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Flaminius, Gaius
Flaminius, Gaius
biographical name(died 217 BC) Roman political leader. As tribune (232) he supported Roman expansion in northern Italy; his land bill (232) gave land to Roman plebeians and gained him great popularity, but the bill's passage was seen as the cause of the Gallic invasion of 225 (repelled in 223), and he was held responsible. He was elected consul in 223 and 217. As censor (220) he built the Circus Flaminius in Rome and the Via Flaminia to Ariminum (Rimini). He died fighting Hannibal in the Second Punic War.
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise.
For the full entry on Flaminius, Gaius, visit Britannica.com.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Welcome to snowball's Member Page
See my Clippings See my Journal See my trade list Send me an email
My husband and I live in Salt Lake City Utah, 5 Children and 5 Grandchildren. Our garden is a wanna be we always have these grand ideas that never seem to happen. But love looking and reading and planning. Right now we have plans to do a water garden we'll see. We grew up in totally different areas my husband in the midwest(Iowa) and the fairly easy to grow where I grew up in Jackson wyo. where you irrigated!!!! and now we are in the deseret. Lower alltitude than Jackson same zone as my husband grew up just less water, soil is different and no humidity (is that bad?)I really enjoy the home site and the varius forums.
I live in: United States
My zone is: z5Utah
My favorite forum 1 is rmgard.
My favorite forum 2 is ponds.
First registered on April 20, 2001 .


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Justice for Kapali Swamy - Punches can Kill by Meera - about 6 years ago
"We rallied in Birmingham, AL to bring awareness that punches can kill. Kapali Swamy was brutally killed by punches to the head and his assailant remains free without any criminal consequences. Ou..." view full details


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A New Sound System for New Contemporary Church, Part 1
Show 65-1
To hear the podcast press the play button or download here. Or read the transcription.
In this edition of the SVC Podcast, SVC Contributing Editor Bennett Liles talks with Wade Russell of Elite Multimedia in Memphis, Tenn., about the complete sound system installation at Living Hope Church in Piperton. Russell and church FOH sound engineer Tim Johnson selected a Midas Pro2C digital mixing console for the church and trained the volunteers to operate the sound and video systems for services.
Links of interest:


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About Dr. Henry Lee
Famous Cases
Apearances & News
Learn about Forensics
Henry Lee Institute Tour
Forensics: Then & Now
Imagine that you're a suspected murderer hundreds of years ago. The law has captured you and they think you're guilty. The thing is, you're innocent. But that's not the least of your problems - the law's methods of determining your guilt are far worse. If you're lucky, the law will torture you until you are forced to submit a confession. Otherwise, you'd be thrown into a pond and if you sunk, you're guilty. Or you'd be dragged to the side of the victim and if the corpse's wounds bled, you'd be proclaimed guilty.
Thank goodness for modern forensic science, huh?
While "criminalistics" is often used to describe "forensic science", it's only a part of the overall forensic field. Criminalistics involves the recognition, collection, identification, individualization and evaluation of physical evidence using the techniques of natural science in matters of legal significance. It includes the reconstruction of events based on the analysis of physical evidence and the interpretation of crime scene patterns.
Forensic Medicine
Forensic Medicine applies pathology, a branch of medicine, to the investigation of deaths. Laws require the investigation of unexpected and/or unattended deaths to be overseen by either a coroner or a medical examiner. Medical examiners are forensic pathologists who, through autopsy, toxicological analysis and other kinds of investigation determine the cause and manner of a death. In some countries, forensic medicine also includes examinations to establish the manner and cause of injuries received as the result of accidents or violent crime.
There are many sub-specialties in forensic
science fields. Following are some of the areas of specialty:
Click on one of the specialities below to learn more:
DNA Analysis
Drug Analysis
Forensic Chemistry
Trace Analysis
FireArms Examination
Latent Fingerprints
Voice Analysis
Forensic Serontology
Imprint/Impression Evidence
Questioned Document Examination
Crime Scene Investigation
Forensic Anthropology
Forensic Entomology
Forensic Photography
Crime Scene Reconstruction
Computer Crimes & Electronic Evidence
Henry Lee Institute Tour
About Dr. Henry Lee
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Copyright © 2011 Dr. Henry Lee. All Rights Reserved.
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Jeanne Jennings | August 10, 2009 | Comments
E-mail newsletter advertising is a different animal from selling ads for print publications. Here are some keys to success.
An e-mail newsletter is a great way to build relationships that drive leads, sales, engagement and/or retention. But what many organizations overlook is that it can also be a tool to generate third-party advertising revenue for your business.
Many organizations are reporting on the growth of e-mail and online advertising and marketing:
While advertising in e-mail newsletters is a small portion of these big numbers, it can be a significant contributor to your bottom line if done properly.
Many large publishers rely on the same ad sales team to sell both print and online placements. This makes sense, since anyone buying offline advertising is a good candidate to buy online. But e-mail newsletter advertising is a different animal from print, and a different sales approach needs to be taken.
Here are some keys to success for selling e-mail newsletter advertising:
Embrace Accountability
Online offers quantitative data on performance, which most offline channels (like print advertising) do not. Many ad sales reps shy away from the numbers because they aren't used to selling this way and they don't necessarily understand them. This is a mistake.
To those unfamiliar with e-mail a 23.4 percent open rate, 7.6 percent overall click-through rate and 0.30 percent average click-through rate on banner advertising doesn't look very impressive. Many print sales reps are embarrassed by what they see as "low" figures. But when you compare these to industry benchmarks, the picture is much brighter.
The EpsilonQ1 2009 E-mail Trends and Benchmarks Report pegs average open rates at 22.1 percent and overall click-through rates at 6.1 percent. DoubleClick's 2008 Year-in-Review Benchmarks Report cites an average banner ad click-through rate of 0.10 percent. A side-by-side comparison can educate buyers unfamiliar with e-mail newsletter advertising and make the case for the value of spending a portion of their ad budget with you.
Put Thought Into the Ad Sizes you Offer
Not all banner advertising is equal; size does matter. The DoubleClick 2008 Year-in-Review Benchmarks Report cites average click-through rates on static image banner ads from 0.37 percent to 0.07 percent, depending on their size. While some larger ad formats are difficult to accommodate in an e-mail newsletter, there are a variety of smaller formats that work nicely.
When you design your e-mail newsletter, be sure to include ads in standard sizes and to incorporate, whenever possible, the ad sizes shown to drive higher click-through rates.
Don't Segregate
I come from the publishing world, so I understand the importance of keeping editorial separate from advertising. You don't want readers to think your editorial is being influenced by who advertises in your publication.
One mistake that many newsletters make however is completely separating advertising from editorial. I am currently revamping an e-mail newsletter template for a client that has had editorial in the body and almost all the advertising in the right-hand column. This makes it easy for readers to just read the editorial and skip the advertising.
Don't do this. While you don't want to overwhelm your readers with advertising (we'll cover the 60-40 rule in my next column), commingling these spaces with the editorial content will help them be seen. Just be sure to note what is advertising, either by shading the background or including the word "advertising" or "sponsorship" at the top of the ad in a small font. This usually isn't necessary for traditional banner ads, but can be important for text advertising and anything that doesn't "look" like an ad.
In my next column, I'll cover four more tips for effective ways to generate revenue from advertising in your e-mail newsletter.
Until then,
Want to learn more? Join us at ClickZ Live New York 2015
[ALERT] Super Saver Rates Expire January 30. With over 15 years of experience delivering industry leading events, ClickZ Live brings together over 50 expert speakers to deliver an action-packed, educationally-focused agenda covering all aspects of digital marketing. Quick! - Register today to secure your place at the best rate.
Jeanne Jennings is one of the World's Top 50 Email Marketing Influencers (Vocus, 2014). She has more than 20 years of experience in the email and online marketing and product development world. Jeanne's direct-response approach to email strategy, tactics, and creative direction helps organizations make their email marketing initiatives more effective and more profitable. Clients include: ConsumerReports.org, FDANews, Hasbro, PRWeb, Scholastic, Verizon, and WeightWatchers. Want to learn more? Check out her blog.
February 9-11, 2015
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Google My Business Listings Demystified
To help brands control how they appear online, Google has developed a new offering: Google My Business Locations. This whitepaper helps marketers understand how to use this powerful new tool.
5 Ways to Personalize Beyond the Subject Line
82 percent of shoppers say they would buy more items from a brand if the emails they sent were more personalized. This white paper offer five tactics that will personalize your email beyond the subject line and drive real business growth.


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Dressing for Pregnancy: Top 10 Maternity Clothes Tips
10 of 11 |
Your guy's roomy button-down shirts, T-shirts, and boxers are great to sleep in or wear around the house on those days when you're running out of actual maternity clothes. While you shouldn't sport his flannel shirt to a business meeting, some of his white or plain dress shirts should be fine to wear to your job.
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The Latest and Greatest Book for Kids
Search our interactive Book Finder for the top new books for kids of all ages, brought to you by the latest book in the I, Funny series, "I Totally Funniest."
Kindergarten Readiness App Wins Gold
Our Kindergarten Readiness app won the Gold Award of Excellence in the educational category at the 2014 Communicator Awards. This valuable checklist comes with games and activities to help your child practice the essential skills she needs for kindergarten. Download the Kindergarten Readiness app today!
Top 10 Wintertime Neighborhood Games
Who says you have to stay inside when the temperature drops? Snowy weather is a great excuse to round up your neighborhood for some outdoor winter fun and games.
Find Today's Newest & Best Children's Books!
Looking for newly released books for your child? Try our new Book Finder tool to search for new books by age, type, and theme, and create reading lists for kids!
© 2000-2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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Maya Angelou (1928-2014): In Memoriam
Random House deeply mourns the passing of Dr. Maya Angelou. Her work inspired and touched tens of millions of readers. Dr. Angelou's first book, the groundbreaking autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, was published in 1969 to critical acclaim, and was followed by thirty-five more books, including volumes of poetry, essay collections, children's books, cookbooks, and six further memoirs.
Robert Loomis, her editor of more than forty years, said, "Maya, a dear friend, helped change our hearts and minds about the African American experience in the United States, bringing it to vivid life, and her spirit and energy crossed all borders and deeply affected readers around the world."
Gina Centrello, President and Publisher of Random House, added, "Today a light has gone out at Random House. Dr. Angelou was an inspiration to all, and we are proud and honored to have known her and to be part of the devoted team that publishes her work. Maya will be deeply missed."


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Upcoming Shows
- Ben Gleib, as seen on Chelsea Lately (85 times!), Last Comic Standing, the new movie Book of Life, Carson Daly, Playboy Morning Show, Arsenio, and currently the host of Idiotest on GSN Jan. 31 Preview Video Buy Tickets
- Closed for the Super Bowl ...it's like Christmas for us Feb. 1 Buy Tickets
- Comedy Cluster Standup Comedy Showcase Feb. 2 - Feb. 23 Buy Tickets
- Open Mic Night - NO COVER, NO DRINK MIN.... NO PROMISES! Feb. 2 - Dec. 28 Buy Tickets
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- RT @bengleib: 1st show @MadHouseComedy was a blast. Get ur tix now for Friday or Saturday night! Madhousecomedyclub.com or the Madhouse Com… Jan 30


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sons of thunder, a surname given by our Lord to James and John ( Mark 3:17 ) on account of their fervid and impetuous temper ( Luke 9:54 ).
son of thunder
a name signifying sons of thunder , given by our Lord to the two sons of Zebedee, James and John, probably on account of their fiery earnestly. ( Mark 3:17 ) See ( Luke 9:54 ; Mark 9:38 ) comp. Matt 20:20 etc.
bo-a-nur'-jez (Boanerges; bene reghesh, "sons of thunder"):
The surname bestowed by Jesus upon James and John, the sons of Zebedee, when they were ordained to the apostleship (Mark 3:17). See JAMES. It has also been regarded as an equivalent of the "Heavenly Twins," the Sons of Zeus or Thunder. According to this interpretation, the name Boanerges would represent the Dioscuri in some form or other of their varied presentation in the cults of the Mediterranean (compare Professor J. Rendel Harris in The Expositor, series vii, III, 146).
C. M. Kerr
Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Bibliography Information |


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I posted a range report on a friends Stoeger Cougar. It's a pretty nice little gun.
Now, my friend wants a good holster for it. He would really like a Blackhawk SERPA like the one I carry my Glock 23 in but Blackhawk doesn't make one for the Storger and they have no plans to offer one.
So, any suggestions as to decent holsters for my buddy?


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New Revised Standard (NRS) | New International Version (NIV) |
13 The cubit on the one side, and the cubit on the other side, of what remains in the length of the curtains of the tent, shall hang over the sides of the tabernacle, on this side and that side, to cover it. | 13 The tent curtains will be a cubit longer on both sides; what is left will hang over the sides of the tabernacle so as to cover it. |
14 You shall make for the tent a covering of tanned rams' skins and an outer covering of fine leather. | 14 Make for the tent a covering of ram skins dyed red, and over that a covering of hides of sea cows. |
15 You shall make upright frames of acacia wood for the tabernacle. | 15 "Make upright frames of acacia wood for the tabernacle. |
16 Ten cubits shall be the length of a frame, and a cubit and a half the width of each frame. | 16 Each frame is to be ten cubits long and a cubit and a half wide, |
17 There shall be two pegs in each frame to fit the frames together; you shall make these for all the frames of the tabernacle. | 17 with two projections set parallel to each other. Make all the frames of the tabernacle in this way. |
18 You shall make the frames for the tabernacle: twenty frames for the south side; | 18 Make twenty frames for the south side of the tabernacle |
19 and you shall make forty bases of silver under the twenty frames, two bases under the first frame for its two pegs, and two bases under the next frame for its two pegs; | 19 and make forty silver bases to go under them--two bases for each frame, one under each projection. |
20 and for the second side of the tabernacle, on the north side twenty frames, | 20 For the other side, the north side of the tabernacle, make twenty frames |
21 and their forty bases of silver, two bases under the first frame, and two bases under the next frame; | 21 and forty silver bases--two under each frame. |
22 and for the rear of the tabernacle westward you shall make six frames. | 22 Make six frames for the far end, that is, the west end of the tabernacle, |
23 You shall make two frames for corners of the tabernacle in the rear; | 23 and make two frames for the corners at the far end. |
New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright 1989, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved. (New Revised Standard Bible Version Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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Cardiff-born Terry Mackie has been in education for 35 years in a variety of roles, with senior experience in Wales, England and also recently Pakistan. He writes School Report, a monthly education column
In his final column, Terry Mackie looks back over the years and try to gauge whether Welsh schools are going forward or not
Columnist Terry Mackie is against the idea of more classroom tinkering
This week's School Report considers the role of Wales' children's champion - a role that is up for grabs
Our outspoken education columnist champions the vital and unassuming role of school governors
Our education expert speaks out over the growing to-do list facing teachers
Columnist and education consultant Terry Mackie on Wales' new school 'challenge' programme
Education expert Terry Mackie puts his own unique spin on the sector's runners and riders during 2013
Our columnist calls for a radical overhaul of leadership in a bid to tackle Welsh education's woes
Outspoken columnist Terry Mackie believes the answer to Wales' plight in international school standings lays in the past
Universal free school meals for all infants is a staggeringly simple, yet practical idea
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Ceri has been editor of WalesOnline since April 2012. She was previously executive editor of Media Wales and deputy editor of the Western Mail. She started her career on the Glamorgan Gazette.


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(Updates headline and first paragraph with year-over-year change.)
July 1 (Bloomberg) -- South African gold production climbed 3.4 percent in the first quarter from a year earlier, the Chamber of Mines of South Africa said.
Output was 44,682.7 kilograms (1.4 million ounces), down 9.3 percent from the fourth quarter, the industry group said in an e-mailed statement today.
South Africa's estimated gold output for last year was revised lower by 0.2 percent to 191,402.3 kilograms because of a change in "other Chamber" figures, it said in the statement. The country was the fifth largest producer last year, after China, Australia, the U.S. and Russia, London-based research company GFMS said in a report in April.
The chamber represents producers including AngloGold Ashanti Ltd., Gold Fields Ltd. and Harmony Gold Mining Ltd.
--Editors: Claudia Carpenter, John Deane
To contact the reporter on this story: Alastair Reed at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Claudia Carpenter in London at email@example.com


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Television often portrays dads as blubbering simpletons or even optional accessories to a family. Yet, we all know that dads matter, for good or bad. To lift up this truth, I want to share a story today from a daughter on how her dad positively influenced her.
A father's influence on his daughter's life can mean the difference between her entering a good marriage or a bad one. Here's how Glenn Stanton, one of our family experts, summarizes the research:
Girls with involved fathers, therefore, are more likely to select for themselves good suitors and husbands because they have a proper standard by which to judge all candidates.


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Your advertisement could be here -- Contact me!.
Thu, 01 Jan 2015
CPAN Pull Request Challenge: A call to the CPAN authors
Permanent link
The 2015 CPAN Pull Request Challenge is ramping up, and so far nearly two hundred volunteers have signed up, pledging to make one pull request for a CPAN distribution for each month of the year.
So here's a call to the all the CPAN authors: please be supportive, and if you
don't like for your CPAN distributions to be part of the challenge, please
send an email to neil at bowers dot com
, stating your PAUSE ID and the fact
that you want to be excluded.
How to be supportive? The first step is to act on pull requests. If you don't have time for a review, please say so; getting some response, even if it's "it'll be some time 'till I get around to reviewing this" is much better than none.
The volunteers have varied backgrounds; some are seasoned veterans, others are beginners who will make their first contribution to Open Source. So please be patient and encouraging.
If you have specific requirements for contributions, add a file called CONTRIBUTING or CONTRIBUTING.md to your github repositories where you state those requirements.
And of course, be civil. But that goes without saying, right? :-)
(And to those CPAN authors who haven't done it yet: put your distributions on github, so that you're not left out of the fun!
Happy New Year everybody, and have a great deal of fun!
Wed, 10 Dec 2014
New Perl 6 community server now live, accepting signups
Permanent link
The new Perl 6 community server is now alive and kicking.
As planned, I've set up KVM virtualization, and so far there are two guest systems. hack.p6c.org is meant for general Perl 6 development activity (which also includes irssi/weechat sessions), and is equipped with 20GB RAM to handle multiple concurrent rakudo-jvm compilations :-). It runs a pretty bare-bones Debian Jessie.
Update: there is now a website for the new server.
www.p6c.org is the web server where I plan to host perl6.org and related (sub-)domains. It's not as beefy as hack, but sufficiently large to compile and run Rakudo, in preparation for future Perl 6-based web hosting. Currently I'm running a copy of several perl6.org subdomains on it (with the domain name p6c
instead of perl6
for test purposes); the plan is to switch the perl6.org DNS over once all of the websites have been copied/migrated.
If you have a Perl 6 related use for a shell account or for serving websites, please request an account by email (email@example.com) or IRC (moritz on freenode and magnet), including:
- Your desired username
- What you want to do on the machine(s) (not necessary for #perl6 regulars)
- Which of the machine(s) you need access to
- Optionally an openssh public key
- Whether you'd be willing to help a bit with sysadmin tasks (mostly
apt-get update && apt-get dist-upgrade
, restarting hung services, killing huge processes) - Software you need installed (it's OK to not know this up-front)
Note that feather.perl6.nl will shut down soon (no fixed date yet, but "end of 2014" is expected), so if you rely on feather now, you should consider migrating to the new server.
The code of conduct is pretty simple:
- Be reasonable in your resource usage.
- Use technical means to limit your resource usage so that it doesn't accidentally explode (ulimit comes to mind).
- Limit yourself to legal and Perl 6-related use cases (no warez).
- Help your fellow hackers.
The standard disclaimer applies:
- Expect no privacy. There will potentially be many
users, who could all read your files and memory. - There are no promises of continued service or even support. Your account can be terminated without notice.
- Place of jurisdiction in Nürnberg, Germany. You have to comply with German law while using the server. (Note that this puts pretty high standards on privacy for any user data you collect, including from web applications). It's your duty to inform yourself about the applicable laws. Illegal activities will be reported to the authorities.
With all that said, happy hacking!.
Tue, 02 Dec 2014
A new Perl 6 community server - update
Permanent link
In my previous post I announced my plans for a new Perl 6 community server (successor to feather.perl6.nl), and now I'd like to share some updates.
Thanks to the generosity of the Perl 6 community, the server has been ordered and paid. I am now in the process of contacting those donors who haven't paid yet, leaving them the choice to re-purpose their pledge to ongoing costs (traffic, public IPv4 addresses, domain(s), SSL certs if necessary) and maintenance, or withdraw their pledges.
Some details of the hardware we'll get:
- CPU: Intel® Xeon® Haswell-EP Series Processor E5-2620 v3, 2.40 GHz, 6-Core Socket 2011-3, 15MB Cache
- RAM: 4x8GB DDR4 DDR4 PC2133 Reg. ECC 2R
- HD: 2x 2TB SATA3-HD
The vendor has told me that all parts have arrived, and will be assembled today or tomorrow.
Currently I lean towards using KVM to create three virtual hosts: one for websites (*.perl6.org, perlcabal.syn), one for general hacking and IRC activity, and one for high-risk stuff (evalbots, try.rakudo.org, ...).
I've secured the domain p6c.org (for "perl 6 community"), and the IPv4 range 184.108.40.206 - 220.127.116.11 and the IPv6 net 2001:780:101:ff00::/64.
So the infrastructure is in place, now I'm waiting for the delivery of the hardware.
Wed, 05 Nov 2014
A new Perl 6 community server - call for funding
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So far, many Perl 6 developers have used feather as a generic development server. Juerd, who has genereously provided this server for us for free for many years, has announced that it will be shut down at the end of the year.
My daytime job is at a b2b IT outsourcing and hosting company called noris network, and they have agreed to sponsor the hosting/housing of a 1U 19" server in one of their state-of-the-art data centers in Nürnberg, Germany.
What's missing is the actual hardware. Some folks in the community have already agreed to participate in funding the hardware, though I have few concrete pledges.
So here is the call to action: If you want to help the Perl 6 community
with a one-time donation towards a new community server, please send me an
e-mail to moritz at faui2k3 dot org
, specifying the amount you're
willing do pledge, and whether you want to stay private as a donor.
I accept money transfer by paypal and wire transfer
(SWIFT). Direct hardware donations are also welcome. (Though actual money will
be deferred until the final decision what hardware to buy, and thus the total
amount required).
How much do we need?
Decent, used 1U servers seem to start at about 250€, though 350€ would get us a lot more bang (mostly RAM and hard disk space). And in general, the more the merrier. (Cheaper offers exist, for example on ebay, but usually they are without hard disks, so the need for extra drives makes them more expensive in total).
With more money, even beefier hardware and/or spare parts and/or a maintainance contract and/new hardware would be an option.
What do we need it for?
The main tasks for the server are:
- Hosting websites like perl6.org and the synopses
- Hosting infrastructure like the panda metadata server
- Be available for smoke runs of the compilers, star distributions and module ecosystem.
- Be available as a general development machine for people who don't have linux available and/or not enough resources to build some Perl 6 compilers on their own machines comfortably.
- A place for IRC sessions for community memebers
- A backup location for community services like the IRC logs, the camelia IRC eval bot etc. Those resources are currently hosted elswewhere, though having another option for hosting would be very valuable.
- A webspace for people who want to host Perl 6-related material.
It is explicitly not meant as a general hosting platform, nor as a mail server.
If the hardware we get is beefy enough, I'd like to virtualize the server into two to three components. One for hosting the perl6.org and related websites that should be rather stable, and one for the rest of the system. If resources allow it, and depending on feedback I get, maybe a third virtual system for high-risk stuff like evalbot.
As operating system I'll install Debian Jessie (the current testing), simply because I'll end up maintaing the system, and it's the system I'm most familiar with.
Sat, 15 Feb 2014
The Fun of Running a Public Web Service, and Session Storage
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One of my websites, Sudokugarden, recently surged in traffic, from about 30k visitors per month to more than 100k visitors per month. Here's the tale of what that meant for the server side.
As a bit of background, I built the website in 2007, when I knew a lot less about the web and programming. It runs on a host that I share with a few friends; I don't have root access on that machine, though when the admin is available, I can generally ask him to install stuff for me.
Most parts of the websites are built as static HTML files, with Server Side Includes. Parts of those SSIs are Perl CGI scripts. The most popular part though, which allows you to solve Sudoku in the browser and keeps hiscores, is written as a collection of Perl scripts, backed by a mysql database.
When at peak times the site had more than 10k visitors a day, lots of
visitors would get a nasty mysql: Cannot connect: Too many open
error. The admin wasn't available for bumping the
connection limit, so I looked for other solutions.
My first action was to check the logs for spammers and crawlers that might hammered the page, and I found and banned some; but the bulk of the traffic looked completely legitimate, and the problem persisted.
Looking at the seven year old code, I realized that most pages didn't actually need a database connection, if only I could remove the session storage from the database. And, in fact, I could. I used CGI::Session, which has pluggable backend. Switching to a file-based session backend was just a matter of changing the connection string and adding a directory for session storage. Luckily the code was clean enough that this only affected a single subroutine. Everything was fine.
For a while.
Then, about a month later, the host ran out of free disk space. Since it is used for other stuff too (like email, and web hosting for other users) it took me a while to make the connection to the file-based session storage. What happened was 3 million session files on a ext3 file system with a block size of 4 kilobyte. A session is only about 400 byte, but since a file uses up a multiple of the block size, the session storage amounted to 12 gigabyte of used-up disk space, which was all that was left on that machine.
Deleting those sessions turned out to be a problem; I could only log in as
my own user, which doesn't have write access to the session files (which are
owned by www-data
, the Apache user). The solution was to upload a
CGI script that deleted the session, but of course that wasn't possible at
first, because the disk was full. In the end I had to delete several gigabyte
of data from my home directory before I could upload anything again.
(Processes running as root were still writing to reserved-to-root portions of
the file system, which is why I had to delete so much data before I was able
to write again).
Even when I was able to upload the deletion script, it took quite some time to actually delete the session files; mostly because the directory was too large, and deleting files on ext3 is slow. When the files were gone, the empty session directory still used up 200MB of disk space, because the directory index doesn't shrink on file deletion.
Clearly a better solution to session storage was needed. But first I investigated where all those sessions came from, and banned a few spamming IPs. I also changed the code to only create sessions when somebody logs in, not give every visitor a session from the start.
My next attempt was to write the sessions to an SQLite database. It uses about 400 bytes per session (plus a fixed overhead for the db file itself), so it uses only a tenth of storage space that the file-based storage used. The SQLite database has no connection limit, though the old-ish version that was installed on the server doesn't seem to have very fine-grained locking either; within a few days I could errors that the session database was locked.
So I added another layer of workaround: creating a separate session database per leading IP octet. So now there are up to 255 separate session database (plus a 256th for all IPv6 addresses; a decision that will have to be revised when IPv6 usage rises). After a few days of operation, it seems that this setup works well enough. But suspicious as I am, I'll continue monitoring both disk usage and errors from Apache.
So, what happens if this solution fails to work out? I can see basically two approaches: move the site to a server that's fully under my control, and use redis or memcached for session storage; or implement sessions with signed cookies that are stored purely on the client side.
Sat, 19 Oct 2013
A small regex optimization for NQP and Rakudo
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Recently I read the course material of the Rakudo and NQP Internals Workshop, and had an idea for a small optimization for the regex engine. Yesterday night I implemented it, and I'd like to walk you through the process.
As a bit of background, the regex engine that Rakudo uses is actually implemented in NQP, and used by NQP too. The code I am about to discuss all lives in the NQP repository, but Rakudo profits from it too.
In addition one should note that the regex engine is mostly used for parsing grammar, a process which involves nearly no scanning. Scanning is the process where the regex engine first tries to match the regex at the start of the string, and if it fails there, moves to the second character in the string, tries again etc. until it succeeds.
But regexes that users write often involve scanning, and so my idea was to
speed up regexes that scan, and where the first thing in the regex is a
literal. In this case it makes sense to find possible start positions with a
fast string search algorithm, for example the
algorithm. The virtual machine backends for NQP already implement that as
the index
opcode, which can be invoked as start = index
haystack, needle, startpos
, where the string haystack
is searched for the substring needle
, starting from position
From reading the course material I knew I had to search for a regex type
called scan
, so that's what I did:
$ git grep --word scan 3rdparty/libtommath/bn_error.c: /* scan the lookup table for the given message 3rdparty/libtommath/bn_mp_cnt_lsb.c: /* scan lower digits until non-zero */ 3rdparty/libtommath/bn_mp_cnt_lsb.c: /* now scan this digit until a 1 is found 3rdparty/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_next_prime.c: /* scan upwards 3rdparty/libtommath/changes.txt: -- Started the Depends framework, wrote d src/QRegex/P5Regex/Actions.nqp: QAST::Regex.new( :rxtype<sca src/QRegex/P6Regex/Actions.nqp: QAST::Regex.new( :rxtype<sca src/vm/jvm/QAST/Compiler.nqp: method scan($node) { src/vm/moar/QAST/QASTRegexCompilerMAST.nqp: method scan($node) { Binary file src/vm/moar/stage0/NQPP6QRegexMoar.moarvm matches Binary file src/vm/moar/stage0/QASTMoar.moarvm matches src/vm/parrot/QAST/Compiler.nqp: method scan($node) { src/vm/parrot/stage0/P6QRegex-s0.pir: $P5025 = $P5024."new"("scan" :named("rx src/vm/parrot/stage0/QAST-s0.pir:.sub "scan" :subid("cuid_135_1381944260.6802") src/vm/parrot/stage0/QAST-s0.pir: push $P5004, "scan"
The binary files and .pir files are generated code included just for
bootstrapping, and not interesting for us. The files in
are there for bigint handling, thus not
interesting for us either. The rest are good matches:
is responsible for compiling Perl
6 regexes to an abstract syntax tree (AST), and
compiles that AST down to PIR,
the assembly language that the Parrot Virtual Machine understands.
So, looking at src/QRegex/P6Regex/Actions.nqp
the place that
mentions scan
looked like this:
$block<orig_qast> := $qast; $qast := QAST::Regex.new( :rxtype<concat>, QAST::Regex.new( :rxtype<scan> ), $qast, ($anon ?? QAST::Regex.new( :rxtype<pass> ) !! (nqp::substr(%*RX<name>, 0, 12) ne '!!LATENAME!!' ?? QAST::Regex.new( :rxtype<pass>, :name(%*RX<name>) ) !! QAST::Regex.new( :rxtype<pass>, QAST::Var.new( :name(nqp::substr(%*RX<name>, 12)), :scope('lexical') ) ) )));
So to make the regex scan, the AST (in $qast
) is wrapped in
:rxtype<scan> ), $qast, ...)
, plus some stuff I don't care
To make the optimization work, the scan
node needs to know
what to scan for, if the first thing in the regex is indeed a constant string,
aka literal. If it is, $qast
is either directly of rxtype
, or a concat
node where the first child is a
literal. As a patch, it looks like this:
--- a/src/QRegex/P6Regex/Actions.nqp +++ b/src/QRegex/P6Regex/Actions.nqp @@ -667,9 +667,21 @@ class QRegex::P6Regex::Actions is HLL::Actions { self.store_regex_nfa($code_obj, $block, QRegex::NFA.new.addnode($qast)) self.alt_nfas($code_obj, $block, $qast); + my $scan := QAST::Regex.new( :rxtype<scan> ); + { + my $q := $qast; + if $q.rxtype eq 'concat' && $q[0] { + $q := $q[0] + } + if $q.rxtype eq 'literal' { + nqp::push($scan, $q[0]); + $scan.subtype($q.subtype); + } + } + $block<orig_qast> := $qast; $qast := QAST::Regex.new( :rxtype<concat>, - QAST::Regex.new( :rxtype<scan> ), + $scan, $qast,
Since concat
nodes have always been empty so far, the code
generators don't look at their child nodes, and adding one with
nqp::push($scan, $q[0]);
won't break anything on backends that
don't support this optimization yet (which after just this patch were all of
them). Running make test
confirmed that.
My original patch did not contain the line
, and later on some unit tests started
to fail, because regex matches can be case insensitive, but the
op works only case sensitive. For case insensitive matches,
the $q.subtype
of the literal regex node would be
, so that information needs to be carried on to the
code generation backend.
Once that part was in place, and some debug nqp::say()
statements confirmed that it indeed worked, it was time to look at the code
generation. For the parrot backend, it looked like this:
method scan($node) { my $ops := self.post_new('Ops', :result(%*REG<cur>)); my $prefix := self.unique('rxscan'); my $looplabel := self.post_new('Label', :name($prefix ~ '_loop')); my $scanlabel := self.post_new('Label', :name($prefix ~ '_scan')); my $donelabel := self.post_new('Label', :name($prefix ~ '_done')); $ops.push_pirop('repr_get_attr_int', '$I11', 'self', %*REG<curclass>, '"$!from"'); $ops.push_pirop('ne', '$I11', -1, $donelabel); $ops.push_pirop('goto', $scanlabel); $ops.push($looplabel); $ops.push_pirop('inc', %*REG<pos>); $ops.push_pirop('gt', %*REG<pos>, %*REG<eos>, %*REG<fail>); $ops.push_pirop('repr_bind_attr_int', %*REG<cur>, %*REG<curclass>, '"$!from"', %*REG<pos>); $ops.push($scanlabel); self.regex_mark($ops, $looplabel, %*REG<pos>, 0); $ops.push($donelabel); $ops; }
While a bit intimidating at first, staring at it for a while quickly made
clear what kind of code it emits. First three labels are generated, to which
the code can jump with goto $label
: One as a jump target for the
loop that increments the cursor position ($looplabel
), one for doing the regex match at
that position ($scanlabel
), and $donelabel
jumping to when the whole thing has finished.
Inside the loop there is an increment (inc) of the register the holds
the current position (%*REG<pos>
), that position is
compared to the end-of-string position (%*REG<eos>
), and if
is larger, the cursor is marked as failed.
So the idea is to advance the position by one, and then instead of doing
the regex match immediately, call the index
op to find the next
position where the regex might succeed:
--- a/src/vm/parrot/QAST/Compiler.nqp +++ b/src/vm/parrot/QAST/Compiler.nqp @@ -1564,7 +1564,13 @@ class QAST::Compiler is HLL::Compiler { $ops.push_pirop('goto', $scanlabel); $ops.push($looplabel); $ops.push_pirop('inc', %*REG<pos>); - $ops.push_pirop('gt', %*REG<pos>, %*REG<eos>, %*REG<fail>); + if nqp::elems($node.list) && $node.subtype ne 'ignorecase' { + $ops.push_pirop('index', %*REG<pos>, %*REG<tgt>, self.rxescape($node[0]), %*REG<pos>); + $ops.push_pirop('eq', %*REG<pos>, -1, %*REG<fail>); + } + else { + $ops.push_pirop('gt', %*REG<pos>, %*REG<eos>, %*REG<fail>); + } $ops.push_pirop('repr_bind_attr_int', %*REG<cur>, %*REG<curclass>, '"$!from"', %*REG<pos>); $ops.push($scanlabel); self.regex_mark($ops, $looplabel, %*REG<pos>, 0);
The index
op returns -1 on failure, so the condition for a
cursor fail are slightly different than before.
And as mentioned earlier, the optimization can only be safely done for matches that don't ignore case. Maybe with some additional effort that could be remedied, but it's not as simple as case-folding the target string, because some case folding operations can change the string length (for example ß becomes SS while uppercasing).
After successfully testing the patch, I came up with a small, artifical benchmark designed to show a difference in performance for this particular case. And indeed, it sped it up from 647 ± 28 µs to 161 ± 18 µs, which is roughly a factor of four.
You can see the whole thing as two commits on github.
What remains to do is implementing the same optimization on the JVM and MoarVM
backends, and of course other optimizations. For example the Perl 5 regex
engine keeps track of minimal and maximal string lengths for each subregex,
and can anchor a regex like /a?b?longliteral/
to 0..2 characters
before a match of longliteral
, and generally use that meta
information to fail faster.
But for now I am mostly encouraged that doing a worthwhile optimization was possible in a single evening without any black magic, or too intimate knowledge of the code generation.
Update: the code generation for MoarVM now
also uses the index op. The logic is the same as for the parrot backend,
the only difference is that the literal needs to be loaded into a register
(whose name fresh_s
returns) before index_s
can use
Wed, 14 Aug 2013
YAPC Europe 2013 Day 3
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The second day of YAPC Europe climaxed in the river boat cruise, Kiev's version of the traditional conference dinner. It was a largish boat traveling on the Dnipro river, with food, drinks and lots of Perl folks. Not having fixed tables, and having to get up to fetch food and drinks led to a lot of circulation, and thus meeting many more people than at traditionally dinners. I loved it.
Day 3 started with a video message from next year's YAPC Europe organizers, advertising for the upcoming conference and talking a bit about the oppurtunities that Sofia offers. Tempting :-).
Monitoring with Perl and Unix::Statgrab was more about the metrics that are available for monitoring, and less about doing stuff with Perl. I was a bit disappointed.
The "Future Perl Versioning" Discussion was a very civilized discussion, with solid arguments. Whether anybody changed their minds remain to be seen.
Carl Mäsak gave two great talks: one on reactive programming, and one on regular expressions. I learned quite a bit in the first one, and simply enjoyed the second one.
After the lunch (tasty again), I attended Jonathan Worthington's third talk, MoarVM: a metamodel-focused runtime for NQP and Rakudo. Again this was a great talk, based on great work done by Jonathan and others during the last 12 months or so. MoarVM is a virtual machine designed for Perl 6's needs, as we understand them now (as opposed to parrot, which was designed towards Perl 6 as it was understood around 2003 or so, which is considerably different).
How to speak manager was both amusing and offered a nice perspective on interactions between managers and programmers. Some of this advice assumed a non-tech-savy manager, and thus didn't quite apply to my current work situation, but was still interesting.
I must confess I don't remember too much of the rest of the talks that evening. I blame five days of traveling, hackathon and conference taking their toll on me.
The third session of lightning talks was again an interesting mix, containing interesting technical tidbits, the usual "we are hiring" slogans, some touching and thoughtful moments, and finally a song by Piers Cawley. He had written the lyrics in the previous 18 hours (including sleep), to (afaict) a traditional irish song. Standing up in front of ~300 people and singing a song that you haven't really had time to practise takes a huge amount of courage, and I admire Piers both for his courage and his great performance. I hope it was recorded, and makes it way to the public soon.
Finally the organizers spoke some closing words, and received their well-deserved share of applause.
As you might have guess from this and the previous blog posts, I enjoyed this year's YAPC Europe very much, and found it well worth attending, and well organized. I'd like to give my heart-felt thanks to everybody who helped to make it happen, and to my employer for sending me there.
This being only my second YAPC, I can't make any far-reaching comparisons, but compared to YAPC::EU 2010 in Pisa I had an easier time making acquaintances. I cannot tell what the big difference was, but the buffet-style dinners at the pre-conference meeting and the river boat cruise certainly helped to increase the circulation and thus the number of people I talked to.
Tue, 13 Aug 2013
YAPC Europe 2013 Day 2
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The second day of YAPC Europe was enjoyable and informative.
I learned about ZeroMQ, which is a bit like sockets on steriods. Interesting stuff. Sadly Design decisions on p2 didn't quite qualify as interesting.
Matt's PSGI archive is a project to rewrite Matt's infamous script archive in modern Perl. Very promising, and a bit entertaining too.
Lunch was very tasty, more so than the usual mass catering. Kudos to the organizers!
After lunch, jnthn talked about concurrency, parallelism and asynchrony in Perl 6. It was a great talk, backed by great work on the compiler and runtime. Jonathans talk are always to be recommended.
I think I didn't screw up my own talk too badly, at least the timing worked fine. I just forgot to show the last slide. No real harm done.
I also enjoyed mst's State of the Velociraptor, which was a summary of what went on in the Perl world in the last year. (Much better than the YAPC::EU 2010 talk with the same title).
The Lightning talks were as enjoyable as those from the previous day. So all fine!
Next up is the river cruise, I hope to blog about that later on.
Mon, 12 Aug 2013
First day at YAPC::Europe 2013 in Kiev
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Today was the first "real" day of YAPC Europe 2013 in Kiev. In the same sense that it was the first real day, we had quite a nice "unreal" conference day yesterday, with a day-long Perl 6 hackathon, and in the evening a pre-conference meeting a Sovjet-style restaurant with tasty food and beverages.
The talks started with a few words of welcome, and then the announcement that the YAPC Europe next year will be in Sofia, Bulgaria, with the small side note that there were actually three cities competing for that honour. Congratulations to Sofia!
Larry's traditional keynote was quite emotional, and he had to fight tears a few times. Having had cancer and related surgeries in the past year, he still does his perceived duty to the Perl community, which I greatly appreciate.
Afterwards Dave Cross talked about 25 years of Perl in 25 minutes, which was a nice walk through some significant developments in the Perl world, though a bit hasty. Maybe picking fewer events and spending a bit more time on the selected few would give a smoother experience.
Another excellent talk that ran out of time was on Redis. Having experimented a wee bit with Redis in the past month, this was a real eye-opener on the wealth of features we might have used for a project at work, but in the end we didn't. Maybe we will eventually revise that decision.
Ribasushi talked about how hard benchmarking really is, and while I was (in principle) aware of that fact that it's hard to get right, there were still several significant factors that I overlooked (like the CPU's tendency to scale frequency in response to thermal and power-management considerations). I also learned that I should use Dumbbench instead of the Benchmark.pm core module. Sadly it didn't install for me (Capture::Tiny tests failing on Mac OS X).
The Perl 6 is dead, long live Perl 5 talk was much less inflammatory than the title would suggest (maybe due to Larry touching on the subject briefly during the keynote). It was mostly about how Perl 5 is used in the presenter's company, which was mildly interesting.
After tasty free lunch I attended jnthn's talk on Rakudo on the JVM, which was (as is typical for jnthn's talk) both entertaining and taught me something, even though I had followed the project quite a bit.
Thomas Klausner's Bread::Board by example made me want to refactor the OTRS internals very badly, because it is full of the anti-patterns that Bread::Board can solve in a much better way. I think that the OTRS code base is big enough to warrant the usage of Bread::Board.
I enjoyed Denis' talk on Method::Signatures, and was delighted to see that most syntax is directly copied from Perl 6 signature syntax. Talk about Perl 6 sucking creativity out of Perl 5 development.
The conference ended with a session of lighning talks, something which I always enjoy. Many lightning talks had a slightly funny tone or undertone, while still talking about interesting stuff.
Finally there was the "kick-off party", beverages and snacks sponsored by booking.com. There (and really the whole day, and yesterday too) I not only had conversations with my "old" Perl 6 friends, but also talked with many interesting people I never met before, or only met online before.
So all in all it was a nice experience, both from the social side, and from quality and contents of the talks. Venue and food are good, and the wifi too, except when it stops working for a few minutes.
I'm looking forward to two more days of conference!
(Updated: Fixed Thomas' last name)
Wed, 17 Apr 2013
The REPL trick
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A recent discussion on IRC prompted me to share a small but neat trick with you.
If there are things you want to do quite often in the Rakudo REPL (the interactive "Read-Evaluate-Print Loop"), it makes sense to create a shortcut for them. And creating shortcuts for often-used stuff is what programming languages excel at, so you do it right in Perl module:
use v6; module REPLHelper; sub p(Mu \x) is export { x.^mro.map: *.^name; }
I have placed mine in $HOME/.perl6/repl
And then you make sure it's loaded automatically:
$ alias p6repl="perl6 -I$HOME/.perl6/repl/ -MREPLHelper" $ p6repl > p Int Int Cool Any Mu >
Now you have a neat one-letter function which tells you the parents of an object or a type, in method resolution order. And a way to add more shortcuts when you need them.
Sun, 31 Mar 2013
Rakudo's Abstract Syntax Tree
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After or while a compiler parses a program, the compiler usually translates the source code into a tree format called Abstract Syntax Tree, or AST for short.
The optimizer works on this program representation, and then the code generation stage turns it into a format that the platform underneath it can understand. Actually I wanted to write about the optimizer, but noticed that understanding the AST is crucial to understanding the optimizer, so let's talk about the AST first.
The Rakudo Perl 6 Compiler uses an AST
format called QAST. QAST nodes derive from the common superclass
, which sets up the basic structure of all QAST
classes. Each QAST node has a list of child nodes, possibly a hash map for
unstructured annotations, an attribute (confusingly) named node
for storing the lower-level parse tree (which is used to extract line numbers
and context), and a bit of extra infrastructure.
The most important node classes are the following:
- QAST::Stmts
- A list of statements. Each child of the node is considered a separate statement.
- QAST::Op
- A single operation that usually maps to a primitive operation of the underlying platform, like adding two integers, or calling a routine.
- QAST::IVal, QAST::NVal, QAST::SVal
- Those hold integer, float ("numeric") and string constants respectively.
- QAST::WVal
- Holds a reference to a more complex object (for example a class) which is serialized separately.
- QAST::Block
- A list of statements that introduces a separate lexical scope.
- QAST::Var
- A variable
- QAST::Want
- A node that can evaluate to different child nodes, depending on the context it is compiled it.
To give you a bit of a feel of how those node types interact, I want to give a few examples of Perl 6 examples, and what AST they could produce. (It turns out that Perl 6 is quite a complex language under the hood, and usually produces a more complicated AST than the obvious one; I'll ignore that for now, in order to introduce you to the basics.)
Ops and Constants
The expression 23 + 42
could, in the simplest case, produce
this AST:
QAST::Op.new( :op('add'), QAST::IVal.new(:value(23)), QAST::IVal.new(:value(42)), );
Here an QAST::Op
encodes a primitive operation, an addition of
two numbers. The :op
argument specifies which operation to use.
The child nodes are two constants, both of type QAST::IVal
, which
hold the operands of the low-level operation add
Now the low-level add
operation is not polymorphic, it always
adds two floating-point values, and the result is a floating-point value
again. Since the arguments are integers and not floating point values, they
are automatically converted to float first. That's not the desired semantics for Perl 6; actually the operator
is implemented as a subroutine of name
, so the real generated code is closer to
QAST::Op.new( :op('call'), :name('&infix:<+>'), # name of the subroutine to call QAST::IVal.new(:value(23)), QAST::IVal.new(:value(42)), );
Variables and Blocks
Using a variable is as simple as writing
, but it must be declared
first. This is done with QAST::Var.new(:name('name-of-the-variable'),
:decl('var'), :scope('lexical'))
But there is a slight caveat: in Perl 6 a variable is always scoped to a
block. So while you can't ordinarily mention a variable prior to its
declaration, there are indirect ways to achieve that (lookup by name, and
, to name just two).
So in Rakudo there is a convention to create QAST::Block
with two QAST::Stmts
children. The first holds all the
declarations, and the second all the actual code. That way all the declaration
always come before the rest of the code.
So my $x = 42; say $x
compiles to roughly this:
QAST::Block.new( QAST::Stmts.new( QAST::Var.new(:name('$x'), :decl('var'), :scope('lexical')), ), QAST::Stmts.new( QAST::Op.new( :op('p6store'), QAST::Var.new(:name('$x')), QAST::IVal.new(:value(42)), ), QAST::Op.new( :op('call'), :name('&say'), QAST::Var.new(:name('$x')), ), ), );
Polymorphism and QAST::Want
Perl 6 distinguishes between native types and reference types. Native types are closer to the machine, and their type name is always lower case in Perl 6.
Integer literals are polymorphic in that they can be either a native
or a "boxed" reference type Int
To model this in the AST, QAST::Want
nodes can contain
multiple child nodes. The compile-time context decides which of those is
acutally used.
So the integer literal 42
actually produces not just a simple
node but rather this:
QAST::Want.new( QAST::WVal(Int.new(42)), 'Ii', QAST::Ival(42), )
(Note that Int.new(42)
is just a nice notation to indicate a
boxed integer object; it doesn't quite work like this in the code that
translate Perl 6 source code into ASTs).
The first child of a QAST::Want
node is the one used by
default, if no other alternative matches. The comes a list where the elements
with odd indexes are format specifications (here Ii
integers) and the elements at even-side indexes are the AST to use in that
An interesting format specification is 'v'
for void context,
which is always chosen when the return value from the current expression isn't
used at all. In Perl 6 this is used to eagerly evaluate lazy lists that are
used in void context, and for several optimizations.
Tue, 12 Feb 2013
Pattern Matching and Unpacking
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When talking about pattern matching in the context of Perl 6, people usually think about regex or grammars. Those are indeed very powerful tools for pattern matching, but not the only one.
Another powerful tool for pattern matching and for unpacking data structures uses signatures.
Signatures are "just" argument lists:
sub repeat(Str $s, Int $count) { # ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the signature # $s and $count are the parameters return $s x $count }
Nearly all modern programming languages have signatures, so you might say: nothing special, move along. But there are two features that make them more useful than signatures in other languages.
The first is multi dispatch, which allows you to write several routines with the name, but with different signatures. While extremely powerful and helpful, I don't want to dwell on them. Look at Chapter 6 of the "Using Perl 6" book for more details.
The second feature is sub-signatures. It allows you to write a signature for a sigle parameter.
Which sounds pretty boring at first, but for example it allows you to do declarative validation of data structures. Perl 6 has no built-in type for an array where each slot must be of a specific but different type. But you can still check for that in a sub-signature
sub f(@array [Int, Str]) { say @array.join: ', '; } f [42, 'str']; # 42, str f [42, 23]; # Nominal type check failed for parameter ''; # expected Str but got Int instead in sub-signature # of parameter @array
Here we have a parameter called @array
, and it is followed by
a square brackets, which introduce a sub-signature for an array. When calling
the function, the array is checked against the signature (Int,
, and so if the array doesn't contain of exactly one Int and one
Str in this order, a type error is thrown.
The same mechanism can be used not only for validation, but also for unpacking, which means extracting some parts of the data structure. This simply works by using variables in the inner signature:
sub head(*@ [$head, *@]) { $head; } sub tail(*@ [$, *@tail]) { @tail; } say head <a b c >; # a say tail <a b c >; # b c
Here the outer parameter is anonymous (the @
), though it's
entirely possible to use variables for both the inner and the outer
The anonymous parameter can even be omitted, and you can write sub
tail( [$, *@tail] )
Sub-signatures are not limited to arrays. For working on arbitrary objects, you surround them with parenthesis instead of brackets, and use named parameters inside:
multi key-type ($ (Numeric :$key, *%)) { "Number" } multi key-type ($ (Str :$key, *%)) { "String" } for (42 => 'a', 'b' => 42) -> $pair { say key-type $pair; } # Output: # Number # String
This works because the =>
constructs a Pair, which has a
and a value
attribute. The named parameter
in the sub-signature extracts the attribute
You can build quite impressive things with this feature, for example red-black tree balancing based on multi dispatch and signature unpacking. (More verbose explanation of the code.) Most use cases aren't this impressive, but still it is very useful to have occasionally. Like for this small evaluator.
Mon, 31 Dec 2012
iPod nano 5g on linux -- works!
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For Christmas I got an iPod nano (5th generation). Since I use only Linux on my home computers, I searched the Internet for how well it is supported by Linux-based tools. The results looked bleak, but they were mostly from 2009.
Now (December 2012) on my Debian/Wheezy system, it just worked.
The iPod nano 5g presents itself as an ordinary USB storage device, which you can mount without problems. However simply copying files on it won't make the iPod show those files in the play lists, because there is some meta data stored on the device that must be updated too.
There are several user-space programs that allow you to import and export music from and to the iPod, and update those meta data files as necessary. The first one I tried, gtkpod 2.1.2, worked fine.
Other user-space programs reputed to work with the iPod are rhythmbox and amarok (which both not only organize but also play music).
Although I don't think anything really depends on some particular versions here (except that you need a new enough version of gtkpod), here is what I used:
- Architecture: amd64
- Linux: 3.2.0-4-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 3.2.35-2
- Userland: Debian GNU/Linux "Wheezy" (currently "testing")
- gtkpod: 2.1.2-1
Thu, 23 Aug 2012
Correctness in Computer Programs and Mathematical Proofs
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While reading On Proof and Progress in Mathematics by Fields Medal winner Bill Thurston (recently deceased I was sorry to hear), I came across this gem:
The standard of correctness and completeness necessary to get a computer program to work at all is a couple of orders of magnitude higher than the mathematical community's standard of valid proofs. Nonetheless, large computer programs, even when they have been very carefully written and very carefully tested, always seem to have bugs.
I noticed that mathematicians are often sloppy about the scope of their symbols. Sometimes they use the same symbol for two different meanings, and you have to guess from context which on is meant.
This kind of sloppiness generally doesn't have an impact on the validity of the ideas that are communicated, as long as it's still understandable to the reader.
I guess on reason is that most mathematical publications still stick to one-letter symbol names, and there aren't that many letters in the alphabets that are generally accepted for usage (Latin, Greek, a few letters from Hebrew). And in the programming world we snort derisively at FORTRAN 77 that limited variable names to a length of 6 characters.
Sun, 19 Aug 2012
Quo Vadis Perl?
Permanent link
The last two days we had a gathering in town named Perl (yes, a place with that name exists). It's a lovely little town next to the borders to France and Luxembourg, and our meeting was titled "Perl Reunification Summit".
Sadly I only managed to arrive in Perl on Friday late in the night, so I missed the first day. Still it was totally worth it.
We tried to answer the question of how to make the Perl 5 and the Perl 6 community converge on a social level. While we haven't found the one true answer to that, we did find that discussing the future together, both on a technical and on a social level, already brought us closer together.
It was quite a touching moment when Merijn "Tux" Brand explained that he was skeptic of Perl 6 before the summit, and now sees it as the future.
We also concluded that copying API design is a good way to converge on a technical level. For example Perl 6's IO subsystem is in desperate need of a cohesive design. However none of the Perl 6 specification and the Rakudo development team has much experience in that area, and copying from successful Perl 5 modules is a viable approach here. Path::Class and IO::All (excluding the crazy parts) were mentioned as targets worth looking at.
There is now also an IRC channel to continue our discussions -- join
on irc.perl.org if you are interested.
We also discussed ways to bring parallel programming to both perls. I missed most of the discussion, but did hear that one approach is to make easier to send other processes some serialized objects, and thus distribute work among several cores.
Patrick Michaud gave a short ad-hoc presentation on implicit parallelism in Perl 6. There are several constructs where the language allows parallel execution, for example for Hyper operators, junctions and feeds (think of feeds as UNIX pipes, but ones that allow passing of objects and not just strings). Rakudo doesn't implement any of them in parallel right now, because the Parrot Virtual Machine does not provide the necessary primitives yet.
Besides the "official" program, everybody used the time in meat space to discuss their favorite projects with everybody else. For example I took some time to discuss the future of doc.perl6.org with Patrick and Gabor Szabgab, and the relation to perl6maven with the latter. The Rakudo team (which was nearly completely present) also discussed several topics, and I was happy to talk about the relation between Rakudo and Parrot with Reini Urban.
Prior to the summit my expectations were quite vague. That's why it's hard for me to tell if we achieved what we and the organizers wanted. Time will tell, and we want to summarize the result in six to nine months. But I am certain that many participants have changed some of their views in positive ways, and left the summit with a warm, fuzzy feeling.
I am very grateful to have been invited to such a meeting, and enjoyed it greatly. Our host and organizers, Liz and Wendy, took care of all of our needs -- travel, food, drinks, space, wifi, accommodation, more food, entertainment, food for thought, you name it. Thank you very much!
Update: Follow the #p6p5 hash tag on twitter if you want to read more, I'm sure other participants will blog too.
Other blogs posts on this topic: PRS2012 – Perl5-Perl6 Reunification Summit by mdk and post-yapc by theorbtwo


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XY News II
, 9th January 2013 at 11:16 AM (522 Views)
Next up, the legendary mascots, Xerneas and Yveltal. I really like the mascots. I don't really not what to say about them to be honest, except that, like Reshiram and Zekrom did initially, they don't look like Pokemon yet. Obviously over time they will look more like Pokemon, but at the moment, they don't.
As for their names... They're really good names, but I've got to admit, Yveltal's name looks pretty weird. How many more consonants could you put in there? But yeah, great names, great Pokemon.


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Good News Translation (GNT) | New International Version (NIV) |
1 In the past you were spiritually dead because of your disobedience and sins. | 1 As for you, you were dead in your transgressions and sins, |
2 At that time you followed the world's evil way; you obeyed the ruler of the spiritual powers in space, the spirit who now controls the people who disobey God. | 2 in which you used to live when you followed the ways of this world and of the ruler of the kingdom of the air, the spirit who is now at work in those who are disobedient. |
3 Actually all of us were like them and lived according to our natural desires, doing whatever suited the wishes of our own bodies and minds. In our natural condition we, like everyone else, were destined to suffer God's anger. | 3 All of us also lived among them at one time, gratifying the cravings of our sinful nature and following its desires and thoughts. Like the rest, we were by nature objects of wrath. |
4 But God's mercy is so abundant, and his love for us is so great, | 4 But because of his great love for us, God, who is rich in mercy, |
5 that while we were spiritually dead in our disobedience he brought us to life with Christ. It is by God's grace that you have been saved. | 5 made us alive with Christ even when we were dead in transgressions--it is by grace you have been saved. |
6 In our union with Christ Jesus he raised us up with him to rule with him in the heavenly world. | 6 And God raised us up with Christ and seated us with him in the heavenly realms in Christ Jesus, |
Scripture taken from the Good News Translation - Second Edition, Copyright 1992 by American Bible Society. Used by Permission. (The Good News Translation - The Holy Bible Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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Arrrest and Disbarment of Dem. Joseph Morrisey,
Based upon the recent actions of Democratic Delegate Joseph Morrissey of Henrico,VA. Who was brandishing an AK-47 Assault rifle with his thumb inside the trigger guard on the hosue floor of the Virginia legislature, and as past convicted felon and previously found guilty in 2002 of committing a vicious 1999 assault, was sanctioned for legal misconduct while prosecuting a rape case, spent six months in jail for contempt of a federal court, and saw his law license revoked in 2003 As a previous Felon is it unlawful for him to own, carry, or even posess ANY and all firearms. He is in violation of both Virginia and Federal statutes banning anyone with a history of violent crimes from posessing or brandishing any firearms. Therefore I call upon the law abiding citizens and lawful gun owners of Virginia to demand that Dem. Delegate Joseph Morrisey be indited, arrested, and disbarred from the practice of law in the state of Virginia. Also, that Mr. Morrisey's aquaintence who provided him with such weapon, also be charged in aiding a known violent felony to gain posession of a firearm. The law must be equal for all. If an average citizen of Virginia who was a previously convicted violent felon, he or she would be arrested at once by any lawful police officer. Mr Morrisey is NOT above the law even if he holds a J.D. degree. His right to practice law was revoked previously for his actions. Yet he continues to show our society and our law makers in Richmond he is unfit to perform the duties of his elected office.
Recent signatures
Diane Weber, United States
2 years ago Comments: Why was he not arrested on the Virginia House floor? Diane
Cory, United States
2 years ago Comments: This guy is a real piece of work and he wants to strip the rights away of millions that have never committed any crimes, yet he is has a lengthy criminal history and disbarment.
Paul L Felicetti, United States
2 years ago Comments: -
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830 Winnetka Ave. N. Golden Valley, MN 55427
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dont give up excercise whether you want to or not
When I find that I need new clothes I always think about the cost. Ugh...What I like is SO expensive so a few things I do is go to places like Marshal's or TJ Maxx where I can get named brand items very cheap. If that doesn't work I go online and see what items at my favorite store is on clearance sale. That ends up saving me quite a bit of money.
I enjoy working out and love the way I feel when I eat right and am loosing weight. However once people start to notice - I start binge eating again and fall off my workout routine - ugh. I think I am afraid of being seen - when your over weight you become invisible - in CA anyway. I found comfort in being invisible - I need to get over it! HELP
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Therapists in Malden
"The goals of my practice are to respectfully assess the strengths and needs of the persons I serve. Diagnose how individual needs affect a person's abilities to perform at self expressed optimal levels. Create a comprehensive treatment plan focused on identified needs with utilization of individual strengths to improve personal performance in areas of need. With a degree from Boston University's School of Medicine in Mental Health Counseling & Behavioral Medicine I utilize a medical approach to treat symptoms of psychological disease.
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Holistix By The Sea: Substance Abuse
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John Noyes LICSW
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"I have been practicing in the Melrose Mass area for over 30 years, helping clients with anxiety, depression, and relationship, and addiction issues. I have an interpersonal, collaborative approach that is focused on identifying and addressing obstacles to well being. I accept most major insurances.
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"Often times people experience challenges in their lives. During these difficult times it's not always easy to ask for help. Whether it's life transitions, school or work that is holding you back and preventing you from being who you want to be I offer a safe non judgmental, confidential space for you to explore your therapy needs. My approach varies according to needs of my clientele.
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"It is difficult to select a psychotherapist from a website. Finding the right therapist is all about finding someone who gets it and understands you. If you are looking for a kind, non-judgmental person who will really listen, then I may be the one for you. You may be having difficulty sleeping or difficulty with your boss. Maybe you have a new diagnosis such as diabetes or infertility. Maybe you may wonder if you are going crazy or your family is driving you crazy! Whatever challenges you are facing, I will work with you to find your unique way of managing them.
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Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
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Holistix By The Sea
Treatment Facility
"Welcome to Holistix by the Sea. We offer quality, effective treatment to individuals who want to overcome addiction to alcohol and other drugs. Our residence is in a serene beachside community in south Florida. We serve many local communities like Fort Lauderdale, Miami, the Palm Beaches, and many other Florida areas. In fact, many of our clients seeking quality alcohol and other drug treatments come from around the United States, Canada and abroad. Addiction is a 3 fold disease - A Mental Obsession, A Physical Allergy and a Spiritual Malady. At Holistix by the Sea, our dedicated team of trained professionals will evaluate the needs of our clients by working with them on a one-on-one basis and customize a program of recovery that will heal their Mind, Body and Spirit
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How can I tell if a therapist is right for me? Therapists in Malden have broad skills and are able to work with a wide range of issues. For example, if you're seeking a marriage counselor in Malden you'll find that most therapists are trained in marriage counseling or couples counseling in Malden and couples therapy. And they welcome families for family counseling in Malden or family therapy in Malden.
How to find a specialist? If you're looking for specialist counseling in Malden, Massachusetts, such as a child psychologist or sex therapist, try to refine your search with our left nav bar. |
What method of therapy is right for me? When it comes to treatment methods, there's no "right way". A couples counselor or a family counselor may use different treatment methods depending on the one that works best for you. |
How to use my insurance? Many therapists accept health insurance. Check to see if your insurance is covered. Feel free to discuss this when you contact the therapist. |


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I am a "normal" teenager who loves to make new friends and enjoying myself. If I get mad, sum times I do a lot of but once u don't get on my badddddd side well ur safe. Most persons say im a mad headed child (thus normal being in inverted commas) but I'll let u b the judge of that
i am a very nice person ,love a good joke and i love to smile , my kids makes me so happy and i just love being me i prefer to be natural i dont like makeup or nothing like that , will have to be a very speacial occasion,i would give my last to anyone that really need it
Well i am a person that likes to have fun and laugh a lot and and i cook when i feel to i go partying lime hardly ever now have a few drinks rally i like cars and bikes but mostly cars somebody say some thing about Toyotas go to the beach chat and listen to music most kinds.
I am 5'8 i have light brown eyes long black hair i am athletic. I love to laugh and smile and make other people smile i don`t like to see people upset. My friends and family mean alot to me i am a very caring person i love to love and be loved. I try hard at everything i do.
Im the craziest person anyone could ever meet and i love to give everyone a chance to get to know me. Im the kinda of girl who is straight up and straight foward always and when i get angry all hell breaks lose because im not angered easily. I love to be happy and make peop