text:
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Regularities and their relations to error bounds
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
In this paper, we mainly study various notions of regularity for a finite collection {C1,?,Cm} of closed convex subsets of a Banach space X and their relations with other fundamental concepts. ... Keywords: error bound, graph, linearly regular, multifunction, normal cone, positive linear functional, property (G), regular, strong CHIP, tangent cone
Kung Fu Ng; Wei Hong Yang
Vertical Correlation Functions for Temperature and Relative Humidity Errors
This article gives the details and results of an investigation into the properties of the temperature and relative humidity errors from the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System for a 4-month period from March to June 1998. The ...
Richard Franke; Edward Barker
Table 2b. Relative Standard Errors for Electricity Consumption and
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
2b. Relative Standard Errors for Electricity 2b. Relative Standard Errors for Electricity Table 2b. Relative Standard Errors for Electricity Consumption and Electricity Intensities, per Square Foot, Specific to Occupied and Vacant Floorspace, 1992 Building Characteristics All Buildings Using Electricity (thousand) Total Electricity Consumption (trillion Btu) Electricity Intensities (thousand Btu) In Total Floor- space In Occupied Floor- space In Vacant Floor- space Per Square Foot Per Occupied Square Foot Per Vacant Square Foot All Buildings 4 5 5 9 4 4 4 Building Floorspace (Square Feet) 1,001 to 5,000 5 6 6 12 6 6 9 5,001 to 10,000 4 9 9 13 9 9 9 10,001 to 25,000 5 7 7 14 5 5 7 25,001 to 50,000 7 10 10 21 10 10 11 50,001 to 100,000 7 12 12 15 8 8 10 100,001 to 200,000 9 13 13 24 10 11 10 200,001 to 500,000 10 13 13 19 11 11 10 Over 500,000 26 18 18 34
"RSE Table N11.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table N11.1;...
1. Relative Standard Errors for Table N11.1;" " Unit: Percents." " "," " "NAICS"," "," ",,"Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke"," " "Code(a)","Subsector and...
ARM Energy Balance Bowen Ratio (EBBR) station: surf. heat flux and related data, 30-min
DOE Data Explorer (OSTI)
The Energy Balance Bowen Ratio (EBBR) system produces 30-min estimates of the vertical fluxes of sensible and latent heat at the local surface. Flux estimates are calculated from observations of net radiation, soil surface heat flux, and the vertical gradients of temperature and relative humidity. Meteorological data collected by the EBBR are used to calculate bulk aerodynamic fluxes, which are used in the Bulk Aerodynamic Technique (BA) EBBR value-added product (VAP) to replace sunrise and sunset spikes in the flux data. A unique aspect of the system is the automatic exchange mechanism (AEM), which helps to reduce errors from instrument offset drift.
Cook, David
SciTech Connect
RSE Table 3.5 Relative Standard Errors for Table 3.5
5 Relative Standard Errors for Table 3.5;" 5 Relative Standard Errors for Table 3.5;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," "," "," "," "," "," ","Waste",," " " "," "," ","Blast"," "," ","Pulping Liquor"," ","Oils/Tars" "NAICS"," "," ","Furnace/Coke","Waste","Petroleum","or","Wood Chips,","and Waste" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Total","Oven Gases","Gas","Coke","Black Liquor","Bark","Materials"
RSE Table 3.2 Relative Standard Errors for Table 3.2
2 Relative Standard Errors for Table 3.2;" 2 Relative Standard Errors for Table 3.2;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," ",," "," "," "," "," "," "," ",," " " "," " "NAICS"," "," ","Net","Residual","Distillate","Natural","LPG and",,"Coke"," " "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Total","Electricity(b)","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(c)","Gas(d)","NGL(e)","Coal","and Breeze","Other(f)" ,,"Total United States" 311,"Food",4,5,25,20,5,27,6,0,10
RSE Table 5.2 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.2
2 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.2;" 2 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.2;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," ",," ","Distillate"," "," ",," " " "," ",,,,"Fuel Oil",,,"Coal" "NAICS"," "," ","Net","Residual","and","Natural ","LPG and","(excluding Coal"," " "Code(a)","End Use","Total","Electricity(b)","Fuel Oil","Diesel Fuel(c)","Gas(d)","NGL(e)","Coke and Breeze)","Other(f)" ,,"Total United States" " 311 - 339","ALL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES"
RSE Table 5.4 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.4
4 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.4;" 4 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.4;" " Unit: Percents." " "," ",," ","Distillate"," "," " " "," ","Net Demand",,"Fuel Oil",,,"Coal" "NAICS"," ","for ","Residual","and","Natural ","LPG and","(excluding Coal" "Code(a)","End Use","Electricity(b)","Fuel Oil","Diesel Fuel(c)","Gas(d)","NGL(e)","Coke and Breeze)" ,,"Total United States" " 311 - 339","ALL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES" ,"TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION",2,3,6,2,3,9
RSE Table 7.9 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.9
9 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.9;" 9 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.9;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," ",," "," "," "," "," "," "," ",," " " "," " "NAICS"," "," ",,"Residual","Distillate","Natural ","LPG and",,"Coke"," " "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Total","Electricity","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(b)","Gas(c)","NGL(d)","Coal","and Breeze","Other(e)" ,,"Total United States" 311,"Food",4,4,24,21,5,23,7,0,20
RSE Table 1.2 Relative Standard Errors for Table 1.2
2 Relative Standard Errors for Table 1.2;" 2 Relative Standard Errors for Table 1.2;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," " " "," "," ",," "," ",," "," ",," ","Shipments" "NAICS"," ",,"Net","Residual","Distillate","Natural","LPG and",,"Coke and"," ","of Energy Sources" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Total(b)","Electricity(c)","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(d)","Gas(e)","NGL(f)","Coal","Breeze","Other(g)","Produced Onsite(h)"
RSE Table 7.3 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.3
3 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.3;" 3 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.3;" " Unit: Percents." ,,,"Electricity","Components",,"Natural Gas","Components",,"Steam","Components" " "," ",,,"Electricity",,,"Natural Gas",,,"Steam",," " " "," ",,"Electricity","from Sources",,"Natural Gas","from Sources",,"Steam","from Sources" " "," ","Electricity","from Local","Other than","Natural Gas","from Local","Other than","Steam","from Local","Other than"
RSE Table 7.7 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.7
7 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.7;" 7 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.7;" " Unit: Percents." ,,,"Electricity","Components",,"Natural Gas","Components",,"Steam","Components" " "," ",,,,,,,,,,," " " "," ",,,"Electricity",,,"Natural Gas",,,"Steam" " "," ",,"Electricity","from Sources",,"Natural Gas","from Sources",,"Steam","from Sources" "NAICS"," ","Electricity","from Local","Other than","Natural Gas","from Local","Other than","Steam","from Local","Other than"
SYSTEMATIC CONTINUUM ERRORS IN THE Ly{alpha} FOREST AND THE MEASURED TEMPERATURE-DENSITY RELATION
Continuum fitting uncertainties are a major source of error in estimates of the temperature-density relation (usually parameterized as a power-law, T {proportional_to} {Delta}{sup {gamma}-1}) of the intergalactic medium through the flux probability distribution function (PDF) of the Ly{alpha} forest. Using a simple order-of-magnitude calculation, we show that few percent-level systematic errors in the placement of the quasar continuum due to, e.g., a uniform low-absorption Gunn-Peterson component could lead to errors in {gamma} of the order of unity. This is quantified further using a simple semi-analytic model of the Ly{alpha} forest flux PDF. We find that under(over)estimates in the continuum level can lead to a lower (higher) measured value of {gamma}. By fitting models to mock data realizations generated with current observational errors, we find that continuum errors can cause a systematic bias in the estimated temperature-density relation of ({delta}({gamma})) Almost-Equal-To -0.1, while the error is increased to {sigma}{sub {gamma}} Almost-Equal-To 0.2 compared to {sigma}{sub {gamma}} Almost-Equal-To 0.1 in the absence of continuum errors.
Lee, Khee-Gan, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 (United States)
RSE Table 2.1 Relative Standard Errors for Table 2.1
2.1 Relative Standard Errors for Table 2.1;" 2.1 Relative Standard Errors for Table 2.1;" " Unit: Percents." " "," " " "," " "NAICS"," "," ","Residual","Distillate","Natural ","LPG and",,"Coke"," " "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Total","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(b)","Gas(c)","NGL(d)","Coal","and Breeze","Other(e)" ,,"Total United States" 311,"Food",31,0,91,35,0,0,0,47 311221," Wet Corn Milling",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 31131," Sugar ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 311421," Fruit and Vegetable Canning",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,8
RSE Table 10.10 Relative Standard Errors for Table 10.10
0 Relative Standard Errors for Table 10.10;" 0 Relative Standard Errors for Table 10.10;" " Unit: Percents." ,,"Coal",,,"Alternative Energy Sources(b)" "NAICS"," ","Total"," ","Not","Electricity","Natural","Distillate","Residual" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Consumed(c)","Switchable","Switchable","Receipts(d)","Gas","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil","LPG","Other(e)" ,,"Total United States" 311,"Food",6,18,5,0,20,85,29,20,0 311221," Wet Corn Milling",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 31131," Sugar ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
RSE Table 10.13 Relative Standard Errors for Table 10.13
3 Relative Standard Errors for Table 10.13;" 3 Relative Standard Errors for Table 10.13;" " Unit: Percents." ,,"LPG(b)",,,"Alternative Energy Sources(c)" ,,,,,,,,,,"Coal Coke" "NAICS"," ","Total"," ","Not","Electricity","Natural","Distillate","Residual",,"and" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Consumed(d)","Switchable","Switchable","Receipts(e)","Gas","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil","Coal","Breeze","Other(f)" ,,"Total United States" 311,"Food",8,17,8,20,21,43,34,35,37,29 311221," Wet Corn Milling",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
RSE Table 5.7 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.7
7 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.7;" 7 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.7;" " Unit: Percents." " ",,,"Distillate" " ","Net Demand",,"Fuel Oil",,,"Coal" " ","for ","Residual","and","Natural ","LPG and","(excluding Coal" "End Use","Electricity(a)","Fuel Oil","Diesel Fuel(b)","Gas(c)","NGL(d)","Coke and Breeze)" ,"Total United States" "TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION",2,3,6,2,4,9 "Indirect Uses-Boiler Fuel",6,4,10,2,10,13 " Conventional Boiler Use",12,5,14,2,10,8 " CHP and/or Cogeneration Process",4,2,6,3,2,19
RSE Table 4.1 Relative Standard Errors for Table 4.1
1 Relative Standard Errors for Table 4.1;" 1 Relative Standard Errors for Table 4.1;" " Unit: Percents." " "," " " "," " "NAICS"," "," ",,"Residual","Distillate","Natural","LPG and",,"Coke"," " "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Total","Electricity(b)","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(c)","Gas(d)","NGL(e)","Coal","and Breeze","Other(f)" ,,"Total United States" 311,"Food",4,5,25,20,5,27,6,0,17 311221," Wet Corn Milling",1,0,0,1,3,0,0,0,0 31131," Sugar ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 311421," Fruit and Vegetable Canning",8,11,46,45,8,57,0,0,3
RSE Table 5.8 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.8
8 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.8;" 8 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.8;" " Unit: Percents." " ",," ","Distillate"," "," " " ","Net Demand",,"Fuel Oil",,,"Coal" " ","for ","Residual","and","Natural ","LPG and","(excluding Coal" "End Use","Electricity(a)","Fuel Oil","Diesel Fuel(b)","Gas(c)","NGL(d)","Coke and Breeze)" ,"Total United States" "TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION",2,3,6,2,3,9 "Indirect Uses-Boiler Fuel",6,4,14,2,9,13 " Conventional Boiler Use",12,5,14,2,10,8 " CHP and/or Cogeneration Process",4,2,6,3,2,18
RSE Table 5.6 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.6
6 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.6;" 6 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.6;" " Unit: Percents." " "," ",," ","Distillate"," "," ",," " " ",,,,"Fuel Oil",,,"Coal" " "," ","Net","Residual","and","Natural","LPG and","(excluding Coal"," " "End Use","Total","Electricity(a)","Fuel Oil","Diesel Fuel(b)","Gas(c)","NGL(d)","Coke and Breeze)","Other(e)" ,"Total United States" "TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION",2,2,3,6,2,3,9,2 "Indirect Uses-Boiler Fuel",0,11,4,14,2,9,13,0
RSE Table 7.6 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.6
6 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.6;" 6 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.6;" " Unit: Percents." " "," " " "," ",,,,,,,,," " "NAICS"," "," ",,"Residual","Distillate","Natural ","LPG and",,"Coke" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Total","Electricity","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(b)","Gas(c)","NGL(d)","Coal","and Breeze","Other(e)" ,,"Total United States" 311,"Food",4,5,25,20,5,27,6,0,20 311221," Wet Corn Milling",1,0,0,1,3,0,0,0,0 31131," Sugar ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 311421," Fruit and Vegetable Canning",8,11,42,45,8,57,0,0,4
RSE Table 10.11 Relative Standard Errors for Table 10.11
1 Relative Standard Errors for Table 10.11;" 1 Relative Standard Errors for Table 10.11;" " Unit: Percents." ,,"Coal(b)",,,"Alternative Energy Sources(c)" "NAICS"," ","Total"," ","Not","Electricity","Natural","Distillate","Residual" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Consumed(d)","Switchable","Switchable","Receipts(e)","Gas","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil","LPG","Other(f)" ,,"Total United States" 311,"Food",20,32,21,0,16,68,65,73,0 311221," Wet Corn Milling",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 31131," Sugar ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
Relation between hydrogen isotopic ratios of bone collagen and rain
The hydrogen isotopic value ([delta]D) of deer bone collagen is related to both [delta]D of rain during the growing season and growing season relative humidity (RH). With correction for the effects of RH, bone [delta]D is related to growing season rain [delta]D in a simple manner with a slope of 1.0. This indicates that, with RH correction, there are no additional sources of bias in the [delta]D of bone due to unaccounted for biologic or climatic effects. Due to a low sensitivity of bone [delta]D to RH effects, both yearly and growing season rain [delta]D can be estimated with considerable accuracy (R = 0.97 and R = 0.96) from bone collagen [delta]D and [delta][sup 15]N. Here, [delta][sup 15]N is used to correct bone [delta]D for the effects of RH. From these estimates of rain [delta]D, it may then be possible to evaluate temperature since the [delta]D of rain primarily reflects local temperature. Therefore, the measurement of bone collagen [delta]D has good potential for evaluating paleoclimates.
Cormie, A.B.; Schwarcz, H.P. (McMaster Univ., Hamilton, Ontario (Canada)); Gray, J. (Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton (Canada))
RSE Table 7.4 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.4
4 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.4;" 4 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.4;" " Unit: Percents." " ",," "," ",," "," " "Economic",,"Residual","Distillate","Natural ","LPG and" "Characteristic(a)","Electricity","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(b)","Gas(c)","NGL(d)","Coal" ,"Total United States" "Value of Shipments and Receipts" "(million dollars)" " Under 20",8,21,14,7,9,13 " 20-49",4,6,15,4,13,4 " 50-99",3,6,4,3,6,8 " 100-249",3,8,17,2,5,7 " 250-499",4,1,9,7,1,37 " 500 and Over",1,7,4,1,1,1 "Total",2,3,7,2,1,11
Table 3b. Relative Standard Errors for Total Natural Gas Consumption per
b. Relative Standards Errors per Sq Ft b. Relative Standards Errors per Sq Ft Table 3b. Relative Standard Errors for Total Natural Gas Consumption per Effective Occupied Square Foot, 1992 Building Characteristics All Buildings Using Natural Gas (thousand) Total Natural Gas Consumption (trillion Btu) Natural Gas Intensities (thousand Btu) Per Square Foot Per Effective Occupied Square Foot All Buildings 5 7 6 6 Building Floorspace (Square Feet) 1,001 to 5,000 7 12 11 11 5,001 to 10,000 5 9 8 8 10,001 to 25,000 6 18 18 18 25,001 to 50,000 9 21 18 18 50,001 to 100,000 8 12 9 9 100,001 to 200,000 8 13 13 13 200,001 to 500,000 11 21 16 16 Over 500,000 15 27 22 23 Principal Building Activity Education 12 11 9 8 Food Sales and Service 8 12 10 9 Health Care 15 21 17 13 Lodging 12 22 16 16 Mercantile and Service 6 17 14 14 Office 7 24 24 24 Public Assembly 10 18 14 13 Public Order and Safety
"RSE Table N5.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table N5.1;"
1. Relative Standard Errors for Table N5.1;" 1. Relative Standard Errors for Table N5.1;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," "," "," "," "," "," ","Waste",," " " "," "," ","Blast"," "," ","Pulping Liquor"," ","Oils/Tars" "NAICS"," "," ","Furnace/Coke"," ","Petroleum","or","Wood Chips,","and Waste" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Total","Oven Gases","Waste Gas","Coke","Black Liquor","Bark","Materials"
Table 1b. Relative Standard Errors for Effective, Occupied, and Vacant
b.Relative Standard Errors b.Relative Standard Errors Table 1b. Relative Standard Errors for Effective Occupied, and Vacant Square Footage, 1992 Building Characteristics All Buildings (thousand) Total Floorspace (million square feet) Total Occupied Floorspace (million square feet) Total Vacant Floorspace (million square feet) Occupied Square Footage as a Percent of Total All Buildings 3.7 3.8 3.9 8.2 0.7 Building Floorspace (Square Feet) 1,001 to 5,000 5.3 5.5 5.4 10.3 0.8 5,001 to 10,000 3.7 3.7 3.9 10.3 0.9 10,001 to 25,000 5.2 5 5.1 14.3 1.2 25,001 to 50,000 6.6 7 7.1 17.2 1.6 50,001 to 100,000 7.1 7.1 7.5 12 1.1 100,001 to 200,000 8.6 8.6 8.6 20 1.3 200,001 to 500,000 10.1 10.5 10.7 20.5 1.5 Over 500,000 25.8 20.3 21.9 34.2 4.6 Principal Building Activity Education 8.4 7.4 6.8 35.1 2.2 Food Sales and Service 7.5 8.7 8.6 29.9 2.6
Table 5b. Relative Standard Errors for Total District Heat Consumption per
b. Relative Standard Errors for Total District Heat Consumption per b. Relative Standard Errors for Total District Heat Consumption per Effective Occupied Square Foot, 1992 Building Characteristics All Buildings Using District Heat (thousand) Total District Heat Consumption (trillion Btu) District Heat Intensities (thousand Btu) Per Square Foot Per Effective Occupied Square Foot All Buildings 11 16 16 16 Building Floorspace (Square Feet) 1,001 to 5,000 27 78 76 76 5,001 to 10,000 38 60 51 51 10,001 to 25,000 18 43 36 35 25,001 to 50,000 24 68 51 51 50,001 to 100,000 18 40 30 30 100,001 to 200,000 27 33 35 36 200,001 to 500,000 22 31 26 27 Over 500,000 42 26 14 10 Principal Building Activity Education 17 29 22 23 Food Sales and Service 67 93 207 150 Health Care 35 26 25 14 Lodging 30 40 30 29 Mercantile and Service 40 74 59 58 Office 23 28 26 27 Public Assembly 25 33 25 26 Public Order and Safety
Table 6b. Relative Standard Errors for Total Electricity Consumption per
b. Relative Standard Errors for Total Electricity Consumption per b. Relative Standard Errors for Total Electricity Consumption per Effective Occupied Square Foot, 1992 Building Characteristics All Buildings Using Electricity (thousand) Total Electricity Consumption (trillion Btu) Electricity Intensities (thousand Btu) Per Square Foot Per Effective Occupied Square Foot All Buildings 4 5 4 4 Building Floorspace (Square Feet) 1,001 to 5,000 5 6 6 6 5,001 to 10,000 4 9 9 9 10,001 to 25,000 5 7 5 5 25,001 to 50,000 7 10 10 10 50,001 to 100,000 7 12 8 8 100,001 to 200,000 9 13 10 10 200,001 to 500,000 10 13 11 11 Over 500,000 26 18 18 21 Principal Building Activity Education 8 9 6 6 Food Sales and Service 8 9 8 7 Health Care 14 12 12 9 Lodging 11 22 16 16 Mercantile and Service 5 7 7 7 Office 6 10 7 6 Public Assembly 7 12 28 30 Public Order and Safety 18 29 18 18 Religious Worship 10 10 11 11 Warehouse and Storage
Table 4b. Relative Standard Errors for Total Fuel Oil Consumption per
4b. Relative Standard Errors for Total Fuel Oil Consumption per 4b. Relative Standard Errors for Total Fuel Oil Consumption per Effective Occupied Square Foot, 1992 Building Characteristics All Buildings Using Fuel Oil (thousand) Total Fuel Oil Consumption (trillion Btu) Fuel Oil Intensities (thousand Btu) Per Square Foot Per Effective Occupied Square Foot All Buildings 10 14 13 13 Building Floorspace (Square Feet) 1,001 to 5,000 10 16 11 11 5,001 to 10,000 15 22 18 18 10,001 to 25,000 15 24 19 19 25,001 to 50,000 13 25 29 29 50,001 to 100,000 14 27 21 22 100,001 to 200,000 13 36 34 34 200,001 to 500,000 13 37 33 33 Over 500,000 17 51 50 50 Principal Building Activity Education 17 17 16 17 Food Sales and Service 25 36 16 16 Health Care 29 48 47 47 Lodging 27 37 32 32 Mercantile and Service 14 25 26 26 Office 14 19 21 21 Public Assembly 23 46 35 34 Public Order and Safety 28 48 46 46 Religious Worship
"RSE Table C11.3. Relative Standard Errors for Table C11.3;"
1.3. Relative Standard Errors for Table C11.3;" 1.3. Relative Standard Errors for Table C11.3;" " Unit: Percents." ,,,"Electricity","Components",,,"Natural","Gas","Components",,"Steam","Components" ,,,,"Electricity","Electricity",,,"Natural Gas","Natural Gas",,,"Steam","Steam" " "," ",,,"from Only","from Both",,,"from Only","from Both",,,"from Only","from Both",," " " "," ",,"Electricity","Sources","Local Utility",,"Natural Gas","Sources","Local Utility",,"Steam","Sources","Local Utility"
"RSE Table C2.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C2.1;"
C2.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C2.1;" C2.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C2.1;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," ",," " " "," ","Any Combustible" "NAICS"," ","Energy","Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke"," " "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Source(b)","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(c)","Natural Gas(d)","NGL(e)","Coal","and Breeze","Other(f)" ,,"Total United States" , 311,"Food",4,0,3,0,1,0,2,6
"RSE Table N11.3. Relative Standard Errors for Table N11.3;"
3. Relative Standard Errors for Table N11.3;" 3. Relative Standard Errors for Table N11.3;" " Unit: Percents." ,,,"Electricity","Components",,"Natural Gas","Components",,"Steam","Components" " "," ",,,"Electricity",,,"Natural Gas",,,"Steam",," " " "," ",,"Electricity","from Sources",,"Natural Gas","from Sources",,"Steam","from Sources" "NAICS"," ","Electricity","from Local","Other than","Natural Gas","from Local","Other than","Steam","from Local","Other than"
"RSE Table C3.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C3.1;"
C3.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C3.1;" C3.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C3.1;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," ",," "," "," "," "," "," "," ",," " " "," ","Any" "NAICS"," ","Energy","Net","Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke"," " "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Source(b)","Electricity(c)","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(d)","Natural Gas(e)","NGL(f)","Coal","and Breeze","Other(g)" ,,"Total United States"
"RSE Table N8.3. Relative Standard Errors for Table N8.3;"
3. Relative Standard Errors for Table N8.3;" 3. Relative Standard Errors for Table N8.3;" " Unit: Percents." ,,,"Electricity","Components",,"Natural Gas","Components",,"Steam","Components" " "," ",,,"Electricity",,,"Natural Gas",,,"Steam",," " " "," ",,"Electricity","from Sources",,"Natural Gas","from Sources",,"Steam","from Sources" "NAICS"," ","Electricity","from Local","Other than","Natural Gas","from Local","Other than","Steam","from Local","Other than"
"RSE Table N11.4. Relative Standard Errors for Table N11.4;"
4. Relative Standard Errors for Table N11.4;" 4. Relative Standard Errors for Table N11.4;" " Unit: Percents." ,,,"Electricity","Components",,"Natural Gas","Components",,"Steam","Components" " "," ",,,"Electricity",,,"Natural Gas",,,"Steam",," " " "," ",,"Electricity","from Sources",,"Natural Gas","from Sources",,"Steam","from Sources" "NAICS"," ","Electricity","from Local","Other than","Natural Gas","from Local","Other than","Steam","from Local","Other than"
"RSE Table E1.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table E1.1;"
.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table E1.1;" .1. Relative Standard Errors for Table E1.1;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," " " "," ",," "," ",," "," ",," ","Shipments" "Economic",,"Net","Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke and"," ","of Energy Sources" "Characteristic(a)","Total(b)","Electricity(c)","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(d)","Natural Gas(e)","NGL(f)","Coal","Breeze","Other(g)","Produced Onsite(h)"
"RSE Table C4.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C4.1;"
C4.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C4.1;" C4.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C4.1;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," ",," "," "," "," "," "," "," ",," " " "," ","Any" "NAICS"," ","Energy",,"Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke"," " "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Source(b)","Electricity(c)","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(d)","Natural Gas(e)","NGL(f)","Coal","and Breeze","Other(g)" ,,"Total United States" ,
"RSE Table C1.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C1.1;"
.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C1.1;" .1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C1.1;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," " " "," ","Any",," "," ",," "," ",," ","Shipments" "NAICS"," ","Energy","Net","Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke and"," ","of Energy Sources" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Source(b)","Electricity(c)","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(d)","Natural Gas(e)","NGL(f)","Coal","Breeze","Other(g)","Produced Onsite(h)"
"RSE Table C10.2. Relative Standard Errors for Table C10.2;"
2. Relative Standard Errors for Table C10.2;" 2. Relative Standard Errors for Table C10.2;" " Unit: Percents." ,,,"Establishments" " "," ",,"with Any"," Steam Turbines","Supplied","by Either","Conventional","Combustion","Turbines"," "," "," ","Internal","Combustion","Engines"," Steam Turbines","Supplied","by Heat",," " " "," ",,"Cogeneration","Conventional","or Fluidized","Bed Boilers","with","Heat","Recovery","Combined-Cycle","Combustion","Turbines","with","Heat","Recovery","Recovered from","High-Temperature","Processes"
Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in human hair are related to geography
E-Print Network (OSTI)
Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in human hair are related to geography James R. Ehleringer, Salt Lake City, UT 84112; Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT the geographic region-of- origin of humans based on the stable isotope composition of their scalp hair
Ehleringer, Jim
Numerical Approximations Can Create Chaos-related Errors in Blocking Forecasts
The chaotic structure of two-dimensional atmospheric flow is illustrated. It is shown that certain errors in numerical approximations can Prevent the correct prediction of chaotic processes. This is the case when the numerical approximations do ...
Juhani Rinne; Heikki J�rvinen
"RSE Table E13.2. Relative Standard Errors for Table E13.2;"
2. Relative Standard Errors for Table E13.2;" 2. Relative Standard Errors for Table E13.2;" " Unit: Percents." " ",,,"Renewable Energy" ,,,"(excluding Wood" "Economic","Total Onsite",,"and" "Characteristic(a)","Generation","Cogeneration(b)","Other Biomass)(c)","Other(d)" ,"Total United States" "Value of Shipments and Receipts" "(million dollars)" " Under 20",15,15,58,37 " 20-49",17,19,27,7 " 50-99",6,6,5,9 " 100-249",7,7,25,4 " 250-499",2,2,0,0 " 500 and Over",1,1,0,1 "Total",2,2,15,1 "Employment Size" " Under 50",16,16,90,35
"RSE Table C9.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C9.1;"
C9.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C9.1;" C9.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C9.1;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," " " "," ",,,"General","Amount of ","Establishment-Paid","Activity Cost" "NAICS"," "," " "Code(a)","Energy-Management Activity","No Participation","Participation(b)","All","Some","None","Don't Know" ,,"Total United States" " 311 - 339","ALL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES" ,"Participation in One or More of the Following Types of Activities",1,2,0,0,0,0 ," Energy Audits",1,3,5,6,5,7 ," Electricity Load Control",1,3,4,7,6,7
"RSE Table N1.3. Relative Standard Errors for Table N1.3;"
.3. Relative Standard Errors for Table N1.3;" .3. Relative Standard Errors for Table N1.3;" " Unit: Percents." " "," " ,"Total" "Energy Source","First Use" ,"Total United States" "Coal ",3 "Natural Gas",1 "Net Electricity",1 " Purchases",1 " Transfers In",9 " Onsite Generation from Noncombustible Renewable Energy",15 " Sales and Transfers Offsite",3 "Coke and Breeze",2 "Residual Fuel Oil",4 "Distillate Fuel Oil",5 "Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Natural Gas Liquids",1 "Other",2 " Asphalt and Road Oil (a)",0 " Lubricants (a)",0 " Naphtha < 401 Degrees (a)",0
"RSE Table N13.3. Relative Standard Errors for Table N13.3;"
3. Relative Standard Errors for Table N13.3;" 3. Relative Standard Errors for Table N13.3;" " Unit: Percents." " "," ","Total of" "NAICS"," ","Sales and","Utility","Nonutility" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Transfers Offsite","Purchaser(b)","Purchaser(c)" ,,"Total United States" , 311,"Food",8,9,0 311221," Wet Corn Milling",0,0,0 312,"Beverage and Tobacco Products",0,0,0 313,"Textile Mills",0,0,0 313210," Broadwoven Fabric Mills",0,0,0 314,"Textile Product Mills",90,90,0 315,"Apparel",0,0,0 316,"Leather and Allied Products",0,0,0
"RSE Table C10.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C10.1;"
1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C10.1;" 1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C10.1;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," ",,,"Computer","Control of","Processes"," "," "," ",,,,," " " "," ","Computer Control","of Building-Wide","Environment(b)","or Major","Energy-Using","Equipment(c)","Waste","Heat","Recovery","Adjustable -","Speed","Motors" "NAICS"," " "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","In Use(d)","Not in Use","Don't Know","In Use(d)","Not in Use","Don't Know","In Use(d)","Not in Use","Don't Know","In Use(d)","Not in Use","Don't Know"
"RSE Table E13.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table E13.1;"
1. Relative Standard Errors for Table E13.1;" 1. Relative Standard Errors for Table E13.1;" " Unit: Percents." " ",," "," ",," " ,,,,"Sales and","Net Demand" "Economic",,,"Total Onsite","Transfers","for" "Characteristic(a)","Purchases","Transfers In(b)","Generation(c)","Offsite","Electricity(d)" ,"Total United States" "Value of Shipments and Receipts" "(million dollars)" " Under 20",4,52,15,4,4 " 20-49",2,14,17,33,2 " 50-99",2,31,6,10,2 " 100-249",1,13,7,9,1 " 250-499",2,2,2,1,2 " 500 and Over",1,2,1,1,1
"RSE Table N13.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table N13.1;"
1. Relative Standard Errors for Table N13.1;" 1. Relative Standard Errors for Table N13.1;" " Unit: Percents." " "," " " "," ",,,,"Sales and","Net Demand" "NAICS"," ",,,"Total Onsite","Transfers","for" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Purchases","Transfers In(b)","Generation(c)","Offsite","Electricity(d)" ,,"Total United States" , 311,"Food",1,1,1,8,1 311221," Wet Corn Milling",0,0,0,0,0 312,"Beverage and Tobacco Products",4,0,1,0,4 313,"Textile Mills",2,8,7,0,2 313210," Broadwoven Fabric Mills",3,0,22,0,3 314,"Textile Product Mills",11,73,8,90,11
"RSE Table E7.2. Relative Standard Errors for Table E7.2;"
2. Relative Standard Errors for Table E7.2;" 2. Relative Standard Errors for Table E7.2;" " Unit: Percents." " "," ",,,"Consumption" " "," ",,"Consumption","per Dollar" "NAICS",,"Consumption","per Dollar","of Value" "Code(a)","Economic Characteristic(b)","per Employee","of Value Added","of Shipments" ,,"Total United States" " 311 - 339","ALL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES" ,"Value of Shipments and Receipts" ,"(million dollars)" ," Under 20",2,2,2 ," 20-49",2,3,2 ," 50-99",3,3,2 ," 100-249",2,3,2 ," 250-499",3,3,3
"RSE Table E2.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table E2.1;"
E2.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table E2.1;" E2.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table E2.1;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," "," ",," "," ",," " "Economic",,"Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke and"," " "Characteristic(a)","Total","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(b)","Natural Gas(c)","NGL(d)","Coal","Breeze","Other(e)" ,"Total United States" "Value of Shipments and Receipts" "(million dollars)" " Under 20",9,87,48,26,1,85,16,25 " 20-49",11,32,28,5,63,20,3,21 " 50-99",8,23,38,2,22,49,42,4
"RSE Table N7.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table N7.1;"
N7.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table N7.1;" N7.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table N7.1;" " Unit: Percents." " "," ",,,"Consumption" " "," ",,"Consumption","per Dollar" "NAICS"," ","Consumption","per Dollar","of Value" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","per Employee","of Value Added","of Shipments" ,,"Total United States" , 311,"Food",1,1,1 311221," Wet Corn Milling",0,0,0 312,"Beverage and Tobacco Products",8,4,5 313,"Textile Mills",3,2,3 313210," Broadwoven Fabric Mills",3,4,3 314,"Textile Product Mills",7,5,5
"RSE Table C12.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C12.1;"
2.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C12.1;" 2.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table C12.1;" " Units: Percents." ,,"Approximate",,,"Approximate","Average" ,,"Enclosed Floorspace",,"Average","Number","Number" "NAICS"," ","of All Buildings",,"Enclosed Floorspace","of All Buildings","of Buildings Onsite" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Onsite","Establishments(b)","per Establishment","Onsite","per Establishment" ,,"Total United States" , 311,"Food",2,0,2,1,1 311221," Wet Corn Milling",0,0,0,0,0 312,"Beverage and Tobacco Products",11,0,15,14,14
"RSE Table N5.2. Relative Standard Errors for Table N5.2;"
2. Relative Standard Errors for Table N5.2;" 2. Relative Standard Errors for Table N5.2;" " Unit: Percents." ,,"S e l e c t e d","W o o d","a n d","W o o d -","R e l a t e d","P r o d u c t s" ,,,,,"B i o m a s s" ,,,,,,"Wood Residues" ,,,,,,"and","Wood-Related" " "," ","Pulping Liquor"," "," ","Wood","Byproducts","and",," " "NAICS"," ","or","Biomass","Agricultural","Harvested Directly","from Mill","Paper-Related" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Black Liquor","Total(b)","Waste(c)","from Trees(d)","Processing(e)","Refuse(f)"
"RSE Table C10.3. Relative Standard Errors for Table C10.3;"
3. Relative Standard Errors for Table C10.3;" 3. Relative Standard Errors for Table C10.3;" " Unit: Percents." "NAICS"," " "Code(a)","Industry-Specific Technology","In Use(b)","Not in Use","Don't Know" ,,"Total United States" , 311,"FOOD" ," Infrared Heating",3,1,2 ," Microwave Drying",5,1,3 ," Closed-Cycle Heat Pump System Used to Recover Heat",7,1,3 ," Open-Cycle Heat Pump System Used to Produce Steam",7,1,3 ," Gas-Driven Rotary Engines and/or Turbines",20,1,3 ," Membrane Separation",3,1,2 ," Irradiation",23,1,2 ," Freeze Concentration",9,1,3 ," Membrane Hyperfiltration to Separate Water from Food Products",4,1,3
"RSE Table N11.2. Relative Standard Errors for Table N11.2;"
2. Relative Standard Errors for Table N11.2;" 2. Relative Standard Errors for Table N11.2;" " Unit: Percents." " "," " "NAICS"," "," ",,"Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke"," " "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Total","Electricity","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(b)","Natural Gas(c)","NGL(d)","Coal","and Breeze","Other(e)" ,,"Total United States" , 311,"Food",1,1,3,3,1,1,0,0,1 311221," Wet Corn Milling",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 312,"Beverage and Tobacco Products",4,4,16,41,4,22,3,0,15 313,"Textile Mills",2,2,5,14,3,5,1,0,5
"RSE Table E7.1. Relative Standard Errors for Table E7.1;"
1. Relative Standard Errors for Table E7.1;" 1. Relative Standard Errors for Table E7.1;" " Unit: Percents." ,,,"Consumption" " ",,"Consumption","per Dollar" "Economic","Consumption","per Dollar","of Value" "Characteristic(a)","per Employee","of Value Added","of Shipments" ,"Total United States" "Value of Shipments and Receipts" "(million dollars)" " Under 20",2,2,2 " 20-49",2,3,2 " 50-99",3,3,2 " 100-249",2,3,2 " 250-499",3,3,3 " 500 and Over",1,2,2 "Total",1,1,1 "Employment Size" " Under 50",2,3,3 " 50-99",3,3,3
"RSE Table E13.3. Relative Standard Errors for Table E13.3;"
3. Relative Standard Errors for Table E13.3;" 3. Relative Standard Errors for Table E13.3;" " Unit: Percents." ,"Total of" "Economic","Sales and","Utility","Nonutility" "Characteristic(a)","Transfers Offsite","Purchaser(b)","Purchaser(c)" ,"Total United States" "Value of Shipments and Receipts" "(million dollars)" " Under 20",4,4,10 " 20-49",33,35,70 " 50-99",10,12,10 " 100-249",9,14,1 " 250-499",1,1,3 " 500 and Over",1,1,2 "Total",3,4,5 "Employment Size" " Under 50",42,44,21 " 50-99",20,21,73 " 100-249",16,16,38 " 250-499",1,2,1
The Shape�Slope Relation in Observed Gamma Raindrop Size Distributions: Statistical Error or Useful Information?
The three-parameter gamma distribution n(D) = N0D� exp(�?D) is often used to characterize a raindrop size distribution (DSD). The parameters � and ? correspond to the shape and slope of the DSD. If � and ? are related to one another, as recent ...
Guifu Zhang; J. Vivekanandan; Edward A. Brandes; Robert Meneghini; Toshiaki Kozu
RSE Table N8.1 and N8.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N8.1 and N8.2
1 and N8.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N8.1 and N8.2;" 1 and N8.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N8.1 and N8.2;" " Unit: Percents." ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Selected","Wood and Other","Biomass","Components" ,,,,,,,"Coal Components",,,"Coke",,"Electricity","Components",,,,,,,,,,,,,"Natural Gas","Components",,"Steam","Components" ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Total",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Wood Residues" " "," "," ",,,,,"Bituminous",,,,,,"Electricity","Diesel Fuel",,,,,,"Motor",,,,,,,"Natural Gas",,,"Steam",,,," ",,,"and","Wood-Related",,," "
Quantifying Uranium Isotope Ratios Using Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry: The Influence of Laser Parameters on Relative Ionization Probability
Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS) has been developed as a method to measure relative uranium isotope abundances. In this approach, RIMS is used as an element-selective ionization process to provide a distinction between uranium atoms and potential isobars without the aid of chemical purification and separation. We explore the laser parameters critical to the ionization process and their effects on the measured isotope ratio. Specifically, the use of broad bandwidth lasers with automated feedback control of wavelength was applied to the measurement of {sup 235}U/{sup 238}U ratios to decrease laser-induced isotopic fractionation. By broadening the bandwidth of the first laser in a 3-color, 3-photon ionization process from a bandwidth of 1.8 GHz to about 10 GHz, the variation in sequential relative isotope abundance measurements decreased from >10% to less than 0.5%. This procedure was demonstrated for the direct interrogation of uranium oxide targets with essentially no sample preparation. A rate equation model for predicting the relative ionization probability has been developed to study the effect of variation in laser parameters on the measured isotope ratio. This work demonstrates that RIMS can be used for the robust measurement of uranium isotope ratios.
Isselhardt, B H
RSE Table N3.1 and N3.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N3.1 and N3.2
N3.1 and N3.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N3.1 and N3.2;" N3.1 and N3.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N3.1 and N3.2;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," ",," "," "," "," "," "," "," ",," " "NAICS"," "," ","Net","Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke"," " "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Total","Electricity(b)","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(c)","Natural Gas(d)","NGL(e)","Coal","and Breeze","Other(f)" ,,"Total United States" , 311,"Food",1,1,2,3,1,1,0,0,1
RSE Table S1.1 and S1.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables S1.1 and S1.2
S1.1 and S1.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables S1.1 and S1.2;" S1.1 and S1.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables S1.1 and S1.2;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," " " "," "," ",," "," ",," "," ",," ","Shipments" "SIC"," ",,"Net","Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke and"," ","of Energy Sources" "Code(a)","Major Group and Industry","Total(b)","Electricity(c)","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(d)","Natural Gas(e)","NGL(f)","Coal","Breeze","Other(g)","Produced Onsite(h)"
RSE Table N6.1 and N6.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N6.1 and N6.2
1 and N6.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N6.1 and N6.2;" 1 and N6.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N6.1 and N6.2;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," ",," ","Distillate"," "," ",," " " "," ",,,,"Fuel Oil",,,"Coal" "NAICS"," "," ","Net","Residual","and",,"LPG and","(excluding Coal"," " "Code(a)","End Use","Total","Electricity(b)","Fuel Oil","Diesel Fuel(c)","Natural Gas(d)","NGL(e)","Coke and Breeze)","Other(f)" ,,"Total United States"
RSE Table N4.1 and N4.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N4.1 and N4.2
N4.1 and N4.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N4.1 and N4.2;" N4.1 and N4.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N4.1 and N4.2;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," ",," "," "," "," "," "," "," ",," " "NAICS"," "," ",,"Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke"," " "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Total","Electricity(b)","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(c)","Natural Gas(d)","NGL(e)","Coal","and Breeze","Other(f)" ,,"Total United States" , 311,"Food",1,1,2,3,1,1,0,0,1
RSE Table N1.1 and N1.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N1.1 and N1.2
1 and N1.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N1.1 and N1.2;" 1 and N1.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N1.1 and N1.2;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," "," " " "," "," ",," "," ",," "," ",," ","Shipments" "NAICS"," ",,"Net","Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke and"," ","of Energy Sources" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Total(b)","Electricity(c)","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(d)","Natural Gas(e)","NGL(f)","Coal","Breeze","Other(g)","Produced Onsite(h)"
Regression Error Characteristic CurVes
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves provide a powerful tool for visualizing and comparing classification results. Regression Error Characteristic (REC) curves generalize ROC curves to regression. REC curves plot the error tolerance on the xaxis versus the percentage of points predicted within the tolerance on the y-axis. The resulting curve estimates the cumulative distribution function of the error. The REC curve visually presents commonly-used statistics. The area-over-the-curve (AOC) is a biased estimate of the expected error. The R 2 value can be estimated using the ratio of the AOC for a given model to the AOC for the null model. Users can quickly assess the relative merits of many regression functions by examining the relative position of their REC curves. The shape of the curve reveals additional information that can be used to guide modeling. 1.
Jinbo Bi; Kristin P. Bennett
Various Carbon to Carbon Bond Lengths Inter-related via the Golden Ratio, and their Linear Dependence on Bond Energies
This work presents the relations between the carbon to carbon bond lengths in the single, double and triple bonds and in graphite, butadiene and benzene. The Golden ratio, which was shown to divide the Bohr radius into two parts pertaining to the charged particles, the electron and proton, and to divide inter-atomic distances into their cationic and anionic radii, also plays a role in the carbon-carbon bonds and in the ionic/polar character of those in graphite, butadiene and benzene. Further, the bond energies of the various CC bonds are shown to vary linearly with the bond lengths.
Raji Heyrovska
Formation Kinetics of Nitric Oxide of Biodiesel Relative to Petroleum Diesel under Comparable Oxygen Equivalence Ratio in a Homogeneous Reactor
Interest in biodiesel has piqued with advent of stringent emissions regulations. Biodiesel is a viable substitute for petroleum diesel because biodiesel produces significantly lower particulate and soot emissions relative to petroleum diesel. Higher nitric oxide (NO) emissions for biodiesel, however, are of primary concern in biodiesel-fueled engines. Search for an in-cylinder technique to reduce NO emissions for biodiesel has motivated studies to gain an improved understanding of fundamental factors that drive increase in NO emissions with biodiesel. Potential factors include fuel-bound oxygen, fuel-bound nitrogen and post-flame gas temperature. The role of fuel-bound oxygen however is debated in the literature. The research objective of this study is to computationally determine if biodiesel and petroleum diesel yield equivalent concentrations of NO with the same oxygen equivalence ratio in a 0-D homogeneous reactor, to explain the role of fuel-bound oxygen in biodiesel on increases in NO emissions with biodiesel. The results from this study indicate that the biodiesel surrogate yields higher NO emissions than the n-heptane because of its lower oxygen consumption efficiency. The lower oxygen consumption efficiency for biodiesel is likely because of the slower decomposition of the individual components and the blending ratios of the biodiesel surrogate blend. The relative differences in combustion efficiency of individual components of the biodiesel blend suggest this conclusion. The more efficient burning of the methyl esters relative to the n-heptane in biodiesel surrogate perhaps indicates the favorable role of fuel-bound oxygen in the fuel�s combustion. The low utilization of oxygen by the biodiesel surrogate could not be explained in this study. The dominance of NO2 H ? NO OH and N NO ? N2 O mechanisms during biodiesel combustion however explain the high NO emissions for the biodiesel surrogate relative to the n-heptane. The biodiesel may yield lower NO emissions than the petroleum diesel if the blending ratios for the biodiesel are adjusted such that combustion efficiency of biodiesel and petroleum diesel is same or the NO2 H ? NO OH and N NO ? N2 O mechanisms are suppressed during biodiesel combustion.
Rathore, Gurlovleen K.
Human Error Reduction
Reducing human error is recognized in the power-generation industry as a key factor in reducing safety-related events as well as improving asset availability. Achieving a sustainable culture change that leads to human error reduction in plant operations and maintenance remains a significant challenge to the industry. This report presents a behavior-based approach to human performance improvement and error reduction. The report explains fundamental elements of culture change and describes proven practices...
RSE Table S2.1 and S2.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables S2.1 and S2.2
S2.1 and S2.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables S2.1 and S2.2;" S2.1 and S2.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables S2.1 and S2.2;" " Unit: Percents." " "," "," ",," "," "," "," "," "," ",," " "SIC"," "," ","Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke"," " "Code(a)","Major Group and Industry","Total","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(b)","Natural Gas(c)","NGL(d)","Coal","and Breeze","Other(e)" ,,"Total United States" , 20,"Food and Kindred Products",5,0,8,0,0,0,0,7 21,"Tobacco Products",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
RSE Table E6.1 and E6.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables E6.1 and E6.2
E6.1 and E6.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables E6.1 and E6.2;" E6.1 and E6.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables E6.1 and E6.2;" " Unit: Percents." " "," ",," ","Distillate"," "," ",," " " ",,,,"Fuel Oil",,,"Coal" " "," ","Net","Residual","and",,"LPG and","(excluding Coal"," " "End Use","Total","Electricity(a)","Fuel Oil","Diesel Fuel(b)","Natural Gas(c)","NGL(d)","Coke and Breeze)","Other(e)" ,"Total United States" "TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION",1,1,4,4,1,3,4,2 "Indirect Uses-Boiler Fuel",0,3,4,5,1,2,5,0
RSE Table S3.1 and S3.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables S3.1 and S3.2
S3.1 and S3.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables S3.1 and S3.2;" S3.1 and S3.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables S3.1 and S3.2;" " Unit: Percents." " "," " "SIC"," "," ","Net","Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke"," " "Code(a)","Major Group and Industry","Total","Electricity(b)","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(c)","Natural Gas(d)","NGL(e)","Coal","and Breeze","Other(f)" ,,"Total United States" , 20,"Food and Kindred Products",1,1,3,5,1,6,1,0,1 21,"Tobacco Products",4,5,23,53,10,24,1,0,32 22,"Textile Mill Products",2,2,4,16,3,7,1,0,4
RSE Table E8.1 and E8.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables E8.1 and E8.2
E8.1 and E8.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables E8.1 and E8.2;" E8.1 and E8.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables E8.1 and E8.2;" " Unit: Percents." " ",," "," ",," "," " "Economic",,"Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and" "Characteristic(a)","Electricity","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(b)","Natural Gas(c)","NGL(d)","Coal" ,"Total United States" "Value of Shipments and Receipts" "(million dollars)" " Under 20",4,18,10,7,3,8 " 20-49",2,19,5,3,11,8 " 50-99",2,14,6,2,17,10 " 100-249",1,11,4,2,1,12 " 250-499",2,1,10,2,0,1 " 500 and Over",1,1,1,1,0,1
RSE Table N2.1 and N2.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N2.1 and N2.2
N2.1 and N2.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N2.1 and N2.2;" N2.1 and N2.2. Relative Standard Errors for Tables N2.1 and N2.2;" " Unit: Percents." " "," " "NAICS"," "," ","Residual","Distillate",,"LPG and",,"Coke"," " "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Total","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(b)","Natural Gas(c)","NGL(d)","Coal","and Breeze","Other(e)" ,,"Total United States" , 311,"Food",6,0,8,0,0,0,0,7 312,"Beverage and Tobacco Products",10,0,82,0,0,0,0,9 313,"Textile Mills",19,0,77,3,20,0,0,48 314,"Textile Product Mills",38,0,0,38,27,0,0,42
EIA - Sorry! Unexpected Error
Annual Energy Outlook 2012 (EIA)
Cold Fusion Error Unexpected Error Sorry An error was encountered. This error could be due to scheduled maintenance. Information about the error has been routed to the appropriate...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Home > Cold Fusion Error: Unexpected Error Sorry! An error was encountered. This error could be due to scheduled maintenance. Information about the error has ...
Home > Cold Fusion Error Unexpected Error Sorry An error was encountered. This error could be due to scheduled maintenance. Information about the error has been routed to the...
4.5 Uranium Isotope Ratio Measurements . . . . . .4.32 Uranium sputtered from three U-rich materials of varying uranium isotopic
Isselhardt, Brett Hallen
Definition: Time Error | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
of Frequency Error over a given period.1 Related Terms Interconnection, sustainability, frequency error, smart grid References Glossary of Terms Used in Reliability...
Nebular Abundance Errors
The errors inherent to the use of the standard "ionization correction factor" ("i_CF") method of calculating nebular conditions and relative abundances of H, He, N, O, Ne, S, and Ar in emission line nebulae have been investigated under conditions typical for planetary nebulae. The photoionization code CLOUDY was used to construct a series of model nebulae with properties spanning the range typical of PNe. Its radial "profiles" of bright, frequently observed optical emission lines were then summed over a variety of "apertures" to generate sets of emission line measurements. These resulting line ratios were processed using the i_CF method to "derive" nebular conditions and abundances. We find that for lines which are summed over the entire nebula the i_CF-derived abundances differ from the input abundances by less than 5% for He and O up to 25% or more for Ne, S, and Ar. For resolved observations, however, the discrepancies are often much larger and are systematically variable with radius. This effect is especially pronounced in low-ionization zones where nitrogen and oxygen are neutral or once-ionized such as in FLIERs, ansae and ionization fronts. We argue that the reports of stellar-enriched N in the FLIERs of several PNe are probably specious.
J. Alexander; B. Balick
Generalized Error Analysis for Conventional and Remote Reference Magnetotellurics
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
An error analysis which applies to both conventional and remote reference magnetotelluric impedance and tipper estimates is developed based on the assumption that noise in the field measurements is governed by a complex normal distribution. Under the assumed model of noise it is shown that the theoretical expressions for the variances and covariances derived recently by Gamble et al (1979b) specifically for remote reference estimates apply to conventional estimates as well. However, calculations are biased if the impedance or tipper functions are biased. The impedance and tipper functions are calculated as ratios of two random functions of noisy field measurements. The expressions for the variances and covariances account for noise in both the numerator and denominator of the estimates. They are useful provided the probability that the magnitude of the random error in the denominator exceeds the magnitude of its expected value is small. Expressions for the bias errors of the impedance and tipper functions are obtained in order to assess the relative contributions of random and bias errors to the man squared error of the estimates. The relative magnitude of both random and bias errors depends on the noise level and on the values of the sample coherencies between various pairs of the field measurements used to compute a particular estimate.
Stodt, John A.
Energy Balance Bowen Ratio Station (EBBR) Handbook
The energy balance Bowen ratio (EBBR) system produces 30-minute estimates of the vertical fluxes of sensible and latent heat at the local surface. Flux estimates are calculated from observations of net radiation, soil surface heat flux, and the vertical gradients of temperature and relative humidity (RH). Meteorological data collected by the EBBR are used to calculate bulk aerodynamic fluxes, which are used in the Bulk Aerodynamic Technique (BA) EBBR value-added product (VAP) to replace sunrise and sunset spikes in the flux data. A unique aspect of the system is the automatic exchange mechanism (AEM), which helps to reduce errors from instrument offset drift.
Cook, DR
Distortion Representation of Forecast Errors
Forecast error is decomposed into three components, termed displacement error, amplitude error, mid residual error, respectively. Displacement error measures how much of the forecast error can be accounted for by moving the forecast to best fit ...
Ross N. Hoffman; Zheng Liu; Jean-Francois Louis; Christopher Grassoti
DOE Patents (OSTI)
An electronic computer circuit is described for producing an output voltage proportional to the product or quotient of tbe voltages of a pair of input signals. ln essence, the disclosed invention provides a computer having two channels adapted to receive separate input signals and each having amplifiers with like fixed amplification factors and like negatlve feedback amplifiers. One of the channels receives a constant signal for comparison purposes, whereby a difference signal is produced to control the amplification factors of the variable feedback amplifiers. The output of the other channel is thereby proportional to the product or quotient of input signals depending upon the relation of input to fixed signals in the first mentioned channel.
Post, R.F.
Error detection method
An apparatus, program product, and method that run an algorithm on a hardware based processor, generate a hardware error as a result of running the algorithm, generate an algorithm output for the algorithm, compare the algorithm output to another output for the algorithm, and detect the hardware error from the comparison. The algorithm is designed to cause the hardware based processor to heat to a degree that increases the likelihood of hardware errors to manifest, and the hardware error is observable in the algorithm output. As such, electronic components may be sufficiently heated and/or sufficiently stressed to create better conditions for generating hardware errors, and the output of the algorithm may be compared at the end of the run to detect a hardware error that occurred anywhere during the run that may otherwise not be detected by traditional methodologies (e.g., due to cooling, insufficient heat and/or stress, etc.).
Olson, Eric J.
Human Errors: Disadvantages and Advantages
The traditional paradigm for learning and training of operators in complex systems is discussed and criticised to react on the strong influence (the doctrine of 'mental logic') coming from research carried out in artificial intelligence (AI). The most well known arguments against the AI-approach are presented and discussed in relation to expertise, intuition and implicit knowledge. The importance of faults and errors are discussed in the context of a new metaphor for cognitive structures to describe expertise, and how knowledge about unsuccessful behavior influences the actual decision making process of experts. Keywords: human error, meta learning, mental model, experience, expertise 1. INTRODUCTION Why is this type of statements "I learned more from my defeats than from my victories" (Napoleon, ca. 1819) sometimes (or always) true? To answer this question we need a new understanding of human errors, inefficient behavior, and expertise. In this paper we will discuss the importance of...
Matthias Rauterberg; Daniel Felix
Video Signal Error Concealment
... the video quality in packet loss transmission environments: error ... along the direction of each detected straight line. The lines are used to divide the ...
Error suppression and error correction in adiabatic quantum computation I: techniques and challenges
Adiabatic quantum computation (AQC) is known to possess some intrinsic robustness, though it is likely that some form of error correction will be necessary for large scale computations. Error handling routines developed for circuit-model quantum computation do not transfer easily to the AQC model since these routines typically require high-quality quantum gates, a resource not generally allowed in AQC. There are two main techniques known to suppress errors during an AQC implementation: energy gap protection and dynamical decoupling. Here we show that both these methods are intimately related and can be analyzed within the same formalism. We analyze the effectiveness of such error suppression techniques and identify critical constraints on the performance of error suppression in AQC, suggesting that error suppression by itself is insufficient for large-scale, fault-tolerant AQC and that a form of error correction is needed. We discuss progress towards implementing error correction in AQC and enumerate several key outstanding problems. This work is a companion paper to "Error suppression and error correction in adiabatic quantum computation II: non-equilibrium dynamics"', which provides a dynamical model perspective on the techniques and limitations of error suppression and error correction in AQC. In this paper we discuss the same results within a quantum information framework, permitting an intuitive discussion of error suppression and correction in encoded AQC.
Kevin C. Young; Mohan Sarovar; Robin Blume-Kohout
~2.3 to 1.8 billion years ago display rela-tively large ratios compared to either older or
(1947). 2. O. J. Rouxel et al., Science 307, 1088 (2005). 3. K. Rankama, Isotope Geology (Pergamon the marine iron isotope ratio at the beginning of stage 3a. Subsequent sulfidic (8, 9) or oxygenated (10 as an insoluble component of the sediment, thus retaining the isotopic compo- sition of the Fe inputs to the ocean
Brody, Carlos
A one-group parametric sensitivity analysis for the graphite isotope ratio method and other related techniques using ORIGEN 2.2
Several methods have been developed previously for estimating cumulative energy production and plutonium production from graphite-moderated reactors. The Graphite Isotope Ratio Method (GIRM) is one well-known technique. This method is based on the measurement of trace isotopes in the reactor�s graphite matrix to determine the change in their isotopic ratios due to burnup. These measurements are then coupled with reactor calculations to determine the total plutonium and energy production of the reactor. To facilitate sensitivity analysis of these methods, a one-group cross section and fission product yield library for the fuel and graphite activation products has been developed for MAGNOX-style reactors. This library is intended for use in the ORIGEN computer code, which calculates the buildup, decay, and processing of radioactive materials. The library was developed using a fuel cell model in Monteburns. This model consisted of a single fuel rod including natural uranium metal fuel, magnesium cladding, carbon dioxide coolant, and Grade A United Kingdom (UK) graphite. Using this library a complete sensitivity analysis can be performed for GIRM and other techniques. The sensitivity analysis conducted in this study assessed various input parameters including 235U and 238U cross section values, aluminum alloy concentration in the fuel, and initial concentrations of trace elements in the graphite moderator. The results of the analysis yield insight into the GIRM method and the isotopic ratios the method uses as well as the level of uncertainty that may be found in the system results.
Chesson, Kristin Elaine
Sources of Error
...Sources of error in damage tolerance analysis can be classified as: Uncertainty and assumptions in data input Uncertainty due to assumptions about flaws Interpretations of, and assumptions in, stress history Inaccuracies in stress intensity Computer...
Errors of Nonobservation
Errors of Nonobservation Errors of Nonobservation Finally, several potential sources of nonsampling error and bias result from errors of nonobservation. The 1994 MECS represents, in terms of sampling coverage, the mail frame of the 1994 ASM or 98 percent of the manufacturing universe, which is consistent with the 1991 MECS. Unit Nonresponse Even though the MECS is a legislatively mandated survey and sampled establishments are given sufficient opportunity and time to respond, nonresponse occurs in the MECS and is accounted for in a nonresponse adjustment of sampling weights. Clearly, had these adjustments not been performed, the estimates produced from only the responding establishments would not have been representative of the target universe for the MECS. Such estimates would have been biased. Adjusting the sampling weights to
The distribution and history of nuclear weapons related contamination in sediments from the Ob River, Siberia as determined by isotopic ratios of Plutonium, Neptunium, and Cesium
This thesis addresses the sources and transport of nuclear weapons related contamination in the Ob River region, Siberia. In addition to being one of the largest rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean, the bulk of the former ...
Kenna, Timothy C
Measurement of the relative branching ratio of B-s(0) -> J/psi f(0)(980) to B-s(0) -> J/psi phi
We present a measurement of the relative branching fraction, R{sub f{sub 0}/{phi}}, of B{sub s}{sup 0} {yields} J/{psi}f{sub 0}(980), with f{sub 0}(980) {yields} {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}, to the process B{sub s}{sup 0} {yields} J/{psi}{phi}, with {phi} {yields} K{sup +}K{sup -}. The J/{psi}f{sub 0}(980) final state corresponds to a CP-odd eigenstate of B{sub s}{sup 0} that could be of interest in future studies of CP violation. Using 8 fb{sup -1} of data recorded with the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider, we find R{sub f{sub 0}/{phi}} = 0.275 {+-} 0.041(stat) {+-} 0.061(syst).
Abazov, V.M.; Abbott, B.; Acharya, B. S.; Adams, M.; Adams, T.; Alexeev, G. D.; Alkhazov, G.; Alton, A.; Alverson, G.; Alves, G. A.; Aoki, M.; Askew, A.; Asman, B.; Atkins, S.; Atramentov, O.; Augsten, K.; Avila, C.; BackusMayes, J.; Badaud, F.; Bagby, L.; Baldin, B.; Bandurin, D. V.; Banerjee, S.; Barberis, E.; Baringer, P.; Barreto, J.; Bartlett, J. F.; Bassler, U.; Bazterra, V.; Bean, A.; Begalli, M.; Belanger-Champagne, C.; Bellantoni, L.; Beri, S. B.; Bernardi, G.; Bernhard, R.; Bertram, I.; Besancon, M.; Beuselinck, R.; Bezzubov, V. A.; Bhat, P. C.; Bhatnagar, V.; Blazey, G.; Blessing, S.; Bloom, K.; Boehnlein, A.; Boline, D.; Boos, E. E.; Borissov, G.; Bose, T.; Brandt, A.; Brandt, O.; Brock, R.; Brooijmans, G.; Bross, A.; Brown, D.; Brown, J.; Bu, X. B.; Buehler, M.; Buescher, V.; Bunichev, V.; Burdin, S.; Burnett, T. H.; Buszello, C. P.; Calpas, B.; Camacho-Perez, E.; Carrasco-Lizarraga, M. A.; Casey, B. C. K.; Castilla-Valdez, H.; Chakrabarti, S.; Chakraborty, D.; Chan, K. M.; Chandra, A.; Chapon, E.; Chen, G.; Chevalier-Thery, S.; Cho, D. K.; Cho, S. W.; Choi, S.; Choudhary, B.; Cihangir, S.; Claes, D.; Clutter, J.; Cooke, M.; Cooper, W. E.; Corcoran, M.; Couderc, F.; Cousinou, M. -C.; Croc, A.; Cutts, D.; Das, A.; Davies, G.; De, K.; de Jong, S. J.; De La Cruz-Burelo, E.; Deliot, F.; Demina, R.; Denisov, D.; Denisov, S. P.; Desai, S.; Deterre, C.; DeVaughan, K.; Diehl, H. T.; Diesburg, M.; Ding, P. F.; Dominguez, A.; Dorland, T.; Dubey, A.; Dudko, L. V.; Duggan, D.; Duperrin, A.; Dutt, S.; Dyshkant, A.; Eads, M.; Edmunds, D.; Ellison, J.; Elvira, V. D.; Enari, Y.; Evans, H.; Evdokimov, A.; Evdokimov, V. N.; Facini, G.; Ferbel, T.; Fiedler, F.; Filthaut, F.; Fisher, W.; Fisk, H. E.; Fortner, M.; Fox, H.; Fuess, S.; Garcia-Bellido, A.; Garcia-Guerra, G. A.; Gavrilov, V.; Gay, P.; Geng, W.; Gerbaudo, D.; Gerber, C. E.; Gershtein, Y.; Ginther, G.; Golovanov, G.; Goussiou, A.; Grannis, P. D.; Greder, S.; Greenlee, H.; Greenwood, Z. D.; Gregores, E. M.; Grenier, G.; Gris, Ph.; Grivaz, J. -F.; Grohsjean, A.; Gruenendahl, S.; Gruenewald, M. W.; Guillemin, T.; Gutierrez, G.; Gutierrez, P.; Haas, A.; Hagopian, S.; Haley, J.; Han, L.; Harder, K.; Harel, A.; Hauptman, J. M.; Hays, J.; Head, T.; Hebbeker, T.; Hedin, D.; Hegab, H.; Heinson, A. P.; Heintz, U.; Hensel, C.; Heredia-De La Cruz, I.; Herner, K.; Hesketh, G.; Hildreth, M. D.; Hirosky, R.; Hoang, T.; Hobbs, J. D.; Hoeneisen, B.; Hohlfeld, M.; Hubacek, Z.; Hynek, V.; Iashvili, I.; Ilchenko, Y.; Illingworth, R.; Ito, A. S.; Jabeen, S.; Jaffre, M.; Jamin, D.; Jayasinghe, A.; Jesik, R.; Johns, K.; Johnson, M.; Jonckheere, A.; Jonsson, P.; Joshi, J.; Jung, A. W.; Juste, A.; Kaadze, K.; Kajfasz, E.; Karmanov, D.; Kasper, P. A.; Katsanos, I.; Kehoe, R.; Kermiche, S.; Khalatyan, N.; Khanov, A.; Kharchilava, A.; Kharzheev, Y. N.; Kohli, J. M.; Kozelov, A. V.; Kraus, J.; Kulikov, S.; Kumar, A.; Kupco, A.; Kurca, T.; Kuzmin, V. A.; Kvita, J.; Lammers, S.; Landsberg, G.; Lebrun, P.; Lee, H. S.; Lee, S. W.; Lee, W. M.; Lellouch, J.; Li, L.; Li, Q. Z.; Lietti, S. M.; Lim, J. K.; Lincoln, D.; Linnemann, J.; Lipaev, V. V.; Lipton, R.; Liu, Y.; Lobodenko, A.; Lokajicek, M.; de Sa, R. Lopes; Lubatti, H. J.; Luna-Garcia, R.; Lyon, A. L.; Maciel, A. K. A.; Mackin, D.; Madar, R.; Magana-Villalba, R.; Malik, S.; Malyshev, V. L.; Maravin, Y.; Martinez-Ortega, J.; McCarthy, R.; McGivern, C. L.; Meijer, M. M.; Melnitchouk, A.; Menezes, D.; Mercadante, P. G.; Merkin, M.; Meyer, A.; Meyer, J.; et al.
Modular error embedding
A method of embedding auxiliary information into the digital representation of host data containing noise in the low-order bits. The method applies to digital data representing analog signals, for example digital images. The method reduces the error introduced by other methods that replace the low-order bits with auxiliary information. By a substantially reverse process, the embedded auxiliary data can be retrieved easily by an authorized user through use of a digital key. The modular error embedding method includes a process to permute the order in which the host data values are processed. The method doubles the amount of auxiliary information that can be added to host data values, in comparison with bit-replacement methods for high bit-rate coding. The invention preserves human perception of the meaning and content of the host data, permitting the addition of auxiliary data in the amount of 50% or greater of the original host data.
Sandford, II, Maxwell T. (Los Alamos, NM); Handel, Theodore G. (Los Alamos, NM); Ettinger, J. Mark (Los Alamos, NM)
Minimal Achievable Error in the LED problem
This paper presents a theoretical model to predict the minimal achievable error, given a noise ratio #, in the LED data set problem. The motivation for developing this theoretical model is to understand and explain some of the results that di#erent systems achieve when they solve the LED problem. Moreover, given a new learning algorithm that solves the LED problem, we can now bound its optimal generalization accuracy.
Xavier Llora; Xavier Llora; David E. Goldberg; David E. Goldberg
Tone Dependent Color Error Diffusion
Conventional grayscale error di#usion halftoning produces worms and other objectionable artifacts. Tone dependent error di#usion #Li and Allebach# reduces these artifacts by controlling the di#usion of quantization errors based on the input graylevel. Li and Allebach design error #lter weights and thresholds for each #input# graylevel optimized based on a human visual system #HVS# model. This paper extends tone dependent error di#usion to color. In color error di#usion, what color to render becomes a major concern in addition to #nding optimal dot patterns. We present a visually optimum design approach for input level #tone# dependent error #lters #for each color plane#. The resulting halftones reduce traditional error di#usion artifacts and achieve greater accuracy in color rendition. 1.
Vishal Monga; Brian L. Evans
Sampling Errors in Seasonal Forecasting
The limited numbers of start dates and ensemble sizes in seasonal forecasts lead to sampling errors in predictions. Defining the magnitude of these sampling errors would be useful for end users as well as informing decisions on resource ...
Stephen Cusack; Alberto Arribas
Pocket Guide: Preventing Switching Errors
There are many conditions that are frequently identified as factors contributing to, if not directly causing, accidents and other unwanted events. These have come to be called "error-likely conditions." In 2010, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) published report 1020018, Error-Likely Situations in Power Switching. That report was the first large-scale effort to fill the knowledge gap in the area of error-likely situations in power switching, and it identified over 100 potentially error-likely ...
Quantum Zero-error Capacity
We define here a new kind of quantum channel capacity by extending the concept of zero-error capacity for a noisy quantum channel. The necessary requirement for which a quantum channel has zero-error capacity greater than zero is given. Finally, we point out some directions on how to calculate the zero-error capacity of such channels.
Rex A. C. Medeiros; Francisco M. De Assis
Error matrix in quantum process tomography
We discuss characterization of experimental quantum gates by the error matrix, which is similar to the standard process matrix $\\chi$ in the Pauli basis, except the desired unitary operation is factored out, by formally placing it either before or after the error process. The error matrix has only one large element, which is equal to the process fidelity, while other elements are small and indicate imperfections. The imaginary parts of the elements along the left column and/or top row directly indicate the unitary imperfection and can be used to find the needed correction. We discuss a relatively simple way to calculate the error matrix for a composition of quantum gates. Similarly, it is rather straightforward to find the first-order contribution to the error matrix due to the Lindblad-form decoherence. We also discuss a way to identify and subtract the tomography procedure errors due to imperfect state preparation and measurement. In appendices we consider several simple examples of the process tomography and also discuss an intuitive physical interpretation of the Lindblad-form decoherence.
Alexander N. Korotkov
Image transmission over OFDM channel with rate allocation scheme and minimum peak-toaverage power ratio
This paper proposes new scheme for efficient rate allocation in conjunction with reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Modification of the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) image coder is proposed to generate four different groups of bit-stream relative to its significances. The significant bits, the sign bits, the set bits and the refinement bits are transmitted in four different groups. The proposed method for reducing the PAPR utilizes twice the unequal error protection (UEP), using the Read-Solomon codes (RS), in conjunction with bit-rate allocation and selective interleaving to provide minimum PAPR. The output bit-stream from the source code (SPIHT) will be started by the most significant types of bits (first group of bits). The optimal unequal error protection (UEP) of the four groups is proposed based on the channel destortion. The proposed structure provides significant improvement in bit error rate (BER) performance. Per...
Mohammed, Usama S
A device is designed for eliminating the effect of leadscrew errors in positioning machines in which linear motion of a slide is effected from rotary motion of a leadscrew. This is accomplished by providing a corrector cam mounted on the slide, a cam follower, and a transducer housing rotatable by the follower to compensate for all the reproducible errors in the transducer signal which can be related to the slide position. The transducer has an inner part which is movable with respect to the transducer housing. The transducer inner part is coupled to the means for rotating the leadscrew such that relative movement between this part and its housing will provide an output signal proportional to the position of the slide. The corrector cam and its follower perform the compensation by changing the angular position of the transducer housing by an amount that is a function of the slide position and the error at that position. (AEC)
Fowler, A.H.
How Do Actuaries Use Data Containing Errors?: Models of Error Detection and Error Correction
Information systems provide data for business processes and decision making. There is strong evidence that data items stored in organizational databases have a significant rate of errors. If undetected in use, errors in data may significantly affect ...
Barbara D. Klein
Firewall Configuration Errors Revisited
The first quantitative evaluation of the quality of corporate firewall configurations appeared in 2004, based on Check Point FireWall-1 rule-sets. In general that survey indicated that corporate firewalls were often enforcing poorly written rule-sets, containing many mistakes. The goal of this work is to revisit the first survey. The current study is much larger. Moreover, for the first time, the study includes configurations from two major vendors. The study also introduce a novel "Firewall Complexity" (FC) measure, that applies to both types of firewalls. The findings of the current study indeed validate the 2004 study's main observations: firewalls are (still) poorly configured, and a rule-set's complexity is (still) positively correlated with the number of detected risk items. Thus we can conclude that, for well-configured firewalls, ``small is (still) beautiful''. However, unlike the 2004 study, we see no significant indication that later software versions have fewer errors (for both vendors).
Wool, Avishai
Quantum error control codes
It is conjectured that quantum computers are able to solve certain problems more quickly than any deterministic or probabilistic computer. For instance, Shor's algorithm is able to factor large integers in polynomial time on a quantum computer. A quantum computer exploits the rules of quantum mechanics to speed up computations. However, it is a formidable task to build a quantum computer, since the quantum mechanical systems storing the information unavoidably interact with their environment. Therefore, one has to mitigate the resulting noise and decoherence effects to avoid computational errors. In this dissertation, I study various aspects of quantum error control codes - the key component of fault-tolerant quantum information processing. I present the fundamental theory and necessary background of quantum codes and construct many families of quantum block and convolutional codes over finite fields, in addition to families of subsystem codes. This dissertation is organized into three parts: Quantum Block Codes. After introducing the theory of quantum block codes, I establish conditions when BCH codes are self-orthogonal (or dual-containing) with respect to Euclidean and Hermitian inner products. In particular, I derive two families of nonbinary quantum BCH codes using the stabilizer formalism. I study duadic codes and establish the existence of families of degenerate quantum codes, as well as families of quantum codes derived from projective geometries. Subsystem Codes. Subsystem codes form a new class of quantum codes in which the underlying classical codes do not need to be self-orthogonal. I give an introduction to subsystem codes and present several methods for subsystem code constructions. I derive families of subsystem codes from classical BCH and RS codes and establish a family of optimal MDS subsystem codes. I establish propagation rules of subsystem codes and construct tables of upper and lower bounds on subsystem code parameters. Quantum Convolutional Codes. Quantum convolutional codes are particularly well-suited for communication applications. I develop the theory of quantum convolutional codes and give families of quantum convolutional codes based on RS codes. Furthermore, I establish a bound on the code parameters of quantum convolutional codes - the generalized Singleton bound. I develop a general framework for deriving convolutional codes from block codes and use it to derive families of non-catastrophic quantum convolutional codes from BCH codes. The dissertation concludes with a discussion of some open problems.
Abdelhamid Awad Aly Ahmed, Sala
Human Error in Airway Facilities
This report examines human errors in Airway Facilities (AF) with the intent of preventing these errors from being passed on to the new Operations Control Centers. To effectively manage errors, they first have to be identified. Human factors engineers researched human error literature, analyzed human errors recorded in AF databases, and conducted structured interviews with AF representatives. This study enabled them to categorize the types of human errors, identify potential causal factors, and recommend strategies for their mitigation. The results provide preventative measures that designers, developers, and users can take to reduce human error. 17. Key Words Human Error Error Mitigation Operations Control Centers Error Mitigation Strategies 18. Distribution Statement This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 22161. 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 23 22. Price Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was accomplished under the sponsorship of the Office of Chief Scientist for Human Factors, AAR-100. The research team greatly appreciates the support supplied by Beverly Clark of AOP-30 and our subject matter expert, Kermit Grayson of Grayson Consulting. We also wish to extend our thanks to the people interviewed at the facilities who gave their valuable time in helping us to achieve the goals of our project. iv v Table of Contents Page Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................iii Executive Summary......................................................................................
Vicki Ahlstrom; Vicki Ahlstrom Act; Donald G. Hartman
Transformer Ratio Enhancement Experiment
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
TRANSFORMER RATIO ENHANCEMENT EXPERIMENT A. Kanareykin, Euclid Concepts LLC, Solon, OH 44139, USA W. Gai, J. G. Power. ANL, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA E. Nenasheva, Ceramics Ltd., St....
Browse Error - Energy Innovation Portal
Share Browse Error - Energy Innovation Portal on Facebook; ... Contacts | Web Site Policies | U.S. Department of Energy | USA.gov Content Last ...
Numerical errors in the presence of steep topography: analysis and alternatives
It is well known in computational fluid dynamics that grid quality affects the accuracy of numerical solutions. When assessing grid quality, properties such as aspect ratio, orthogonality of coordinate surfaces, and cell volume are considered. Mesoscale atmospheric models generally use terrain-following coordinates with large aspect ratios near the surface. As high resolution numerical simulations are increasingly used to study topographically forced flows, a high degree of non-orthogonality is introduced, especially in the vicinity of steep terrain slopes. Numerical errors associated with the use of terrainfollowing coordinates can adversely effect the accuracy of the solution in steep terrain. Inaccuracies from the coordinate transformation are present in each spatially discretized term of the Navier-Stokes equations, as well as in the conservation equations for scalars. In particular, errors in the computation of horizontal pressure gradients, diffusion, and horizontal advection terms have been noted in the presence of sloping coordinate surfaces and steep topography. In this work we study the effects of these spatial discretization errors on the flow solution for three canonical cases: scalar advection over a mountain, an atmosphere at rest over a hill, and forced advection over a hill. This study is completed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Simulations with terrain-following coordinates are compared to those using a flat coordinate, where terrain is represented with the immersed boundary method. The immersed boundary method is used as a tool which allows us to eliminate the terrain-following coordinate transformation, and quantify numerical errors through a direct comparison of the two solutions. Additionally, the effects of related issues such as the steepness of terrain slope and grid aspect ratio are studied in an effort to gain an understanding of numerical domains where terrain-following coordinates can successfully be used and those domains where the solution would benefit from the use of the immersed boundary method.
Lundquist, K A; Chow, F K; Lundquist, J K
Sampling Errors in Rawinsonde-Array Budgets
Rawinsonde data used for sounding-array budget computations have random errors, both instrumental errors and errors of representativeness (here called sampling errors). The latter are associated with the fact that radiosondes do not measure large-...
Brian E. Mapes; Paul E. Ciesielski; Richard H. Johnson
Architecture Design for Soft Errors
This book provides a comprehensive description of the architetural techniques to tackle the soft error problem. It covers the new methodologies for quantitative analysis of soft errors as well as novel, cost-effective architectural techniques to mitigate ... Keywords: Computer Architecture, Computer Engineering, Microprocessors
Shubu Mukherjee
ARM - Measurement - Isotope ratio
govMeasurementsIsotope ratio govMeasurementsIsotope ratio ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Isotope ratio Ratio of stable isotope concentrations. Categories Atmospheric Carbon, Atmospheric State Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. ARM Instruments FLASK : Flask Samplers for Carbon Cycle Gases and Isotopes Field Campaign Instruments FLASK : Flask Samplers for Carbon Cycle Gases and Isotopes Datastreams FLASK : Flask Samplers for Carbon Cycle Gases and Isotopes
The Geometry of Model Error
This paper investigates the nature of model error in complex deterministic nonlinear systems such as weather forecasting models. Forecasting systems incorporate two components, a forecast model and a data assimilation method. The latter projects ...
Kevin Judd; Carolyn A. Reynolds; Thomas E. Rosmond; Leonard A. Smith
V-172: ISC BIND RUNTIME_CHECK Error Lets Remote Users Deny Service...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
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A Stochastic-Dynamic Model for the Spatial Structure of Forecast Error Statistics
A simple model that yields the spatial correlation structure of global atmospheric mass-field forecast errors is derived. The model states that the relative potential vorticity of the forecast error is forced by spatially multi-dimensional white ...
R. Balgovind; A. Dalcher; M. Ghil; E. Kalnay
Errors in determination of soil water content using time-domain reflectometry caused by soil compaction around wave guides
Application of time domain reflectometry (TDR) in soil hydrology often involves the conversion of TDR-measured dielectric permittivity to water content using universal calibration equations (empirical or physically based). Deviations of soil-specific calibrations from the universal calibrations have been noted and are usually attributed to peculiar composition of soil constituents, such as high content of clay and/or organic matter. Although it is recognized that soil disturbance by TDR waveguides may have impact on measurement errors, to our knowledge, there has not been any quantification of this effect. In this paper, we introduce a method that estimates this error by combining two models: one that describes soil compaction around cylindrical objects and another that translates change in bulk density to evolution of soil water retention characteristics. Our analysis indicates that the compaction pattern depends on the mechanical properties of the soil at the time of installation. The relative error in water content measurement depends on the compaction pattern as well as the water content and water retention properties of the soil. Illustrative calculations based on measured soil mechanical and hydrologic properties from the literature indicate that the measurement errors of using a standard three-prong TDR waveguide could be up to 10%. We also show that the error scales linearly with the ratio of rod radius to the interradius spacing.
Ghezzehei, T.A.
Human Operational Errors Involving Control, Relay, and Auxiliary Equipment
This report describes the objectives, information gathering and analysis, and findings of a research effort related to human operational errors involving control, relay, and auxiliary equipment. This research is conducted by the Switching Safety and Reliability Project of EPRI8217s Substations Program. The project consists of three separate studies: 8226 an analysis of relay-related incidents attributed to human errors, 8226 a compilation of work practices when planning and performing work on relays, an...
Human Errors in Information Security
The purpose of the paper is to target audience and stakeholder individuals whom are in charge of securing the assets of their organisations and institutions. This paper starts by providing a brief overview of information security, outlining the main goals and techniques of the discipline. The paper also discusses the role of human factors and how the information security research community has recognised the increasingly crucial role of human behaviour in many security failures. This is followed by a literature review of human errors in information security. Finally, this paper discusses Reason's Generic Error Modelling System (GEMS) as a potential model for explaining human errors in information security [18]. The terms computer security, network security and information security are used interchangeably in this paper.
Munir Ahmed; Lukman Sharif; Muhammad Kabir; Maha Al-maimani
Error-correcting codes and cryptography
Oct 20, 2006 ... topics where error-correcting codes overlap with cryptography. In some of these ..... human errors, e.g., misconfigurations or bugs. If biological�...
Machine Translation Errors: English and Iraqi Arabic
Errors in machine translations of English-Iraqi Arabic dialogues were analyzed using the methods developed for the Human Translation Error Rate measure (HTER). Human annotations were used to refine the Translation Error Rate (TER) annotations. The analyses ... Keywords: Arabic, English, error analysis, evaluation, statistical machine translation
S. Condon; D. Parvaz; J. Aberdeen; C. Doran; A. Freeman; M. Awad
Heading Error Removal System for Tracking Devices - Energy ...
Systems are able to reduce or remove slowly-varying drift errors, such as heading errors, rate of rotation errors, and direction of travel errors, to correct the ...
Error Exponent Region for Gaussian
Introduction We introduce the notion of error exponent region (EER) for a multi-user channel. This region specifies the set of errorexponent vectors, which are simultaneously achievable by all users in the multi-user channel [1]. In this work, we derive an inner bound (achievable region) and an outer bound for the error exponent region of a Gaussian multiple access channel (GMAC). II. Formulation and Main Result An error exponent region for a multi-user channel depends on the channel operating (rate) point. For a two-user channel, we use the notation EER(R1 , R2 ) to denote the EER when the channel is operated at rate pair (R1 , R2 ). Consider a GMAC Y = X1 +X2 + Z, (1) where X1 and X2 are the channel inputs for user 1 and user 2 with E(X 1 ) = SNR1 , E(X 2 ) = SNR2 , and Z is white Gaussian noise with unit variance. Denote E(R,SNR) the maximum of random coding exponent and expurgated exponent of a single-user Gaussian channel. Our main result follow. Theorem 1: For a two-user GM
Multiple Access Channels; Lihua Weng; Achilleas Anastasopoulos; Eep Pradhan
Slope Error Measurement Tool for Solar Parabolic Trough Collectors: Preprint
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has developed an optical measurement tool for parabolic solar collectors that measures the combined errors due to absorber misalignment and reflector slope error. The combined absorber alignment and reflector slope errors are measured using a digital camera to photograph the reflected image of the absorber in the collector. Previous work using the image of the reflection of the absorber finds the reflector slope errors from the reflection of the absorber and an independent measurement of the absorber location. The accuracy of the reflector slope error measurement is thus dependent on the accuracy of the absorber location measurement. By measuring the combined reflector-absorber errors, the uncertainty in the absorber location measurement is eliminated. The related performance merit, the intercept factor, depends on the combined effects of the absorber alignment and reflector slope errors. Measuring the combined effect provides a simpler measurement and a more accurate input to the intercept factor estimate. The minimal equipment and setup required for this measurement technique make it ideal for field measurements.
Stynes, J. K.; Ihas, B.
Error 401 on upload? | OpenEI Community
Error 401 on upload? Error 401 on upload? Home > Groups > Databus Hi, I get an HTTP error 401 when trying to upload data. My first thought is that this is related to the robot's credentials, but I've checked that carefully; robot is in a group with access to the table, etc. Is there something else that can cause error 401? thanks, Submitted by Hopcroft on 23 September, 2013 - 13:02 1 answer Points: 0 uploading data using the GUI (csv upload button) or uploading data using json? What type of access does the group have to the database? Try adding the robot to the group directly as well as a work around and let me know what happens(we have people using the robots but perhaps there is an issue somewhere). Is your user and your api key working at all? (your user key is in the help section System Access on your version of databus). Deanhiller
Envera Variable Compression Ratio Engine
Aggressive engine downsizing, variable compression ratio and use of the Atkinson cycle are being combined to improve fuel economy by up to 40 percent relative to port fuel injected gasoline engines, while maintaining full engine power. Approach Engine downsizing is viewed by US and foreign automobile manufacturers as one of the best options for improving fuel economy. While this strategy has already demonstrated a degree of success, downsizing and fuel economy gains are currently limited. With new variable compression ratio technology however, the degree of engine downsizing and fuel economy improvement can be greatly increased. A small variable compression ratio (VCR) engine has the potential to return significantly higher vehicle fuel economy while also providing high power. Affordability and potential for near term commercialization are key attributes of the Envera VCR engine. VCR Technology To meet torque and power requirements, a smaller engine needs to do more work per stroke. This is typically accomplished by boosting the incoming charge with either a turbo or supercharger so that more energy is present in the cylinder per stroke to do the work. With current production engines the degree of engine boosting (which correlates to downsizing) is limited by detonation (combustion knock) at high boost levels. Additionally, the turbo or supercharger needs to be responsive and efficient while providing the needed boost. VCR technology eliminates the limitation of engine knock at high load levels by reducing compression ratio to {approx}9:1 (or whatever level is appropriate) when high boost pressures are needed. By reducing the compression ratio during high load demand periods there is increased volume in the cylinder at top dead center (TDC) which allows more charge (or energy) to be present in the cylinder without increasing the peak pressure. Cylinder pressure is thus kept below the level at which the engine would begin to knock. When loads on the engine are low the compression ratio can be raised (to as much as 18:1) providing high engine efficiency. It is important to recognize that for a well designed VCR engine cylinder pressure does not need to be higher than found in current production turbocharged engines. As such, there is no need for a stronger crankcase, bearings and other load bearing parts within the VCR engine. The Envera VCR mechanism uses an eccentric carrier approach to adjust engine compression ratio. The crankshaft main bearings are mounted in this eccentric carrier or 'crankshaft cradle' and pivoting the eccentric carrier 30 degrees adjusts compression ratio from 9:1 to 18:1. The eccentric carrier is made up of a casting that provides rigid support for the main bearings, and removable upper bearing caps. Oil feed to the main bearings transits through the bearing cap fastener sockets. The eccentric carrier design was chosen for its low cost and rigid support of the main bearings. A control shaft and connecting links are used to pivot the eccentric carrier. The control shaft mechanism features compression ratio lock-up at minimum and maximum compression ratio settings. The control shaft method of pivoting the eccentric carrier was selected due to its lock-up capability. The control shaft can be rotated by a hydraulic actuator or an electric motor. The engine shown in Figures 3 and 4 has a hydraulic actuator that was developed under the current program. In-line 4-cylinder engines are significantly less expensive than V engines because an entire cylinder head can be eliminated. The cost savings from eliminating cylinders and an entire cylinder head will notably offset the added cost of the VCR and supercharging. Replacing V6 and V8 engines with in-line VCR 4-cylinder engines will provide high fuel economy at low cost. Numerous enabling technologies exist which have the potential to increase engine efficiency. The greatest efficiency gains are realized when the right combination of advanced and new technologies are packaged together to provide the greatest gains at the least cost. Aggressive engine downsiz
Charles Mendler
Measure of Diffusion Model Error for Thermal Radiation Transport
The diffusion approximation to the equation of transfer (Boltzmann transport equation) is usually applied to media where scattering dominates the interactions. Diffusion approximation helps in significant savings in terms of code complexity and computational time. However, this approximation often has significant error. Error due to the inherent nature of a physics model is called model error. Information about the model error associated with the diffusion approximation is clearly desirable. An indirect measure of model error is a quantity that is related in some way to the error but not equal to the error. In general, indirect measures of error are expected to be less costly than direct measures. Perhaps the most well-known indirect measure of the diffusion model error is the variable-Eddington tensor. This tensor provides a great deal of information about the angular dependence of the angular intensity solution, but it is not always simple to interpret. We define a new indirect measure of the diffusion model error called the diffusion model error source (DME source). When this DME source is added to the diffusion equation, the transport solution for the angular-integrated intensity is obtained. In contrast to the variable-Eddington tensor, our DME source is a scalar that is conceptually easy to interpret. In addition to defining the DME source analytically, we show how to generate this source numerically relative to the Sn radiative transfer equations with linear-discontinuous spatial discretization. This numerical source is computationally tested and shown to reproduce the Sn solution for a number of problems. Our radiative transfer model solves a coupled, time dependent, multi-frequency, 1-D slab equation and material heat transfer equation. We then use diffusion approximation to solve the same problem. The difference due to this approximation can be modelled by a �diffusion source�. The diffusion source is defined as an amount of inhomogeneous source that, when added to a diffusion calculation, gives a solution for the angle-integrated intensity that is equal to the transport solution.
Kumar, Akansha
Incorporating Misclassification Error in Skill Assessment
It is desirable to account for misclassification error of meteorological observations so that the true skill of the forecast can be assessed. Errors in observations can occur, among other places, in pilot reports of icing and in tornado spotting. ...
William Briggs; Matt Pocernich; David Ruppert
Sources of Error in Objective Analysis
The errors in objective analysis methods that are based on corrections to first-guess fields are considered. An expression that gives a decomposition of an error into three independent components is derived. To test the magnitudes of the ...
Richard Franke
Systematic Tendency Error in Budget Calculations
Atmospheric budget calculations suffer from various observational and numerical errors. This paper demonstrates that all budget calculations applied to a large number of samples suffer from additional errors originating from systematic tendency ...
Masao Kanamitsu; Suranjana Saha
Review of Radiosonde Humidity and Temperature Errors
An attempt is made to provide a brief but comprehensive summary of sources of error in National Weather Service upper air data, and a guide to the relevant literature. Error analysis must be tailored for particular applications. Temperature ...
Robert W. Pratt
Available Technologies: Compression Ratio Dehumidification
The Compression Ratio Dehumidification technology will address a growing concern since energy efficiency standards became broadly adopted nationwide.
Electronic branching ratio of the. tau. lepton
Using data accumulated by the CLEO I detector operating at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring, we have measured the ratio {ital R}={Gamma}({tau}{r arrow}{ital e}{bar {nu}}{sub {ital e}}{nu}{sub {tau}})/{Gamma}{sub 1}, where {Gamma}{sub 1} is the {tau} decay rate to final states with one charged particle. We find {ital R}=0.2231{plus minus}0.0044{plus minus}0.0073 where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic. Together with the measured topological one-charged-particle branching fraction, this yields the branching fraction of the {tau} lepton to electrons, {ital B}{sub {ital e}}=0.192{plus minus}0.004{plus minus}0.006.
Ammar, R.; Baringer, P.; Coppage, D.; Davis, R.; Kelly, M.; Kwak, N.; Lam, H.; Ro, S.; Kubota, Y.; Lattery, M.; Nelson, J.K.; Perticone, D.; Poling, R.; Schrenk, S.; Wang, R.; Alam, M.S.; Kim, I.J.; Nemati, B.; Romero, V.; Sun, C.R.; Wang, P.; Zoeller, M.M.; Crawford, G.; Fulton, R.; Gan, K.K.; Kagan, H.; Kass, R.; Lee, J.; Malchow, R.; Morrow, F.; Sung, M.K.; Whitmore, J.; Wilson, P.; Butler, F.; Fu, X.; Kalbfleisch, G.; Lambrecht, M.; Skubic, P.; Snow, J.; Wang, P.; Bortoletto, D.; Brown, D.N.; Dominick, J.; McIlwain, R.L.; Miller, D.H.; Modesitt, M.; Shibata, E.I.; Schaffner, S.F.; Shipsey, I.P.J.; Battle, M.; Ernst, J.; Kroha, H.; Roberts, S.; Sparks, K.; Thorndike, E.H.; Wang, C.; Stroynowski, R.; Artuso, M.; Goldberg, M.; Haupt, T.; Horwitz, N.; Kennett, R.; Moneti, G.C.; Playfer, S.; Rozen, Y.; Rubin, P.; Skwarnicki, T.; Stone, S.; Thulasidas, M.; Yao, W.; Zhu, G.; Barnes, A.V.; Bartelt, J.; Csorna, S.E.; Jain, V.; Letson, T.; Mestayer, M.D.; Akerib, D.S.; Barish, B.; Chadha, M.; (CLEO Collaboration)
Relative Standard Errors of Intensity Estimates - Total Inputs
586-0018 http:www.eia.govemeumecsmecs94eirtable02.html If you are having any technical problems with this site, please contact the EIA Webmaster at firstname.lastname@example.com...
Final Report on Isotope Ratio Techniques for Light Water Reactors
The Isotope Ratio Method (IRM) is a technique for estimating the energy or plutonium production in a fission reactor by measuring isotope ratios in non-fuel reactor components. The isotope ratios in these components can then be directly related to the cumulative energy production with standard reactor modeling methods.
Gerlach, David C.; Gesh, Christopher J.; Hurley, David E.; Mitchell, Mark R.; Meriwether, George H.; Reid, Bruce D.
Some aspects regarding human error assessment in resilient sociotechnical systems
The paper focuses on a human reliability analysis (HRA) that provides estimates of relative frequencies for human errors in particular critical tasks, highlighting the exposed areas of the system in which the improvements will be beneficial. The dynamic ... Keywords: human factor qualitative, quantitative analysis, risk, sociotechnical system
Gabriela Tont; Luige Vladareanu; Radu Adrian Munteanu; Dan George Tont
Plutonium isotope ratio variations in North America
Historically, approximately 12,000 TBq of plutonium was distributed throughout the global biosphere by thermo nuclear weapons testing. The resultant global plutonium fallout is a complex mixture whose {sup 240}Pu/{sup 239}Pu atom ratio is a function of the design and yield of the devices tested. The average {sup 240}Pu/{sup 239}Pu atom ratio in global fallout is 0.176 + 014. However, the {sup 240}Pu/{sup 239}Pu atom ratio at any location may differ significantly from 0.176. Plutonium has also been released by discharges and accidents associated with the commercial and weapons related nuclear industries. At many locations contributions from this plutonium significantly alters the {sup 240}Pu/{sup 239}Pu atom ratios from those observed in global fallout. We have measured the {sup 240}Pu/{sup 239}Pu atom ratios in environmental samples collected from many locations in North America. This presentation will summarize the analytical results from these measurements. Special emphasis will be placed on interpretation of the significance of the {sup 240}Pu/{sup 239}Pu atom ratios measured in environmental samples collected in the Arctic and in the western portions of the United States.
Steiner, Robert E [Los Alamos National Laboratory; La Mont, Stephen P [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Eisele, William F [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Fresquez, Philip R [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Mc Naughton, Michael [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Whicker, Jeffrey J [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Optimal ratio between phase basis and bit basis in QKD
In the original BB84 protocol, we use the bit basis and the phase basis with the equal probability. Lo et al (J. of Cryptology, 18, 133-165 (2005)) proposed to modify the ratio between two bases for increasing the final key generation rate in the asymptotic setting. In the present letter, in order to treat this problem the non-asymptotic setting, we optimize the ratio between the two bases with exponential constraints for Eve's information distinguishability and the final error probability.
Hayashi, Masahito
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High ratio recirculating gas compressor
A high ratio positive displacement recirculating rotary compressor is disclosed. The compressor includes an integral heat exchanger and recirculation conduits for returning cooled, high pressure discharge gas to the compressor housing to reducing heating of the compressor and enable higher pressure ratios to be sustained. The compressor features a recirculation system which results in continuous and uninterrupted flow of recirculation gas to the compressor with no direct leakage to either the discharge port or the intake port of the compressor, resulting in a capability of higher sustained pressure ratios without overheating of the compressor.
Weinbrecht, John F. (601 Oakwood Pl., NE., Albuquerque, NM 87123)
A high ratio positive displacement recirculating rotary compressor is disclosed. The compressor includes an integral heat exchanger and recirculation conduits for returning cooled, high pressure discharge gas to the compressor housing to reducing heating of the compressor and enable higher pressure ratios to be sustained. The compressor features a recirculation system which results in continuous and uninterrupted flow of recirculation gas to the compressor with no direct leakage to either the discharge port or the intake port of the compressor, resulting in a capability of higher sustained pressure ratios without overheating of the compressor. 10 figs.
Weinbrecht, J.F.
ARM - Measurement - Backscatter depolarization ratio
govMeasurementsBackscatter depolarization ratio govMeasurementsBackscatter depolarization ratio ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Backscatter depolarization ratio The ratio of cross polarized to co-polarized elastic backscatter. Categories Aerosols Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. ARM Instruments HSRL : High Spectral Resolution Lidar RL : Raman Lidar Field Campaign Instruments HSRL : High Spectral Resolution Lidar MIRAI : JAMSTEC Research Vessel Mirai MPL-AIR : Micropulse Lidar- Airborne
QuarkNet Workshop: Beyond Human Error
Human Error Human Error QuarkNet Workshop for High School Science Teachers 8:30 am to 4:00 pm, August 1 -3, 2012 at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory This was a three-day workshop for high school science teachers. Measurement and error are key ingredients for all science applications. Both align with the Next Generation Science Standards, but many high school students struggle to understand the importance of error analysis and prevention. Over the three days we examined multiple experiments going on at Fermilab and discussed the ways that scientists take measurements and reduce error on these projects. Participants met and worked with scientists from Fermilab and University of Chicago to look at how error analysis takes place at Fermilab and bridged those ideas into high school classes. Teachers discussed lesson plans available at Fermilab and their own methods of teaching error analysis. Additionally, participants heard from high school students who participated in summer research as they presented their findings and linked students' learning back to the teachers' understanding of error recognition and analysis.
Density estimation for data with rounding errors
Rounding of data is common in practice. The problem of estimating the underlying density function based on data with rounding errors is addressed. A parametric maximum likelihood estimator and a nonparametric bootstrap kernel density estimator are proposed. ... Keywords: Bootstrapping, Deconvolution density estimation, Fast Fourier transformation, Kernel density estimation, Measurement error
B. Wang, W. Wertelecki
Automatic detection of dimension errors in spreadsheets
We present a reasoning system for inferring dimension information in spreadsheets. This system can be used to check the consistency of spreadsheet formulas and thus is able to detect errors in spreadsheets. Our approach is based on three static analysis ... Keywords: Dimension, Error detection, Inference rule, Spreadsheet, Static analysis, Unit of measurement
Chris Chambers; Martin Erwig
Wind Power Forecasting Error Distributions over Multiple Timescales (Presentation)
This presentation presents some statistical analysis of wind power forecast errors and error distributions, with examples using ERCOT data.
Hodge, B. M.; Milligan, M.
Dynamics of Prediction Errors under the Combined Effect of Initial Condition and Model Errors
The transient evolution of prediction errors in the short to intermediate time regime is considered under the combined effect of initial condition and model errors. Some generic features are brought out and connected with intrinsic properties. ...
C. Nicolis; Rui A. P. Perdigao; S. Vannitsem
Word error rates: Decomposition over POS classes and applications for error analysis
Evaluation and error analysis of machine translation output are important but difficult tasks. In this work, we propose a novel method for obtaining more details about actual translation errors in the generated output by introducing the decomposition of Word Error Rate (WER) and Position independent word Error Rate (PER) over different Partof-Speech (POS) classes. Furthermore, we investigate two possible aspects of the use of these decompositions for automatic error analysis: estimation of inflectional errors and distribution of missing words over POS classes. The obtained results are shown to correspond to the results of a human error analysis. The results obtained on the European Parliament Plenary Session corpus in Spanish and English give a better overview of the nature of translation errors as well as ideas of where to put efforts for possible improvements of the translation system. 1
Maja Popovi?; Hermann Ney
Resilience of Hybrid Ensemble/3DVAR Analysis Schemes to Model Error and Ensemble Covariance Error
Previous idealized numerical experiments have shown that a straightforward augmentation of an isotropic error correlation matrix with an ensemble-based error correlation matrix yields an improved data assimilation scheme under certain conditions. ...
Brian J. Etherton; Craig H. Bishop
We investigate the impact of instrumental systematic errors in interferometric measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization power spectra. We simulate interferometric CMB observations to generate mock visibilities and estimate power spectra using the statistically optimal maximum likelihood technique. We define a quadratic error measure to determine allowable levels of systematic error that does not induce power spectrum errors beyond a given tolerance. As an example, in this study we focus on differential pointing errors. The effects of other systematics can be simulated by this pipeline in a straightforward manner. We find that, in order to accurately recover the underlying B-modes for r = 0.01 at 28 < l < 384, Gaussian-distributed pointing errors must be controlled to 0. Degree-Sign 7 root mean square for an interferometer with an antenna configuration similar to QUBIC, in agreement with analytical estimates. Only the statistical uncertainty for 28 < l < 88 would be changed at {approx}10% level. With the same instrumental configuration, we find that the pointing errors would slightly bias the 2{sigma} upper limit of the tensor-to-scalar ratio r by {approx}10%. We also show that the impact of pointing errors on the TB and EB measurements is negligibly small.
Zhang Le; Timbie, Peter [Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 (United States); Karakci, Ata; Korotkov, Andrei; Tucker, Gregory S. [Department of Physics, Brown University, 182 Hope Street, Providence, RI 02912 (United States); Sutter, Paul M.; Wandelt, Benjamin D. [Department of Physics, 1110 W Green Street, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 (United States); Bunn, Emory F., E-mail: email@example.com [Physics Department, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173 (United States)
Hopper Trouble Shooting and Error Messages
Trouble Shooting and Error Messages Trouble Shooting and Error Messages Trouble Shooting and Error Messages Error Messages Message or Symptom Fault Recommendation job hit wallclock time limit user or system Submit job for longer time or start job from last checkpoint and resubmit. If your job hung and produced no output contact consultants. received node failed or halted event for nid xxxx system One of the compute nodes assigned to the job failed. Resubmit the job PtlNIInit failed : PTL_NOT_REGISTERED user The executable is from an XT system (Franklin or Jaguar?) using portals. Recompile on Hopper and resubmit. error while loading shared libraries: libxxxx.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory mostly user, sometimes system Make sure environment variable CRAY_ROOTFS is set to DSL, also the modules loaded when building the dynamic executable is also loaded at run time. Report to consultants if still not resolved.
Error analysis in wind turbine field testing
In wind turbine field testing, one of the most important issues is understanding and accounting for data errors. Extended dynamic testing of wind turbines requires a thorough uncertainty analysis and a regimen of quality assurance steps in order to preserve accuracy. Test objectives need to be identified to determine the accuracy requirements of any data measurement, collection, and analysis process. Frequently, the uncertainty analysis reveals that the major sources of error can be allowed for with careful calibration and signal drift tracking procedures. This paper offers a basis for the discussion and development of a repeatable and accurate process to track errors and account for them in data processing.
McNiff, B [McNiff Light Industries, Carlisle, MA (United States); Simms, D [National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (United States)
Verification of unfold error estimates in the unfold operator code
Spectral unfolding is an inverse mathematical operation that attempts to obtain spectral source information from a set of response functions and data measurements. Several unfold algorithms have appeared over the past 30 years; among them is the unfold operator (UFO) code written at Sandia National Laboratories. In addition to an unfolded spectrum, the UFO code also estimates the unfold uncertainty (error) induced by estimated random uncertainties in the data. In UFO the unfold uncertainty is obtained from the error matrix. This built-in estimate has now been compared to error estimates obtained by running the code in a Monte Carlo fashion with prescribed data distributions (Gaussian deviates). In the test problem studied, data were simulated from an arbitrarily chosen blackbody spectrum (10 keV) and a set of overlapping response functions. The data were assumed to have an imprecision of 5{percent} (standard deviation). One hundred random data sets were generated. The built-in estimate of unfold uncertainty agreed with the Monte Carlo estimate to within the statistical resolution of this relatively small sample size (95{percent} confidence level). A possible 10{percent} bias between the two methods was unresolved. The Monte Carlo technique is also useful in underdetermined problems, for which the error matrix method does not apply. UFO has been applied to the diagnosis of low energy x rays emitted by Z-pinch and ion-beam driven hohlraums. {copyright} {ital 1997 American Institute of Physics.}
Fehl, D.L.; Biggs, F. [Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 (United States)] [Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 (United States)
Preventing numerical errors generated by interface-capturing schemes in compressible multi-material flows
In the present work, errors generated in computations of compressible multi-material flows using shock-capturing schemes are examined, specifically pressure oscillations (when the specific heats ratio is variable), but also temperature spikes and species ... Keywords: High-order accurate schemes, Interface capturing, Material discontinuities, Multi-material flows, Multifluid algorithms, Shock capturing, WENO
Eric Johnsen; Frank Ham
An error model for inter-vehicle communications in highway scenarios at 5.9GHz
The design and evaluation of Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) protocols rely much on the accurate and efficient computational simulations. For simulations of Medium Access Control (MAC) and higher layers, the modeling work of underlying Physical layer ... Keywords: DSRC, IEEE 802.11p, ITS, inter-vehicle communications, packet error ratio, wireless channel model
Yunpeng Zang; Lothar Stibor; Georgios Orfanos; Shumin Guo; Hans-Juergen Reumerman
Harmonic Analysis Errors in Calculating Dipole,
Harmonic Analysis Errors in Calculating Dipole, Harmonic Analysis Errors in Calculating Dipole, Quadrupole, and Sextupole Magnets using POISSON Ro be rt J. La ri<::::R~ i. September 10, 1985 Introduction LS-32 The computer program POISSON was used to calculate the dipole, quadru- pole, and sextupole magnets of the 6 GeV electron storage ring. A trinagular mesh must first be generated by LATTICE. The triangle size is varied over the "universe" at the discretion of the user. This note describes a series of test calculations that were made to help the user decide on the size of the mesh to reduce the harmonic field calculation errors. A conformal transfor- mation of a multipole magnet into a dipole reduces these errors. Dipole Magnet Calculations A triangular mesh used to calculate a "perfect" dipole magnet is shown in
Effectiveness of various error metrics in SCEPTRE.
The objective of this project is to investigate accuracy of error metrics in SCEPTRE and produce useful benchmarks, identify metrics that do not work well, identify metrics that do work well, and produce easy to reference results.
Olson, Aaron
Spatial Error Metrics for Oceanographic Model Verification
A common problem with modern numerical oceanographic models is spatial displacement, including misplacement and misshapenness of ocean circulation features. Traditional error metrics, such as least squares methods, are ineffective in many such ...
Sean B. Ziegeler; James D. Dykes; Jay F. Shriver
Error bounds: necessary and sufficient conditions
from the primal as well as from the dual space are used to characterize the error bound property .... known as conditioning rate [45]): Er f(�x) := lim inf x??x.
Errors and paradoxes in quantum mechanics
Errors and paradoxes in quantum mechanics, entry in the Compendium of Quantum Physics: Concepts, Experiments, History and Philosophy, ed. F. Weinert, K. Hentschel, D. Greenberger and B. Falkenburg (Springer), to appear
D. Rohrlich
Data Assimilation via Error Subspace Statistical Estimation.
Identical twin experiments are utilized to assess and exemplify the capabilities of error subspace statistical estimation (ESSE). The experiments consists of nonlinear, primitive equation�based, idealized Middle Atlantic Bight shelfbreak front ...
P. F. J. Lermusiaux
Flux Sampling Errors for Aircraft and Towers
Various errors and influences leading to differences between tower- and aircraft-measured fluxes are surveyed. This survey is motivated by reports in the literature that aircraft fluxes are sometimes smaller than tower-measured fluxes. Both tower ...
L. Mahrt
Minimizing Errors Associated with Multiplate Radiation Shields
Multiplate radiation shield errors are examined using the following techniques: 1) ray tracing analysis, 2) wind tunnel experiments, 3) numerical flow simulations, and 4) field testing. The authors� objectives are to develop guidelines for ...
Scott J. Richardson; Fred V. Brock; Steven R. Semmer; Cathy Jirak
Diagnosing Forecast Errors in Tropical Cyclone Motion
This paper reports on the development of a diagnostic approach that can be used to examine the sources of numerical model forecast error that contribute to degraded tropical cyclone (TC) motion forecasts. Tropical cyclone motion forecasts depend ...
Thomas J. Galarneau Jr.; Christopher A. Davis
Panels with Nonstationary Multifactor Error Structures
panel regressions with multifactor error structure. This paper extends this work and examines the important case where the unobserved common factors follow unit root processes and could be cointegrated. It is found that the presence of unit roots does...
Kapetanios, George; Pesaran, M Hashem; Yamagata, Takashi
Short-Term Dynamics of Model Errors
The natural instability of the atmosphere is at the origin of the rapid amplification of errors coming from the uncertainty on the initial conditions and from the imperfect representation (the model) of the atmospheric dynamics. In this paper, ...
S. Vannitsem; Z. Toth
Error driven paraphrase annotation using Mechanical Turk
The source text provided to a machine translation system is typically only one of many ways the input sentence could have been expressed, and alternative forms of expression can often produce a better translation. We introduce here error driven paraphrasing ...
Olivia Buzek; Philip Resnik; Benjamin B. Bederson
Quantum error-correcting codes and devices
A method of forming quantum error-correcting codes by first forming a stabilizer for a Hilbert space. A quantum information processing device can be formed to implement such quantum codes.
Gottesman, Daniel (Los Alamos, NM)
Minimizing Binding Errors Using Learned Conjunctive Features
We have studied some of the design trade-offs governing visual representations based on spatially invariant conjunctive feature detectors, with an emphasis on the susceptibility of such systems to false-positive recognition errors�Malsburg's classical ...
Bartlett W. Mel; J�zsef W. Fiser
We have studied some of the design trade-offs governing visual representations based on spatially invariant conjunctive feature detectors, with an emphasis on the susceptibility of such systems to false-positive recognition errors�Malsburg�s ...
Bartlett W. Mel; J�sef W. Fiser
Assessing the Ensemble Spread-Error Relationship
The potential ability of an ensemble prediction system (EPS) to represent its own varying forecast error provides strong motivation to produce an EPS over a less expensive deterministic forecast. Traditionally this ability has been assessed by ...
T. M. Hopson
Estimation of Errors in Seasonal Cycles
A formula is first given for the error in a 2-harmonic seasonal curve of best fit through a set of N oceanographic data points, assuming the departures from the true mean are independent random numbers.
J. S. Godfrey; K. R. Ridgway
Organizational Errors: Directions for Future Research
The goal of this chapter is to promote research about organizational errors�i.e., the actions of multiple organizational participants that deviate from organizationally specified rules and can potentially result in adverse ...
Carroll, John Stephen
Stratospheric Wind Errors, Initial States and Forecast Skill in the GLAS General Circulation Model
Relations between stratospheric wind errors, initial states and 500 mb skill are investigated using the GLAS general circulation model initialized with FGGE data. Erroneous stratospheric winds are seen in all current general circulation models, ...
J. Tenenbaum
How to keep your head above water while detecting errors
Today's distributed systems need runtime error detection to catch errors arising from software bugs, hardware errors, or unexpected operating conditions. A prominent class of error detection techniques operates in a stateful manner, i.e., it keeps track ... Keywords: J2EE multi-tier systems, hidden markov model, high throughput distributed applications, intelligent sampling, stateful error detection
Ignacio Laguna; Fahad A. Arshad; David M. Grothe; Saurabh Bagchi
System and method for high precision isotope ratio destructive analysis
A system and process are disclosed that provide high accuracy and high precision destructive analysis measurements for isotope ratio determination of relative isotope abundance distributions in liquids, solids, and particulate samples. The invention utilizes a collinear probe beam to interrogate a laser ablated plume. This invention provides enhanced single-shot detection sensitivity approaching the femtogram range, and isotope ratios that can be determined at approximately 1% or better precision and accuracy (relative standard deviation).
Bushaw, Bruce A; Anheier, Norman C; Phillips, Jon R
Human Errors as an Invaluable Source for Experienced Decision Making
: In this paper the traditional paradigm for learning and training of operators in complex systems is discussed and criticised. There is a strong influence (the doctrine of 'mental logic') coming from research carried out in artificial intelligence. The most well known arguments against the artificial intelligence approach are presented and discussed in relation to expertise, intuition and implicit knowledge. The importance of faults and errors are discussed to describe expertise, and how knowledge about unsuccessful behaviour influences the actual decision making process of experts. 1. Introduction In this paper we will discuss the importance of learning from unsuccessful behaviour. What percentage of unanticipated events (e.g., accidents) is caused by human error? This is a question that vexed researchers for years in the context of human interaction with complex systems. In general, incident surveys in a variety of industries attribute high percentages of critical events to ...
Matthias Rauterberg; Roger Aeppli
A Nonlinear Generalized Additive Error Model of Production and Cost
Additive Error Model of Production and Cost by Quirino ParisError Model of Production and Cost Quirino Paris* UniversityAdditive Error Model of Production and Cost I. Introduction
Paris, Quirino; Caputo, Michael R.
A systems approach to reducing utility billing errors
Many methods for analyzing the possibility of errors are practiced by organizations who are concerned about safety and error prevention. However, in situations where the error occurrence is random and difficult to track, ...
Ogura, Nori
Evolutionary Algorithm-Based Error Parameterization Methods for Data Assimilation
The methods of parameterizing model errors have a substantial effect on the accuracy of ensemble data assimilation. After a review of the current error-handling methods, a new blending error parameterization method was designed to combine the ...
Yulong Bai; Xin Li
Explicitly Accounting for Observation Error in Categorical Verification of Forecasts
Given an accurate representation of errors in observations it is possible to remove the effect of those errors from categorical verification scores. The errors in the observations are treated as additive white noise that is statistically ...
Neill E. Bowler
Graphical algorithms and threshold error rates for the 2d colour code
Recent work on fault-tolerant quantum computation making use of topological error correction shows great potential, with the 2d surface code possessing a threshold error rate approaching 1% (NJoP 9:199, 2007), (arXiv:0905.0531). However, the 2d surface code requires the use of a complex state distillation procedure to achieve universal quantum computation. The colour code of (PRL 97:180501, 2006) is a related scheme partially solving the problem, providing a means to perform all Clifford group gates transversally. We review the colour code and its error correcting methodology, discussing one approximate technique based on graph matching. We derive an analytic lower bound to the threshold error rate of 6.25% under error-free syndrome extraction, while numerical simulations indicate it may be as high as 13.3%. Inclusion of faulty syndrome extraction circuits drops the threshold to approximately 0.1%.
Wang, D S; Hill, C D; Hollenberg, L C L
D. S. Wang; A. G. Fowler; C. D. Hill; L. C. L. Hollenberg
Theoretical analysis of error transfer from surface slope to refractive ray and their application to the solar concentrated collector
This paper presents the general equation to calculate the standard deviation of reflected ray error from optical error through geometry optics, applying the equation to calculate the standard deviation of reflected ray error for 8 kinds of solar concentrated reflector, provide typical results. The results indicate that the slope errors in two direction is transferred to any one direction of the focus ray when the incidence angle is more than 0 for solar trough and heliostats reflector; for point focus Fresnel lens, point focus parabolic glass mirror, line focus parabolic galss mirror, the error transferring coefficient from optical to focus ray will increase when the rim angle increase; for TIR-R concentrator, it will decrease; for glass heliostat, it relates to the incidence angle and azimuth of the reflecting point. Keywords: optic error, standard deviation, refractive ray error, concentrated solar collector
Huang, Weidong
Minimum error discrimination of Pauli channels
We solve the problem of discriminating with minimum error probability two given Pauli channels. We show that, differently from the case of discrimination between unitary transformations, the use of entanglement with an ancillary system can strictly improve the discrimination, and any maximally entangled state allows to achieve the optimal discrimination. We also provide a simple necessary and sufficient condition in terms of the structure of the channels for which the ultimate minimum error probability can be achieved without entanglement assistance. When such a condition is satisfied, the optimal input state is simply an eigenstate of one of the Pauli matrices.
Massimiliano F. Sacchi
Laser Phase Errors in Seeded FELs
Harmonic seeding of free electron lasers has attracted significant attention from the promise of transform-limited pulses in the soft X-ray region. Harmonic multiplication schemes extend seeding to shorter wavelengths, but also amplify the spectral phase errors of the initial seed laser, and may degrade the pulse quality. In this paper we consider the effect of seed laser phase errors in high gain harmonic generation and echo-enabled harmonic generation. We use simulations to confirm analytical results for the case of linearly chirped seed lasers, and extend the results for arbitrary seed laser envelope and phase.
Ratner, D.; Fry, A.; Stupakov, G.; White, W.; /SLAC
Underestimating Costs in Public Works Projects: Error or Lie?
1964). Errors in project cost estimates. Indian Eco- nomicSystematic errors in cost estimates for public investmentprojects compare in cost estimate experience? (Reprint No.
Flyvbjerg, Bent; Holm, Mette Skamris; Buhl, S�ren
U-058: Apache Struts Conversion Error OGNL Expression Injection...
8: Apache Struts Conversion Error OGNL Expression Injection Vulnerability U-058: Apache Struts Conversion Error OGNL Expression Injection Vulnerability December 12, 2011 - 9:00am...
Experts Recommend Measures to Reduce Human Error in ...
... 34 recommendations addressing the problems resulting from ... is understood that some human error is inevitable ... that openness about errors leads to ...
Dual to ratio-cumproduct estimator using known parameters of auxiliary variables
This paper deals with the dual to ratio-cum-product estimator for population mean using known parameters of auxiliary variables. In this paper, dual to ratio-cum-product estimator of Singh and Tailor (2005) has been suggested. The Bias and mean squared error expressions have also been obtained up to the first degree of approximation. Suggested estimator has been compared theoretically as well as empirically.
Rajesh Tailor; Ritesh Tailor; Rajesh Parmar; Manish Kumar
The complex dynamics of wishful thinking: The critical positivity ratio
We examine critically the claims made by Fredrickson and Losada (2005) concerning the construct known as the "positivity ratio". We find no theoretical or empirical justification for the use of differential equations drawn from fluid dynamics, a subfield of physics, to describe changes in human emotions over time; furthermore, we demonstrate that the purported application of these equations contains numerous fundamental conceptual and mathematical errors. The lack of relevance of these equations and their incorrect application lead us to conclude that Fredrickson and Losada's claim to have demonstrated the existence of a critical minimum positivity ratio of 2.9013 is entirely unfounded. More generally, we urge future researchers to exercise caution in the use of advanced mathematical tools such as nonlinear dynamics and in particular to verify that the elementary conditions for their valid application have been met.
Nicholas J. L. Brown; Alan D. Sokal; Harris L. Friedman
GenERRate: generating errors for use in grammatical error detection
This paper explores the issue of automatically generated ungrammatical data and its use in error detection, with a focus on the task of classifying a sentence as grammatical or ungrammatical. We present an error generation tool called GenERRate and show ...
Jennifer Foster; �istein E. Andersen
Modeling Human Error For Experimentation, Training, And Error-Tolerant Design
Human error in computer systems has been blamed for many military and civilian catastrophes resulting in mission failure and loss of money and lives. However, the root cause of such failures often lies in the system�s design. A central theme in designing for human-error tolerance is to build a multi-layered defense. Creating such a robust system requires that designers effectively manage several aspects of erroneous system usage: prevention, reduction, detection, identification, recovery, and mitigation. These also correspond to discrete stages before and after error occurrence where different defensive measures can be taken. Human error models can be used to better understand these stages, the underlying cognitive mechanisms responsible for errors, and ultimately how to design systems and training to reduce the effects of inherent human limitations. This paper presents a general framework for human error recovery based on five key stages of erroneous performance: the commission of an error, its detection, identification, and correction, and resumption of the original task. These stages constitute the main components of a state model that characterizes human performance, and allows designers and trainers comprehensively address the most important aspects of error-tolerant design. Furthermore, these performance stages can be modeled computationally, to varying degrees, using standard information processing architectures. This work also demonstrates the effectiveness of a technique using GOMS models to design systems to
Scott D. Wood; David E. Kieras
Error resilient video streaming for heterogeneous networks
We consider the problem of video streaming for a critical private web cast, for a medium sized audience with heterogeneous nodes having different bandwidths and reliabilities. The nodes can distribute video in a peer-to-peer manner by forming a multicast ... Keywords: error resilience, multiple description coding (MDC), path diversity, video streaming
Divyashikha Sethia; Huzur Saran
Evaluating operating system vulnerability to memory errors
Reliability is of great concern to the scalability of extreme-scale systems. Of particular concern are soft errors in main memory, which are a leading cause of failures on current systems and are predicted to be the leading cause on future systems. While ... Keywords: DRAM failures, fault-tolerance, operating systems
Kurt B. Ferreira; Kevin Pedretti; Ron Brightwell; Patrick G. Bridges; David Fiala; Frank Mueller
Error bounds of certain Gaussian quadrature formulae
We study the kernel of the remainder term of Gauss quadrature rules for analytic functions with respect to one class of Bernstein-Szego weight functions. The location on the elliptic contours where the modulus of the kernel attains its maximum value ... Keywords: Analytic function, Elliptic contour, Error bound, Gauss quadrature, Kernel, Remainder term, primary, secondary
Miodrag M. Spalevi?; Miroslav S. Prani?
Explaining ML type errors by data flows
We present a novel approach to explaining ML type errors: Since the type system inhibits data flows that would abort the program at run-time, our type checker identifies as explanations those data flows that violate the typing rules. It also detects ...
Holger Gast
Collective error detection for MPI collective operations
An MPI profiling library is a standard mechanism for intercepting MPI calls by applications. Profiling libraries are so named because they are commonly used to gather performance data on MPI programs. Here we present a profiling library whose purpose ... Keywords: MPI, collective, datatype, errors, hashing
Chris Falzone; Anthony Chan; Ewing Lusk; William Gropp
Variable ratio regenerative braking device
Disclosed is a regenerative braking device (10) for an automotive vehicle. The device includes an energy storage assembly (12) having a plurality of rubber rollers (26, 28) mounted for rotation between an input shaft (36) and an output shaft (42), clutches (38, 46) and brakes (40, 48) associated with each shaft, and a continuously variable transmission (22) connectable to a vehicle drivetrain and to the input and output shafts by the respective clutches. The rubber rollers are torsionally stressed to accumulate energy from the vehicle when the input shaft is clutched to the transmission while the brake on the output shaft is applied, and are torsionally relaxed to deliver energy to the vehicle when the output shaft is clutched to the transmission while the brake on the input shaft is applied. The transmission ratio is varied to control the rate of energy accumulation and delivery for a given rotational speed of the vehicle drivetrain.
Hoppie, Lyle O. (Birmingham, MI)
Weather-Corrected Performance Ratio
Photovoltaic (PV) system performance depends on both the quality of the system and the weather. One simple way to communicate the system performance is to use the performance ratio (PR): the ratio of the electricity generated to the electricity that would have been generated if the plant consistently converted sunlight to electricity at the level expected from the DC nameplate rating. The annual system yield for flat-plate PV systems is estimated by the product of the annual insolation in the plane of the array, the nameplate rating of the system, and the PR, which provides an attractive way to estimate expected annual system yield. Unfortunately, the PR is, again, a function of both the PV system efficiency and the weather. If the PR is measured during the winter or during the summer, substantially different values may be obtained, making this metric insufficient to use as the basis for a performance guarantee when precise confidence intervals are required. This technical report defines a way to modify the PR calculation to neutralize biases that may be introduced by variations in the weather, while still reporting a PR that reflects the annual PR at that site given the project design and the project weather file. This resulting weather-corrected PR gives more consistent results throughout the year, enabling its use as a metric for performance guarantees while still retaining the familiarity this metric brings to the industry and the value of its use in predicting actual annual system yield. A testing protocol is also presented to illustrate the use of this new metric with the intent of providing a reference starting point for contractual content.
Dierauf, T.; Growitz, A.; Kurtz, S.; Cruz, J. L. B.; Riley, E.; Hansen, C.
Sensitivity of OFDM Systems to Synchronization Errors and Spatial Diversity
In this dissertation, the problem of synchronization for OFDM-based wireless communication systems is studied. In the first part of this dissertation, the sensitivity of both single input single output (SISO) OFDM and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) OFDM receivers to carrier and timing synchronization errors are analyzed. Analytical expressions and numerical results for the power of inter-carrier interference (ICI) are presented. It is shown that the OFDM-based receivers are quite sensitive to residual synchronization errors. In wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) frequency-selective fading channels, the sampling clock timing offset results in rotation of the subcarrier constellation, while carrier frequency offsets and phase jitter cause inter-carrier interference. The overall system performance in terms of symbol error rate is limited by the inter-carrier interference. For a reliable information reception, compensatory measures must be taken. The second part of this dissertation deals with the impact of spatial diversity (usage of multiple transmit/receive antennas) on synchronization. It is found that with multiple transmit and receive antennas, MIMO-OFDM systems can take advantage of the spatial diversity to combat carrier and timing synchronization imperfections. Diversity can favorably improve the synchronization performance. Data-aided and non-data-aided maximum likelihood symbol timing estimators for MIMO-OFDM systems are introduced. Computer simulations show that, by exploiting the spatial diversity, synchronization performance of MIMO-OFDM systems in terms of mean squared error (MSE) of residual timing offset becomes significantly more reliable when compared to conventional SISO OFDM systems. Therefore, spatial diversity is a useful technique to be exploited in the deployment of MIMO-OFDM communication systems. In MIMO systems with synchronization sequences, timing synchronization is treated as a multiple hypotheses testing problem. Generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) statistics are developed for MIMO systems in frequency flat channels and MIMO-OFDM systems in frequency selective fading environments. The asymptotic performance of the GLRT without nuisance parameters is carried out. It is shown that the asymptotic performance of the GLRT can serve as an upper bound for the detection probability in the presence of a limited number of observations as well as a benchmark for comparing the performances of different timing synchronizers.
Zhou, Yi
An optical pattern recognition architecture implementing the mean-square-error correlation algorithm
The present invention relates to optical computing and image and pattern recognition systems and techniques in general and, more particularly, to an optical architecture for accomplishing real-time two-dimensional pattern recognition by implementing the so-called Mean-Square-Error'' correlation algorithm (also referred to as the Difference-Squared Error'' algorithm) for discriminating, i.e., recognizing two-dimensional patterns in gray-scale images. 16 figs.
Molley, P.A.
Analysis of Solar Two Heliostat Tracking Error Sources
This paper explores the geometrical errors that reduce heliostat tracking accuracy at Solar Two. The basic heliostat control architecture is described. Then, the three dominant error sources are described and their effect on heliostat tracking is visually illustrated. The strategy currently used to minimize, but not truly correct, these error sources is also shown. Finally, a novel approach to minimizing error is presented.
Jones, S.A.; Stone, K.W.
Distribution of Wind Power Forecasting Errors from Operational Systems (Presentation)
This presentation offers new data and statistical analysis of wind power forecasting errors in operational systems.
Hodge, B. M.; Ela, E.; Milligan, M.
The Impression to Drop Size Ratio for the Raindrop Foil Impactor
A general calibration equation has been developed for the raindrop foil impactor. From experimental data the impression to drop size ratio is related to a nondimensional impact parameter and to the drop diameter to groove spacing ratio. These ...
R. L. Hobbs
Error Notification, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)
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Frequently Searched For Frequently Searched For Helpdesk Home Application Services BNL Site Index Can't View PDFs? Need Help Helpdesk Homepage Call the Helpdesk for 24x7 support Bus: 631.344.5522 Fax: 631-344-2140 Email: email@example.com HTTP Error Forbidden: Page Access Rejected You are not authorized to view this page - This error is caused when the server has a list of IP addresses that are not allowed to access the site, and the IP address you are using is in this list. If the problem persists or if you believe you should be able to view this directory or page, please contact the Web server's administrator or call the Helpdesk by using the email address or phone number listed below. Some reasons for getting this notice: All people outside of the BNL Domain (188.8.131.52) will get this notice.
Improved Error Bounds for the Adiabatic Approximation
Since the discovery of adiabatic quantum computing, a need has arisen for rigorously proven bounds for the error in the adiabatic approximation. We present in this paper, a rigorous and elementary derivation of upper and lower bounds on the error incurred from using the adiabatic approximation for quantum systems. Our bounds are often asymptotically tight in the limit of slow evolution for fixed Hamiltonians, and are used to provide sufficient conditions for the application of the adiabatic approximation. We show that our sufficiency criteria exclude the Marzlin--Sanders counterexample from the class of Hamiltonians that obey the adiabatic approximation. Finally, we demonstrate the existence of classes of Hamiltonians that resemble the Marzlin--Sanders counterexample Hamiltonian, but also obey the adiabatic approximation.
Cheung, Donny; Wiebe, Nathan
An analysis of errors in measurement yields new insight into the penetration of quantum particles into classically forbidden regions. In addition to �physical� values, realistic measurements yield �unphysical � values which, we show, can form a consistent pattern. An experiment to isolate a particle in a classically forbidden region obtains negative values for its kinetic energy. These values realize the concept of a weak value, discussed in previous works. 0
Yakir Aharonov; Sandu Popescu; Daniel Rohrlich; Lev Vaidman
Systematic errors in long baseline oscillation experiments
This article gives a brief overview of long baseline neutrino experiments and their goals, and then describes the different kinds of systematic errors that are encountered in these experiments. Particular attention is paid to the uncertainties that come about because of imperfect knowledge of neutrino cross sections and more generally how neutrinos interact in nuclei. Near detectors are planned for most of these experiments, and the extent to which certain uncertainties can be reduced by the presence of near detectors is also discussed.
Harris, Deborah A.; /Fermilab
Radar System Errors in Polarization Diversity Measurements
The measurement capability of a polarization diversity radar is limited by several characteristics of the system and particularly by the performance of the antenna, which is characterized by the integrated cancellation ratio or integrated cross-...
James I. Metcalf; James S. Ussailis
Continuous-time quantum error correction
Continuous-time quantum error correction (CTQEC) is an approach to protecting quantum information from noise in which both the noise and the error correcting operations are treated as processes that are continuous in time. This chapter investigates CTQEC based on continuous weak measurements and feedback from the point of view of the subsystem principle, which states that protected quantum information is contained in a subsystem of the Hilbert space. We study how to approach the problem of constructing CTQEC protocols by looking at the evolution of the state of the system in an encoded basis in which the subsystem containing the protected information is explicit. This point of view allows us to reduce the problem to that of protecting a known state, and to design CTQEC procedures from protocols for the protection of a single qubit. We show how previously studied CTQEC schemes with both direct and indirect feedback can be obtained from strategies for the protection of a single qubit via weak measurements and weak unitary operations. We also review results on the performance of CTQEC with direct feedback in cases of Markovian and non-Markovian decoherence, where we have shown that due to the existence of a Zeno regime in non-Markovian dynamics, the performance of CTQEC can exhibit a quadratic improvement if the time resolution of the weak error-correcting operations is high enough to reveal the non-Markovian character of the noise process.
Ognyan Oreshkov
Error Reduction for Weigh-In-Motion
Federal and State agencies need certifiable vehicle weights for various applications, such as highway inspections, border security, check points, and port entries. ORNL weigh-in-motion (WIM) technology was previously unable to provide certifiable weights, due to natural oscillations, such as vehicle bouncing and rocking. Recent ORNL work demonstrated a novel filter to remove these oscillations. This work shows further filtering improvements to enable certifiable weight measurements (error < 0.1%) for a higher traffic volume with less effort (elimination of redundant weighing).
Hively, Lee M [ORNL; Abercrombie, Robert K [ORNL; Scudiere, Matthew B [ORNL; Sheldon, Frederick T [ORNL
Session Cookie Error, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)
Session Cookie Error Session Cookie Error We're Sorry, either you don't have Session Cookies enabled in your browser or your session has expired. Some functions in this site will not work properly without it enabled. Please enable session cookies, then go back and try again or close and re-open your browser to view these web pages correctly. What is a Cookie? What are Cookies used for? What are Persistent Cookies? What are Session Cookies? How can I control or enable which Cookies I want to accept? Need help? What is a Cookie? A "cookie" is a small piece of information that is sent by a web server to be stored on a web browser, so that it can later be read back from that browser the next time this unique visitor returns to that web server. This becomes useful for having the browser remember specific information about this visitor like location of their last visit, time spent, or user preferences (like style sheets). The cookie is a text file that is saved in the browser's directory and is stored in RAM while the browser is running. Also, the cookie may be stored on the computer's hard drive once you log off from that web site or web server.
Accounting for Model Errors in Ensemble Data Assimilation
This study addresses the issue of model errors with the ensemble Kalman filter. Observations generated from the NCEP�NCAR reanalysis fields are assimilated into a low-resolution AGCM. Without an effort to account for model errors, the performance ...
Hong Li; Eugenia Kalnay; Takemasa Miyoshi; Christopher M. Danforth
Distributed Forcing of Forecast and Assimilation Error Systems
Temporally distributed deterministic and stochastic excitation of the tangent linear forecast system governing forecast error growth and the tangent linear observer system governing assimilation error growth is examined. The method used is to ...
Brian F. Farrell; Petros J. Ioannou
Stability of error bounds for convex constraint systems in Banach ...
Jan 7, 2010 ... space X the error bound property is defined by the inequality ... is the error bound modulus [8]) (also known as conditioning rate [23]) of f at �x.
An Objective Method for Inferring Sources of Model Error
A restricted statistical correction (RSC) approach is introduced to assess the sources of error in general circulation models (GCMs). RSC models short-term forecast error by considering linear transformations of the GCM's forcing terms, which ...
Siegfried Schubert; Yehui Chang
Forecast-Error Statistics for Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Observation Networks
Objective analysis procedures such as statistical interpolation require reliable estimates of forecast-error statistics in order to optimize the analysis weights. Reasonably good estimates of the forecast-error statistics can be obtained from ...
Roger Daley
Human error contribution to nuclear materials-handling events
This thesis analyzes a sample of 15 fuel-handling events from the past ten years at commercial nuclear reactors with significant human error contributions in order to detail the contribution of human error to fuel-handling ...
Sutton, Bradley (Bradley Jordan)
Zero-error capacity of a quantum channel
We define the quantum zero-error capacity, a new kind of classical capacity of a noisy quantum channel. Moreover, the necessary requirement for which a quantum channel has zero-error capacity greater than zero is also given.
Rex A. C. Medeiros; Francisco M. de Assis
Prediction of Consensus Tropical Cyclone Track Forecast Error
The extent to which the tropical cyclone (TC) track forecast error of a consensus model (CONU) routinely used by the forecasters at the National Hurricane Center can be predicted is determined. A number of predictors of consensus forecast error, ...
James S. Goerss
Hidden Error Variance Theory. Part I: Exposition and Analytic Model
A conundrum of predictability research is that while the prediction of flow-dependent error distributions is one of its main foci, chaos fundamentally hides flow-dependent forecast error distributions from empirical observation. Empirical ...
Craig H. Bishop; Elizabeth A. Satterfield
The Midlatitude Development of Regional Errors in a Global GCM
The growth of geographically confined errors is studied in six experiments with a five-level global spectral (rhomboidal 30) general circulation model. Each experiment consists of 36 identical twin integrations with the initial errors localized ...
David M. Straus
Error Estimation Using Wavelet Analysis for Data Assimilation: EEWADAi
A new method is presented for estimating numerical errors in simulations as a function of space and time. This knowledge of numerical errors can provide critical information for the effective assimilation of external data. The new method utilizes ...
Leland Jameson; Takuji Waseda
Verification of unfold error estimates in the UFO code
Spectral unfolding is an inverse mathematical operation which attempts to obtain spectral source information from a set of tabulated response functions and data measurements. Several unfold algorithms have appeared over the past 30 years; among them is the UFO (UnFold Operator) code. In addition to an unfolded spectrum, UFO also estimates the unfold uncertainty (error) induced by running the code in a Monte Carlo fashion with prescribed data distributions (Gaussian deviates). In the problem studied, data were simulated from an arbitrarily chosen blackbody spectrum (10 keV) and a set of overlapping response functions. The data were assumed to have an imprecision of 5% (standard deviation). 100 random data sets were generated. The built-in estimate of unfold uncertainty agreed with the Monte Carlo estimate to within the statistical resolution of this relatively small sample size (95% confidence level). A possible 10% bias between the two methods was unresolved. The Monte Carlo technique is also useful in underdetemined problems, for which the error matrix method does not apply. UFO has been applied to the diagnosis of low energy x rays emitted by Z-Pinch and ion-beam driven hohlraums.
Fehl, D.L.; Biggs, F.
The measurement of local linear errors at RHIC interaction regions using an ''action and phase'' analysis of difference orbits has already been presented. This paper evaluates the accuracy of this technique using difference orbits that were taken when known gradient errors and skew quadrupole errors were intentionally introduced. It also presents action and phase analysis of simulated orbits when controlled errors are intentionally placed in a RHIC simulation model.
Effects of uncertainties and errors on Lyapunov control
Lyapunov control (open-loop) is often confronted with uncertainties and errors in practical applications. In this paper, we analyze the robustness of Lyapunov control against the uncertainties and errors in quantum control systems. The analysis is carried out through examinations of uncertainties and errors, calculations of the control fidelity under influences of the certainties and errors, as well as discussions on the caused effects. Two examples, a closed control system and an open control system, are presented to illustrate the general formulism.
Yi, X X; Wu, Chunfeng; Oh, C H
Unitary application of the quantum error correction codes
From the set of operators for errors and its correction code, we introduce the so-called complete unitary transformation. It can be used for encoding while the inverse of it can be applied for correcting the errors of the encoded qubit. We show that this unitary protocol can be applied for any code which satisfies the quantum error correction condition.
Xoaohua Wu; Bo You
Coded DNA Self-Assembly for Error Detection/Location
This paper proposes a novel framework in which DNA self-assembly can be analyzed for error detection/ location. The proposed framework relies on coding and mapping functions that allow to establish the presence of erroneous bonded tiles based on the ... Keywords: Coding, Nano Manufacturing, Error Detection, Error Resilience
Zahra Mashreghian Arani; Masoud Hashempour; Fabrizio Lombardi
Semantic errors in SQL queries: a quite complete list
We investigate classes of SQL queries which are syntactically correct, but certainly not intended, no matter for which task the query was written. For instance, queries that are contradictory, i.e. always return the empty set, are obviously not intended. ... Keywords: SQL, SQL exams, bugs, database courses, databases, errors, logical errors, queries, semantic errors, software correctness, static analysis, teaching
Stefan Brass; Christian Goldberg
Odds Ratio Forecasts Increase Precautionary Action for Extreme Weather Events
What is the best way to communicate the risk of rare but extreme weather to the public? One suggestion is to communicate the relative risk of extreme weather in the form of odds ratios; but, to the authors� knowledge, this suggestion has never ...
Jared LeClerc; Susan Joslyn
Error minimizing algorithms for nearest eighbor classifiers
Stack Filters define a large class of discrete nonlinear filter first introd uced in image and signal processing for noise removal. In recent years we have suggested their application to classification problems, and investigated their relationship to other types of discrete classifiers such as Decision Trees. In this paper we focus on a continuous domain version of Stack Filter Classifiers which we call Ordered Hypothesis Machines (OHM), and investigate their relationship to Nearest Neighbor classifiers. We show that OHM classifiers provide a novel framework in which to train Nearest Neighbor type classifiers by minimizing empirical error based loss functions. We use the framework to investigate a new cost sensitive loss function that allows us to train a Nearest Neighbor type classifier for low false alarm rate applications. We report results on both synthetic data and real-world image data.
Porter, Reid B [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Hush, Don [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Zimmer, G. Beate [TEXAS A& M
Graphical Quantum Error-Correcting Codes
We introduce a purely graph-theoretical object, namely the coding clique, to construct quantum errorcorrecting codes. Almost all quantum codes constructed so far are stabilizer (additive) codes and the construction of nonadditive codes, which are potentially more efficient, is not as well understood as that of stabilizer codes. Our graphical approach provides a unified and classical way to construct both stabilizer and nonadditive codes. In particular we have explicitly constructed the optimal ((10,24,3)) code and a family of 1-error detecting nonadditive codes with the highest encoding rate so far. In the case of stabilizer codes a thorough search becomes tangible and we have classified all the extremal stabilizer codes up to 8 qubits.
Sixia Yu; Qing Chen; C. H. Oh
Asymmetric error field interaction with rotating conducting walls
The interaction of error fields with a system of differentially rotating conducting walls is studied analytically and compared to experimental data. Wall rotation causes eddy currents to persist indefinitely, attenuating and rotating the original error field. Superposition of error fields from external coils and plasma currents are found to break the symmetry in wall rotation direction. The vacuum and plasma eigenmodes are modified by wall rotation, with the error field penetration time decreased and the kink instability stabilized, respectively. Wall rotation is also predicted to reduce error field amplification by the marginally stable plasma.
Paz-Soldan, C.; Brookhart, M. I.; Hegna, C. C.; Forest, C. B. [Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (United States)
Reasoning about human error by modeling cognition and interaction
In this paper we focus on system resilience from the perspective of understanding human error. In particular, we consider systematic cognitive slips, including postcompletion errors, which are persistent, though infrequent. We outline the findings from empirical studies that have identified various factors that provoke or mitigate against such errors. We then describe approaches we are pursuing to encapsulate these insights in ways that can be re-used within system design. More broadly, we argue that an understanding of the factors that influence the likelihood of such errors can support organizations in designing systems and processes to minimize the likelihood of such errors.
Ann Blandford; Jonathan Back; Paul Curzon; Simon Y. W. Li; Rimvydas Ruksenas
The effect of measurement error on the dose-response curve
In epidemiological studies for an environmental risk assessment, doses are often observed with errors. However, they have received little attention in data analysis. This paper studies the effect of measurement errors on the observed dose-response curve. Under the assumptions of the monotone likelihood ratio on errors and a monotone increasing dose-response curve, it is verified that the slope of the observed dose-response curve is likely to be gentler than the true one. The observed variance of responses are not so homogeneous as to be expected under models without errors. The estimation of parameters in a hockey-stick type dose-response curve with a threshold is considered on line of the maximum likelihood method for a functional relationship model. Numerical examples adaptable to the data in a 1986 study of the effect of air pollution that was conducted in Japan are also presented. The proposed model is proved to be suitable to the data in the example cited in this paper.
Yoshimura, I. (Nagoya Univ. (Japan))
Some aspects regarding human error assessment in resilient socio-technical systems
High Transformer ratios in collinear wakefield accelerators.
Based on our previous experiment that successfully demonstrated wakefield transformer ratio enhancement in a 13.625 GHz dielectric-loaded collinear wakefield accelerator using the ramped bunch train technique, we present here a redesigned experimental scheme for even higher enhancement of the efficiency of this accelerator. Design of a collinear wakefield device with a transformer ratio R2, is presented. Using a ramped bunch train (RBT) rather than a single drive bunch, the enhanced transformer ratio (ETR) technique is able to increase the transformer ratio R above the ordinary limit of 2. To match the wavelength of the fundamental mode of the wakefield with the bunch length (sigmaz=2 mm) of the new Argonne wakefield accelerator (AWA) drive gun (where the experiment will be performed), a 26.625 GHz dielectric based accelerating structure is required. This transformer ratio enhancement technique based on our dielectric-loaded waveguide design will result in a compact, high efficiency accelerating structures for future wakefield accelerators.
Power, J. G.; Conde, M.; Yusof, Z.; Gai, W.; Jing, C.; Kanreykin, A.; Schoessow, P.; High Energy Physics; Euclid Techlabs, LLC
Segmenting human-motion for mobile robot navigation using alignment errors
Abstract � This paper presents a new human-motion identification and segmentation algorithm, for mobile robot platforms. The algorithm is based on computing the alignment error between pairs of object images acquired from a moving platform. Pairs of images generating relatively small alignment errors are used to estimate the fundamental frequency of the object�s motion. A decision criterion is then used to test the significance of the estimated frequency and to classify the object�s motion. To verify the validity of the proposed approach, experimental results are shown on different classes of objects. I.
Wael Abd-almageed
Effect of solar-data errors on the performance and economics of solar systems
An analytical framework is presented that relates the errors in solar data to their effect on calculations of the performance and economics of certain solar systems. The analysis applies to systems in which the performance is expressed as the fraction (the so-called solar fraction) of a specified energy load that is supplied by solar energy. A set of dimensionless parameters is presented that describes the sensitivity of the predicted performance and costs to errors in the solar radiation data. A simple, heuristic, model is used to illustrate the basic points of the analysis. A solar heating system for a building of conventional construction is taken as a more realistic case study.
Grether, D.F.; Berdahl, P.; Lawrence, S.; Wahlig, M.
Merchant Commodity Storage and Term Structure Model Error
Merchants operations involves valuing and hedging the cash flows of commodity and energy conversion assets as real options based on stochastic models that inevitably embed model error. In this paper we quantify how empirically calibrated model errors about the futures price term structure affect the valuation and hedging of commodity storage assets, specifically the storage of natural gas, an important energy source. We also explore ways to mitigate the impact of these errors. Our analysis demonstrates the differential impact of term structure model error on natural gas storage valuation versus hedging. We also propose an effective approach to deal with the negative effect of such model error on factor hedging, a specific hedging approach. More generally, our work suggests managerial principles for option valuation and hedging in the presence of term structure model error. These principles should have relevance for the merchant management of other commodity conversion assets and for the management of financial options that also depend on term structure dynamics
Nicola Secom; Guoming Lai; Fran�ois Margot; Alan Scheller-wolf
Running jobs error: "inet_arp_address_lookup"
maintenance, users reporting get the error message similar as follows occassionaly: PE456:inetarpaddresslookup:Failed to read output of sbinarp -a -i ipogif0 command. Try...
Historical Ocean Subsurface Temperature Analysis with Error Estimates
An objective analysis of monthly ocean subsurface temperatures from 1950 to 1998 is carried out. The analysis scheme and the results with estimated analysis errors are presented.
Masayoshi Ishii; Masahide Kimoto; Misako Kachi
Loaded Transmission Error Measurement System for Spur and Helical Gears.
??The majority of loaded static transmission error test stands developed in the past had little success generating accurate results versus analytical predictions for parallel-axis gearing.� (more)
Wright, Zachary Harrison
Generic Error Model of Human-Robot Interaction
Wrong human-robot interactions are at the origin of severe damages. Safety requirements ask the analysis of these interactions. At first, erroneous interactions have to be identified. In this paper, we propose to use UML (Unified Modeling Language) to specify human robot interaction. Then, generic error models, associated with the message feature provided by UML, are presented. These error models allow interaction errors to be automatically deduced from the modeling of the human-robot interactions. The use of these generic error models is illustrated on a medical robot for teleechography.
J. Guiochet; et al.
referred to the survey papers by Az� [2], Lewis & Pang [25], Pang [33], as well as the book by Auslender & Teboule [1]. Numerous characterizations of the error�...
Use of Quantum Error Coding in a 4-Blade Neutron ...
Use of Quantum Error Coding in a 4-Blade Neutron Interferometer. Summary: ... Figure 1: A schematic diagram of the 5-blade neutron interferometer. ...
NIST Achieves Record-Low Error Rate for Quantum ...
... The horizontal and vertical lines separate gold electrodes, which are tuned to ... errors caused by instability in laser beam pointing and power, as well ...
High Aspect Ratio Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells
High Aspect Ratio Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells Haoting Shen Prof. Redwing's Research and in-situ dopant for Si nanowires Y. Ke, X.J. Weng, J.M. Redwing, C.M. Eichfeld, T.R. Swisher, S
Yener, Aylin
Sulfate Washout Ratios in Winter Storms
Washout ratios for sulfate were computed from simultaneous measurements of sulfate in precipitation and in the air below cloud base. Stratification of the data according to predominant mode of precipitation growth (growth primarily by accretion ...
B. C. Scott
Pairing Measurements of the Water Vapor Isotope Ratio with Humidity to Deduce Atmospheric Moistening and Dehydration in the Tropical Midtroposphere
Measurements of the isotope ratio of water vapor (expressed as the ? value) allow processes that control the humidity in the tropics to be identified. Isotopic information is useful because the change in ? relative to the water vapor mixing ratio (...
David Noone
Moisture Advection Using Relative Humidity
This study introduces a moisture advection formulation that contains relative humidity. In the sigma coordinate system, rewriting the mixing ratio conservation equation in terms of relative humidity leads to an equation that explicitly contains ...
William H. Raymond
Error Detection, Factorization and Correction for Multi-View Scene Reconstruction from Aerial Imagery
Scene reconstruction from video sequences has become a prominent computer vision research area in recent years, due to its large number of applications in fields such as security, robotics and virtual reality. Despite recent progress in this field, there are still a number of issues that manifest as incomplete, incorrect or computationally-expensive reconstructions. The engine behind achieving reconstruction is the matching of features between images, where common conditions such as occlusions, lighting changes and texture-less regions can all affect matching accuracy. Subsequent processes that rely on matching accuracy, such as camera parameter estimation, structure computation and non-linear parameter optimization, are also vulnerable to additional sources of error, such as degeneracies and mathematical instability. Detection and correction of errors, along with robustness in parameter solvers, are a must in order to achieve a very accurate final scene reconstruction. However, error detection is in general difficult due to the lack of ground-truth information about the given scene, such as the absolute position of scene points or GPS/IMU coordinates for the camera(s) viewing the scene. In this dissertation, methods are presented for the detection, factorization and correction of error sources present in all stages of a scene reconstruction pipeline from video, in the absence of ground-truth knowledge. Two main applications are discussed. The first set of algorithms derive total structural error measurements after an initial scene structure computation and factorize errors into those related to the underlying feature matching process and those related to camera parameter estimation. A brute-force local correction of inaccurate feature matches is presented, as well as an improved conditioning scheme for non-linear parameter optimization which applies weights on input parameters in proportion to estimated camera parameter errors. Another application is in reconstruction pre-processing, where an algorithm detects and discards frames that would lead to inaccurate feature matching, camera pose estimation degeneracies or mathematical instability in structure computation based on a residual error comparison between two different match motion models. The presented algorithms were designed for aerial video but have been proven to work across different scene types and camera motions, and for both real and synthetic scenes.
Hess-Flores, M
Wrinkles in the rare biosphere: Pyrosequencing errors can lead to artificial inflation of diversity estimates
Massively parallel pyrosequencing of the small subunit (16S) ribosomal RNA gene has revealed that the extent of rare microbial populations in several environments, the 'rare biosphere', is orders of magnitude higher than previously thought. One important caveat with this method is that sequencing error could artificially inflate diversity estimates. Although the per-base error of 16S rDNA amplicon pyrosequencing has been shown to be as good as or lower than Sanger sequencing, no direct assessments of pyrosequencing errors on diversity estimates have been reported. Using only Escherichia coli MG1655 as a reference template, we find that 16S rDNA diversity is grossly overestimated unless relatively stringent read quality filtering and low clustering thresholds are applied. In particular, the common practice of removing reads with unresolved bases and anomalous read lengths is insufficient to ensure accurate estimates of microbial diversity. Furthermore, common and reproducible homopolymer length errors can result in relatively abundant spurious phylotypes further confounding data interpretation. We suggest that stringent quality-based trimming of 16S pyrotags and clustering thresholds no greater than 97% identity should be used to avoid overestimates of the rare biosphere.
Kunin, Victor; Engelbrektson, Anna; Ochman, Howard; Hugenholtz, Philip
Creative Uses of Software Errors: Glitches and Cheats
Video games constitute a major sector of computing with distinctive social implications. Analysis of video game programming errors, design limitations, and rule ambiguities suggests a range of positive functions that glitches and cheats may perform. ... Keywords: cheat, computer, error, glitch, video game
Wilma Alice Bainbridge; William Sims Bainbridge
Multistrategy Discovery and Detection of Novice Programmer Errors
Detecting and diagnosing errors in novice behavior is an important student modeling task. In this paper, we describe MEDD, an unsupervised incremental multistrategy system for the discovery of classes of errors from, and their detection in, novice programs. ... Keywords: conceptual clustering, multistrategy learning, student modeling, unsupervised learning
Raymund C. Sison; Masayuki Numao; Masamichi Shimura
Soft Error Vulnerability of Iterative Linear Algebra Methods
Devices become increasingly vulnerable to soft errors as their feature sizes shrink. Previously, soft errors primarily caused problems for space and high-atmospheric computing applications. Modern architectures now use features so small at sufficiently low voltages that soft errors are becoming significant even at terrestrial altitudes. The soft error vulnerability of iterative linear algebra methods, which many scientific applications use, is a critical aspect of the overall application vulnerability. These methods are often considered invulnerable to many soft errors because they converge from an imprecise solution to a precise one. However, we show that iterative methods can be vulnerable to soft errors, with a high rate of silent data corruptions. We quantify this vulnerability, with algorithms generating up to 8.5% erroneous results when subjected to a single bit-flip. Further, we show that detecting soft errors in an iterative method depends on its detailed convergence properties and requires more complex mechanisms than simply checking the residual. Finally, we explore inexpensive techniques to tolerate soft errors in these methods.
Bronevetsky, G; de Supinski, B
Network protocols: correcting transmission errors of up to two bits
While the construction of Hamming Codes that can detect and correct 1-bit transmission errors has been illustrated [1], Hamming Codes that will detect and correct transmission errors of more than 1 bit remain yet to be constructed. In this paper, ...
Sei-Jong Chung
Design error diagnosis and correction in digital circuits
As the design of digital systems is becoming Micrographics. increasingly complex, an undetected design error in the late phase of the design process may have catastrophic consequences. It is thus very important to discover these design errors as early as and efficient way. Simulation and tautology possible, and to correct them in a fast checking can be used for design verification. Their role is only to decide whether the design is correct or not. But when the existence of an error is detected, further mechanized help is needed to and the error correction. Though error diagnosis methods based on simulation are simple and fast, they are not considered accurate enough to be used for error correction. Symbolic methods based on Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) are accurate enough to be used both for diagnosis and correction, but they have limited applicability due to the memory explosion problem associated with BDDS. This work presents a simulation-based error correction procedure, which can efficiently overcome the limitations of a symbolic error correction method without sacrificing much accuracy.
Nayak, Debashis
Estimating Sampling Errors in Large-Scale Temperature Averages
A method is developed for estimating the uncertainty (standard error) of observed regional, hemispheric, and global-mean surface temperature series due to incomplete spatial sampling. Standard errors estimated at the grid-box level [SE2 = S2(1 ? ...
P. D. Jones; T. J. Osborn; K. R. Briffa
Tangential residual as error estimator in the boundary element method
In this paper a new error estimator based on tangential derivative Boundary Integral Equation residuals for 2D Laplace and Helmholtz equations is shown. The direct problem for general mixed boundary conditions is solved using standard and hypersingular ... Keywords: Adaptivity, Boundary Integral Equation residual, Boundary element method, Error estimation, Mesh adaptation, Mesh refinement, Nodal sensitivity
Alejandro E. Mart�nez-Castro; Rafael Gallego
Error estimates for the numerical approximation of Neumann control problems
We continue the discussion of error estimates for the numerical analysis of Neumann boundary control problems we started in Casas et al. (Comput. Optim. Appl. 31:193-219, 2005). In that paper piecewise constant functions were used to approximate the ... Keywords: boundary control, error estimates, numerical approximation, semilinear elliptic equation
Eduardo Casas; Mariano Mateos
Analyzing localization errors in one-dimensional sensor networks
One-dimensional sensor networks can be found in many fields and demand node location information for various applications. Developing localization algorithms in one-dimensional sensor networks is trivial, due to the fact that existing localization algorithms ... Keywords: Cram�r-Rao lower bound, Error propagation, Estimation errors, Localization, One-dimensional sensor networks
Baoqi Huang; Changbin Yu; Brian D. O. Anderson
How to communicate unit error messages in spreadsheets
In previous work we have designed and implemented an automatic reasoning system for spreadsheets, called UCheck, that infers unit information for cells in a spreadsheet. Based on this unit information, UCheck can identify cells in the spreadsheet that contain erroneous formulas. However, the information about an erroneous cell is reported to the user currently in a rather crude way by simply coloring the cell, which does not tell anything about the nature of error and thus offers no help to the user as to how to fix it. In this paper we describe an extension of UCheck, called UFix, which improves the error messages reported to the spreadsheet user dramatically. The approach essentially consists of three steps: First, we identify different categories of spreadsheet errors from an end-user�s perspective. Second, we map units that indicate erroneous formulas to these error categories. Finally, we create customized error messages from the unit information and the identified error category. In many cases, these error messages also provide suggestions on how to fix the reported errors.
Robin Abraham; Martin Erwig
PROPANE: An Environment for Examining the Propagation of Errors
In order to produce reliable software, it is important to have knowledge on how faults and errors may affect the software. In particular, designing efficient error detection mechanisms requires not only knowledge on which types of errors to detect but also the effect these errors may have on the software as well as how they propagate through the software. This paper presents the Propagation Analysis Environment (PROPANE) which is a tool for profiling and conducting fault injection experiments on software running on desktop computers. PROPANE supports the injection of both software faults (by mutation of source code) and data errors (by manipulating variable and memory contents). PROPANE supports various error types out-of-the-box and has support for user-defined error types. For logging, probes are provided for charting the values of variables and memory areas as well as for registering events during execution of the system under test. PROPANE has a flexible design making it useful for development of a wide range of software systems, e.g., embedded software, generic software components, or user-level desktop applications. We show examples of results obtained using PROPANE and how these can guide software developers to where software error detection and recovery could increase the reliability of the software system.
Martin Hiller; Arshad Jhumka; Neeraj Suri
Type error slicing in implicitly typed higher-order languages
Previous methods have generally identified the location of a type error as a particular program point or the program subtree rooted at that point. We present a new approach that identifies the location of a type error as a set of program points (a slice) ...
Christian Haack; J. B. Wells
Discriminative sum types locate the source of type errors
We propose a type system for locating the source of type errors in an applied lambda calculus with ML-style polymorphism. The system is based on discriminative sum types---known from work on soft typing---with annotation subtyping and recursive types. ... Keywords: polymorphism, type errors, type inference
Matthias Neubauer; Peter Thiemann
Blowing Ratio Effects on Film Cooling Effectiveness
The research focuses on testing the film cooling effectiveness on a gas turbine blade suction side surface. The test is performed on a five bladed cascade with a blow down facility. Four different blowing ratios are used in this study, which are 0.5, 1.0, 1.6, and 2.0; mainstream flow conditions are maintained at exit Mach number of 0.7, 1.1 and 1.3. Nitrogen is injected as the coolant so that the oxygen concentration levels can be obtained for the test surface. Based on mass transfer analogy, film cooling effectiveness can be computed with pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. The effect of blowing ratio on film cooling effectiveness is presented for each testing condition. The spanwise averaged effectiveness for each case is also presented to compare the blowing ratio and mainstream effect on film cooling effectiveness. Results show that due to effects of shock, the optimum blowing ratio is 1.6 for exit Mach number of 1.1 and 1.3; however; without the effects of shock, the optimum blowing ratio is 1.0 for exit Mach number of 0.7.
Liu, Kuo-Chun
An Efficient Approach towards Mitigating Soft Errors Risks
Smaller feature size, higher clock frequency and lower power consumption are of core concerns of today's nano-technology, which has been resulted by continuous downscaling of CMOS technologies. The resultant 'device shrinking' reduces the soft error tolerance of the VLSI circuits, as very little energy is needed to change their states. Safety critical systems are very sensitive to soft errors. A bit flip due to soft error can change the value of critical variable and consequently the system control flow can completely be changed which leads to system failure. To minimize soft error risks, a novel methodology is proposed to detect and recover from soft errors considering only 'critical code blocks' and 'critical variables' rather than considering all variables and/or blocks in the whole program. The proposed method shortens space and time overhead in comparison to existing dominant approaches.
Sadi, Muhammad Sheikh; Uddin, Md Nazim; J�rjens, Jan
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Uranium Error Propagation
The Hazards Control Department at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) uses Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP/MS) technology to analyze uranium in urine. The ICP/MS used by the Hazards Control Department is a Perkin-Elmer Elan 6000 ICP/MS. The Department of Energy Laboratory Accreditation Program requires that the total error be assessed for bioassay measurements. A previous evaluation of the errors associated with the ICP/MS measurement of uranium demonstrated a {+-} 9.6% error in the range of 0.01 to 0.02 {micro}g/l. However, the propagation of total error for concentrations above and below this level have heretofore been undetermined. This document is an evaluation of the errors associated with the current LLNL ICP/MS method for a more expanded range of uranium concentrations.
Hickman, D P; Maclean, S; Shepley, D; Shaw, R K
Quantum states characterization for the zero-error capacity
The zero-error capacity of quantum channels was defined as the least upper bound of rates at which classical information can be transmitted through a quantum channel with probability of error equal to zero. This paper investigates some properties of input states and measurements used to attain the quantum zero-error capacity. We start by reformulating the problem of finding the zero-error capacity in the language of graph theory. This alternative definition is used to prove that the zero-error capacity of any quantum channel can be reached by using tensor products of pure states as channel inputs, and projective measurements in the channel output. We conclude by presenting an example that illustrates our results.
Rex A C Medeiros; Romain Alleaume; Gerard Cohen; Francisco M. de Assis
Hidden Error Variance Theory. Part II: An Instrument That Reveals Hidden Error Variance Distributions from Ensemble Forecasts and Observations
In Part I of this study, a model of the distribution of true error variances given an ensemble variance is shown to be defined by six parameters that also determine the optimal weights for the static and flow-dependent parts of hybrid error ...
Craig H. Bishop; Elizabeth A. Satterfield; Kevin T. Shanley
Radioactive anomaly discrimination from spectral ratios
A method for discriminating a radioactive anomaly from naturally occurring radioactive materials includes detecting a first number of gamma photons having energies in a first range of energy values within a predetermined period of time and detecting a second number of gamma photons having energies in a second range of energy values within the predetermined period of time. The method further includes determining, in a controller, a ratio of the first number of gamma photons having energies in the first range and the second number of gamma photons having energies in the second range, and determining that a radioactive anomaly is present when the ratio exceeds a threshold value.
Maniscalco, James; Sjoden, Glenn; Chapman, Mac Clements
A Generalized Savage-Dickey Ratio
In this brief research note I present a generalized version of the Savage-Dickey Density Ratio for representation of the Bayes factor (or marginal likelihood ratio) of nested statistical models; the new version takes the form of a Radon-Nikodym derivative and is thus applicable to a wider family of probability spaces than the original (restricted to those admitting an ordinary Lebesgue density). A derivation is given following the measure-theoretic construction of Marin & Robert (2010), and the equivalent estimator is demonstrated in application to a distributional modeling problem.
Cameron, Ewan
FRamework Assessing Notorious Contributing Influences for Error (FRANCIE): Perspective on Taxonomy Development to Support Error Reporting and Analysis
Beginning in the 1980s a primary focus of human reliability analysis was estimation of human error probabilities. However, detailed qualitative modeling with comprehensive representation of contextual variables often was lacking. This was likely due to the lack of comprehensive error and performance shaping factor taxonomies, and the limited data available on observed error rates and their relationship to specific contextual variables. In the mid 90s Boeing, America West Airlines, NASA Ames Research Center and INEEL partnered in a NASA sponsored Advanced Concepts grant to: assess the state of the art in human error analysis, identify future needs for human error analysis, and develop an approach addressing these needs. Identified needs included the need for a method to identify and prioritize task and contextual characteristics affecting human reliability. Other needs identified included developing comprehensive taxonomies to support detailed qualitative modeling and to structure meaningful data collection efforts across domains. A result was the development of the FRamework Assessing Notorious Contributing Influences for Error (FRANCIE) with a taxonomy for airline maintenance tasks. The assignment of performance shaping factors to generic errors by experts proved to be valuable to qualitative modeling. Performance shaping factors and error types from such detailed approaches can be used to structure error reporting schemes. In a recent NASA Advanced Human Support Technology grant FRANCIE was refined, and two new taxonomies for use on space missions were developed. The development, sharing, and use of error taxonomies, and the refinement of approaches for increased fidelity of qualitative modeling is offered as a means to help direct useful data collection strategies.
Lon N. Haney; David I. Gertman
Deriving Human-Error Tolerance Requirements from Tasks
In this paper we show how an understanding of a dynamic system from the point of view of the tasks that it supports and an understanding of human error can guide a process of deriving human error tolerance requirements. Our aim is to provide a means whereby, rather than relying on training as a means of improving operator performance, designers may develop interactive systems with human error tolerance in mind. We extend an established methodology (SHARP) by employing a software engineering notation (CSP) that provides a bridge between a theory of error and the practice of design and implementation. In this paper we outline approaches to human error, describe a task notation based on CSP which helps us to elicit requirements on human-error tolerance expressed as functional properties of the system. The technique is used to analyse an engine fire recovery procedure in order to derive human error tolerance requirements. 1 Introduction Walk-up-and-use systems, such as automated teller ma...
Peter Wright; Bob Fields; Michael Harrison
Wind Power Forecasting Error Distributions: An International Comparison; Preprint
Wind power forecasting is expected to be an important enabler for greater penetration of wind power into electricity systems. Because no wind forecasting system is perfect, a thorough understanding of the errors that do occur can be critical to system operation functions, such as the setting of operating reserve levels. This paper provides an international comparison of the distribution of wind power forecasting errors from operational systems, based on real forecast data. The paper concludes with an assessment of similarities and differences between the errors observed in different locations.
Hodge, B. M.; Lew, D.; Milligan, M.; Holttinen, H.; Sillanpaa, S.; Gomez-Lazaro, E.; Scharff, R.; Soder, L.; Larsen, X. G.; Giebel, G.; Flynn, D.; Dobschinski, J.
Mitigation of Human Operational Errors Involving Control, Relay, and Auxiliary Equipment
This report describes the objectives and current status of a research effort related to human operational errors involving control, relay, and auxiliary equipment. This research is conducted by the Switching Safety and Reliability Project of EPRI's Substations Program. The report describes the data collection process for three ongoing studies on the above-named subject, and preliminary findings based on data collected from participating utilities by the end of November 2005. The project is expected to be...
U-178: VMware vMA Library Loading Error Lets Local Users Gain Elevated
8: VMware vMA Library Loading Error Lets Local Users Gain 8: VMware vMA Library Loading Error Lets Local Users Gain Elevated Privileges U-178: VMware vMA Library Loading Error Lets Local Users Gain Elevated Privileges May 29, 2012 - 7:00am Addthis PROBLEM: A vulnerability was reported in VMware vMA PLATFORM: Version(s): vMA 4.0, 4.1, 5 patch 1 (126.96.36.199) ABSTRACT: A local user can obtain elevated privileges on the target system. Reference Links: SecurityTracker Alert ID: 1027099 CVE-2012-2752 Vendor Advisory IMPACT ASSESSMENT: High Discussion: A local user can exploit a library loading error to cause arbitrary code to be executed on the target system with elevated privileges. Impact: Privilege escalation Solution: The vendor has issued a fix (vSphere Management Assistant 5.0 Patch 2 (22.214.171.124)). Addthis Related Articles T-591: VMware vmrun Utility Lets Local Users Gain Elevated Privileges
Representation Error of Oceanic Observations for Data Assimilation
A simple approach to the estimation of representation error (RE) of sea level (?), temperature (T), and salinity (S) observations for ocean data assimilation is described. It is assumed that the main source of RE is due to unresolved processes ...
Peter R. Oke; Pavel Sakov
Weather Regimes and Forecast Errors in the Pacific Northwest
Despite overall improvements in numerical weather prediction and data assimilation, large short-term forecast errors of sea level pressure and 2-m temperature still occur. This is especially true for the west coast of North America where short-...
Lynn A. McMurdie; Joseph H. Casola
Sampling Errors in Flux Measurements of Slowly Depositing Pollutants
Sampling errors in vertical flux measurements obtained by eddy correlation methods are investigated by specifying a jointly normal�lognormal density distribution for the vertical velocity and scalar concentration. The probability density function ...
Edward E. O'Brien
Wind Power Forecasting Error Distributions over Multiple Timescales: Preprint
In this paper, we examine the shape of the persistence model error distribution for ten different wind plants in the ERCOT system over multiple timescales. Comparisons are made between the experimental distribution shape and that of the normal distribution.
EVAL: Utilizing processors with variation-induced timing errors
Parameter variation in integrated circuits causes sections of a chip to be slower than others. If, to prevent any resulting timing errors, we design processors for worst-case parameter values, we may lose substantial performance. An alternate approach ...
Smruti Sarangi; Brian Greskamp; Abhishek Tiwari; Josep Torrellas
Stratospheric Analysis and Forecast Errors Using Hybrid and Sigma Coordinates
Past investigations have documented large divergent wind anomalies in stratospheric reanalyses over steep terrain, which were attributed to discretization errors produced by the terrain-following (sigma) vertical coordinate in the forecast model. ...
Stephen D. Eckermann; John P. McCormack; Jun Ma; Timothy F. Hogan; Katherine A. Zawdie
US-LHC IR magnet error analysis and compensation
This paper studies the impact of the insertion-region (IR) magnet field errors on LHC collision performance. Compensation schemes including magnet orientation optimization, body-end compensation, tuning shims, and local nonlinear correction are shown to be highly effective.
Wei, J.; Ptitsin, V.; Pilat, F.; Tepikian, S. [Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States); Gelfand, N.; Wan, W.; Holt, J. [Fermi National Accelerator Lab., Batavia, IL (United States)
J. M. (1964). Errors in project cost estimates. Indian Eco-leave out important project costs and risks in order to makeclearly, comparing actual project costs with esti- mated
A Preliminary Investigation of Temperature Errors in Operational Forecasting Models
Temperatures taken from model output (FOUS reports) routinely transmitted by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction are tabulated to determine errors during three months in the summer of 1996. These short-term model forecasts are ...
Frank P. Colby Jr.
ATLAS Self-Siphoning Rain Gauge Error Estimates
This report describes sampling and error characteristics of self-siphoning rain gauges used on moored buoys designed and assembled at NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) for deployment in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans ...
Yolande L. Serra; Patrick A'Hearn; H. Paul Freitag; Michael J. McPhaden
Probabilistic state estimation in regimes of nonlinear error growth
State estimation, or data assimilation as it is often called, is a key component of numerical weather prediction (NWP). Nearly all implementable methods of state estimation suitable for NWP are forced to assume that errors ...
Lawson, W. Gregory, 1975-
Toward Estimating Climatic Trends in SST. Part II: Random Errors
Random observational errors for sea surface temperature (SST) are estimated using merchant ship reports from the International Comprehensive Ocean�Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) for the period of 1970�97. A statistical technique, semivariogram ...
Elizabeth C. Kent; Peter G. Challenor
Error Statistics of VPR Corrections in Stratiform Precipitation
Errors in surface rainfall estimates that are caused by ignoring the vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) and range effects have been assessed by simulating how fine-resolution 3D reflectivity measurements at close ranges are sampled by the ...
Aldo Bellon; Gyu Won Lee; Isztar Zawadzki
A Cautionary Note on the Use of Error Bars
Climate studies often involve comparisons between estimates of some parameter derived from different observed and/or model-generated datasets. It is common practice to present estimates of two or more statistical quantities with error bars about ...
John R. Lanzante
An Error Analysis of Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Track Guidance Models
Mean track forecast errors over the 6-yr period 1983�88 are compared for four tropical cyclone-track forecast models in use at the National Hurricane Center (NHC). The model types represented are statistical, statistical-dynamical, barctropic-...
Mark Demaria; Miles B. Lawrence; James T. Kroll
Some Characteristics of Time Interpolation Errors for Fluid Flows
The size of errors due to linear time interpolation varies parabolically with a maximum at the center of the interpolation interval in most of the cases examined here. These cases include simple situations that are analyzed analytically and ...
Ross N. Hoffman; S. Mark Leidner
Optimal complexity correction of correlated errors in the surface code
The surface code is designed to suppress errors in quantum computing hardware and currently offers the most believable pathway to large-scale quantum computation. The surface code requires a 2-D array of nearest-neighbor coupled qubits that are capable of implementing a universal set of gates with error rates below approximately 1%, requirements compatible with experimental reality. Consequently, a number of authors are attempting to squeeze additional performance out of the surface code. We describe an optimal complexity error suppression algorithm, parallelizable to O(1) given constant computing resources per unit area, and provide evidence that this algorithm exploits correlations in the error models of each gate in an asymptotically optimal manner.
Austin G. Fowler
Correcting Errors in Streamflow Forecast Ensemble Mean and Spread
When hydrological models are used for probabilistic streamflow forecasting in the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) framework, the deterministic components of the approach can lead to errors in the estimation of forecast uncertainty, as ...
Andrew W. Wood; John C. Schaake
Air Temperature Measurement Errors in Naturally Ventilated Radiation Shields
Two sources of systematic errors are considered for estimating air temperature. The first source is ambiguity of the definition of the standardized measurement height over vegetated surfaces of varying heights. Without such a standardization, ...
Reina Nakamura; L. Mahrt
Evaluating Error Propagation in Coupled Land�Atmosphere Models
This study examines how land-use errors from the Land Transformation Model (LTM) propagate through to climate as simulated by the Regional Atmospheric Model System (RAMS). The authors conducted five simulations of regional climate over East Africa:...
Bryan Pijanowski; Nathan Moore; Dasaraden Mauree; Dev Niyogi
Singular Vector Calculations with an Analysis Error Variance Metric
Singular vectors of the navy's global forecast model are calculated using an initial norm consistent with an estimate of analysis error variance provided by the Naval Research Laboratory's (NRL) Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System (...
Ronald Gelaro; Thomas Rosmond; Roger Daley
Annotating language errors in texts: investigating argumentation and decision schemas
In this short paper, we present annotations for tagging grammatical and stylistic errors, together with attributes about the nature of the correction which are then interpreted as arguments. A decision model is introduced in order for the author to be ...
Camille Albert; Laurie Buscail; Marie Garnier; Arnaud Rykner; Patrick Saint-Dizier
Servo control booster system for minimizing following error
A closed-loop feedback-controlled servo system is disclosed which reduces command-to-response error to the system's position feedback resolution least increment, .DELTA.S.sub.R, on a continuous real-time basis for all operating speeds. The servo system employs a second position feedback control loop on a by exception basis, when the command-to-response error .gtoreq..DELTA.S.sub.R, to produce precise position correction signals. When the command-to-response error is less than .DELTA.S.sub.R, control automatically reverts to conventional control means as the second position feedback control loop is disconnected, becoming transparent to conventional servo control means. By operating the second unique position feedback control loop used herein at the appropriate clocking rate, command-to-response error may be reduced to the position feedback resolution least increment. The present system may be utilized in combination with a tachometer loop for increased stability.
Wise, William L. (Mountain View, CA)
Using doppler radar images to estimate aircraft navigational heading error
A yaw angle error of a motion measurement system carried on an aircraft for navigation is estimated from Doppler radar images captured using the aircraft. At least two radar pulses aimed at respectively different physical locations in a targeted area are transmitted from a radar antenna carried on the aircraft. At least two Doppler radar images that respectively correspond to the at least two transmitted radar pulses are produced. These images are used to produce an estimate of the yaw angle error.
Doerry, Armin W. (Albuquerque, NM); Jordan, Jay D. (Albuquerque, NM); Kim, Theodore J. (Albuquerque, NM)
Constraining the Ratio of Global Warming to Cumulative CO2 Emissions Using CMIP5 Simulations
The ratio of warming to cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide has been shown to be approximately independent of time and emissions scenarios and directly relates emissions to temperature. It is therefore a potentially important tool for climate ...
Nathan P. Gillett; Vivek K. Arora; Damon Matthews; Myles R. Allen
Constraining the ratio of global warming to cumulative CO2 emissions using CMIP5 simulations
The ratio of warming to cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide has been shown to be approximately independent of time and emissions scenario, and directly relates emissions to temperature. It is therefore a potentially important tool for climate ...
Application of Gaussian Error Propagation Principles for Theoretical Assessment of Model Uncertainty in Simulated Soil Processes Caused by Thermal and Hydraulic Parameters
Statistical uncertainty in soil temperature and volumetric water content and related moisture and heat fluxes predicted by a state-of-the-art soil module [embedded in a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model] is analyzed by Gaussian error-...
Nicole M�lders; Mihailo Jankov; Gerhard Kramm
In situ Carbon 13 and Oxygen 18 Ratios of Atmospheric CO2 from Cape Grim,
Oxygen Isotopes and Ratios » 13C and 18O Oxygen Isotopes and Ratios » 13C and 18O Ratios, Atmospheric CO2, Cape Grim In situ Carbon 13 and Oxygen 18 Ratios of Atmospheric CO2 from Cape Grim, Tasmania, Australia: 1982-1993 DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/atg.db1014 data Data Investigators Francey R. J. and C. E. Allison Description Since 1982, a continuous program of sampling atmospheric CO2 to determine stable isotope ratios has been maintained at the Australian Baseline Air Pollution Station, Cape Grim, Tasmania (40°, 40'56"S, 144°, 41'18"E). The process of in situ extraction of CO2 from air, the preponderance of samples collected in conditions of strong wind from the marine boundary layer of the Southern Ocean, and the determination of all isotope ratios relative to a common high purity CO2 reference gas with isotopic δ13C close to
Variation of equivalence ratio and element ratios in low-pressure premixed flames of aliphatic fuels
In previously published work it was found that the element ratios (such as C/O, H/O, H/C) and the equivalence ratio all varied in the flame zone of a low-pressure premixed fuel-rich benzene/oxygen/argon laminar flat flame. These variations were seen from analyses of both the data and detailed kinetic modeling. In the present work, seven additional flames were analyzed in the same manner, including five flames with a single hydrocarbon fuel (methane, acetylene, ethylene, allene, and propene) and two flames with a mixture of fuels (acetylene/allene, hydrogen/allene). All the flames had argon as the diluent, with pressures between 20 and 37.5 Torr, equivalence ratios between 1.6 and 2.5, cold gas velocities between 42 and 126 cm/sec. All of these flames showed variations in the element ratios and equivalence ratios. Furthermore, these variations changed in a consistent pattern with respect to the molecular weight of the fuel. In the flame zone, the percent change in the H/O, C/O and equivalence ratios increased with increasing molecular weight of the fuel, except for the hydrogen/allene flame in which the C/O ratio first increases, then decreases in the flame zone. Also, unlike all the other hydrocarbon flames, the C/O ratio decreases below its inlet value for the methane flame. The H/O and equivalence ratios decrease below their inlet values for the hydrogen/allene flame. These results are explained in terms of differential diffusion effects between the products and the reactants, which increase as the fuel becomes increasingly heavier than the major carbon- and hydrogen-containing products.
C. J. Pope; J. A. Miller
Human Error Mitigation in Future Operations Control Centers
This report documents a human error mitigation study conducted at the William J. Hughes Technical Center Research Development & Human Factors Laboratory. The study examined potential causes of human errors in future Airway Facilities (AF) operations control centers (OCCs). The participants consisted of nine specialists having expertise in current AF operations and knowledge of human error tendencies. The participants explored four operational scenarios, identified potential sources of error, and recommended specific solutions. A research team extracted common themes from participant responses to each of the four scenarios and identified general sources of potential error. They made specific recommendations for mitigating error in future OCC facilities. 17. Key Words NIMS, operations control centers, fault management, errors, human factors, event ticketing 18. Distribution Statement This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 22161 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 48 22. Price Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized iii Acknowledgments This research would not have been possible without the support and sponsorship of AAR-100, the Office of the Chief Scientific and Technical Advisor for Human Factors. The research team greatly appreciated the outstanding support provided by Jack Oxford, FDC, who headed the effort to develop futuristic scenarios and to recruit participants. Dan Wagner and Armida Rosiles, ACT-530, and Anton Koros, FDC, played important roles in the completion of this study. Subject matter experts who supported scenario development included Patrick Marable, Kermit Grayson, and William Bauerle...
Vicki Ahlstrom, Ph.D.; Yvette J Tenney; Richard W. Pew; Robert L. Cranston; Richard Mogford, Ph.D.; Author(s Vicki Ahlstrom (act; Jean MacMillen; Jean Macmillan; Yvette Tenney; Richard Pew
Isotopic ratio method for determining uranium contamination
The presence of high concentrations of uranium in the subsurface can be attributed either to contamination from uranium processing activities or to naturally occurring uranium. A mathematical method has been employed to evaluate the isotope ratios from subsurface soils at the Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant (RFP) and demonstrates conclusively that the soil contains uranium from a natural source and has not been contaminated with enriched uranium resulting from RFP releases. This paper describes the method used in this determination which has widespread application in site characterizations and can be adapted to other radioisotopes used in manufacturing industries. The determination of radioisotope source can lead to a reduction of the remediation effort.
Miles, R.E.; Sieben, A.K.
CO (Carbon Monoxide Mixing Ratio System) Handbook
The main function of the CO instrument is to provide continuous accurate measurements of carbon monoxide mixing ratio at the ARM SGP Central Facility (CF) 60-meter tower (36.607 �N, 97.489 �W, 314 meters above sea level). The essential feature of the control and data acquisition system is to record signals from a Thermo Electron 48C and periodically calibrate out zero and span drifts in the instrument using the combination of a CO scrubber and two concentrations of span gas (100 and 300 ppb CO in air). The system was deployed on May 25, 2005.
Biraud, S
High aspect ratio, remote controlled pumping assembly
A miniature dual syringe-type pump assembly is described which has a high aspect ratio and which is remotely controlled, for use such as in a small diameter penetrometer cone or well packer used in water contamination applications. The pump assembly may be used to supply and remove a reagent to a water contamination sensor, for example, and includes a motor, gearhead and motor encoder assembly for turning a drive screw for an actuator which provides pushing on one syringe and pulling on the other syringe for injecting new reagent and withdrawing used reagent from an associated sensor. 4 figs.
Brown, S.B.; Milanovich, F.P.
Implications of Fast Reactor Transuranic Conversion Ratio
Theoretically, the transuranic conversion ratio (CR), i.e. the transuranic production divided by transuranic destruction, in a fast reactor can range from near zero to about 1.9, which is the average neutron yield from Pu239 minus 1. In practice, the possible range will be somewhat less. We have studied the implications of transuranic conversion ratio of 0.0 to 1.7 using the fresh and discharge fuel compositions calculated elsewhere. The corresponding fissile breeding ratio ranges from 0.2 to 1.6. The cases below CR=1 (�burners�) do not have blankets; the cases above CR=1 (�breeders�) have breeding blankets. The burnup was allowed to float while holding the maximum fluence to the cladding constant. We graph the fuel burnup and composition change. As a function of transuranic conversion ratio, we calculate and graph the heat, gamma, and neutron emission of fresh fuel; whether the material is �attractive� for direct weapon use using published criteria; the uranium utilization and rate of consumption of natural uranium; and the long-term radiotoxicity after fuel discharge. For context, other cases and analyses are included, primarily once-through light water reactor (LWR) uranium oxide fuel at 51 MWth-day/kg-iHM burnup (UOX-51). For CR<1, the heat, gamma, and neutron emission increase as material is recycled. The uranium utilization is at or below 1%, just as it is in thermal reactors as both types of reactors require continuing fissile support. For CR>1, heat, gamma, and neutron emission decrease with recycling. The uranium utilization exceeds 1%, especially as all the transuranic elements are recycled. exceeds 1%, especially as all the transuranic elements are recycled. At the system equilibrium, heat and gamma vary by somewhat over an order of magnitude as a function of CR. Isotopes that dominate heat and gamma emission are scattered throughout the actinide chain, so the modest impact of CR is unsurprising. Neutron emitters are preferentially found among the higher actinides, so the neutron emission varies much stronger with CR, about three orders of magnitude.
Steven J. Piet; Edward A. Hoffman; Samuel E. Bays
Conditional Probabilities, Relative Operating Characteristics, and Relative Operating Levels
The relative operating characteristic (ROC) curve is a highly flexible method for representing the quality of dichotomous, categorical, continuous, and probabilistic forecasts. The method is based on ratios that measure the proportions of events ...
Simon J. Mason; Nicholas E. Graham
R utcor Research R eport A Practical Relative Error Criterion for ...
Jul 19, 2010 ... ness School Research Resources Committee grants. Paulo J. S. .... It also bears mention that there is an alternate thread of research involving�...
RSE Table 7.10 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.10
327310," Cements",2,2,2,5,2,8,0,0,0 327410," Lime",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 327993," Mineral Wool",3,3,1,1,2,0,0,0,0 331,"Primary Metals",1,2,2,3,4,3,1,0,1 331111," Iron and Steel...
RSE Table 3.1 Relative Standard Errors for Table 3.1
327310," Cements",2,1,0,2,5,4,2,1,4 327410," Lime",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 327993," Mineral Wool",1,2,0,66,1,2,0,7,16 331,"Primary Metals",1,1,8,2,2,3,7,1,1 331111," Iron and Steel...
RSE Table 1.1 Relative Standard Errors for Table 1.1
Cements",2,1,0,2,5,4,2,1,4,0 327410," Lime",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 327993," Mineral Wool",1,2,0,61,1,2,0,7,10,0 331,"Primary Metals",1,1,8,2,2,3,1,2,2,0 331111," Iron and Steel...
RSE Table 4.2 Relative Standard Errors for Table 4.2
327310," Cements",2,1,0,2,5,4,2,1,5 327410," Lime",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 327993," Mineral Wool",1,2,0,66,1,2,0,7,17 331,"Primary Metals",2,1,8,2,2,3,7,2,1 331111," Iron and Steel...
RSE Table 10.12 Relative Standard Errors for Table 10.12
Energy Sources(b)" ,,,"Coal Coke" "NAICS"," ","Total"," ","Not","Electricity","Natural","Distillate","Residual",,"and" "Code(a)","Subsector and...
RSE Table 5.1 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.1
l",0,11,4,10,2,10,13,0 ," Conventional Boiler Use",0,15,5,14,2,10,8,0 ," CHP andor Cogeneration Process",0,8,2,6,3,2,19,0 ,"Direct Uses-Total Process",0,2,7,8,2,4,2,0 ," Process...
RSE Table 5.5 Relative Standard Errors for Table 5.5
uel",0,11,4,10,2,10,13,0 " Conventional Boiler Use",0,15,5,14,2,10,8,0 " CHP andor Cogeneration Process",0,8,2,6,3,2,19,0 "Direct Uses-Total Process",0,2,7,8,2,4,2,0 " Process...
RSE Table N6.3 and N6.4. Relative Standard Errors for Tables...
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning '(Facility HVAC)' excludes" "steam and hot water." " NFNo applicable RSE rowcolumn factor." " * Estimate less than 0.5." "...
RSE Table 7.5 Relative Standard Errors for Table 7.5
" Unit: Percents." " ",," "," ",," "," " "Economic",,"Residual","Distillate","Natural ","LPG and" "Characteristic(a)","Electricity","Fuel Oil","Fuel Oil(b)","Gas(c)","NGL(d)","Coal...
RSE Table 8.2 Relative Standard Errors for Table 8.2
The 'Establishments' column includes those units which reported any of the five listed" "energy-saving technologies in use anytime in 2002, plus those units where usage of those"...
Measurement of the Branching Ratio for
We have measured the branching ratio B(\\Upsilon(1S) ! + \\Gamma ) using the CLEO II detector. A clean sample of tau pair events is identified via events containing two charged particles where exactly one of the particles is an identified electron. We find B(\\Upsilon(1S) ! + \\Gamma ) = (2:59 \\Sigma 0:12 +0:13 \\Gamma0:16 )%. The result is consistent with expectations from lepton universality. Permanent address: INP, Novosibirsk, Russia y Permanent address: University of Hawaii at Manoa 1 One of the interesting aspects of heavy quarkonia is that in the lower energy states the electromagnetic decays compete with the strong decays due to OZI suppression. In the b b system, the first three \\Upsilon resonances all lie below the threshold for strong decay into pairs of B mesons, and the measured leptonic decays are of the order of a few percent. For the \\Upsilon(1S), the world average of the branching ratio into tau pairs is (2:97 \\Sigma 0:35)% [1] based on two measureme...
Upsilon Gamma Cinabro; Ichep Ref; Gls Cleo Conf; M. Saulnier; G. Gollin
Flexible Conversion Ratio Fast Reactor Systems Evaluation
Conceptual designs of lead-cooled and liquid salt-cooled fast flexible conversion ratio reactors were developed. Both concepts have cores reated at 2400 MWt placed in a large-pool-type vessel with dual-free level, which also contains four intermediate heat exchanges coupling a primary coolant to a compact and efficient supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle power conversion system. Decay heat is removed passively using an enhanced Reactor Vessel Auxiliary Cooling System and a Passive Secondary Auxiliary Cooling System. The most important findings were that (1) it is feasible to design the lead-cooled and salt-cooled reactor with the flexible conversion ratio (CR) in the range of CR=0 and CR=1 n a manner that achieves inherent reactor shutdown in unprotected accidents, (2) the salt-cooled reactor requires Lithium thermal Expansion Modules to overcme the inherent salt coolant's large positive coolant temperature reactivity coefficient, (3) the preferable salt for fast spectrum high power density cores is NaCl-Kcl-MgCl2 as opposed to fluoride salts due to its better themal-hydraulic and neutronic characteristics, and (4) both reactor, but attain power density 3 times smaller than that of the sodium-cooled reactor.
Neil Todreas; Pavel Hejzlar
Hydraulic system for a ratio change transmission
Disclosed is a drive assembly (10) for an electrically powered vehicle (12). The assembly includes a transaxle (16) having a two-speed transmission (40) and a drive axle differential (46) disposed in a unitary housing assembly (38), an oil-cooled prime mover or electric motor (14) for driving the transmission input shaft (42), an adapter assembly (24) for supporting the prime mover on the transaxle housing assembly, and a hydraulic system (172) providing pressurized oil flow for cooling and lubricating the electric motor and transaxle and for operating a clutch (84) and a brake (86) in the transmission to shift between the two-speed ratios of the transmission. The adapter assembly allows the prime mover to be supported in several positions on the transaxle housing. The brake is spring-applied and locks the transmission in its low-speed ratio should the hydraulic system fail. The hydraulic system pump is driven by an electric motor (212) independent of the prime mover and transaxle.
Kalns, Ilmars (Northville, MI)
Aerosol organic carbon to black carbon ratios: Analysis of published...
Aerosol organic carbon to black carbon ratios: Analysis of published data and implications for climate forcing Title Aerosol organic carbon to black carbon ratios: Analysis of...
Table E7.1. Consumption Ratios of Fuel, 1998
1. Consumption Ratios of Fuel, 1998;" " Level: National and Regional Data; " " Row: Values of Shipments and Employment Sizes;" " Column: Energy-Consumption Ratios;" " Unit:...
Measuring contextual fitness using error contexts extracted from the Wikipedia revision history
We evaluate measures of contextual fitness on the task of detecting real-word spelling errors. For that purpose, we extract naturally occurring errors and their contexts from the Wikipedia revision history. We show that such natural errors are better ...
Torsten Zesch
Analysis and Reduction of Systematic Errors through a Seamless Approach to Modeling Weather and Climate
The reduction of systematic errors is a continuing challenge for model development. Feedbacks and compensating errors in climate models often make finding the source of a systematic error difficult. In this paper, it is shown how model ...
G. M. Martin; S. F. Milton; C. A. Senior; M. E. Brooks; S. Ineson; T. Reichler; J. Kim
Assessing the Impact of Differential Genotyping Errors on Rare Variant Tests of Association
Genotyping errors are well-known to impact the power and type I error rate in single marker tests of association. Genotyping errors that happen according to the same process in cases and controls are known as non-differential ...
Fast, Shannon Marie
Estimating Model-Error Covariances for Application to Atmospheric Data Assimilation
Forecast-error statistics have traditionally been used to investigate model performance and to calculate analysis weights for atmospheric data assimilation. Forecast error has two components: the model error, caused by model imperfections, and ...
Error in Measurements of Incoming Shortwave Radiation Made from Ships and Buoys
Errors in shortwave solar radiation measurements resulting from mean tils and rocking motions, as well as from the response time of the sensors, are determined experimentally. The magnitude of the mean tilt error can be large and lead to errors ...
M. A. MacWhorter; R. A. Weller
A Practical Approach to Sequential Estimation of Systematic Error on Near-Surface Mesoscale Grids
Statistical analysis arguments are used to construct an estimation algorithm for systematic error of near-surface temperatures on a mesoscale grid. The systematic error is defined as the observed running-mean error, and an averaging length of 7 ...
Joshua P. Hacker; Daran L. Rife
Multi-vector tests: a path to perfect error-rate testing
The importance of testing approaches that exploit error tolerance to improve yield has previously been established. Error rate, defined as the percentage of vectors for which the value at a circuit's output deviates from the corresponding error-free ...
Shideh Shahidi; Sandeep Gupta
Forecast for the Planck precision on the tensor to scalar ratio and other cosmological parameters
The Planck satellite is right now measuring with unprecedented accuracy the primary Background CMB anisotropies. The Standard Model of the Universe (including inflation) provides the context to analyze the CMB and other data. The Planck performance for r, the tensor to scalar ratio related to primordial B mode polarization, will depend on the quality of the data analysis. The Ginsburg Landau approach to inflation allows to take high benefit of the CMB data. The fourth degree double well inflaton potential gives an excellent fit to the current CMB+LSS data. We evaluate the Planck precision to the recovery of cosmological parameters within a reasonable toy model for residuals of systematic effects of instrumental and astrophysical origin based on publicly available information.We use and test two relevant models: the LambdaCDMr model, i.e. the standard LambdaCDM model augmented by r, and the LambdaCDMrT model, where the scalar spectral index, n_s, and r are related through the theoretical `banana-shaped' curve r = r(n_s) coming from the double-well inflaton potential. In the latter case, r = r(n_s) is imposed as a hard constraint in the MCMC data analysis. We take into account the white noise sensitivity of Planck in the 70, 100 and 143 GHz channels as well as the residuals from systematics errors and foregrounds. Foreground residuals turn to affect only the cosmological parameters sensitive to the B modes. The best value for r in the presence of residuals turns to be about r simeq 0.04 for both the LambdaCDMr and the LambdaCDMrT models. We compute the B mode detection probability by the most sensitive HFI-143 channel. At the level of foreground residual equal to 30% of our toy model only a 68% CL detection of r is very likely. For a 95% CL detection the level of foreground residual should be reduced to 10% or lower of the adopted toy model (ABRIDGED).
C. Burigana; C. Destri; H. J. de Vega; A. Gruppuso; N. Mandolesi; P. Natoli; N. G. Sanchez
Organizational Epidemiology and Energy Facilities: Review of Antecedent Conditions for Human Performance Optimization and Error Prev ention
This report reviews background literature and prior research and experience related to causes of human error and prediction of human performance in energy facilities and other settings. Strategic research is recommended to explore the influence of organizational factors and other antecedent conditions on human performance and, thus, on outcomes such as facility productivity and safety.
Wind Bias from Sub-optimal Estimation Due to Geophysical Modeling Error Paul E. Johnson and David G . Long
Wind Bias from Sub-optimal Estimation Due to Geophysical Modeling Error -Wind I Paul E. Johnson (which relates the wind to the normalized radar cross section, NRCS, of the ocean surface) is uncertainty in the NRCS for given wind conditions. When the estimated variability is in- cluded in the maximum likelihood
Long, David G.
Errors and Artefacts in Agent-Based Modelling
The objectives of this paper are to define and classify different types of errors and artefacts that can appear in the process of developing an agent-based model, and to propose activities aimed at avoiding them during the model construction and testing phases. To do this in a structured way, we review the main concepts of the process of developing such a model � establishing a general framework that summarises the process of designing, implementing, and using agent-based models. Within this framework we identify the various stages where different types of errors and artefacts may appear. Finally we propose activities that could be used to detect (and hence eliminate) each type of error or artefact.
Jos� Manuel Gal�n; Luis R. Izquierdo; Segismundo S. Izquierdo; Jos� Ignacio Santos; Ricardo Del Olmo; Adolfo L�pez-Paredes; Bruce Edmonds
Lossless Data Compression with Error Detection using Cantor Set
In 2009, a lossless compression algorithm based on 1D chaotic maps known as Generalized Lur\\"{o}th Series (or GLS) has been proposed. This algorithm (GLS-coding) encodes the input message as a symbolic sequence on an appropriate 1D chaotic map (GLS) and the compressed file is obtained as the initial value by iterating backwards on the map. For ergodic sources, it was shown that GLS-coding achieves the best possible lossless compression (in the noiseless setting) bounded by Shannon entropy. However, in the presence of noise, even small errors in the compressed file leads to catastrophic decoding errors owing to sensitive dependence on initial values. In this paper, we first show that Repetition codes $\\mathcal{R}_n$ (every symbol is repeated $n$ times, where $n$ is a positive odd integer), the oldest and the most basic error correction and detection codes in literature, actually lie on a Cantor set with a fractal dimension of $\\frac{1}{n}$, which is also the rate of the code. Inspired by this, we incorporate error detection capability to GLS-coding by ensuring that the compressed file (initial value on the map) lies on a Cantor set of measure zero. Even a 1-bit error in the initial value will throw it outside the Cantor set which can be detected while decoding. The error detection performance (and also the rate of the code) can be controlled by the fractal dimension of the Cantor set and could be suitably adjusted depending on the noise level of the communication channel.
Nithin Nagaraj
Laser Phase Errors in Seeded Free Electron Lasers
Harmonic seeding of free electron lasers has attracted significant attention as a method for producing transform-limited pulses in the soft x-ray region. Harmonic multiplication schemes extend seeding to shorter wavelengths, but also amplify the spectral phase errors of the initial seed laser, and may degrade the pulse quality and impede production of transform-limited pulses. In this paper we consider the effect of seed laser phase errors in high gain harmonic generation and echo-enabled harmonic generation. We use simulations to confirm analytical results for the case of linearly chirped seed lasers, and extend the results for arbitrary seed laser envelope and phase.
JLab SRF Cavity Fabrication Errors, Consequences and Lessons Learned
Today, elliptical superconducting RF (SRF) cavities are preferably made from deep-drawn niobium sheets as pursued at Jefferson Laboratory (JLab). The fabrication of a cavity incorporates various cavity cell machining, trimming and electron beam welding (EBW) steps as well as surface chemistry that add to forming errors creating geometrical deviations of the cavity shape from its design. An analysis of in-house built cavities over the last years revealed significant errors in cavity production. Past fabrication flaws are described and lessons learned applied successfully to the most recent in-house series production of multi-cell cavities.
Frank Marhauser
Composite Toffoli gate with two-round error detection
We introduce a fault-tolerant construction to implement a composite quantum operation of four overlapping Toffoli gates. The same construction can produce two independent Toffoli gates. This result lowers resource overheads in designs for quantum computers by more than an order of magnitude. The procedure uses Clifford operations and 64 copies of the non-Clifford gate $T = \\exp[i \\pi (I - \\sigma^z) /8]$. Quantum codes detect errors in the circuit. When the dominant source of error is $T$-gate failure with probability $p$, then the composite Toffoli circuit has postselected failure rate of $3072p^4$ to lowest order.
Cody Jones
Meta Modeling of Transmission Error for Spur, Helical and Planetary Gears for Wind Turbine Application.
??Detailed analysis of drive train dynamics requires accounting for the transmission error that arises in gears. However, the direct computation of the transmission error requires� (more)
Irfan, Muhammad
T-573: Windows Remote Desktop Client DLL Loading Error Lets Remote...
73: Windows Remote Desktop Client DLL Loading Error Lets Remote Users Execute Arbitrary Code T-573: Windows Remote Desktop Client DLL Loading Error Lets Remote Users Execute...
Cognitive analysis of students' errors and misconceptions in variables, equations, and functions
The fundamental goal of this study is to explore why so many students have difficulty learning mathematics. To achieve this goal, this study focuses on why so many students keep making the same errors over a long period of time. To explore such issues, three basic algebra concepts - variable, equation, and function � are used to analyze students� errors, possible buggy algorithms, and the conceptual basis of these errors: misconceptions. Through the research on these three basic concepts, it is expected that a more general principle of understanding and the corresponding learning difficulties can be illustrated by the case studies. Although students� errors varied to a great extent, certain types of errors related to students� misconceptions occurred frequently and repeatedly after one year of additional instruction. Thus, it is possible to identify students� misconceptions through working on students� systematic errors. The causes of students� robust misconceptions were explored by comparing high-achieving and low-achieving students� understanding of these three concepts at the object (structural) or process (operational) levels. In addition, high achieving students were found to prefer using object (structural) thinking to solve problems even if the problems could be solved through both algebra and arithmetic approaches. It was also found that the relationship between students� misconception and object-process thinking explained why some misconceptions were particularly difficult to change. Students� understanding of concepts at either of two stages (process and object) interacted with either of two aspects (correct conception and misconception). When students had understood a concept as a process with misconception, such misconception was particularly hard to change. In addition, other concerns, such as rethinking the misconception of the �equal sign,� the influence of prior experience on students� learning, misconceptions and recycling curriculum, and developing teachers� initial subject knowledge were also discussed. The findings of this study demonstrated that the fundamental reason of misconception of �equal sign� was the misunderstanding of either side of equation as a process rather than as an object. Due to the existence of robust misconceptions as stated in this study, the use of recycling curriculum may have negative effect on students� understanding of mathematics.
Li, Xiaobao
Getting a kick out of numerical relativity
Recent developments in numerical relativity have made it possible to follow reliably the coalescence of two black holes from near the innermost stable circular orbit to final ringdown. This opens up a wide variety of exciting astrophysical applications of these simulations. Chief among these is the net kick received when two unequal mass or spinning black holes merge. The magnitude of this kick has bearing on the production and growth of supermassive black holes during the epoch of structure formation, and on the retention of black holes in stellar clusters. Here we report the first accurate numerical calculation of this kick, for two nonspinning black holes in a 1.5:1 mass ratio, which is expected based on analytic considerations to give a significant fraction of the maximum possible recoil. Our estimated kick is 105 km/s with an error of less than 10%. This is intermediate between the estimates from two recent post-Newtonian analyses and suggests that at redshifts z > 10, halos with masses < 10^9 M_sun w...
Baker, J G; Choi, D I; Koppitz, M; Miller, M C; Van Meter, J R; Baker, John G.; Centrella, Joan; Choi, Dae-Il; Koppitz, Michael; Meter, James R. van
Theoretical inputs and errors in the new hadronic currents in TAUOLA
The new hadronic currents implemented in the TAUOLA library are obtained in the unified and consistent framework of Resonance Chiral Theory: a Lagrangian approach in which the resonances exchanged in the hadronic tau decays are active degrees of freedom included in a way that reproduces the low-energy results of Chiral Perturbation Theory. The short-distance QCD constraints on the imaginary part of the spin-one correlators yield relations among the couplings that render the theory predictive. In this communication, the obtaining of the two- and three-meson form factors is sketched. One of the criticisms to our framework is that the error may be as large as 1/3, since it is a realization of the large-N{sub C} limit of QCD in a meson theory. A number of arguments are given which disfavor that claim pointing to smaller errors, which would explain the phenomenological success of our description in these decays. Finally, other minor sources of error and current improvements of the code are discussed.
Roig, P.; Nugent, I. M.; Przedzinski, T.; Shekhovtsova, O.; Was, Z. [Grup de Fisica Teorica, Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona (Spain); RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut B, Aachen (Germany); Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Cracow, Poland and Institute of Nuclear Physics, PAN, Cracow, ul. Radzikowskiego 152 (Poland); IFIC, Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, Apt. Correus 22085, E-46071, Valencia (Spain); CERN PH-TH, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland and Institute of Nuclear Physics, PAN, Cracow, ul. Radzikowskiego 152 (Poland)
Automated Source-Level Error Localization in Hardware Designs
Recent achievements in formal verification techniques allow for fault detection even in large real-world designs. Tool support for localizing the faulty statements is critical, because it reduces development time and overall project costs. Automated ... Keywords: design error diagnosis, software debugging, model-based diagnosis, fault localization
Bernhard Peischl; Franz Wotawa
Jackknife empirical likelihood tests for error distributions in regression models
Regression models are commonly used to model the relationship between responses and covariates. For testing the error distribution, some classical test statistics such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Cramer-von-Mises test suffer from the complicated limiting ... Keywords: Goodness-of-fit test, Jackknife empirical Likelihood method, Regression model, primary
Huijun Feng; Liang Peng
An algorithm for recovering camouflage errors on moving people
In this paper we present a model-based algorithm working as a post-processing phase of any foreground object detector. The model is suited to recover camouflage errors producing the segmentation of an entity in small and unconnected parts. The model ...
D. Conte; P. Foggia; G. Percannella; F. Tufano; M. Vento
Error mining for wide-coverage grammar engineering
Parsing systems which rely on hand-coded linguistic descriptions can only perform adequately in as far as these descriptions are correct and complete.The paper describes an error mining technique to discover problems in hand-coded linguistic descriptions ...
Gertjan van Noord
Evaluate error sources and uncertainty in large scale measurement systems
Modern manufacturing technologies place increasingly higher demands on industrial measurement systems. Over the last decade there have been rapid developments in 3D measurement systems, with the primary requirement coming from industries such as automotives, ... Keywords: Best fit methods, Laser scanner, Measurement errors, Uncertainty
Qing Wang; Nick Zissler; Roger Holden
Testing and Error Analysis of Acceleration of Rotating Transformer
From the working principle of rotary transformers, the paper in-depth analyses the relationship between output voltage and rotor angle as well as speed. By using the method of series expansion and discrete, angular acceleration formula which is used ... Keywords: Rotating Transformer, Acceleration, Error of Measurement, slip frequency
Lu Xiuhe; Xue Peng
-dimensional Euler equations in gas dynamics. There has been abundant study on the dispersion analysis of many nuDISPERSION AND DISSIPATION ERRORS OF TWO FULLY DISCRETE DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN METHODS HE YANG, FENGYAN LI, AND JIANXIAN QIU Abstract. The dispersion and dissipation properties of numerical meth- ods
Li, Fengyan
A JVM for soft-error-prone embedded systems
The reduction of structure sizes in microcontollers, environmental conditions or low supply voltages increase the susceptibility of embedded systems to soft errors. As a result, the employment of fault-detection and fault-tolerance measures is becoming ... Keywords: KESO, RTSJ, embedded systems, java, real-time systems, reliability
Isabella Stilkerich, Michael Strotz, Christoph Erhardt, Martin Hoffmann, Daniel Lohmann, Fabian Scheler, Wolfgang Schr�der-Preikschat
On the Pressure Gradient Force Error in ?-Coordinate Spectral Models
The pressure gradient force error of the spectral technique used in combination with the ? vertical coordinate was examined in an idealized case of an atmosphere at rest and in hydrostatic equilibrium. Small-scale (one-point and three-point) ...
Zavis?a I. Janji?
Counter example-based error localization of behavior models
Behavior models are often used to describe behaviors of the system-to-be during requirements analysis or design phases. The correctness of the specified model can be formally verified by model checking techniques. Model checkers provide counterexamples ... Keywords: design, error localization, model checking, requirements analysis
Tsutomu Kumazawa; Tetsuo Tamai
Error computation for predictable real-time software synthesis
Synthesizing an implementation from a model in a predictable way is one of the major challenges in real-time system design. In our previous work we addressed this problem by generating in real-time an execution path through a model and by synchronizing ... Keywords: error computation, predictable design, property prediction, real-time systems
Jeroen Voeten; Oana Florescu; Jinfeng Huang; Henk Corporaal
Note: Statistical errors estimation for Thomson scattering diagnostics
A practical way of estimating statistical errors of a Thomson scattering diagnostic measuring plasma electron temperature and density is described. Analytically derived expressions are successfully tested with Monte Carlo simulations and implemented in an automatic data processing code of the JET LIDAR diagnostic.
Maslov, M.; Beurskens, M. N. A.; Flanagan, J.; Kempenaars, M. [EURATOM-CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB (United Kingdom); Collaboration: JET-EFDA Contributors
Hierarchical decoding of double error correcting codes for high speed reliable memories
As the technology moves into the nano-realm, traditional single-error-correcting, double-error-detecting (SEC-DED) codes are no longer sufficient for protecting memories against transient errors due to the increased multi-bit error rate. The well known ...
Zhen Wang
PROPANE: an environment for examining the propagation of errors in software
In order to produce reliable software, it is important to have knowledge on how faults and errors may affect the software. In particular, designing efficient error detection mechanisms requires not only knowledge on which types of errors to detect but ... Keywords: error propagation analysis, fault injection, software development tools, software reliability
B-spline goal-oriented error estimators for geometrically nonlinear rods
We consider goal-oriented a posteriori error estimators for the evaluation of the errors on quantities of interest associated with the solution of geometrically nonlinear curved elastic rods. For the numerical solution of these nonlinear one-dimensional ... Keywords: B-spline basis, Error estimators, Geometrically nonlinear rods, Goal-oriented a posteriori error estimation, Isogeometric analysis
L. Ded�; H. A. Santos
Cue effectiveness in mitigating postcompletion errors in a routine procedural task
Postcompletion errors, which are omissions of actions required after the completion of a task's main goal, occur in a variety of everyday procedural tasks. Previous research has demonstrated the difficulty of reducing their frequency by means other than ... Keywords: ACT-R, Cognitive architecture, Error intervention, Error mitigation, Goal memory, Human error, Interface design, Modeling, Postcompletion error, Routine procedural task, Visual attention, Visual cue, Visual salience
Phillip H. Chung; Michael D. Byrne
Comparison of Wind Power and Load Forecasting Error Distributions: Preprint
The introduction of large amounts of variable and uncertain power sources, such as wind power, into the electricity grid presents a number of challenges for system operations. One issue involves the uncertainty associated with scheduling power that wind will supply in future timeframes. However, this is not an entirely new challenge; load is also variable and uncertain, and is strongly influenced by weather patterns. In this work we make a comparison between the day-ahead forecasting errors encountered in wind power forecasting and load forecasting. The study examines the distribution of errors from operational forecasting systems in two different Independent System Operator (ISO) regions for both wind power and load forecasts at the day-ahead timeframe. The day-ahead timescale is critical in power system operations because it serves the unit commitment function for slow-starting conventional generators.
Hodge, B. M.; Florita, A.; Orwig, K.; Lew, D.; Milligan, M.
Community Relations
Students at EnergySmart Schools and people at Rebuilding Together events Community Relations EETD and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's community relations mission and...
Leptonic decay-constant ratio f_{K^+}/f_{pi^+} from lattice QCD with physical light quarks
A calculation of the ratio of leptonic decay constants f_{K^+}/f_{\\pi^+} makes possible a precise determination of the ratio of CKM matrix elements |V_{us}|/|V_{ud}| in the Standard Model, and places a stringent constraint on the scale of new physics that would lead to deviations from unitarity in the first row of the CKM matrix. We compute f_{K^+}/f_{\\pi^+} numerically in unquenched lattice QCD using gauge-field ensembles recently generated that include four flavors of dynamical quarks: up, down, strange, and charm. We analyze data at four lattice spacings a ~ 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, and 0.15 fm with simulated pion masses down to the physical value 135 MeV. We obtain f_{K^+}/f_{\\pi^+} = 1.1947(26)(37), where the errors are statistical and total systematic, respectively. This is our first physics result from our N_f = 2+1+1 ensembles, and the first calculation of f_{K^+}/f_{\\pi^+} from lattice-QCD simulations at the physical point. Our result is the most precise lattice-QCD determination of f_{K^+}/f_{\\pi^+}, with an error comparable to the current world average. When combined with experimental measurements of the leptonic branching fractions, it leads to a precise determination of |V_{us}|/|V_{ud}| = 0.2309(9)(4) where the errors are theoretical and experimental, respectively.
A. Bazavov; C. Bernard; C. DeTar; J. Foley; W. Freeman; Steven Gottlieb; U. M. Heller; J. E. Hetrick; J. Kim; J. Laiho; L. Levkova; M. Lightman; J. Osborn; S. Qiu; R. L. Sugar; D. Toussaint; R. S. Van de Water; R. Zhou
Numerical study of error propagation in Monte Carlo depletion simulations
Improving computer technology and the desire to more accurately model the heterogeneity of the nuclear reactor environment have made the use of Monte Carlo depletion codes more attractive in recent years, and feasible (if not practical) even for 3-D depletion simulation. However, in this case statistical uncertainty is combined with error propagating through the calculation from previous steps. In an effort to understand this error propagation, a numerical study was undertaken to model and track individual fuel pins in four 17 x 17 PWR fuel assemblies. By changing the code's initial random number seed, the data produced by a series of 19 replica runs was used to investigate the true and apparent variance in k{sub eff}, pin powers, and number densities of several isotopes. While this study does not intend to develop a predictive model for error propagation, it is hoped that its results can help to identify some common regularities in the behavior of uncertainty in several key parameters. (authors)
Wyant, T.; Petrovic, B. [Nuclear and Radiological Engineering, Georgia Inst. of Technology, 770 State Street, Atlanta, GA 30332-0745 (United States)
Ratio Statistics for Randomized Experiments in Precipitation Stimulation
A variety of ratio statistics has been used in the design and evaluation of weather modification experiments and their significance has usually been estimated by rerandomization. These ratios, and especially their logarithms, are asymptotically ...
K. Ruben Gabriel
The CALIPSO Automated Aerosol Classification and Lidar Ratio Selection Algorithm
Descriptions are provided of the aerosol classification algorithms and the extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) selection schemes for the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) aerosol products. One ...
Ali H. Omar; David M. Winker; Mark A. Vaughan; Yongxiang Hu; Charles R. Trepte; Richard A. Ferrare; Kam-Pui Lee; Chris A. Hostetler; Chieko Kittaka; Raymond R. Rogers; Ralph E. Kuehn; Zhaoyan Liu
Support vector machine with genetic algorithm for forecasting of key-gas ratios in oil-immersed transformer
Failures of power transformer are related with key-gas ratios C"2H"2/C"2H"4, CH"4/H"2 and C"2H"4/C"2H"6 strongly. Forecasting of these ratios of key-gas in power transformer oil is very significant to detect and identify incipient failures of transformer ... Keywords: Genetic algorithm, Key-gas ratios forecasting, Power transformer, Support vector machine
Sheng-wei Fei; Cheng-liang Liu; Yu-bin Miao
Instrument uncertainty effect on calculation of absolute humidity using dewpoint, wet-bulb, and relative humidity sensors
As part of the US Department of Energy`s Advanced Desiccant Technology Program, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is characterizing the state-of-the-art in desiccant dehumidifiers, the key component of desiccant cooling systems. The experimental data will provide industry and end users with independent performance evaluation and help researchers assess the energy savings potential of the technology. Accurate determination of humidity ratio is critical to this work and an understanding of the capabilities of the available instrumentation is central to its proper application. This paper compares the minimum theoretical random error in humidity ratio calculation for three common measurement methods to give a sense of the relative maximum accuracy possible for each method assuming systematic errors can be made negligible. A series of experiments conducted also illustrate the capabilities of relative humidity sensors as compared to dewpoint sensors in measuring the grain depression of desiccant dehumidifiers. These tests support the results of the uncertainty analysis. At generally available instrument accuracies, uncertainty in calculated humidity ratio for dewpoint sensors is determined to be constant at approximately 2%. Wet-bulb sensors range between 2% and 6% above 10 g/kg (4%--15% below), and relative humidity sensors vary between 4% above 90% rh and 15% at 20% rh. Below 20% rh, uncertainty for rh sensors increases dramatically. Highest currently attainable accuracies bring dewpoint instruments down to 1% uncertainty, wet bulb to a range of 1%--3% above 10 g/kg (1.5%--8% below), and rh sensors between 1% and 5%.
Slayzak, S.J.; Ryan, J.P.
Wind and Load Forecast Error Model for Multiple Geographically Distributed Forecasts
The impact of wind and load forecast errors on power grid operations is frequently evaluated by conducting multi-variant studies, where these errors are simulated repeatedly as random processes based on their known statistical characteristics. To generate these errors correctly, we need to reflect their distributions (which do not necessarily follow a known distribution law), standard deviations, auto- and cross-correlations. For instance, load and wind forecast errors can be closely correlated in different zones of the system. This paper introduces a new methodology for generating multiple cross-correlated random processes to simulate forecast error curves based on a transition probability matrix computed from an empirical error distribution function. The matrix will be used to generate new error time series with statistical features similar to observed errors. We present the derivation of the method and present some experimental results by generating new error forecasts together with their statistics.
Makarov, Yuri V.; Reyes Spindola, Jorge F.; Samaan, Nader A.; Diao, Ruisheng; Hafen, Ryan P.
Global Solar Radiation Estimation from Relative Sunshine Hours in Italy
We examine the existing measurements of global solar radiation and sunshine duration for Italy, and evaluate the errors made in estimating global solar radiation from sunshine hours measurements. We find that the �ngstrom�Black linear relation in ...
A. Andretta; B. Bartoli; B. Coluzzi; V. Cuomo; M. Francesca; C. Serio
Potentially Significant Source of Error in Magnetic Paleolatitude Determinations
The discovery of close-to-star gas-giant exo-planets lends support to the idea of Earth's origin as a Jupiter-like gas giant and to the consequences of its compression, including whole-Earth decompression dynamics that gives rise, without requiring mantle convection, to the myriad measurements and observations whose descriptions are attributed to plate tectonics. I show here that paleolatitude determinations, used extensively in Pangaea-like reconstructions and in paleoclimate considerations, may be subject to potentially significant errors if rock-magnetization was acquired at Earth-radii less than present.
J. Marvin Herndon
Deciphering the measured ratios of Iodine-131 to Cesium-137 at the Fukushima reactors
We calculate the relative abundance of the radioactive isotopes Iodine-131 and Cesium-137 produced by nuclear fission in reactors and compare it with data taken at the troubled Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant. The ratio of radioactivities of these two isotopes can be used to obtain information about when the nuclear reactions terminated.
Matsui, T
T. Matsui
Aperiodic dynamical decoupling sequences in the presence of pulse errors
Dynamical decoupling (DD) is a promising tool for preserving the quantum states of qubits. However, small imperfections in the control pulses can seriously affect the fidelity of decoupling, and qualitatively change the evolution of the controlled system at long times. Using both analytical and numerical tools, we theoretically investigate the effect of the pulse error accumulation for two aperiodic DD sequences, Uhrig's DD (UDD) protocol (Uhrig 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 100504), and the quadratic DD (QDD) protocol (West et al 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 130501). We consider the implementation of these sequences using the electron spins of phosphorus donors in silicon, where DD sequences are applied to suppress dephasing of the donor spins. The dependence of the decoupling fidelity on different initial states of the spins is the focus of our study. We investigate in detail the initial drop in the DD fidelity, and its long-term saturation. We also demonstrate that by applying the control pulses along different directions, the performance of QDD protocols can be noticeably improved, and explain the reason for such an improvement. Our results can be useful for future implementations of the aperiodic decoupling protocols, and for better understanding of the impact of errors on quantum control of spins.
Wang, Zhi-Hui; Dobrovitski, V. V.
Characterization and Impact of Extreme Forecast Errors on Power Systems
Extreme events in the electrical power system, caused by the load and wind forecasting errors, can impact the power system infrastructure via two main avenues. The first avenue is a sudden and significant power unbalance exceeding reasonable operating reserve capacity. The second is a sudden increase of power flows on the system critical paths causing transmission violations. The challenge in managing these system unbalances is more significant for a standalone balancing area operation. The consolidation of balancing authorities into a single balancing area can offset the operating reserve problem but this strategy enhances incremental power flows on the transmission interfaces, potentially leading to more unpredictable transmission congestion. This paper evaluates the expectancy of occurrence of tail events due to forecast error extremes using California ISO and BPA data. Having this type of information, independent system operators and operating utilities could be better prepared to address the tail events by exploring alternative reserve options such as: wide area control coordination, new operating proce-dures and remedial actions.
Heydt, Gerald T.; Vittal, Vijay; Malhara, Sunita V.; Makarov, Yuri V.; Zhou, Ning; Etingov, Pavel V.
Using Singular Value Decomposition to Parameterize State-Dependent Model Errors
The purpose of the present study is to use a new method of empirical model error correction, developed by Danforth et al. in 2007, based on estimating the systematic component of the nonperiodic errors linearly dependent on the anomalous state. ...
Christopher M. Danforth; Eugenia Kalnay
Reducing Orbit Error for a Better Estimate of oceanic Variability from Satellite Altimetry
The variable ocean dynamic topography is generally estimated from the satellite altimeter signal once the orbit error has been removed. To compute the orbit error, the most conventional technique is to fit a polynomial function (zeroth, first, or ...
F. Blanc; P. Y. Le Traon; S. Houry
Awareness of both type I and II errors in climate science and assessment
Treatment of error and uncertainty is an essential component of science and is crucial in policy-relevant disciplines such as climate science. We posit here that awareness of both �false positive� and �false negative� errors is particularly critical in ...
William R. L. Anderegg; Elizabeth S. Callaway; Maxwell T. Boykoff; Gary Yohe; Terry L. Root
The Impact of Satellite Sounding Data on the Systematic Error of a Numerical Weather Prediction Model
The impact of satellite sounding data on the systematic errors of the numerical weather prediction model of the Israel Meteorological Service has been investigated. In general, satellite data have been shown to reduce systematic error, and in ...
Noah Wolfson; Albert Thomasell; Arnold Gruber; George Ohring
Effect of Observational Sampling Error on the Detection of Anthropogenic Climate Change
The effect of sampling error in surface air temperature observations is assessed for detection and attribution of an anthropogenic signal. This error arises because grid-box values are based on varying densities of station and marine data. An ...
Gabriele C. Hegerl; Philip D. Jones; Tim P. Barnett
A Single-Station Approach to Model Output Statistics Temperature Forecast Error Assessment
Error characteristics of model output statistics (MOS) temperature forecasts are calculated for over 200 locations around the continental United States. The forecasts are verified on a station-by-station basis for the year 2001. Error measures ...
Andrew A. Taylor; Lance M. Leslie
A realistic evaluation of memory hardware errors and software system susceptibility
Memory hardware reliability is an indispensable part of whole-system dependability. This paper presents the collection of realistic memory hardware error traces (including transient and non-transient errors) from production computer systems with more ...
Xin Li; Michael C. Huang; Kai Shen; Lingkun Chu
Automated repair of HTML generation errors in PHP applications using string constraint solving
PHP web applications routinely generate invalid HTML. Modern browsers silently correct HTML errors, but sometimes malformed pages render inconsistently, cause browser crashes, or expose security vulnerabilities. Fixing errors in generated pages is usually ...
Hesam Samimi; Max Sch�fer; Shay Artzi; Todd Millstein; Frank Tip; Laurie Hendren
Truncation Error Estimates for Refinement Criteria in Nested and Adaptive Models
Truncation error estimates are considered as criteria for fine-grid placement and movement in nested and adaptive finite-difference atmospheric models. A simple method for calculating the truncation error at any time during an integration is ...
William C. Skamrock
U-041: Google Chrome Out-of-Bounds Write Error Lets Remote Users...
1: Google Chrome Out-of-Bounds Write Error Lets Remote Users Execute Arbitrary Code U-041: Google Chrome Out-of-Bounds Write Error Lets Remote Users Execute Arbitrary Code November...
V-109: Google Chrome WebKit Type Confusion Error Lets Remote...
9: Google Chrome WebKit Type Confusion Error Lets Remote Users Execute Arbitrary Code V-109: Google Chrome WebKit Type Confusion Error Lets Remote Users Execute Arbitrary Code...
Relationship between Precipitation Forecast Errors and Skill Scores of Dichotomous Forecasts
In this paper, the sensitivities of the equitable threat score (ETS) and the true skill score (TSS), obtained with a 2 � 2 contingency table, to continuous precipitation forecast errors are investigated. Two idealized error models are adopted to ...
Nazario Tartaglione
Evolution of Analysis Error and Adjoint-Based Sensitivities: Implications for Adaptive Observations
The structure and evolution of analysis error and adjoint-based sensitivities [potential enstrophy initial singular vectors (SVs) and gradient sensitivities of the forecast error to initial conditions] are compared following a cyclone development ...
Hyun Mee Kim; Michael C. Morgan; Rebecca E. Morss
U-063: RSA SecurID Software Token for Windows DLL Loading Error...
3: RSA SecurID Software Token for Windows DLL Loading Error Lets Remote Users Execute Arbitrary Code U-063: RSA SecurID Software Token for Windows DLL Loading Error Lets Remote...
The Effect of Serially Correlated Observation and Model Error on Atmospheric Data Assimilation
Observation error statistics are required in most atmospheric data assimilation systems. While observation errors are often assumed to be spatially correlated, serial correlations have received virtually no attention. In this article, the effect ...
The Effect of Satellite Rainfall Error Modeling on Soil Moisture Prediction Uncertainty
This study assesses the impact of satellite rainfall error structure on soil moisture simulations with the NASA Catchment land surface model. Specifically, the study contrasts a complex satellite rainfall error model (SREM2D) with the standard ...
Viviana Maggioni; Rolf H. Reichle; Emmanouil N. Anagnostou
The Impact of Altimeter Sampling Patterns on Estimates of Background Errors in a Global Wave Model
One of the main limitations to current wave data assimilation systems is the lack of an accurate representation of the structure of the background errors. One method that may be used to determine background errors is the observational method of ...
Diana J. M. Greenslade; Ian R. Young
Sensitivity of the Systematic Error of Extended Range Forecasts to Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies
The sensitivity of the systematic error of extended-range forecasts to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is investigated. General circulation model (GCM) experiments were performed to quantify error patterns for warm, normal, and cold SST ...
Kingtse C. Mo; X. L. Wang
Poisson's ratio and porosity at Coso geothermal area, California | Open
Poisson's ratio and porosity at Coso geothermal area, California Poisson's ratio and porosity at Coso geothermal area, California Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Journal Article: Poisson's ratio and porosity at Coso geothermal area, California Details Activities (1) Areas (1) Regions (0) Abstract: High-resolution, three-dimensional, compressional and shear wave velocity models, derived from microearthquake traveltimes, are used to map the distribution of Poisson's ratio and porosity at Coso Geothermal Area, Inyo County, California. Spatial resolution of the three-dimensional Poisson's ratio and porosity distributions is estimated to be 0.5 km horizontally and 0.8 km vertically. Model uncertainties, + or -1% in the interior and + or -2.3% around the edge of the model, are estimated by a jackknife method. We use perturbations of r = V p /V s ratio and Psi = V p
Observation of Enhanced Transformer Ratio in Collinear Wakefield Acceleration
One approach to future high energy particle accelerators is based on the wakefield principle: a leading high-charge drive bunch is used to excite fields in an accelerating structure or plasma that in turn accelerates a trailing low-charge witness bunch. The transformer ratio R is defined as the ratio of the maximum energy gain of the witness bunch to the maximum energy loss of the drive bunch. In general, Rtransformer ratio limitation. We report here the first experimental study of the ramped bunch train (RBT) technique in a dielectric based accelerating structure. A single drive bunch was replaced by two bunches with charge ratio of 1 ratio 2.5 and a separation of 10.5 wavelengths of the fundamental mode. An average measured transformer ratio enhancement by a factor of 1.31 over the single drive bunch case was obtained.
Jing, C.; Kanareykin, A.; Schoessow, P. [Euclid Techlabs LLC, Solon, Ohio 44139 (United States); Power, J. G.; Conde, M.; Yusof, Z.; Gai, W. [High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois-60439 (United States)
Errors associated with particulate matter measurements on rural sources: appropriate basis for regulating cotton gins
Agricultural operations across the United States are encountering difficulties complying with current air pollution regulations for particulate matter (PM). PM is currently regulated in terms of particle diameters less than or equal to a nominal 10 ?m (PM10); however, current legislation is underway to regulate PM with diameters less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 ?m (PM2.5). The goals of this research were to determine the biases and uncertainties associated with current PM10 and PM2.5 sampling methods and to determine the extent to which these errors may impact the determination of cotton gin emission factors. Ideally, PM samplers would produce an accurate measure of the pollutant indicator; for instance, a PM10 sampler would produce an accurate measure of PM less than or equal to 10 ?m. However, samplers are not perfect and errors are introduced because of the established tolerances associated with sampler performance characteristics and the interaction of particle size and sampler performance characteristics. Results of this research indicated that a source emitting PM characterized by a mass median diameter (MMD) of 20 ?m and a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.5 could be forced to comply with a 3.2 and 14 times more stringent regulation of PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, than a source emitting PM characterized by a MMD of 10 ?m and a GSD of 1.5. These estimates are based on both sources emitting the same concentrations of true PM or concentrations corresponding to the particle diameters less than the size of interest. Various methods were used to estimate the true PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors associated with cotton gin exhausts and the extent to which the sampler errors impacted the PM regulation. Results from this research indicated that current cotton gin emission factors could be over-estimated by about 40%. This over-estimation is a consequence of the relatively large PM associated with cotton gin exhausts. These PM sampling errors are contributing to the misappropriation of source emissions in State Implementation Plans, essentially forcing Air Pollution Regulatory Agencies to require additional controls on sources that may be incorrectly classified has high emitters.
Buser, Michael Dean
X-ray optics metrology limited by random noise, instrumental drifts, and systematic errors
Continuous, large-scale efforts to improve and develop third- and forth-generation synchrotron radiation light sources for unprecedented high-brightness, low emittance, and coherent x-ray beams demand diffracting and reflecting x-ray optics suitable for micro- and nano-focusing, brightness preservation, and super high resolution. One of the major impediments for development of x-ray optics with the required beamline performance comes from the inadequate present level of optical and at-wavelength metrology and insufficient integration of the metrology into the fabrication process and into beamlines. Based on our experience at the ALS Optical Metrology Laboratory, we review the experimental methods and techniques that allow us to mitigate significant optical metrology problems related to random, systematic, and drift errors with super-high-quality x-ray optics. Measurement errors below 0.2 mu rad have become routine. We present recent results from the ALS of temperature stabilized nano-focusing optics and dedicated at-wavelength metrology. The international effort to develop a next generation Optical Slope Measuring System (OSMS) to address these problems is also discussed. Finally, we analyze the remaining obstacles to further improvement of beamline x-ray optics and dedicated metrology, and highlight the ways we see to overcome the problems.
Yashchuk, Valeriy V.; Anderson, Erik H.; Barber, Samuel K.; Cambie, Rossana; Celestre, Richard; Conley, Raymond; Goldberg, Kenneth A.; McKinney, Wayne R.; Morrison, Gregory; Takacs, Peter Z.; Voronov, Dmitriy L.; Yuan, Sheng; Padmore, Howard A.
Effective Error Bounds in Euler-Maclaurin-Based QuadratureSchemes
We analyze the behavior of Euler-Maclaurin-basedintegrationschemes with the intention of deriving accurate andeconomicestimations of the error term.
Bailey, David H.; Borwein, Jonathan M.
Table 6.2 Consumption Ratios of Fuel, 2002
2 Consumption Ratios of Fuel, 2002;" 2 Consumption Ratios of Fuel, 2002;" " Level: National and Regional Data; " " Row: Values of Shipments and Employment Sizes;" " Column: Energy-Consumption Ratios;" " Unit: Varies." ,,,"Consumption" " ",,"Consumption","per Dollar"," " " ","Consumption","per Dollar","of Value","RSE" "Economic","per Employee","of Value Added","of Shipments","Row" "Characteristic(a)","(million Btu)","(thousand Btu)","(thousand Btu)","Factors"
" Column: Energy-Consumption Ratios;"
3 Consumption Ratios of Fuel, 2006;" 3 Consumption Ratios of Fuel, 2006;" " Level: National Data; " " Row: Values of Shipments within NAICS Codes;" " Column: Energy-Consumption Ratios;" " Unit: Varies." ,,,,"Consumption" ,,,"Consumption","per Dollar" ,,"Consumption","per Dollar","of Value" "NAICS",,"per Employee","of Value Added","of Shipments" "Code(a)","Economic Characteristic(b)","(million Btu)","(thousand Btu)","(thousand Btu)" ,,"Total United States" " 311 - 339","ALL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES"
3 Consumption Ratios of Fuel, 2002;" 3 Consumption Ratios of Fuel, 2002;" " Level: National Data; " " Row: Values of Shipments within NAICS Codes;" " Column: Energy-Consumption Ratios;" " Unit: Varies." " "," ",,,"Consumption"," " " "," ",,"Consumption","per Dollar" " "," ","Consumption","per Dollar","of Value","RSE" "NAICS",,"per Employee","of Value Added","of Shipments","Row" "Code(a)","Economic Characteristic(b)","(million Btu)","(thousand Btu)","(thousand Btu)","Factors"
An experiment is described in which the conversion ratios were measured using highly enriched U-Al foils as catchers. Data are included on the ratios of epi-cadmium to sub-cadmium fission rates of U/sup 235/ in l% enriched U light water moderated lattices, and on conversion ratios of 1% enriched U light water moderated lattices. (J.R.D.)
Tassan, S.
Rotating Heat Transfer in High Aspect Ratio Rectangular Cooling...
Reynolds Number (Nu Nu o ) (f f o ) 24% Increase in Cooling Performance Rotating Heat Transfer in High Aspect Ratio Rectangular Cooling Passages with Shaped Turbulators...
Figure 34. Ratio of average per megawatthour fuel costs ...
Title: Figure 34. Ratio of average per megawatthour fuel costs for natural gas combined-cycle plants to coal-fired steam turbines in the RFC west ...
Transformer Ratio Enhancement Using A Ramped Bunch Train In A...
wakefleld accelerator - i.e. with either plasma or structure based wakefield accelerators. It is known that the transformer ratio cannot generally be greater than 2 for a...
Measurement of Magnetic Quadrupole-electric Dipole Mixing Ratios ...
Presentation Title, Measurement of Magnetic Quadrupole-electric Dipole Mixing Ratios and Angular Distribution Parameters in Atomic Inner-shell Transitions.
Error estimation for the HHT method in non-linear solid dynamics
This work presents a new error estimator that can be used in both linear and non-linear solid and structural dynamic problems. Specifically, this estimator is developed for the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) method and it takes into account the error made ... Keywords: Error estimation, Finite elements, Solid dynamics, Structural dynamics, Time integration
Luis M. Lacoma; Ignacio Romero
Error encoding and decoding model over communication channel for synthesis of proteins from DNA sequences
The expression 'error correcting code' can be understood as a code with the ability to detect and correct the presence of errors caused by noise or other impairments or mutations during transmission from the transmitter/nucleus to the receiver/organelle. ... Keywords: Reed-Muller code, biological systems, coding theory, encoding DNA sequences, error correcting codes, information transmission
Prajna Paramita Debata; Satyabrata Das; Debahuti Mishra; Sashikala Mishra; Kailash Shaw; Gayatri Mahapatro
New autoregressive (AR) order selection criteria based on the prediction error estimation
The most important problem in data modeling using the AR model is the order selection. Some AR order selection criteria estimate the prediction error and choose the order that minimizes this estimated prediction error. All of these criteria use the same ... Keywords: Autoregressive model order selection, Least-Squares-Forward method, Prediction error
S. Khorshidi; M. Karimi; A. R. Nematollahi
A Displacement-Based Error Measure Applied in a Regional Ensemble Forecasting System
Errors in regional forecasts often take the form of phase errors, where a forecasted weather system is displaced in space or time. For such errors, a direct measure of the displacement is likely to be more valuable than traditional measures. A ...
Christian Keil; George C. Craig
Circuit optimization techniques to mitigate the effects of soft errors in combinational logic
Soft errors in combinational logic circuits are emerging as a significant reliability problem for VLSI designs. Technology scaling trends indicate that the soft error rates (SER) of logic circuits will be dominant factor for future technology generations. ... Keywords: Soft errors, circuit optimization, combinational logic, sequential circuits
Rajeev R. Rao; Vivek Joshi; David Blaauw; Dennis Sylvester
DRAM errors in the wild: a large-scale field study
Errors in dynamic random access memory (DRAM) are a common form of hardware failure in modern compute clusters. Failures are costly both in terms of hardware replacement costs and service disruption. While a large body of work exists on DRAM in laboratory ... Keywords: data corruption, dimm, dram, dram reliability, ecc, empirical study, hard error, large-scale systems, memory, soft error
Bianca Schroeder; Eduardo Pinheiro; Wolf-Dietrich Weber
Systematic rotation and receiver-location error effects on parabolic-trough annual performance
The effects of certain systematic errors on performance and, therefore, their influence on the design of troughs are studied. The technique for calculating the influence of systematic errors on performance is outlined and methods for identifying and minimizing these errors are suggested.
Treadwell, G.W.; Grandjean, N.R.
Statistical and systematic errors for gravitational-wave inspiral signals: A principal component analysis
Identifying the source parameters from a gravitational-wave measurement alone is limited by our ability to discriminate signals from different sources and the accuracy of the waveform family employed in the search. Here we address both issues in the framework of an adapted coordinate system that allows for linear Fisher-matrix type calculations of waveform differences that are both accurate and computationally very efficient. We investigate statistical errors by using principal component analysis of the post-Newtonian (PN) expansion coefficients, which is well conditioned despite the Fisher matrix becoming ill conditioned for larger numbers of parameters. We identify which combinations of physical parameters are most effectively measured by gravitational-wave detectors for systems of neutron stars and black holes with aligned spin. We confirm the expectation that the dominant parameter of the inspiral waveform is the chirp mass. The next dominant parameter depends on a combination of the spin and the symmetric mass ratio. In addition, we can study the systematic effect of various spin contributions to the PN phasing within the same parametrization, showing that the inclusion of spin-orbit corrections up to next-to-leading order, but not necessarily of spin-spin contributions, is crucial for an accurate inspiral waveform model. This understanding of the waveform structure throughout the parameter space is important to set up an efficient search strategy and correctly interpret future gravitational-wave observations.
Frank Ohme; Alex B. Nielsen; Drew Keppel; Andrew Lundgren
Purify: Fast detection of memory leaks and access errors
This paper describes Purifyru, a software testing and quality assurance Ool that detects memory leaks and access erors. Purify inserts additional checking instructions directly into the object code produced by existing compilers. These instructions check every memory read and write performed by the program-under-test and detect several types of access errors, such as reading uninitialized memory or witing to freed memory. Purify inserts checking logic into all of the code in a program, including third-party and vendor object-code libraries, and verifies system call interfaces. In addition, Purify tracks memory usage and identifies individual memory leals using a novel adaptation of garbage collection techniques. Purify produce standard executable files compatible with existing debuggers, and currently runs on Sun Microsystems ' SPARC family of workstations. Purify's neafly-comprehensive memory access checking slows the target program down typically by less than a facor of three and has resulted in significantly more reliable software for several development goups. L.
Reed Hastings; Bob Joyce
Improving the efficiency of decoding quantum error correction code
To improve the efficiency of the encoding and the decoding is the important problem in the quantum error correction. In a preceding work, a general algorithm for decoding the stabilizer code is shown. This paper will show an decoding which is more efficient for some codes. The proposed decoding as well as the conventional decoding consists of the eigenvalue output step and the entanglement dissolution step. The proposed decoding outputs a part of the eigenvalues into a part of the code qubits in contrast to the conventional method's outputting into the ancilla. Besides, the proposed decoding dissolves a part of the entanglement in the eigenvalue output step in contrast to the conventional method which does not dissolve in the eigenvalue output step. With these improvements, the number of gates was reduced for some codes.
Kenichiro Furuta
Furuta, K
Coordinated joint motion control system with position error correction
Disclosed are an articulated hydraulic machine supporting, control system and control method for same. The articulated hydraulic machine has an end effector for performing useful work. The control system is capable of controlling the end effector for automated movement along a preselected trajectory. The control system has a position error correction system to correct discrepancies between an actual end effector trajectory and a desired end effector trajectory. The correction system can employ one or more absolute position signals provided by one or more acceleration sensors supported by one or more movable machine elements. Good trajectory positioning and repeatability can be obtained. A two-joystick controller system is enabled, which can in some cases facilitate the operator's task and enhance their work quality and productivity.
Danko, George (Reno, NV)
Entanglement and Quantum Error Correction with Superconducting Qubits
A quantum computer will use the properties of quantum physics to solve certain computational problems much faster than otherwise possible. One promising potential implementation is to use superconducting quantum bits in the circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) architecture. There, the low energy states of a nonlinear electronic oscillator are isolated and addressed as a qubit. These qubits are capacitively coupled to the modes of a microwave-frequency transmission line resonator which serves as a quantum communication bus. Microwave electrical pulses are applied to the resonator to manipulate or measure the qubit state. State control is calibrated using diagnostic sequences that expose systematic errors. Hybridization of the resonator with the qubit gives it a nonlinear response when driven strongly, useful for amplifying the measurement signal to enhance accuracy. Qubits coupled to the same bus may coherently interact with one another via the exchange of virtual photons. A two-qubit conditional phase gate mediated by this interaction can deterministically entangle its targets, and is used to generate two-qubit Bell states and three-qubit GHZ states. These three-qubit states are of particular interest because they redundantly encode quantum information. They are the basis of the quantum repetition code prototypical of more sophisticated schemes required for quantum computation. Using a three-qubit Toffoli gate, this code is demonstrated to autonomously correct either bit- or phase-flip errors. Despite observing the expected behavior, the overall fidelity is low because of decoherence. A superior implementation of cQED replaces the transmission-line resonator with a three-dimensional box mode, increasing lifetimes by an order of magnitude. In-situ qubit frequency control is enabled with control lines, which are used to fully characterize and control the system Hamiltonian.
Matthew Reed
Mixed Layer Density Ratio from the Levitus Data
An analysis of the Levitus data is employed to examine Stommel's mixed layer density ratio regulator hypothesis. Three different methods of computing the lateral density ratio (Rl???T/??S) are used and the least squares method was found to have ...
Liang Gui Chen
A Causal Model of Human Error for Safety Critical User Interface Design
This paper describes a method of assessing the implications for human error on user interface design of safety-critical software. In previous work we have proposed taxonomy of influencing factors that contribute to error. In this paper, components of the taxonomy are combined into a mathematical and causal model for error, represented as a Bayesian Belief Net (BBN). The BBN quantifies error influences arising from user knowledge, ability and the task environment, combined with factors describing the complexity of user action and user interface quality. The BBN model predicts probabilities of different types of error, slips and mistakes, for each component action of a task involving user-system interaction. We propose an Impact Analysis Method that involves running test scenarios against this causal model of error in order to determine those user actions that are prone to different types of error. Applying the proposed method will enable the designer to determine the combinations of inf...
Alistair G. Sutcliffe; Julia Galliers; Julia Galliers; Shailey Minocha; Shailey Minocha; Alistair Sutcliffe
Improving The Representation Of Human Error In The Use Of The Flight Crew Human Factors Integration Tool
1-15. Norman, D.A. (1983). Position paper on human error.Research Workshop on Human Error . Bellagio, Italy. O'Hare,M. (1996). Breakdown of human error models , Prepared for
Gosling, Geoffrey; Roberts, Karlene H.; Jayaswal, Arpana
Efficient Adaptive Error Parameterizations for Square Root or Ensemble Kalman Filters: Application to the Control of Ocean Mesoscale Signals
In Kalman filter applications, an adaptive parameterization of the error statistics is often necessary to avoid filter divergence, and prevent error estimates from becoming grossly inconsistent with the real error. With the classic formulation of ...
Jean-Michel Brankart; Emmanuel Cosme; Charles-Emmanuel Testut; Pierre Brasseur; Jacques Verron
Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stable-isotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results, {
, geology, oceanography, and paleo- climatology. The Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic WeightsGuidelines and recommended terms for expression of stable- isotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results, { Tyler B. Coplen* U.S. Geological Survey, 431 National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA To minimize
Secondary Ionization Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Impurity Element Isotope Ratios in Nuclear Reactor Materials
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis has been used to measure isotope ratios of selected impurity elements in irradiated reactor materials. Samples of reactor materials such as graphite or aluminum alloys are obtained from fuel channels or supporting materials. During reactor operations and fuel burn up, some isotopic abundances change due to nuclear reactions and provide sensitive indicators of neutron fluence. The rate of change is related to cross section for a particular isotope. Different isotopes can be used as indicators of burn up during different stages in the reactor operating history. Isotope ratios of B are useful indicators for low burnup stages early in reactor operations, Ti isotope ratios are useful at later burn up stages, and Cl isotope ratios are useful in both early and later stages. Knowledge of the sample position within the reactor also yields information on the fluence shape or profile. In a sequence of samples from one reactor, 10B/11B ratios decreased from near natural values of 0.25 to blasting, plasma etching, and vacuum furnace treatment.
Gerlach, David C.; Cliff, John B.; Hurley, David E.; Reid, Bruce D.; Little, Winston W.; Meriwether, George H.; Wickham, Anthony J.; Simmons, Tere A.
Effects of fuel type and equivalence ratios on the flickering of triple flames
An experimental study has been conducted in axisymmetric, co-flowing triple flames with different equivalence ratios of the inner and outer reactant streams (2propane/propane, propane/methane or methane/methane in the inner and outer streams respectively, have been used in the experiments. The structures of the triple flames have been compared for the different fuel combinations and equivalence ratios. The conditions under which triple flames exhibit oscillation have been identified. During the oscillation, the non-premixed flame and the outer lean premixed flame flicker strongly, while the inner rich premixed flame remains more or less stable. The flickering frequency has been evaluated through image processing and fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the average pixel intensity of the image frames. It is observed that, for all the fuel combinations, the frequency decreases with the increase in the outer equivalence ratio, while it is relatively invariant with the change in the inner equivalence ratio. However, an increase in the inner equivalence ratio affects the structure of the flame by increasing the heights of the inner premixed flame and non-premixed flame and also enlarges the yellow soot-laden zone at the tip of the inner flame. A scaling analysis of the oscillating flames has been performed based on the measured parameters, which show a variation of Strouhal number (St) with Richardson number (Ri) as St {proportional_to} Ri{sup 0.5}. The fuel type is found to have no influence on this correlation. (author)
Sahu, K.B.; Kundu, A.; Ganguly, R.; Datta, A. [Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University, Salt Lake Campus, Kolkata 700098 (India)
Transformer Ratio Enhancement for Structure-Based Wakefield Acceleration
A limiting factor in the efficiency of wakefield accelerators is the fact that the transformer ratio R, the parameter that characterizes the energy transfer efficiency from the accelerating structure to the accelerated electron beam, is less than 2 for most technologically realizable beam-structure configurations. We are planning an experiment to study transformer ratio enhancement in a 13.625 GHz dielectric wakefield structure driven by a ramped bunch train. In this paper we present an experimental program for the demonstration of this Enhanced Transformer Ratio Dielectric Wakefield Accelerator (ETR-DWA)
Kanareykin, A. [Euclid Techlabs LLC, Solon OH 44139 (United States); Gai, W.; Power, J.G. [Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL, 60439 (United States); Schoessow, P. [Tech-X Corp., Boulder CO, 80303 (United States)
How Required Reserve Ratio Affects Distribution and Velocity of Money
In this paper the dependence of wealth distribution and the velocity of money on the required reserve ratio is examined based on a random transfer model of money and computer simulations. A fractional reserve banking system is introduced to the model where money creation can be achieved by bank loans and the monetary aggregate is determined by the monetary base and the required reserve ratio. It is shown that monetary wealth follows asymmetric Laplace distribution and latency time of money follows exponential distribution. The expression of monetary wealth distribution and that of the velocity of money in terms of the required reserve ratio are presented in a good agreement with simulation results.
Xi, N; Wang, Y; Xi, Ning; Ding, Ning; Wang, Yougui
Maximum Error Modeling for Fault-Tolerant Computation using Maximum a posteriori (MAP) Hypothesis
The application of current generation computing machines in safety-centric applications like implantable biomedical chips and automobile safety has immensely increased the need for reviewing the worst-case error behavior of computing devices for fault-tolerant computation. In this work, we propose an exact probabilistic error model that can compute the maximum error over all possible input space in a circuit specific manner and can handle various types of structural dependencies in the circuit. We also provide the worst-case input vector, which has the highest probability to generate an erroneous output, for any given logic circuit. We also present a study of circuit-specific error bounds for fault-tolerant computation in heterogeneous circuits using the maximum error computed for each circuit. We model the error estimation problem as a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate, over the joint error probability function of the entire circuit, calculated efficiently through an intelligent search of the entire input space using probabilistic traversal of a binary join tree using Shenoy-Shafer algorithm. We demonstrate this model using MCNC and ISCAS benchmark circuits and validate it using an equivalent HSpice model. Both results yield the same worst-case input vectors and the highest % difference of our error model over HSpice is just 1.23%. We observe that the maximum error probabilities are significantly larger than the average error probabilities, and provides a much tighter error bounds for fault-tolerant computation. We also find that the error estimates depend on the specific circuit structure and the maximum error probabilities are sensitive to the individual gate failure probabilities.
Karthikeyan Lingasubramanian; Syed M. Alam; Sanjukta Bhanja
EIA Corrects Errors in Its Drilling Activity Estimates Series
gas and oil wells relative to total wells, improved greatly as early as 1986 as seen in the revised drilling statistics. The prior well data series did
Oxygen And Carbon Isotope Ratios Of Hydrothermal Minerals From Yellowstone
Oxygen And Carbon Isotope Ratios Of Hydrothermal Minerals From Yellowstone Oxygen And Carbon Isotope Ratios Of Hydrothermal Minerals From Yellowstone Drill Cores Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Journal Article: Oxygen And Carbon Isotope Ratios Of Hydrothermal Minerals From Yellowstone Drill Cores Details Activities (3) Areas (1) Regions (0) Abstract: Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios were measured for hydrothermal minerals (silica, clay and calcite) from fractures and vugs in altered rhyolite, located between 28 and 129 m below surface (in situ temperatures ranging from 81 to 199°C) in Yellowstone drill holes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of formation of these minerals. The Δ18O values of the thirty-two analyzed silica samples (quartz, chalcedony, α-cristobalite, and β-cristobalite) range from -7.5 to +2.8‰. About one
Figure 33. Ratio of average per megawatthour fuel costs for ...
Sheet3 Sheet2 Sheet1 Figure 33. Ratio of average per megawatthour fuel costs for natural gas combined-cycle plants to coal-fired steam turbines in the SERC southeast ...
Figure 27. Ratio of average per megawatthour fuel costs for ...
Sheet3 Sheet2 Sheet1 Figure 27. Ratio of average per megawatthour fuel costs for natural gas combined-cycle plants to coal-fired steam turbines in five cases, 2008-2040
Comparative Performance of Two Reversing Bowen Ratio Measurement Systems
This paper reports on the results of a comparative experiment between two Bowen ratio measurement systems conducted at the Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Chalk River, Ontario, in 1985. Both systems interchange the positions of the ...
J. H. McCaughey; D. W. Mullins; M. Publicover
A New Formulation for the Bowen Ratio over Saturated Surfaces
Analytical expressions are presented for calculating the Bowen ratio, Bo = Hs/HL, from a quantity Bo* that is derived primarily from the surface temperature Ts and the assumption that the near-surface air is saturated (but not supersaturated) ...
Edgar L. Andreas; Beniamin A. Cash
Asymmetry of Charge Ratio for Low Energetic Muons
The WILLI calorimeter, installed in NIPNE Bucharest, is operated since several years for measuring charge ratio of atmospheric muons at low energies (Egeomagnetic field and also on features of the hadronic interaction.
Mitrica, Bogdan [National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Horia Hulubei, Bucharest (Romania)
Predictions of Saturation Ratio for Cloud Microphysical Models
The saturation development equation is solved analytically to give a solution that is more general than the existing analytical solution. This analytical solution provides accurate predictions of the saturation ratio and allows the use of ...
Jen-Ping Chen
Use of the �Odds Ratio� for Diagnosing Forecast Skill
This study investigates ways of quantifying the skill in forecasts of dichotomous weather events. The odds ratio, widely used in medical studies, can provide a powerful way of testing the association between categorical forecasts and ...
David B. Stephenson
A surrogate-based uncertainty quantification with quantifiable errors
Surrogate models are often employed to reduce the computational cost required to complete uncertainty quantification, where one is interested in propagating input parameters uncertainties throughout a complex engineering model to estimate responses uncertainties. An improved surrogate construction approach is introduced here which places a premium on reducing the associated computational cost. Unlike existing methods where the surrogate is constructed first, then employed to propagate uncertainties, the new approach combines both sensitivity and uncertainty information to render further reduction in the computational cost. Mathematically, the reduction is described by a range finding algorithm that identifies a subspace in the parameters space, whereby parameters uncertainties orthogonal to the subspace contribute negligible amount to the propagated uncertainties. Moreover, the error resulting from the reduction can be upper-bounded. The new approach is demonstrated using a realistic nuclear assembly model and compared to existing methods in terms of computational cost and accuracy of uncertainties. Although we believe the algorithm is general, it will be applied here for linear-based surrogates and Gaussian parameters uncertainties. The generalization to nonlinear models will be detailed in a separate article. (authors)
Bang, Y.; Abdel-Khalik, H. S. [North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695 (United States)
Minimum error discrimination between similarity-transformed quantum states
Using the well-known necessary and sufficient conditions for minimum error discrimination (MED), we extract an equivalent form for the MED conditions. In fact, by replacing the inequalities corresponding to the MED conditions with an equivalent but more suitable and convenient identity, the problem of mixed state discrimination with optimal success probability is solved. Moreover, we show that the mentioned optimality conditions can be viewed as a Helstrom family of ensembles under some circumstances. Using the given identity, MED between N similarity transformed equiprobable quantum states is investigated. In the case that the unitary operators are generating a set of irreducible representation, the optimal set of measurements and corresponding maximum success probability of discrimination can be determined precisely. In particular, it is shown that for equiprobable pure states, the optimal measurement strategy is the square-root measurement (SRM), whereas for the mixed states, SRM is not optimal. In the case that the unitary operators are reducible, there is no closed-form formula in the general case, but the procedure can be applied in each case in accordance to that case. Finally, we give the maximum success probability of optimal discrimination for some important examples of mixed quantum states, such as generalized Bloch sphere m-qubit states, spin-j states, particular nonsymmetric qudit states, etc.
Jafarizadeh, M. A. [Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51664 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Tehran 19395-1795 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences, Tabriz 51664 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Sufiani, R. [Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51664 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Tehran 19395-1795 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Mazhari Khiavi, Y. [Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51664 (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
Plasma dynamics and a significant error of macroscopic averaging
The methods of macroscopic averaging used to derive the macroscopic Maxwell equations from electron theory are methodologically incorrect and lead in some cases to a substantial error. For instance, these methods do not take into account the existence of a macroscopic electromagnetic field EB, HB generated by carriers of electric charge moving in a thin layer adjacent to the boundary of the physical region containing these carriers. If this boundary is impenetrable for charged particles, then in its immediate vicinity all carriers are accelerated towards the inside of the region. The existence of the privileged direction of acceleration results in the generation of the macroscopic field EB, HB. The contributions to this field from individual accelerated particles are described with a sufficient accuracy by the Lienard-Wiechert formulas. In some cases the intensity of the field EB, HB is significant not only for deuteron plasma prepared for a controlled thermonuclear fusion reaction but also for electron plasma in conductors at room temperatures. The corrected procedures of macroscopic averaging will induce some changes in the present form of plasma dynamics equations. The modified equations will help to design improved systems of plasma confinement.
Marek A. Szalek
Analysis of personnel error occurrence reports across Defense Program facilities
More than 2,000 reports from the Occurrence Reporting and Processing System (ORPS) database were examined in order to identify weaknesses in the implementation of the guidance for the Conduct of Operations (DOE Order 5480.19) at Defense Program (DP) facilities. The analysis revealed recurrent problems involving procedures, training of employees, the occurrence of accidents, planning and scheduling of daily operations, and communications. Changes to DOE 5480.19 and modifications of the Occurrence Reporting and Processing System are recommended to reduce the frequency of these problems. The primary tool used in this analysis was a coding scheme based on the guidelines in 5480.19, which was used to classify the textual content of occurrence reports. The occurrence reports selected for analysis came from across all DP facilities, and listed personnel error as a cause of the event. A number of additional reports, specifically from the Plutonium Processing and Handling Facility (TA55), and the Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Facility (CMR), at Los Alamos National Laboratory, were analyzed separately as a case study. In total, 2070 occurrence reports were examined for this analysis. A number of core issues were consistently found in all analyses conducted, and all subsets of data examined. When individual DP sites were analyzed, including some sites which have since been transferred, only minor variations were found in the importance of these core issues. The same issues also appeared in different time periods, in different types of reports, and at the two Los Alamos facilities selected for the case study.
Stock, D.A.; Shurberg, D.A.; O`Brien, J.N.
Pollution error in the h-version of the finite-element method and the local quality of a-posteriori error estimators
In this work we study the pollution-error in the h-version of the finite element method and its effect on the local quality of a-posteriori error estimators. We show that the pollution-effect in an interior subdomain depends on the relationship between the mesh inside and outside the subdomain and the smoothness of the exact solution. We also demonstrate that it is possible to guarantee the quality of local error-estimators in the interior of a finite-element mesh-subdomain of interest by employing meshes which are sufficiently refined outside the subdomain.
Mathur, Anuj
Ne IX emission-line ratios in solar active regions
Emission-line ratios for Ne IX are derived and compared with observational data for solar active regions obtained with the SOLEX B spectrometer on the P78-1 satellite. Excellent agreement is obtained, providing support for the atomic data adopted in the calculations and resolving discrepancies between existing theoretical calculations and solar data. The calculated R-ratio for the low-density limit agrees well with the SOLEX observations. 47 references.
Keenan, F.P.; Mccann, S.M.; Kingston, A.E.; Mckenzie, D.L.
Increasing the transformer ratio at the Argonne wakefield accelerator.
The transformer ratio is defined as the ratio of the maximum energy gain of the witness bunch to the maximum energy loss experienced by the drive bunch (or a bunch within a multidrive bunch train). This plays an important role in the collinear wakefield acceleration scheme. A high transformer ratio is desirable since it leads to a higher overall efficiency under similar conditions (e.g. the same beam loading, the same structure, etc.). One technique to enhance the transformer ratio beyond the ordinary limit of 2 is to use a ramped bunch train. The first experimental demonstration observed a transformer ratio only marginally above 2 due to the mismatch between the drive microbunch length and the frequency of the accelerating structure [C. Jing, A. Kanareykin, J. Power, M. Conde, Z. Yusof, P. Schoessow, and W. Gai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 144801 (2007)]. Recently, we revisited this experiment with an optimized microbunch length using a UV laser stacking technique at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator facility and measured a transformer ratio of 3.4. Measurements and data analysis from these experiments are presented in detail.
Power, J.G.; Conde, M.; Liu, W.; Yusof, Z.; Gai, W.; Jing, C.; Kanareykin, A. (High Energy Physics); (Euclid Techlabs, LLC)
Cesium Isotope Ratios as Indicators of Nuclear Power Plant Operations
There are multiple paths by which radioactive cesium can reach the effluent from reactor operations. The radioactive 135Cs/137Cs ratios are controlled by these paths. In an effort to better understand the origin of this radiation, these 135Cs/137Cs ratios in effluents from three power reactor sites have been measured in offsite samples. These ratios are different from global fallout by up to six fold and as such cannot have a significant component from this source. A cesium ratio for a sample collected outside of the plant boundary provides integration over the operating life of the reactor. A sample collected inside the plant at any given time can be much different from this lifetime ratio. The measured cesium ratios vary significantly for the three reactors and indicate that the multiple paths have widely varying levels of contributions. There are too many ways these isotopes can fractionate to be useful for quantitative evaluations of operating parameters in an offsite sample, although it may be possible to obtain limited qualitative information for an onsite sample.
Darin Snyder; James Delmore; Troy Tranter; Nick Mann; Michael Abbott; John Olson
Two Channel Dielectric-Lined Rectangular High Transformer Ratio Accelerator Structure Experiment
Current status of a two-channel cm-scale rectangular dielectric lined wakefield accelerator structure is described. This structure is installed at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator facility (AWA), and is presently being evaluated. The device has a transformer ratio of {approx}12.5:1. When driven by a {approx}50 nC single drive bunch it is expected to obtain {approx}6 MV/m acceleration gradient. Related issues are discussed.
Shchelkunov, S. V.; LaPointe, M. A. [Beam Physics Laboratory, Yale University, 272 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511 (United States); Hirshfield, J. L. [Beam Physics Laboratory, Yale University, 272 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511 (United States); Omega-P, Inc., 258 Bradley St., New Haven, CT 06510 (United States); Marshall, T. C. [Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 (United States); Omega-P, Inc., 258 Bradley St., New Haven, CT 06510 (United States); Sotnikov, G. [NSC Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkov (Ukraine); Omega-P, Inc., 258 Bradley St., New Haven, CT 06510 (United States); Gai, Wei; Conde, M.; Power, J.; Mihalcea, D. [Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 (United States)
A posteriori error estimates for finite volume approximations of elliptic equations on general surfaces
In this paper, we present a residual-based a posteriori error estimate for the finite volume discretization of steady convection� diffusion�reaction equations defined on surfaces in R3, which are often implicitly represented as level sets of smooth functions. Reliability and efficiency of the proposed a posteriori error estimator are rigorously proved. Numerical experiments are also conducted to verify the theoretical results and demonstrate the robustness of the error estimator.
Ju, Lili [University of South Carolina; Tian, Li [University of South Carolina; Wang, Desheng [Nanyang Technological University
Method and apparatus for detecting timing errors in a system oscillator
This invention is comprised of a method of detecting timing errors in a system oscillator for an electronic device, such as a power supply, includes the step of comparing a system oscillator signal with a delayed generated signal and generating a signal representative of the timing error when the system oscillator signal is not identical to the delayed signal. An LED indicates to an operator that a timing error has occurred. A hardware circuit implements the above-identified method.
Gliebe, R.J.; Kramer, W.R.
A method of detecting timing errors in a system oscillator for an electronic device, such as a power supply, includes the step of comparing a system oscillator signal with a delayed generated signal and generating a signal representative of the timing error when the system oscillator signal is not identical to the delayed signal. An LED indicates to an operator that a timing error has occurred. A hardware circuit implements the above-identified method.
Gliebe, Ronald J. (Library, PA); Kramer, William R. (Bethel Park, PA)
Addressing network-on-chip router transient errors with inherent information redundancy
We exploit the inherent information redundancy in the control path of Network-on-Chip (NoC) routers to manage transient errors, preventing packet loss and misrouting. Outputs of the routing arbitration units in NoC routers can be used to determine arbitration ... Keywords: Networks-on-chip, arbiter, error control coding, information redundancy, on-chip interconnect, router, transient error, triple-modular redundancy
Qiaoyan Yu, Meilin Zhang, Paul Ampadu
Modeling, Error Analysis, and Evaluation of Dual-Polarization Variables Obtained from Simultaneous Horizontal and Vertical Polarization Transmit Radar. Part I: Modeling and Antenna Errors
In this two-part paper the biases of polarimetric variables from simultaneous horizontally and vertically transmitted (SHV) data are investigated. Here, in Part I, a radar-scattering model is developed and antenna polarization errors are ...
J. C. Hubbert; S. M. Ellis; M. Dixon; G. Meymaris
Effect of geometric and motion tracking error for awake small animal SPECT
A series of simulation studies were performed to evaluate the effects of geometric and motion tracking errors on reconstruction image quality for a single pinhole collimator awake animal imaging SPECT system. List-mode SPECT data generated using a custom Monte Carlo program that incorporated experimental mouse motion data were reconstructed by MLEM with Siddon's ray tracing. To better understand the impact of motion tracking and system geometric parameter errors on reconstructed system data, an offset of up to 1 mm or degree was separately applied to each for evaluation. In the absence of motion tracking or system geometric error, the applied motion compensation algorithm successfully reconstructed volumes without any degradation or distortion. Presented results reveal that motion tracking errors propagate through the SPECT reconstruction process. However, it is confirmed that the impact of tracking errors in the currently employed motion tracking system, is minimal because of their accuracy. The results also reveal the direct and indirect impact of geometric errors to motion compensated reconstruction quality and that a wrong assumption of pinhole transaxial position produces the most amount of distortion of all the investigated errors. Finally, system geometric errors are shown to have a greater impact on reconstruction quality than equivalent tracking errors.
S.J. Lee, J.S. Baba, J. S. Goddard, A. Stolin, J. McKisson, A.G. Weisenberger, M.F. Smith
V-172: ISC BIND RUNTIME_CHECK Error Lets Remote Users Deny Service Against Recursive Resolvers
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
A defect exists which allows an attacker to crash a BIND 9 recursive resolver with a RUNTIME_CHECK error in resolver.c
High-speed Energy-efficient Soft Error Tolerant Flip-flops.
??Single event upset (SEU) or soft error caused by alpha particles and cosmic neutrons has emerged as a key reliability concern in nanoscale CMOS technologies.� (more)
Islam, Riadul
Error Sensor Placement for Active Control of an Axial Cooling Fan.
??Recent experimental achievements in active noise control (ANC) for cooling fans have used near-field error sensors whose locations are determined according to a theoretical condition� (more)
Shafer, Benjamin M 1979-
Towards grammaticality and fluency : characterizing and correcting ESL errors using dictionary random walks and other means
Korean Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Language andExample English-Korean dictionary graph for a subset of theand Correcting ESL Errors Using Dictionary Random Walks and
West, Randy
Error analysis of motion transmission mechanisms : design of a parabolic solar trough.
??This thesis presents the error analysis pertaining to the design of an innovative solar trough for use in solar thermal energy generation fields. The research� (more)
Koniski, Cyril (Cyril A.)
The relationship between present large?scale forecast skill and new estimates of predictability error growth
Several new methods of verification are defined and tested on forecast error of current numerical models. The methods incorporate a notion of ��usefulness�� which is determined by placing upper and lower bounds on the error growth. The lower bound is derived from new estimates of predictability error growth produced by the NCAR Community Climate Model. The fields are spectrally decomposed to highlight forecast skill in various scales. The verification techniques are applied to forecast errors from the NMC and ECMWF operational models during 1979�82.
David P. Baumhefner
A statistical analysis of systematic errors in temperature and ram velocity estimates from satellite-borne retarding potential analyzers
The use of biased grids as energy filters for charged particles is common in satellite-borne instruments such as a planar retarding potential analyzer (RPA). Planar RPAs are currently flown on missions such as the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecast System and the Defense Meteorological Satellites Program to obtain estimates of geophysical parameters including ion velocity and temperature. It has been shown previously that the use of biased grids in such instruments creates a nonuniform potential in the grid plane, which leads to inherent errors in the inferred parameters. A simulation of ion interactions with various configurations of biased grids has been developed using a commercial finite-element analysis software package. Using a statistical approach, the simulation calculates collected flux from Maxwellian ion distributions with three-dimensional drift relative to the instrument. Perturbations in the performance of flight instrumentation relative to expectations from the idealized RPA flux equation are discussed. Both single grid and dual-grid systems are modeled to investigate design considerations. Relative errors in the inferred parameters for each geometry are characterized as functions of ion temperature and drift velocity.
Klenzing, J. H.; Earle, G. D.; Heelis, R. A.; Coley, W. R. [William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd. WT15, Richardson, Texas 75080 (United States)
The transformer ratio R is a parameter that characterizes the efficiency of the energy transferred from the drive beam to the trailing witness beam passing through a wakefield accelerating structure (all metal or dielectric based) or a plasma chamber. Using a ramped bunch train (RBT) rather than a single drive bunch, the enhanced transformer ratio (ETR) technique is able to increase the transformer ratio R above the ordinary limit of 2 for a single bunch in a collinear wakefield accelerator. The RBT is a train of electron bunches separated by half integer multiples wavelength of the wakefield. The charge of the leading bunch is lowest and subsequent bunch charges are increased in such a way as to maximize R. In this article, an experimental study of this scheme is presented in which an RBT of 2 bunches with charge ratio of 1:2.5 and bunch length {sigma}z = 2 mm were used to enhance the transformer ratio. Measurement results and data analysis show good agreement with theoretical predictions. The ETR technique demonstrated here can be used in any collinear wakefield accelerator configuration, either structure- or plasma-based.
Jing, C.; Kanareykin, A. [Euclid Techlabs, LLC, Solon, OH-44139 (United States); Power, J.; Conde, M.; Yusof, Z.; Gai, W. [High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL-60439 (United States)
Observation of enhanced transformer ratio in collinear Wakefield acceleration.
The transformer ratio R is a parameter that characterizes the efficiency of the energy transferred from the drive beam to the trailing witness beam passing through a wakefield accelerating structure (all metal or dielectric based) or a plasma chamber. Using a ramped bunch train (RBT) rather than a single drive bunch, the enhanced transformer ratio (ETR) technique is able to increase the transformer ratio R above the ordinary limit of 2 for a single bunch in a collinear wakefield accelerator. The RBT is a train of electron bunches separated by half integer multiples wavelength of the wakefield. The charge of the leading bunch is lowest and subsequent bunch charges are increased in such a way as to maximize R. In this article, an experimental study of this scheme is presented in which an RBT of 2 bunches with charge ratio of 1:2.5 and bunch length {sigma}{sub z} = 2 mm were used to enhance the transformer ratio. Measurement results and data analysis show good agreement with theoretical predictions. The ETR technique demonstrated here can be used in any collinear wakefield accelerator configuration, either structure- or plasma-based.
Power, J.; Conde, M.; Yusof, Z.; Gai, W.; Jing, C.; Kanareykin, A.; High Energy Physics; Euclid Techlabs, LLC
Relative Corrosivity
Table 3 Measured atmospheric-corrosion rates for steel and zinc...Relative corrosivity Steel Zinc 1 Normal Wells, Northwest Territory Rural 0.02 0.2 2 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Rural 0.2 0.2 9 State College, PA (a) Rural 1.0 1.0 17 Pittsburgh, PA (roof) Industrial 1.8 1.5 18 London (Battersea), U.K. Industrial 2.0 1.2 27 Bayonne, NJ Industrial 3.4 3.1 28 Kure...
Transformer ratio improvement for beam based plasma accelerators
Increasing the transformer ratio of wakefield accelerating systems improves the viability of present novel accelerating schemes. The use of asymmetric bunches to improve the transformer ratio of beam based plasma systems has been proposed for some time[1, 2] but suffered from lack appropriate beam creation systems. Recently these impediments have been overcome [3, 4] and the ability now exists to create bunches with current profiles shaped to overcome the symmetric beam limit of R {<=} 2. We present here work towards experiments designed to measure the transformer ratio of such beams, including theoretical models and simulations using VORPAL (a 3D capable PIC code) [5]. Specifically we discuss projects to be carried out in the quasi-nonlinear regime [6] at the UCLA Neptune Laboratory and the Accelerator Test Facility at Brookhaven National Lab.
O'Shea, Brendan; Rosenzweig, James; Barber, Samuel; Fukasawa, Atsushi; Williams, Oliver; Muggli, Patric; Yakimenko, Vitaly; Kusche, Karl [University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (United States); University of Southern California, Department of Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90089 U.S.A. and Max-Planck-Institut fuer Physik, Foehringer Ring 6, 80805 Muenchen (Germany); Accelerator Test Facility, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, NY, 11973 (United States)
Recent Experiment on Wakefield Transformer Ratio Enhancement at AWA
One technique to enhance the transformer ratio beyond the ordinary limit of 2 in a collinear wakefield acceleration scheme is to use a ramped bunched train (RBT). The first experimental demonstration has been reported in [1]. However, due to the mismatch between the beam bunch length and frequency of the accelerating structure, the observed transformer ratio was only marginally above 2 in the earlier experiment. We recently revisited this experiment with an optimized bunch length using the laser stacking technique at Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) facility. A transformer ratio of 3.4 has been measured using two drive bunches. Attempting to use four drive bunches met with major challenges. In this article, measurement results and data analysis from these experiments are presented in detail.
Jing, C.; Kanareykin, A. [Euclid Techlabs, LLC, 5900 Harper Rd, Solon, OH 44139 (United States); High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 (United States); Power, J. G.; Conde, M.; Liu, W.; Yusof, Z.; Gai, W. [High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 (United States)
Medium effects on charged pion ratio in heavy ion collisions
We have recently studied in the delta-resonance--nucleon-hole model the dependence of the pion spectral function in hot dense asymmetric nuclear matter on the charge of the pion due to the pion p-wave interaction in nuclear medium. In a thermal model, this isospin-dependent effect enhances the ratio of negatively charged to positively charged pions in neutron-rich nuclear matter, and the effect is comparable to that due to the uncertainties in the theoretically predicted stiffness of nuclear symmetry energy at high densities. This effect is, however, reversed if we also take into account the s-wave interaction of the pion in nuclear medium as given by chiral perturbation theory, resulting instead in a slightly reduced ratio of negatively charged to positively charged pions. Relevance of our results to the determination of the nuclear symmetry energy from the ratio of negatively to positively charged pions produced in heavy ion collisions is discussed.
Che Ming Ko; Yongseok Oh; Jun Xu
Measurement of Ground Level Muon Charge Ratio Using ECRS Simulation
The Muon charge ratio at the Earth's surface has been studied with a Geant4 based simulation for two different geomagnetic locations: Atlanta and Lynn Lake. The simulation results are shown in excellent agreement with the data from NMSU-WIZARD/CAPRICE and BESS experiments at Lynn Lake, At low momentum, ground level muon charge ratios show latitude dependent geomagnetic effects for both Atlanta and Lynn Lake from the simulation. The simulated charge ratio is 1.20 {+-} 0.05 (without geomagnetic field), 1.12 {+-} 0.05 (with geomagnetic field) for Atlanta and 1.22 {+-} 0.04 (with geomagnetic field) for Lynn Lake. These types of studies are very important for analyzing secondary cosmic ray muon flux distribution at Earth's surface and can be used to evaluate the parameter of atmospheric neutrino oscillations.
Sanjeewa, Hakmana; He Xiaochun; Cleven, Christopher [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 (United States)
BEAM RELATED SYSTEMATICS IN HIGGS BOSON MASS MEASUREMENT A.RASPEREZA DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D22607#erential luminosity spectrum measurements and beam energy spread on the precision of the Higgs boson mass measurement possible impact of the beam related systematic errors on the Higgs boson mass measurement is discussed
Unusually high (oxidizer/Pu) ratios in the macro-residues from plutonium-droplet combustion
Individual submillimeter-diameter droplets of /sup 239/Pu-0.6w/o Ga alloy were laser ignited and burned during free fall through air. As with a number of other active metals, plutonium droplets burn as coherent, intensely incandescent bodies that explode near the end of combustion. Compared to many other metals, however, the explosive event with plutonium droplets is relatively mild, and, in most experiments, an essentially intact spherule of oxidized material can be retrieved afterward from the combustion chamber. The oxidizer-to-plutonium atomic ratios (O/Pu) of the exploded spherules retrieved in the experiments seem unusually high - from 3- to 5-fold greater than the pre-explosion ratios. Some possible explanations of the high apparent O/Pu ratios are: (1) the particles may have become contaminated after the explosion but before the microweighing; (2) the analyses may have been performed with only partially dissolved specimens; (3) one or more elements heavier than the oxidizer elements (i.e. Ga) may have concentrated in the post explosion residue, giving a false indication of the O/Pu ratio; (4) the specimens may be supersaturated or otherwise metastable solutions of oxygen or other oxidizers quenched in at combustion temperatures; or (5) there might be hitherto unknown hyperstoichiometric oxygen and/or nitrogen compounds of plutonium which form at high temperatures. (JMT)
Nelson, L.S.
Ensemble Statistics and Error Covariance of a Rapidly Intensifying Hurricane
This thesis presents an investigation of ensemble Gaussianity, the effect of non- Gaussianity on covariance structures, storm-centered data assimilation techniques, and the relationship between commonly used data assimilation variables and the underlying dynamics for the case of Hurricane Humberto. Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF), a comparison of data assimilation results in Storm-centered and Eulerian coordinate systems is made. In addition, the extent of the non-Gaussianity of the model ensemble is investigated and quantified. The effect of this non-Gaussianity on covariance structures, which play an integral role in the EnKF data assimilation scheme, is then explored. Finally, the correlation structures calculated from a Weather Research Forecast (WRF) ensemble forecast of several state variables are investigated in order to better understand the dynamics of this rapidly intensifying cyclone. Hurricane Humberto rapidly intensified in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico from a tropical disturbance to a strong category one hurricane with 90 mph winds in 24 hours. Numerical models did not capture the intensification of Humberto well. This could be due in large part to initial condition error, which can be addressed by data assimilation schemes. Because the EnKF scheme is a linear theory developed on the assumption of the normality of the ensemble distribution, non-Gaussianity in the ensemble distribution used could affect the EnKF update. It is shown that multiple state variables do indeed show significant non-Gaussianity through an inspection of statistical moments. In addition, storm-centered data assimilation schemes present an alternative to traditional Eulerian schemes by emphasizing the centrality of the cyclone to the assimilation window. This allows for an update that is most effective in the vicinity of the storm center, which is of most concern in mesoscale events such as Humberto. Finally, the effect of non-Gaussian distributions on covariance structures is examined through data transformations of normal distributions. Various standard transformations of two Gaussian distributions are made. Skewness, kurtosis, and correlation between the two distributions are taken before and after the transformations. It can be seen that there is a relationship between a change in skewness and kurtosis and the correlation between the distributions. These effects are then taken into consideration as the dynamics contributing to the rapid intensification of Humberto are explored through correlation structures.
Rigney, Matthew C.
High transformer ratio drive beams for wakefield accelerator studies
For wakefield based acceleration schemes, use of an asymmetric (or linearly ramped) drive bunch current profile has been predicted to enhance the transformer ratio and generate large accelerating wakes. We discuss plans and initial results for producing such bunches using the 20 to 23 GeV electron beam at the FACET facility at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and sending them through plasmas and dielectric tubes to generate transformer ratios greater than 2 (the limit for symmetric bunches). The scheme proposed utilizes the final FACET chicane compressor and transverse collimation to shape the longitudinal phase space of the beam.
England, R. J.; Ng, C.-K.; Frederico, J.; Hogan, M. J.; Litos, M.; Muggli, P.; Joshi, C.; An, W.; Andonian, G.; Mori, W.; Lu, W. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (United States); Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich (Germany); University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (United States); Tsinghua University, Beijing (China)
Stability of high. beta. large aspect ratio tokamaks
High {beta}({beta}{much gt} {epsilon}/q{sup 2}) large aspect ratio ({epsilon} {much gt} 1) tokamak equilibria are shown to be always stable to ideal M.H.D. modes that are localized about a flux surface. Both the ballooning and interchange modes are shown to be stable. This work uses the analytic high {beta} large aspect ratio tokamak equilibria developed by Cowley et.al., which are valid for arbitrary pressure and safety factor profiles. The stability results make no assumption about these profiles or the shape of the boundary. 14 refs., 4 figs.
Cowley, S.C.
Cross Section to Multiplicity Ratios at Very High Energy
Recent data from the LHC makes it possible to examine an old speculation that at very high energy the total multiplicity and the cross section in elementary particle interactions vary in parallel with energy. Using fits incorporating the new data, it appears that the ratios of the total, elastic, and inelastic cross sections to the average multiplicity N can in fact approach constants at very high energy. The approach to the limit is however quite slow for the total and inelastic cross sections and is not yet reached at LHC energies. The elastic ratio sigma^{el}/N at 7 TeV, however, is not far from its asymptotic value.
M. M. Block; L. Stodolsky
An accurate approximation to the average error probability of cooperative diversity in Nakagami-m fading
A new approximation to the average symbol error rate of cooperative diversity is derived for independent and non-identically distributed Nakagami-m fading channels. The new approximation has the same computational complexity as previous lower bounds ... Keywords: Nakagami, cooperative diversity, fading channels, symbol error rate
Norman C. Beaulieu; Yunfei Chen
Error Analysis and Sampling Strategy Design for Using Fixed or Mobile Platforms to Estimate Ocean Flux
For estimating lateral flux in the ocean using fixed or mobile platforms, the authors present a method of analyzing the estimation error and designing the sampling strategy. When an array of moorings is used, spatial aliasing leads to an error in ...
Yanwu Zhang; James G. Bellingham; Yi Chao
A Design of Reconfigurable Satellite Control System with Reaction Wheels Based on Error Quaternion Model
To meet the requirement of the satellite attitude and orbit control system (AOCS) could recover control in abnormal conditions, A reconfigurable control system using variable-structure control and improved pseudo-inverse is developed based on the error ... Keywords: pseudo-inverse, variable-structure, reconfigurable, reaction wheel, error quaternion
Peijun Yu; Keqiang Xia; Jiancheng Li
Response of model simulated weather parameters to round-off-errors on different systems
In this study, the weather forecasting model of the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) is used for examining the characteristics of round-off-errors on three different computer architectures - PARAM 10K, SUNFIRE 6800 and Dec ... Keywords: Floating-point arithmetic, General Circulation Model (GCM), Iterative process, Model simulation, Round-off-errors, Spectral method
S. Goel; S. K. Dash
Coding-error based defects in enterprise resource planning software: Prevention, discovery, elimination and mitigation
Software defects due to coding errors continue to plague the industry with disastrous impact, especially in the enterprise application software category. Identifying how much of these defects are specifically due to coding errors is a challenging problem. ... Keywords: Code auditing, Coding defects, Defect density, Defect reduction, ERP, Software development, Software testing, Static code analysis
Isaac Woungang; Felix O. Akinladejo; David W. White; Mohammad S. Obaidat
Poster: Passing the three trillion particle limit with an error-controlled fast multipole method
We present an error-controlled, highly scalable FMM implementation for long-range interactions of particle systems with open, 1D, 2D and 3D periodic boundary conditions. We highlight three aspects of fast summation codes not fully addressed in most articles; ... Keywords: FMM, error control, scalability
Ivo Kabadshow; Holger Dachsel; Jeff Hammond
A Case for Soft Error Detection and Correction in Computational Chemistry
High performance computing platforms are expected to deliver 10(18) floating operations per second by the year 2022 through the deployment of millions of cores. Even if every core is highly reliable the sheer number of the them will mean that the mean time between failures will become so short that most applications runs will suffer at least one fault. In particular soft errors caused by intermittent incorrect behavior of the hardware are a concern as they lead to silent data corruption. In this paper we investigate the impact of soft errors on optimization algorithms using Hartree-Fock as a particular example. Optimization algorithms iteratively reduce the error in the initial guess to reach the intended solution. Therefore they may intuitively appear to be resilient to soft errors. Our results show that this is true for soft errors of small magnitudes but not for large errors. We suggest error detection and correction mechanisms for different classes of data structures. The results obtained with these mechanisms indicate that we can correct more than 95% of the soft errors at moderate increases in the computational cost.
van Dam, Hubertus JJ; Vishnu, Abhinav; De Jong, Wibe A.
On the exploitation of the inherent error resilience of wireless systems under unreliable silicon
In this paper, we investigate the impact of circuit misbehavior due to parametric variations and voltage scaling on the performance of wireless communication systems. Our study reveals the inherent error resilience of such systems and argues that sufficiently ... Keywords: energy-efficiency, error-resiliency, memory failures, reliability, wireless communication systems, yield
Georgios Karakonstantis; Christoph Roth; Christian Benkeser; Andreas Burg
Classifying soft error vulnerabilities in extreme-scale scientific applications using a binary instrumentation tool
Extreme-scale scientific applications are at a significant risk of being hit by soft errors on supercomputers as the scale of these systems and the component density continues to increase. In order to better understand the specific soft error vulnerabilities ...
Dong Li; Jeffrey S. Vetter; Weikuan Yu
Exploring phrasal context and error correction heuristics in bootstrapping for geographic named entity annotation
Geographic named entities can be classified into many sub-types that are useful for applications such as information extraction and question answering. In this paper, we present a high-performance bootstrapping algorithm with error correction heuristics ... Keywords: Bootstrapping, Error correcting heuristics, Geographic named entity annotation, Location normalization, Phrasal context
Seungwoo Lee; Gary Geunbae Lee
Pipelined successive approximation conversion (PSAC) with error correction for a CMOS ophthalmic sensor
The purpose of this work is the proposal of a 10-Bit / 1 MSPS Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) with error correction to match the requirements of a CMOS wavefront sensor for ophthalmic applications. The developed ADC is a combination of different techniques ... Keywords: ADC, error correction, pipelined SAC
Frank Sill; Davies W. de Lima Monteiro
Error Structure of Multiparameter Radar and Surface Measurements of Rainfall. Part III: Specific Differential Phase
Parts I and II of this three part paper dealt with the error structure of differential reflectivity and X-band specific attenuation in rainfall as estimated by radar and surface disdrometers. In this Part III paper we focus on the error structure ...
V. Chandrasekar; V. N. Bringi; N. Balakrishnan; D. S. Zrni?
Protection against soft errors in the space environment: A finite impulse response (FIR) filter case study
The problem of radiation is a key issue in Space applications, since it produces several negative effects on digital circuits. Considering the high reliability expected in these systems, many techniques have been proposed to mitigate these effects. However, ... Keywords: Digital filters, Error detection and correction codes, Fault tolerance, Radiation, Soft errors
J. A. Maestro; P. Reviriego; P. Reyes; O. Ruano
ERROR ESTIMATES FOR FINITE DIFFERENCE METHODS FOR A WIDE-ANGLE `PARABOLIC' EQUATION G. D. AKRIVIS-value problem for a third-order p.d.e., a wide-angle `parabolic' equation frequently used in underwater. wide-angle `parabolic' equation, Underwater Acoustics, finite difference error esti- mates, interface
Akrivis, Georgios