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With genomic sequences of many closely related bacterial strains made available by deep sequencing, it is now possible to investigate trends in prokaryotic microevolution. Positive selection is a sub-process of microevolution, in which a particular mutation is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction. Wide scanning of prokaryotic genomes has shown that positive selection at the molecular level is much more frequent than expected. Genes with significant positive selection may play key roles in bacterial adaption to different environmental pressures. However, selection pressure analyses are computationally intensive and awkward to configure.
Here we describe an open access web server, which is designated as PSP (Positive Selection analysis for Prokaryotic genomes) for performing evolutionary analysis on orthologous coding genes, specially designed for rapid comparison of dozens of closely related prokaryotic genomes. Remarkably, PSP facilitates functional exploration at the multiple levels by assignments and enrichments of KO, GO or COG terms. To illustrate this user-friendly tool, we analyzed Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus genomes and found that several genes, which play key roles in human infection and antibiotic resistance, show significant evidence of positive selection. PSP is freely available to all users without any login requirement at: http://db-mml.sjtu.edu.cn/PSP/ webcite.
PSP ultimately allows researchers to do genome-scale analysis for evolutionary selection across multiple prokaryotic genomes rapidly and easily, and identify the genes undergoing positive selection, which may play key roles in the interactions of host-pathogen and/or environmental adaptation.
Orthologous genes; Positive selection; Synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions; Bacterial microevolution; Bacillus cereus; Escherichia coliBackground
With the next-generation sequencing data "tsunami" in our midst, sets of closely related prokaryotic genomes suitable for comparative evolutionary studies have been available [1]. To date, well established cases of gene selection have been rare [2]. Big data mining of bacterial genomes has shown that positive selection is more widespread at the molecular level than expected under a restrictive interpretation of the neutral theory [3]. Genome-wide molecular selection analyses, designed to assess selection pressure across the entire genomes of different strains, have attempted to address the role of gene selection in the process of microevolution [4,5], especially in host-pathogen interactions, and metabolic adaptation to a changing environment (stress, antibiotic). Positive selection studies on model bacteria, such as the species Escherichia coli[4,6] and Listeria[7], or the genera Streptococcus[8,9] and Campylobacter[10] have revealed that positive selection is an essential part of natural selection to fix advantageous mutations, and improves the adaptability of bacteria in a wide range of environmental conditions.
A number of methods have been proposed for detecting positive selection in DNA or protein sequences [2]. The most common approach is to integrate evolutionary features into codon-based models, and to use probability-based theory to estimate the ratio (ω) of nonsynonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) substitutions, such as implemented in the PAML [11] and FitModel [12]. Estimating the ratio ω gives a measure of selective pressure, indicating neutral evolution (ω = 1), purifying selection (ω < 1) and positive selection (ω > 1). In the model of neutral evolution, the likelihood that a nonsynonymous mutation would go to fixation is the same as that for a synonymous mutation. Purifying selection can result in stabilizing selection through the purging of deleterious variations that arise. Positive selection pressure serves to maintain a given set of adaptive traits that aids in survival.
Several nice tools are currently available, such as IDEA [13], JCoDA [14] and WSPMaker [15]. However, they are not set up specifically to examine prokaryotic genomes, and they exhibit two major deficiencies: (i) the evolution selection analysis could be difficult to configure on a local computer for most biologists who are not familiar with phylogenetic or evolutionary theory, and (ii) excessively long computing times for analyzing several genomes at once are prohibitive. In this study, we present an open access web server called PSP (Positive Selection analysis for Prokaryotic genomes) to identify orthologous coding genes under positive selection across closely related prokaryotic genomes. It provides several core functions for in-depth analysis of evolutionary selection: retrieving the orthologous groups, generating codon-delimited and un-gapped alignments, removing recombination, building phylogenetic trees, and estimating ω under different models used by PAML/FitModel. Remarkably, PSP is able to facilitate efficient exploration of the identified orthologous genes at the metabolic pathway level by assignments and enrichments of KO (KEGG Orthology), GO (Gene Ontology) or COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups) terms. Results are presented in a user-friendly web interface, which provides an efficient visualization of positive selection pressure on each orthologous groups.
The PSP server first employs the BLAST-based orthologous genes assignment tools to build orthologous groups across multiple prokaryotic genomes being compared. Then it uses the codon-based strategy, similar to that of Petersen et al.[6], for identification of orthologous coding genes under positive selection. Finally, PSP facilitates functional exploration of the identified orthologous genes under positive selection by KEGG pathway mapping and enrichment of KO, GO or COG terms. Here, we briefly describe PSP as an integrated framework of PAML, FitModel and several in-house programs as follows (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The strategy used by PSP to calculate prokaryotic selection pressure across multiple closely related genomes.
Rapid identification of orthologous groups across multiple prokaryotic genomes
The identification of orthologs is an important problem in the field of phylogenetic analyses. Basically, there are three types of relationships between orthologous genes, one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many [16]. In the study of Adrian et al.[17], OrthoMCL shows a balanced performance, such as the accuracy, the number of genomes analyzed and usability of the web-interface. Therefore, PSP integrates OrthoMCL to quickly identify the many-to-many orthologous relationship. PSP allows users to select or upload complete sequences and annotation details of closely related genomes for comparison. Users can also simultaneously upload thousands of annotated protein-coding genes as Multi-Fasta formatted files. With the default settings, OrthoMCL recognizes co-ortholog relationships with a BLASTp E-value cutoff of 1e-5 and a minimum of 50% coverage. Then PSP performs homolog grouping using the Markov Cluster algorithm with an inflation value of 1.5. Interestingly, PSP runs on a high-performance server and can accept up to thirty comparator bacterial genomes simultaneously. Moreover, one-to-one orthologous relationship of genes could be identified using reciprocal BLAST best hit, which is the first and most widely used method for automatically establishing orthologous relationships [18].
Optimization of multiple sequence alignment for automated phylogenetic analysis
The protein-coding genes of the individual orthologous groups can be aligned by using MUSCLE or MAFFT. In connection with the automated phylogenetic analysis, PSP improves the coding sequence alignments by using the two following processes: (i) generation of codon-delimited alignments with ad hoc Perl scripts; (ii) maximization of the un-gapped alignment area by using MaxAlign to remove non-homologous sequences [19].
Removal of gene recombination off orthologous groups
Recombination (or gene conversion) is 10–50 times more likely to cause changes in nucleotide sequence than mutation [20]. To eliminate the influence of horizontal relationships in the positive selection detection, PSP is able to identify recombination signals among the aligned nucleotide sequences of orthologous groups. PSP performs a statistical test to identify recombination breakpoints by using GeneConv [21]. It pre-defines the g-scale parameter as 1, which allows mismatches within a recombining fragment, and the inner fragment P-values with 10,000 random permutations. In addition, PSP also detects recombination with three other statistical tests implemented with the PhiPack package with default settings, including pairwise homoplasy index (PHI), Max χ2 and neighbor similarity score (NSS) [22]. Finally, if a recombination signal is detected to be significant by all four tests (P-value < 0.05 in each method), the alignment would be splitted into two or more fragments.
Detection of orthologous genes under positive selection
Phylogenetic trees are built by the PHYLIP using maximum parsimony or neighbor-joining method. The trees are also able to be generated with Markov codon models by using CodonPhyML [23]. The evolutionary selection is subsequently implemented in the program PAML or FitModel. Only orthologous groups with enough data (at least 4 protein-coding genes) are used as input to detect positive selection, due to the poor quality of Bayes predictions based on small samples [24]. Because the lack of any methods to deal with alignment gaps properly in both programs, a cutoff of the percentages of sequence have data in PSP is used to filter the alignments column by column. In the PSP server, PAML uses three evolutionary models proposed by Yang et al.[25] (Additional file 1: Table S1): site model, strain-specific branch model and strain-specific site-branch model. In the strain-specific analysis, the branches of selected target strains are specified and referred to as "foreground branches" and the rest as "background branches", which is a powerful tool to detect the selection pressure during the process of environmental adaptation [4]. The in silico detection of evolutionary selection is computationally intensive, particularly using Bayes empirical Bayes to determine posterior probabilities (PP). PSP, which runs on a high-performance server, is able to rapidly calculate the dN/dS ratios and screen orthologous coding genes under positive selection. Similarly, PSP also can apply switching Markov modulated codon models as implemented in the program FitModel to orthologous coding genes to accurately estimate the strength of selection. To most biologists who are not familiar with phylogenetic or evolutionary theory, PSP pre-defines the evolutionary models as described in Additional file 1: Table S1. PSP is also very flexible to set most key parameters in the PAML/FitModel and run strain-specific analysis freely for the evolutionary researchers. For each pair hypothesis, nested models are calculated by comparing the difference in log likelihood values to a χ2 statistic (LRT) for the detection of positive selection. If there is significant evidence for positive selection of any fragment, the orthologous genes, from which the fragment was separated, are suggested to be under positive selection. Notably, PSP also provides a user-friendly visualization tool for performing evolutionary analysis on orthologous coding genes. The embedded Java applet JalView [26] reports the PP values for all sites, which is helpful for users to determine nucleotide substitution at synonymous and nonsynonymous sites within protein-coding regions. Three-dimensional structural models of the protein of interest are predicted and displayed by HHpred [27] and Jmol [28]. Additionally, Primer3Plus [29] is integrated to facilitate design of PCR primers to assay orthologous genes based on similar selection among a panel of strains isolated from the same habitat.
Additional file 1: Table S1. Evolutionary models provided by PSP. Table S2. Six Escherichia coli genomes used in case one. Table S3.P-values of 4-pair comparisons of genes which found under positive selection by Petersen et al.Table S4. Twenty-eight completely sequenced Bacillus cereus genomes under analysis in case two.
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Functional investigation at metabolic pathway level
To explore functions of the identified orthologous coding genes under positive selection, PSP performs KO mapping and GO/COG classification. First, to assign the KO terms, PSP uses the level of sequence identity and ratio of matching length to query length cut-off obtained from BLASTp. For each query against the locally installed KEGG gene database, the simple Ha-value homology score [30] is calculated as follows: Ha = i × (lm/lq), where i is the level of identity between protein sequences in the region with the highest Bit score expressed as a ratio between 0 and 1, lm the length of the highest scoring matching sequence (including gaps), and lq the query length. In this study, the Ha-value cutoff of 0.7 was used to assign KO. PSP then enriches metabolic pathways with genes under positive selection by tracing back the hierarchical KO levels. The user can select one or more KEGG-archived closely related genomes (up to 20) as references. PSP calculates the P-value of each pathway category by using a hyper-geometric distribution method [31]. In the same way, PSP provides enrichment analysis for COG functional terms based on RPSBLAST searches against the local CDD database, and GO slims analysis based on GOA database.
In the PSP pipeline, a large number of hypotheses are considered which could result in a high rate of Type-1 error even for a relatively stringent P-value cutoff. To reduce Type-1 errors, PSP corrects the obtained P-values using the Q-value [32] to produce a Q-value at level of FDR < 0.2.
Results and discussion
The PSP tool is applicable to a wide range of prokaryotic species. In this study, we applied PSP to do genome-wide positive selection analyses in two cases (Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus) both to benchmark PSP and to illustrate its accuracy and usefulness for the exploration of data.
Positive selection analysis of Escherichia coli
We did a genome-wide positive selection analysis in four E. coli and two Shigella flexneri genomes (Additional file 1: Table S2), which were used by Petersen et al.[6]. The results of selection analysis in E. coli by Petersen et al. differ from those by Chen et al.[4] in several important ways, which only four genes were identified in both studies. To clarify the positive selection pressure of E. coli, we used six different models (M0, M1a, M2a, M3, M2a + S1, M2a + S2) to test for positive selection using PAML and FitModel. Additional file 1: Table S3 shows the P-values from LRTs obtained from four comparisons (M0-M3, M1a-M2a, M2a-M2a + S1 and M2a + S1-M2a + S2) examined in this case. According to the idea of Yang (See detail from PAML FAQ), different evolutionary models always produce various parameter estimates and possibly different lists of site under positive selection. However, the sites under positive selection with posterior probabilities (PP > 99%) in one model are more likely to detect under different models. The tests of M2a-M2a + S1 and M2a + S1-M2a + S2 could not access the points, which evolved under positive selection yet. Therefore, we compared the sites with PP > 99% across the remaining models (11,562 sites from model M2a and 16,479 from M3), in which about 9,105 (78.7%) sites from M2a shared with the result of model M3 (55.2%, Figure 2). In the previous studies, the M1a-M2a comparison also appears to be much more robust [33]. To ensure accuracy of the result, we used the results of M1a-M2a tests for further analysis. This analysis took about twenty hours to run the whole pipeline with M1a-M2a tests. During the analysis, we have identified 5,393 orthologous groups, among which 3,908 groups within at least 4 genes were analyzed by PSP (Table 1). Moreover, ninety-seven genes were detected to have significant signals for recombination by using both GenConv and PhiPack. GeneConv could also predict breakpoints where recombination has occurred. These breakpoints define fragments, which have different evolutionary histories due to recombination. Then, these orthologous genes were splitted into different fragments. In addition, about 117 genes were excluded due to MaxAlign, which was used to maximize the number of amino acid symbols that are present in gap-free columns. At last, we detected strong signals of positive selection pressure on 28 genes in E. coli K12, of which 13 genes were in the "core" groups (orthologous genes present in all genomes), while 15 genes were in the "dispensable" groups (orthologous genes present in two or more genomes but not all). However, there are still some differences between the results of Petersen and ours. This is primarily because Petersen focused on their studies specific to E. coli K12 and disregarded the orthologous groups that contain no K12 gene. In contrast, the methods used here identified selection pressure that acts in either "core" groups or "dispensable" groups. We identified 13 additional "dispensable" orthologous groups under positive selection. What's more, the different strategy of tests for recombination also affected the result of positive selection analysis. To estimate the accuracy of PSP's, we compared the dS value with previous studies, that the dS value is fairly independent across different datasets [13]. We calculated a median dS of 88.7 × 10-3 among E. coli strains with the M0 model. The value we obtained is consistent with previous estimates of 27.0 - 51.3 × 10-3 (P-value < 0.001, Wilcoxon test) [34].
Figure 2. Venn graph of the sites under positive selection from different models. The pink represents the sites from Model M0-M3, while the purple represents those from Model M1a-M2a.
Table 1. Results of positive selection scanning during the analysis pipeline
According to the result of Petersan, we found 6 genes that were under positive selection in both studies. Meanwhile, our approach resulted in the identification of 13 additional genes (excluding the genes involved in phage), including several that are very important in human infection and antibiotic resistance (Table 2). The gene fliC, which shows strong evidence for positive selection, encodes flagellin and is one of the most important virulence factors of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) [35]. Motility causes ascension of UPEC from bladder into kidney and helps UPEC to efficiently colonize the urinary tract. The gene dacC, first identified in B. subtilis genomes, encodes a putative 491-residue protein with homology to low-molecular-weight penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) [36]. Expression of dacC in E. coli showed that this gene encodes an approximately 59-kDa membrane-associated PBP, which is highly toxic when overexpressed. The gene eutA, which encodes the reactivating factor for ethanolamine utilization, is under the strong selection pressure. And recent researches imply that the utilization of ethanolamine provides a useful source of carbon/nitrogen that promotes successful colonization of the intestine [37]. Studies have also demonstrated that mutation in the nfsA is associated with nitrofuran resistance, because it encodes cellular reductase that can reduce members of the nitrofuran family [38]. hchA and yddV both are the key genes involved in resistance of a wide range of stress, such as heat and antibiotic [39,40]. The other genes, yebN (conserved inner membrane protein) and ygeR (lipoprotein), have no clear function. But properties predicted from their sequence suggest that they encode the proteins locating on the membrane surface. They may possibly serve as receptors for phages or antibiotics.
Table 2. List of additional genes under positive selection across the six Escherichia coli genomes using the M1a-M2a test
Genes under positive selection in Bacillus cereus genomes
A genome-wide molecular selection scanning using PSP was also done for Bacillus cereus group (twenty-eight completely sequenced strains of B. cereus, B. thuringiensis and B. anthracis listed in the Additional file 1: Table S4). PSP compared all the 159,473 annotated genes in the 28 Bacillus genomes with maximum likelihood and strain-specific branch-site model using B. anthracis as "foreground branches" in about two hundred hours. Totally, thirty-two groups showed evidences for positive selection after correcting for multiple tests, of which 14 groups were the "core" genes while 18 groups were the "dispensable". As in previous studies [4,6], we found that proteins that typically undergo positive selection are involved in interaction with the phages or infections (Table 3). For example, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase is an enzyme for protection strains from peroxide-induced stress and plays key roles not only in colonization but also in potential virulence [41]. In addition, a number of genes also show evidence for positive selection with the connection to antibiotic resistance, mass transport system and transcriptional regulation (Figure 3).
Table 3. Genes that show evidences for positive selection in B. anthracis group
Figure 3. PSP-provided heat-map showing KO (KEGG Orthology) enrichments for orthologous coding genes under positive selection across 28 completely sequenced Bacillus genomes. The color scale was calculated as P-value of hypergeometric distribution. The x axes represents pathway of the KEGG database. The y axes represents the Bacillus strains analyzed in this research.
Antibiotic is well recognized to impose strong selective pressure. Especially the proteins on the surface of cell, which are more likely to be exposed, are preferential target for antibiotic-resistance-related selective pressure. In this case, we identified a β-lactamase with strong positive selection (ampC, P-value < 0.001), which could provide resistance to β-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephamycins. We built the phylogenetic tree of ampC genes from all analyzed Bacillus strains (Figure 4), in which all from B. anthracis are clustered together. However, the gene from B. anthracis str. CDC 684 shows significant difference from the others and was removed by MaxAlign. Susceptibility to β-lactam-containing compounds is a common trait of B. anthracis, because gene expression of β-lactamase is usually not sufficient to provide resistance to the agents [42]. Therefore, β-lactam agents have been used worldwide to treat anthrax, which would speed up the evolution of genes and aid bacteria populations in becoming resistant to antibiotics. And at the same time, php2, which is a type of PBPs, is under strong positive selection. The strong selection pressure is attributable to the process of "arms race" between antibiotic and pathogen. With the protein structures of AmpC and Php2, the majority of sites predicted to be under positive selection are surface exposed (Figure 5). Positive selection in the Php2 seems to be associated with selection to avoid recognition by the antibiotic.
Figure 4. Maximum likelihood tree of amp C genes from all analyzed Bacillus strains. The ampC gene from B. anthracis CDC 684 was marked with red and removed by MaxAlign during the positive selection scanning. A scale bar for the genetic distance is shown at the bottom.
Figure 5. Three-dimensional structures of AmpC and Pbp2 proteins. A) Three-dimensional structure of β-lactamase (AmpC). B) Three-dimensional structure of penicillin-binding protein (Pbp2). Sites that show evidences for positive selection (PP > 99%) are depicted as red spheres. And sites (PP > 95%) are depicted as yellow spheres.
Mass transport system is another effective way for microorganism to resist antibiotic, although it is probable that they may have other natural physiological functions [43]. There are seven genes involved in the mass transport system, which shows the significant enrichment compared to the references (P-value = 0.0395 in the strain Ames Ancestor). The araJ gene was regarded as nonessential membrane protein of unknown function. Recently, it is believed to belong to a large class of multidrug resistance translocators and in particular to the major facilitator superfamily [44]. The orthologous genes of ptr2, which encode a peptide transporter, present in all B. cereus genomes and are regarded as a multidrug resistance protein. In this research, we found it is under strong positive selection and may have important roles to extrude drugs. Iron acquisition genes are also important contributors to B. anthracis, while iron limitation is a component of host defense against infection [45]. The gene fepD, which shows strong evidence for positive selection, is a virulence-associated gene and involved in iron-chelating ABC uptake systems [46]. The gene afuB was reported to differentially express upon treatment with antibiotic, and is also very important for iron transporter [47]. Porins are also important in interaction with the host immune system and could work as receptors for phages or antibiotics [6]. Aquaglyceroporin glpF selectively conducts the passage of small hydrophilic across the inner membrane of B. cereus[48]. The function of remaining two putative ABC transporters is still unknown, but one of them (COG3127) was predicted to involve in lysophospholipase L1 biosynthesis, which may be a good potential target for new antibiotics.
We also identified two transcriptional repressors (purR and araC) and a two-component system (ntrB-ntrC), which show strong evidences for positive selection. Autoregulation of purR controls the expression of many genes involved in purine biosynthetic pathway in B. subtilis[49]. ntrB, a member of the ntrB-ntrC two-component system, encodes the signal-transducing kinase/phosphatase nitrogen regulator, on the regulated phosphatase activity involved in nitrogen regulation. These genes are known to have multiple functions in different ways, which are likely that the positive selection from the interaction of host-pathogen simultaneously improve the adaptation of microorganisms by acting on the versatile proteins, such as metabolic adaptation.
The PSP web server, which integrates a wide variety of useful analytical and functional tools, has been developed to rapidly identify orthologous coding genes under positive selection across up to thirty user-selected or user-supplied prokaryotic genomes. Hosted by a high-performance server and with easy navigation and flexible input options, we present it as a quick and comprehensive genome microevolution tool for biologists. Remarkably, PSP excludes the effect of gene recombination and incorporates functional investigation at the metabolic pathway level. In the future, we plan to improve the computing power of PSP markedly with Paralleled PAML. The upgraded version will be also able to map the positive selection sites to three-dimensional structures of proteins. We propose that a tool such as PSP will support genome-scale analysis for evolutionary selection, aimed at defining genomic biomarkers of evolutionary lineage, phenotype, pathotype, environmental adaptation and/or disease-association of diverse bacterial species.
Availability and requirements
Project name: PSP:Positive Selection analysis for Prokaryotic genomes.
Project home page: http://db-mml.sjtu.edu.cn/PSP/ webcite, or http://22.214.171.124/~webserver/kaks/ webcite.
Operating system(s): CentOS.
Programming language: PHP 5.3+, JavaScript, HTML5, MySQL, PERL, R.
License: PSP is available free of charge to academic and non-profit institutions.
Any restrictions to use by non-academics: Please contact authors for commercial use.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
FS designed and implemented the PSP project. FS and HO drafted the paper. HT and FT contributed important ideas and advices. PX supervised the project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work was supported, in part, by the grants from National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB733901) and from Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (31230002, 31170082, and 31121064).
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Pedersen LB, Murray T, Popham DL, Setlow P: Characterization of dacC, which encodes a new low-molecular-weight penicillin-binding protein in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol 1998, 180:4967-4973. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Garsin DA: Ethanolamine utilization in bacterial pathogens: roles and regulation.
Nature Rev Microbiol 2010, 8:290-295. Publisher Full Text
Paterson ES, Boucher SE, Lambert IB: Regulation of the nfsA Gene in Escherichia coli by SoxS.
J Bacteriol 2002, 184:51-58. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Tagliabue L, Maciąg A, Antoniani D, Landini P: The yddV‒dos operon controls biofilm formation through the regulation of genes encoding curli fibers' subunits in aerobically growing Escherichia coli.
Mujacic M, Baneyx F: Regulation of Escherichia coli hchA, a stress-inducible gene encoding molecular chaperone Hsp31.
Mol Microbiol 2006, 60:1576-1589. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Cosgrove K, Coutts G, Jonsson IM, Tarkowski A, Kokai-Kun JF, Mond JJ, Foster SJ: Catalase (KatA) and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpC) have compensatory roles in peroxide stress resistance and are required for survival, persistence, and nasal colonization in Staphylococcus aureus.
J Bacteriol 2007, 189:1025-1035. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
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Allen HK, Donato J, Wang HH, Cloud-Hansen KA, Davies J, Handelsman J: Call of the wild: antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments.
Nature Rev Microbiol 2010, 8:251-259. Publisher Full Text
Edgar R, Bibi E: MdfA, an Escherichia coli multidrug resistance protein with an extraordinarily broad spectrum of drug recognition.
J Bacteriol 1997, 179:2274-2280. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
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Bhagat N, Virdi JS: Distribution of virulence‒associated genes in Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1A correlates with clonal groups and not the source of isolation.
FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007, 266:177-183. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Melnikow E, Schoenfeld C, Spehr V, Warrass R, Gunkel N, Duszenko M, Selzer PM, Ullrich HJ: A compendium of antibiotic-induced transcription profiles reveals broad regulation of Pasteurella multocida virulence genes.
Vet Microbiol 2008, 131:277-292. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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Saxild HH, Brunstedt K, Nielsen KI, Jarmer H, Nygaard P: Definition of the Bacillus subtilis PurR operator using genetic and bioinformatic tools and expansion of the PurR regulon with glyA, guaC, pbuG, xpt-pbuX, yqhZ-folD, and pbuO.
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Quality Hotel Joao Pessoa Av. Cabo Branco 2870 Joao Pessoa, 58045-010 Phone: (55) 83 30417000 Fax: (55) 83 30417001 |
»Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda
Olinda was established by the Portuguese in the 16th Century. The Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1982. It is dotted with listed monuments that reflect the cultural, historic and architectural gems of the city. These include the Igreja da Graça, Museu de Arte Sacra de Pernambuco, Catedral de Olinda, Convento de São Francisco, Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Carmo, Igreja e Mosteiro de São Bento and Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Neves.
»Alto da Sé
Alto da Sé is a big area where you will find a square with lots of snack options including tasteful regional food like tapiocas or acarajés, many souvenir stores, the Sé Cathedral courtyard and Olinda's panoramic elevator. It is a great place to enjoy the sunset while eating great food and beverages with a beautiful view to Olinda's rooftops, Recife's high rises, the sea and other points of interest of both cities. Sunday afternoons are the most lively, but there are activities everyday here, including local music and arts presentations.
»São Francisco Monastery
The first monastery of the Franciscan Order in Brazil, São Francisco hosts four chapels filled with Portuguese colonial tiles and baroque details: the Capítulo, the Nossa Senhora das Neves, the Sant'Anna and the São Roque. In the internal courtyard, there is a gallery of arches with 16 panels of Portuguese tiles representing the life and death of Saint Francis of Assisi. In the sacristy you'll find more tiles, handcrafted jacarandá wood furnishings and walls adorned with sacred paintings. The monastery is located in Carmo neighborhood.
»Olinda's Public Library
Established in 1830, Olinda's Public Library was first opened in São Francisco Monastery as the first library in Pernambuco and the fifth in all of Brazil. In 1984 the building on Avenida Liberdade was acquired by the government and then restored to house the library. This building is one of the oldest in town, and was depicted by Franz Post in paintings about Olinda in the 17th century. It offers a collection of 22,000 works including historical, economic and political pieces about colonial and imperial periods of Brazil and Pernambuco.
»Mauricio de Nassau's House
Count Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, Maurício de Nassau in Portuguese, was a Count and later the Prince of Nassau-Siegen, a state in the Holy Roman Empire. When Dutch colonizers arrived in Pernambuco, he was the responsible for development of the new colony. Thus, many of Recife's and Olinda's art and architecture landmarks were influenced by Maurício. The most visible part of his participation in Pernambuco's history is on Antônio Vaz Island, located beside Old Recife Island and known as Cidade Maurícia, Mauritz Staad or Maurician City. Olinda keeps this house that some say Maurício lived in. Either way, you will be astonished by the beauty of this restored Dutch construction.
»Olinda's City Hall
The former Paço dos Governadores Gerais do Brasil was built in the 17th century right after a revolution movement called Restauração Pernambucana, and was the country's government headquarters for three years. In 1824 it was home to Constitutional Convention and Parliament of Confederação do Equador, a secessionist movement that tried to make Northeast Brazil independent from the rest of the country. The building was changed and expanded in 19th century, receiving a neoclassical appearance in its façade. Now it is home to Olinda's City Hall, with beautiful wooden floors and stairs.
»Dois Irmãos Public Park
Dois Irmãos Park is one of the biggest tropical forest areas in Pernambuco. Here you will be able to meet the components of the local ecosystem, including its plants and native animals like sloths, capybaras and lots of birds. The zoo keeps around 690 animals including birds, reptiles and mammals of 127 species from both Brazilian and abroad. No reservations are needed for visiting, but you can reserve hiking trails through the forest or guided tours beforehand.
»Church and Monastery of São Bento
São Bento Monastery was built in 1599 as the second Benedictine monastery in Brazil. It was destroyed when the Dutch colonizers arrived in Pernambuco around 1632, but was then reconstructed and opened again in 1640. It is one of the masterpieces of the baroque style in Olinda, and both the monastery and adjacent church are UNESCO World Heritage sites. In the interior you will find many works of art like the beautiful paintings that represent the life of Saint Benedict as well as the impressive old furnishings of the 17th century.
»Eufrásio Barbosa Market
Eufrasio Barbosa is a marketplace located on the site of the first Royal Customs House of Pernambuco. It was also once the head office of Amorim Costa pastries factory, which was open from 1960 to 1984. The marketplace is located at the entrance to the city, and now houses a theater and an area for exhibitions and local folk performances.
»Mirabilandia Amusement Park
In Pernambuco since 2002, Mirabilandia is the third largest amusement park in Brazil. It contains more than thirty attractions, including two themed areas, more than thirty gardens, a huge food court and souvenir stores. The place is located close to the Pernambuco's Convention Center and the Tacaruna Shopping Mall.
»Jaqueira Park
Situated in Recife's central area, Jaqueira Park is one of the most beloved local parks. Whether you enjoy an afternoon stroll with your kids or take a run on the weekends, the place is perfect for those who really like green areas and quiet refuges. You will often find parents observing their kids play on the playground from the benches. There is also a chapel, a historical site and weekly sports activities organized here. You can also use the running, cycling and roller blade facilities, as well as admire the beautiful fruit trees.
»Brum Fort
Portuguese colonizers began the construction of Forte do Brum in 1626, and Dutch invaders finished it around 1630. Then, in 1654, Dutch were pushed out by Portuguese, who rebuilt the fort for military purposes. Today it is a military museum that exhibits weapons and uniforms spanning from when the Dutch were present until present day.

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The Glissé by Capezio offers the best fit for the dancer with a medium to wide forefoot with toes of even length. It features:
Broad, feathered toe box Medium vamp Round shape throat Hand-flattened crown New pleating with quiet toe construction Wide platform Soft cotton lining Satin binding with elastic drawstring Short leather outer sole
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STEAMBOAT SPRINGS - State officials say a Steamboat Ski Area lift chair with two people on it slid backward this week because of a worn-out grip.The Steamboat Pilot & Today reports the chair slid a short distance on the Priest Creek lift's steel cable Monday but didn't strike the chair behind it. The lift was immediately stopped and unloaded. No one was hurt.Colorado Passenger Tramway Safety Board spokeswoman Cory Everett-Lozano says an inspector determined the chair slid because a grip on the steel cable of the 40-year-old lift was worn out. Everett-Lozano says the resort will inspect all the grips before operating the lift again.
- 18-year-old cadet dies after skiing accident at Keystone Resort
- Colorado lynx status unknown as state, federal agencies start studies
- Longtime Colorado business repeatedly tangles with wage enforcement system
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Congo Palace Hotel - Glyfada, Athens
81A Posidonos Avenue - Athens
1-877-662-6988Unwind with designer toiletries in the guest rooms at Congo Palace Hotel which also offers a rooftop terrace and free breakfast rendering this business-friendly hotel located in the area of Athens Coast in Glyfada a good choice.
You will be spoilt for choice in terms of food at this 4-star Glyfada hotel as the restaurant serves breakfast, lunch and dinner, so you are sure to find something tasty to tempt your palate. You can find a spa tub on site so you will be able to take some time out to de-stress. You will want to pack your swimsuit and towel as this hotel features an outdoor pool. There is also a poolside bar and a bar/lounge so guests can sip a refreshing drink by the pool or indoors. Multilingual staff are available at the front desk 24 hours-a-day and can provide tour/ticket assistance.
Wi-Fi is available for a fee. Planning a meeting? This hotel has 2 meeting rooms, as well as a business center. Enjoy coffee in the lobby, which also has a safe at the front desk should you wish to lock away any valuables. Other amenities include a hair salon, dry cleaning/laundry services, an elevator (lift), a garden and laundry facilities.
we staied in a room with a sea view, we taked de bus at the airport and this stopp...
Venere Guest, ArgentinaThese reviews have been left by customers who actually stayed at this hotel
Check Availability at Congo Palace Hotel
Breakfast at Congo Palace Hotel
A free buffet breakfast is served each morning.
Facilities at Congo Palace Hotel
- Business Center
- Meeting Room
- Conference room
- Bar
- Pool bar
- Restaurant/Dining
- Cafeteria
- Snack bar
- Laundry service
- Lift/elevator
- Room service - limited hour
- Hairdresser
- Laundry room
- Garden
- Limousine service
- Free parking
- Multilingual staff
- Front desk - safety deposit box
- Front desk - 24 hour
- Luggage room
- City tour
- Outdoor swimming pool
- Internet/Email services
- Hydromassage Jacuzzi
Know before you go
- Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 1500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
Check-in: after 2 PM.
Check-out: before noon.
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
City tax and/or any other fees charged by the hotel
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Fee for in-room wireless Internet: EUR 3 (for 12 hours, rates may vary)
- Fee for in-room high-speed Internet (wired): EUR 3 (for 12 hours, rates may vary)
- Fee for wireless Internet in public areas: EUR 3 (for 12 hours, rates may vary)
- Fee for high-speed Internet (wired) in public areas: EUR 3 (for 12 hours, rates may vary)
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
Congo Palace Hotel reviews
- October 2009
- Venere Guest
- Couple
- Argentina
we staied in a room with a sea view, we taked de bus at the airport and this stopped at the main door of the hotel.- Excellent- To return to the airport is very easy, cross the avenue.-
- July 2007
- Venere Guest
- Family with older children
- Sweden
Noisy surroundings, no parking places nearby if You get there by car. Lots of technical disturbances, like electricity supply or elevators function. Internet connection works only in certain rooms. But for the other hand nice and cooperative personal, trying to cover all of the underinvestments and unconvieniencies. In summary, four stars feels to be like wishfull by the the owner, otherwise quite the nice place.
- September 2006
- Venere Guest
- Family with older children
- South Africa
The Congo Palace was very nice and very close to all that Glyfada has to offer.The only bad thing was the noise in the rooms from the street,and the size of the TV in the room..
- July 2008
- Venere Guest
- Family with young children
- Norway
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- December 2009
- Venere Guest
- Family with older children
- Italy
Congo Palace Hotel reviews by TripAdvisor
Room Details
Book your business-friendly accommodation at Congo Palace Hotel, offering 92 guest rooms with designer toiletries and climate control. Rooms open onto balconies. Guests can unwind at the end of a long day and enjoy flat-screen televisions with satellite channels. Corporate travelers visiting the Athens Coast area will benefit from wired and wireless high-speed Internet access (charges apply) as well as desks, safes and phones. A good night's sleep in comfortable beds with premium bedding will have visitors waking up refreshed and well-rested throughout their vacation or business trip.
Refrigerators and hair dryers are supplied in each room to facilitate basic travel needs. Additional comforts include air conditioning.
Accommodation Services
- Telephone
- Air conditioning
- Mini fridge
- Extra beds
- Hairdryer in each room
- Safe
- Desk
- Individually controlled air conditioning
- Terrace/Balcony
- Satellite TV
- Wireless Internet access
- High speed Internet access
- Dial-up Internet access
How to reach Congo Palace Hotel
By airplaneThe Athens E. Venizelos international airport is approximately a 45-minute bus ride from the hotel. The Express Bus X 96 from the airport (exit number 4) to the hotel, runs every 30 minutes 24 hours a day. The bus stop is situated just outside the property.
Upon leaving the airport take Attica road, the motorway that connects the airport with Athens. Turn on the junction for Koropi Markopoulo and follow the signs for Glyfada. Drive along Vari Koropiou avenue to its end, where you will find a sign for Glyfada. Follow the indications to the town centre and to the hotel.
By boat
From Piraeus port a taxi service will connect quickly to the hotel. Taxis are easily found at the end of the wharf.
Upon leaving the harbour take Posidonos avenue, driving in the direction of South Attika. The main avenue connects directly with Glyfada and with the property.
Distances from Congo Palace Hotel
Esperidon Square - 0.4 km / 0.3 miGlyfada Golf Club of Athens - 1.3 km / 0.8 mi
Voula Beach - 1.4 km / 0.8 mi
Glyfada Marina - 1.6 km / 1 mi
Kavouri Beach - 5 km / 3.1 mi
Vouliagmeni Spa Lake - 6.7 km / 4.2 mi
Alimos Marina - 7 km / 4.4 mi
Greek Evangelical Church - 9 km / 5.6 mi
Flisvos Marina - 9.6 km / 6 mi
Faliro Arena - 9.8 km / 6.1 mi
Museum Ship Averof - 9.8 km / 6.1 mi
Athens Planetarium - 9.9 km / 6.2 mi
Rea Maternity Hospital - 9.9 km / 6.2 mi
Eugenides Foundation - 10 km / 6.2 mi
Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex - 10.9 km / 6.8 mi
The preferred airport for Congo Palace Hotel is Athens (ATH-Eleftherios Venizelos) - 19.2 km / 11.9 mi.
Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property's location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance.
Distances are displayed to the nearest 0.1 mile and kilometer.
Transportation services Congo Palace Hotel
- Limousine service
- Free parking
We have the accommodation you need, all over the world
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Fill out the form below and we will give you a call at our earliest convenience.
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An inexpensive alternative to display artwork or drawings. Great for formal presentations placed on an office wall. Made from plastic, this frame has a clear front and a cardboard backing, both lightweight and looks great.
The finest materials are used in the manufacturing of our 11x17 metal picture frames. This frame is made with a clear glass front and hard backing. A beautiful dark black color made with a strong plastic for easy hangability. When the product is viewed the high quality frame is sure to delight any person who thinks that a picture can be well complemented by the perfect frame.


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James Patterson Inc.
"Love means never having to say you're sorry." Erich Segal
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Recommended Literary Read: Orwell's 1984
Mystery Writers of America Announces 2010 Nominees
- The Missing by Tim Gautreaux (Random House - Alfred A.
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Creator of 'Spenser' Robert B. Parker Died
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Teen ALA Schneider Family Award
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Appreciate a Dragon Day
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Historical Romances on CD
- Autumn Lover by Elizabeth Lowell Set in the Western U.S. after the Civil War
- Outlander by Diana Gabaldon Time travel from 1945 to 1743 Scotland
- A Rogue of My Own by Johanna Lindsey Set in Queen Victoria's Court
- Simply Unforgettable by Mary Balogh A Regency romance
- Don't Look Back by Amanda Quick Romantic suspense in Regency London
- The Moon Looked Down by Dorothy Garlock Set in a small Illinois town during WWII
It's War Out There
- Blasphemy by Douglas Preston
- Matter by Ian Banks
- Sacred Stone by Clive Cussler
- The Six Directions of Space by Alastair Reynolds
- Sixty Days and Counting by Kim Stanley Robinson
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Val McDermid wins CWA Diamond Award
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D.N.Angel is back!
Emergency Supplies
Most-Anticipated Books of 2010
Three Days Before the Shooting . . by Ralph Ellison - At his death in 1994, Ralph Ellison left behind roughly two thousand pages of his unfinished second novel, which he had spent nearly four decades writing. Long awaited, it was to have been the work Ellison intended to follow his masterpiece, Invisible Man...
The Unnamed by Joshua Ferris - In a radical departure from his satiric workplace comedy, Then We Came to the End (2007), Ferris turns in a dark and utterly compelling second novel on the insanity of modern life... [BookList Review]
Monsieur Pain by Roberto Bolaño - To drag fiction toward the unknown, [Bolaño] had to go there himself, and there invent a method with which to represent it. Since the unknown place was reality, the results are multi-dimensional. [The New York Review of Books]
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2009 Cybils Finalists Are In
A: The Cybils reward the children's and young adult authors, as well as illustrators, whose books combine the highest literary merit and "kid appeal." And foster a sense of community among bloggers who write about children's and YA literature, highlight reviewers and provide a forum for the similarly interested.
For the list of YA finalists and for more information about the Cybils, check out the website here.
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January 2011 Bookstore Specials
Learn more about Secondhand Prose and the Friends of the Library.
Bag Sale
January 27, 28 and 30- libraryshpvolunteer
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Author Steve Hamilton to Speak on January 14
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Murder Will Out: Ring Out the Dead
Here are a few mysteries set at the new year:
The queene's Christmas by Karen Harper
Full cry by Rita Mae Brown
New Year's Eve murder : a Lucy Stone mystery by Leslie Meier
Cat on a hyacinth hunt by Carole Nelson Douglas
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Compelling Stories: Some True, Some Not
- The Covenant by Naomi Ragen
- White Tiger by Aravind Adiga
- On Beauty by Zadie Smith
- Crashing Through: A True Story of Risk, Adventure and the Man Who Dared To See by Robert Kurson
- Born on a Blue Day: Inside the Mind of an Extraordinary Autistic Savant by Daniel Tammet
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what else can i do with the uniconnect for a 2005 jetta gli awp?
Type: Posts; User: EvilMonkey
what else can i do with the uniconnect for a 2005 jetta gli awp?
that doesnt look very aerodynamic
I would have just cut a couple threads off :confused:
have fun having it repaired when it breaks at the turbo flange
sorry didnt get back to you sooner, no it will not replace the monsoon system, the best thing is have is an amp running to your speakers and this will connect to that amp
Im selling my car pc that ive had working stable for a while now, its an Atom 1.6 dual core with 1gb of ram 80gb hard drive using windows xp pro with centrafuse 3.5 fully licensed. Includes 7" lcd...
well my buddy looked into the car more for me the other day and said the fuel pressure at the rail was about half of what it should be indicating the fuel pump is bad, so were gonna replace that next...
no it happened when i was about half a tank as well. ive had the same neuspeed short ram filter for a while now and i havent oiled it recently, i guess ill try to get a spare maf to use and see
i dont believe so :/ it started to die today while driving so i kept pushing the accelerator and eventually it was working again, its very weird could it be my throttle body?
So my shop took a look at it and ran some logging but the car was not acting up and all the logs showed correct values, hope someone else can chime in or I guess we have to wait until its actually...


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Limber May 15, 2012
I've had the pleasure of watching my wife get fucked over a hundred times then fucking her hot, hairy, big cum filled cunt second. I love it. There is no better sex.
dirtyhands614 February 16, 2012
i so wish i could find another guy so i could share my wife!!!!
nicki February 11, 2012
Big South January 17, 2012
This lady talks to damn much ... would have been better without her saying shit.
Buffman101 January 17, 2012
Im hooked on sharing my wife video
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7328 results for "chris bosh"
Chris Bosh #1 C
PPG RPG BPG FG% FT% 21.2 7.6 0.6 .470 .786 FANTASY OWN(WK+/-) AVG DRAFT 0%(0%) UD Next Game: Bucks vs. Heat Tuesday 1/27 7:30 PM ET -
Heat's Hassan Whiteside has 12 blocks as part of triple-double
Dwyane Wade scored 26 points, Chris Bosh finished with 20 and Hassan Whiteside had an unconventional triple-double to help the Miami Heat beat the sluggish Chicago Bulls 96-84 Sunday.
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Big men who can produce 3s, steals
Tom CarpenterI am in a 10-team roto league, and I have 10s in field goal percentage, assists, steals and blocks, but I'm dead last in 3s. I sit in third place overall, just a couple of points out of first. (I'm also a healthy 13 and 37 games played behind first a...
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Tim MacMahonAn improbable three-step remodeling has provided a real title hope for the Dallas Mavericks.
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John CreganChris Bosh has long been one of my favorite fantasy big men, although he seems destined to do his best work in a vacuum. He always finds a way to perform one to two rounds above his average draft position. For 11 seasons, Bosh has been one of the lon...
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Hassan Whiteside, Heat hold off Nets' rally to halt losing streak...
Chris Bosh scored 26 points, Dwyane Wade scored 10 of his 25 points in the final minutes and the Heat held off the Nets 88-84 on Sunday night to snap a four-game losing streak.
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Chris Bosh to return on Monday?
Nick BorgesThe Miami Heat have been without Chris Bosh for the last eight games due to a calf injury and that streak may come to an end on Monday. Bosh practiced on Sunday and he could play against the Orlando Magic, if the calf feels good this morning during t...
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Preview | December 28, 2014 -
Cavs finish Florida trip on the right note
Dave McMenaminORLANDO, Fla. -- The most disturbing part about the Cleveland Cavaliers' Christmas Day catastrophe against the Miami Heat wasn't the fact that they fell down by 17 points in the first half to a sub-.500 team that was missing Chris Bosh and had just l...
Blog | December 27, 2014 -
Chris Bosh nearing return from calf injury
Michael WallaceMIAMI -- Starting center Chris Bosh is on the verge of returning to the Miami Heat's lineup after missing his seventh consecutive game Thursday to recover from a strained left calf. Bosh said Thursday he was disappointed that he wasn't healthy en...
Blog | December 25, 2014 -
Chris Bosh of Miami Heat likely out with calf injury vs. LeBron J...
Michael WallaceHeat starting center Chris Bosh continues to recover from a calf injury and is doubtful for Thursday's Christmas showdown against LeBron James and the Cleveland Cavaliers
Story | Conversation | December 24, 2014 -
76ers-Heat Preview
76ers-Heat Preview
Preview | December 22, 2014 -
Can Bosh return on Christmas day?
Nick BorgesThe Miami Heat have been without starting center Chris Bosh for the last five games due to a strained calf and he's hoping to play on Christmas day against LeBron James and the Cleveland Cavaliers. "I hope so," Bosh told The Miami Herald, "but I'v...
Blog | December 22, 2014 -
First Cup: Monday
Nick BorgesJoseph Goodman of The Miami Herald: Chris Bosh remains out with a strained calf, and Dwyane Wade's latest setback is a bruised right knee. Wade missed Sunday's home game against the Boston Celtics after aggravating a preexisting knee injury. With the...
Blog | December 22, 2014


text: I would LOVE for some media outlet to show us pictures of the victims instead. Even if the article is about the killer and NOT the victims, the headline could read something like, "We talk to the guy who killed these people". Guys like this should not have their names etched in our brains because it gives others incentive to go out in a blaze of glory. How many people remember the names Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold? Probably a good many people. Now how many people can name ONE of the Columbine victims?? I can't and that's just sad. Whenever an event like this happens we should be remembering the victims and their accomplishments, no matter how big or small, and letting the names of these people be forgotten forever.


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- Goodwill's free income tax sites open Jan. 30
- Rock Valley College hosts FAFSA Completion Night Feb. 4
- Stateline Fruit and Vegetable Growers Conference Feb. 5
- Cardiology Millennium Conference Feb. 2
- Scammers lurking to trap last-minute Super Bowl ticket buyers
- Sharing memories of Ernie Banks
- EarthTalk: What fish can we eat?
- Rock Valley College hosts entrepreneurship event Jan. 30
- Tube Talk: 'The Americans' begins third season
- Conservatives join New Hampshire rally in support of campaign finance reform
Rockford YMCA waives joiner fee in January
Staff Report
The YMCA of Rock River Valley is waiving its joiner fee throughout the month of January with up to $75 off any new membership.
Also throughout the month, the Y will feature prizes just for visiting.
The popular LES Mills BodyPump class has been added to the Y roster. LES BodyPump uses The Rep Effect, using low-weight loads and high-repetition movements to transform and sculpt.
If you are looking for a less intense class, give yoga a try and calm those stressed-out nerves or take a lap in the pools.
Members also have access to the only rock wall, racquetball and hand ball courts in the area.
Gym Class Heroes and The Olympians are two of the Y's most popular youth fitness classes — where becoming a super hero and staying fit is more exciting than video games.
For more about the YMCA of Rock River Valley, 200 Y Blvd., Rockford, visit rockfordymca.org or call (815) 987-2252.
From the Jan. 9-15, 2013, issue


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Play Store to feature tablet optimized apps starting November 21st
Google has been trying to get app developers focused on Android tablets for some time. By asking them time and again to design their apps to look good on tablets as well as phones, Google is trying to get them to understand the importance of the platform. Starting on November 21st, they're getting a bit heavy-handed about it.


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As part of its ongoing public relations dimension, the Faculty of Information and Communication Technology organizes four annual events. These are:
The Annual Workshop in ICT (Taking place first week of April)
The Dean's Awards (Taking place between the first and second week of July)
The ICT Final Year Project Exhibition (Taking place between the first and the second week of July)
The ICT Lounge Around Event (Taking place third week of July)
Furthermore, the Faculty is active in various upcoming conferences and events.
We invite you to explore any of these events by clicking on their respective banners and links.
The Workshop in ICT is a National ICT event organised by the Faculty of Information and Communication Technology within the University of Malta. The intent of this event is to promote research and applications of technologies and practices in the field of ICT. The workshop solicits the submission of original papers dealing with both theoretical and practical aspects of ICT research and gives the opportunity to graduates and experts in the various areas of ICT to showcase their work and research efforts. By clicking on the banner above, you will be directed to the Workshop's webpage.
The Faculty is always proud of the achievement of its students. In this respect these awards recognize the academic performance of the Faculty's top and most achieving students.
We invite to click on the above banner to learn to whom these awards were presented over the years since these awards have been held.
We invite you to click on the banner above and browse through our students' achievements. In here you will find details of past and future exhibitions. We are always proud to showcase our students' efforts and we sincerely hope that you will enjoy and appreciate the contents of these pages.
The Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, at the University of Malta, organises a yearly informal and informative Q&A Session in the form of a Lounge Around event, at the Imsida Campus. Come and talk to us, find out how we can help you realise your potential. Ask us anything you wish about our services and about your future in a relaxed and friendly atmosphere.
Faculty of Information and Communication Technology Careers Presentation. Please click Here.
Webpages for Year 2010, Year 2011, Year 2012
ICT Timetables (Academic Year 2014/5), available from HERE.
Academic Advisors for ICT 1st year students (Intake 2014/5), NOW available
More information available from HERE.
CERN Openlab Summer Student Programme 2015. More details from HERE.


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Ingrain's digital rock physics lab provides special core analysis services (SCAL) on oil and gas reservoir rocks using 3D imaging and computing. Using whole core, core plugs, sidewall cores or even drill cuttings, Ingrain can deliver crucial information much faster than physical labs, and at a lower overall cost.
"Demand for our services has accelerated dramatically in the Middle East," said Gary Sinclair, Ingrain's Regional Manager MENA.
"Our multi-scale digital rock physics workflow delivers accurate SCAL data within 60 days, compared to months or even years from conventional physical labs. Operators are becoming increasingly aware of what an incredible value that is."
The new 950-square-meter lab has installed and commissioned a high-resolution macro scanner (with a scan resolution of 0.5 mm) that is capable of scanning whole core and plugs in a very rapid time frame. The lab also has a micro CT scanner that can scan a range of resolutions sufficient to resolve the micro pore space associated with carbonates in the Middle East. Additional scanners will be added as required by workload.
Ingrain currently has seven employees in the Abu Dhabi lab and is supported by staff from their Houston-based headquarters. The company plans to increase the number of Abu Dhabi employees up to fifteen by year-end and continue to add facilities as demand continues to increase. Ingrain now employs over 60 people worldwide.
All News Sep 21 2010
Tuesday, September 21- 2010 @ 16:03 UAE local time (GMT+4) Replication or redistribution in whole or in part is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Mediaquest FZ LLC.


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Book your room at Estanplaza Paulista
Business Double Room, 1 Queen Bed
Max Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children)Suite House Single
Max Occupancy: 1 guestBusiness Single Room, 1 Queen Bed
Max Occupancy: 1 guestSuite House Double
Max Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children)Romantic Sao Paulo hotel in Jardins, walk to Museum of Art of Sao Paulo
Located in Jardins, this romantic hotel is within a 10-minute walk of Casper Libero College and Museum of Art of Sao Paulo. Sao Paulo Cultural Center and Professor Aristoteles Orsini Planetarium are also within 2 mi (3 km).
Nearest Transport Options
Nearest Airports
Hotel Features
Along with a restaurant, this smoke-free hotel has an indoor pool and a fitness center. Buffet breakfast is free. Additionally, a bar/lounge, a coffee shop/café, and a sauna are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 118 rooms offer WiFi, balconies, and LCD TVs with cable channels. Other amenities available to guests include 24-hour room service, wired Internet, and minibars.
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Feel free at Audiko.net, where it's possible to search for epic ringtones for your iPhone. Today we have a ringtone of "Adorn" by Miguel as well as 1650 other ringtones by Miguel. You can listen to all 523 Miguel – "Adorn" ringtone variations available here and download it for free just in a click. You can also browse other 6 albums produced by Miguel for all time. "Adorn" is referred to R&B, and we can offer you a huge amount of R&B collaborations absolutely for free. And finally, we have collected lyrics for this track and you can view it here as well. So feel free to browse, listen, download ringtones at Audiko.net. Make your phone sound cool!
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- Ken Arai - HYPNOTIK
- YOB - Pain of I
- Catfish and the Bottlemen - Homesick


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Washington officials plan to replace the Highway 520 bridge by 2014. The state will begin collecting tolls in 2010 to help fund construction of 360-foot-long pontoons for the new bridge. The existing bridge, built in 1963, remains at risk from severe storms and earthquakes.
View Full Article in:
Seattle Times, ThePublished in Brief:


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PAM_GUEST(8) MidnightBSD System Manager's Manual PAM_GUEST(8)
pam_guest — Guest PAM module
[service-name] module-type control-flag pam_guest [arguments]
The guest service module for PAM allows guest logins. If successful, the pam_guest module sets the PAM environment variable GUEST to the login name. The application can check this variable using pam_getenv(3) to differentiate guest logins from normal logins.
The following options may be passed to the pam_guest module:
Comma-separated list of guest account names. The default is ''guest''. A typical value for ftpd(8) would be ''anonymous,ftp''.
Omits the password prompt if the target account is on the list of guest accounts.
The password typed in by the user is exported as the PAM_RUSER item. This is useful for applications like ftpd(8) where guest users are encouraged to use their email address as password.
Requires the guest user to type in the guest account name as password.
pam_getenv(3), pam_get_item(3), pam.conf(5), pam(8)
The pam_guest module and this manual page were developed for the FreeBSD Project by ThinkSec AS and NAI Labs, the Security Research Division of Network Associates, Inc. under DARPA/SPAWAR contract N66001-01-C-8035 (''CBOSS''), as part of the DARPA CHATS research program.
MidnightBSD 0.3 May 26, 2003 MidnightBSD 0.3


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Message view | « Date » · « Thread » |
Top | « Date » · « Thread » |
From | Rick McGuire <rick...@gmail.com> |
Subject | Re: A couple of javamail questions |
Date | Tue, 07 Mar 2006 17:44:52 GMT |
Dain Sundstrom wrote: > On Mar 7, 2006, at 6:47 AM, Rick McGuire wrote: > >> I'm currently working on adding NNTP Store support to the Geronimo >> javamail code, which is built on top of the code that was integrated >> last week that added NNTP Transport support. I've ran into a little >> gotcha on this. The Store and Transport providers are defined in the >> javamail.default.providers file, and all providers must be unique >> (e.g., smtp, pop3, etc.). For NNTP, we're going to have both a Store >> and a Transport, and only one can have the nntp name. The Sun impl >> doesn't have nntp, so there's no guidance from that corner. >> >> GNU classpath has an NNTP implementation, and that version uses >> "nntp" for the Store, and "nntp-post" for the Transport. The >> Geronimo code is currently using "nntp" for the Transport, but it's >> easy enough to change that as I doubt this code is widely used after >> less than one week. Should we copy what GNU did or use something >> else (perhaps "nntp" and "news")? > > I think we should follow the convention of GNU classpath > >> Also, the vendor information in the javamaildefault.providers file >> includes version numbers. Should we be incrementing at least the >> smtp version number since this has changed considerably since the >> last Geronimo release, or should we change these to line up with >> Geronimo release versions. Thus new providers would not be 1.0 even >> though they are new in this release. > > Can we make the vendor version number match the module version number > in Maven? Fairly easily done, but it is a manual process at the moment. I just wasn't certain we wanted to increment all of the version numbers for the providers even if nothing changed in the code. > > -dain > | |
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Spring Training
Tigers Announce 2014 Spring Training Schedule
The Detroit Tigers today announced the club's exhibition game schedule for 2014 Spring Training in Lakeland, Florida.
Porcello Throws 5 Shutout Innings, Tigers Top Nats
Porcello gave up three hits and struck out four. He has fanned 14 without a walk this spring, and has a 2.08 ERA.
Torii Hunter Says Tigers Have Great Balance
"The team is great, man, you talk about a great group of guys. A lot of fun in the clubhouse, but on the field, these guys are vicious, and that's what you need," Hunter said.
Miguel Cabrera Takes On Rihanna's "Diamonds" In Video Parody
Could Miguel Cabrera be carving out a new career in the entertainment industry?
Porcello Throws 2 Scoreless Innings In Opening Exhibition Game For Tigers
Both starters – Hudson and Detroit's Rick Porcello – threw two scoreless innings.
Tigers 2, Braves 1
As the snow falls in metro Detroit the first sounds of spring are heard as the Detroit Tigers beat the Atlanta Braves 2-1 in the Grapefruit League opener Friday.
Dickerson Predicts Bigger Year For The Tigers
Tigers broadcaster Dan Dickerson has high hopes for the season.
Tigers OF Boesch Tweaks Oblique
Detroit outfielder Brennan Boesch has tweaked an oblique muscle in his right side and expects to miss a day or two of spring training.
Tigers Announce 2013 Spring Training Broadcast Schedule
The Detroit Tigers today announced their 2013 Spring Training broadcast schedule, which features 35 radio broadcasts on WXYT
TigerFest Gives Fans A Dose Of Spring Fever
TigerFest Gives Fans A Dose Of Spring Fever


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Apple Computer's iTunes store is offering downloads of the first six Harry Potter novels for $32.95 a book or $249 for the complete set. Author J.K. Rowling said she authorized the digitized books to help combat bootlegged versions with little resemblance to what she wrote.
View Full Article in:
USA TodayPublished in Brief:


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Book your room at Fairfield Inn & Suites by Marriott Venice
Hotel in Venice with free breakfast and outdoor pool
Situated in Venice, this hotel is 2.5 mi (4 km) from Pelican Pointe Golf and Country Club and 2.9 mi (4.7 km) from Fox Lea Farm. Venice Beach and Jacaranda West Country Club are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Hotel Features
Along with an outdoor pool, this smoke-free hotel has a fitness center and a spa tub. Free continental breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, coffee/tea in the lobby, a business center, and dry cleaning are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 103 rooms provide free WiFi and free wired Internet, flat-screen TVs with cable channels, and conveniences like refrigerators and microwaves. IPod docks, coffee makers, and ironing boards are among the other amenities available to guests.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!


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Counting down the posts until the site kicks in and posts a Wizard comment saying this is a load of shit.
wowwwww that production is one of the worst things i've ever heard, i had a headache before it even hit the minute mark
Digging: Desolate Shrine - The Heart of the Netherworld
They've had pretty bad production since Across the Dark, which is a shame cuz that album's really beautiful
Production didn't bother me at all. Song was great to me, it sounded like Insomnium, but not exactly like insomnium. My problem with them is that, like most melodic death metal bands, is that all their songs just blended together. Other than a few stellar tacks of course. This didn't sound like one of those songs, it was different and I loved it.
^This pretty much.
not sure how I feel about this one
wow that riff. beautiful song. production could be improved.
It's pretty simple and catchy, I liked it. I've always liked their production since it doesn't sound too overproduced.
Digging: Primitive Man - Home Is Where The Hatred Is
but it does sound compressed and brickwalled to death
How can you tell that it's compressed? I have no experience with anything like this.
Digging: We Stood Like Kings - Berlin 1927
Their production has been pretty samey since ATWW.
Waiting for a Crysis comment
This strikes me as being along the lines of "Through the Shadows" or "Weather the Storm". I don't necessarily think this is the direction all of the new album will take
it does sound compressed and brickwalled to death (2) cool song with a great chorus, just your standard melodeth song really.
this is good
this is actually quite nice.
Song was one of the worst they've ever made. No good riffs, boring structure, absolutely nothing worth mention. Thankfully the three instrumentals on the EP are good.
I honestly can't believe it's the same band. Granted, we've all wanted them to change their sound in some capacity...but this is just a watering down of their sound.
"we've all wanted them to change their sound in some capacity" I thought they were fine where they were before One for Sorrow. They are changing all that towards an even more generic sound.
Finnish melodic death metal band Insomnium have released a new really-fucking-boring song, entitled 'Ephemeral' off of their upcoming who-gives-a-shit EP, which is set for release in 2014 which will go down as one of the most zzzzzzzzzzzzz bands in the history of metal. i know i talk about this all the time but i'm sick of all modern metal being completely ruined by it Don't you mean you're the only one that bitches about this being a problem? ; )
Digging: Napalm Death - Apex Predator - Easy Meat
I'm in the minority here but I really liked One For Sorrow. And aside from terrible production this is a good song. The riffs are great.
Don't you mean you're the only one that bitches about this being a problem? ; )
i know i talk about this all the time but i'm sick of all modern metal being completely ruined by it Yeah. Live recordings or die m/
This is not a watered down version of their sound; to me, it's their sound shining through truer than ever - a completion of their sound. I agree that they should change things up in the future. Production has some issues (most noticeably with the drums).
• Poison The Well reunite• Blink-182 performing without Tom ..• Papa Roach stream F.E.A.R• Title Fight streams Hyperview• Asking Alexandria singer quits• New Death Cab for Cutie single• John Frusciante goes acid house• Napalm Death drop new video • Demis Roussos dies at 68• 10 Years release new single
• Jeff Bridges releases new album• Behind these snide eyes• Minus the Bear Drummer Leaves• Dustin Kensrue reveals new album• Adrenaline Mob drop new single• Passion Pit album teaser• Chelsea Wolfe announces new album• New(ish) Jeff Rosenstock video• Voivod post new song• Minsk end hiatus• New Slayer album in 2015• Halasan Bazar / Tara King Th. str..• Kai Hahto leaves Wintersun• Anthrax teases new album• Drenge drops new song» see all news
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


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Ratings based on 878 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
3.2 Room cleanliness
3.3 Service & staff
3.1 Room comfort
2.8 Hotel condition
They paid and stayed.
We double-checked.
We double-checked.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom monterrey, mx
To rest after shopping
Posted Dec 31, 2014Good price, clean. They need to focus on the maintenance of the rooms. Our night lamps never worked. They clean our room every day
by A verified travelerfrom Houston, TX
Good location, terrible room
Posted Dec 26, 2014Pros: The location was good for things I needed to do in Round Rock.
Cons: Make sure that Non Smoking rooms are not used as smoking rooms and then sprayed down with perfumed scents.
Location: This hotel is in the center of Round Rock, so you have lots of restaurants and retail around.
For the price I paid, I was not expecting this to be a high end hotel. However, I was expecting it to be clean and for the non smoking room, to be free of smoke. Upon entering my room, I was hot with a very strong scent that was sprayed to cover up the smell of smoke. There was a sign in the room that said, "No Smoking", but I found ashes on the bathroom sink counter. Because we were running late to an event, I did not have time to switch rooms. Again, I needed this room for one night and had only planned on being in the room to sleep and get up early the next morning and leave. So I was ok getting a cheaper hotel, and did not expect a whole lot. But a clean room that does not smell like smoke, is not a lot to ask for. Also, if you are a light sleeper, be aware that this hotel is right next to the highway, so it is very noisy.
by A verified traveler
It's an OK hotel
Posted Dec 19, 2014Pros: Convenient location.
Cons: Staff.
It was close to the place I needed to go, so it worked for me. I can't tell that the staff is really nice... They were ok. I was never greeted when I entered the hotel during my 5 days visit. Maybe once. Not that it really matters, but sometimes it does. The room was ok and somewhat clean.
by A verified traveler
Horrible hotel, worst that I have seen.
Posted Dec 14, 2014This hotel should be taken off of expedia, it's that bad.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Houston
Very good Deal for the Price
Posted Dec 6, 2014Nice and Quiet, bed was very comfortable, room size was ok, bathroom is quit small, but ok. will stay again if in in area.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
It did its purpose
Posted Nov 24, 2014The toilet ran non stop. Would not fill up. The room itself smelt like a sweaty gym room. The staff was nice. They gave me a 15% off voucher that expires next month but I'm there one weekend a month due to reserves and this was my first time there if its like this a 2 time I may have to choose another motel.
by A verified traveler
OK But
Posted Nov 23, 2014Cons: Attention to detail
Didn't always have staff at desk. Missed small details like drinking cups tissues etc.Had to get them yourself. Wasn't asked how my stay was. Pool was very very small.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom H
It's good for a 1 night stay
Posted Nov 15, 2014Staff is friendly and helpful. The room was old, it looked like at some point in last 5 years they have tried to remodel but it was done half way with the wrong materials. Not luxury by ANY means. But it's located by the outlets and right off the interstate so travel is easy.
by A verified travelerfrom Maryland
Depressing Stay!
Posted Nov 12, 2014Pros: When we first checked in, the staff was great. We were a little early and she accommodated us with only a small wait.
Cons: The door keys don't work very well. Their coffee was awful. The amenities in the rooms need to be fixed.
Location: The outlets are close and thank goodness there was a couple of places to eat close by.
The hotel beds are very hard. It was very difficult to get extra towels. I actually had one of the housekeepers tell me "NO" when I asked her for extra towels. She told me I had to go to the front desk and request them. Made no sense. We went to front desk a couple of times and had to wait 10-15 minutes because no one was there. Once, I actually had to go find someone because I had to leave but needed something in our room fixed. For as much as we paid for the rooms, I expected a little more. The Alarm clock, fridge, and microwave did not work in our room. The ceiling had dead bugs attached, and we needed someone to look at our air conditioner because it was blowing out hot air when we first arrived. I will not be staying there again and I don't recommend anyone else staying there either. If I could have found another hotel with space in that area, I would have changed hotels.
by A verified travelerfrom TX
Scary place to arrive at at 10 pm in the dark.
Posted Nov 12, 2014Pros: Only that the locks on the doors worked well. We had stayed for the same price at a much nicer facility the night before.
Cons: Customer service, outside lighting, and security would be a good place to start.
Location: It was really just a place to stop and rest located next to another hotel and a gas station.
We arrived later in the evening and there was no parking without driving around the hotel. There were groups of men outside gathered at the back stairwell and it was unnerving to think about having to walk past them with my daughter in a less than well lit parking lot with no security present. The front desk night clerk was distant and not very informative. I had to ask anything I wanted to know. When we got to the room, I could not find the TV remote. I called the front desk to ask if they put them in a particular place. I was told that housekeeping probably had gathered it up with the sheets and it had been taken to the laundry. When I asked about a replacement he said he would have to search and that I should just use the buttons on the TV. I won't be going back.


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Updated 08/14/2013
Arguably Cartagena's most visited tourist site documents the darkest period in the city's history. A baroque limestone doorway marks the entrance to the 1770 Palace of the Inquisition, the headquarters of the repressive arbiters of political and spiritual orthodoxy who once exercised jurisdiction over Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Although the museum displays benign colonial and pre-Columbian artifacts, everyone congregates on the ground floor to "Eeewww!" over the
implements of torture—racks and thumbscrews, to name but two. We recommend you hire an English-speaking guide since many of the displays need explanations and all signs are in Spanish.
Sight Details:
Updated 08/14/2013


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Help my weekly veg box delivery has supplied my with a glut of broad beans. Please can you help me.
Francesca is the former Assistant Editor of food52 and believes you can make anything out of farro.
Broad beans are essentially fava -- are yours dried? If so, soak them, drain them, and make a purée (perhaps with mint) or very simple falafel, as if you were using chickpeas:
Well played.
You deserve a cookie.
Sign up for our useful, inspired emails and we'll give you everything you need to eat and live better -- including recipes, how-tos, and exclusives and great gift ideas from Provisions, our kitchen and home shop.
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You are missing some Flash content that should appear here! Perhaps your browser cannot display it, or maybe it did not initialize correctly.
Praises to Chief Nkayishana (Solomon). Further details refer ILAM record TP3592
John Mgadi (Performer)
Composer not specified
78 RPM shellac record
Sound Forge v.8
Technics SP-10 MK II direct drive turntable
Vestax BDT-2500 belt drive turntable
Studer Revox Interface SP 10-8
Shellac record number: TP3592
Recording number: 1866
Library number: 685
International Library of African Music
International Library of African Music


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Crane malfunctions above New York City street
UPDATED 1:28 PM CDT Oct 07, 2013A crane malfunctioned in New York City on Monday morning, which left 13,000 pounds of concrete dangling over West 57th Street.
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