little pressure. Full Story -
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- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1393, quick thinking teen girl saves King Charles IV of France from burning alive at masquerade ball; in 1760, Vermont town of Pownal created by N.H. Gov. Benning Wentworth; Canuplin, Filipino movie star, born.
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- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Bryanna Allen reports Castleton Downtown hosts open house, fire in Springfield leaves family without a roof of their own, suspected Bosnian war criminal trial goes to jury, Brent Curtis reports Rutland Town budget set to rise.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Bill in Legislature proposes naming beagle Vermont state dog; Associated Press looks back at year in opiate abuse; Shapiro's in Brandon soon to close after 75 years; probe shows illegal online gun sales booming.


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20 Quiet sex tips for when your kids go to sleep by Lisa Fogarty 5 days ago Share Tweet Pin Share Save It's the one thing you dreaded before you had children. Or maybe the second, after discovering you'd never sleep past 6 a.m. again. I speak of sex, and more specifically, of having sex with your partner when you also have curious, loud, we-refuse-to-stay-asleep children roaming your home. Read Full Story
What your pet is thinking when they catch you having sex by Krissy Brady 2 weeks ago Share Tweet Pin Share Save We've all been there: You're making out, and just as you're about to get to the good stuff (a.k.a. the dirty stuff), there's your pet peering at you from the foot of the bed. Yep, they've got a front row seat to the live show and don't seem to be giving it up anytime soon. You try to forge on but they just won't... stop... staring. You spend so much time wondering what they're thinking that you end up missing out on the sex part. Womp, womp. Here are some of the scenarios you came up with along the way: Read Full Story
10 Archaic relationship standards we should just stop by Lisa Fogarty 2 weeks ago Share Tweet Pin Share Save They say what you put up with is what you end up with, and this is especially true when it comes to relationships. We have to have standards because, without them, we'd all be dating men who call us "broads" and expect us to serve them breakfast, lunch and dinner in bed while we juggle three jobs to pay for Champagne rooms and NFL season tickets. Read Full Story
Holiday lingerie that doesn't make you look like a slutty Mrs. Claus by Krissy Brady Dec 10, 2014 Share Tweet Pin Share Save Frankly, it doesn't matter if he's been naughty or nice — it's a win/win situation either way, especially when that situation leads to you shopping for festive lingerie. That being said, holiday lingerie tends to have a very stripper elf vibe to it, so we decided to scour the internet for the hottest Christmas skivvies in all the land. (Don't mention it.) Read Full Story
15 Things he'll never understand about you by Krissy Brady Dec 04, 2014 Share Tweet Pin Share Save Guys — they sure do try, don't they? But no matter how experienced they are with the ladies, and no matter how long you've been together, there are just certain things they'll never understand. Like, ever. And these 15 are just the tip of iceberg. Read Full Story
16 Crazy sex laws you won't believe exist by Krissy Brady Nov 11, 2014 Share Tweet Pin Share Save If your sex bucket list involves a lot of travel, you'd better check out state sex laws before doing the dirty deed (or bring enough for bail). Otherwise, get ready for trouble. Especially if you're wanting to have sex in a meat freezer or get it on with a rodeo clown — you could end up following in Piper Chapman's footsteps. Read Full Story
9 Lubes that look luxe compared to that tacky-looking KY bottle by Krissy Brady Nov 05, 2014 Share Tweet Pin Share Save It's not that we hide our lube bottle in the black hole that is our nightstand drawer because we're uncomfortable with our sexuality — it's that the bottle itself is ugly with a capital Ugh. Luckily, personal lubricant companies are starting to understand it's not just what's on the inside that counts: They're finally creating lube bottles that are as luxe as they are stylish. Check. It. Out. Read Full Story
We asked men and women what they hate in bed (VIDEO) by Mary McCoy Oct 27, 2014 Share Tweet Pin Share Save Sex is personal, but it's safe to say that there are certain behaviors that we should all avoid in the bedroom. Read Full Story
9 Starbucks flavors that should totally be turned into condoms by Krissy Brady Sep 11, 2014 Share Tweet Pin Share Save It's almost fall, and you know what that means: Everywhere you turn, you'll find pumpkin-themed and flavored everything… well, except for condoms. The internet was all aflutter last weekend with rumors that Durex was coming out with a pumpkin spice-flavored condom: Read Full Story
6 Cups of water a day could make sex way, way better by Krissy Brady Aug 15, 2014 Share Tweet Pin Share Save When it comes to your sex life, have you suddenly turned into the little engine that can't be bothered? If you find yourself losing steam in the bedroom but can't figure out why, dehydration could be to blame. "How can I be dehydrated?" you might be asking. "I never feel thirsty." Thirst is just one of the ways your body tells you it's dehydrated; there are many other ways your body could be signaling you — including a comatose libido. Read Full Story


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Diners at Meet are encouraged to share dishes by the on-staff mom trying to raise upstanding progeny. Politely split an appetizer such as cheese fondue (serves two, $14) or Meet's beets, served with goat cheese and honey-champagne vinaigrette ($10). The moules frites (mussels) come five ways, including au Roquefort (garlic, shallots, Roquefort, chives, and cream) and à la moutarde ancienne (tomato confit, mustard, tarragon, and cream) ($10 for the appetizer, $16 for entree). Pair a side of potato gratin or pommes puree ($5 each) with a classic of French cuisine like cabernet-braised short ribs ($22.95). The planche à fromages (assorted imported cheeses, $11) or pot of chocolate fondue (serves two, $12) brings the meal full circle like a Frisbee thrown into the wind. For a traditional finishing touch, try the tarte tatin (puff pastry, red apples, and caramel, $7).
Bistro Laurent shows off authentic French delicacies in its relaxed yet stylish dining space, festooned with elegantly framed vintage photographs. Armed with the bistro's dinner menu, diners can bid bienvenue to the bavette à la Bordelaise ($14.75), a succulent hanger steak finished in a cabernet and onion balsamic reduction. Or, sink your mouth bones into one of the bistro's signature crepes, such as the Florentine, an edible envelope stuffed with spinach, smoked turkey breast, béchamel, parmesan, and elf wishes ($7.75). On the lunch menu, the biquet salad proudly brandishes its crest, emblazoned with goat cheese, grilled chicken, seasonal fresh berries, and grilled pecans ($5.95). Bistro Laurent's robust wine list offers complements for any meal and high praise for any diner who can correctly identify the tannins in a bottle of merlot.
Inspired by the culture and culinary traditions of Brittany, France, Cr?me de la Cr?pe Bistro specializes in authentically prepared sweet and savory crepes, which are staples of the region. The staff stuffs buckwheat breakfast crepes with combinations of eggs, meats, and cheeses, and dessert crepes?such as the bretonne?come layered with Nutella, bananas, and housemade whipped cream. Hearty pastas, risotto dishes, and specialties such as beef bourguignon join the menu for lunch and dinner, helping guests recover from stressful daytime chores, such as ironing clothes while wearing them.
La Rive Gauche takes its name from the French word for the Seine River's left bank, a source of inspiration for the likes of Ernest Hemingway and Pablo Picasso. The restaurant's menu embraces the spirit of this iconic riverside area, spotlighting the rich flavors of gourmet French cuisine.
The Zagat-rated venue serves lobster bisque, venison loin drenched in raspberry sauce, sautéed swordfish, and other French favorites. As with any French restaurants, dessert is a must, with decadent delights such as crêpes suzette and chocolate soufflés.
Some restaurants have that uncanny ability to transport diners to another place or time. Taking a sip of Lavazza espresso or a bottomless mimosa out on Blue Daisy's patio has that kind of power; thoughts of an Italian street corner or European capital may come to mind. But the many things Blue Daisy's kitchen is good at don't end with drinks. The chefs specialize in crepes, including a savory breakfast variety with mushrooms, spinach, white cheddar, feta, and egg. Others have sweet fillings, such as Nutella or lemon ricotta cheese and lemon sauce.
It's no surprise that it was also the crepes that first helped Blue Daisy grow in popularity and size. Since opening in 2011, the restaurant has moved to a bigger location where the team experiments with organic dishes for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The chefs make everything from scratch, right down to the champagne vinegar and the walnut oil dressing in their salads. And at dinner, beer and wine pair with fresh-ground hamburgers and creamy fettuccine with chicken and spinach.


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New Corvette Feature Keeps an Eye on Valets
New Corvette Feature Keeps an Eye on Valets
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DETROIT (AP) -- Face it. If you own a luxury or sports car, whenever you hand the keys to a valet, you imagine the car going on a high-speed joyride like the Ferrari in the 1980s cult movie "Ferris Bueller's Day Off."
Now, General Motors has an option on the 2015 Chevrolet Corvette that takes those worries away.
The latest version of the sports car, due out in September, has a feature that records where the car goes with a camera mounted in the windshield trim. It also captures audio in the cabin as well as speed, engine revolutions per minute, gear position and G-force. That all helps the car tattle on any valet who doesn't take a slow, direct route to a parking space.
GM says it's the most extensive attempt by an automaker to thwart valet joyriders, although it's not the first. The automotive website Edmunds.com says Hyundai and Mercedes offer "geofencing," a feature that sets a perimeter and then notifies the owner's smart phone if a car goes beyond it. Chrysler has a valet mode that caps engine speed and horsepower, while Audi lets owners limit engine speed for valets.
With the Corvette, once the owner activates the feature with a four-digit code, the touch screen tells the driver it's in Valet Mode. But it doesn't warn the valet that he's being recorded. The feature also locks the glove box and a storage compartment in the dashboard and shuts down the infotainment system.
Valet Mode started off as a performance data recorder for those who take their Corvettes on the racetrack. GM engineers quickly figured out that it had more uses.
"Think of it as a baby monitor for your car," Corvette Product Manager Harlan Charles said in a statement. "Anyone who has felt apprehension about handing over their keys will appreciate the peace of mind of knowing exactly what happened while their baby was out of sight."
Data and video from the valet mode can be viewed instantly by the owner on the car's 8-inch color screen when the car is parked, or it can be downloaded to a computer.
The system could go into more mainstream models if feedback is good on the Corvette, GM spokesman Monte Doran said.
The feature is paired with a navigation system and costs $1,795. A 2015 Corvette starts at just under $54,000.
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The Doha-based QE 20 Index declined by 1.58 per cent to 12,773.20 points on Sunday, June 15. National Leasing or Alijarah slipped 0.60 per cent to QAR32.95. Earlier in the day, Alijarah revealed that it has completed the acquisition of a property in the Al-Aziziyah area worth QAR120 million. The land will be developed into retail stores and commercial offices.
Gérard Al-Fil
Sunday, June 15- 2014 @ 20:40 UAE local time (GMT+4) Replication or redistribution in whole or in part is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Mediaquest FZ LLC.


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Mary Barton is young, kind, and beautiful - perhaps dangerously so. John Barton, her hearty and intelligent but grievously uneducated father, who could never abide the gentlefolk, pours fierce love and courage into his family and work. One day, circumstance causes Mary to be faced with a terrible choice: either protect a member of her family or sit back and watch a terrible miscarriage of justice. Will she make the right decision in time?
Public Domain ©2010 AudioGo
"Another classic from Mrs. Gaskell"
I would recommend this book to anyone who loves classic English literature. The brilliance of the language and the minute descriptions are enthralling. However, I would not recommend the book to anyone who is looking for a vacation book or a quick read with lots of action. Definitely an acquired taste and not for everyone, but for those who appreciate exquisitely written prose, it's a winner.
Middlemarch by George Eliot comes to mind also as the central character is a loyal woman who has to subjugate her own wishes and desires to conform with what is expected of women of her class, but who ends up triumphing in her way.
Oh my goodness - that Manchester accent!! So much more fun listening to the dialogue than reading it because Ms. Stevenson's characterization brought them all to life! Each character had a different voice that perfectly matched their personalities. She managed to bring out the depths of the emotion expressed by each character, bringing me to tears as I pictured the squalor and desperation of poverty-stricken workers in Manchester. I listened to the story as I was driving and had to pull over a couple of times to wipe my tears away.
There were so many but probably the death of Mary's mother and the subsequent desolation of Mary's father.
I adore the way Mrs. Gaskell writes and the detail with which she adorns her descriptions. Her use of the English language is so powerful and her choice of words so perfect, her books should be mandatory reading for anyone who wishes to study English! Juliet Stevenson's reading is truly magnificent.
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This was freehand, just playing with different colors to see what would work. The sides are OK, but I am tempted to sand off the top and start over. Just thought I'd share. You all have been so generous, sharing your projects. |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by luvstocraft (My Page) on Tue, Feb 3, 09 at 0:09
I think it looks lovely. Really like the roses. I don't see that it looks cloudy at all--just put it where it can dry really well and maybe then it will look clear to you. Are you doing one stroke flowers? They are fun, aren't they? I wanted to mention to you a tip that Painting Fool gave us about using the gold paint pens on edges and along sides of projects. You might look back at some of her projects here to see it. I think that might be a nice finishing touch on the edges and between the gray and black on the side of your stool. Take a look and see what you think. Thanks for sharing your pics with us. Luvs |
Colorcrazy, Good job. I like the background colors you have on both of your stools also. Did you sponge them on or what method did you use to accomplish this look? Thanks for posting. Hope to see more of your painting. Punk |
CC.........nice work! How in the world did you do the rose leaves, they look so real with the spikey tips. Give your varnish time, if it was thick in the bottle or container, it might have someway started to dry out. If it doesn't dry completely, try the same sealer and a scrap piece of wood and let it dry as much as it will and then using another brand of water based varnish, paint over the first coat. If it dries properly you can then use it on your stools. Would hate to see you start over, but I have done that before - not fun! Thanks for sharing! Belle |
I think it all looks really good. Don't sand it off!! I was struck with how realistic your rose leaves were too. Thanks for sharing it with us. where will you use this piece? ~Anj |
- Posted by colorcrazy (My Page) on Tue, Feb 3, 09 at 21:21
Hi, thanks for the compliments. Punk, yes, the background is sponged on. Anj - believe it or not, this is stored in my tiny 3 foot wide closet because I can't reach the top rod without it. Belle, that is a good signature for me - CC. (It is actually my initials in real life too.) My house is not neutral at all, hence the screen name. DH said anything but beige, and I took him at his word. :) |
CC, thanks for letting me know the background was sponged on. Sounds like you might be as short as I am. It's so good to have projects posted for all of us to enjoy. SpeedO |
- Posted by luvstocraft (My Page) on Wed, Feb 4, 09 at 11:41
PG, you are so funny with your little sign off name--SpeedO. Decided that if we were gonna call you that, you'd just use it, huh? LOL CC, I'm short too! I really need a step stool in every room, hate dragging the big folding one around. I'm glad you and your DH like color, means more colorful projects for us to see! Luvs |
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Wells Fargo
Wells Fargo Underwriter I Interview Questions
Interview Experience
Interview Experience
Getting an Interview
Getting an Interview
Interview Difficulty
Interviews for Top Jobs at Wells Fargo
- Teller (713)
- Personal Banker I (199)
- Personal Banker (189)
- Financial Analyst (62)
- Phone Banker (60)
- Credit Manager (44)
- Personal Banker I (SAFE) (44)
- Phone Banker I (33)
- Customer Service Representative (32)
- Lead Teller (31)
- Bank Teller (31)
- Intern (26)
- Home Mortgage Consultant (22)
- Part Time Teller (21)
- Financial Analyst Program (18)
- Financial Advisor (18)
- Business Analyst (18)
- Credit Analyst (17)
- Analyst (17)
- Store Manager (16)
- Banker (14)
- Underwriter (12)
- Customer Service and Sales Representative (12)
- Service Manager (12)
- Licensed Personal Banker (12)
- Inbound Sales Specialist (12)
- Financial Advisor Trainee (10)
- Consultant (9)
Underwriter I Interview
I applied online. The process took 2+ weeks – interviewed at Wells Fargo in December 2012.
Phone interview with a recruiter, Situational Based. In-person interview two days later with two managers, again asking situational questions and how they were handled in my previous positions. E.G. - Describe a situation where you were presented with a challenge. What did you do to overcome that challenge?
Job posting was rather vague, recruiter did not quite elaborate on what type of underwriting the position entailed other than "mortgages." The position was actually for "forensic underwriting" as I found out during the face-to-face. Seemed like an interesting position although not what I was originally looking for.
- Describe a situation in which you were competitive View Answer
Other Interview Reviews for Wells Fargo
1 person found this helpful
Underwriter I Interview
Application DetailsI applied online. The process took 3 days – interviewed at Wells Fargo in March 2012.
Interview DetailsPhone interview, then face to face with two managers.
Interview Questions- What makes you want to come to work in the morning? View Answer
Accepted OfferPositive ExperienceAverage Interview -
Underwriter I Interview
Application DetailsI applied through an employee referral. The process took 2+ weeks – interviewed at Wells Fargo in August 2010.
Interview DetailsI applied online with no feedback.A friend of the family was willing to speak with a dept head who did interview me and later 2wks called and made an offer..Great peolple at wells fargo
Interview Questions- Tell me about the most difficult on the job situation you had to deal with View Answer
- are you afraid to ask for help View Answer
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Good Girl Gone Mad: Rihanna's 10 Greatest Beefs
Her Opponent: Sandra Rose
Why They Were Beefing: In February—shortly after Rih-Rih softened the restraining order she had placed against Chris Brown back in 2009—Rose took to Twitter to say that "true fans who supported Rihanna during those tough times after chris brown beat her azz deserve better than this." Rihanna fired back a few hours later. "I would've sworn he beat YOUR ass, just by how upset u are!" she wrote. "My fans don't care about a restraining order and neither do I!"
The Result: Well, if nothing else, Rihanna proved that she does pay attention to what's going on out there on Twitter!


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IAN Lenagan enjoyed his two-year spell as chairman of Oxford United, but admitted it was tough.
After yesterday handing over the day-to-day running of the club to Darryl Eales and Mark Ashton, the U's joint-owner said there had been plenty of good times during his tenure.
But United's failure to reach the play-offs last season was a huge low, and Lenagan conceded a delay in appointing a permanent successor to Chris Wilder may have contributed to their downfall.
However, the 68-year-old does not regret his decision to appoint Mickey Lewis as caretaker manager.
"It has taken its strain, of course it has," he said.
"But there are the compensations because it has been a lot of fun.
"It was not a lot of fun at the end of last season, but we've had some good times.
"I have particularly enjoyed the young players coming through.
"Whether with Gary Waddock or now Michael Appleton, there is a belief that squad development is the future for Oxford United and I am very proud that I have forced that through over the last two years. That will continue."
He added: "We are talking here almost as if I'm going, but I'm certainly not.
"The fact I am now on the Football League and FA board was one of the key factors in now needing a new chairman and chief executive and for me to focus on the stadium bid."
When Wilder quit United at the end of January, the side looked nailed on for a top-seven finish, with the possibility of automatic promotion.
However, a poor run of form saw Lewis replaced by Gary Waddock.
But his arrival did little to halt the slide as United dropped down the league to finish eighth.
"Whether with Mickey Lewis or a replacement manager I thought we would get to the play-offs," Lenagan said. "So did almost everybody else.
"Do I take responsibility for a two or three-week delay? Yes, but that's all.
"I would have made the decision to appoint Mickey Lewis as an interim manager again, but it didn't work out. That's life.
"Sometimes you fail and I don't mind occasionally failing. You can't get it 100 per cent right.
"But I have to say that there has been nobody prepared to put in as much time or money as me and my two sons have.
"We are appreciated by the vast majority of Oxford United fans."
- Related stories
- It's all change at Oxford United as Eales, Ashton and Appleton come in and Waddock is sacked
- Disappointed rivals now backing United for the future
- New United chairman Eales says to the fans: My door is open
- Chief exec Ashton's priority is improving United's squad
Latest United news:
Tyrone Barnett deal is not dead, says Oxford United chief executive Mark Ashton
9:10am Wednesday 28th January 2015
REPORTS suggesting Tyrone Barnett had rejected personal terms at Oxford United are wide of the mark, says chief executive Mark Ashton.
Ex-Oxford United defender Tom Newey signed again by Chris Wilder
3:21pm Tuesday 27th January 2015
TOM Newey has signed a contract at Northampton Town until the end of the season, 24 hours after leaving Oxford United.
Joe Skarz swayed by Oxford United's potential
11:10am Tuesday 27th January 2015
JOE Skarz admitted it took plenty of thought to drop two divisions and join Oxford United, but was swayed by the club's potential.
Oxford United chief executive: Tyrone Barnett bid sends out right signal
11:00am Tuesday 27th January 2015
OXFORD United's bid for Tyrone Barnett shows their commitment to strengthening the squad as the January transfer window enters its final week, according to chief executive Mark Ashton.
Tom Newey agrees Oxford United release
5:40pm Monday 26th January 2015
TOM Newey has agreed a settlement to leave Oxford United early by mutual consent.
James Roberts on target again as Oxford United beat West Brom
4:34pm Monday 26th January 2015
JAMES Roberts scored for the second time in three days as Oxford United won 2-1 a development match at West Bromwich Albion.
Oxford United have transfer bid accepted for striker Tyrone Barnett
12:10pm Monday 26th January 2015
OXFORD United have had a transfer fee accepted by Peterborough for striker Tyrone Barnett.
VIDEO: Highlights from Oxford United's draw with Exeter City
11:00am Monday 26th January 2015
WATCH the goals from Oxford United's 2-2 draw with Exeter City, where James Roberts scored a stoppage-time equaliser at the Kassam Stadium.
It was pure instinct, says Oxford United saviour James Roberts
9:30am Monday 26th January 2015
JAMES Roberts said it was a huge relief to get off the mark in front of Oxford United's home fans and admitted his superb equaliser was down to pure instinct.


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I have a nice 6 foot tall dracaena marginata tricolor in my living room. I've had it for well over a year in the same spot with no issues other than some mealy bugs. I have recently been observing white bands form on the top two heads of the tree. The bands have no color and the leaf is slightly deformed in the area. First there was one on one head, then two, then a second head got it. On the second head, the whole growing bud thing is deformed at the whitened area. Does anyone know why these bands are forming? What can I do? They seem to be spreading! Some additional info if it matters: Plant is in a bright day lit room and receives a little bit of direct sunlight during summer. soil pH: 6-6.5. Watered once a week. Room temp varies 65-85. Rest of the plant looks perfectly healthy. |
Follow-Up Postings:
That's a lot of room temperature variance. Powdery mildew? |
- Posted by purpleinopp 8b AL (My Page) on Mon, Jun 9, 14 at 13:42
Looks like something is taking an occasional nibble while the leaves are still small, bunched together, causing a deformity at the same spot in each affected leaf. I'm not sure what does that, I see it on my plants occasionally but have assumed it happened while they were outside, something that took a few bites and flew away. Otherwise, from what I can see in this pic, your plant is amazingly beautiful and happy-looking! Love those perky, colorful stripes! |
Banding like that on the foliage of dracaena is most often associated with chill injury. Any chance the plant got too cold this past winter? Is it sited where it will get cold drafts? Al |
- Posted by PatchyJack 10a (My Page) on Tue, Jun 10, 14 at 0:47
I agree with purpleinopp! Looks like something has damaged the leaves while they were still forming. Maybe even a chill, as Al suggests. If you had mealy bugs before, maybe that's the reason? It can be hard to pin these things down but overall your plant looks really nice. |
- Posted by grrr4200 z3 MI (firstname.lastname@example.com) on Tue, Jun 10, 14 at 0:55
That happened to mine when i picked it up and it hit the ceiling, bend the new growth tip. All the leaves that came off of it for a time had that bruising to the leaves. Still waiting on the darn thing to grow taller so those leaves will naturally fall off! |
I'll link you to a commercial production guide for dracaenas. You might want to read the entire guide, but at least scroll down to where it lists physiological problems under chill injury. Al |
Here is a link that might be useful: Dracaena info
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Trachycarpus fortunei
Windmill Palm
Arecaceae (Palmae)
Palms and cycads
Medium-size, very hardy fan palm (to 10°F/–12°C or lower). Moderate to fast growth to 30 ft. tall and 10 ft. wide. The trunk is usually thicker at the top than at the bottom and is covered with dense, blackish fiber; as the trunk elongates, fiber falls off its lower portion. Toothed, 1/2-ft. stalks carry 3-ft.-wide leaves. May look untidy in high winds. May be sold as Chamaerops excelsa. Young plants can be grown indoors in bright indirect light; plant them outdoors when they become too big.
Ligustrum 'Suwannee River'
This evergreen shrub is reported to be a hybrid between L. japonicum 'Rotundifolium&rsq...
Chamaerops humilis
Europe's only native palm, this also grows on Mediterranean islands and in northwest Africa. Hav...
Quercus virginiana
Grows at a moderate to fast rate, eventually reaching 40–80 ft. tall, with a heavy-limbed crown ...


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WHAM13 - Search Results
Severe Weather Awareness Week April 27
Albany, N.Y. -- The week of April 27 to May 3 has been dubbed Severe Weather Awareness Week across New York, Gov. Andrew Cuomo announced Sunday.
National efforts have been made to make people better prepared for weather emergencies and extreme weather events.
Governmental, private and volunteer organizations have partnered together to practice communication and skills that are usually used in stressful situations, and provides public safety officials, broadcast media and citizens to test methods of responding to emergency weather messages.
"Extreme weather has become the new reality, and this administration is committed to making New York State as prepared as possible for the next major storm," Cuomo said in a statement. "In just three years, New Yorkers have experienced nine federally declared disasters. Those disasters have taught us valuable lessons, and we are actively learning from them so that we can build back stronger and smarter with the next storm in mind."
There are four basic steps to preparedness that people should take before severe weather happens: make a plan, prepare a kit, be informed, and get involved.
For more information on preparing in advance of severe weather events, click here.


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- Customer Reviews
Customer Reviews
61 Reviews for CytoCell™ Dermal Energizing Treatment
Orange County, CAAnti-Aging & AcneLess than 1 weekEvery dayYes08/08/2014Not bad
Kate Somerville's products are very consistent when it comes to fragrance, texture, and quality. This product has a pleasant fragrance that's light and not overwhelming. None of the strong chemical smell a lot of products have. It is light and smooth in texture. Spreads well on the skin and little product is needed to cover the entire facial and neck area. Another reason why I love her products is because I never have to use too much. You can tell there are no harsh dyes in this product.San Gabriel, CAAnti-Aging3 - 6 monthsEvery dayNoPAAnti-Aging1 - 4 weeksEvery dayYesAnchorage, AKAnti-Aging6 - 12 monthsEvery dayYesNew York, NYOilyOver 1 yearEvery dayYes04/29/2014Excellent cream!
I got a sample of this and had to buy the full version. It's great for the winter months. My skin is really sensitive and oily so at times i feel this cream might have been a little too rich for me. But overall it really improved my skin texture and felt very nice to put on. - Customer Q&A


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In 2011, American author, Kathryn Atwood, wrote a book entitled Women Heroes of World War II: 26 Stories of Espionage, Sabotage, Resistance, and Rescue. Now, comes a prequel to that title, Women Heroes of World War I: 16 Remarkable Resisters, Soldiers, Spies, and Medics.
When one thinks of the Great War, invariably the first images to spring to mind are, understandably, that of soldiers in the trenches, men with shellshocked eyes carrying their wounded comrades, soldiers with gas masks. Women, with the exception of nurses, rarely feature among the iconic images of the war. Atwood, in her finely-crafted book, attempts to redress the balance.
Nurses, resisters, soldiers and journalists
Kathryn Atwood's book, although aimed primarily at the 'Young Adult' market, is a fine read for all. Her introduction provides a brief overview on how the war started and the changing role of women as the conflict progressed. The book is then divided up into sections where we are told the stories of some incredibly brave women. We have a section on nurses, resistance and espionage, women soldiers and journalists. Some, like Edith Cavell (pictured), are still remembered but most have been forgotten, partly, says Atwood, because their stories have been eclipsed by the very women they helped inspire during the Second World War.
The stories are indeed remarkable. We have, for example, Louise Thuliez, whose resistance work in Belgium was discovered by the Germans and stood trial alongside Cavell. Following the war, she was decorated by French president, Georges Clemenceau. We have Emilienne Moreau who, just 16-years-old, single-handedly managed to warn a company of Scottish soldiers that they were walking straight into a German ambush. Days later, she shot dead two Germans with a revolver. Incredibly, a quarter of a century later, following the fall of France in June 1940, Emilienne resumed her resistance work.


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Greetings all,
Please find attached a drawing of Jupiter made this morning. Initially conditions looked good; a lovely clear sky. However the transparency was also very good so I suspected the seeing conditions might not be too good for planetary work. Alas I was right. Although I started at 0108UT, I had to wait to 0230UT or so before conditions were good enough to make a drawing. Although much of the fine details on the Jovian disk eluded me, there were still a few points of interest:
-Both SSTB and STB seemed to be reasonably well defined at these longitudes.
-I Suspected a STropB but never observed it with any real certainty.
-The GRS was well on view, it's colour even in these conditions was rather noticeable.
-The SEB contained many lovely structures (although these Earth's atmosphere seemed determined to obscure them)
A brownish grey SEB(s) could be seen along with a darker SEBz and a greyish SEB(n).
-There was a brighter region just proc. the GRS in the SEBz.
-EZ contained a few festoons but they were quite hard to see visually tonight, as a result placing them accurately was difficult.
-NEB continued some noticeable dark and light structures.
-Hard to make out the NTB; it seemed that there were some darker sections which marked its northern boundary. Indeed it was very hard to tell where the NTB ended and the NTZ began, the regions did not seem particular well differentiated at these longitudes.
The shadow of Io can be seen on the disk. I noticed the shadow at 0118UT. By 0248UT, Jupiter was near the meridian, however the seeing became so poor at this point that there seemed little point in continuing.
Best wishes,
Jupiter and Io's shadow
Started by
Paul G. Abel
, Nov 13 2013 12:19 PM
4 replies to this topic
Posted 13 November 2013 - 12:19 PM
Posted 13 November 2013 - 02:20 PM
Nice work. I have yet to try Yellow on Jupiter. I generally use Blue 80 and 82. I will have to give it a go. I seems many folks are seeing the GRS with great detail this year.
Does your scope track?
Thanks for Sharing.
Nice work. I have yet to try Yellow on Jupiter. I generally use Blue 80 and 82. I will have to give it a go. I seems many folks are seeing the GRS with great detail this year.
Does your scope track?
Thanks for Sharing.
Posted 13 November 2013 - 02:22 PM
Very good sketch of Jupiter & Io's shadow .
Very good sketch of Jupiter & Io's shadow .
Posted 13 November 2013 - 04:27 PM
As usual Paul a very nice sketch and a great observation of Jupiter.
Posted 13 November 2013 - 05:47 PM
very nice sketch, lots of detail, us northern hemisphere folks should get some nice views of Jupiter when it is clear out, i'm a big fan of the #11 filter on Jup, it seems to bring out the festoons and bands of the king.


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Rotherham United manager Andy Scott is trying to convert Marcus Marshall into a right-back ahead of the new campaign.
Marshall, who was played all of his career as a winger or striker, was given a run-out in the full-back role in Tuesday's friendly defeat to Sheffield Wednesday and Scott thinks the positional switch is worth exploring.
"I had a brain wave. He has got all the attributes to be a modern-day full-back I believe," he said.
"I have spoken to him and it might work, it might not work. We know that he is good going forward, got pace and good in the air so we will work with him defensively.
"This is an opportunity for him to stake his claim in the right-back slot, but we know that if it doesn't work out he is a more than capable right winger.
"But there are some very good full-backs who used to be wingers."


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Automation is one of the key foundations of the computing
realm, but some people are still performing manual tasks in Active
Directory. This can happen because it might seem quicker to do so, or possibly more reliable and secure. Many IT shops are plagued by an
endless stream of "fix now" emergencies that can impede or prevent staff from
taking the time to learn and implement shortcuts to do their jobs more rapidly.
Scripting has been around for decades, but it can be a hard field for system and network administrators to break into since it's really a combination of programming and administration. Visual Basic is one of several types of scripting; Windows Powershell, Windows Script Host and simple batch files are other examples.
Use Tech Pro Research's toolkit to find out more about how you can use Active Directory scripts. The scripts provided with this document are not original – they were made public by their authors, to whom full credit at the top of each script file. The purpose of this guide is to showcase each script and explain how they can be valuable to you.
Download Tech Pro Research's Toolkit: A roundup of 21 Active Directory scripts for Windows.


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The Message (MSG) | New International Version (NIV) |
12 His brothers had gone off to Shechem where they were pasturing their father's flocks. | 12 Now his brothers had gone to graze their father's flocks near Shechem, |
Published by permission. Originally published by NavPress in English as THE MESSAGE: The Bible in Contemporary Language copyright 2002 by Eugene Peterson. All rights reserved. (The Message Bible Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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Go to Our Mobile Site m.mybirdstore.com
Keep your bird's mind, beak and feet active with this hanging Fiesta Ball, packed with hundreds of colorful paper crinkles! Hand-woven seagrass mesh ball serves up an endless supply of nest-building fun, or tuck your own treats and toys inside as tantalizing foraging rewards. Made with 100% safe, nontoxic materials. Metal quick link and 7" hanging chain included for convenient mounting inside the cage or out. For parakeets to conures.
Approx 4.5" x 7".


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Welcome to the
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W G G M .. Is On The Air ! Greater Good Ministries takes to Visit our Home Page Check out our Hosts and Shows ~~~ ~~~ Join Rev. Bee Every Tuesday on ~~~ Join James Gilliland on ~~~ Kevin Smith Archives ~~~ Paranormal Internet Radio for the Earth Explorer Dr. Brooks Agnew ~~~ Join our mailing list and receive your choice of a FREE Blessed Quartz Crystal, Free Astrology Report, Free Numerology Report or Free Five Minute Reading. ~~~ |
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Article ID: 839450 - View products that this article applies to. This article has been archived. It is offered "as is" and will no longer be updated. This article has been archived. It is offered "as is" and will no longer be updated. On This PageSymptomsOn a computer that is running Microsoft BizTalk Server 2004, you notice that many Csc.exe processes may be running. These many Csc.exe processes may use lots of CPU time and memory resources. CauseThis problem occurs if all the following conditions are true:
This problem does not occur if the Web Service method uses the SoapDocumentMethod attribute. ResolutionService pack informationTo resolve this problem, obtain the latest service pack for Microsoft BizTalk Server 2004. For more information, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:888751
How to obtain the latest BizTalk Server 2004 service pack
Hotfix informationPrerequisitesNo prerequisites are required to install this hotfix.Restart requirementYou do not have to restart your computer after you apply this hotfix.Hotfix replacement informationThis hotfix does not replace any other hotfixes.File informationThe English version of this hotfix has the file attributes (or later file attributes) that are listed in the following table. The dates and times for these files are listed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). When you view the file information, it is converted to local time. To find the difference between UTC and local time, use the Time Zone tab in the Date and Time tool in Control Panel.Date Time Version Size File name --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25-Mar-2004 00:01 3.0.5261.0 61,440 Microsoft.biztalk.soaptransport.dll StatusMicrosoft has confirmed that this is a problem in the Microsoft products that are listed in the "Applies to" section. This problem was corrected in BizTalk Server 2004 Service Pack 1. More information
For more information, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
Description of the standard terminology that is used to describe Microsoft software updates
PropertiesArticle ID: 839450 - Last Review: January 17, 2015 - Revision: 3.0 Applies to