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The Oxford Handbook of Event-related Potential ComponentsNormal Price: $320.95
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Oxford Handbook of Event-related Potential Components by Steven J. LuckBook Description Event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used for decades to study perception, cognition, emotion, neurological and psychiatric disorders, and lifespan development. ERPs consist of multiple components and reflect a specific neurocognitive process. In the past, there was no single source that could be consulted to learn about all the major ERP components; learning about a single ERP component required reading dozens or even hundreds of separate journal articles and book chapters. The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components fills this longstanding void with a detailed and comprehensive review of the major ERP components. Comprising 22 chapters by the field's founders and leading researchers, this volume offers extensive coverage of all relevant topics: -the fundamental nature of ERP components, including essential information about how ERP components are defined and isolated -individual components, such as the N170, P300, and ERN -groups of related components within specific research domains, such as language, emotion, and memory -ERP components in special populations, including children, the elderly, nonhuman primates, and patients with neurological disorders, affective disorders, and schizophrenia While undeniably broad in scope, these chapters are accessible to novices while remaining informative and engaging to experts. The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components is a unique and valuable resource for students and researchers throughout the brain sciences.Buy Oxford Handbook of Event-related Potential Components book by Steven J. Luck from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books. Book Details ISBN: 9780195374148ISBN-10: 0195374142 Classification: Psychology Format: Hardback (260mm x 191mm x 40mm) Pages: 664 Imprint: Oxford University Press Inc Publisher: Oxford University Press Inc Publish Date: 12-Jan-2012 Country of Publication: United States |
Other Editions...You might also like...
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A four-step method for handling the increasingly-outrageous behavior of narcissists and high-conflict people at work: customers, employees, managers and business-owners.
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This book examines the impact of digital technologies on learners in formal and informal settings. Written by two experts, it draws on the latest research from psychology, neuroscience, and education. The chapters cover e-readers and tablets as teaching tools, digital literacy, social networking in educational contexts, and more.
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Learning how to pay attention to the present moment. Books By Author Steven J. Luck
Oxford Handbook of Event-related Potential Components, Paperback (July 2013)
» View all books by Steven J. Luck
The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components provides a detailed and comprehensive overview of the major ERP components. Reviews» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Oxford Handbook of Event-related Potential Components book by Steven J. Luck and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!) Author Biography - Steven J. LuckSteven J. Luck, Ph.D., is Professor of Psychology and Director of the Center for Mind & Brain at the University of California, Davis. Emily S. Kappenman is a Ph.D. candidate at the Center for Mind & Brain, University of California, Davis. |
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Mag Hotel Suites
TripAdvisor Reviews Mag Hotel Suites Sharjah
Travel Blogs from Sharjah
... was a nice merge to help us transition. I can see why people love Dubai. It's busy, spacious and very well organised, we wanted todo more sight seeing but really had.no clue of where we were and what to do and knew we only had one day. At this point it was lunch time and Hudson had already fallen asleep while eating lunch so I had the genius idea of catching the public transport! We had seen the train which runs above the road and figured it would give us a ...
It worked in Practice! Would it work in Theory?
... cool (estimated) 22C. The energy required to keep that volume of air that cool must be phenomenal. It was interesting to see that the Mall was fairly empty until around 14.00 but then filled so that by 16.00 it was pretty difficult to make your way without bumping into others. The range of goods and brands available is extraordinary. Every ultra-high-cost item imaginable will be there for purchase. Between them, the SEGA electronic games area, the Kidmania children's rides and ...
By Gum it's Hot
... 40 dirhams ( 3 dirhams to NZ$1) to the Radisson Blu Hotel located in the old part of Dubai arriving there at 7.30am(2.30pmNZ time).So door to door it was exactly 25 hours traveling time. We have a very nice room with a good view of the Dubai Creek Had a late buffet breakfast around 10-30am (6-30pmNZ time) which was first class everything and anything you fancy.
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My 21st and the start of my journey
... a beautiful symbol of hopes, dreams and aspirations, and a symbol of friendship. A BEAUTIFUL birthday, never to be forgotten.... And then there was today, the day I begin my travels! We woke up early, and Becky and I set off to the airport. We had plenty of time so parked and had a morning costa coffee - for those of you who know me well, me not having my costa fix for months on end may be the hardest challenge!! I don't even have my costa card in my possession anymore!! ...
The beginning
... br> I think Emirates is my favourite airline. We flew with a massive double-deck Airbus 380. The flight was not busy so I had 4 seats to myself and managed to watch two movies, one being the classic Toy Story, and then get a quick nap.
Only slight problem in my trip was the m*********** I managed to make on the side of my trousers on the side of my thigh! Oops.
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Beauty Resort 2
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Beauty Resort is going international: help Heather pamper clients around the world!
How to play Beauty Resort 2
Drag the customers to the requested stations, clicking to serve them, collect money, and clean the stations. Keep them happy and the money will roll in!
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The Jeanne Geiger Crisis Center serves victims of domestic violence in the Greater Newburyport, MA area. If you are being emotionally or physically abused, you are not alone. We can help you with safety planning, legal assistance, counseling and support. We are nationally recognized for our focus on ending family violence in our communities. Read more>
Domestic Violence High Risk Team Network
To learn more about the Domestic Violence High Risk Team Model, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com
You are not alone. Safe, confidential and free help is just a phone call away. Call us.
One Billion Rising
On Thursday, February 12th at 5:00 pm at Market Square (directly in front of Orange Leaf Frozen Yogurt) the Jeanne Geiger Crisis Center will join with activists around the world for ONE BILLION RISING FOR JUSTICE. The campaign will build upon the energy and momentum that was created last year when one billion activists in 207 countries and territories came together to rise, strike, and dance, in the biggest mass action in human history, to demand an end to violence against women and girls.
3rd Annual White Ribbon Breakfast
Save the Date! For the 3rd Annual White Ribbon Breakfast. The Breakfast will be held at 8:00 a.m. on Tuesday, March 24, 2015, at the Ipswich Country Club.
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Total Time:
Prep Time:
Cook Time:
40 mins
20 mins
20 mins
Evamyth's Note:
A trulty delicious custard tartlet. They might not look very good but everyone who tastes them loves them. I have to have them at every party I give. A traditional Portuguese pastry. Not sure about the prep or cook times, I only made them once many years ago, its easier to buy them ;-) adapted from "Foods of the Azores Islands" by Deolinda Maria Avila (Self-published, 1977) Makes 12 pastries Make sure the pastry ingredients are well chilled and the custard ingredients are at room temperature. The pastry is partially baked before filling to eliminate an uncooked pastry layer that sometimes can result.
My Private Note
Units: US | Metric
- 2 cups all-purpose flour, plus more for rolling
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 2 tablespoons granulated sugar
- 10 tablespoons chilled unsalted butter, cut into 1/4 inch cubes
- 5 -7 tablespoons ice water
- 1 tablespoon cornstarch
- 1 1/2 cups heavy cream
- 1 cup granulated sugar
- 6 egg yolks
- 1Make the pastry.
- 2In the bowl of a food processor fitted with a metal blade, pulse the flour, salt and sugar to combine.
- 3Add the butter and pulse until the flour resembles coarse, uneven cornmeal, about 10 1-second pulses.
- 4Drizzle 5 tablespoons of the ice water over the mixture.
- 5Pulse several times to work the water into the flour.
- 6Add the remaining water, 1 tablespoon at a time, and continue pulsing until the mixture develops small curds.
- 7Turn the dough out onto a work surface, shape it into a disc and cover with plastic wrap.
- 8Refrigerate for at least 1 hour.
- 9On a lightly floured surface, roll half the dough to 1/16-inch thickness.
- 10Cut out 6 (4 1/2-inch) circles.
- 11(If you don't have a cookie cutter, a wide-mouth jar works well.) Ease the dough circles into a 12-cup (4-ounce capacity) nonstick muffin tin, pressing out any overlapping folds.
- 12Repeat with the remaining dough.
- 13Place the tin in the freezer for 5 minutes.
- 14Remove and trim any overhang with the back of a knife so that the pastry cups are flush with the top of the tins.
- 15Line dough cups with cupcake papers and fill with dried beans or pastry weights.
- 16Bake at 350°F (180°C) for 8 to 10 minutes to set.
- 17Make the custard.
- 18Dissolve the cornstarch in 1/4 cup of the cream in a medium bowl.
- 19Add the remaining cream and sugar, and stir until the mixture is smooth and the sugar dissolves.
- 20Check for sugar granules with a spoon; none should remain.
- 21In a small bowl, blend the yolks with a fork until smooth.
- 22Add the yolks to the cream mixture, stirring gently to combine.
- 23Ladle the egg mixture into the partially baked pastry cups, filling to 2/3 capacity.
- 24Bake in at 350°F (180°C) until the edges of the custard are puffed and middle is still jiggly, about 20 to 25 minutes.
- 25(The custard will continue to cook.) Cool completely in the tin.
- 26The pastéis are best when eaten the same day.
Browse Our Top Tarts Recipes
Nutritional Facts for Pasteis de Nata (Custard Tarts)
Serving Size: 1 (1154 g)
Servings Per Recipe: 1
- Amount Per Serving
- % Daily Value
- Calories 363.1
- Calories from Fat 205
- 56%
- Total Fat 22.8 g
- 35%
- Saturated Fat 13.6 g
- 68%
- Cholesterol 149.2 mg
- 49%
- Sodium 212.2 mg
- 8%
- Total Carbohydrate 36.3 g
- 12%
- Dietary Fiber 0.5 g
- 2%
- Sugars 18.8 g
- 75%
- Protein 4.0 g
- 8%
Ideas from Food.com


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Assassins: Stephen Sondheim's Musical About Presidential Assassins
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
The last date listed for Assassins was Saturday November 19, 2011 / 8:00pm.
Currently at St. Mark's Episcopal Church
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof: Tennessee Williams' Pulitzer-Winning Play
- Full Price:
- $20.00
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- $7.50 - $10.00
Over the course of one sultry evening, a prominent Southern family is pushed to the brink when te … More
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Featured review from Goldstar Member
view more less of this reviewThis is definitely very dark humor - even a little sick at times - but the actors and singing is top form.
star this review starred report as inappropriateWe thought it was terrific! Singing and acting were great--only problem was audio, which at times, was too loud or unbalanced.
star this review starred report as inappropriateThis was a musical, and the actors' voices were undeniably melodic and pleasant as they sang. But none of the three of us could understand as articulated the vast majority of the words that comprised the sentences that they were singing, so the...continued
star this review starred report as inappropriateExtremely well done production. Very talented cast. A quality show way beyond my expectations.
About the Ticket Supplier: St. Mark's Players
The St. Mark's Players is a participatory community theater company with its own Board of Directors. The goals of the company are to provide personal growth to members of the company – both young people and adults; to create an outlet for dramatic and musical talent within the community; to engage and entertain our audiences; and to contribute to worthy parish and community projects.


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Ranking college football MVPs
Through five weeks, which players have been the most valuable?
When we first put together these rankings during the 2012 season, our aim was to identify the most valuable players in college football, differentiating it from the Heisman race a bit by not putting a huge emphasis on statistics and instead focusing on the importance of each player to his team's success -- thereby making it more likely that defensive players would be part of the discussion.
Our approach is the same this year, but after five weeks our list is loaded with quarterbacks.
That's just because of the way the season has gone so far, with offense dominating over defense and some of the best defensive teams lacking a true impact defender in the mold of how Jadeveon Clowney and Manti Te'o were last season. Florida DT Dominique Easley likely would have warranted inclusion on this list, but he was lost for the year with a knee injury last week.
We'll revisit this list later in the season, so there is plenty of time for some defensive players to emerge, but through five weeks, here is our ranking of the 10 most valuable players in college football.
1. Marcus Mariota, QB, Oregon Ducks
He didn't have the best numbers in the Ducks' rain-soaked win over Cal on Saturday, which could hurt his standing in the Heisman race a bit, but given the throwing conditions, I'll give him a pass for that game. His stats are still very impressive, including a line of nine passing touchdowns (plus five rushing touchdowns) to zero interceptions. And if you watched the game, you know the Ducks shut it down offensively in the second half.
To read Todd McShay's full ranking of college football's 10 most valuable players, you must be an ESPN Insider.
Become an insider and get access to all our articles and tools.
Signing Day is coming. Click here to learn more about ESPN Insider's exclusive, comprehensive recruiting analysis and rankings
View Insider Benefits »Magazine subscribers: activate your Insider account.
- ESPN College Football and NFL Draft Analyst
- Joined ESPN in 2006
- Played quarterback in high school and was a backup QB for the University of Richmond.
- Missouri AD grateful, regretful in stepping down
- No. 1 QB Murray stays with A&M after UT visit
- McCain: Time to talk legalizing sports betting
- Seahawks' Sherman, Bennett rip 'scam' NCAA
College Football on Insider
Todd McShay breaks down the top NFL prospects at the Senior Bowl. Read »
- SEC Recruiting Breakdowns
- Breaking down each SEC recruiting class.
Story »
- QB Sticking With Aggies
- Kyler Murray reaffirmed his pledge after Texas visit.
Hamilton »
- Betting: Best 2015 CFB Playoff bets
- Katz: Teams that will surprise in 2015
- Haney: TCU among 2015 favorites
- National links: Reshuffling the top four


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Fax: 202-885-2477
Battelle Tompkins, Room T-21
Linden, Sandra L
Senior Administrative Assistant
Henrietta Lacks Family Speaking at AU
The HeLa legacy: a collision of ethics, race, and science.
November 6, 2014 -
Race and Reparations
Writer Ta-Nehisi Coates will appear at American University in November.
October 27, 2014 -
Professor Emerita of Sociology Earns Lifetime Award
Esther Ngan-ling Chow wins the 2014 Jessie Bernard Award from the American Sociological Association.
October 2, 2014 -
Meet New Sociology Professor Nicole Angotti
Nicole Angotti is a new assistant professor in the Department of Sociology.
August 28, 2014 -
Changing Social Attitudes Toward Women's Health
Randi Saunders looks at the stigma college women face surrounding sexually transmitted infections.
July 25, 2014 -
Disability Diversity Panel
Sociology department panel opens doors to sociological discourse on disability.
February 25, 2014


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In this second prequel novella to the popular Windham series, New York Times bestselling author Grace Burrowes continues the story of the Duke and Duchess of Moreland through the tumultuous and bittersweet first years of marriage and parenthood.
Percival Windham is a second son and cavalry officer when he weds the beautiful Esther Himmelfarb, who bears her beloved husband four sons in little over five years of marriage. As Percival and Esther's finances become constrained, the ducal heir suffers an ailing heart, and the old duke becomes querulous and forgetful, married life comes to feel like endless loneliness and tribulation. Esther is exhausted and emotional, Percival is considering the wisdom of finding a mistress, and then two women from Percival's past wreak further havoc on the marriage, with potentially disastrous consequences for the entire Windham family.
Percival and Esther must grow into the nobility they've been resisting and stand together, or face the threat of destroying their family and the beautiful love that started out with such promise...
You can read this item using any of the following Kobo apps and devices:


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FULL RESOLUTION - 1280x720
News » Published 9 weeks ago
Is this Lena Headey the Actor?
Share your thoughts on this image?
28th November 2014 @ 03:26pm
Actress Lena Headey is set to have a rather busy year next year, with plenty of projects set for 2015
16th October 2014 @ 10:56am
Lena Headey has a Cersei Lannister nude scene in Game of Thrones season five but it was not simple to shoot
19th May 2014 @ 10:08am
Game of Thrones star Lena Headey disclosed in interview that she understood her character's inner struggle in controversial rape scene


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One of the most important reasons that Dr. Kevin Sadati's, Orange County facelift recovery patients enjoy a shorter and more enjoyable recovery is credited to his Natural Lift. The Natural Lift is Dr. Kevin Sadati's world-renowned, lower face and neck lift featuring his self-developed facial muscle tightening technique and is performed in-office, under local anesthesia and twilight sedation.
How Can Arnica Montana Help Orange County Facelift Recovery Patients?
Arnica Montana is an all-natural herbal supplement that Dr. Kevin Sadati suggests to his Newport Beach plastic surgery patients. Arnica Montana acts as a pain reliever while also having the ability to minimize the impact of bruising and swelling. It is easy and convenient for patients to use. Available in tablet, gel or cream form, patients have a choice of allowing the tablets to dissolve under their tongue or apply the product directly to the infected area.
How Was Dr. Kevin Sadati Able To Develop A Superior Facelift?
Top Orange County facial plastic surgeon, Dr. Kevin Sadati is responsible for developing a breakthrough facial muscle tightening technique referred to as the "Double C-Plication." Dr. Kevin Sadati's research regarding his r
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Professor Andrew Hargadon notes that Steve Jobs' brilliance lay in keeping Apple "from doing all the possible things out there to do."
UPDATE: Andrew Barkett is leaving his post as senior engineer at Facebook to bring his decade of experience in Silicon Valley to become the first-ever chief technology officer for the Republican National Committee.The June 4 announcement has stirred a whirlwind of media coverage, including the Huffington Post and Washington Post.Bark
Agilent Technologies' Electronic Measurement Group is a $3.6 billion business that over the past decade has seen a dramatic shift in its customer base from U.S., and Western European customers to predominantly Asia-based customers. Today, the majority of the division's revenues are generated outside of the U.S., with an increasing concentration in China.
(Davis, CA) — The UC Davis Graduate School of Management's full-time MBA program has been ranked among the top six percent of AACSB International-accredited programs nationwide, according to U.S. News & World Report's latest graduate business school rankings released today.
The secret of Midtown Sacramento's Facebook gaming mogul Mark Otero's success is taking things to the extreme.


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Hello, My name is Joey Lee Mawyer. My father's name is Herbert Thomas Mawyer,with two brothers Bobby Mawyer and Ronnie Moyer <-------- His last name is spelled like My grandfathers last name Herbert Moyer. We are all from Nelson County!!!! This mix-up on the Last names came when my father was born at the Hospital I was told they spelled his last name wrong on his birth Certif. My grandfather ran Moyer Oil Company out of Lovingston Va. Now my uncle Ronnie Moyer runs it.Bobby Mawyer married Linda Napier,My father married Joan Ann Newberry---> My mother.Now Bobby has two girls no boys to carry the Mawyer name.As for Ronnie I only know of one girl he had?? So if he doesn't have a son I'm the last to carry on the Mawyer/moyer name on.I'm now 39 years old myself.I have a son,but his mother and I never married. His last name is not mawyer at this time but I'm hoping he'll change it when he turns 18!!! He's 11 now and lives with his mother.He would be the last hope to carry on Our mawyer/moyer name unless like I said Ronnie has a son?? I just don't know at this time if he does or doesn't.Now my Grandfather and Grandmother lived in Wingina Va.then moved to shipman va. all in Nelson County!! Notify Administrator about this message?
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Adobe Illustrator: Tips, Tricks & Tools for Non-DesignersGeneral AssemblyTuesday, February 25, 2014 from 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM (EST) |
Event Details
Adobe Illustrator: Advanced Tips, Tricks, and Tools for Non-Designers
Tuesday, February 25 from 6:00 - 9:00 pm
Stephanie Nguyen, Lead Designer and Co-Founder, Silica Labs
Learn the basics for designing custom iconography, logos or beautiful vector graphics using Adobe Illustrator. This class will give you the essential tools needed to create visually compelling designs for both print and web. For the first half of the session we will create an illustration together learning and using Illustrator tools below. For the last half of the class, you will be able to design and draw your own simple illustrations by choosing your favorite minimalist movie poster.
You will no longer be at the mercy of your Google search query for "free icon downloads" or the dreaded Microsoft clip art to make things beautiful. This is perfect for those who wear many hats in their career or those seeking to build their career in design.
Student Takeaways:
This is a workshop style class. Be prepared to hear less lecture and dive right into exactly what you need to know to get started with vector images. You will learn the shortcuts and skills that will make you both comfortable and efficient in designing simple images with Illustrator
- Getting started: smart guides, artboards, layers, placing images, etc.
- Creating images: drawing and live tracing with the pen tool
- Altering images: color, scale, rotate, opacity, etc.
- Stylizing images: gradients, pathfinder, stroke, textures, patterns, effects, etc.
- Resources for future design: forums, tutorials, helpful downloads
No prior experience with Illustrator is required for this class. Students are encouraged to download Adobe Illustrator on their laptops before the class. For those who do not have the software, you can download a 30-day free trial of Illustrator CS6 from Adobe here: http://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator
Stephanie Nguyen is Lead Designer and a Co-Founder of Silica Labs, a startup located in Washington DC. She is designing apps for wearable devices, including Google Glass, the Sony SmartWatch, the Pebble Watch, the Basis Watch, and more. Most recently, she worked on the design and distribution of Wearably, a platform that makes it easy for media companies such as National Geographic, the Atlantic and NPR to send their content to millions of tech-savvy device adopters across Glass and smartwatches. Stephanie co-organizes the Google Glass Meetup in DC and has a background in data visualization and design where her work has been shared to publications such as Forbes and Fortune 500 clients globally. Follow her on Twitter at @nguyenist.
Can't make it? Sign up at https://generalassemb.ly/ to stay up to date on future events and classes.
Our Refund Policy: Plans change. We get it. But if you can't make it to a class/workshop, please email us at email@example.com at least 7 days before the scheduled event date. No refunds will be given after this timeframe.
When & Where
1133 15th St NW
Washington, D.C.,
Tuesday, February 25, 2014 from 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM (EST)
Add to my calendar
General Assembly
At General Assembly, we are creating a global community of individuals empowered to pursue work they love, by offering full-time immersive programs, long-form courses, and classes and workshops on the most relevant skills of the 21st century – from web development and user experience design, to business fundamentals, to data science, to project management and digital marketing.
Established in early 2011 as an innovative community in New York City for entrepreneurs and startup companies, General Assembly is an educational institution that transforms thinkers into creators through education in technology, business and design at nine campuses across three continents.


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Join Now
Join ePHOTOzine, the friendliest photography community.
Upload photos, chat with photographers, win prizes and much more for free!
Moving to the south east coast of Iceland and the Jökulsárlón glacier river lagoon. Here the ice from the front of the Breiðamerkurjökull glacier breaks off and floats in a 18km² lagoon. The icebergs can make it out to sea and often end up thrown back onto the black sand beaches.
This telephoto view compresses the perspective to show a distant glacier and then the range of shapes, textures and colours of the floating ice. Taken in the early evening the low sun provides backlighting on the scene, you can see some drips of water falling from the central iceberg.
Brand: | Sony |
Camera: | Sony Alpha SLT-A77 |
Lens: | Sony 70-300mm G SSM |
Recording media: | RAW (digital) |
Date Taken: | 21 Sep 2013 - 5:32 PM |
Focal Length: | 140mm |
Aperture: | f/13.0 |
Shutter Speed: | 1/200sec |
Title: | Melting Landscape |
Username: | AntHolloway |
Uploaded: | 5 Oct 2013 - 11:44 AM |
Tags: | Glacier, Ice, Iceberg, Iceland, Jokulsarlon, Jökulsárlón, Lagoon, Landscape / travel |
VS Mode Rating |
100 (50% won) These stats show the percentage of wins and the rating score that your photo has achieved. You can go to the VS Mode by clicking on this icon. Signup to e2Signup to e2 to see which photo this has won or lost against in the vs mode |
Votes: | 16 |
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"The timing of the rate increases does not correspond to the appearance of key characteristics that have been invoked to explain the evolutionary success of these groups, such as hair on mammals or mammals' well-coordinated chewing ability or feathers on birds," Alfaro said.
"Our results suggest that something more recent is the cause of the biodiversity. It may be that something more subtle explains the evolutionary success of mammals, birds and fish. We need to look for new explanations."
Co-authors on the PNAS paper are Luke Harmon, a professor of biological sciences at the University of Idaho; Francesco Santini, a UCLA postdoctoral scholar in Alfaro's laboratory; Chad Brock, a graduate student of biology at Washington State University; Hugo Alamillo, a graduate student of biology at Washington State University; Alex Dornburg, a former undergraduate in Alfaro's laboratory, now a graduate student at Yale University; Daniel Rabosky, a graduate student of biology at Cornell University; and Giorgio Carnevale, a postdoctoral scholar at Italy's University of Pisa.
The research is federally funded by the National Science Foundation.
Alfaro's laboratory also studies why some groups of animals have great diversity in their shapes and others do not, even if there are many species. He and his colleagues use DNA sequencing to tease apart evolutionary relationships, analyze the fossil record and conduct sophisticated statistical analysis.
"We are interested in understanding the causes of biodiversity," Alfaro said. "We are trying to understand what explains the staggering diversity of reef fishes and other vertebrates."
"Our analysis can highlight how much higher extinction rates are in the present, compared with the historical rates," he said.
Contact: Stuart Wolpert email@example.com 310-206-0511 University of California - Los Angeles Source:Eurekalert |


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The Demi Bra is cut straight across the body, covering half of the bust and shelving the breasts. Demi literally means "half" in French, and Demi Bras represent this concept well; a Demi Bra is cut lower than a Full Cup, but provides more coverage than a Balconnet. Demi bras have wide set straps and are typically cut at a slight angle to enhance presentation and create an open neckline.
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Simone Perele Revelation Demi Bra
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Iran vote delayed to avoid influencing Israel's election, senator says
Peres on Netanyahu speech: When the US president tells you not to come to US, you don't go
Rivlin addresses UN at Holocaust memorial
Obama: Netanyahu meeting before Israel election 'inappropriate'
Wolf Prizes in the sciences and arts presented to nine North Americans
Food company buys Bikur Cholim property from Gaydamak, promises will remain with Shaare Zedek
Protect young children from choking on Tu Bishvat delicacies
Yad Sarah sees rise in 'home hospitalization' equipment due to hospital overcrowding
The science behind online charitable giving
Israeli, Palestinian agriculture officials cooperate to curb bird flu spread
Matchmaker, matchmaker, make me a start-up
Presenting: A cross between a pomelo and an orange and other novel Israeli produce varieties
Delving into the 'Night'
Kelis bringing a taste of 'Food' to Israel - but no milkshakes, please
A taste of Barcelona in Tel Aviv
Nini Hachi revisited
Kiryat Shmona held by Sakhnin, remains in 2nd place
Basketball: Impressive Maccabi Tel Aviv overcomes Real Madrid
Athletes from across the globe flock to Eilat for Israman
Rolling Mac TA Express set for collision with old nemesis Real
US, UK condemn latest Israeli plan for settler housing as 'illegal, illegitimate'
Obama has agreed to 80 percent of Iran's demands in nuclear talks, Israeli officials tell Ch. 10
Rivlin pays condolences to families of IDF soldiers killed in Hezbollah attack
As dust settles on northern front, Ya'alon urges Israelis to visit Golan and Hermon
Hostilities in North give Likud boost in latest 'Jerusalem Post' poll
26 parties submit final lists for election
Yachad and Otzma end furious row and unite electoral lists
Netanyahu puts Bennie Begin back on Likud list
Yisrael Beytenu, Likud MKs petition to ban Zoabi from running in election
Nasrallah confirms Hezbollah, Iran bolstering presence along Golan border
Liberman: Israel's policy toward Hezbollah spurring terror from Lebanon, Syria
Erekat: Recognizing 'Palestine' as a state is best response to 450 new settlement homes
Senators pledge not to support Palestinian aid until US reviews ICC bid
Gazan youth graduate Hamas military training camp
BBC to investigate presenter's Israel questions at Paris protest march
Lithuanian Jews, Zuroff spar over Holocaust research center
Portugal okays law of return for Sephardic Jews
Nightmare for Italian Jewish leader and TV crew after being locked inside Auschwitz
Israel Bonds dinner raises $250 million in investments
At root of Argentina spy intrigue - a deal with Iran
After surviving a stoning, ISIS lets 'adulteress' live
Israeli claims of major Obama concessions to Iran 'complete nonsense,' US says
Islamic State's Egypt wing claims credit for terror attacks that killed 27
ISIS threatens to kill hostages if demands not met by Thursday night
Beshalah: Eating the manna and receiving the Torah
Grapevine: Reading their writes
Reflections: A musical legend
Another tack: The wrong end of a municipal drain-pipe
Yael's corner: Through the eyes of a deeper truth
A drive for justice
Xin Chào, Vietnam
Hating Jews for Allah
Introducing freedom
Book Review: Telling his own story
Book Review: An Israeli ambassador, aboveboard
Hot off the Arab press
Middle Eastern date desserts for Tu Bishvat
This week in Jerusalem
Wading Through Widowhood: The power of life
Coming full circle
February fun
Grapevine: Campaigning in many tongues
Wading through widowhood
A feast for the senses
What's really at stake in this election: unilateral pullout from West Bank
Iran and Hezbollah – an explosive combination
Striking terror targets in Syria - Israel's rights under int'l law
Anti-Semitism and the battle against Jihad
A song for Shvat: 'Song of the grasses'
בֵּין הַזְמַנִים
אַתְ לְבַדֵך תָבִינִי
אַלְבּוֹם הַקוֹרְפּוֹרָל
Winning Works
Giving Beit Shemesh children a helping hand
18 recommendations that could determine Israel's fate before the ICC
Happily Eva After: Ushering in 2015 the Eva way
Netanyahou sous le feu des critiques
Questions à Tzipi Livni
La violence refait surface
La liste de Herzog
Commémoration du 70e anniversaire de la libération du camp d'Auschwitz
Les mots valent mieux que la violence
Coexistence festive à Haïfa
Festival du film juif de Jérusalem, que la lumière soit !
Chocs, cheikhs et schiste
Une démocratie tronquée
Hautement qualifiés, fortement motivés
2014, un excellent cru pour l'aliya
Israël VS Hezbollah
Unis contre la terreur islamique
Le califat : rêve ou cauchemar pour l'islam ?
Comment Abbas tire avantage de la mort d'Abou Ein
Qui a tué Alberto Nisman ?
L'antisémitisme à la tribune des Nations unies
Islamophobie et antisémitisme : une comparaison problématique
Le 11 septembre français ?
Obama dismisses Muslim faith claims, says he is devout Christian
On first official visit to US, Rivlin addresses black Christian leaders in Brooklyn
In shadow of Paris attacks, UK faith leaders sign anti-hate declaration
Pope Francis calls for Christian Unity
Birth control ban doesn't mean breed 'like rabbits,' Pope says
JNF Canada Staff Mission Visits Projects for Disadvantaged Youth
Friends of JNF Australia Visit Negev Communities
International Dental Convention Participants Tour the Negev with KKL-JNF
Holiday Cheer as KKL-JNF Distributes Christmas Trees
Serbian PM Plants a Tree in the Grove of Nations
Sharing and Learning - German Forestry Students Intern with KKL-JNF
Israel and Finland Connect through the Environment
KKL-JNF Experts Visit China for Future Environmental Collaborations
The Shamir Drilling Project
Graduation Ceremony for Rosh HaAyin's Volunteer Firefighters
Nigerian Forestry Delegation Sees KKL-JNF Desert Afforestation First-hand
In his Footsteps: Heritage Excursions in Memory of Yitzhak Rabin
WMC 2015 Closing Evening Reception
Living on the Edge in the Gaza Periphery
Former UN Ambassador Dan Gillerman at WMC 2015
WMC 2015 Opening Reception at Beit Hatfutsot
Living Green in Israel: the Contest and the Winners
Addressing Climate Change Conference
Nurturing the Foresters of the Future
Saving the Sabras
01.31.2015 | 11 Shevat, 5775
Weizmann scientists bring nature back to artificially selected lab mice
Health Scan: The 'memory' of starvation is in the genes
Looking young in old age
Medical Corps training, improved technologies saved lives in Gaza
German 'reneges' on optional fluoridation of drinking water
Ministry urges taking preventive measures against West Nile virus
Religious Zionists, ultra-Orthodox men free to pursue nursing degree
*Health Scan: Upgrading the stethoscope*
*Danger: Viruses may trump mankind*
MDA urges adherence to safety rules to prevent drowning
Health Ministry instructs public hospitals to return to routine
*Rx for Readers: Is alarmist ad campaign's vaccine as necessary as its sponsors say?*
Health & Science
By JUDY SIEGEL-ITZKOVICH \
05/21/2012 03:09
In-vitro fertilization 370. (photo credit:Illustrative photo/Thinkstock)
A Health Ministry-appointed committee of experts presented a wide range of recommendations Sunday to amend laws regarding in-vitro fertilization, ova and sperm donations, surrogate parenthood and other processes regarding fertility.The principle guiding the committee was the protection of the resulting babies' interests, and equalizing the rights of women and men. The recommendations deal with sperm and ova donations after death; age limitations for fertility treatment; gamete donations for single people, including homosexuals; and surrogacy abroad for Israelis, among other controversial subjects.Deputy Health Minister Ya'acov Litzman has said he will not interfere and will leave decisions to professionals and to MKs, but that passage of amendments to laws and writing new regulations could take some time."It will not happen tomorrow morning," Mira Huebner, the ministry's legal adviser, told The Jerusalem Post on Sunday.Huebner said that as the surrogacy law, for example, was legislated 15 years ago, changes were necessary to suit the times.Heading the 13-member committee of experts was National Insurance Institute director-general Prof. Shlomo Mor-Yosef, a gynecologist by training and a former longtime director-general of the Hadassah Medical Organization. The other members were Huebner; Prof. Riad Agaria, head of Ben- Gurion University of the Negev's School of Pharmacy; Prof. Martha Dirnfeld, head of the IVF unit at Carmel Medical Center; social worker Orna Hirschfeld, an expert in adoption at the Welfare and Social Services Ministry; Health Ministry medical ethics expert Rabbi Dr. Mordechai Halperin; clinical psychologist Dr. Shlomit Cohen; Justice Ministry lawyer Moriya Cohen-Bakshi; Tel Aviv University ethicist and emeritus Prof. Assa Kasher; Shaare Zedek Medical Center medical geneticist Prof. Ephrat Levy-Lahad; gynecology Prof. Yossi Lessing of Lis Hospital; former attorney-general adviser Yehoshua Schoffman; and Shaare Zedek pediatric neurologist and Jewish medical ethicist Prof. Avraham Steinberg. The committee coordinator was Avital Weiner-Aumann of the Health Ministry.The public committee presented its recommendations to ministry director-general Prof.Ronni Gamzu on Sunday after holding 22 sessions during the last 18 months of deliberations.Gamzu thanked Mor-Yosef and his colleagues for "a fundamental, comprehensive, balanced and innovative set of recommendations."Mor-Yosef told the Post that "it is not drama, but there are changes. Some things can be done immediately; some need regulations and others laws.Now the recommendations are in the hands of the Health Ministry and politicians in the Knesset."Although homosexuals and lesbians will benefit if the recommendations are implemented, the committee purposely does not deal with such status, referring only to "single" or "married" people."We did this on purpose. On some issues, there was a minority that opposed some recommendations, but these are listed, and we decided by a majority vote," said Mor-Yosef.One subject the recommendations included involved the donation of embryos. The committee said there should be a bank of surplus embryos for donation, and that donation must be anonymous and open to all who are eligible to receive it, not just specific women or those with family connections to the donor. The embryos would be preserved for five years with the option of another five. Afterward, they would be destroyed or donated for research if the donor agreed in writing.According to the recommendations, genetic material (sperm, eggs or fertilized eggs) can be used after death to produce children related to one of the donors within five years of the death.Regarding surrogacy, the committee recommended that a married woman could serve as a surrogate mother instead of only unmarried women, as is the situation today. A relative – excluding a mother, daughter, grandmother or granddaughter – could serve as a surrogate for her relative; but a sister could not serve as a surrogate to carry an embryo produced by her brother's sperm.Surrogacy arrangements would be allowed only if a couple had no more than one child beforehand, and for a single woman or man if she/he had no children. The maximum age for parenthood through surrogacy will be 54 years when the agreement is signed; a surrogate mother may be only up to 38 years old.Surrogacy would be allowed for new groups, including single women who have a medical condition preventing them from carrying a pregnancy; and single men, but only if the woman bearing the pregnancy is doing so for altruistic reasons, without receiving payment.A woman may serve as a surrogate for a maximum of three times; each woman may undergo three attempts to get pregnant and become a surrogate.An inter-ministry committee would recognize foreign clinics, based on documentation, for carrying out surrogacy arrangements.Israeli doctors and middlemen would not be allowed to carry out surrogacy in unrecognized foreign clinics; doing so would be a criminal offense in Israel.Meanwhile, the Progressive (Reform) Movement in Israel commented that a few years ago, its rabbinical council set policy on surrogacy among its members and called for full equality for heterosexual and homosexual partners. Its rabbis have held ceremonies marking births involving homosexual partners. As such, the movement was pleased with the Mor-Yosef committee recommendations, and said it hoped to see them implemented.However, other organizations objected to the fact that only altruistic women could serve as surrogates for single-sex couples, saying they believed not many women would agree to do this without pay.
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The social networking site launched new features allowing users to make video, and send private group messages.
CNBC's Julia Boorstin takes a close look at who might win at the Oscars this Sunday.
Social media analytic firm BrandWatch analyzes 60 million websites and nearly half a million conversations to calculate the critics and public pick for the Oscars, reports CNBC's Julia Boorstin.
As Academy Award season approaches, it's not uncommon to hear talk about the "Oscar Jinx." Click to see the actors and actresses whose careers declined once they won the Academy Award.
Oscar-nominated "Little Miss Sunshine" producer David Friendly discusses who he thinks will win big at this weekend's Oscars.
ABC, which broadcasts the event, said it saw the highest demand for Oscar ads in over a decade. The average 30 second spot sold for between $1.65 million and $1.8 million, the highest prices since 2008, when ads averaged $1.7 million.
President Obama is holding a "White House Open Data Day Hackathon" today. CNBC's Jon Fortt explains.
While Apple has been having a tough couple of months, Google's seen a steady climb, with Dennis Berman, Wall Street Journal, and Lance Ulanoff, Mashable. Has Google taken over as the "cool" company?
If you've ever broken your phone and lost your data, a new company has the solution: Amos Winbush, Founder and CEO of CyberSynchs, explains.
Daniel Ernst, Principal at Hudson Square Research, says Apple has been undervalued for a long time.
Hollywood's 2012 blockbuster films lifted ticket sales and stemmed a seven-year free fall in sales of DVD's and other home entertainment.
Dan Morgan, Synovus Trust, weighs in on HP earnings as Q1 net income slipped.
Jane Crowther, editor-in-chief of Total Film, speculates on the Oscar winners.
Robert Jones, Co-Founder of The Fyzz Facility, tells CNBC that there is a very strong pack of films at this year's Oscar's.
CNBC's Julia Boorstin reports the 8 Oscar "best picture" nominated films racked up $2 billion in total box office gross this year.
Richard Gelfond, IMAX CEO, breaks down his company's fourth quarter results, and provides an outlook on the summer movie season.
"House of Cards" drew a sizable audience compared to HBO's "Girls," according to a survey by Cowen research.
Apple was hacked, and the company is saying no data was actually stolen. Dave Aitel, Immunity CEO; Mischel Kwon, CEO of Mischel Kwon & Associates; and David Folkenflik, NPR Media Correspondent, offer insight.
Twitter is introducing API to allow marketers to buy and manage Twitter ads through certain third party platforms.
The video game and media industry is anxiously awaiting Sony's big debut, where it's expected to unveil its first new Playstation since 2006. The pressure is on for Sony to deliver a console so impressive, it'll convince consumers to finally make a big investment in consoles and games again.
Owned by art, film and real estate mogul Zhang Baoquan, Tree Resort World on Sanya Bay bar marks the Chinese government's first tacit approval of a gaming concept outside of Macau.
Get the best of CNBC in your inbox
Working from Los Angeles, Boorstin is CNBC's media and entertainment reporter and editor of CNBC.com's Media Money section.


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Polaroid Photography
10:00 pm
Thu May 29, 2014
Shake it - a modern Polaroid love story
Can you hear it? Click, whir, wait, shake - ahhhh!
Listen Thursday night at 9 p.m. on West Virginia Public Radio, Shake it- a modern Polaroid love story.
Taking a Polaroid picture is a totally sensory experience. But it is more than just the sensation of a snapshot; there is something special and social about seeing, giving & receiving that white-framed photo.
Taking and sharing instant digital photos these days is second nature. But what is it about that white-framed, square pic that survives in our digital lives (hello, Instagram)? Does it make moments more special? Do the vintage-y filters make our art history? Or our history art? Why has the Polaroid design so clearly marked current digital photography apps and photography memes? This nostalgic devotion is simply amazing – and Polaroid is seeing a recent resurgence in popularity, even as a Polaroid Museum opens in Las Vegas in Spring, 2014.
We look at these human and visual connections in "Shake It", an hour-long public media documentary. We weave personal narrative with interviews with experts and enthusiasts in the world of art and film, Polaroid history & digital photography, technology and design. "Shake it" has rich and diverse music, sound effects and sound beds - including shutter clicks, a vintage Eames Studio ad for Polaroid, a pop music parody and more.
Hear vox pop and short interviews with Polaroid photographers and enthusiasts, such as polaroidsf.com . We talk with Christopher Bonanos , author of "Instant: The Story of Polaroid." And with Dave Bias, who created savepolaroid.com and now is Vice President of The Impossible Project , a company that saved hundreds of thousands of vintage Polaroid cameras from extinction. And we sit with Gus Van Sant , noted film director and Polaroid photographer, to talk about how he used Polaroid photos in his creative process.


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Articles Related to Aspen, Vail + The Mountains
America's Best Spas: The List
In our 1998 World's Best survey, we polled Travel & Leisure readers to discover your favorite American spas. Here's what you said. america's 15 best...Is it Jewel or Jive? Tips for the Traveler
Don't get ripped offHotel Room Feng Shui
portable feng shuiLetters | August 1998
August 1998Bay City Rowers
Sampling the San Francisco nightlife... by kayakThe Last of the Lodges: 25 American Greats
Rustic pleasures, from Alaska to MaineInsider Guide to the Big Island
What's cool this summerIceland: Into the Blue
Not nearly as cold as its name would have you believe, Iceland reveals itself in waterfalls, glacial lagoons, urbane beautiful people, and heaps of candy....National Park Lodges: Oh, Give Me A Home
In Yellowstone, Grand Teton, and Yosemite, three national park lodges stake a claim to America's heartA Ski Resort Hits its Peak
A once-modest ski hill reinvents itself as a full-fledged resort


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1. Protects the skin against premature aging 2. prevents premature wrinkle formation 3. Moisturizing and revitalizing 4. Excellent emollient and skin softener 5. Penetrates very easily into the epidermis and let a velvety feeling. Important: please do not confuse between prickly pear seed oil and prickly pear macerated oil wich is commercialized with the name of prickly pear oil it is cheaper but less effecient. Contact : Tél.: +216 77 413 046 Fax.: +216 77 413 041 Websites : www.cactustunisie.com www.nopaltunisie.com www.cactusbioskin.com www.cactusbioslim.com


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This legislation passed the Senate on November 7, 1973, and prevents the U.S. president from waging war without Congress' approval.
Published November 7, 1973
This legislation passed the Senate on November 7, 1973, and prevents the U.S. president from waging war without Congress' approval.
Maximalist finds lessons in the past that anticipate and clarify our chaotic present, revealing the history of U.S. foreign policy in an unexpected new light. More
This clear and authoritative book presents a sweeping account of China's global resource quest and the unrivaled expansion of its economy. More
The story of the tragic and often tormented relationship between the United States and Pakistan, and a call to prepare for the worst, aim for the best, and avoid past mistakes. More
Rates of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries are increasing faster than in wealthier countries. The Independent Task Force outlines a plan for collective action on this growing epidemic.
This Independent Task Force asserts that elevating and prioritizing the U.S.-Canada-Mexico relationship offers the best opportunity for strengthening the United States and its place in the world.
The following roundup offers in-depth analysis of these and other issues expected to dominate the address.
The rise of purported threats such as Ebola and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, military intervention in Syria, and shifting military...
On September 4, 2013, the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations debated the resolution: "Authorization for the Use of Military Force...
Micah Zenko says, "Most analysts and journalists have focused on President Obama's expanded scope, intensity, and institutionalization of...


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Thank you to Ian and Vivienne for our lovely three night stay. They are such lovely hosts. Combined with a fantastic location, stunning views and exceptional rooms, there was also the best breakfast ever! We intend returning next summer with friends.
- Also Known As:
- Trenowan Tintagel, Cornwall, UK


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See what awards Rob has won! Biography
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Learn about Rob's various film roles! Facts
Learn a few quick facts about Rob here! Fanmail
Want to write to Rob? Find his fanmail addresses here! ITunes Playlist
Want to know what music Rob listens to? Take a look at his playlist! Music
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What does Rob's name mean? Find out here! Quotes
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Sudan rejects UN Security Council involvement in efforts to end weeks of border clashes with South Sudan, which has claimed to have repelled Sudan backed rebels in overnight fighting.
"Sudan confirms that it rejects any efforts to disturb the African Union role and take the situation between Sudan and South Sudan to the UN Security Council," Ali Karti, foreign minister, said on Saturday after a month of deadly clashes between the two nations have international concerns of full-blown war.
The African Union (AU) itself, in a decision last Tuesday, asked the Security Council to endorse its demand that the two Sudans halt hostilities within 48 hours, start talks within two weeks, and complete a peace accord in three months.
But Karti - while expressing full confidence in the AU's role - said involvement by the Security Council would "give priority to a political position which was announced before and has a hidden agenda".
He did not elaborate or offer further details.
Sudan's rejection of the UN Security Council involvement comes as South Sudan announced on Saturday it was ready to withdraw its police forces from parts of the contested border region of Abyei to comply with international demands.
"The minister of interior will enhance the withdrawal of South Sudan's police force from Abyei... as long as the UN and AU (African Union) will look after its citizens in the area", a spokesman said.
Sudan-backed rebels
However, the South Sudanese army said on Saturday that it repelled an attack by rebels backed by Sudan outside Malakal, capital of the South's Upper Nile State.
"It was Sudan-supported militias that attacked SPLA [South Sudan army] positions" on Friday, Colonel Philip Aguer told the AFP news agency. He said his forces repulsed the attack, with an unknown number of casualties.
But the rebels claimed to have surrounded Malakal, saying in a statement:
"The magnanimous forces of South Sudan Democratic Army [SSDA] launched Operation Ending Corruption and surrounded Malakal ... and captured its surroundings."
Aguer said South Sudan's forces had detained three rebel fighters and one vehicle.
The Security Council on Thursday started talks on a resolution that could allow sanctions against Sudan and South Sudan if they do not meet the AU demands to end their fighting.
A US-drafted resolution backs the AU demands and calls for the two sides to "immediately" halt hostilities and pull their forces back into their own territory.
The text says the Security Council would review the rivals' implementation of AU demands and could "take appropriate additional measures" under article 41 of Chapter VII of the UN charter that allows for sanctions but not military force.
After its meeting on Tuesday, the AU's security body adopted a roadmap calling for an end to fighting, "including aerial bombardments, with the parties formally conveying their commitment in this respect to the chairperson of the Commission within 48 hours," said the body's security commissioner Ramtane Lamamra.
The roadmap also urged both sides to withdraw troops from the other's territory, stop supporting rebel groups and refrain from making "inflammatory" public statements.
Despite the AU's demand, Sudanese warplanes staged a cross-border raid on Unity State on Wednesday, the South's army alleged.
Khartoum says the South's continued support for rebels inside Sudan undermines the north's stability, despite international appeals for it to stop.
There have also been repeated international demands for an end to Sudan's air strikes on the South.
Both nations have denied backing rebels on each other's territory.
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Uri Avnery | |
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Ben Tanosborn | |
The Fateful Triangle: Russia, Ukraine and the Jews | |
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New Proposed Congressional Legislative Sanctions on Iran | |
Stephen Lendman | |
The Troops Are Destroying Our Country | |
Jacob Hornberger | |
Palestine | |
Clive Hambidge | |
Netanyahu: Prime Minister of Israel or the Leader of the 'Jewish People'? | |
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Trojan Hearse: Greek Elections and the Euro Leper Colony | |
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Will Durst |


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ORRVILLE, OHIO — Even as the company's Uncrustables business accounted for more than one half of the year-over-year decline in one segment and smaller losses in another, executives at J.M. Smucker Co. are bullish on the long-term profitability of the frozen sandwiches, which were introduced in 1998.
Uncrustables enjoyed 25% volume and net sales growth in the retail sector during the second quarter ended Oct. 31, versus the same period in 2013.
Commenting in a Nov. 20 conference call with analysts to discuss second-quarter earnings, Vince Byrd, president and chief operating officer, said retail Uncrustables sales did not fully absorb the loss volume associated with Smucker's decision to exit the U.S. Department of Agriculture's commodity peanut butter program for schools.
"The profit impact resulting from the net decline in Uncrustables volume along with start-up costs associated with the new bakery at our Scottsville (Ky.) facility caused the overall Uncrustables business to negatively impact the company's results for the quarter," Mr. Byrd said. "Uncrustables accounted for more than one-half of the year-over-year decline in the segment profit for the International, Foodservice and Natural Foods segment, while also contributing slightly to the decline in the Consumer Foods segment."
But Mr. Byrd said Smucker anticipates continued growth for Uncrustables in retail channels, and, as a result, the company's cost structure is expected to improve.
"We remain confident in the long-term profitability of our Uncrustables business," he said. "As you know, we continued to invest in the capacity of our Scottsville facility, including the new bakery, which will support the expected growth for this product line."
Paul Smucker Wagstaff, president of U.S. Retail Consumer Foods, added that by exiting the school business Smucker now has the capacity to "really push out on that business on the retail side."
1B&G Foods getting its snack business back on track
2Weston to acquire decorated cake maker
3SNAXPO 2015 promises plenty of excitement
4Flowers launches new Tastykake mini donuts
5Nate's Pancakes to become Nate's Homemade
( more )
3Subway recognizes suppliers for improving bread
4Cracker tech 101
5East Balt Bakeries to buy South Korean bakery
1Companion Bakery moving to new facility
2Bimbo sees more plant closings in 2014 and beyond
3New rice mill planned for Arkansas
4Nate's Pancakes to become Nate's Homemade
5Flowers launches new Tastykake mini donuts
to the PRINT edition, or click below for free INSTANT ACCESS to valuable news and insights in the Digital Edition.


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How the World Works
By Noam Chomsky; David Barsamian; Arthur Naiman (Editor)
(Soft Skull Press, Paperback, 9781593764272, 336pp.)
Publication Date: September 2011
Other Editions of This Title: Paperback
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According to The New York Times, Noam Chomsky is arguably the most important intellectual alive." But he isn't easy to read . . . or at least he wasn't until these books came along. Made up of intensively edited speeches and interviews, they offer something not found anywhere else: pure Chomsky, with every dazzling idea and penetrating insight intact, delivered in clear, accessible, reader-friendly prose.
Published as four short books in the famous Real Story seriesWhat Uncle Sam Really Wants; The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many; Secrets, Lies and Democracy; and The Common Goodthey've collectively sold almost 600,000 copies.
And they continue to sell year after year after year because Chomsky's ideas become, if anything, more relevant as time goes by. For example, twenty years ago he pointed out that in 1970, about 90% of international capital was used for trade and long-term investmentmore or less productive thingsand 10% for speculation. By 1990, those figures had reversed." As we know, speculation continued to increase exponentially. We're paying the price now for not heeding him them.


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Very well situated: in the center of the city, close to bus station (10 min walk). Room was just fine, clean and spacious enough for one person. Staff kind and service-minded. Liked the idea of having breakfast room downstairs and the breakfast itself. Although the separate taps for cold and hot water in the sink in the room was a... More
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Expedia, Hotels.com, Priceline, Travelocity, Agoda, TripOnline SA and Odigeo so you can book your Hampton Court Guesthouse reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Hampton Court Guesthouse Hotel Glasgow
- Hampton Court Guesthouse Glasgow, Scotland


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Win a week at the San Lucianu Beach Resort, on Corsica, with Mark Warner @ Sunday Times
Product: A week at the San Lucianu Beach Resort, on Corsica, with Mark Warner
Period: Once
Availability: Both
The winner and a guest will stay for seven nights, half-board, at Mark Warner's San Lucianu Beach Resort, on Corsica. The resort is a magnet for sailors, thanks to its varied wind conditions, and Mark Warner offers an impressive range of dinghies and windsurfers for use by guests. Use of the equipment is free, as are group lessons, mountain-biking and fitness courses.
The prize, which includes return flights from Gatwick and transfers, must be taken in June or September 2013, and is subject to availability.
Who was the lawyer?
Sir Nicholas Bacon
What is the name of the city?
St Albans


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national weather service
20.4 Inches Of Snow Hits Parts Of Michigan, More On The Way
The National Weather Service said Wednesday that 20.4 inches of snow fell in Ottawa County near Allendale and 17.2 inches fell in East Grand Rapids.
Freeways Flood,150K Lose Power As Gusty Storms Move Across Metro Detroit
"Lots of flooding, downed wires, downed trees, traffic lights out — it's a mess,"
Burst Of Severe Weather Cuts Power, Damages Homes In SE Michigan
Trained spotters for the National Weather Service report a 65 miles per hour wind gust around 7:30 p.m. near Holly.
Tired Of The Cooler Temps? Blame Canada
The National Weather Service offers an explanation for the fall-like temps.
Powerful Storm System Moves Across Midwest
A severe thunderstorm watch was issued for the overnight hours for some areas of southeast Michigan.
Midwest Could See Strong Windstorms Wednesday
Meteorologists are tracking a so-called "derecho" weather pattern that could spawn severe windstorms in major Midwest metro areas with gusts as strong as 100 mph.
Learn To Be A Severe Weather Spotter
The National Weather Service holds Skywarn Spotter Training classes this Spring in southeast Michigan.
Rain, Melting Snow To Raise Michigan River Levels
Melting of abundant winter snowfall and rains are expected to result in high water levels in many of Michigan's rivers this spring, creating flooding and affecting recreation.
U.P. Gets Pummeled With 15 Inches Of Snow, More On The Way
A late winter storm has dumped as much as 15 inches of snow on Michigan's Upper Peninsula, with up to 2 feet forecast in places.
High Winds, Icy Roads In Michigan Monday
The National Weather Service has issued a Wind Advisory in effect until 10 p.m.


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US 3742302 A Abstract available in Claims available in Description (OCR text may contain errors) United States Patent [1 1 11 1 3,742,302 Neill June 26, 1973 I MOTOR RELAY PROTECTION FOR [57] ABSTRACT REFRIGERANT COMPRESSOR MOTORS [75] Inventor: Donald E Neill Liverpool N Y A refrigerant compressor motor is provided with a motor protection and control system providing various [73] Assignee: Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, NY. motor control functions in response to motor current, [22] Filed: Oct. 12 1971 refrigeration system temperature, thermostat contact opening and closing and motor relay solenoid current. [21] App]. No.: 188,053 A resistor in series with the motor relay solenoid provides a voltage drop signal which is integrated to pro- 52 us. 01. 317/13 R 317/33 sc 317/22 vide P Signal mp circuit whid" in 3l7/36TD energizes the motor relay in the event that the inte- [51] Int. Cl. H02h 3/08 grated relay slgnal exceeds a predetermined [58] Field of Search 317/33 SC, 33 XR, trip threshold magnitude. If the solenoid current drops to a normal value after being initially energized, the in- 317/l3 36 D10 6 tegrator output remains below the trip threshold and [56] References Cited the solenoid remains energized. In the event that the solenoid current fails to drop to a normal operating UNITED STATES PATENTS value after a period of time, the integrator output rises 3,369,154 2/1968 Swain 317/33 SC to a level exceeds the trip level and de energizes the solenoid. Additional time delay means is provided lnC Hers r th d t f t S d 3,132,287 S/l964 Yarbrough 317/33 so so ata per) Oft'me mus elapse be me he Oleno can be re-energized to permit it to cool. Primary Examiner.lames D. Trammell Assistant Examinerl-larvey Fendelman Atmrney- Harry G. Martin, Jr. and J. Raymond 2 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures Curtin as 87 e1 so 82 |31 60 451 l 51 22 i i i 2 l \2 %/92 |o2 I i /68 v 132\ 10 |o3 I I x l I 79 Q I 1210 K i I 111 96 I 63 97 k l 1 e f 1 T f i 93 I -lO8 110 i I PAIEmmmzems SHEET 2 [IF 2 Illlll llllulll'll ll ll lllllllllllll INVENTOR DONALD E. NEILL MM paw 4 ATTORNEY MOTOR RELAY PROTECTION FOR REFRIGERANT COMPRESSOR MOTORS CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application discloses features which are the subject of my co-pending application Ser. No. 188,286 filed Oct. 12,1971. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A refrigerant compressor motor is usually controlled by a system which energizes the solenoid of a motor relay to connect and disconnect the compressor motor windings to a source of electric power. In the past, very little thought has been given to the need of protecting the motor relay from damage due to abnormal conditions. However, it is known that a motor relay can fail due to dust, sand, bugs or other foreign objects insinuating themselves between the relay armature and the solenoid in such a manner that they prevent the relay armature from pulling in properly. In addition, dirt and corrosion may cause the motor armature to hang up in some position which prevents the relay contacts from closing. In the event that the motor relay armature is prevented from completely pulling in, the impedance of the relay solenoid remains abnormally low and the consequent high solenoid current can quickly burn out the relay. Failure of the relay contacts to fully and completely close may result in pitting, arcing and burning of the contacts which will eventually cause them to malfunction. The refrigeration system may be rendered totally inoperative by a burned out relay which will require an expensive replacement and consequent down time for the system, all of which could have been prevented if the relay had not become damaged before the foreign matter had been removed from the relay. Accordingly, it is a principal object of this invention to provide a control system for a refrigerant compressor motor which includes means for protecting the motor relay solenoid from damage. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A refrigerant compressor motor is provided with a control which includes relay solenoid current sensing means. A trip circuit having a predetermined threshold is provided for actuating a solid state switch to a nonconducting condition which in turn de-energizes the compressor motor relay and the compressor motor. An integration circuit is provided to integrate the relay solenoid current related signal and provide an integrated output signal to the trip circuit. The integration function is chosen so that the output of the integration circuit remains below the trip level provided the initially high relay solenoid current drops to a normal operating value in a short time as a result of the relay armature pulling in. If the relay armature fails to pull in properly and the solenoid current consequently remains high, the output of the integration circuit exceeds the trip level after a short period of time and the relay is de-energized. Additional time delay means is provided to prevent re-energization of the relay solenoid until after a sufficient period of time has elapsed to permit the solenoid to cool, so that it will not be damaged due to a cumulative heating effect by successive attempts at energizing the compressor. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a reciprocating refrigeration system having a motor protection and control system illustrated in block diagram form; and FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a suitable electronic circuit for a motor control system in accordance with this invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT A refrigeration system 10 comprising a reciprocating compressor 1 1, a condenser 12, an expansion device 13 and an evaporator 14 is driven by an electric motor 25. While for purposes of illustration, a simple reciprocating refrigeration system is shown, it will be appreciated that the motor protection and control system of this invention may be employed in various single or multiple phase electric motor driven systems. The basic operation of the motor protection system will be described with reference to the block diagram in FIG. 1. A motor current sensor 20 which is prefera bly a current transformer in the common lead of the compressor motor provides a signal output proportional to the motor current and thereby is capable of providing an indication of a motor overload. The signal from the motor current sensor is passed through trip signal limiter 26 and through a short time constant resistor 27 to an integrator capacitor 28. The trip signal limiter limits the magnitude of the overload signal at some high value, indicating a locked rotor or other serious motor overload condition for various motors having somewhat different maximum locked rotor currents. A second signal of opposite current polarity is also supplied to integrator capacitor 28 from reset signal source 37. The two signals are effectively summed to provide a signal to the integrator capacitor which is a function of the difference between the motor current signal and the reset signal. If the reset signal is equal to or larger than the motor current signal, trip circuit 29 will remain in the set state and not affect the system. If the motor current signal is sufficiently greater than the reset signal, the integrator voltage output will eventually reach the trip threshold level of trip circuit 28 unless the over current condition corrects itself first. After the signal from integrator 28 has reached the threshold of high threshold trip circuit 29, this circuit will activate switch 30 to the off condition which deenergizes relay 23 and compressor motor 25. The length of time required to deenergize motor 25 under locked rotor conditions will depend on the time constant determined by resistor circuit 27 and may typically be on the order of about 1% seconds. If a smaller motor overload less than the limiting level of limiter 26 is experienced, integrator 28 will not reach the trip level of circuit 29 for a somewhat longer period of time due to the integration function, thereby allowing the motor more time to attempt to start. When switch 30 is actuated to its off state, a regenerative feedback signal is fed through circuit 35 to integrator 28 which increases the signal output from the integrator. Similarly, a second feedback signal is provided from switch 30 when it is in the off state through circuit 36 to decrease the threshold of trip circuit 29. This signal is also in effect a regenerative feedback which causes high threshold trip circuit 29 to have a lower reset level from that existing prior to the trip. Switch 30 will remain in the off condition for some preselected period of time which may be typically on the order of five minutes. Since there is no motor current signal, the off period is solely governed by the time required for reset signal 37 passing through long time constant resistor 38 to be integrated by integrator capacitor 28 and achieve an integrator output level corresponding to the reset level established for high threshold trip circuit 29. When this occurs, the high threshold trip circuit is deactivated, thereby switching switch 30 to its on condition. The on condition of switch 30 enables relay 23 to be energized by a current passing through thermostat contacts 22, from a transformer or other suitable source, provided that the thermostat contacts are closed. When the thermostat contacts open, the current to' relay 23 is interrupted, thereby stopping compressor motor 25. A temperature sensor 21, which may sense various conditions, is preferably attached to the compressed gas discharge line from the compressor and provides a signal to low threshold trip circuit 40 to protect against abnormal conditions in the refrigeration system such as slow loss of refrigerant. When temperature sensor 21 senses an excessive gas discharge temperature, its output causes low threshold trip circuit 40 to activate switch 30 to the off condition, thereby de-energizing motor 25. When switch 30 is activated to the off condition, feedback circuits 35,36, previously described, raise the output of integrator 28 and decrease the trip threshold sufficiently to trip high threshold trip circuit 29. Consequently, all of the trip circuits have a reset level lower than their initial trip levels. Switch 30 will thereafter again be activated to the on condition, assuming all sensors are below the trip level, after a time delay determined by resistor 38 and integrator capacitor 28. Thermostat contacts 22 are connected to a source of low voltage alternating current, such as a transformer, connected to terminals 90,91. Contacts 22 open, when cooling is not required, and the open circuit voltage signal across them is transmitted through integrator 42 to low threshold trip circuit 41 which actuates switch 30 to an off condition after a short time delay sufficient to prevent nuisance trips but short enough to prevent contactor damage. Contacts 22 close when calling for cooling and the low voltage alternating current is enabled to pass through contacts 22 and switch 30 to relay 23 and actuate compressor motor 25. In accordance with this invention, a relay current sensor 45 is provided to sense the current passing through the relay solenoid. The magnitude of this signal is integrated by an integrator circuit 46 which has the characteristic that the output of the integrator never exceeds a predetermined trip threshold as long as the initially high inrush solenoid current diminishes to a normal steady state condition in the period of time required to pull in the relay armature. In the event that the solenoid current fails to drop, the integrator output exceeds the trip threshold of low threshold circuit 47 in a short time, which in turn causes switch 30 to assume a nonconducting condition so as to de-energize relay 23. When switch 30 is actuated to the nonconducting condition, feedback circuits 35 and 36 trip high threshold trip circuit 29. Accordingly, a time delay, normally less than that which would be experienced upon a motor current trip, is imposed on resetting of switch 30 to the conducting condition. This allows a sufficient period of time to elapse for the relay solenoid to cool so that it will not be damaged by the cumulative heating effect of successive attempts to cause the relay to start motor 25. After a trip occurs due to any of the inputs to the circuit, a reset signal 37 passes through long time constant resistor 38 to integrator 28 so that the circuit will be reset after a predetermined period of time, providing the inputs are below the reset level. However, a trip due to excessive relay current normally will not require as long a reset time as a trip due to motor over current because of the initially lower integrator output at the time of trip. Referring particularly to FIG. 2, the actual circuit consists of a power supply 50, a trip circuit 51 and a switch circuit 52. Power supply 50 simply provides a regulated B+ voltage at terminal 55 and need not be specifically described since any conventional power supply circuit may be utilized. Switch circuit 52 comprises a Triac 56 or other semiconductor switch in series with the contactor coil of relay 23. Switching of Triac 56 is controlled by a Darlington transistor pair 57 which is actuated by the current input to its base. The trip and timing circuit 51 includes the input signal circuits, reset signal circuitry, integration circuitry and the trip and feedback circuits previously discussed. Terminals 60 and 61 are preferably in series with the common lead of the motor windings. Current transformer 62 and resistor 103 provide a voltage to bridge rectifier 63. The output of the rectifier bridge provides a signal through resistor 65 which tends to discharge capacitor 66 which is connected through resistor 67 and the gate circuit of Triac 56 to the B+ supply voltage. Capacitor 66 performs the integration function of block 27. A diode 68 limits the peak voltage output of the rectifier bridge circuit to a voltage slightly above the B+ supply and performs the trip signal limiting function designated by block 26. Resistor 65 in combination with integrator capacitor 66 forms a short time constant circuit which determines the time required to discharge capacitor 66 sufficiently to cause a trip of the switch circuitry. When the level of signal at input terminal 70, which is connected to the base of Darlington pair 71 through resistor 89, reaches a predetermined positive voltage due to discharge of capacitor 66 through resistor 65, the Darlington pair becomes conductive and causes current to flow through resistor 72, the collectoremitter circuit of pair 71, and resistors 73,74. The current flow through pair 71 reduces the base to emitter voltage across pair 57 causing it to turn off. When pair 71 turns on and pair 57 turns off, gate current no longer flows from Triac 56 through resistors 67,69, and pair 57, so the Triac assumes a nonconducting condition which de-energizes relay 23, opens contacts 75 and deenergizes motor 25. It will be seen that pair 71 corresponds to the high threshold trip circuit 29 previously described. The preferred circuit uses a high gain trip circuit stage for the motor current trip input, but it will be understood that this high threshold trip circuit could be replaced with a low threshold trip circuit or one using a single input transistor if desired. When pair 57 is turned off, relatively little current flows from the gate circuit of Triac 56 and the voltage drop across resistor 67 is reduced. Since capacitor 66 is connected to one terminal of resistor 67, its positive terminal rises to a more positive voltage which, in effect, momentarily increases output of the integrator at input 70 by raising this point to a higher positive voltage, thereby tending to drive pair 71 into further conduction as diagrammatically illustrated by block 35 of FIG. 1. A second feedback effect is provided when pair 57 is turned off because the reduced current through resistors 73, 74 causes the emitter of pair 71 to drop to a more negative voltage, thereby reducing the voltage threshold required to trigger pair 71 to a conducting state. By dropping the emitter voltage of pair 71, it will be apparent that the signal level required to turn pair 71 off is lower than the level required to initially turn it on, or in other words, a reset level has been provided which is lower than the trip level as diagrammatically illustrated by block 36. After switch circuit 52 has been actuated to a nonconducting state, capacitor 66 will slowly charge through resistor 76 which corresponds to long time constant block 38. Eventually, input terminal 70 of ca-' pacitor 66 will charge to a more negative voltage than that of the reset potential established for pair 71. As the base of pair 71 becomes more negative, this pair becomes nonconducting, and the voltage on the collector of pair 71 and the base of pair 57 rises so that pair 57 becomes conducting again. At the same time, the larger emitter current flow through pair 57 and resistors 73,74 causes the voltage at conductor 77 to be more positive, thereby driving pair 71 off and pair 57 further into conduction. Also, pair 71 is driven further into a nonconducting state because the voltage drop across resistor 67 increases due to the current flow, from the gate of Triac 56, which has the effect of making the voltage on capacitor 66 and at input terminal 70 more negative. As the voltage at terminal 70 becomes more negative and the voltage at point 78 becomes more positive, diode 79 becomes forward biased and capacitor 66 partially discharges rapidly therethrough. The discharge of capacitor 66 through diode 79 during reset assures that a proper reset time delay will be required after a thermostat related trip. Thermistor 80 is connected across contacts 81,82 to provide a signal input to transistor 83 which functions as low threshold trip circuit block 40. Similarly, thermostat contacts 86,87 are connected to provide a signal to transistor 88 which functions as low threshold trip circuit block 41 previously described. lf the temperature of thermistor 80 is low (high resistance) and thermostat contacts 81,82 are closed, neither transistor 83 or 88 will be conducting. Under these conditions, assuming low or no motor current, relay 23 can be energized by a suitable low voltage current source connected to the thermostat terminals 90,91. This current flows from terminal 91 through the relay solenoid 23, Triac 56 and thermostat contacts 22, to terminal 90. If the temperature of thermistor 80 is sufficiently high or if the thermostat contacts are open, a positive voltage will appear on the base of transistors 83 or 88 respectively, which will cause switch circuit 52 to become nonconducting thereby increasing the integrator output, reducing the trip threshold to the reset value as previously described and tripping pair 71. It will be noted that it is necessary for each of the sensor inputs to be below the reset level before the switch circuit can thereafter be activated to an on condition. It is also necessary for a minimum time delay determined by the charging rate of capacitor 97 through resistor 92 (corresponding to integrator 42) to expire before the voltage on transistor 88 rises to the trip value. In accordance with this invention, relay current sensing means comprising a resistor in series with the solenoid of motor relay 25 is provided to sense the current passing through the relay solenoid. A current transformer could be utilized instead to sense the relay current, if desired. In the preferred circuit shown, a transistor 131 is connected with its emitter and base across resistor 130 so that the magnitude of the current drawn by the relay solenoid controls the emitter collector current passing through resistor 132 to charge capacitor 134. A resistor 133 is connected parallel with capacitor 134 to return the collector circuit to the negative power supply terminal. Transistor 131 and resistor 130 corresponds to relay current sensor block 45. Resistors 132,133 and capacitor 134 correspond to integrator block 46. A transistor 135, corresponding with low threshold trip circuit 47, is connected in parallel with transistor pair 71 and transistors 88 and 83 which comprise the other trip circuits. When Triac 56 switches to its conducting condition, the initially high inrush current through the relay sole noid causes an increased voltage drop across resistor 130. This voltage drop biases the emitter of transistor 131 positive with respect to its base so that current flows through resistor 132 to begin charging capacitor 134. Consequently, the base of transistor 131 beings to rise toward a positive level with respect to its emitter. If the relay solenoid pulls the relay armature in, as it normally will, the magnitude of the voltage across resistor 130 decreases sharply in a short time and current is no longer supplied to charge capacitor 134. Capacitor 134 then discharges through resistor 133 and the base of transistor 135 never becomes sufficiently positive to begin conducting current. If, however, the relay armature fails to pull in properly, the solenoid will remain in the low impedance condition due to the open magnetic circuit in its armature, and a high average current will continue to flow through resistor 130. Consequently, the voltage across resistor 133 will remain high and capacitor 134 will charge to a positive voltage sufficient to cause transistor 135 to begin conducting. When transistor 135 turns on, pair 57 will turn off as previously described which causes Triac 56 to cease conducting current to the relay solenoid. Likewise, the side of capacitor 66 connected to the junction of resistors 67 and 69 will rise to a more positive value and the trip threshold of pair 71 will decrease which will cause pair 71 to conduct. Thereafter a period of time must elapse before capacitor 66 can be charged through resistor 76 to reset pair 71 and the remainder of the circuit. During this period of time, solenoid 23 will cool down so that it will not be injuriously affected by a subsequent attempt to energize the relay and start the compressor motor. While a relatively long time delay of about five minutes must expire in the event that a motor over-current condition has tripped pair 71, only a shorter period of time need expire in the event that the circuit is tripped by either transistors 83,88 or 135. This is because a trip due to a motor over-current condition will discharge the voltage across capacitor 66 to an extent providing a high positive voltage at input 70 which is above the trip level and the capacitor must charge from resistor 76 through this large voltage increment before the base of pair 71 is driven sufficiently negative to reach the reset level. However, in the event the circuit was tripped due to relay over-current condition, capacitor 66 will most likely have a larger voltage across it at the time of trip and need charge only through a lesser voltage difference before pair 71 reaches the reset level. Capacitor 66 determines both the on time for a motor current related trip and off periods for the entire circuit in the event of a trip. Typical component values are given in the following table: Semiconductors Resistors Capacitors Ref. No. Part No. Ref. No. Value Ref. No. Value 108 1N4l48 101 3.3k 97 0.01UF 118 1N4l48 103 665 OHMilll 0.01UF 119 lN4l48 65 6.2K 115 0.01UF 120 lN4l48 76 1.8M 117 0.0SUF 121 [N4l48 92 120K 66 220UF 79 1N4l48 93 43K 113 1.0UF 110 1N4l48 94 1.2K 134 0.5UF 109 lN4l48 104 820K 112 lN4l48 102 330K 114 1N4l48 96 15K 116 1N27O 89 4.7M 68 lN4l48 72 33K 71 2N5306 73 72 88 2N5l72 74 118 83 SPS2366 105 442 57 SPS66l3 69 76.8 OHM 95 2N5088 67 110 Triac RCA-6] l04106 68K 56 130 0.5 OHMS The operation of the motor protection system will be apparent from the foregoing description. By providing an integrated signal to the trip circuit, a period of time is allowed to elapse before a trip occurs due to a high relay solenoid current. The length of time required before a trip will depend on the severity of the overload and, therefore, effectively protects the solenoid against excessive heating. Under normal conditions the current will drop within a period of about 50 milliseconds to a value such that the integrator output never reaches the trip level. On the other hand, if the high relay solenoid current persists, the integrator will rise to the trip level and de-energize the solenoid. Thereafter a period of time will be required for the reset signal to be integrated to the reset level of the system so that the relay solenoid cools sufficiently that a subsequent attempt at starting the compressor motor will not damage the solenoid even in the event that the armature again fails to pull in properly. Accordingly, the system of this invention provides protection against a malfunctioning relay so that the malfunction can be corrected before the relay is burned out. This increases the reliability of the refrigeration system by providing protection against relay fail ure and reduces repair costs by eliminating the source of trouble and damage. While a preferred embodiment of this invention has been described for purposes of illustration, it will be appreciated that the invention may be otherwise embodied within the scope of the following claims. 1 claim: 1. A control system for the compressor motor ofa refrigeration system comprising: A. a relay having a relay solenoid controlling electrical contacts for connecting and disconnecting said compressor motor with a source of electric current; B. solid state switch means controlling the energizing and de-energizing of said relay solenoid; C. relay current sensing means connected to provide a relay solenoid current signal responsive to the magnitude of current drawn by the relay solenoid; D. a first trip circuit having a trip level for rendering said switch means nonconducting in response to an input signal of a predetermined magnitude being supplied thereto; E. integration circuit means for integrating the relay current signal from the relay current sensing means, and for supplying the integrated output signal to said first trip circuit, the integration function being selected so that in the event the initial relay current is reduced to a normal level after a period of time, the output signal level from the integration circuit will be below said trip level, but in the event that an abnormally high relay solenoid current continues for an excessive period of time, the inte grated output signal will reach the trip level of said first trip circuit and de-energize said relay by actuating said switch means to the nonconducting state to protect the relay solenoid; F. compressor motor current sensing means and a second trip circuit responsive to the magnitude of the sensed compressor motor current connected for actuating said switch means to the nonconducting state upon the occurrence of an excess motor current condition; G. reset time delay means for resetting said second trip circuit after a period of time subsequent to a trip thereof; and H. feedback means for tripping said second trip circult upon actuating of said switch means to the nonconducting state so that the reset time delay associated with the second trip circuit is imposed on the system when it is tripped by the first trip circuit. 2. A control system for the compressor motor ofa refrigeration system comprising: A. a relay having a relay solenoid controlling electrical contacts for connecting and disconnecting said compressor motor with a source of electric current; B. solid state switch means controlling the energizing and de-energizing of said relay solenoid; C. relay current sensing means connected to provide a relay solenoid current signal responsive to the magnitude of current drawn by the relay solenoid; D. a relay overload trip circuit associated with said relay current sensing means and having a trip level for rendering said switch means nonconducting in response to a relay solenoid current overload condition; E. integration circuit means for integrating the relay current signal from the relay current sensing means, and for supplying the integrated output signal to said relay overload trip circuit, the integration function being selected so that in the event the initial relaycurrent is reduced to a normal level after a period of time, the output signal level from the integration circuit will be below said trip level, but in the event that an abnormally high relay solenoid current continues for an excessive period of time, the integrated output signal will reach the trip level of said to-relay overload-trip circuit and deenergize said relay by actuating said switch means to the nonconducting state to protect the relay solenoid; F. compressor motor overload sensing means connected for providing a motor overload current signal responsive to a motor overload condition; G. a motor overload trip circuit associated with said relay current sensing means for rendering said switch means nonconducting in response to a motor overload condition; and H. reset time delay means for maintaining said switch tude sufficient to trip the control system. UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 3,7 2,302 Dated June 26, 1973 Inventor(s) DONALD E. NEILL It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below: ColumnT, in the table, under column heading Capacitor, subheading Value, the third decimal value "0.0lUF" should read -.lUF-- Column 9, line 2, "to-relay" should read '--relay- Signed and sealed this ZOthday of August 1974. (SEAL) Attest: MCCOY M. GIBSON JR. 'c MARSHALL DANN. A-ttesting Officer Commissioner of Patents F ORM P0-1050 (10-69) USCOMM-DC 60376-P69 a us. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1959 0-365-334 'UNITED sTATEs PATENT OFFICE A A CERTIFICATE OF" CORRECTION Patent No. 3,7 2,302 Dated June 26, 1973 Inventor(s) DONALD E. NEILL It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below: Column/Z, in the table, under column heading Capacitor, ' I-s'ubheading Value, the third decimal value 'TO.'01UF" should read --.1UF-- Column 9, line 2, "to-relay should read relay- Signed and sealed this 20th'day of August 1974. (SEAL) Attest: I ' MCCOY M. GIBSON, JR. C;. MARSHALL 'DANN Attesting Officer I Commissioner of Patents FORM PO-105O (10-6 I uscoMM-oc sowss9 [1.5. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: {989 0-366-334 Referenced by
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