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Sep 29
Meet your ANC candidate: Reed Howard
In the elections this November, Georgetown's voters will be able to select new local representatives for the Advisory Neighborhood Commission 4E. Two ANC chairs are reserved for student representatives, and two candidates have stepped forward to represent Georgetown: Reed Howard (SFS '17) and Kendyl Clausen (SFS '16).
Howard was interviewed first. An interview with Clausen will follow later.
Voice Features Editor Caitriona Pagni interviewed Howard. Here is the full transcript.
Vox: What sparked your interest in the ANC?
Howard: The ANC is a really interesting institution because of its hyper-local nature. It's so unique to D.C. And one of the reasons that I primarily got involved is my interest in issues in the D.C. community. Specifically, the ability to interact with neighbors on things that they're concerned about. At the last ANC meeting that I went to, there was a mother who was really upset about the progress of construction at an elementary school in the area. And being able to work with parents and community members on issues that are important to their livelihood is something that I'm interested in.
The other thing, obviously, is the campus plan, on which the ANC is given considerable weight in their advice. And we're seeing now how the construction is affecting student life. To be able to be a part of that planning process with the ANC is something that is rewarding and is something that excites me.
Vox: Do you attend ANC meetings regularly?
Sep 29
Nicholas Kristof makes all of your dreams come true in the ICC
Pulitzer-Prize winning New York Times op-ed columnist Nicholas Kristof joined a half-full ICC auditorium for a conversation and book signing this Sunday. The crowd, modest though it may have been, seemed enraptured by every word that came out of Kristof's mouth.
This is Georgetown, after all. It's not surprising that the man who was described by Harvard's Kennedy School of Government as "the reporter who's done more than any other to change the world" could gather an audience of foreign-policy obsessed youngsters.
But the breadth of some students' devotion to Kristof astounded Vox. During a question-and-answer period, one young woman credited Kristof's columns as providing the framework for her future plans in life. Two others said they wrote their college essays about their relationship with his writing. Two more described personal "Kristof moments," in which they came to transformative conclusions about the world as a result of his work.
Sep 29
Concerned alumni write letter to DeGioia about H*yas for Choice incident
232 Georgetown alumni sent a strongly-worded letter today to the office of University President John DeGioia (COL '79) about the wrongful removal of H*yas for Choice from the sidewalk near the front gates by GUPD last week.
Erin Matson (COL '02), a former vice president at the National Organization for Women and a current author at RH Reality Check organized the letter.
"We the undersigned 232 Georgetown University alumni are writing to express our dismay and strong concern regarding the September 22 removal by campus police of a small and peaceful group of students representing H*yas for Choice from a public sidewalk just outside the front gates," the alumni wrote.
Sep 24
Liberian President speaks at Ebola Crisis Symposium in ICC
Hundreds of students, faculty, and global health representatives packed into the ICC auditorium yesterday for a Symposium on the Ebola Crisis. While experts in international health, public policy, African studies, and global health development institutions attempted to explain the complexities of this crisis, a live video interview with Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf brought the realities of this outbreak to Georgetown.
While experts explained the scientific, economic, and political impacts of the crisis, Sirleaf emphasized the challenge of getting through to local Liberian communities, where citizens continue to resort to spiritual and religious anecdotes over medical treatment.
"We still see some families that are not ready to turn in their loved ones, even when they see signs of the disease," Sirleaf said.
Sep 24
Malaysian Prime Minister talks ASEAN ways at Gaston, asked why he leads a one-party state
On Tuesday night, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak spoke at a Lecture Fund event at Gaston Hall as part of his visit to the U.S. this month. Now in his fifth year as head of state, he has a daughter, Nooryana Najwa Najib (SFS '11), who happens to be an undergraduate alumnus.
In his remarks, Razak spoke on Asia's future dynamics as the region grows in economic power. "It is a privilege to address you this evening and speak about a subject that will be part of your professional lives, for you are one of the first generations in many years who will live in a multipolar world," he said. He predicts that by 2025, India and China's combined GDP will be greater than the G7 group of nations.
He cited the proliferation of democracies and political reform as one of the reasons for the economic transformation. "A few decades ago, there were only a handful of free societies in Asia," he said. "Today, the Philippines, Taiwan, Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia, amongst others … 400 million people have joined … Asian democracies."
Sep 23
H*yas for Choice removed from front gates by GUPD
A Georgetown University Police Department officer removed H*yas for Choice from the sidewalk outside the University's front gates yesterday. The unrecognized group was protesting a ceremony occurring in Gaston Hall, where Cardinal Donald Wuerl, the Archbishop of Washington, was granted an honorary degree by Georgetown.
"He's made a lot of homophobic comments in the past," H*yas for Choice President Abby Grace (SFS '16) said in an interview with Vox. "Our decision to table stemmed from the dual motive of making it clear that we exist, that we're a group of people with a voice, and that we disagree with a lot of the things that Cardinal Wuerl has done."
The removal was a painful reminder to H*yas for Choice members of an incident last semester, when students tabling in front of Healy Hall were forced to move to the exact spot they were expelled from this Monday. In an interview with Vox, H*yas for Choice Vice President Vincent DeLaurentis (SFS '17) said that no sufficient explanation was given for their expulsion.
Sep 23
Marijuana is going to be (kinda) legal this fall
The evidence is clear: D.C. voters want their weed and they want it legalized. According to a poll conducted by NBC4, the Post, and Marist, likely voters in the Nov. 4 election support marijuana legalization in a 2-to-1 ratio over those who don't.
If passed, Initiative 71 will legalize possession, home cultivation, and the sale of weed paraphernalia. Up to two ounces of bud will be legal for anyone over 21.
Interestingly, as the Post points out, black voters have completely reversed their stance on the issue. Just four years ago, 37 percent of African Americans supported legalization, while 55 percent opposed it. Today, 56 percent are in favor, according to the poll.
Sep 23
D.C. leaders propose concealed handgun permits
This past Wednesday, Mayor Vincent Gray and D.C. Council Chairman Phil Mendelson announced an emergency bill that would allow District residents to apply for a license to carry concealed handguns outside the home. It will be considered at today's legislative session, and, if passed, will go into effect after a month.
The bill is modeled after laws that currently exist in New York, New Jersey, and Maryland. It will allow D.C. residents who own registered handguns and non-residents who have state-issued gun-carrying licenses to apply to District police for permits. The new law is being proposed after years of litigation targeting the city's relatively strict gun laws.
Under these new regulations, D.C. Police Chief Cathy Lanier would issue permits only to applicants who demonstrate a need to carry firearms due to a specific danger. Officials said that living in a high-crime neighborhood, for example, would not be a sufficient reason. Those who would be eligible to obtain a permit include people who have been victims of domestic violence or have received death threats.
Sep 23
Diverse panel of students and experts continues campus discussion of Ferguson
Students and diversity-oriented groups, including the Black House, the Black Student Alliance, and Georgetown University Women of Color, gathered in Copley Formal Lounge on Wednesday to participate in a discussion and panel on the events that occurred in Ferguson, Missouri following the shooting of unarmed, black teen Michael Brown by police.
The dialogue, unlike the earlier Reflections on Ferguson held in Gaston Hall on Aug. 28, gave students the chance to participate in the discussion and hear different perspectives.
This discussion brought to the forefront underlying issues that caused this summer's events in Ferguson dealing with human rights, racism in society today, and how the media affects public opinion.
Sep 22
Voice on the record with President DeGioia
Late last August, Voice Editor-in-Chief Julia Tanaka interviewed Georgetown University President John DeGioia (COL '79) about his tenure as President of the University and his thoughts on a wide range of issues.
DeGioia touched on his vision of Georgetown, the various construction projects around campus, the relationship with the neighborhood, the satellite campus, and more.
Read below the jump for a full transcript of the interview.


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Chicago School Supply Staff Spotlight
We want to get to know our customers better- so we thought it might be a good idea to introduce ourselves to you- one staff member at a time. This month, we want to brag about our Teaching Safari Lead Instructor- Joy Price Lewis.
Joy Price Lewis comes from a family of educators. Her mother has been teaching since 1971, and has no intentions of retiring soon. Her mother inspires her to want to educate generations. Joy wants to raise the quality of the current state in education. She has committed herself to life-long learning and becoming a change agent in educational environments.
She has taught Pre-School, 2nd grade, 5th grade, 7th, and 8th grade. Her commitment to the whole child reflects in the activities she partakes in the school community such as 8th Grade Activities (Celebration, Luncheon, and Graduation), The National Junior Beta Club, Annual Award Banquet, Coordinator, School Event(s) Coordinator, Black McDonalds Owners Association (BMOA) Write to Achieve, Mayor Daley Book Club, B.B.G. Inspirational Dance, Girl's Basketball Coach, 5th and 6th Girls Volleyball Coach, and 5th-6th Cross Country Track Coach.
She was nominee for the Golden Apple Award in 2006 and a finalist for the DRIVE (Delivering Results through Innovative and Visionary Education) in 2007.
Currently she is a doctoral candidate at Illinois State University in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction; her research focus is writing instruction. In pursuit of her PhD in education, Joy has completed research in the following areas: classroom management, data analysis, writing instruction, conformity in middle schools, the impact of social backgrounds and expectations on reading achievement, writing assessment, teacher evaluation and professional development, and the relationship between the school and the foster child. While studying abroad in the United Kingdom in 2007, Joy completed a reflective and comparative analysis of writing instruction and writing assessment in the United Kingdom and the United States of America.
Joy is from Chicago, and is a product of the Chicago Public School system and has committed her professional career to the students in this district. She has personified the words of Albert Einstein in her work, "It is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken JOY and creative expression and knowledge."
Doctoral Candidate – Illinois State University
M ED – National-Louis University
BS – Illinois State University
Type 03 K-9 Certificate
Endorsements: Language Arts, Social Science, and Junior High/Middle School
Educating, Elevating, and Exhilarating Others
Social Justice in Education
Filed under: Company News and Highlights, Uncategorized on August 20th, 2009

subset: commoncrawl


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found a new home!
Plenty of my friends are looking
for one too. Find a pet to adopt.
Find a pet to adopt |
My name is Craig!
Facts about Craig
- Breed: Domestic Shorthair
- Color: Black (All)
- Age: Kitten
- Sex: Male
- Hair: Short
Craig's Info...
I am up to date with shots, good with kids, and good with cats.
Foster Mom Isobel 860 716-3096*** Craig is 8 weeks old, all black beautiful playful little kitten. He runs around playing with the older cats tails - he is very cute.
Tested negative for aids/leuk, dewormed, litter trained and has received 1st distemper shot.
Monetary Donation Requested
***Foster Mom Isobel 860 716-3096***
Please visit our website at nokittenleftbehind.com
Please note our policy for adopting an un-spayed/un-neutered pet. ***All kittens MUST be spayed/neutered before they are 6 months old. ***Conformation of the spay/neuter document must be sent to us as proof this kitten was altered. ***It is against our policy for you to breed this animal.
Other Pets at Tiny Tots Rescue
Why Adoption is a Great Option
Craig, a Oxford Domestic Shorthair kitten was adopted! Here's how you can benefit by looking at adoption as an option to buying a Domestic Shorthair for sale in Oxford, or seeking a Domestic Shorthair kitten from a breeder in Oxford.
- Rescues and shelter volunteers in Oxford already know the personality and tendencies of their pets. This means they can match you with the right pet. That will makes it much easier transition to owning a pet for yourself and your new pet.
- On average adoption fees are much less than you'd pay a Oxford breeder, or pet store. Plus most often rescue pets have already been to the veterinarian for a check-up, had a round of vaccinations, and are spayed or neutered. That is a lot of savings!
- You will become a hero, and give a needy dog or cat a loving home. In fact, there are even Domestic Shorthair breeders who help with Domestic Shorthair rescue. One puppy or kitten adopted in Oxford paves the way for another one to be saved.


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2 hurt when car crashes after Phoenix robberies
PHOENIX -- Phoenix police say two people were injured when they were struck by a car that crashed Friday morning after its occupants allegedly robbed several people in the vicinity.
Police say three men in the car allegedly robbed two people in a convenience store parking lot and that another woman who was nearby said she'd also been robbed by the men.
The car's driver lost control several blocks away from that scene. The car crashed, injuring two people at a street corner.
Three people were reportedly in the car when it crashed. They ran toward a nearby apartment complex. One person has been detained by police.
Most Popular
World Class Arizona
Voice For A Better Arizona
- Eyes on Education A view of Arizona's education system from all angles.


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Once again, I am 100% pleased and satisfied with a recent purchase. I am always amazed at the prompt and satisfactory delivery of the products I...Read More ->
After submitting my 4th order I must share joy of finding a reliable, service minded and dependable supplier. Even after finding a cheaper source on...Read More ->


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Watch Movies Online
The movie market is among the most booming industries worldwide. This really is due to the fact motion pictures appear to become among the most preferred selections of people today globally in terms of entertainment. It is really hard to discover a person who doesn't like to watch movies.
Know more about new movie trailers
You can find numerous genres obtainable these days suiting viewers of unique mentalities and ages. Motion pictures might be watched at theatres and on television. A single also can obtain or rent movie disks to play them in players or computers.
Nevertheless web sites that let you watch movies online are becoming increasingly popular. This really is for the reason that it is possible to get lots of content material out there in the world Wide Net and practically any movie which has ever been developed. You also have the option of watching them whenever you'd like. You cannot get a lot content at an offline store of disks although disks let you watch movies in the time of your preference and neither is it feasible to develop such an enormous personal collection.
To watch movies online you can find some factors that you simply will need apart from a great pc with enough hard drive space and memory in addition to a high speed world-wide-web connection. However these are the items that are definitely indispensable so that you can watch movies online smoothly since films have a tendency to acquire stuck when viewed from computers low on functionality and over slow world-wide-web connection. You'll need to have a minimum of a broadband connection as dial up connections are just not enough and your films will either not load or will not play properly.
Learn more here on new movie trailers
It can be usually improved to possess higher resolution flat monitors for the most beneficial viewing experience. Today's motion pictures have a lot of high quality effects and they could be completely lost on low resolution screens even though non-flat screens will give the movies a distorted or otherwise unsatisfactory appearance. Amongst the flat screens a TFT monitor is always far better than liquid crystal display monitors as they have wider viewing angles and are greater for viewing by a group of folks.
They may be also glare no cost. What you will need subsequent are good audio and video drivers and speakers. You'll be able to choose five.1 surround speakers and these reproducing dolby sound for terrific audio expertise.


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When you buy a piece of tweed you buy a piece of Ireland.
Our classic tweed vest whisks me back to my childhood with my Grandfather sitting me on his knee. His Atlas pocket watch was his pride and joy and fitted(just) into his waistcoat pocket. Now I have his watch and a waistcoat to be proud of.
This woolen tweed vest is lined with 100% Cotton canvas fabric and contrasted with a suedette facing, features a four-button closure, open slit pocket at chest and at the waist. Belt tie closure at the back with adjustable buckled tab. Available in four colours. Please note that this Irish vest has a tailored fit, we recommend you order one size above your regular size.
Fully lined. Fabric 100% Wool. Lining: 100% cotton. Dry clean with care.
How to Buy
- 1. Firstly select your colour
- 2. Select the size
- 3. Click Add to Cart
Make it uniquely yours or create a gift even more personal with initials for only €5.00.
If you wish to have your name or a longer personal message please email us at email@example.com and we would be delighted to quote you a price.
Positioned on the left chest of all nightwear, shirts and jackets.
Please allow 2 extra days for delivery.
If you have an enquiry in relation to this item of clothing please email firstname.lastname@example.com
When you purchase online, you have a statutory right to return a Product up to 14 days after your order has been delivered. If the order has been dispatched, you can return the Product to us and we will organise a refund (excluding return delivery cost).
To purchase this item at a later date, please log in.


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Startups! You Can't Get By On Social Media Alone
If you're a young entrepreneur, chances are you know how to navigate your way around the..
Top 11 Venture Deals Of The Week
- Finisar, the developer of fiber optic subsystems, completed its acquisition of Ignis ASA, a..
Twitter Has Acquired BackType, A Social Analytics Platform
Twitter has acquired BackType, a social analytics platform. In a statement issued on BackType's..
Zapaday Wants To Be The World's Event Calendar
Zapaday is an open news agenda and a global public calendar. Zapaday lets you see the future..
Shortmail Wants To Be The Twitter of Email
Shortmail wants to be the new way to communicate. It's length-limited to 500 characters. But..
Twimbow Offers You A Colorful Social Media Dashboard
Twimbow is a web-based Twitter application that takes your stream, color codes it and lets you..
Twenty Feet Aggregates All Your Social Media Metrics In One Place
TwentyFeet is an "egotracking" service that will help you keep track of your own social media..
Circle Hack Lets You Experience Google+ On Facebook
If you have not had a chance to try Google+ yet, Circle Hack has a solution for you. One of the..
Gogobot Turns Your Social Network Into Your Travel Guide
Gogobot believes that by bringing together your social network with your travel plans, you can..
19 Of The Best iPad 2 Apps For Social News
BroadFeed delivers content shared on Twitter in a clean, easy-to-read format. It's a new kind..
Photogram Records Over 100,000 Downloads In 7 Days
Photogram provides delivery of your photos via Email, Facebook and Twitter. The app allows you..
Twitter Launches Twitter for Newsrooms, A Guide On How To Report
Twitter has launched a guide, titled "Twitter for Newsrooms,". The guide shares tips on how to..
How Startups Benefit From Fremium Business Models
Freemium is a business model that works by offering a product or service free of charge (such..
Molome Is The New Instagram For Your Android
MOLOME is a easy & fun way to share your journey of life. Grab your phone, snap photos or..
How You Can Master Your Business Presence On Facebook
- Commit to the idea: Know that connecting with customers can sometimes be hard work and take..
Chewsy Lets You Find And Rate Restaurant Meals Near You
Chewsy is the mobile app that will change the way you eat out by showing you reviews of what..


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OPEC's El-Badri Sees $200 Oil Possible With Lack of Investment - 26 January, 2015 8:46 AM
Oil Prices Turn Positive As OPEC Sec Gen Calls Bottom to Market - 26 January, 2015 8:45 AM
Obama Moves to Put Much of Refuge Off Limits to Drilling - 26 January, 2015 8:43 AM
As Oil Prices Fall, Alaska's New Governor Faces a Novel Goal, Frugality - 26 January, 2015 8:42 AM
Falling Oil Prices Bring Slowdown in Marcellus Shale Drilling - 26 January, 2015 8:41 AM
George Osborne Urges Ministers to Fast-Track Frac'ing Measures in Leaked Letter - 26 January, 2015 8:38 AM
MPs Demanding Frac'ing Ban 'Listened To Ill-Informed Green Groups, Not Science' - 26 January, 2015 8:36 AM
For Saudis, Falling Demand for Oil Is the Biggest Concern - 26 January, 2015 8:34 AM
U.A.E. Plans to Keep Investing in Energy Amid Volatile Oil Price - 26 January, 2015 8:33 AM
Giant Asteroid Set to Buzz Earth, Poses No Threat - 26 January, 2015 8:30 AM
AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition, commonly referred to as "ACE."
IPTC 2015 Doha, Qatar Call for Papers Expires in 3 days
2015 AAPG Southwest Section Meeting Call for Papers Expires in 6 days
Fractured Reservoirs: Geological, Geophysical and Engineering Tools to Crack Them - Early Nonmember Fee Expires in 6 days
3P Arctic 2015 Extended Call for Abstracts Expires in 7 days
2015 Pacific Section AAPG Annual Meeting Call for Papers Expires in 7 days
The answer could be your password doesn't fit certain criteria. Be sure it is six or more characters long, it has no special characters or spacebands.


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Semester Credit System
Grace Mission University operates on the semester system (15 weeks of class work plus a week for examinations). Credit for work completed is expressed in semester hours. One credit hour requires 12.5 class contact hours per semester.
Academic Load
For undergraduate students, a normal academic load is 12 to 16 credit hours per semester. Students taking less than 12 credit hours in a semester are considered part-time. Students employed for more than three hours of work daily will find 12 credit hours a sufficient load. It is assumed that the student will spend one hour in course preparation per week for each hour in class.
For graduate students, a normal academic load is 9 to 16 credit hours per semester. Students taking less than 9 credit hours in a semester are considered part-time. Students employed for more than three hours of work daily will find 9 credit hours a sufficient load. It is assumed that the student will spend one hour in course preparation per week for each hour in class.
GMU uses a 4.0 grade point system (GPA). Grades are normally available within three weeks following the conclusion of each semester.
Grade Point System
Grade Scores Grade Point
A 96+ 4.00 A- 90-95 3.70 B+ 87-89 3.30 B 83-86 3.00 B- 80-82 2.70 C+ 77-79 2.30 C 73-76 2.00 C- 70-72 1.70 D+ 67-69 1.30 D 63-66 1.00 D- 60-62 .70 F 59 or less 0.00 W/F Withdrawal/Fail W/P Withdrawal/Passing I Incomplete
A grade of "I" may be given temporarily when all the course requirements have not been completed and arrangements have been made to complete the work. This grade may not be given by an instructor to avoid giving an "F". A student who receives an "I" will have until the end of the next grading period to complete the outstanding course work. If the work is not completed by this time, the "I" will automatically be converted to an "F" grade.
Class Attendance
A student who misses more than thirty percent of class sessions for any reason may be dropped from a course without credit and a grade of "F" recorded. If a student has an excessive number of unexcused absences in a class, the instructor may lower their grade accordingly.
Withdrawal Procedures
To withdraw officially from the institution, a student is required to complete the following procedure: 1. Procure a Withdrawal Form from the Registrar's Office 2. Complete the form, furnishing the required signatures 3. Return the completed form to the Registrar's Office Upon complying with this procedure, the student may be entitled to a refund based upon the institutional refund policy. The official date of withdrawal is the date the Registrar receives the completed form.
Leave Of Absence
A leave of absence may be granted for medical or personal reasons. To arrange a leave, a student must consult with the Dean of Academic Affairs. Documentation from a physician may be required before such a leave is granted. A student on leave for more than one semester will be responsible to the academic catalog requirements in effect at the time of re-enrollment.
Academic Suspension
A student is subject to academic suspension from the University after one semester on academic probation, unless in the judgment of the Academic Dean significant academic improvement is made during the probationary semester. Academic suspension precludes further enrollment in the University.
The institution reserves the right to dismiss any student failing to make satisfactory academic progress towards his/her program, who violates academic honesty standards or the school's lifestyle policy, and /or fails to meet his/her financial obligations.
Time Limits for Programs
The time limit for completion of a two-year degree program is five years, for three and four year degree programs it is six years. The time limits include any leaves of absences taken by a student. Time limits may be extended under special circumstances.
Grace Mission University recognizes the need to maintain the confidentially of student records. Thus GMU observes the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974. No one except administrative personnel and faculty are given access to student records. Grace Mission University does not release educational records to non-school employees without the prior written consent of the student. With few exceptions, such as external references which students may have waived their right to see, students may review their educational records upon request. Access is granted upon submission of written request to the Registrar. Students are entitled to copies of all records to which they have access. Students have the right under established procedures, to challenge the factual accuracy of their records should they believe there are discrepancies. Such challenges should be presented to the Academic Dean in writing.


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People love their "Lord of the Rings" — and not just in book or movie form but in another incarnation: in concert.
Ticket giveaways for the "The Lord of the Rings In Concert: The Fellowship of the Ring" have lit up the social media world in the past week, as fans of the epic fantasy saga clamor to see the movie — the first in a trilogy based on the J.R.R. Tolkien novel — set to music.
"The Fellowship of the Ring" will play tonight on a 60-foot screen as more than 250 musicians and singers — including the Munich Symphony Orchestra and Phoenix Boys Choir — perform Howard Shore's Academy Award-winning score live.
The concert is part of a three-year tour during which each of the Academy Award-winning films will be performed in concert during the 10th anniversary year of their release. "The Two Towers" plays in 2012 and "The Return of the King" in 2013.
The Valley show is one of only nine on the "The Fellowship of the Ring" concert tour.
• Contact writer: (480) 898-6818 or firstname.lastname@example.com
DETAILS >> 7:30 p.m. Wednesday. Jobing.com Arena, 9400 W. Maryland Ave., Glendale. $29-$89. (623) 772-3200 or www.jobingarena.com


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Autism is a serious developmental, life-long disorder which has no known cause or cure. It affects a child's ability to learn and communicate. It can also lead to severe behavioural problems.
It's thought boys are perhaps three times more likely to be autistic than girls. Nobody is certain why that should be. Our paediatrician has counted the number of children severe enough to be brought to her attention. It is one male child in every 69, and one child in every 139 if you add in the girls.
For unknown reasons, more and more children are being diagnosed on the autistic 'landscape'. Possibly better diagnostic procedures add to these numbers, but they cannot account for all of the children. This same increase in numbers has been seen around the world.
The best guess seems to be that there is often a genetic predisposition, and then there are environmental factors that 'trigger' autism in those who are susceptible. We do not yet know what these are, although the blame has been placed with mercury, lead, vaccinations, pollution and various other substances.
Living with autism is not easy. I have two children and a husband with autism of different kinds. There have been times when I wished I had a 'normal' life. However, there are ways of managing the condition and making life easier for the whole family. I hope you find this article useful.
My story
I run a telephone helpline and have spoken to hundreds of parents about autism – some wonder if their child has it and some have a child who has recently been diagnosed with the disorder. I myself am married to a man with Asperger's Syndrome and I have two children who are also on the autistic 'landscape'.
When my son was nine months old, he was just beginning to walk and had several understandable words - Mummy, Daddy, his sister's name, 'Lady' (the name of our cat), as well as 'cat' and 'meow'. But some time after his first birthday we became concerned that all was not well. Gradually he lost all the words he had, and became anxious, often tearful. We worried that he was losing his hearing and that he was regressing to babyhood.
I took him to the 18-month check-up to ask if he was deaf. The nurse gave him a standard 'hearing test' (she stood behind him ringing bells and shaking a rattle) which he passed. He was my second child, and I was told that "you cannot compare children" and that "boys are often slower to talk than girls" and even that "Einstein didn't talk until he was four". It may all have been true, but it was not any comfort.
Later we found that he did, in fact, have quite severe 'glue ear'. The fact that he'd turned round to see where the nurse was, at more or less the right time, had probably been coincidental rather than because he'd heard her. He went on to pass three more hearing tests before he was finally allowed to go to a specialist clinic – where they bounced sound waves off his ear drums and proved that he had virtually no hearing!
This complicated everything. The fact that he 'could hear' had allowed doctors to say that there was just a 'delay' in his speech and no reason to worry. The fact that he then 'could not hear' allowed them to say that this speech 'delay' had to be expected, and there was still no reason to worry. Needless to say, we worried. Many children with autism do seem to have endless bouts of hearing infections/antibiotics. Nobody is quite sure if or how these two things are connected.
Over the months his behavioural problems increased. He was now biting me, his sister and anyone who stood in his way - often drawing blood when he did so. He had also discovered that kicking my shins caused me an awful lot of pain. So if I tried to carry him off, a heavy kick would all but disable me. The only reason he was still able to attend a mother and toddler group was because I ran the group!
I know other children with autism who self-harm, most commonly by biting themselves. In both cases - harming others and harming themselves - the reason probably is that the child has no control over their environment. When the child lashes out at others, they try to exert control. When they self-harm it seems to bring a relief similar to an opiate pain killer. The only way to cope with either one is by constant monitoring, distraction (if the child appears to become upset) and, if necessary, removal from the situation that is giving rise to the problem.
His inability to make himself understood frustrated him terribly (hence much of the biting and kicking). We did come up with some strategies that helped – e.g. he could sing the theme tune of the video he wanted even if he couldn't ask for it by name; he did not point (often a problem for children with autism) so would instead lead me to his drinking beaker or the fridge and place my hand on what he wanted.
Some children with autism, including mine, do not need to sleep very much. Neither child has ever needed a day-time nap - and even now (aged 11 and 9), they need just four or five hours of sleep in any 24-hour period.
When my son was little I had to be constantly vigilant whenever he was awake. He was able to climb out of his cot and over any stair gates, and would go around the house to see what would happen if you turned the taps full on and put the plug in, what fun it was to remove and hide every item from the fridge and freezer, what scissors could do. I learnt to wake at the slightest sound.
We tried Melatonin which made him sleep earlier, but not longer. Other families we know have had more success. The only thing that helped me through these awful times was that I did not blame my child - it was the situations he found himself in, rather than him being deliberately 'naughty'. That alone kept me sane.
I will not pretend that there haven't been hours, days or (sometimes) weeks at a time when I've wished I had a 'normal' life. But I am surviving and thriving.
There are days when everything is unexpectedly and utterly delightful, days when my family's unusual outlook on life shows me just what is important - and what is not. Their autism sometimes brings out the worst in people, but can also bring out the very best. I have made friends with people I would never otherwise have met, and seen miracles.
You may be newer to this than I am, but - trust me - you are the best thing that ever happened to your child, and vice versa.
More information
If you are wondering if your own child has autism, make an appointment with your doctor and explain your concerns. Write down everything that has been troubling you and take the list with you so you don't miss anything out. Take along your partner or a good friend, too, for support.
Many areas of the UK now have specific medical tests that can be used from about the age of 18 months - and these will either set your mind at rest or get you further tests.
Getting help and advice
Find out if there is a local support group. If there isn't one, then consider starting one of your own. There are other people out there, coping with autism. And you will be able to learn from each other people's experiences.
The local Citizens Advice Bureau or 'Help Shop' should know about groups near you. So should your health Visitor and Social Services. The National Autistic Society may be active in your area. The NAS run a wonderful 'Early Bird' scheme to help parents cope with autism - ask if this is available in your area. If there is nothing locally, then there are autism chat groups for support available on the internet.
And you are important. Believe that! But often you will have put yourself at the bottom of your own list, coming way below the need to find services and support for your child. Autism can split families. Make some time for yourself (even a warm scented bath can be a respite) and for your partner and other children (if you have them).
Help can be found from Home Start if you have one or more children under 5, and from carers charities, although what is on offer differs from area to area. There are also befriending groups such as Face to Face, and counselling services. Ask Social Services, too, what help they can provide - many wonderful schemes will only be available to you if you are 'sponsored' through Social Services.
Early interventions
There is no 'cure' for autism, but there are several ways of 'managing' it. The best way is to start working on it as early as possible. Some health/local education authorities are more geared up to this than others.
Ask about special nurseries in your area, and units attached to schools. Include private nurseries in your search - the authorities may be persuaded to pay if they have no other suitable state provision. And apply for Disability Living Allowance/Carers Allowance so that you have money to pay for essential therapies if all else fails.
There are several types of programme for autism - those that try to re-pattern behaviour (e.g. ABA), those where you get 'alongside' your child in his world and try to entice him into yours (e.g. SONRISE), those where you tackle elements of everyday life (e.g.TEACCH), some where you address sensitivity of vision or hearing, others where you try to 'rebalance' the child (e.g. cranial osteopathy), some where you try to 'mature' the child's responses/reflexes (e.g. brushing and aromatherapy massage) and some where you address your child's diet (usually by cutting out all gluten and all milk products).
The medical and/or teaching professions regard some schemes as unproven and unworkable, and many of them cost thousands of pounds. You are unlikely to get funding for these, although a few education authorities will fund behavioural therapies if they cannot offer a better placement for your child, and some independent schools and nurseries (mainly working on ABA principles) are now being set up.
Other therapies and interventions, such as speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, portage, musical therapy, are available from your health or education authorities. Other help may be available through charities such as Riding for the Disabled. But be warned - waiting lists can be very long. Apply now!
You alone will be able to decide which of these, if any, is suitable. Get as many opinions as you can, then make up your own mind. You alone are the expert on your child, and you alone will know whether the fight for the more expensive therapies is worth it in terms of your peace of mind/level of exhaustion/welfare of your family as a whole.
Communicating with your child
Some children like to use Makaton or another sign language, or to communicate with PECS (Picture Exchange Communication System) or another picture system. Research shows that using two or even three systems together will help speech rather than hinder it. Do not be afraid to try it out.
And don't be afraid to try out your own simple picture system. Take photos of your child and the other people and animals in his family, his room, beaker, plate, cutlery, favourite foods, local shops, car or bus, toys, etc - and whenever the item in question comes up, show him the picture, carefully say the word and see if he will copy the word. (You can add the names in sign language or letters underneath.)
Get him to choose the picture showing what he wants and use it to ask you for the item by handing it to you. When he hands you the picture, you hand him what he has 'asked for'.
Start with only one or two things at first (food or toys, perhaps) and gradually increase the number as he gets used to the idea. Build up to planning his day in pictures, putting them in order in a photo album or on the wall (with a strip of Velcro) so that he knows what will happen, and in which order. Give him some feeling of control over his life.
Food issues
Food can be a problem. Your child may be extremely sensitive to smell, taste or texture - or all three! And some children are even sensitive to shape. I know one child that will only eat cylindrical food.
Do not try to mix foods on his plate - he may even prefer separate plates for each sort of food, e.g. sausages on one plate, beans on another and chips on a third. He may also have a very limited number of foods that he will tolerate. Try offering other foods from time to time, first by putting them on a side plate and then by offering him some to smell on a spoon or fork.
Praise him if he will tolerate this and especially if he will allow the food to touch his lips. Do not expect him to swallow it until you have tried this on several occasions. And do not attempt new foods if there is something else important happening (starting nursery, new baby, potty training, etc).
Adapting your home
Children with autism often show no fear or sense of danger. To get hold of a toy they will snatch it from a snarling dog, clamber up to a top shelf, jump from a great height, run across a busy road. Make sure that every power point is covered, every fire is protected by a guard, every room where there might be danger is kept locked.
We put a hook and eye at the top of every door so that at least one room at a time could be kept tidy and the contents kept safe. Then we made sure there was nothing to climb on to reach the hooks. Other families carry around bunches of keys at all times. Every door and window has at least one lock. All edges on tables are curved.
We only knew our son could open the front door (two separate locks) when he went missing and we discovered he'd opened the door and then crossed a busy main road. We only knew he could escape from his car safety harness when he stood up on the back seat then tried to climb into the front to join me.
Assume your child might be tempted to try things that other children would not try. Mouthwash - which can be mainly alcohol - is too tempting in its bright colours to be kept inside a house (anywhere!) and childproof caps are, sadly, no deterrent to a determined child. Keep all medicines hidden away and out of reach in a locked cupboard.


text:
And now a word from Dutch...
Listen up you people.
These socialist bastards have been trying to shove this bull@#$% down our throats for decades. These words from a great American illuminate our path then and today. [YOUTUBE]<object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/iShCXx_xZDQ&hl=en&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/iShCXx_xZDQ&hl=en&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>[/YOUTUBE] |
Re: And now a word from Dutch...
I hope people really listen to that. Great post.
Now only if the ass wipes in DC will listen to the people. If you speak against it, you don't exist, your a fake, your a plant or a nazi. They're gonna shove this sh*t down our throats whether we like it our not. |
Re: And now a word from Dutch...
We've been dealing with these socialist bastards for over a century. We'll beat them down again. Hopefully for good. |
Re: And now a word from Dutch...
Awesome ! I smiled when I saw "Dutch" in the title of your post. I vote we make Reagan an honorary Founding Father.
Anyway...Like Glenn Beck said .."you know in your gut, America, that something just isn't right". True ! Yes, we don't want this universal healthcare sham because we know what it'll do to the quality of medical care we have in this country. But that feeling in your gut is telling you that this is much bigger than just healthcare. Go with that gut feeling America. SAY NO TO SOCIALISM ! |
Re: And now a word from Dutch...
thanks for posting!:drink:
Re: And now a word from Dutch...
So Im a socialist for seeing free markets for what they are? Outsourcing! You know, to China?
Im a socialist for trying to get healthcare reform to help all Americans not just the few that can afford GOOD coverage. Yall have fun in your every man for himself world, your still rattled from the USSR I see. All I asked for was healthcare to have a public option along with a private, not to nationalize EVERYTHING! |
Re: And now a word from Dutch...
Re: And now a word from Dutch...
Re: And now a word from Dutch...
And yet I dont support a single payer only system. Im supporting a hybrid system with a government run and private sector plans. You act like Im saying hijack the industry completely, all Im saying is fix whats broke, provide more options when it comes to healthcare, and to cover the 50million uninsured AMERICANS. If Im a "socialist" for that. Then your not a "conservative" your a "closet anarchist with a flag fetish". What do I say we do, besides pay for the utilities for cities to run and for the postal service to function, along with education(which needs reform), healthcare, and the military. Other than that we just need to set the basic rules in place so the markets don't have the big ass bubbles, this boom and bust cycle that historically plagued this country at the beginning, but deregulation by your anarchist caused it to leap out of the grave once one and here we are. Last time I checked Clinton got a surplus because he understood if your gonna spend money you have to make it. And the only way to make it is taxes. So unless you go all Ron Paul on us and be anti-government about EVERYTHING. There is no way for you to get out your damn taxes, despite the fact you keep electing people to "cut taxes". I swear I think you people are anarchist with a flag fetish, you claim you love this country and its values yet you apparently don't give a damn about anything but your money. You just like the flag and claim your so proud of your country despite the fact you bitch and moan about EVERYTHING it does besides cut taxes. The only thing that Im really LIBERAL about is social issues. Economically, not so much. Only a few things I say they should get involved in, like investing OUR tax dollar on US, on OUR healthcare and education and to maintain the standard of living. By the worlds standard people like, myself are conservative! Im not screaming socialism, nor am I advising it. Controlling 8 to 15% of GDP isn't socialism, 50% or more like in European countries is socialism. Its like you people would love to see nothing more than the Constitution ripped up and for us to put the Articles of Confederation back in place. So the government doesn't have the damn power to do anything, not even tax. You're going all states rights on us despite the fact life would be so much different and our military would extremely suck ass if we did that. Conservatives my ass... Is there no in between with you people? Does it always have to be ZERO government involvement or TOTAL government involvement on every damn thing we do? Where's Henry Clay when you need him? :coffee: |
Re: And now a word from Dutch...
Anyway, most real conservatives and fiscal conservatives understand that taxes are an inevitability and a necessity. What we want is FAIR taxation and for the tax money to be spent wisely. When you consider all of the money that the federal government takes in every year, is it too much to ask that they be a little more responsible with how they spend it? Why can't the government operate within a budget the way an average American does? Or even the way a business does? If I or a business were to run up the kind of debt (proportionally, of course) that the feds do, I'd be living in a box underneath a bridge, and the business would fail. But yet, we have people in government who have no problem doing just that. And when that happens, guess what? Our taxes go up, when they shouldn't have to. We aren't "anarchists with a flag fetish," we just believe that we are already taxed more than enough, and want more fiscal restraint in government. That's all. |
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Combining clinical excellence and compassion What can you tell us about your background? I was born and raised in Baltimore, Maryland. I attended college, dental school, and my postgraduate endodontic residency at the University...
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Exceeding expectations
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I grew up in southern Orange County and earned a bachelor's degree in biology at San Diego State University in 1983. There I met my future wife, Kim, at the...
Focus on family, patients, friends, growth, and community What can you tell us about your background? For as long as I can remember, I wanted to make people smile. I always loved getting the class laughing in grade school. Looking back, I am sure...
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Dr. Robert Slosberg facilitates accurate mapping and obturation of the resportive defect with CBCT imaging
A patient presented with advanced internal root resorption of tooth No. 9. The prominent location of this tooth...
Drs. Brian Shaughnessy, Margaret Jones, Ricardo Caicedo, Joseph Morelli, Stephen Clark, and Ms. Jennifer Osborne review the occurrence of teeth presenting with condensing osteitis and their associated pulpal diagnosis over a 2-year period.
Dr. Andrei Zoryan dispels some of the common myths surrounding carrier-based obturation Carrier-based gutta percha Carrier-based obturation (such as Thermafil®, GT® obturator, ProTaper® obturator [Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties]) is one...
Read More...In part 2 of his series, Dr. Ace Goerig suggests ways to reduce stress in the practice Almost all endodontists could be completely out of debt and on the way to financial freedom within 5 to 7 years if they only knew the secret. But the secret is...
Read More...Dr. Robert Fleisher ruminates on how to prepare for retirement There are so many articles about everything that you become pretty much overwhelmed and can never expect to read them all. So you pick and choose. You like to learn about the latest and...
Read More...Dr. Roger Levin presents the 10 top ways to help create a perfect dental team With the changes brought on by the economy, top companies are bringing in the best resources they can find to evaluate where their organizations stand. They want to know...
Read More...In vitro comparison of the push-out bond strength of three endodontic sealers with and without amoxicillin
Drs. Brian S. Kleinman and David W. Berzins report the results of their recent study
The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the push-out bond strengths of three endodontic sealers with and without amoxicillin. Methods: Thirty single-rooted extracted human teeth were used for this study. Each tooth was instrumented and irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. The teeth were then divided into six test groups. Group 1-gutta percha (GP)/AH Plus®(Dentsply Maillefer); group 1A-GP/AH Plus® with 10% by weight amoxicillin; group 2-GP/Pulp Canal SealerTM EWT (Extended Working Time; SybronEndo); group 2A-GP/Pulp Canal SealerTM EWT with amoxicillin; group 3-Resilon®/RealSealTM SE (self-etch) (SybronEndo); and group 3A-Resilon®/RealSealTM SE with amoxicillin. After the sealer was set, the entire root was sectioned into 1-mm thick slices. A push-out bond strength test was performed using a universal testing machine. The Mann Whiney and Student's t-test were used to compare the sealer bond strength within the specific sealer test groups overall and within each sealer at apical, middle, and coronal root levels. Results: There was no significant difference between test groups within each sealer, Group 1 vs. Group 1A (p=.85), Group 2 vs. Group 2A (p=.59) or Group 3 vs. Group 3A (p=.52). There was no significant difference (p > .05) in push-out bond strength within each sealer with or without amoxicillin at the same root level. Conclusion: The addition of 10% by weight of amoxicillin does not significantly (p > .05) change the overall push-out bond strength of GP/AH Plus®, GP/Pulp Canal Sealer EWTTM, and Resilon®/RealSealTM SE or when compared at the apical, middle, and coronal tooth level.
The primary objective of nonsurgical endodontic therapy is the thorough chemomechanical cleaning and shaping of the canal system followed by complete three-dimensional obturation.1 Non-healing endodontic lesions are caused by the persistence of bacteria and bacterial byproducts in the root canal system.2,3 Bacteria may be present from the incomplete cleaning and shaping of the system or due to leakage from the oral cavity. Three-dimensional obturation of the radicular space is essential to long-term success.4 This prevents both the leakage of bacteria and their byproducts into the periapical tissues and entombs any bacteria and byproducts not removed during cleaning and shaping of the canal system. Traditionally, obturation has been accomplished with the use of an endodontic sealer and gutta percha. More recently, resin-based sealers and resin-based obturation materials have been introduced as an alternative for endodontic obturation.5,6 Regardless of the obturation system used, failures do occur due to bacteria remaining in the root canal system.7 One recently introduced strategy to address the bacterial etiology of endodontic failure is the use of endodontic sealers with an added antibiotic.8,9
An ideal endodontic sealer would exhibit antimicrobial properties.10 Baer et al9 showed that the addition of amoxicillin to endodontic sealers is effective in eradicating E. faecalis for at least 7 days after mixing. The addition of amoxicillin to endodontic sealers could change their ability to seal the canal system. One model used to determine the sealing ability of an endodontic sealer is to test the micro push-out bond strength.11-14
The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the push-out bond strengths of three endodontic sealers with and without embedded amoxicillin. The null hypothesis tested was that there is no significant difference in the push-out bond strength within specific sealers with and without amoxicillin overall, or when compared at the same tooth level (apical, middle, coronal). The alternative hypothesis is that the addition of amoxicillin will decrease the push-out bond strength of the tested sealers.
Materials and methods
Thirty single-rooted extracted human teeth were used in this study. All teeth were initially disinfected by immersion in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite for 6 hours followed by storage in sterile saline. Each tooth was decoronated, and working length (WL) was established by passing a 15 K-file (Dentsply Maillefer) to the apex as observed under 4.8× magnification and subtracting 1 mm. The canals were instrumented using RaCe™ 35 (.08) and 40 (.10) (Brasseler USA) in the coronal and middle thirds and EndoSequence® nickel-titanium rotary instruments (Brasseler USA) in the apical third. The canals were instrumented to a final apical size of 40 (.06) using no less than 6 mL of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite to irrigate. A final rinse of 6 mL of 17% EDTA over a 1-minute time period was accomplished. The canal was then dried with paper points, and the teeth were randomly assigned to one of the six obturation groups:
Each obturation group consisted of five roots obturated using the specified gutta-percha or Resilon® and sealer combination, using a warm vertical-compaction technique. Each plain sealer was mixed and used according to the manufacturer's instructions. The sealers with amoxicillin were mixed initially according to manufacturer's instructions followed by the addition of 10% by weight of crushed amoxicillin (TEVA Pharmaceuticals) as described by Baer.9 The coronal aspect of each root was sealed with 1 mm of Fuji IXTM glass ionomer (GC Corporation).
The obturated roots were stored at 37°C in 100% humidity for 14 days to allow for the sealer to set. The roots were then sectioned perpendicular to the long axis into 1-mm thick slices by using an IsoMet® saw (Buehler Ltd.) with water lubrication. Slices from all six groups were collected from the apical, middle, and coronal thirds. Slices containing filling material of a noncircular shape were discarded to avoid non-uniform stress distribution during testing and inaccurate measurements. The thickness of each disk, at the filling material dentin interface, was determined using a digital caliper to the nearest 0.01 mm. The diameter of the filling material within each disk was determined using a digital caliper under 4.8× magnification. One of five plungers that most closely matched the diameter of the filling material without contacting dentin was connected to a universal testing machine (Instron Corporation). A vertical load was applied to the obturation material in an apical to coronal direction at the rate of 0.5 mm/min (Figure 1). Failure of bond was determined when a sharp decline was observed on a load versus time curve plotted in real time. The bond strength, expressed in MPa, was calculated by dividing the maximum load in Newtons by the area of the bonded interface. The area of the bonded interface was calculated using the formula, area = 2π r * h, where π is the constant 3.14, and r and h are the measured radius and height in millimeters of the filling material.
The Mann Whiney test was used to determine if there was an overall difference in bond strength between matched obturation groups (Group 1 and 1A, Group 2 and 2A, and Group 3 and 3A) with and without amoxicillin, regardless of tooth level. Analysis was also completed to compare matched obturation groups with and without amoxicillin at the apical, middle, and coronal levels of the root using either the independent samples, t-test, or the Mann-Whitney test (for non-normally distributed samples).
Five teeth were prepared for each test group. Nine slices were obtained from each tooth. The mean push-out bond strengths of each group were: Group 1, 4.66±3.22 MPa; Group 1A, 4.34±2.50 MPa; Group 2, 2.13±2.01 MPa; Group 2A, 2.00±2.03 MPa; Group 3, 2.49±2.25 MPa; and, Group 3A, 2.18±2.08 MPa. There was no significant difference between test groups within each sealer: Group 1 vs. Group 1A (p=.85), Group 2 vs. Group 2A (p=.59), or Group 3 vs. Group 3A (p=.52). There was no significant difference (p > .05) in push-out bond strength within each sealer with or without amoxicillin at the same root level (Figure 2).
Antibiotics are commonly used systemically in endodontics.15 The local application of antibiotics to the root canal system and periapical tissues may be a more effective method of delivery.16 Two recent studies8,9 have expounded on the concept of endodontic sealers for local antibiotic delivery. Baer et al9 showed that endodontic sealers with added amoxicillin not only demonstrated inhibition of bacterial cell growth initially, but also demonstrated inhibition after 7 days of sealer set. However, the addition of amoxicillin may change the properties of the endodontic sealers. A pilot study was conducted to compare film thickness, dimensional change, and solubility of AHP, EWT, and RS with and without amoxicillin according to ISO standards. The results of this pilot study suggested further testing of sealers with added amoxicillin should be conducted to more closely mimic the clinical environment.
The push-out bond strength test is one way to evaluate the effectiveness of an endodontic obturation material or technique. Other methods of testing include bacterial leakage, fluid filtration, and dye penetration testing.17 While each method of in vitro testing seeks to replicate the clinical environment, the correlation between leakage studies and clinical success has been questioned.17-21 The push-out model has been used extensively to evaluate the dentin obturation interface, but its relevance has also been called into question.22 There is no evidence that any of these testing methods is the best for measuring the clinical effectiveness of an endodontic obturation material or technique.
The results of this study are in agreement with the results of many other studies comparing the bond strength of gutta percha and Resilon® to dentin using different sealers.11-14 Generally, these studies have shown gutta percha and AHP to have higher bond strengths than Resilon® and gutta percha EWT obturation systems. The current study made no attempt to compare push-out bond strengths between different sealers with amoxicillin. The well-established differences in the bond strengths between plain sealers11-14 suggest any differences in push-out bond strength found between different sealers with added amoxicillin would be due to the inherent differences in the plain sealers' push-out bond strength.
The present study demonstrated that the highest mean bond strengths were found at the apical segment of each test group. This could be due to pooling of sealer at the apical segment as evident by the extrusion of sealer through the apex during obturation. Each tooth was prepared so tug-back was felt when placing the master cone. This demonstrates a tight fit that could influence push-out bond strength.
The apical segments exhibited the highest standard deviation. This may be due to the small diameter of the obturation material found near the apex. Attempts were made to match the diameter of the plunger used in the push-out testing to the diameter of the filling material to eliminate the plunger touching the wall of the canal. All the slices were examined under 4.8× magnification after push-out. If evidence was found that the canal wall was touched, the sample was discarded. It is possible that errors in sample elimination occurred. The middle and coronal slices were more easily aligned with the push-out plungers, minimizing the need to discard slices. The overall standard deviations in this study ranged from 57% to 101% of the mean push-out bond strength. This is comparable to other push-out studies11-14 that demonstrate standard deviations that range from 31%-127% of the mean push-out bond strength.
This study represents a step in the process of evaluating the effectiveness of endodontic sealers as a vehicle for the local delivery of antibiotics. While this study demonstrates the push-out bond strength is not significantly (p > 0.05) decreased by adding amoxicillin, further clinical testing should be completed to explore the clinical effectiveness of sealers with added amoxicillin.
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the addition of 10% by weight of amoxicillin does not significantly (p > .05) change the overall push-out bond strength of GP/AHP, GP/EWT, and Resilon®/RS, or when compared at the apical, middle, and coronal tooth level. Therefore the null hypothesis is accepted, and the alternative hypothesis is rejected.
The authors would like to thank Jessica Pruszynski, PhD, from the Medical College of Wisconsin, for statistical analyses.
Dr. Kleinman is in private practice at Northern Arizona Endodontics in Prescott, Arizona. He completed course work for his Bachelors of Science degree at Yavapai College and Arizona State University, and his dental training at the University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine in 2009. He received his Certificate in Endodontics and Masters of Science from the Marquette University School of Dental Medicine in May 2011. Dr. Kleinman has presented dental materials research at AADR and AAE meetings in 2009 and 2011. He is a member of the American Dental Association and the American Association of Endodontists.
David Berzins, PhD, BS, is an Associate Professor and the Graduate Program Director for Dental Biomaterials at the Marquette University School of Dentistry. He graduated with a BS in Materials Science & Engineering from Case Western Reserve University and a PhD in Biomedical Engineering from Tulane University. He is a member of the Academy of Dental Materials, as well as the American and International Associations for Dental Research (AADR/IADR).
1. Schilder H (1967) Filling root canals in three dimensions. Dent Clin North Am 1:723-744.
2. Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ (1965) The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ-free and conventional laboratory rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 20:340-349.
3. Lin LM, Skribner JE, Gaengler P (1992) Factors associated with endodontic treatment failures. J Endod 18:625-627.
4. Cohen S, Heargraves KM (2006) Pathways of the Pulp, 9th edition. Mosby: St Louis, MO.
5. Teixeira FB, Trope M (2004) Gutta-percha: the end of an era? Alpha Omegan 97:16-22.
6. Teixeira FB, Teixeira ECN, Thompson J, et al (2004) Dentinal bonding reaches the root canal system. J Esthet Restor Dent 16:348-354.
7. Siqueira JF Jr (2001) Aetiology of root canal treatment failure and why well-treated teeth can fail. Int Endod J 34:1-10.
8. Hoelscher AA, Bahcall JK, Maki J (2006) In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial effects of a root canal sealer-antibiotic combination against enterococcus faecalis. J Endod 32:145-147.
9. Baer J, Maki JS (2010) In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of three endodontic sealers mixed with amoxicillin. J Endod 36:1170-1173.
10. Grossman L (1988) Endodontic practice, 11th edition. Lea & Febiger: Philadelphia, PA.
11. Skidmore LJ, Berzins DW, Bahcall JK (2006) An in vitro comparison of the intraradicular dentin bond strength of resilon and gutta-percha. J Endod 32:963-966.
12. Sly MM, Moore BK, Platt JA, et al (2007) Push-out bond strength of a new endodontic obturation system (Resilon/Epiphany). J Endod 33:160–162.
13. Fisher MA, Berzins DW, Bahcall JK (2007) An in vitro comparison of bond strength of various obturation materials to root canal dentin using a push-out test design. J Endod 33:856-858.
14. Stiegemeier D, Baumgartner JC, Ferracane J (2010) Comparison of push-out bond strengths of resilon with three different sealers. J Endod 36:318-321.
15. Yingling NM, Byrne BE, Hartwell GR (2002) Antibiotic use by members of the American Association of Endodontists in the year 2000: report of a national survey. J Endod 28:396-404.
16. Mohammadi A, Abbott PV (2009) On the local applications of antibiotics and antibiotic based agents in endodontics and dental traumatology. Int Endod J 42:555-567.
17. Wu MK, Wesselink PR (1993) Endodontic leakage studies reconsidered. Part 1. Methodology, application and relevance. Int Endod J 26:37-43.
18. Schuurs AH, Wu MK, Wesselink PR, et al (1993) Endodontic leakage studies reconsidered. Part II. Statistical aspects. Int Endod J 24:44-52.
19. Wu MK, DeGee AJ, Wesselnk PR, et al (1993) Fluid transport and bacterial penetration along root canal fillings. Int Endod J 26:203-208.
20. Oliver CM, Abbott PV (2001) Correlation between clinical success and apical dye penetration. Int Endod J 34:637-644.
21. Susini G, Pommel L, About I, et al (2006) Lack of correlation between ex vivo apical dye penetration and presence of apical radiolucencies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 102:el9-e23.
22. Sudsangiam S, Van Noort R (1999) Do dentin bond strength tests serve a useful purpose? J Adhes Dent 1:57-67.
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RACINE, WI – Science has shown that irrigants are more effective when they are electro-mechanically activated. Acoustic streaming and cavitation of endodontic solutions has been shown to significantly enhance cleansing of difficult anatomy. Studies have shown that low frequency (Sonic) oscillation (160-190Hz) was not sufficient in creating acoustic streaming or cavitation within the canal space.
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Chadee, D.*, Kumar, R.* and Pakerti, A.* (2001) Restoring international competitiveness of Asian firms : a conceptual framework and research propositions, in Unknown (ed.), AIB 2001 : Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Academy of International Business (Southeast Asia chapter), Jakarta, Indonesia 2001, Academy of International Business, Jakarta, Indonesia [E2.1]
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Mara Santangelo (born 28 June 1981 in Latina, Lazio) is a former professional female tennis player from Italy. She retired from the sport on 28 January 2011.
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Cleaveland: Vols, Huskies agree it's time play again
West players, from left, Candace Parker, of the Los Angeles Sparks, Diana Taurasi, of the Phoenix Mercury and Kristi Toliver, of the Sparks, look toward fans before the WNBA All-Star basketball game in Uncasville, Conn., Saturday, July 27, 2013. (AP Photo/Jessica Hill) |
UNCASVILLE -- For one afternoon, women's basketball had the perfect stage to show people just how good the sport can be as ABC broadcast the WNBA All-Star game from a sold-out Mohegan Sun Arena.
The 9,323 fans in attendance and a national TV audience witnessed the L.A. Sparks' Candace Parker as she drained jumpers, beat defenders off the dribble and knifed through the lane for acrobatic layups. The 6-foot-4 Parker finished with 23 points on 10-for-13 shooting, 11 rebounds and the MVP trophy.
There were other noteworthy performances for the West during its 102-98 victory Saturday. Kristi Toliver scored 21 on 8-for-13 shooting, and Maya Moore was 6-for-12 for 14 points, five rebounds and three assists. The East was led by Ivory Latta and Epiphanny Prince with 15 points apiece.
The fact that neither team shot better than 50 percent in a game in which little defense was played, however, detracted from the entertainment value. Also, the WNBA's best rivalry exists between Minnesota and L.A., which amicably shared most of the West's roster.
If you are not going to dazzle with brilliant athleticism and skill, you need some animosity to stir things up.
The best the WNBA could offer in that regard came after the game when Parker and Diana Taurasi weighed in on reports their alma maters, Tennessee and UConn, have reportedly discussed renewing the most intense rivalry in women's basketball.
The Huskies and Lady Vols played 22 times between 1995 and 2007, with UConn holding a 13-9 edge. When Pat Summitt refused to extend the series, the animosity made it appear they'd never play again.
Second-year Tennessee coach Holly Warlick recently told The Associated Press, however, that she had approached UConn about resuming the series. UConn has made no official response, but you can bet that if the Lady Vols publicly accept responsibility for halting the series, the Huskies will play.
It would be perfect for women's basketball for its two best programs (apologies to the WNBA) to amicably patch things up. The defending national champion Huskies certainly don't need the game, but it would be good for the sport overall.
"Yeah, but I think (the Lady Vols) have to make it to a Final Four first, and then we will play them," Taurasi said Saturday. "I don't see how it wouldn't benefit both teams and women's basketball. When I think back on being young, those were the two teams I wanted to watch play."
Taurasi said her favorite rivalry memory was her 32-point performance in a 14-point win at Tennessee. She punched the orange basketball stanchion after a key basket because she "just had to punch something orange."
"I think it's time," Taurasi said. "If I have to wear orange (her All-Star uniform), it is the least they can do is give us that game back. It is classic. When you hear UConn-Tennessee, that just really brings up a lot of really good memories of really intense matchups. If they can make that happen again, I think it would benefit both states, both schools, both programs."
Parker, who played perhaps the best game ever by a Huskies' opponent at UConn with a 30-point effort, including a dunk, in a 70-64 victory at the XL Center in 2007, agreed that rekindling the rivalry would benefit the game. She said a good, old-fashioned deep-seated hatred akin to what the Celtics and Lakers once had is always good for sports.
"There are people that I haven't even met that are Connecticut fans that just despise me just because I wore orange," Parker said. "I have Tennessee fans that come up to me and tell me they despise UConn, and they have never even met a UConn player. So I think it is important. ... It creates more talk about it, and it helps women's basketball."
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Willie E.Goldsmith wrote on Jul 28, 2013 11:32 AM:
" Coach Pat need to show some of the Class and Integrity she has been credited with and allow the young ladies (team)to resume the Game. "
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