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The Go-Go Globetrotters (Series)
by Dave KochThis page has been viewed 15 times this month, and 917 times total.
- The Go-Go Globetrotters Cartoon Series
- Hanna-Barbera Studios
- Cartoon Characters: Fred "Curley" Neal, Hubert "Geese" Ausbie, Meadowlark Lemon, Bobby Joe Mason, Pablo, Gip, Granny, Zandor, Tara, Igoo, Dorno, Zok, Gloop, Gleep, Hustle, Bump, Boogie, Charlie, Space Ghost, Jan, Jayce.
- Originally Released in 1978.
- Color
- Running Time: 120 minutes.
Cartoon Summary:
Go Go Globetrotters was a two-hour program that ran reruns of CBS' animated The Harlem Globetrotters (1970-73), along with old episodes of C.B. Bears, The Herculoids, and Space Ghost. Later this same year, the Globetrotters returned to television in a new animated series as superheroes in The Super Globetrotters.
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Don't worry though, we have a lot more Men's Mid and High-Top Skate Shoes in stock than that.
The Ed Templeton-designed, vegan-friendly Emerica Tempster Skate Shoe features a mid-top cuff for extra support, lightly padded collar for comfort during long sessions, and vulcanized construction for awesome boardfeel and classic style.

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WHAT'S NEW in Kincardineshire
About this page:
This page has been created to assist myself and others to keep track of changes made to the Kincardineshire pages on GENUKI. Please note that the links provided on this page will take you to the Kincardineshire Town or Parish page containing the new information, and NOT directly to the information itself, so please be prepared to hunt around for the details!
NOTE: If you want to find contact details for the person who provided the input for a particular item, please consult the Kincardineshire GENUKI Service Providers list.
7 January 2014
- Javascript maplink added to all town and parish pages.
- Map and photo links added to all town and parish pages.
17 Oct 2013
- All gridrefs updated to 100m resolution.
- All places without a page of their own have been associated with a relevant parish.
6 Nov 2010
- Added basic parish pages for all parishes. Updated the county page to reflect the addition of parish pages and to use GENUKI standard format.


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The Message (MSG) | New International Version (NIV) |
1 So here's what I want you to do, God helping you: Take your everyday, ordinary life - your sleeping, eating, going-to-work, and walking-around life - and place it before God as an offering. Embracing what God does for you is the best thing you can do for him. | 1 Therefore, I urge you, brothers, in view of God's mercy, to offer your bodies as living sacrifices, holy and pleasing to God--this is your spiritual act of worship. |
2 Don't become so well-adjusted to your culture that you fit into it without even thinking. Instead, fix your attention on God. You'll be changed from the inside out. Readily recognize what he wants from you, and quickly respond to it. Unlike the culture around you, always dragging you down to its level of immaturity, God brings the best out of you, develops well-formed maturity in you. | 2 Do not conform any longer to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you will be able to test and approve what God's will is--his good, pleasing and perfect will. |
3 I'm speaking to you out of deep gratitude for all that God has given me, and especially as I have responsibilities in relation to you. Living then, as every one of you does, in pure grace, it's important that you not misinterpret yourselves as people who are bringing this goodness to God. No, God brings it all to you. The only accurate way to understand ourselves is by what God is and by what he does for us, not by what we are and what we do for him. | 3 For by the grace given me I say to every one of you: Do not think of yourself more highly than you ought, but rather think of yourself with sober judgment, in accordance with the measure of faith God has given you. |
4 In this way we are like the various parts of a human body. Each part gets its meaning from the body as a whole, not the other way around. | 4 Just as each of us has one body with many members, and these members do not all have the same function, |
5 The body we're talking about is Christ's body of chosen people. Each of us finds our meaning and function as a part of his body. But as a chopped-off finger or cut-off toe we wouldn't amount to much, would we? So since we find ourselves fashioned into all these excellently formed and marvelously functioning parts in Christ's body, | 5 so in Christ we who are many form one body, and each member belongs to all the others. |
6 let's just go ahead and be what we were made to be, without enviously or pridefully comparing ourselves with each other, or trying to be something we aren't. If you preach, just preach God's Message, nothing else; | 6 We have different gifts, according to the grace given us. If a man's gift is prophesying, let him use it in proportion to his faith. |
Published by permission. Originally published by NavPress in English as THE MESSAGE: The Bible in Contemporary Language copyright 2002 by Eugene Peterson. All rights reserved. (The Message Bible Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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Low omega-3 fatty acid levels found in patients with acute coronary syndrome and depression
Research Activities, July 2009, No. 347
Patients with chest pain at rest (unstable angina) or a heart attack (myocardial infarction) are usually diagnosed as having acute coronary syndrome (ACS). When patients with ACS also suffer from depression, they are more likely to die or experience recurrent cardiovascular events. Linking these two conditions may be a deficiency in essential fatty acids. In a new study, ACS patients with depression were found to have lower red blood cell membrane levels of omega-3 fatty acids, such as DHA (docosahexaenoic acid).
Researchers measured levels of different omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the cell membranes of 759 patients diagnosed with ACS at 2 hospitals in Kansas City, Missouri. Clinical information was also collected from patient interviews and hospital charts. Levels of depressive symptoms were determined using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ), a nine-item depression screening tool that has been shown to be valid, sensitive, and specific for quantifying depressive symptoms.
Among the participants, 118 (15.5 percent) were found to have significant depressive symptoms. Those suffering from depression were more likely to be young, female, of a minority race, and have lower education levels. Compared with patients without depression, they were also more likely to be overweight and have higher rates of cardiovascular risk factors, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and smoking.
ACS patients with depression had lower levels of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, in their cell membranes. The researchers found an inverse relationship between depression and the omega-3 fatty acid index. For every 4.54 percent rise in this index, there was a one-point decline in depressive symptoms, as assessed by the PHQ. Membrane levels of eicosapentaenoic acid, another omega-3 fatty acid, were not lower in patients with ACS and depression.
The researchers indicate that interventions to raise the level of omega-3 fatty acids may help prevent both depression and adverse cardiovascular events. The study was supported in part by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (HS11282).
See "Acute coronary syndrome patients with depression have low blood cell membrane omega-3 fatty acid levels," by Alpesh A. Amin, M.D., Rishi A. Menon, M.D., Kimberly J. Reid, M.S., and others, in the October 2008 Psychosomatic Medicine 70, pp. 856-862.


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Tales Of A Football Fan—And His Wife
James stares at the ceiling and sighs I'm about to remind him that he's not actually playing on the team he's so distraught over, but the lost puppy dog look he gives me makes me think better of it.
"It's not every year a team gets this far," he finally says. "I'll be lucky to see the Packers this deep into the playoffs before I'm 40." Forty, I think, is actually not that far away. But I decide that this, too, is a fact he'd rather not be reminded of at the moment.
"I was just hoping they'd get a chance to win the Super Bowl one last time—especially before Favre retires."
Now it's my turn to stare at the ceiling and sigh. While James goes into some story about his best friend going to summer camp, I rack my brain trying to think of something that I care about as much as he cares about the Packers.
What I finally come up with are shoes. Like football, shoes certainly have the power to alter your mood. When you pull on a pair of pants that are getting too tight to button, for instance—slipping on a cute wedge can take your focus away from your pinched waist. The right heel can make you stand taller and walk prouder. A new pair of tennis shoes can make you feel like maybe actually playing tennis. And purchasing a sparkly pair of beach sandals can even make bathing suit shopping enjoyable. Or at least somewhat bearable.
Of course, shoes can induce trauma on your psyche, too. Like when a pair of your favorite shoes is forced into early retirement. Now there's tragedy for you. Throwing out a pair of your favorite kicks only means on thing: starting fresh. And you never know if a rookie pair will be as good as the previous one. There's no guarantee that they'll fit as well or last as long or be a true team player, looking as good with jeans as they do with dress pants—like your old pair did.
New shoes have a lot to live up to. I've cried over shoes before—when the strap on a favorite pair of Mary Janes suddenly snapped or a heel busted without warning. Losing a key shoe can wreak havoc on my mood for days. Maybe this is how James feels right now, like his favorite hiking boots up and walked off. Just disappeared.
I rise up to look at James. His eyes are bloodshot. "You're not going to cry are you?" I ask.
He doesn't say a word. But it doesn't matter. I think I finally understand.


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Reviews for Hostal Chaska Wasi
Address: Plaza de Armas s/n (frente a la municipalidad), Ollantaytambo, PeruRooms from: US$ 24.96
Ratings Explained
(Hostelworld.com and Affiliate sites)The following reviews were submitted by customers who booked through our sister site, Hostelworld.com, in the last 12 months.
The ratings in the rating box are based on all-time feedback for the property and are the opinions of the customers who submitted them; they do not express the opinions of Hostelworld.com or our affiliate sites.
Overall Rating (32 Ratings)
Customer Reviews for Hostal Chaska Wasi
jamiebranquinho5386, from USA ~ 7th Jun 2014
kimberlygarasky5649, from USA ~ 5th Jun 2014
markerratt9944, from England ~ 9th May 2014
sarahjl1672256, from USA ~ 21st May 2014
bastianopoli9623, from Italy ~ 17th May 2014
dominikpoiger482, from Germany ~ 14th May 2014
davismi1235770, from USA ~ 8th May 2014
lau_riss8960, from Colombia ~ 6th May 2014
tanyaconnor70, from Scotland ~ 6th May 2014
csiviy127731, from USA ~ 30th Apr 2014


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The whole family is planning a vacation trip together this year and we are searching for a great place. Beach appears to be a necessity. I was looking at Belize (tropical rainforest and amazing birds!), but it looks like we have settled on the Baja on the other side of Mexico. Has anyone been to Cabo San Lucas or San Jose de Cabo? The beaches look like perfection and the villa rentals are about 1/2 the price of those in the Caribbean. This will be for 7 adults and 2 young kids.
I've checked out some spots but can't find gardens worth visiting; I guess it's a desert thing. I may go into withdrawal but enough magueritas around the pool and I should be OK. If anyone has been there, I would love to hear about it. Thanks, Kate |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by solstice98 9b Orlando (My Page) on Tue, Mar 13, 07 at 23:41
Drastic change of plans! Now we are talking about an Alaskan cruise instead. Can you get much further from a house on the beach? I'm not crazy about cruising although I think it would be fun with a family group. And I've always wanted to visit Alaska. Maybe I'll see a moose... |
Or some of those hunky men Alaska is so famous for!! LOL Marion |
- Posted by solstice98 9b Orlando (My Page) on Wed, Mar 14, 07 at 10:20
Woo hoo! I'll be watching for those too! Is that a bear *** or a bare ***?!? |
I've been on too many cruises to count anymore but Alaska was my favorite. I can't wait to do it again but this time I will add a week before the cruise to see the interior. |
- Posted by solstice98 9b Orlando (My Page) on Wed, Mar 14, 07 at 10:45
Joan - tell me more! You sound like a cruise expert. I've only been on two cruises; one was a nightmare of mediocre food, screaming children and overly loud family reunions (30+ people in each group!). The other was a glorious experience and every moment felt perfect! Big boat or smaller one? Is there a cruise line you like better than others? Spend the week in Alaska before or after the cruise? I'm thinking either a round trip from Vancouver or take the trip up from Vancouver to Anchorage. Thanks for any information you can share, |
We went in May, I think it was memorial day week. We had freak weather. We expected to be chilly and have some spring rain everyday but the sun was shining all week. The Alaskan natives were actually laying on docks sunning themselves talking about how unusally nice it was. We flew into Anchorage and cruised down to Vancouver. We spent the night before the trip at a hotel and that is where we met the folks that had spent the week prior doing one of the land excursions on the train into the exterior. The hotel had put all their cruise suitcases into storage for them. Wanting to see more of the state and hearing the stories from those folks made me want to go back and do a two week land/cruise trip. I would choose to do the land based trip first and then follow up with the cruise with formal nights and massages. Why go from being fed and pampered to hiking and roughing it? I haven't tried all the cruise lines yet. I haven't tried Princess or Cunard, they are on my list. I favor Holland America and Royal Carribean. Last year I did my first 10 day cruise. Wow, that was great. Usually by the time you learn the whole ship it is time to get off. The 10 day allowed us to really unwind, we had two full weekends on the ship. They had floor mats with the day of the week on them in the elevator so you could keep track. The added benefit was not many kids at all. The longer cruises attract an older crowd from what I have been told. The short cheap ones are usually loaded with tons of kids these days. I have had some annoying moments with unruly kids. They tend to take over hot tubs even though there is a sign that says "No kids". One of the Royal Carribean ships was the first one I was on where there was a separate pool and lounge area for adults only. Sweet! You could actually read a book in peace. As far as the size of the ship goes. I hate the mega ships. Long lines for everything, not enough beach chairs by the pool. On some of the first mega ship designs there wasn't enough seating in the lounge for the shows. I had to sit through bingo just so I would have a seat for the show. I try to pick ships with around 1500 passengers but that gets harder and harder as they build them bigger. Now my rule is less than 2000 and an adult only area. I also look at the age of the ship and count the bars and pools to get a feel for the size. 2 bars = a bad old ship. The ships that do Alaska will probably not be the super mega ships because they have to get through the Panama Canal to get to their route. I was on a brand new Holland America ship for my Alaska cruise and we splurged on first class. I found the art and the fresh flowers really appealing. Some of the Carnival ships make me twitch. Can you imagine designing a pool on a cruise ship and using black tile on the edges where you sit? Thats Carnival. My musts for my next Alaska cruise would be a balcony. A newer ship with a glass retractable roof over the pool area. I also always choose my cabin to be midship close to an elevator, unless we are doing a last minute deal through Wills job. Then we get what we get. Our Alaska stops were Sitka, my favorite. The ship anchored and you were shuttled to your activity. We did sea kayaking with bald eagles soaring overhead. We also saw a bear in the distance as we were being ferried back to the ship on the super fast rubber raft. Our group was the only group to see a bear. Wish I had a super zoom then! We also stopped at Ketichan, I probably mangled the spelling. We took a bus to a camp in the rain forest and paddled a huge indian war canoe to a little camp in the woods where we were served lunch. I saw the biggest trees and plants that I have ever seen in my life at that site. In Junaeu we took a helicopter tour with two landings. Making a snow angel on a glacier is a once in a life time thing. I wish those pictures were digital so I could share. I think I wrote a book. LOL Can you tell I love cruises? One other thing I just thought of. A coworker took a cruise to Alaska last year and it was one of the new "free style" cruises where you did not have an assigned dinner table or time and she hated that feature. I can't remember why. I will ask her tomorrow. |
- Posted by solstice98 9b Orlando (My Page) on Thu, Mar 15, 07 at 6:17
Thanks! This is all very helpful! |
I just asked her what the problem was with freestyle. It was a NCL ship. I had done one NCL many many years ago and it was my worst cruise ever but I thought it was a fluke. She just said "never again on NCL". The freestyle regards the dining experience. You are supposed to be able to go eat whenever you want but they accept reservations first. So either the phone was always busy when they tried to make reservations or the time they wanted was not available. If you just went to the dining room without reservations you had to get on a line that snaked around the cabins. She hated that and rarely ate in the dining room because of it. She said "Big No!" to freestyle. |
- Posted by solstice98 9b Orlando (My Page) on Fri, Mar 16, 07 at 8:17
The family still hasn't decided for certain but now I'm campaigning for the Alaska cruise. It just seems like the perfect idea for the group. I've even ordered the M&Ms (the ones you can have your own imprint on) and will be mailing those out to the family as an incentive. The M&Ms will each have one of these phrases: "North to Alaska" "Mush Mush" "Meet me on deck" "I see a moose!" Kate (you can call me Yukon Kate) |
- Posted by wanna_run_faster 10 SoFLA /9 orl (My Page) on Sun, Mar 18, 07 at 15:47
Maybe you can claim one of those free land parcels, too! You could put a cabin on it and it could be the location of your summer garden! |
I'd vote for Belize! LOL I know you have decided against it but I love San Pedro. Wish we were going this year but we have family obligations and are redoing the pool, patio and kitchen. |
- Posted by solstice98 9b Orlando (My Page) on Tue, Mar 27, 07 at 13:39
Can't change it now - I've already got the M&Ms! I was originally voting for Belize, then OK with the change to Cabo. Now I'm excited about Alaska - all those guys in tight jeans and flannel shirts - should be lovely scenery! |
Kate you are a panic! I've wanted to have M&M's done with our company name on them, DH says I'm crazy! but he still loves me though! LOL I hope you enjoy your trip and take lots of pictures. Marion |
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US 20020029968 A1 Abstract Compositions and methods are provided for performing capillary electrophoresis using a composition comprising in combination in an aqueous buffered medium a coating polymer and a sieving polymer, where the sieving polymer is more hydrophilic than the coating polymer and is present in greater amount. Of particular interest are uncrosslinked acrylamide polymer mixtures for coating plastic channels and providing sieving for performing DNA separations in microfluidic devices. Polyacrylamide or N,N-dimethyl acrylamide is used with a N,N-dialkyl acrylamide copolymer, either separately or together for sieving and coating, serving as the medium in capillary electrophoresis DNA separations.
Claims(16) 1. An electrophoresis channel sieving and coating composition, for use in a microfluidics device, comprising:
a buffered aqueous solution of from about 0.05 to 7.5% each of a sieving polymer and a channel coating polymer in a weight ratio of 1-10:1, wherein said coating polymer is less water soluble than said sieving polymer. 2. The composition of
3. The composition of
4. The composition of
5. The composition of
6. The composition of
7. The composition of
8. The composition of
9. The composition of
10. A microfluidics electrophoresis device comprising
a polymer substrate having a separation channel formed therein, contained within said channel, a composition comprising a buffered aqueous solution of from about 0.05 to 7.5% each of a sieving polymer and a channel coating polymer in a weight ratio of 1-10:1, wherein said coating polymer is less water soluble than said sieving polymer. 11. The device of
12. The device of
13. The device of
14. The device of
15. A method of carrying out repeated electrophoretic separations on a polymer substrate in an electrophoretic device, comprising
adding the polymer solution of performing an electrophoretic separation in said channel′ replacing the polymer composition in the channel with the same polymer composition, and repeating said performing and replacing steps. 16. The method of
Description [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/201,575, filed May 1, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [0002] The field of this invention is electrophoretic separation using polymer-containing media. [0003] Capillary electrophoresis is one of the most widely used separation techniques in the biologically related sciences. It finds application in genetics, for DNA sequencing, single nucleotide polymorphism (�snp�) detection, identification of sequences, gene profiling, etc.; in drug screening, particularly high throughput drug screening, where the electrophoresis allows for the use of impure reagents, separation of entities that can interfere with detection of a signal, particularly an electromagnetic signal; for performing reactions by bringing together reactants and allowing for their automated separation, segregation, purification and analysis without manual intervention, and the like. Due to the highly efficient heat dissipation, capillary electrophoresis permits rapid and efficient separations of charged substances. Charged substances will be subject to two electromigrating forces under the influence of the applied electrical potential at both ends of the capillary. One is the electrophoretic mobility component, which depends on the charge and size of the entity and the electrical field strength. The other is the electroendosmotic flow (�EOF�) providing a fixed bulk velocity component, which drives both neutral species and ionic species, regardless of mobility, towards an electrode in relation to the charge on the wall of the capillary. [0004] The magnitude of EOF is highly dependent on the surface charge and viscosity near the surface of the capillary. These properties are affected by the material of the capillary wall, the buffer or medium composition and the pH. In the case of a silica capillary, upon ionization the negatively charged inner wall attracts a layer of positive ions from the buffer. As these mobile ions flow toward the cathode under the influence of the electrical potential, the bulk solution also flows in this direction to maintain electroneutrality. Control and suppression of EOF improves the separation resolution in such situations as capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary isoelectrofocusing and capillary gel electrophoresis. Failure to suppress the EOF can result in inadequate separations, especially with nucleic acids and proteinaceous materials. [0005] With the inception of microfabricated devices used as the structure to carry out electrophoresis inside a microchannel, particularly where the device is composed of plastic, plastics may vary as the amount of wall charge, the adverse effect of EOF may be amplified. Many plastic materials are attractive for manufacturing large numbers of microfabricated devices, since molds can be produced with intricate designs of interconnected channels and reservoirs. These molds may then be used for the precise fabrication of the microfabricated devices rapidly and inexpensively. Various materials which find use include the polymethacrylates and other acrylics, polycarbonates, dimethylsiloxanes, polyalkenes, etc. Each of these polymers will have a different surface chemistry. [0006] Based on the experience with fused silica, the silanol Si-OH ionized from the silica surface produces a negative charged surface. A diversity of treatments has been developed for suppressing the EOF in silica capillaries to minimize the interaction between the species to be analyzed and the capillary inner wall. The underlying idea is to reduce the production of charges. With the development of plastic devices, new approaches are required to modify the plastic surface to diminish EOF. The EOF may be attributed to the plastic composition and the nature of the plastic surface, where the plastic surface is conditioned by the polymerization process and the forming or production conditions of the device. [0007] To suppress both electro osmotic flow as well as DNA-capillary wall interactions, in DNA sequencing using electrophoresis, control of the capillary inner surface is required for hydrophobic sieving polymers, such as polyacrylamide and hydroxyethylcellulose. Both permanently covalent and dynamically temporal modification of the inner surface can be applied. However, the procedures to produce covalent coatings are often complicated and time-consuming and the coatings may be subject to chemical instability over extended use. In order to reduce DNA sequencing cost, improve the reproducibility and reliability, it is therefore desirable to replace the expensive and often unreliable covalent coatings with adsorbed coatings. [0008] References of interest include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,865,707; 5,112,460; 5,663,129; 5,832,785, and 5,840,338. References of interest include Karger, et al., Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 3996-4003; Fung, et al., ibid, 1999, 71, 566-573; and Madabhushi, Electrophoresis, 1998, 19, 224-230. [0009] Compositions and methods for performing capillary electrophoresis, particularly in polymer-substrate microfluidic devices, are provided employing a mixed uncrosslinked polymer composition, which serves as both a coating reagent and sieving media in a microfluidic device. The polymeric composition comprises a mixture of polymers, where the more hydrophilic polymers serve primarily as sieving polymers and the less hydrophilic polymers serve primarily as coating polymers. Of particular interest is the use of uncrosslinked polyacrylamide and N-substituted polyacrylamide with varying hydrophilicity as a result of varying the substituents on the amide nitrogen. Particularly, alkyl substituents are used of varying chain length. By appropriate selection, one can tune the hydrophilicity of one component for the best coating results, while controlling the other component(s) for the best sieving effect. The polymeric composition or the coating component thereof may be included in the media used in the microfluidic device channel prior to the electrophoretic process or the composition or only the sieving component may be included during the electrophoretic separation after application of the coating component with greatly enhanced separation of charged entities. [0010]FIGS. 1A and 1B are an electropherogram of a DNA separation of a DNA ladder using a single polymer (FIG. 1A) and a graph of the separation interval (FIG. 1B). [0011]FIGS. 2A and 2B are an electropherogram (FIG. 2A) and graph of separation interval (FIG. 2B) using a composition according to this invention. [0012]FIGS. 3A and 3B are an electropherogram (FIG. 3A) and graph of separation interval (FIG. 3B) using a different composition from FIG. 2 according to this invention. [0013] FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate the reproducibility of GeneScan 700 on untreated PMMA microchips with 2% LPA and 0.2% LDD30 in 1� TTE 7M urea buffer, showing the cross-over points as a function of run number (FIG. 4A), the migration time at 400 bp as a function of run number (FIG. 4B), and the migration time as a function of fragment size (FIG. 4C). [0014] Fig. is a bar graph of the reproducibility of DNA separation using different chips for the separation. [0015]FIG. 6 is a four-color sequence electropherogram demonstrating the ability to identify over 700 bases. [0016]FIGS. 7A and 7B are an electropherogram (FIG. 7A) and graph of separation interval (FIG. 7B) using a different chip composition from FIGS. 1-3. [0017]FIGS. 8A and 8B are a plan view of the channel network used in obtaining the data provided in the other figures (FIG. 8A), and showing channel corss-section in the network (FIG. 8B). [0018] Polymer compositions, formulations comprising the polymer compositions and their use in conjunction with microfluidic devices, particularly polymer-substrate microfluidics devices, for electrophoretic processes are provided. Also provided is a microfluidics device having a separation channel containing the novel polymer composition. [0019] A. Microfluidics device [0020] The microfluidics device typically includes a polymer substrate having a channel network formed therein, typically a polymer substrate having a channel network providing (i) a supply channel for holding a sample, (ii) a drain channel, and (iii) a separation channel for containing an electrolyte buffer, and the polymer composition of the invention. The channels are supplied liquid during an electrophoretic operation from reservoirs connected to the ends of the channels. In addition, sample may be injected into the separation channel from the supply channel by conventional sample injection means applicable to microfluidics devices. [0021] A typical device channel network 10 in a microfluidics device 12 is shown in FIG. 8A. The network includes a main separation channel 14 terminating at a buffer reservoir 16 and a downstream waste reservoir 18. An exemplary separation channel has the cross-sectional shape and dimensions shown in FIG. 8B. Sample material is supplied to the separation channel reservoir through a supply channel 20, from a sample-supply reservoir 22. A second waste reservoir 26 communicates with the separation channel through a third channel 24. [0022] Each of the reservoirs is provided with an electrode (not shown) through which a selected voltage potential is applied across selected reservoirs by a suitable voltage source. In particular, to load a sample from reservoir 22 into the separation channel, a voltage is applied across reservoirs 22, 24, to draw sample material into and through the separation channel, between the two reservoirs. This loads sample in the sample volume 28 in the segment of channel 14 between channels 20, 24. To effect separation of the sample material along the separation channel 14, which is filled with the composition of the invention, a suitable voltage potential is applied across reservoirs 16, 18, causing sample material, e.g., nucleic acid fragments, to migrate from the sample volume region downstream in channel 14. Band migration in the channel is detected by a detector indicated at 30. [0023] The microfluidics device is typically formed on and contains a substrate or card in which the microstructures, primarily channels and reservoirs, are present. The substrate may be of any convenient material, such as glass, polymer (plastic), silicon, fused silica, or the like, and preferably, a polymer substrate. Illustrative polymers include methyl methacrylate and copolymers thereof, dimethylsiloxanes, polystyrene, and polycarbonate. Preferred polymers are PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) and cyclic olefin homopolymer or co-polymer thermoplastics derived from ring-shaped norbornene molecules. The latter polymers, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,561,208, 5,462,995, and 5,334424, are characterized by very low fluorescence emission, and thus are suitable for detecting electrophoretic bands by fluorescence emission. Preferred polymers of this type include Zeonex and Zeonor trade-name polymers, such as Zeonor 1420, manufactured by Zeon Corporation (Louisville, Ky.). [0024] The capillary channels may vary as to dimensions, width, depth and cross-section, as well as shape, being rounded, trapezoidal, rectangular, etc. The path of the channels may be straight, rounded, serpentine, meet at corners, cross-intersect, meet at tees, or the like. The channel dimensions will generally be in the range of about 0.1 μm to 1 mm deep and about 0.5 μm to 500 μm wide, where the cross-sectional area will generally be 0.1 μm2 to about 0.25 mm2. The channel lengths will vary widely depending on the operation for which the channel is to be used. The separation channel will generally be in the range of about 0.05 mm to 50 cm, more usually in the range of about 0.5 mm to 10 cm, and in many cases not more than 5 cm, while the various portions of the channels other than the primary channels, the peripheral channels, will be within those ranges and frequently in the lower portion of the range. The reservoirs will generally have volumes in the range of about 10 nl to 10 μl, usually having volumes in the range of about 20 nl to 1 μl. The substrate or card will generally have a thickness of at least about 20 μm, more usually at least about 40 μm, and not more than about 0.5 cm, usually not more than about 0.25 cm. The width of the substrate will be determined by the number of units to be accommodated and may be as small as about 2 mm and up to about 6 cm or more. The dimension in the other direction will generally be at least about 0.5 cm and not more than about 50 cm, usually not more than about 20 cm. The substrate may be a flexible film or relatively inflexible solid, where the microstructures, such as reservoirs and channels, may be provided by embossing, molding, machining, etc. [0025] The microfluidic devices may be characterized by having a single unit for operations in a single structure or a plurality of units. The microfluidic devices will be characterized by having one or more operational units present in the substrate, where the number of units may vary from 16 to 1536 units, more usually not more than about 384 units, the number of units frequently being related to the number of wells in a microtiter well plate. Each unit will have at least one channel and at least two reservoirs, usually having at least two channels and at least four reservoirs. The total number of reservoirs for a device will generally be in the range of about 4 to 1600, more usually in the range of about 64 to 1500. [0026] For sealing the substrate, and enclosing the channels in the substrate, a film sized for a single card or a continuous sealing film may be used, which may be unrolled from a reel as the devices are moved in a continuous manner, for example, on a wheel or moving belt. The films may be natural rubber, polyisoprene, ethylene-propylene elastomers, polyurethane foams, polydimethylsiloxane, etc. The films may be thin or thick, so long as they have a minimum dimension, which provides for sealing. Generally, the films will be at least about 50 g in thickness. Films may be used which have a thin adherent layer that will adhere to the surface. Useful adhesives include pressure sensitive adhesives, such as ethylene-containing polymers, urethane polymers, butyl rubber, butadiene-acrylonitrile polymers, butadiene-acrylonitrile-isoprene polymers, and the like. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,695 and references cited therein. [0027] B. Polymer Composition [0028] The polymer composition of the invention comprises a mixture of polymers of different hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, where one component serves mainly a coating function, while the other component serves mainly a sieving function. The polymers may be homo- or copolymers, particularly having a combination of the two. [0029] The polymers may be naturally occurring polymers, modified naturally occurring polymers, or synthetic polymers, both addition and condensation polymers. The combination of polymers will have polymers differing in their water solubility. Of particular interest are combinations of polyacrylamides, where the polyacrylamides in the mixture differ as to their substitution on the nitrogen, varying from hydrogen to substituents of from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, usually 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and may be substituted or unsubstituted, e.g., oxy, including hydroxy and ether, heterocycle, e.g. rings of from 4 to 6 annular members, with the heteroannular member being N, O or S, etc., and being mono- or disubstituted. [0030] The synthetic polymers are substantially free of cross-linking (�linear�). The polymers are usually of at least about 20 kDal weight average molecular weight, generally at least about 50 kDal, and not more than about 25,000 kDal weight average molecular weight, usually in the range of about 50 to 18,000 kDal weight average molecular weight. The polymers will be water soluble, the water solubility differing between the sieving polymer (�more hydrophilic�) and the coating polymer (�less hydrophilic�). Sieving polymers include polyacrylamides, polyethers, particularly polysaccharides, such as hydroxyethyl cellulose, agarose, and dextran; polyalkyleneoxy polymers with alkylenes of from 2 to 3 carbon atoms, particularly 2 carbon atoms, and the like. Illustrative sieving polymers include: polyacrylamide; hydroxyethylcellulose (MW 50 kDa to 1000 kDa); agarose; polyethylene glycol (20 kDa to 200 kDa); dextran; poly-N-acryloyl-tris (polyNAT); poly AAEE (poly N-acryloylaminoethoxyethanol). [0031] Coating polymers may include homo- and copolymers, both naturally occurring, modified naturally occurring and synthetic, particularly synthetic. Among the polymers are polymers of acrylamide (including methacrylamide), substituted cellulose, where the substituents may be methyl and hydroxypropyl, individually or in combination, polyalkylene oxides, where alkylene is of from 2 to 3 carbon atoms and the terminal hydroxyls are substituted with acyl or alkyl groups of from about 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Of particular interest are polyacrylamides (including polymethacrylamides), either homo- or copolymers, where the nitrogen is mono or disubstituted, and the substituent groups are alkyl of from 1 to 6, usually 1 to 3 carbon atoms, heterocycles of from 4 to 6 carbon atoms, where the heteroatom is N, O or S, hydroxysubstituted alkyl of from 2 to 6, usually 2 to 4 carbon atoms and sugars linked to nitrogen by a bond or linking group of from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, having from 0 to 2 heteroatoms in the chain, particularly O, N or S. Illustrative coating homopolymers include: polydimethylacrylamide; polydiethylacrylamide; polyethylene oxide; methylcellulose; hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; hydroxypropylcellulose; and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Illustrative copolymers include copolymers of two to three, usually only two, of the following monomers: N-methylacrylamide; N-ethylacrylamide; N-ethylmethacrylamide; N-methylmethacrylamide; N-propylacrylamide; N-propylmethacrylamide; N-isopropylacrylamide; N-butylacrylamide; N-pyrrolidylmethacrylamide; N-piperidylmethacrylamide; N-acryloylaminopropanol; and N-(acryloylaminoethoxy) ethyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. [0032] The compositions which are employed with the combination of two polymers will generally have a weight ratio of the more soluble polymer, the sieving polymer to the less soluble polymer, the coating polymer, in the range of about 1-10:1, usually in the range of about 1-5:1, more usually 1.5-3:1, the more soluble polymer preferably being in greater amount than the less soluble polymer. When the polymer compositions are used separately, that is the channel is coated first and then the sample medium is added with the sieving polymer and optionally the coating polymer, the ratios of the amounts will vary, since the sieving polymer will be in a much larger volume. Preferably, the sample medium will contain both polymers. [0033] The acrylamides of the subject invention are preferably derived by the polymerization of the monomer, particularly acrylamide, in the absence of a cross-linker to provide uncrosslinked, normally linear, polymer, using conventional free radical initiation in the substantial absence of oxygen. The polymers are readily produced using conventional conditions for polymerization of acrylamide polymers, conveniently using an aqueous or organic medium, depending upon the solubility of the monomer and polymer, having from about 5 to 30% (wt/vol) total monomer and a conventional free radical initiator, such as ammonium, sodium or potassium persulfate and tetramethylethylenediamine or metabisulfite, riboflavin, riboflavin-1-phosphate, methylene blue and toluene sulfinate, benzoin methyl ether, or 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, usually in the substantial absence of oxygen. Conveniently, an inert detergent may be added, such as non-ionic detergents, e.g. polyoxyalkylene detergents, in the organic solvent. Detergent concentrations will generally be in the range of about 1-5% wt/vol. The catalyst concentration will vary with the particular catalyst, generally being in the range of about 0.001 to 0.1 wt/vol for each component of the catalyst, where the ratio of the components will generally be in the range of about 1-5:1 moles for the oxidant to amine. The reaction temperature will generally be in the range of about 0 to 100� C. and the time for the reaction will generally be in the range of about 1 min to 24 h, the particular conditions not being critical and varying with the other parameters. After completion of the reaction, depending on the nature of the polymer, it may be isolated in various ways, e.g. precipitation and washing, followed by evaporative removal of solvent and remaining monomer, dialysis and lyophilization, etc. The polymers will then be ready for mixing to provide the final composition. [0034] When mixing the polymers, precipitation is to be avoided as described in the Experimental section. Buffer solutions are employed, which will be compatible with the capillary electrophoresis. Various buffer solutions may be used, where one or more buffer components are employed. Useful buffer components include Tris, borate, EDTA, MOPS, TAPS, sodium acetate, sodium citrate, potassium or sodium phosphates, glycine, bis-Tris, etc. Generally, each of the buffering components will be present in from about 0.001 to 0.5M, more usually 0.075 to 0.15M, while other components, such as EDTA, DETPA, etc., will be present in from about 0.001 to 0.005M. In addition to the other additives, a denaturing agent is conveniently employed for denaturing dsDNA when sequencing or other nucleic acid analysis, such as urea, formamide and for denaturing proteins, sodium dodecyl sulfate. The amount of the denaturing agent will vary, depending on the particular denaturing agent employed, the conditions of the electrophoresis, the composition being analyzed, and the like. Generally, the denaturing agent will be present in the range of about 0.2-50 wt/vol. [0035] For the less water-soluble polymer, it may be necessary to mix the polymer with the solution with agitation, followed by filtration. With the more soluble polymer, centrifugation followed by filtration may be sufficient to provide a clear solution. The two solutions are then combined at a polymer weight ratio in the range of about 1-5:1, more usually 1.5-3:1. Care should be taken to prevent precipitation. Precipitation can be avoided by the stepwise careful mixing of the ingredients and then removal of sediment. [0036] The more water-soluble polymer is conveniently a homopolymer of acrylamide or other hydrophilic neutral monomers, e.g. a homopolymer or copolymer of acrylamide and hydrophilic neutral monomers, such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl acrylamide, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl acrylate, α-hydroxymethylacrylamide, etc.). These hydrophilic polymers are better solvated by the aqueous buffer and their adsorption energy is not sufficiently high to maintain the polymer molecules adsorbed to the channel walls. The molecular weight and distribution is selected to provide the desired sieving properties. The less soluble polymer will preferably be a copolymer of N,N-disubstituted acrylamides, where the substituents are alkyl of from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, usually 1-2 carbon atoms, where the total number of carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen is in the range of 2-6, usually 2-4. The alkyl groups will be methyl, ethyl, propyl and isopropyl. The ratio of the different monomers may be varied depending upon the degree of hydrophobicity desired. Of particular interest are N,N-dimethyl acrylamide and N,N-diethylacrylamide, namely the symmetrically substituted amides. Generally the monomer having the lower number of carbon atoms will be in a ratio to the monomer with the higher number of carbon atoms in the range of about 1-5:1, usually in the range of about 1.5-3:1, based on the composition used for preparation of the copolymer. [0037] As indicated previously, all or portions of the subject polymers may be substituted with other polymers having the characteristics described above, namely neutral, water soluble, having the appropriate hydrophilicity/lipophilicity balance, having the appropriate adsorption energies, molecular weight, and appropriate sieving properties. [0038] The polymer solutions may be used separately or may be combined in a single solution for coating and sieving. The combined polymer solution, particularly with a denaturant, may be used advantageously as the separation buffer for the nucleic acid separations and sequencing. Where the coating solution is used separately for coating, the concentration in each of the solutions will generally be from about 0.05 to 7.5% by weight of the polymer, with the less hydrophilic polymer being in the higher portion of the range and more hydrophilic polymer being in the lower portion of the range. Generally the less hydrophilic polymer will be present in the solution in about 2.5 to 7.5%, more usually 3 to 6%, while the more hydrophilic polymer will be present in from about 0.1 to 4%, more usually 1 to 3%. When the solutions are combined, less of the more hydrophobic polymer is required, where the concentration will be in the range of about 0.05 to 1, more usually 0.1 to 0.5, while the more hydrophilic polymer will be present in an amount in the range of about 0.5 to 5%, more usually 0.5 to 3%. The buffer will usually be at about 0.1 to 5M, while the denaturing agent will generally be in the range of about 1-10M. The mole ratio of the polymers will generally be in the range of about 2-20:1, more usually 5-15:1, and may vary at to which polymer is in greater amount depending upon whether a mixed solution or individual solutions are employed. [0039] C. Coating and Electrophoresis Methods [0040] The polymer solutions will be applied to the separation channel in the microfluidics device, separately or in combination. When applied separately, the less hydrophilic polymer solution will usually be added first, followed by washing and addition of the more hydrophilic polymer solution, followed by washing. One or both of the additions of polymer solutions may be repeated, particularly the addition of the more soluble polymer. Regeneration with the less hydrophilic polymer need not be repeated after each run. [0041] In preparing the separation channel in the microfluidics device, the channel may be first coated with the less hydrophilic polymer composition by passing the solution through the channel. Usually, the solution will be allowed to remain in the channel for a short time, usually not more than about 10 minutes and at least about 1 minute. After sufficient time for the polymer to coat the walls, the channel is washed with a convenient liquid, e.g. water, particularly deionized water. The amount of water used to flush the channel will depend on the size of the channel and is primarily one of convenience. Capillary action will move the water through the channel, although mild pressure may also be used. The more hydrophilic polymer solution is then added under similar conditions to that used previously, followed by washing and the coating may be repeated with the more hydrophilic polymer solution. Alternatively and preferably, one may combine the two polymers and coat the channel simultaneously, using the same time frames as indicated for the individual solutions. [0042] Once the channel has been coated it is ready to be used for capillary electrophoresis. Various processes may be performed in the channel, as previously described. [0043] In performing the operations with the device, after coating the channels with the polymer composition, the device will be filled with the appropriate buffer. Depending on the nature of the operation, one or more reservoirs may be connected by channels proximal to one end of a channel. For descriptions of channel networks, see, for example, WO96/04547. The sample may be introduced into one reservoir and other components of the operation introduced into the same or different reservoirs. Electrodes are placed in the appropriate reservoirs to provide potential gradients between reservoirs for movement of ions. During the course of the operation, the direction, and voltages may be changed. The sample and other components may then be introduced into a channel. In many situations there will be a second channel providing an intersection with the first channel with a first channel to into which the sample is directed. Alternatively, the first channel may join at a tee with a second channel and a third channel intersecting at a tee with the second channel or other designs for enhancing the sharpness of the sample plug for analysis. In both situations, the sample may be pinched at the intersection or between the two channels joining the second channel, respectively and then injected downstream into the second channel. In this way the sample may be contained in a small volume as it moves down the channel for analysis. In many situations components of the sample are separated and desirably each component is maintained in a small volume for analysis. [0044] The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. [0045] Plastic microfluidics devices are produced by hot embossing with a nickel electroform master containing the desired electrophoresis pattern. The electrophoresis device includes a double tee injector and a main separation microchannel. The double tee injector has a gap of 250 μm that intersects with the main separation channel (FIG. 8). The distance from the center of the injector to the detection point is about 18 cm. Four accessing reservoirs containing buffer, sample waste buffer, waste buffer and sample are about 1.5 mm in diameter. 1-4 denotes for the buffer reservoir, the sample reservoir, the waste buffer reservoir and the sample waste reservoir, respectively. The plastic microchips are made of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) or Zeonor. [0046] GeneScan 700 DNA ladder is a set of specially engineered DNA fragments labeled with a fluorescent dye (TET, 6-carboxy-4,7,2′,7′-tetrachlorofluoroscein, emission wavelength: 540 nm; excitation wavelength: 520 nm). GeneScan 700 contains 20 fragments including 35 bp, 50 bp, 75 bp, 100 bp, 139 bp, 150 bp, 160 bp, 200 bp, 250 bp, 300 bp, 340 bp, 350 bp, 400 bp, 450 bp, 490 bp, 500 bp, 550 bp, 600 bp, 650 bp, and 700 bp. Under the experimental condition used, only 18 fragments are observed which excludes 35 bp and 50 bp due to the interference of small fluorescent fragments co-migrating in this region. The loading sample is prepared with 5 μ GeneScan 700, 5 μl deionized water, and 10 μL deionized formamide. The loading sample is then denaturated at 95� C. for 2 minutes before chilling in an ice bath. [0047] The sieving matrix is loaded from buffer waste reservoir (3) by applying 150 or 200 psi for 2 or 5 minutes. After being loaded with sample and buffer for the rest of the reservoirs, the whole microchip is placed on a thermal station and heated to 35� C. A Peltier device thermally controls the thermal station. The four-color detection system has been disclosed in provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/133,727, filed May 12, 1999. The data acquisition rate is about 10 Hz while a 488 nm Ar ion laser is used with a laser power of about 7 mW. The separation field strength is about 150 V/cm. The voltage setup is listed in the following table:
[0048] The LDD30 polymer is a non-crosslinked polymer synthesized by free-radical solution polymerization. The polymerization is carried out in an aqueous solution of the monomers, diethylacrylamide and dimethylacrylamide (30:70). The total concentration of monomers is about 10% or less (w/v). The solution is de-gassed before synthesis by bubbling argon, helium, or nitrogen. Polymerization is initiated by addition of ammonium persulfate and TEMED (tetramethylethylenediamine). This solution is subjected to dialysis against purified water and freeze-drying to remove unreacted monomer and to obtain the polymer in solid form. [0049] LDD30 is a composition defined as 30% diethylacrylamide, 70% dimethylacrylamide by weight, where the percentages are expressed as a percent of the total mass of monomers in the solution before polymerization. This composition has been found to have desirable separation and coating properties. Polymers with other ratios of the two monomers can be useful, depending upon the performance requirements. The extent of incorporation of each monomer into the resulting polymer has not been assayed. [0050] 1. Prepare a 10�TBE solution (0.89M Tris, 0.89M borate and 0.02M EDTA) by weighing 1.7 g of 1�TBE dry powder (ultra pure grade; Amresco, Solon, Ohio) and dissolving it to a final volume of 100.00 mL using MilliQ water (18 ohms) and a 100.00 mL-volumetric flask. [0051] 2. Weigh 11.875 g of MilliQ water in a clean dry 40 mL-glass vial. [0052] 3. Weigh 9.5 g of urea (ultra pure grade, USB, Cleveland, Ohio) on weighing paper. Add the urea to the vial already containing the water. Cap the vial and manually shake it until all the urea is dissolved. [0053] 4. Add 2.5 mL of 10�TBE solution to the vial using a graduated pipet. Shake the solution to mix well. [0054] 5. Weigh 1.125 g of LDD30 on weighing paper and add it to the vial. [0055] 6. In order to dissolve the LDD30, the solution is left overnight shaking in a Labquake shaker (Labindustries, Berkeley, Calif.). [0056] 7. The following day, the foamy solution is filtered through a 5 μm-nylon filter (Cameo25NS, Osmonics) using a syringe and nitrogen gas pressure. The filtrate is collected in a clean dry glass vial. [0057] 8. The filtered solution is then degassed by centrifuging it for 30 min at 1,000 rpm using a Beckman GS-6 centrifuge (Palo Alto, Calif.). [0058] 9. The degassed solution is stored at 4� C. to prevent the degradation of urea. [0059] The polymerization was performed according to the protocol described in Eur. Polym. J. 1984, 20, 505-512 with slight variations. In a Pyrex reaction flask, a 40% w/w solution of acrylamide was dispersed in a solution of 2.4% SPAN 80 in petroleum special to a volume ratio of 1:1. APDS and TEMED were used to catalyze the reaction, both at a final concentration of 0.0055 w/v. To remove oxygen, the entire dispersion was purged continually with nitrogen, and then the polymerization reaction was performed at 35� C. Acetone was used to precipitate the polyacrylamide. The precipitate was washed several times with acetone on a Buechner funnel, and residual solvent was removed under oil-pump vacuum on a rotary evaporator. To prepare 2% LPA matrix solution for DNA sequencing, the dry polymer, urea, buffer concentrate, and water were added to the desired concentrations in a glass jar and then slowly stirred with a magnetic bar. [0060] Procedure to prepare 2% (w/w) LPA010, 0.2% (w/w) LDD30, 1�TTE, 7M urea solution (5 g) [0061] 1. Prepare a 10�TTE solution (0.5 M Tris, 0.5 M TAPS and 0.02 M EDTA) by dissolving the following with MilliQ water in a 25.00 mL-volumetric flask: [0062] 1.5144 g of Tris base (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) [0063] 3.0412 g of TAPS (ultra pure grade, Sigma, St, Louis, Mo.) [0064] 0.1861 g of disodium EDTA (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) [0065] 2. Weigh 2.49 g of MilliQ water in a clean dry 20 mL-glass vial. [0066] 3. Weigh 1.90 g of urea (ultra pure grade, USB, Cleveland, Ohio). Add the urea to the vial already containing the water. Cap the vial and manually shake gently until all of the urea is dissolved. [0067] 4. Add 500 μL of 10�TTE solution to the vial using a pipetman. Shake the solution gently to mix well. [0068] 5. Weigh 0.010 g of LDD30 and add it to the vial. [0069] 6. Weigh 0.100 g of LPA010 and add it to the vial. [0070] 7. Gently shake the vial to mix all contents. Then centrifuge the vial for 15 min at 1,000 rpm using a Beckman GS-6 centrifuge (Palo Alto, Calif.). All the contents should be at the bottom of the vial. [0071] 8. Stir the solution overnight using a Corning magnetic stirrer set at its minimum speed (60 rpm). [0072] 9. The following day, the foamy solution is filtered through a 5 μm-nylon filter (Cameo25NS, Osmonics) using a syringe and nitrogen gas pressure. The filtrate is collected in a clean dry glass vial. [0073] 10. The filtered solution is then degassed by centrifuging it for 60 min at 1,000 rpm using a Beckman GS-6 centrifuge (Palo Alto, Calif.). [0074] 11. The degassed solution is stored at 4� C. to prevent the degradation of urea. [0075] DNA sequencing reactions were conducted using standard cycle sequencing chemistry with AmpliTaq-FS and BigDye terminator (Applied Biosystems/Perkin-Elmer Corp., Foster City, Calif.) on an M13mp18 single-stranded template (Amersham/USB). M13 universal primers (-21) are used in all the reactions discussed below. The temperature cycling protocol for this sequencing chemistry was performed on a PE 2400 thermocycler (Applied Biosystems/Perkin-Elmer Corp., Foster City, Calif.), containing 30 cycles of 96� C. for 10 sec, 50� C. for 5 sec, and 60� C. for 4 min in 20 μL of total volume. After completion of the reaction, the samples were rapidly cooled to 4� C. and held at that temperature until ready to purify. [0076] Sequencing reaction products were purified using a Centri-Sep spin column (Princeton Separations) to remove the dye-labeled terminators and salt contents. Then 10 μL of the purified sequencing products was added with 10 μL deionized formamide, for denaturating at 95� C. for 2 min. After the 20 μL solution is chilled to 4� C., it is loaded on to plastic microchips. The sample is then loaded in the sample reservoir of a microfluidics chip. [0077] Crossover plots of peak interval and peak width were plotted against DNA fragment size. The peak interval is the spatial distance between two DNA fragments differing by one nucleotide in length. The peak width refers to the full width at half peak height maximum (FWHM). The point where the two lines cross over indicates the single base resolution limit of the separation and corresponds to a resolution value of 0.59. The peak widths were measured using the Blue channels. The peak widths were fitted to a second-order polynomial. The data was base-lined and analyzed with crossover tool software from PE Biosystems. [0078] In Table I is compared the electroosmotic mobility on different surfaces. EOF on an uncoated glass chip is 37.4�10−5 cm2/V sec. If the glass channel surface is coated with linear polyacrylamide with a minor modification of the Hjerten procedure (Hjerten, S. J. Chromatogr. 1985, 347, 191-198), the EOF is reduced to less than 1�10−5 cm2/V sec. However, after extensive use of the same channel for several months, the EOF became 2.6 or 10�10−5 cm2/V sec in two different cases. The same materials, such as V825, used in different methods, hot embossing or injection molding, for preparing the microfluidic devices can cause slightly different electro osmotic flow. Even changing the process conditions can cause a change in EOF. It is seen in Table I that a 4.5% LDD30 solution can substantially reduce the EOF simply by flushing this polymer solution into the microchannel. [0079] All EOF measurements were done with 1� TTE as buffer, Rhodamine B as EOF marker, and at room temperature. The sample is placed in the buffer waster reservoir (3) and the distance traveled and time taken of this sample after the voltage is applied was measured to determine the EOF for each case. The liquid level is kept at the same height to avoid hydrodynamic flow. The EOF data in Table 1 was obtained after surface treatment with 2%LPA10 and 0.2%LDD30 polymer matrix.
[0080] Sources of plastic materials:V825, Mitsubishi (MT40); Rohm 99553, ICI; Elf Atochem, Atoglas Division, 200 Market St. Philadelphia, Pa. 19103; Cyro, 100 Enterprise Dr., Rockaway, N.J. 07866; Polymer Extruded Products, 297 Ferry St., Newark, N.J. 07105; Mitsubishi Materials, Tokyo, Japan; Rohm & Haas, 100 Independence Mall W. Philadelphia, Pa. 19106; Union Carbide, Old Ridgebury Rd., Danbury, Conn. 06817; Imperial Chemical Industries, ICI Group Headquarters, London SW1P 3JF, UK; Nippon Zeon, Furukawa Sogo Building, 2-6-1 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100. [0081]FIG. 1 shows the DNA separation and its crossover plot of GeneScan 700 on an uncoated PMMA microchip with 2% LPA in 1� TTE and 7M urea solution. The microchannel was rinsed with deionized water before loading the sieving matrix. Due to the EOF associated with an untreated PMMA surface, the crossover point is only 250 bp, meaning that it only sequences up to 250 bp with the resolution of 0.59. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) increases with the length of DNA fragments, strongly suggesting that both EOF and interaction with the channel wall affect this separation. [0082]FIG. 2 shows the DNA separation and its crossover plot of GeneScan 700 on the PMMA microchip pre-treated with 4.5% LDD30 polymer in 1� TBE 7M urea buffer, using the same 2% LPA polymer in 1� TTE buffer with 7M urea as a precoating. After a single treatment with 4.5% LDD30 solution, the microchannel has been consecutively used three times. The crossover plot generated from three runs shows that both peak interval and FWHM are very consistent and a crossover point of 550 bp is obtained. The migration times for run-to-run are very similar, indicating the adsorption coatings are very stable and allow multiple runs for a single coating procedure. [0083]FIG. 3 shows GeneScan 700 separation and its crossover plot on bare PMMA microchip with 2% LPA sieving polymer and 0.2% LDD30 in 1� TTE 7M urea buffer. The crossover point with this sieving matrix is 650 bp, meaning that sequencing up to 650 bp is possible with this treatment. By blending the two polymers with different properties, the reduction of DNA sequencing cost can be clearly seen, due to the increase in reliability, the elimination of the covalent coating process and regeneration procedure, and the increase in useful lifetime of a capillary. [0084]FIG. 4 shows the reproducibility of GeneScan 700 on untreated PMMA microchips with 2% LPA and 0.2% LDD30 in 1� TTE 7M urea buffer. This experiment also reflects the lifetime of the PMMA microchips for DNA sequencing. 50 runs were performed. The average crossover point for 50 runs is 600 bp. The migration times for all the fragments are very consistent. [0085]FIG. 5 shows the reproducibility of PMMA chip manufacture process. The five chips are from three different batches manufactured at different times with slightly different processes. It illustrates that the coating is stable for the PMMA chips from different batches. [0086] To test the stability of THE dynamic coating polymer (LDD30) and the reusability of Zeonor microfabricated surface for DNA analysis, the microchannel was refilled with the mixed polymer solution repeatedly. GS700 ss DNA ladder and real 4-color DNA sequencing ladder are injected into this microchannel for separation, typically three or four real sequencing samples followed by one or two GS700 ladders. [0087] An uncoated Zeonor microchannel with a dimension of 120 um top�50 um bottom�50 um high was first washed with about 10 column volume of methanol and then rinsed with about 10 column volume of deionized water for the first run. Starting from the second run, the mixed sieving polymer solution is filled into the microchannel by a polymer-to-polymer refill process. The microchip is set on a thermal station with a small window opened at the bottom of the base plate, which allows the detection laser reaching this microchannel. The operating temperature is set at 60C throughout the experiment. By operating at high temperature, the dynamic coating stability was stressed. [0088] The separation of mixed sieving medium or matrix was prepared by dissolving poly(dimethylacrylamide) pDMA, linear poly(dimethydiethylacrylamide) LDD30 and urea into 10� TTE buffer and water to produce a sieving solution of 2.3% w/v pDMA, 0.2% w/v LDD30, 7M urea and 1�TTE (50 mM Tris, 50 mM TAPS, 2 mM EDTA). Due to the urea occupied relative large volume, water is added in the last step to ensure the accurate volume measurement for this sieving solution. The sieving solution is passed through a 0.45 um filter to remove the dust after dissolving completely. 75 runs for separating GS700 and real 4 color sequencing ladder were performed in a single 18-cm Zeonor channel. The crossover point (resolution about 0.6) for these runs kept relatively constant around 400 bp�25 bp, which is very typical for the sieving matrix and temperature, 60C. Electrophoregrams of run #3, #33, and #75 for GS700 sample were shown in FIG. A1. The migration times are still similar throughout the stress testing. With the dynamic coating polymer LDD30 added into the sieving polymer, Zeonor microchannel is reuseable for complicated DNA samples. [0089]FIG. 6 shows a four-color, electrophoretic separation of single-stranded DNA sequencing fragments generated from M13mp18 template using BigDye-labeled terminators with the blended polymer solution coating under the exactly same experimental condition. The total electrophoresis time is approximately 40 minutes and base-calling accuracy is 98% up to 640 bases. Raw DNA sequencing data traces were reduced and base-called using the program, BaseFinder, provided by Lloyd Smith's lab. BaseFinder uses a set of modules, each with user-input parameters, to define a script that can be saved and used on multiple runs. The data were treated first by baseline correction and then reduced by performing a multicomponent matrix transformation to correct for spectral cross talk. [0090] The subject polymeric blends are applicable to many other surfaces besides PMMA. Zeonor, borofloat glass and fused silica surfaces were tested. DNA sequencing on uncoated fused silica surface with LPA polymer has never been achieved. FIG. 7 shows DNA separation of GeneScan 700 on an untreated Zeonor microchip with the blended polymer solution. The crossover point reaches 640 bp in this case. FIG. 8 shows the DNA sequencing result with M13mp18 as template and BigDye terminator chemistry on Zeonor microchip using the blended polymer solution. The base-calling accuracy with BaseFinder is 98% up to 640 bp. Although the Zeonor material is quite hydrophobic compared with the other materials, DNA sequencing with real biological samples can still be performed. To obtain comparable results, N,N-dimethyl acrylamide homopolymer (Polysciences, Warrington, Pa.; 18976) may be employed in place of the acrylamide homopolymer. [0091] It is evident from the above results that substantial advantages reside with the use of the combination product as a coating medium for channels in microfluidic devices to be used for DNA analysis. The polymers are readily prepared by conventional processes and can be mixed to provide a stable solution. The solution is easily applied to the channels to provide a stable coating that can be used repeatedly in nucleic acid determinations. In addition, as compared to the uncoated surface, one obtains greatly improved separations for DNA sequencing with the coated surface, where the two polymers are coated simultaneously. [0092] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications set forth herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporate by reference. [0093] The invention now having been fully described, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims. Referenced by
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Yankees 4, Diamondbacks 2: Woes continue for McCarthy
Robinson Cano, named after Jackie Robinson, launches a three-run homer off Brandon McCarthy in the fourth on the night the Yankees honored No. 42.
Yankees 4, Diamondbacks 2: Woes continue for McCarthy
NEW YORK - By the time Brandon McCarthy threw his 100th pitch - and it was still only the fourth inning - he clearly was lost once again.
NLDS: Cardinals 8, Nationals 0: DC's return to playoffs dismantled by Carpenter
WASHINGTON - Chris Carpenter was every bit the postseason ace he's been in the past for St. Louis.
NLDS: Giants 8, Reds 3: Lincecum gets save with big win
Left out of the Giants' postseason rotation, Tim Lincecum came out of the bullpen and earned the win in Game 4 with 4 1/3 innings of relief. He allowed two hits and one run.
NLDS: Giants 8, Reds 3: Lincecum gets save with big win
CINCINNATI - The new slogan for the Giants' 2012 postseason isn't particularly good for the health, or clubhouse ambience, but it's effective.
ALDS: Yankees 3, Orioles 2: Ibanez takes A-Rod's spot, homers twice
New York Yankees' Raul Ibanez, who tied the game with a homer in the ninth, hit a game-winning home run in the 12th.
ALDS: Yankees 3, Orioles 2: Ibanez takes A-Rod's spot, homers twice
NEW YORK - The highest-paid player in baseball could only sit and watch when Raul Ibanez pinch hit for him and tied the game with a bottom-of-the-ninth home run.
MLB inside pitch
• Mets pitcher R.A. Dickey was named Thursday as the winner of the 2012 Branch Rickey Award in recognition of his work distributing baseball equipment and medical supplies in Central and South America. Created by the Rotary Club of Denver, the Branch Rickey Award honors individuals in baseba…
Game of the day: Orioles 10, Yankees 6: Long-ball barrage gets O's tie for 1st
Matt Wieters, who singled and scored on the blast, congratulates Mark Reynolds on his two-run homer in the eighth inning.
Game of the day: Orioles 10, Yankees 6: Long-ball barrage gets O's tie for 1st
BALTIMORE - Adam Jones had heard tales about how Camden Yards used to be when the place was packed and the Orioles were in a pennant race.
Around the AL
• Rays 5, Yankees 2: In St. Petersburg, Fla., Evan Longoria hit a go-ahead homer, and New York dropped into a tie for first place in the AL East.
Around the AL
• Angels 5, Athletics 0: In Oakland, C.J. Wilson and Ernesto Frieri combined for a one-hitter. Albert Pujols homered for the third time in seven days, and Mark Trumbo and Howie Kendrick had RBI singles for the Angels.
Today's TV/Radio best bets
Around the AL
• Yankees 7, Tigers 6: In New York, Derek Jeter scored on a passed ball with one out in the ninth inning, and New York handed Detroit its fifth straight loss.
Diamondbacks 5, Marlins 0: Saunders makes April a month to remember
MIAMI - A year ago, April was Joe Saunders' worst month. It's a safe bet that won't be the case this season.
AL inside pitch
• Moose Skowron, a five-time World Series champion and one of only two players to hit three home runs in World Series Game 7s, died Friday of congestive heart failure at Northwest Community Hospital in Arlington Heights, Ill. He was 81. Skowron helped the New York Yankees win four titles in …
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MOST POPULAR GALLERIES OF 2008: Sure, they call it the boob tube, but it takes some pretty big brains to make it in the TV biz. We polled Hollywood insiders to ID the TV titans they say are driving today's sharpest shows and deals
AGES We were too scared to ask them
TITLES Hosts, yellers
SMART BECAUSE Elisabeth Hasselbeck, Whoopi Goldberg, Joy Behar, Sherri Shepherd, and Barbara Walters put the shrew in shrewd this election year, juicing their ratings by pumping up their political banter. During election week, The View secured the No. 1 spot in total daytime viewers for the first time in 12 seasons, and the hosts also scored some of the campaign's most memorable
moments, from Behar's interrogation of McCain to Hasselbeck's shockingly gracious postelection concession.
Image Credit: Donna Svennevik/ABC


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Triple Canopy is a magazine based in New York. Since 2007, Triple Canopy has advanced a model for publication that encompasses digital works of art and literature, public conversations, exhibitions, and books. This model hinges on the development of publishing systems that incorporate networked forms of production and circulation. Working closely with artists, writers, technologists, and designers, Triple Canopy produces projects that demand considered reading and viewing. Last summer, as part of the MoMA PS1 exhibition EXPO 1: New York, Triple Canopy organized Speculations ("The Future is ________"), an installation and fifty-day series of presentations, discussions, and performances in which artists, writers, technologists, economists, academics, activists, and economists were invited to place speculative bets on the future. Triple Canopy's resistance to the atomization of culture and efforts to enrich the public sphere through sustained inquiry and creative research, have set apart the magazine and earned it much recognition and praise. Most recently, Triple Canopy was selected to participate in the Whitney Museum of American Art's 2014 Biennial, opening March 7. Such a distinction is unusual for a magazine, but comes as no surprise given Triple Canopy's unbridled enthusiasm, intelligence, and confidence in its many endeavors at the intersection of visual art, literature, criticism, publishing, curating, and technology. For this Tuesday Evenings presentation, Triple Canopy editors Lucy Ives and Alexander Provan discuss Pointing Machines, the magazine's project for the 2014 Whitney Biennial.
HOMECOMING! Committee is an assembly of artists and creatives who seek to develop collaborative projects in conjunction with their individual artistic production, establishing initiatives and venues in which all manner of creative individuals can operate as co-collaborators. This relational aesthetics-like program has proven successful. The group's first endeavor, Launch Party in 2011, set into motion what has been a flourishing exhibition and event schedule. Recently their activities have included Post Communiqué at the Dallas Museum of Art in 2013, an exhibition of faux historical displays, data, and performance meant to "blur the lines between historical fact and fictitious narrative" and questioning institutional trust as it applies to the museum as a whole; as well as being selected to participate in the 2013 Texas Biennial with Friskt kopplat, hälften brunnet (Quickly connected, half burned), an exhibition of IKEA furniture repurposed into art crates which fulfills its purpose by being shown in Sweden before going to Torsvik in Jönköping for "final waste to energy incineration." Each HOMECOMING! Committee initiative is interactive and participatory with the generative intent of "creating an environment to springboard artists into action and build networks for future collaborations, fortifying creative resources to reposition the artist as an individual shaping cultural discourse rather than merely reacting to it." Moderated by the Modern's Curator of Education and artist Terri Thornton, members of HOMECOMING! Committee present the trajectory of their collaborative projects to date and beyond for this Tuesday Evenings presentation titled "In Brief."
HOMECOMING! Committee includes: Christopher Bond, Bradly Brown, Ryan Goolsby, Courtney Hamilton, Timothy Harding, Shelby Meier, Devon Nowlin, Kris Pierce, Gregory Ruppe, Alden Williams, Briana Williams, and Tiffany Wolf.
Michael Petry presents "Nature Morte: Contemporary artists reinvigorate the Still-Life tradition" in conjunction with the publication of his new book by the same title. Dr. Michael Petry was born in Texas, but has lived in London since 1981. With a PhD in Arts from Middlesex University, Petry has diligently investigated art from various angles as an artist, author, co-founder of the Museum of Installation in London, and Director of the Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), London. He was Guest Curator at the Kunstakademiet in Oslo, Research Fellow at the University of Wolverhampton, and Curator of London's Royal Academy Schools Gallery, and is a Fellow of the Royal British Society of Sculptors (FRBS) and a Brother of the Art Workers' Guild. For this Tuesday Evenings presentation, Petry shares his findings, observations, and thoughts on the timeless themes of life, death, and passage of time in the work of contemporary artists who are revisiting the age-old tradition of still life.
Come early for a book signing of Nature Morte: Contemporary artists reinvigorate the Still-Life tradition at 6 pm.
Stefan Kalmár, Executive Director/Curator, and Richard Birkett, Curator of Artists Space, a nonprofit art gallery and arts organization founded in New York by arts administrator Trudie Grace and critic Irving Sandler in 1972, share their insights into the history and current life of this alternative space that continues to set the bar. As Roberta Smith of the New York Times has proclaimed, "True to its word, Artists Space provides alternatives; they constantly bring to our attention things that for one reason or another are being missed. They remind us that there are other things going on than what is presented by more established institutions." Artists Space has changed the institutional and economic landscape for contemporary art by lending support to emerging artists and emerging ideas alike, often critically challenging and controversially contributing to the intellectual and artistic status quo in New York City and beyond. The site of provocative discussion and experimentation within contemporary artistic debate, regarding issues including the postmodern image, identity politics, institutional critique, and the AIDS Crisis, Artists Space facilitates between local and global critical dialogue. The current exhibition, Macho Man, Tell It To My Heart: Collected By Julie Ault, suggests Artists Space's mission through the genuine and time capsule-like collection of the artist, writer, and curator Julie Ault, which was aptly described as "a portrait, in objects, not just of one person but of many; the diary of an era that valued community as retold in a time that doesn't. It's a view of a collection not as a monument carved in stone, but as energy gathering and dispersing, as a page still being written on" by Holland Cotter in his New York Times review (December 19, 2013).
This special Tuesday Evenings presentation features artist David Bates in conversation with Tyler Green for a live-audience taping of an episode of the Modern Art Notes Podcast.
David Bates is the renowned Dallas-based artist whose work is the subject of David Bates, a two-part exhibition presented jointly by the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth and Nasher Sculpture Center, Dallas. Early in his career, Bates attended the Whitney Museum of American Art's Independent Study Program before completing a Masters of Fine Art at Southern Methodist University and returning to Texas to make his work and build his career. Almost a decade after his return to this region, Bates was included in the prestigious 1987 Whitney Biennial for his renowned ability to capture the essence of his subjects and transport his viewers, qualities still evident in the artist's materially conscious paintings, drawings, reliefs, and sculptures.
Modern Art Notes is a production of and wholly owned by Modern Art Notes Media and is enabled by advertising from over a dozen art museums, including The Museum of Modern Art, the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, and the J. Paul Getty Museum. The Modern Art Notes Podcast, which is released each Thursday at noon ET, is available on Modern Art Notes, MANPodcast.com, iTunes, SoundCloud, and wherever podcasts are downloaded.
Fred Tomaselli, featured in the Modern's special exhibition FOCUS: Fred Tomaselli, is renowned as one of the premiere artists of today. In this Tuesday Evenings presentation, he shares ideas and work that span his career and brings us to his current endeavors. As a central figure in the 1970s punk rock and hallucinogenic counter culture, Tomaselli began making visually dynamic and conceptually loaded collages, photomontages, and paintings, eventually developing a reputation for his inclusion of pharmaceuticals, cannabis leaves, and other mind-altering substances suspended in resin as elements within collaged and painted images. In the recent interview "Better Living Through Chemistry: Fred Tomaselli's Psychedelic Art" for The Artery, the artist explains that it has been years since he's included drugs in his work, but his themes of utopian notions nevertheless prevail. As curator of FOCUS: Fred Tomaselli, Alison Hearst writes of the work, "Tomaselli's scenes bend reality, illustrating age-old utopian and transcendental ambitions of art."
Newton and Helen Harrison, a collaborative team often referred to simply as "the Harrisons," are among the leading pioneers of the eco-art movement. They have worked for almost 40 years with biologists, ecologists, architects, urban planners, and other artists to collectively initiate promising dialogue to uncover ideas and solutions which support biodiversity and community development.
The Harrisons' concept of art embraces a breathtaking range of disciplines. They are historians, diplomats, ecologists, investigators, emissaries, and art activists. Their work includes proposing solutions and involves not only public discussion, but extensive mapping and documentation of these proposals in an art context. Past projects have focused on watershed restoration, urban renewal, agriculture, and forestry issues, among others. The Harrisons' visionary projects have often led to changes in governmental policy and have expanded dialogue around previously unexplored issues leading to practical implementations throughout the United States and Europe.
For Tuesday Evenings at the Modern, Helen and Newton Harrison present "The Force Majeure - from the Tibetan Plateau, to the Highlands of Europe, to the Sierra Nevada, and then the Bays of San Francisco."
This special Tuesday Evenings presentation is produced by the Modern in partnership with MAP - Make Art with Purpose for MAP 2013, a festival and exhibition of projects that restore and preserve the environment, promote social justice, and advance human knowledge and well-being.
In a conversation with two other artists from Inside Out and art historian Arden Decker, which was published in the exhibition catalogue, Okón explains, "I have a preoccupation with routines that are connected to my everyday life and in the way these very local issues connect to a global context. Whether I produce a piece in LA or in Munich or in Mexico City, I operate with the same approach." He goes on to say, "One of the reasons I make art, and I think a lot of my fellow artists do, is because I want to talk about how complex the notion of identity is."
Yoshua Okón shares his ideas and presents a selection of his video installations from the past 15 years for this special Tuesday Evenings artist talk.
Melanie Smith, born in Poole, England and living and working in Mexico City since 1989, is an artist whose work has been characterized as a re-reading of the formal and aesthetic categories of avant-garde movements. Recognized nationally and internationally for work intimately related to a certain expanded vision of the notion of modernity - with a particular understanding of what this means in Latin America, especially Mexico - Smith was chosen in 2011 to represent Mexico with Red Square Impossible Pink for the 54th Venice Biennale.
In an interview with Alison Hearst in the exhibition catalogue for México Inside Out: Themes in Art Since 1990, Smith gives a sense of Mexico City and her own development as an artist in a dynamic, if sometimes challenging, time and place, explaining, "It is all these little, hazy, fractured zones and unknowns that we live in here in Mexico that interest me. . . . I see how people live in Europe; I don't know if I'm necessarily interested in that way of living. I think these pockets [of ambiguity] in Mexico City create potentialities." For Tuesday Evenings at the Modern she presents "Melanie Smith. Skewed vision: in and out of Mexico."


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New Century Version (NCV) | New International Version (NIV) |
40 Yet, on the third day, God raised Jesus to life and caused him to be seen, | 40 but God raised him from the dead on the third day and caused him to be seen. |
Scripture taken from the New Century Version. Copyright © 1987, 1988, 1991 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. (New Century Version Online Bible) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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by David Grann
An excerpt from Joshua Davis' book Spare Parts.
Sediment cores from around the Yucatán Peninsula support a theory as to what could have led to the Mayans' demise.
You might be able to spot this bright, verdant comet with the naked eye.
Sign up for SciFri in your inbox


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Burton Abrams on KKSF's Bob Zadek Radio Show Recorded: Sunday, March 30, 2014
Research Fellow Burton A. Abrams appeared on the "Bob Zadek Radio Show" on KKSF in San Francisco. Abrams talks about the MyGovCost calculator and his book The Terrible 10 and the top ten economic blunders in the last century.
Experts: Burton A. AbramsType: RadioIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Economic History and Development (U.S.), Economic Policy, Government Waste/Pork, Political Ideology and Philosophy
Robert Higgs Discusses Crisis and Leviathan Recorded: Friday, March 28, 2014
Robert Higgs discusses his book 'Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government' at the Ludwig von Mises Institute.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: TelevisionIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Economic Policy, Free Market Economics, Government Waste/Pork, History (U.S), Political Ideology and Philosophy
Smart Growth Recorded: Friday, March 21, 2014
Senior Fellow Lawrence J. McQuillan exposes Government misappropriation of gas tax revenue to fund "smart growth" urban development programs.
Experts: Lawrence J. McQuillanType: Independent Institute TVIssues: Agriculture, Bureaucracy and Government, Economic Policy, Environment, Government Waste/Pork, Land Use, Regulation and Deregulation, Urban Issues
Stephen Halbrook on the 13 Folds Radio Show Recorded: Thursday, March 20, 2014
Research Fellow Stephen Halbrook, author of Gun Control in the Third Reich, appeared on WBOB radio's 13 Folds Radio Show. Halbrook talks about his most recent book detailing the events leading up to the Nazi confiscation of guns from German Jews. The program also touches on the vast experience of Halbrook defending rights of gun owners and protecting Second Amendment rights.
Experts: Stephen P. HalbrookType: RadioIssues: Culture/ Society, Gun Control, History (International), Political Ideology and Philosophy
Benjamin Powell on Stossel Recorded: Friday, March 7, 2014
Sr. Fellow Benjamin Powell discusses American infrastructure spending and job creation on Stossel.
Experts: Benjamin W. PowellType: TelevisionIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Economic Policy, Labor and Employment
Robert Higgs on the Logic of Crisis and Leviathan and Why It Still Holds Recorded: Monday, February 17, 2014
On February 17, 2014 Robert Higgs presented this speech as part of the ongoing Economic Liberty Lecture Series, a joint project of The Future of Freedom Foundation and the George Mason University Economics Society.
Check out Higgs' book Crisis and Leviathan.
Experts: Robert HiggsType: TelevisionIssues: Bureaucracy and Government, Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Freedom, Government Power, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Politics, Privacy
Stephen P. Halbrook on The Tami Jackson Radio Show Recorded: Tuesday, February 11, 2014
Stephen Halbrook, author of Gun Control in the Third Reich, appeared on the Tami Jackson show on The405Media.com. Halbrook talks about the origin of the Second Amendment and the arguments for and against the Bill of Rights at the time of Americas founding. Halbrook also discusses the use of gun control and gun registries by Hitlers gestapo, and the dangers of gun registration and infringement of our rights in the present day.
Experts: Stephen P. HalbrookType: RadioIssues: Culture/ Society, Government Power, Gun Control, History (International), Regulation and Deregulation
Stephen P. Halbrook on The Bill Post Radio Show Recorded: Wednesday, February 5, 2014
Author of Gun Control in the Third Reich Research Fellow Stephen Halbrook appeared on the Bill Post radio show in Salem, Oregon, with guest host Tami Jackson. Halbrook talks about his work as a Second Amendment author and attorney and how the rights of gun owners are protected by our U.S. Constitution, but those rights need constant protection from state constitutions and local laws designed to limit those rights.
Experts: Stephen P. HalbrookType: RadioIssues: Constitutional Law, Culture/ Society, Gun Control, Regulation and Deregulation


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Last weekend I took a little day trip with some of my fellow food bloggers out to visit some of our lovely Oregon wineries, and it was beautiful and relaxing – just what I needed after a busy work week. We visited three wineries that day – Erath, Anne Amie and Soter Vineyards (in that order), and got to taste wines all over the spectrum, from fine Pinot Noirs to honey-rich dessert wines to pinot grises and roses that made us wish it was summer. Luckily it was a beautiful, sunny day, and we didnt' have to use our imaginations too much.
This was one of my favorites from Anne Amie – but I'll start in order from now on:
We had such a nice tasting at Erath (and by the number of folks there, it's clear their secret is out!). We tasted most of their single vineyard offerings, and I think the Leland was the consensus favorite pinot noir. It always amazes me how the same type of grape can taste so different when the vineyards are a short drive away from each other. But that's one of the cool things you learn when you're out and about wine tasting. I ended up taking a bottle of the 2011 Dion Pinot Gris Rose. I couldn't help it
This is the view from Anne Amie – what did I tell you about the weather? This is FEBRUARY in OREGON.
I could not get over the labels at Anne Amie.
So pretty! I ended up taking a bottle of the 2011 Cuvée A Amrita.
And the star of the show was this beautiful dessert wine. It reminded me a little of mead – the flavor reminded me of a really nice, light floral honey. I don't often have the occasion to drink or serve a dessert wine, and this really made me think about how I could fit it into my life more.
From Anne Amie we drove just a little bit up the road to Soter Vineyards' gorgeous hilltop tasting room. We met some new friends along the way:
Any vineyard would be fortunate to have the lovely Mari guiding their visitors through a tasting.
I loved everything about the aesthetic of the Soter tasting room.
The gorgeous table settings are ready for you to take notes – something I wish I had done more of throughout the day!
And of course, we loved tasting the wine, too. There is one very special bottle that I've had the privilege of tasting twice now – the 2007 Napa Valley Proprietary Cabernet Blend – it is a bottle worthy of any special occasion. I wish I had thought to get a photo!
I also loved the Mineral Springs Ranch Pinot Noir, and bought the North Valley Highland Rosé to bring home and hopefully share with guests. Why so many rosés today? I have no idea. I blame the sunshine.
We are so lucky to live just an hour away from the beautiful wine country – it's the perfect weekend getaway and a nice way to really enjoy yourself, learn about your local artisans and take home a piece of the countryside to share with family and friends. I can't wait to go back. Erath, Anne Amie and Soter, thank you for your hospitality!


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Mold Allergy
In this article
Mold is an organism that is present is most places, outdoors and indoors. It is a type of fungus that works to break down dead material and return nutrients to the environment. Mold grows by digesting plant or animal matter, such as leaves, wood, paper, dirt, and food and spreads by releasing tiny, lightweight spores that travel through the air. Mold grows quickly in moist dark spaces, such as basements, garbage cans, and piles of rotting leaves.
On food, mold often is visible on the food's surface, such as the fuzzy green spots that appear on bread. However, molds also have branches and roots. As it grows, the mold's roots can penetrate deep inside the food, where it cannot be seen.
Are Allergies Cramping Your Sex Life?
Here's a wild guess: When an allergy attack hits and leaves you sneezing and itching, with teary eyes and a nose that is runny and stuffed, you probably aren't much in the mood for romance. It may sound obvious that drippy noses don't bring out the sex kitten in people. But for the first time, a study has looked at the impact allergies have on our sex lives and found that many people with chronic allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, often put the kibosh on sex when symptoms are flaring. This new...
Read the Are Allergies Cramping Your Sex Life? article > >
All of us are exposed to some mold every day with no bad effects. We may breathe in mold spores that are present in the air or eat foods in which mold has begun to grow. People with mold allergies, however, may have a reaction if exposed to too much of the fungus.
What Are the Symptoms of a Mold Allergy?
Symptoms of a mold allergy are those typical of many other allergies. They can include:
- Wheezing
- Stuffy or runny nose
- Itchy, watery eyes
- Rash or hives
Molds are commonly used safely in the production of many foods and are often well tolerated. If you have a significant proven mold allergy, avoiding all exposure to mold may not be possible. However, you can reduce your risk of reaction by choosing your foods carefully. Check all foods for signs of mold before you eat them. Do not smell foods to see if they are spoiled because inhaling mold spores can set off an allergic reaction. In addition, you can avoid foods that are more likely to contain mold or other fungi, such as mushrooms and yeast.
Common food sources of mold include:
- Cheese
- Mushrooms
- Vinegar and foods containing vinegar, such as salad dressing, catsup, and pickles
- Sour cream, sour milk, and buttermilk
- Meat or fish more than 24 hours old
- Breads and other food made with yeast
- Sauerkraut
- Pickled and smoked meats and fish
- Dried fruits such as dates, prunes, figs, and raisins
- Soy sauce
- Hot dogs, sausages
- Canned juices
WebMD Medical Reference
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