text:
Outline of the history of Western civilization
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the history of Western civilization:
Western civilization – pertains to the civilization that began in the Middle East and generally spread westwards, in contrast to Eastern civilization. In its broader sense, its roots may be traced back to 9000 BCE, when humans existing in hunter-gatherer societies began to settle into agricultural societies. Farming became prominent around the headwaters of the Euphrates, Tigris and Jordan Rivers, spreading outwards into and across Europe; in this sense, the West produced the world's first cities, states, and empires.[1] However, Western civilization in its more strictly defined European sphere traces its roots back to classical antiquity. From European and Mediterranean origins, it has spread to produce the dominant cultures of modern North America, South America, and much of Oceania, and has had immense global influence in recent centuries.
- 1 Nature of Western civilization
- 2 Antiquity: before 500
- 3 The Middle Ages
- 4 Renaissance and reformation
- 5 The reformation: 1500–1650
- 6 Rise of Western empires: 1500–1800
- 7 1815-1870
- 8 Culture, arts and sciences 1815-1914
- 9 New imperialism: 1870–1914
- 10 Great powers and the First World War: 1870–1918
- 11 Inter-war years: 1918–1939
- 12 Second World War and its aftermath: 1939–1950
- 13 Fall of the Western empires: 1945–1980
- 14 Cold War: 1945–1991
- 15 Western countries: 1945–1980
- 16 Western nations: 1980–present
- 17 Western civilization organizations
- 18 Western civilization publications
- 19 Scholars of Western civilization
- 20 See also
- 21 Notes
- 22 References
- 23 External links
Nature of Western civilization[edit]
- Western world – The Western world, also known as the West and the Occident, is a term referring to different nations depending on the context.[2]
- Western culture – Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization or European civilization, is a term used very broadly to refer to a Cultural heritage|heritage of social norms, ethics|ethical values, traditional customs, religious beliefs, political systems, and specific Cultural artifacts and technologies.
- History of Western civilization – Western civilization describes the development of human civilization beginning in the Middle East, and generally spreading westwards, and it is generally contrasted with Eastern civilization.[1]
Antiquity: before 500[edit]
- Mesopotamia – ("land of rivers") is a toponym for the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and southwestern Iran.
- Neolithic Revolution – The Neolithic Revolution was the first agricultural revolution.[3]
- Sumer – Sumer was a civilization and historical region in southern Mesopotamia, modern Iraq during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age.[note 1][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
- Babylonia – Babylonia was an ancient cultural region in central-southern Mesopotamia, with Babylon as its capital.
- Assyrian people – most commonly known as Assyrians and other later names, such as: Chaldeans, Syrians, Syriacs, are a distinct ethnic group whose origins lie in ancient Mesopotamia.[11]
- Mediterranean Basin – In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub vegetation.
- Ancient Egypt – Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt.[12][13][14]
- Fertile Crescent – The Fertile Crescent, nicknamed "The Cradle of Civilization" due to the birth of various kingdoms within its borders, is a crescent-shaped region containing the comparatively moist and fertile land of otherwise arid and semi-arid Western Asia, and the Nile Valley and Delta of north east Africa.
- Ancient Greek philosophy – Ancient Greek philosophy dealt with a wide variety of subjects, including political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric, and aesthetics.
- Alexander the Great – Alexander III of Macedon, commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of Macedonia |Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece.[15]
- Ancient Rome – Ancient Rome was a thriving civilization that began growing on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BCE.[16]
- Roman Empire – The Roman Empire was the post-Roman Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean.[17]
- Migration Period – The Migration Period, also known as the Barbarian Invasions, was a period of intensified human migration in Europe from about 400 to 800 .[18][19][20]
- Invasion of the Huns, Attilla the Hun – from 370 to 500; invasion extended into what is now modern France and Germany.
Rise of Christendom[edit]
- Outline of Judaism – Judaism – "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people, based on the ancient Mosaic Law.[21]
- Outline of Christianity – Christianity – monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament.
- History of Christianity – The history of Christianity concerns the Christian religion, its followers and the Church with its various Christian denominations, from the Christianity in the 1st century to the Christianity in the present.
- Western Roman Empire – The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire.
The Middle Ages[edit]
Early Middle Ages: 500–1000[edit]
- Saint Patrick – Saint Patrick was a Romano-Briton and Christian missionary, who is the most generally recognized patron saint of Ireland or the Apostle of Ireland, although Brigid of Kildare and Colmcille are also formally patron saints.[22][23][24][25][26]
- Skellig Michael – literate monks became some of the last preservers in Western Europe of the poetic and philosophical works of Western antiquity. Skellig Michael, also known as Great Skellig, is a steep rocky island in the Atlantic Ocean about 14.5 kilometres from the coast of County Kerry, Republic of Ireland.
- Clovis I – Clovis or Chlodowech was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the leadership from a group of royal chieftains, to rule by kings, ensuring that the kingship was held by his heirs.[27][28][29][30][31]
- Islam – first preached c. 610 – Islam is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion articulated by the Qur'an, a Religious text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God in Islam, and by the teachings and normative example of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last prophet of God.[note 2][note 3]
- Al-Andalus (711-1492) – the Islamic empire in southwestern Europe, particularly Spain, Portugal and South France – The term caliphate, "dominion of a caliph ", refers to the first system of government established in Islam and represented the leaders unity of the Muslim Ummah.[32]
- Charles Martel – in 732, stopped Islamic advance into Europe. Charles Martel, also known as Charles the Hammer, was a Frankish military and political leader, who served as Mayor of the Palace under the Merovingian kings and ruled de facto during an interregnum at the end of his life, using the title Duke and Prince of the Franks.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39]
- Charlemagne – Charlemagne also known as Charles the Great, was King of the Franks from 768 and Holy Roman Emperor from 800 to his death in 814.
- Alfred the Great – Alfred the Great was King of Wessex from 871 to 899.
- Norse colonization of the Americas – The Norse colonization of the Americas began as early as the 10th century, when Norsemen|Norse sailors explored and settled areas of the North Atlantic, including the northeastern fringes of North America.
High Middle Ages: 1000–1300[edit]
- Holy Roman Empire in Germany and central Europe, established in 962 (survives until 1806)
- Feudalism – Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, which, broadly defined, was a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.
- Catholic Church – The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with more than one billion members.[40][41][42][43]
- Western Schism
- Franciscan Most Franciscans are members of Roman Catholic religious orders founded by Saint Francis of Assisi.
- Dominican Order The Order of Preachers, after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Saint Dominic and approved by Pope Honorius III on 22 December 1216 in France.[44]
- Devotion to the Virgin Mary Roman Catholic Mariology is theology concerned with the Blessed Virgin Mary |Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ as developed by the Catholic Church.[45]
- Chivalry – Chivalry, or the chivalric code, is the traditional code of conduct associated with the medieval institution of knighthood.
- Crusades – The Crusades were a series of religious expeditionary wars blessed by the Pope and the Catholic Church, with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem.[46]
- Cathedral Schools – began in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into medieval universities. Some of these institutions continued into modern times.
- Scholasticism – Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100–1500, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending orthodoxy in an increasingly pluralistic context.[47]
- Scientific method – Scientific method refers to a body of Scientific techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.[48]
- Saint Anselm – Anselm of Canterbury is called the founder of scholasticism and is famous as the originator of the ontological argument for the existence of God.
- Walk to Canossa – The Walk to Canossa refers to both the trek itself of Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire from Speyer to the Canossa Castle|fortress at Canossa in Emilia Romagna and to the events surrounding his journey, which took place in and around January 1077.
- Magna Carta – Magna Carta, also called Magna Carta Libertatum, is an English charter, originally issued in the year 1215 and reissued later in the 13th century in modified versions.
- Battle of Agincourt – The Battle of Agincourt was a major English victory against a numerically superior French army in the Hundred Years' War.[49]
- Parliament of England – The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England.
- University – A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects and provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education.[50]
- Mongol invasion of Russia, Hungary, other areas, 13th century.
Late Middle Ages: 1300–1500[edit]
- Western Schism – The Western Schism or Papal Schism was a split within the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417.
- Hundred Years War – An extremely protracted conflict between England and France lasting from 1337 to 1453.
- Ottoman Turks – The Ottoman Turks were the Turkish-speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes.
- Fall of Constantinople – The Fall of Constantinople was the capture of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, which occurred after a siege by the Ottoman Empire, under the command of 21-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, against the defending army commanded by List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos.
- Middle class – The middle class is a class of people in the middle of a societal hierarchy, also known as bourgeoisie, or burghers.
- Black Death – Kills between 1/3 to 1/2 of Europe's population.
Renaissance and reformation[edit]
The Renaissance: 14th to 17th Century[edit]
- Italian Renaissance – The Italian Renaissance was the earliest manifestation of the general European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy around the end of the 13th century and lasted until the 16th century, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe.
- Romanesque architecture – Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of Medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches.
- Johannes Gutenberg – Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe.[51][52]
- Desiderius Erasmus – Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus, known as Erasmus of Rotterdam, was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Roman Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian.[53]
- Thomas More – Sir Thomas More, known by Catholics as Saint Thomas More since 1935, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanism|Renaissance humanist.[54][55][56]
- Christopher Columbus – Christopher Columbus was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy.[57][58][59][60]
- Leonardo da Vinci – Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal.
- Vasco da Gama – Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira, was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India.
- liberation of Spain – The Reconquista was a period of almost 800 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms succeeded in retaking the Muslim-controlled areas of the Iberian Peninsula broadly known as Al-Andalus.[61]
- Siege of Vienna – The Siege of Vienna in 1529 was the first attempt by the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, to capture the city of Vienna, Austria.
- Nicolaus Copernicus – Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.[62][63]
The reformation: 1500–1650[edit]
- Protestantism– a denomination of Christianity formed by Martin Luther, which split from Catholicism in the early 16th Century, causing much conflict and strife.
- Reformation– a term referring to the process by which Protestantism emerged and gained supporters.
- Counter Reformation– the backlash to the Reformation by Catholicism, resulting in a great deal of fighting, most notably the 30 Years War.
- 30 Years War– a conflict fought mainly in the Germanic States involving virtually all countries in Europe, fought over religious preeminence.
Rise of Western empires: 1500–1800[edit]
- Age of Discovery – The Age of Discovery, also known as the Age of Exploration and the Great Navigations, was a period in history starting in the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans engaged in intensive exploration of the world, establishing direct contact with Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania and mapping the planet.[64][65][66]
- Colonial empire – The Colonial empires were a product of the European Age of Exploration that began with a race of exploration between the then most advanced maritime powers, Portugal and Spain, in the 15th century.
- Mercantilism – Mercantilism is the economic doctrine in which government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the prosperity and military security of the state.[67]
- Divine right of kings – The divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.
- Age of Enlightenment – The period during which superstitions were rejected in favor of science and logic, typically thought of as the dawn of modern science.
Revolution: 1770–1815[edit]
- United States Declaration of Independence – The Declaration of Independence was a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire.[68]
- American Revolution – The American Revolution was the political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which Thirteen Colonies|thirteen colonies in North America joined together to break free from the British Empire, combining to become the United States|United States of America.
- French Revolution – The French Revolution, was a period of Political radicalism|radical social and political upheaval in France that had a major impact on France and indeed all of Europe.
- Mary Wollstonecraft – Mary Wollstonecraft was an 18th-century British writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights.
- A Vindication of the Rights of Woman – A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, written by the 18th-century British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy.
Napoleonic Wars[edit]
- First French Empire – The First French Empire, also known as the Greater French Empire or Napoleonic Empire, was the empire of Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I of France.
- French invasion of Russia – A disastrous military campaign in which Napoleon, with his armies, attempted to seize Russia. Instead of fighting conventionally, Russian forces merely retreated, taking all of the food with them, resulting in Napoleon reaching Moscow but his armies dying of hunger.
- Kingdom of Spain (Napoleonic) – The Kingdom of Spain was a short-lived client state of the French Empire that briefly existed during the Peninsular War, a contest between France and the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars.
Rise of the English-speaking world: 1815–1870[edit]
- Industrial Revolution – The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times.
- Luddite – The Luddites were a social movement of 19th-century English textile artisans who protested – often by destroying mechanized looms – against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution, that replaced them with less skilled, low wage labour, and which they felt were leaving them without work and changing their way of life.[69][70][71][72][73]
United Kingdom & British Empire: 1815–1870[edit]
- British Empire – The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colonies, protectorates, League of Nations mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom.[74][75][76][77]
- Pax Britannica – Pax Britannica was the period of relative peace in Europe and the world during which the British Empire controlled most of the key maritime trade routes and enjoyed unchallenged sea power.
- Constitutional monarchy – Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified, or blended constitution.
- Abolitionism – Abolitionism is a movement to end slavery.
- Canada – Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories.
- Australia – The history of Australia from 1788–1850 covers the early colonies period of Australia's history, from the arrival of the First Fleet of British ships at Sydney to establish the penal colony of New South Wales in 1788 to the European exploration of the continent and establishment of other colonies and the beginnings of autonomous democratic government.
- New Zealand – New Zealand is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.
United States: 1815–1870[edit]
- Louisiana Purchase – The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition by the United States of America of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana in 1803.[78][79][80]
- Oregon Country – The Oregon Country was a predominantly American term referring to a disputed ownership region of the Pacific Northwest of North America.
- Abraham Lincoln – Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.
- Confederate States of America – The Confederate States of America was a government set up from 1861 to 1865 by eleven Southern slave states that had declared their secession from the United States.
- Emancipation Proclamation – The Emancipation Proclamation is an executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War using his war powers.[81]
- Alaska – also known as Seward's Folly, the Alaska territory was purchased by the United States from Russia in 1867.
Fall of the Spanish Empire: 1833–1898[edit]
- Spanish American wars of independence from death of Ferdinand VII (1833) to 1898
- Spanish–American War
Continental Europe: 1815–1870[edit]
- Decline of the Ottoman Empire – The Decline of the Ottoman Empire |24 July 1908) is the period that followed after the Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire in which the empire experienced several economic and political setbacks.
- Austria-Hungary or Austro-Hungarian Empire, formed in 1867, ends during World War I.
- North German Confederation – The North German Confederation was a federation of 22 independent states of northern Germany, with nearly 30 million inhabitants.[82]
- German Empire – common name given to the state officially named the Deutsches Reich, designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Kaiser Wilhelm II.[83][84][85][86]
Culture, arts and sciences 1815-1914[edit]
- Concordat of 1801 – The Concordat of 1801 was an agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, signed on 15 July 1801.[87]
- Congress of Vienna – The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815.[88]
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom during the period when it included the territory now known as the Republic of Ireland.
- Louis Pasteur – Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist born in Dole.[89] His body lies beneath the Institute Pasteur in Paris in a spectacular vault covered in depictions of his accomplishments in Byzantine mosaics.[90]
- Joseph Lister – A pioneer of antiseptic surgery, who greatly reduced the mortality rate for many operations.
- Periodic table – The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their properties.
- Neoclassicism – Neoclassicism is the name given to Western Cultural movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome.[91]
- Romanticism – Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1840.[92][93][94][95][96]
- realism – In philosophy, Realism, or Realist or Realistic are terms that describe manifestations of philosophical realism, the belief that reality exists independently of observers.
- Impressionism – Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent art exhibition|exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s in spite of harsh opposition from the art community in France.
New imperialism: 1870–1914[edit]
- Scramble for Africa – The Scramble for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa or Partition of Africa was a process of invasion, occupation, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the New Imperialism period, between 1881 and World War I in 1914.[97][98][99]
- Opium Wars – The Opium Wars, also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, divided into the First Opium War from 1839 to 1842 and the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860, were the climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relations between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire.[100][101]
- Boxer Rebellion – The Boxer Rebellion, also known as Boxer Uprising or Yihetuan Movement, was a proto-Chinese nationalism|nationalist movement by the "Righteous Harmony Society" in China between 1898 and 1901, opposing foreign imperialism and Christianity.
- Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) – A short lived conflict over several territories in the Caucasus, most notably Armenia, in reaction to a Turkish massacre of Armenians.
- Antarctica – The last continent to be discovered, and the outlet for much Imperial ambition, until it was realised that the remoteness of the continent made a settlement impossible.
Great powers and the First World War: 1870–1918[edit]
United States: 1870–1914[edit]
- Reconstruction – The period following the Civil War during which African Americans were granted status equal to Caucasians. After several years of this, a backlash reversed many of these reforms.
- Jim Crow laws enforcing racial segregation in the U.S. are enacted in states and localities from 1876 until the modern Civil Rights movement of the 1960s.
Europe: 1870–1914[edit]
- Franco-Prussian War – The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia.[102]
- German Empire – The German Empire is the common name given to the state officially named the Deutsches Reich, designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Kaiser Wilhelm II.[83][84][85][86]
British dominions: 1870–1914[edit]
- Constitution Act, 1867 – The Constitution Act, 1867, is a major part of Canada's Constitution, that created the Dominion of Canada from colonies of the former British North America.[103]
- Dominion of New Zealand – The Dominion of New Zealand is the former name of the Realm of New Zealand.
New alliances[edit]
- Triple Alliance – a militaristic alliance made between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. In World War One, these countries (with the exception of Italy) fought against those in the Triple Entente.
- Triple Entente – an alliance between Britain, France, and Russia. This alliance, supplemented with others, was a counterbalance to the Triple Alliance.
World War I (1914-1918)[edit]
- Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria – Franz Ferdinand was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
- Western Front – Western Front was a term used during the First and Second World Wars to describe the contested armed frontier between lands controlled by Germany to the east and the Allies to the west.
- Artificial Explosives – after all of the German supplies of natural explosives such as saltpeter were blockaded by the British Navy, Germany pioneered artificial explosives, ironically made from American fertilizer.
- League of Nations – The League of Nations, was an intergovernmental organisation founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.[104][105]
Inter-war years: 1918–1939[edit]
- Women's rights movement succeeds in securing the right for women to vote in national elections in many Western countries following World War I, including in Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States.
United States in the inter-war years[edit]
- Great Depression – The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II.[106][107]
- Dust Bowl – The Dust Bowl, or the Dirty Thirties, was a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands in the 1930s, particularly in 1934 and 1936.
Europe in the inter-war years[edit]
- War reparations – Following World War One, the League of Nations saddled the former Triple Alliance countries with massive amounts of war reparations in repayment for their aggressive actions. These, along with the Depression greatly reduced quality of life in these countries.
British dominions in the inter-war years[edit]
- Balfour Declaration – The Balfour Declaration was a letter from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, Baron Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland.
Rise of totalitarianism[edit]
- Lateran Treaty – The Lateran Treaty is one of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 or Lateran Accords, agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See, and ratified June 7, 1929, ending the "Roman Question".
- Vatican City – Vatican City, or Vatican City State, in Italian officially Stato della Città del Vaticano, is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled Enclave and exclave|enclave within the city of Rome, Italy.[108][109][110][111]
- Adolf Hitler – Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, commonly referred to as the Nazi Party.
- Spanish Civil War –
- Francisco Franco – Francisco Franco y Bahamonde, better known under the name of Franco, was a Spanish general, dictator and the leader of the Nationalist military rebellion in the Spanish Civil War, and totalitarian head of state of Spain, from October 1936 until his death in November 1975.
Second World War and its aftermath: 1939–1950[edit]
- Allies – The countries fighting against the Axis powers during World War Two.
- Battle of Britain – The Battle of Britain is the name given to the World War II air campaign waged by the German Air Force against the United Kingdom during the summer and autumn of 1940.[112][113]
- Pearl Harbor – Pearl Harbor, known to Hawaiians as Puuloa, is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu, Hawaii.[114]
- Pacific War – The Pacific War, also sometimes called the Asia-Pacific War refers broadly to the parts of World War II that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands, and in East Asia, then called the Far East.[115]
- Sandakan Death Marches – The Sandakan Death Marches were a series of death march|forced marches in Borneo from Sandakan to Ranau, Malaysia which resulted in the deaths of more than 3,600 Indonesian civilian slave labourers and 2,400 Allied prisoners of war held captive by the Empire of Japan during the Pacific campaign of World War II at prison camps in North Borneo.[116]
- Battle of Midway – The Battle of Midway is widely regarded as the most important naval battle of the Pacific Campaign of World War II.[117][118][119][120][121]
- The Holocaust – The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, throughout Nazi-occupied territory.[122][123][124][125][126][127]
- United Nations – The United Nations, is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace.
- West Germany – West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990.
- East Germany – The German Democratic Republic, informally known as East Germany, was a socialist state established by the USSR in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany, including East Berlin of the Allied-occupied capital city.
Fall of the Western empires: 1945–1980[edit]
- List of countries that gained independence from the United Kingdom
- List of national independence days
- First Indochina War - France loses southeast Asian territories; 1946 to 1954
- Indian Independence Act 1947
- Partition of India - 1947
- Belgian Congo - 1908 to 1960
Cold War: 1945–1991[edit]
- Satellite states – Small, relatively powerless countries supported by larger ones. Examples include North Korea (supported by China and the Soviet Union.
- Chinese Civil War – The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang, the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China, for the control of China |China which eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China in Taiwan and People's Republic of China in Mainland.[128][129]
- Cuban Missile Crisis – The Cuban Missile Crisis, known as the October Crisis in Cuba and the Caribbean Crisis in the USSR was a thirteen-day confrontation between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the United States on the other; the crisis occurred in October 1962, during the Cold War.
- Vietnam war –
- Afghanistan – Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked sovereign country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East,[122][130] it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia.
- Détente – Détente is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation.[131]
- Revolutions of 1989 – The Revolutions of 1989 were the revolutions which overthrew the communist regimes in various Central and Eastern European countries.[132]
Western countries: 1945–1980[edit]
- Sexual revolution – Liberal western views on sexual morality and premarital sex since the legalization and widespread use of the contraceptive pill in the 1960s.
North America: 1945–1980[edit]
- Middle class – The middle class is a class of people in the middle of a societal hierarchy.
- Civil Rights Act – Civil Rights Act may refer to several Act |acts in the history of civil rights in the United States, including:
- Voting Rights Act – The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of national legislation in the United States that outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S.[133][134]
- Vietnam war – A highly controversial conflict in which the United States sided with South Vietnam in resistance to the Communist north, ruled by the Viet Cong.
- Stonewall riots – 1969 riot spurs the modern gay rights movement in the United States.
- Roe v. Wade – landmark decision legalizing abortion on demand in the United States; it has a liberalizing influence on laws in other Western countries.
- Charles de Gaulle – Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle was a French General de brigade|general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II.
- Provisional Irish Republican Army – The Provisional Irish Republican Army is an Irish republicanism|Irish republican paramilitary organisation whose aim was to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom and bring about a socialist republic within a united Ireland by force of arms and political persuasion.[135][136][137][138]
- ETA – ETA, an acronym for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna is an armed Basque nationalism|Basque nationalist and separatism|separatist organization.[139][140][141][142]
- European Economic Community – The European Economic Community was an international organisation created by the 1957 Treaty of Rome.[143]
- European Union – The European Union is an economic and political union or confederation of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe.[144][145][146]
Australia and New Zealand: 1945–1980[edit]
- ANZUS – The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty collective security military alliance
Western culture: 1945–1980[edit]
- Second Vatican Council – The Second Vatican Council addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world.[147][148]
- Counterculture of the 1960s – The counterculture of the 1960s refers to a cultural event that mainly developed in the United States and United Kingdom and spread throughout much of the western world between 1960 and 1973.[149][150][151]
- Conservatism – Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports, at the most, minimal and gradual change in society.[152][153][154][155]
- Political repression – Political repression is the persecution of an individual or group for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take politics|political life of society.
- institutional racism – Institutional racism describes any kind of system of inequality based on race.[156][157]
Western nations: 1980–present[edit]
- World Trade Organization – The World Trade Organization is an organization that intends to supervise and Free trade|liberalize international trade.[6][158]
- North American Free Trade Agreement – The North American Free Trade Agreement is an agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
- African National Congress – The African National Congress is South Africa's governing political party, supported by its tripartite alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions and the South African Communist Party, since the establishment of non-racial democracy in April 1994.[159]
- World Trade Center – The original World Trade Center was a complex with seven buildings featuring landmark twin towers in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States.[160]
- funeral of Pope John Paul II – The funeral of Pope John Paul II was held on 8 April 2005, six days after his death on 2 April.[161]
- German reunification (1990)
- Maastricht Treaty (1993) – establishes the European Union in its current form of an economic union
Western nations and the world[edit]
- al-Qaeda – al-Qaeda is a global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden in Peshawar sometime between August 1988 and late 1989.[162][163]
- September 11 attacks – The September 11 attacks were a series of four suicide attacks that were committed in the United States on September 11, 2001, coordinated to strike the areas of New York City and Washington, D.C.[note 4]
Western society and culture (since 1980)[edit]
Same-sex marriage The struggle for gay rights which began in the 1970s culminates in the ongoing fight for the recognition of same-sex marriages. By the mid-2000s (decade), several western nations (Netherlands, Denmark, Canada, and Spain) had given full legal recognition to married gay or lesbian couples.
Western civilization organizations[edit]
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Western civilization publications[edit]
- Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western civilization by Bruce Thornton, Encounter Books, 2002
- How the Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe by Thomas Cahill, 1995.*Atlas of World Military History, ISBN 0-7607-2025-8, edited by Richard Brooks
- A Military history of the Western World. Three Volumes. By J.F.C. Fuller. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988.
- The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire –*THE ORIGINAL was published between 1776 and 1789 in six volumes by the firm of [William] William Strahan|Strahan & [Thomas] Thomas Cadell |Cadell, in the Strand, London.[164]
Scholars of Western civilization[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2012) |
See also[edit]
- Outline of history – History – discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events.
- ^ ĝir15 means "native, local", in some contexts is "noble"(ĝir NATIVE (7x: Old Babylonian) from The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary). Literally, "land of the native (local, noble) lords". Stiebing (1994) has "Land of the Lords of Brightness" (William Stiebing, Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture). Postgate (1994) takes en as substituting eme "language", translating "land of the Sumerian tongue" (John Nicholas Postgate (1994). Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History. Routledge (UK).. Postgate believes it likely that eme, 'tongue', became en, 'lord', through consonantal assimilation.)
- ^ There are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is /z/ or /s/, and whether the a is pronounced /ɑː/, /æ/ or (when the stress is on the first syllable) /ə/ (Merriam Webster). The most common are /ˈɪzləm, ˈɪsləm, ɪzˈlɑːm, ɪsˈlɑːm/ (Oxford English Dictionary, Random House) and /ˈɪzlɑːm, ˈɪslɑːm/ (American Heritage Dictionary).
- ^ /ʔiˈslaːm/: Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from [i]~[ɪ]~[e]. The second vowel ranges from [æ]~[a]~[ä]~[ɛ]. At some geographic regions, such as Northwestern Africa they don't have stress.
- ^ 9/11 is pronounced "nine eleven". The slash is not part of the pronunciation. The name is frequently used in British English as well as American English even though the dating conventions differ: "9/11" in British English would normally refer to 9 November.
- ^ a b Morris, Ian (2010-11-10). "Location, location and how the West was won By Ian Morris, Professor of Stanford University, BBC News Magazine, 10 November 2010". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
- ^ Western Civilization, Our Tradition; James Kurth; accessed 30 August 2011
- ^ ""Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration", Anil K. Gupta*, Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 1, 19 October 2010" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-05-25.
- ^ "Sumerian Questions and Answers". Sumerian.org. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
- ^ Bertman, Stephen (2003). Handbook to life in ancient Mesopotamia. Facts on File. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-8160-4346-0.
- ^ a b "Sumer (ancient region, Iraq)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
- ^ Kleniewski, Nancy; Thomas, Alexander R (2010-03-26). "Cities, Change, and Conflict: A Political Economy of Urban Life". ISBN 978-0-495-81222-7.
- ^ Maisels, Charles Keith (1993). "The Near East: Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization"". ISBN 978-0-415-04742-5.
- ^ Maisels, Charles Keith (2001). "Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China". ISBN 978-0-415-10976-5.
- ^ Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (2002). "A dictionary of archaeology". ISBN 978-0-631-23583-5.
- ^ so identified in the United States Census
- ^ "Chronology". Digital Egypt for Universities, University College London. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
- ^ Dodson (2004) p. 46
- ^ Clayton (1994) p. 217
- ^ Yenne 2010, p. 159
- ^ Chris Scarre, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome (London: Penguin Books, 1995).
- ^ "Roman Empire", Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008
- ^ John Hines, Karen Høilund Nielsen, Frank Siegmund, The pace of change: studies in early-medieval chronology, Oxbow Books, 1999, p. 93, ISBN 978-1-900188-78-4
- ^ The delimiting dates vary; often cited are 410, the sack of Rome by Alaric I; and 751, the accession of Pippin the Short and the establishment of the Carolingian dynasty.
- ^ Bury, J. B., The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians, Norton Library, 1967.
- ^ Jacobs, Louis (2007). "Judaism". In Fred Skolnik. Encyclopaedia Judaica 11 (2d ed.). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. p. 511. ISBN 978-0-02-865928-2.
Judaism, the religion, philosophy, and way of life of the Jews
- ^ O'Rahilly, Thomas Francis (1942), The Two Patricks: A Lecture on the History of Christianity in Fifth-century Ireland, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, pp. 43–44
- ^ Ball, Martin J.; Fife, James (2002), The Celtic Languages, USA: Routledge, pp. 82–83, ISBN 0-415-28080-X
- ^ Old Irish is a Q-Celtic language, which means that the sound /p/ in other languages is converted to the sound /k/.
- ^ St Patrick in the Catholic Encyclopedia (1913).
- ^ Common Worship: Services and Prayers for the Church of England, The Calendar, p. 7
- ^ Brown, Peter (2003). The Rise of Western Christendom. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 137.
- ^ The date 481 is arrived at by counting back from the Battle of Tolbiac, which Gregory of Tours places in the fifteenth year of Clovis's reign.
- ^ Rosenwein, Barbara (2004). A Short History of the Middle Ages. Canada: University of Toronto Press. p. 43.
- ^ Geary, Patrick (2003). Readings in Medieval History: Gregory of Tours History of the Franks. Canada: Broadview Press Ltd. p. 153.
- ^ Frassetto, Michael, Encyclopedia of barbarian Europe, (ABC-CLIO, 2003), p. 126
- ^ Lecker, Michael (2008), "The 'Constitution of Medina': Muhammad's First Legal Document", Journal of Islamic Studies 19 (2): 251–253, doi:10.1093/jis/etn021.
- ^ Schulman, Jana K. (2002). The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 101. ISBN 0-313-30817-9.
- ^ Littlewood, Ian (2002). France. Rough Guides. p. 34. ISBN 1-85828-826-6.
- ^ Cawthorne, Nigel (2004). Military Commanders: The 100 Greatest Throughout History. Enchanted Lion Books. pp. 52–53. ISBN 1-59270-029-2.
- ^ Fouracre, Paul (2000). The Age of Charles Martel. Longman. p. 55. ISBN 0-582-06475-9.
- ^ Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A. (1995). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 205–206. ISBN 0-8240-4444-4.
- ^ The Frankish Kingdom. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
- ^ "Charles's victory has often been regarded as decisive for world history, since it preserved western Europe from the Moors conquest and Islamization." Battle of Tours - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ "Number of Catholics on the Rise". Zenit News Agency. 27 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-02.. For greater details on numbers of Catholics and priests and their distribution by continent and for changes between 2000 and 2008, see "Annuario Statistico della Chiesa dell'anno 2008". Holy See Press Office. 27 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-02. (in Italian)
- ^ "Compendium of the CCC, 11". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
- ^ "Compendium of the CCC, 226". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
- ^ "Compendium of the CCC, 388". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
- ^ The word friar is etymologically related to the word for brother in Latin. "friar - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Retrieved 2008-10-21.
- ^ (Cf. Summa Theologiae, I, Q, 25, Art 6 as 4um).
- ^ Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The First Crusaders, 1095–1131 Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-64603-0.
- ^ See Steven P. Marone, "Medieval philosophy in context" in A. S. McGrade, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). On the difference between scholastic and medieval monastic postures towards learning, see Jean Leclercq, The Love of Learning and the Desire for God (New York: Fordham University Press, 1970) esp. 89; 238ff.
- ^ Goldhaber & Nieto 2010, p. 940
- ^ de Monstrelet, Enguerrand; Johnes, Thomas (trans) (1810). "The French and English meet in battle on the plains of Azincourt". The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet (1853 ed.). London: Henry Bohn. p. 340.
- ^ Google eBook of '''''Encyclopædia Britannica'''''. Books.google.com. 2006-09-22. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
- ^ See People of the Millenium for an overview of the wide acclaim. In 1999, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg no. 1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown. In 1997, Time–Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium. The Johann Gutenberg entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the Christian era.
- ^ McLuhan 1962; Eisenstein 1980; Febvre & Martin 1997; Man 2002
- ^ Gleason, John B. "The Birth Dates of John Colet and Erasmus of Rotterdam: Fresh Documentary Evidence," Renaissance Quarterly, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Renaissance Society of America, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Spring, 1979), pp. 73–76
- ^ St. Thomas More, 1478–1535 at Savior.org
- ^ Homily at the Canonization of St. Thomas More at The Center for Thomas More Studies at the University of Dallas, 2010, citing text "Recorded in The Tablet, June 1, 1935, pp. 694–695"
- ^ Linder, Douglas O. The Trial of Sir Thomas More: A Chronology at University Of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School Of Law
- ^ Christopher Columbus Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 June 2010.
- ^ Scholastic Teacher – Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) Teaching Resources, Children's Book Recommendations, and Student Activities. Milton Meltzer. Author, Columbus and the World Around Him.
- ^ World Book – Columbus, Christopher "Columbus, Christopher". World Book Store has the encyclopedia, dictionary, atlas, homework help, study aids, and curriculum guides. 2010
- ^ Questia – COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER "Columbus, Christopher". Questia – The Online Library of Books and Journals. 2010
Memorials Of Columbus: Or, A Collection Of Authentic Documents Of That Celebrated Navigator (page 9) Country of origin: USA. Pages: 428. Publisher: BiblioBazaar. Publication Date: 2010-01-01.
Native American History for Dummies (page 127) Authors: Dorothy Lippert, Stephen J. Spignesi and Phil Konstantin. Paperback: 364 pages. Publisher: For Dummies. Publication Date: 2007-10-29.
The peoples of the Caribbean: an encyclopedia of archeology and traditional culture (p. 67) Author: Nicholas J. Saunders. Hardcover: 399 pages. Publisher: ABC-CLIO. Publication Date: 15 July 2006. - ^ "Spain : The Christian states, 711-1035 - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. 2010-07-11. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
- ^ Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe: Urkunden, Akten und Nachrichten: Texte und Übersetzungen, ISBN 3-05-003009-7, pp. 23ff. (online); Marian Biskup: Regesta Copernicana (calendar of Copernicus' Papers), Ossolineum, 1973, p. 32 (online). This spelling of the surname is rendered in many publications (Auflistung) [1]
- ^ Linton (2004, p. 39). Copernicus was not, however, the first to propose some form of heliocentric system. A Greek mathematician and astronomer, Aristarchus of Samos, had already done so as early as the 3rd century BCE. Nevertheless, there is little evidence that he ever developed his ideas beyond a very basic outline (Dreyer, 1953, pp. 135–48).
- ^ Mancall 1999, pp. 26–53.
- ^ Parry 1963, pp. 1–5.
- ^ Arnold 2002, p. 11.
- ^ "Mercantilism". The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
- ^ "Declaring Independence", Revolutionary War, Digital History, University of Houston. From Adams' notes: "Why will you not? You ought to do it." "I will not." "Why?" "Reasons enough." "What can be your reasons?" "Reason first, you are a Virginian, and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business. Reason second, I am obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular. You are very much otherwise. Reason third, you can write ten times better than I can." "Well," said Jefferson, "if you are decided, I will do as well as I can." "Very well. When you have drawn it up, we will have a meeting.""
- ^ Autor, Frank; Levy, David and Murnane, Richard J. "The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration" Quarterly Journal of Economics (2003)
- ^ Anstey at Welcome to Leicester (visitoruk.com) According to this source, "A half-witted Anstey lad, Ned Ludlam or Ned Ludd, gave his name to the Luddites, who in the 1800s followed his earlier example by smashing machinery in protest against the Industrial Revolution."
- ^ Palmer, Roy (1998) The Sound of History: Songs and Social Comment, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-215890-1, p. 103
- ^ Chambers, Robert (2004) Book of Days: A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar, Part 1, Kessinger, ISBN 978-0-7661-8338-4, p. 357
- ^ . The National Archives http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/politics/g3/. Retrieved 19 August 2011. Missing or empty
ignored (help) - ^ Ferguson, Niall (2004). Empire, The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02328-2.
- ^ Maddison 2001, pp. 98, 242.
- ^ Ferguson 2004, p. 15.
- ^ Elkins2005, p. 5.
- ^ David M. Kennedy; Lizabeth Cohen; Professor Thomas Andrew Bailey; Thomas Bailey (25 December 2008). The American Pageant: A History of the American People. Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-547-16654-4. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ Table 1.1 Acquisition of the Public Domain 1781–1867. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-12-19.
- ^ "Louisiana Purchase". Lsm.crt.state.la.us. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
- ^ Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (2010) pp 239-42
- ^ An alternative translation is North German Federation.
- ^ a b "German constitution of 1871" (in German). De.wikisource.org. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
- ^ a b Harper's magazine, Volume 63. Pp. 593. The term "reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people, the term "Kaiserreich" literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary empire led by a literal emperor, though "reich" has been used in German to denote the Roman Empire because it has a weak hereditary tradition. In the case of the German Empire, the official name was Deutsches Reich that is properly translated as "German Realm" because the official position of head of state in the constitution of the German Empire was officially a "presidency" of a confederation of German states led by the King of Prussia who would assume "the title of German Emperor" as referring to the German people but was not emperor of Germany as in an emperor of a state.
- ^ a b World Book, Inc. The World Book dictionary, Volume 1. World Book, Inc., 2003. Pp. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" that was a former official name of the Germany.
- ^ a b Joseph Whitaker. Whitaker's almanack, 1991. J Whitaker & Sons, 1990. Pp. 765. Refers to the term Deutsches Reich being translated in English as "German Realm", up to and including the Nazi period.
- ^ "France". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Retrieved 2011-12-15. See drop-down essay on "The Third Republic and the 1905 Law of Laïcité"
- ^ Bloy, Marjie (30 April 2002). "The Congress of Vienna, 1 November 1814 – 8 June 1815". The Victorian Web. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
- ^ James J. Walsh (1913). "Louis Pasteur". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Campbell, D. M. (January 1915). "The Pasteur Institute of Paris". American Journal of Veterinary Medicine (Chicago, Ill.: D. M. Campbell) 10 (1): 29–31. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
- ^ "Etymology of the English word neoclassicism". myetymology.com. Retrieved 2012-02-22.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "''Romanticism''. Retrieved 30 January 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
- ^ Casey, Christopher (October 30, 2008). ""Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism". Foundations. Volume III, Number 1. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
- ^ David Levin, History as Romantic Art: Bancroft, Prescott, and Parkman (1967)
- ^ Gerald Lee Gutek, A history of the Western educational experience (1987) ch. 12 on Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
- ^ Ashton Nichols, "Roaring Alligators and Burning Tygers: Poetry and Science from William Bartram to Charles Darwin," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 2005 149(3): 304–315
- ^ McKay, John P.; Hill, Bennett D.; Buckler, John; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Beck, Roger B.; Crowston, Clare Haru; Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. A History of World Societies: From 1775 to Present . Eighth edition. Volume C – From 1775 to the Present. (2009). Bedford/St. Martin's: Boston/New York. ISBN 978-0-312-68298-9. ISBN 0-312-68298-0. "By 1883 Europe had caught 'African fever,' and the race for territory was on." (McKay 738).
- ^ R, Robinson, J.Gallagher and A. Denny, Africa and the Victorians, London, 1965, Page. 175.
- ^ Kevin Shillington, History of Africa: Revised Second Edition, (New York: Macmillian Publishers Limited, 2005), 301
- ^ Keswick, Maggie; Weatherall, Clara (2008). The thistle and the jade:a celebration of 175 years of Jardine Matheson. Francis Lincoln Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7112-2830-6. p.78 Online version at Google books
- ^ Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Anne Walthill James B. Palais., East Asia (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), pp.378–82.
- ^ Taithe, Bertrand (2001). Citizenship and Wars: France in Turmoil 1056–1871. Routledge.
- ^ Constitution Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3 (U.K.), R.S.C. 1985, App. II, No. 11.
- ^ "Covenant of the League of Nations". The Avalon Project. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
- ^ See Article 23, "Covenant of the League of Nations"., "Treaty of Versailles". and Minority Rights Treaties.
- ^ John A. Garraty, The Great Depression (1986)
- ^ Charles Duhigg, "Depression, You Say? Check Those Safety Nets", New York Times, March 23, 2008
- ^ "Homepage of Vatican City State". Vaticanstate.va. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
- ^ "Stato della Città del Vaticano" is the name used in the state's founding document, the Treaty between the Holy See and Italy, article 26.
- ^ "Holy See (Vatican City)". CIA—The World Factbook. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
- ^ "Vatican City State". Vatican City Government. Retrieved 28 November 2007.
- ^ "Battle of Britain 1940." Battle of Britain. Retrieved: 28 June 2010.
- ^ "Audio Clip of Churchill's speech." UK: BBC. Retrieved: 28 June 2010.
- ^ FDR Pearl Harbor Speech. December 8, 1941. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
December 7th, 1941, a day that will live in infamy.
- ^ Williamson Murray, Allan R. Millett A war to be won: fighting the Second World War, Harvard University Press, 2001, page 143
- ^ Digger History Sandakan Death March: Japanese Inhumanity
- ^ "Battle of Midway: June 4–7,1942". Naval History & Heritage Command. 27 April 2005. Retrieved 20 February 2009. "...considered the decisive battle of the war in the Pacific."
- ^ Dull, Paul S. Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-219-9. "Midway was indeed "the" decisive battle of the war in the Pacific.", p. 166
- ^ "A Brief History of Aircraft Carriers: Battle of Midway". U.S. Navy. 2007. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
- ^ U.S. Naval War College Analysis, p.1; Parshall and Tully, Shattered Sword, pp.416–430.
- ^ Keegan, John. "The Second World War." New York: Penguin, 2005. (275)
- ^ a b "Holocaust," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2009: "the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women and children, and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. The Nazis called this "the final solution to the Jewish question ..."
- ^ The word is only marginally found in Greek [Classical] literature referring in general to an offering. The adjective ὁλόκαυστος "holókaustos], "wholly burned", more common in the parallel form ὁλόκαυτος [holókautos], is in the Greek version of the Hebrew Bible used in Leviticus 6,21–22 in the following context: "[...] the baked pieces of the grain offering you shall offer for a sweet aroma to the Lord. / The priest [...] shall offer it. It is a statute for ever to the Lord. It shall be wholly burned)."
- ^ Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, p.45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II." Also see "The Holocaust", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007: "the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women and children, and millions of others, by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. The Germans called this "the final solution to the Jewish question".
- ^ "Brian Levin, Director, Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism, California State University:". Huffingtonpost.com. July 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ Sonja M. Hedgepeth; Rochelle G. Saidel (14 December 2010). Sexual violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust. UPNE. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-58465-905-1. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
If two million Jewish women were murdered during the Holocaust, sexual molestation was the lot of a few but violence was the lot of the many.
- ^ Stephanie Fitzgerald (1 January 2011). Children of the Holocaust. Capstone Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7565-4390-7. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
More than a million Jewish children were killed.
- ^ Gay, Kathlyn. [2008] (2008). 21st Century Books. Mao Zedong's China. ISBN 0-8225-7285-0. pg 7
- ^ Hutchings, Graham. [2001] (2001). Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00658-5.
- ^ "Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings". UNdata. 26 April 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
- ^ détente - traduction - Dictionnaire Français-Anglais
- ^ See various uses of this term in the following publications. The term is a play on a more widely used term for 1848 revolutions, the Spring of Nations. Also Polish term Jesień Ludów or Jesień Narodów in in Polish language publications.
- ^ "United States Department of Justice - Voting Rights Act of 1965". U.S. Department of Justice. 2006-03-20. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
- ^ "The Voting Rights Act of 1965". United States Department of Justice. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
- ^ Moloney, Ed (2002). A Secret History of the IRA. Penguin Books. p. 246. ISBN 0-14-101041-X.
- ^ The Provisional IRA by Patrick Bishop and Eamonn Mallie (ISBN 0-552-13337-X), p. 117.
- ^ Henry McDonald (13 February 2005). "Grieving sisters square up to IRA". The Observer (London). Retrieved 20 July 2007.
- ^ Moloney, p. 707
- ^ (Spanish) Goiz Argi. Goiz Argi. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
- ^ (Spanish) Goiz Argi. Goiz Argi (27 January 2002). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
- ^ "Basque separatist group Eta 'declares ceasefire'". BBC News. 5 September 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
- ^ "Basque group Eta says armed campaign is over". BBC News. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ^ Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union, as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty.
- ^ Burgess, Michael (2000). Federalism and European union: The building of Europe, 1950–2000. Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 0-415-22647-3.
Our theoretical analysis suggests that the EC/EU is neither a federation nor a confederation in the classical sense. But it does claim that the European political and economic elites have shaped and moulded the EC/EU into a new form of international organization, namely, a species of "new" confederation.
- ^ Kiljunen, Kimmo (2004). The European Constitution in the Making. Centre for European Policy Studies. pp. 21–26. ISBN 978-92-9079-493-6.
- ^ "European". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
5 b. spec. Designating a developing series of economic and political unions between certain countries of Europe from 1952 onwards, as European Economic Community, European Community, European Union.
- ^ Faculty of Catholic University of America, ed. (1967). "Vatican Council II". New Catholic Encyclopedia XIV (1 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 563. OCLC 34184550.
- ^ Alberigo, Giuseppe; Sherry, Matthew (2006). A Brief History of Vatican II. Maryknoll: Orbis Books. p. 69. ISBN 1-57075-638-4.
- ^ Hirsch, E.D. (1993). The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-65597-9. p 419. "Members of a cultural protest that began in the U.S. in the 1960s and affected Europe before fading in the 1970s...fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest."
- ^ "Rockin' At the Red Dog: The Dawn of Psychedelic Rock," Mary Works Covington, 2005.
- ^ Anderson, Terry H. (1995). The Movement and the Sixties. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510457-8.
- ^ Davies, N, 'Europe: A History', (Pimlico:London,1997) p.812
- ^ Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan, "Conservatism", Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Third Edition, "Sometimes it (conservatism) has been outright opposition, based on an existing model of society that is considered right for all time. It can take a 'reactionary' form, harking back to, and attempting to reconstruct, forms of society which existed in an earlier period.", Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 978019205165
- ^ "Conservatism (political philosophy)". Britannica.com. Retrieved on 1 November 2009.
- ^ Carol Hamilton (2007-12-09). "The Scary Echo of the Intolerance of the French Revolution in America Today". Hnn.us. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
- ^ "Stokely Carmichael and Pan-Africanism: Back to Black Power", Journal of Politics, Vol. 35, No.2 (May, 1973), pp 386-409.
- ^ "The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, Report of an inquiry by Sir William MacPherson of Cluny (The MacPherson Report): Chapter 6". The Stationery Office. February 1999. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
- ^ Understanding the WTO Handbook at WTO official website. (Note that the document's printed folio numbers do not match the pdf page numbers.)
- ^ "ANC Party Declaration". the African National Congress. Retrieved 15 May 2008.[dead link]
- ^ "New World Trade Center climbs to 100 stories". Associated Press. April 2, 2012.
- ^ "CNN Transcript from 4 April 2005". Retrieved 2008-03-04.
- ^ Bergen 2006, p. 75.
- ^ United States v. Usama bin Laden et al., S (7) 98 Cr. 1023, Testimony of Jamal Ahmed Mohamed al-Fadl (S.D.N.Y. February 6, 2001).
- ^ Data assembled from David Womersley, ed., Edward Gibbon - The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1 (London: Allen Lane, 1994), pp. cvii, 1084, 1106; and Norton, Biblio, 36-63. Norton reported that reliable figures on printed copies of all editions and volumes "cannot, unfortunately, be stated." p. 52. Precise days of publication from Norton, Biblio, except where otherwise noted.
External links[edit]
Definitions from Wiktionary | |
Media from Commons | |
News stories from Wikinews | |
Quotations from Wikiquote | |
Source texts from Wikisource | |
Textbooks from Wikibooks | |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
- This outline displayed as a mindmap, at wikimindmap.com


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Thanks John & Doug.
I'll get that public & pro classifieds topic list happening soon.
Again, thanks for the welcome & the service you're doing here :)
Introduce Yourself: Sign In Here First
Welcome to The D-Word! Stop in and sign the guest book - let us know a little (or a lot) about yourself.
Please note that this is one of our Public Topics, so best to enter email addresses with (at) to prevent them being harvested. Spam will be deleted.
Hi folks, my name is Adam Stafford, a few years ago I directed a short called The Shutdown, which was quite well received. Since then I've been a bit erstwhile from the film community, making a new short (see My Films) that's taken me literally 3 years to get funding for and some busy musical projects. But I'm here to re-engage with the Doc Community. Thanks.
Good to have you here, Adam. Welcome back to filmmaking, in general, and welcome to The D-Word.
Really liked The Shutdown when it was screened at Silverdocs back in 2009. Welcome back, Adam.
Thanks John, yeah it has taken me a while to follow it up, but I have finally! (you can view the trailer for No Hope For Men Below here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQo9I4G2ylo). I hope to make it back to Silverdocs next year, it was such a warm, friendly and encouraging festival.
In reply to Heath Cozens's post on Fri 6 Jul 2012 :
Hey Heath. That sounds like a fascinating project.
Japan has such an interesting combat sport history (ranging from Sumo to Pride FC). Somewhat like a religion to them. And kudos for sheding light to an unfamiliar combat industry in such a kinetic culture.
Good luck on that one!
Hi D-sters,
I just joined and am so excited to be a part of the community! I have been working on a documentary for two years and it has been an incredible journey. It's about a little Iraqi girl who, after being struck by a roadside bomb, came to the US for reconstructive surgery five years ago and has yet to return. It has been compelling to watch her story unfold – feel free to check out our website and drop us a note! thebeautythatremains.com Looking forward to discovering all that D-word has to offer ...
- Becky
We're happy to have you here, Becky. Welcome aboard and best of luck with your film. Sounds very compelling.
In reply to Raymund Gerard C. Cruz's post on Mon 9 Jul 2012 :
Thank you, Raymund for the encouraging words.
Doglegs is an NPO – and serves as a hobby for some members, something of a raison d'etre for others. Not an industry by any means. But as you say, there's a certain Japanese appreciation for the martial arts – fighting as a means to prove yourself – they are seen as wholesome and pure, and have quasi religious aspects, as well.
Doglegs Superhandicapped Pro-wrestling is much more down and dirty, homemade – almost like a cross between performance art and MMA. But there's a strength of spirit and purpose that I do think echos the ethos of classical Japanese fighting styles.
Anyway, I'll be sure to post about it in depth once I get more familiar with my way around the boards. Very much looking forward to sharing and being a part of this community.
In reply to Heath Cozens's post on Thu 12 Jul 2012 :
Very intriguing! Asians do have an attachment to spirituality. To us, life goes on like a ritual. My wife and I share with you the same fascination with japan, only more in theater. She will be in Kyoto to study Noh theater for a month starting next week. Anyways, looking forward to seeing your wonderful project.
Adam, great to see you back! Look forward to raising a glass at a film festival this year to celebrate your new film, which I know will be wonderful.
In reply to Dennis Connors's post on Mon 25 Jun 2012 :
Hey Dennis,
Good to have you here. Don't worry about age. Some of my favorite filmmakers started working late. John Cassavetes, Abbas Kiarostami, Kidlat Tahimik, Robert Bresson, and Rob Nilsson became active late in their mid-30 to late 40's. In art, age is just a number. :)
The D-word will get you going.
I'm a verite shooter working on a documentary about communities rebuilding from natural disaster. I'm currently in Bay St Louis Mississippi but we've also been to Alabama and Louisiana.
We have a Kickstarter up: http://kck.st/NzV3Y0
Any feedback would be appreciated. So give me your most brutal hello and tell me what you really think of it!
Hi Everyone!
My name is David Liebling. I have worked mostly in live sports production for the past few years, with a long hiatus in Asia where I was teaching english and traveling.
While I was in South Korea I started shooting for a documentary I'd like to produce 'the right way.' Meaning that I'd like to figure out what I'm doing as far as pre-production and distribution to give my project the best possible chance at success.
I'll be lurking this site, searching for answers regarding budgeting, planning, distribution, financing, and all the other aspects of documentary making that are currently baffling to me. Any nudges in the right direction would be much appreciated!
I hope I can give as well at some point.
Hello everyone!
My name is Louis Mole. I am a young aspiring documentary filmmaker from England. I have almost completed a one year documentary filmmaking course and I am now looking for employment, starting in November. I have made a number of short documentary films, and I am predominantly interested in social issue documentaries. I have made films on subjects such as homelessness, mental illness and newly released prisoners learning to reconnect with their children. Thank you for having me!
My name is Alyssa Bolsey and I'm currently directing a feature Swiss/US documentary about the film pioneer/inventor of the Bolex camera. If you're interested in checking out the development teaser it can be viewed on vimeo. https://vimeo.com/31740507
A young filmmaker myself, working in an international co-production has proven to be challenging but rewarding in the lessons learned. I look forward to learning more from d-word member's experiences as well as contributing all that I can in the process!
In reply to Brian Murphy's post on Sun 4 Nov 2007 :
Hi Brian. My name is Tarryn Crossman. I have been working in the TV industry in South Africa (Africa as a whole) for like 8 years and now I am producing my first independent documentary. The film lives between South Africa and Canada. I am looking for a journalist in canada, who might want to help me access some information on the ground. If you have any suggestions I'd really appreciate it. Here is a link to the trailer (although the film has changed somewhat since this was made) https://vimeo.com/43240496
In reply to Alyssa Bolsey's post on Mon 30 Jul 2012 :
It looks like an interesting film. Good luck!
Joshua, David, Louis and Alyssa, a warm welcome to The D-Word! Good to have you here with us.
Hi, My name is Alexandria Dionne, everyone calls me Alex. I'm a producer and production manager on a doc film called 10x10: Educate Girls, Change the World (10x10act.org). It's a film about girls education in developing countries. I'm based in LA, but spent many years in NY, working on various docs there. This is a great site. I'm very happy to be a part of this community.
Hey everyone, my name is Stephen Robinson, and I'm a young filmmaker working for a company called Ark Media based in Brooklyn, NY. I have my own nascent production company, and my first project is nearing its final stages. It's a short doc using footage that I shot while in Gaza, Israel and the West Bank back in 2009, and I hope to develop a feature length documentary about the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. I went to my first D-Word event last night through the Scottish Documentary Institute, and really enjoyed "Cutting Loose." Looking forward to participating in these forums!
Hola D-Worders.
I'm a budding filmmaker, with a background in TV news production and print journalism. I graduated from doc studies at the New School this spring and completed my first 20-minute short: "Keepers of the Flock" on NYC's pigeon-obsessed subcultures. Currently looking for ways to get my film out there, and working as an editor and researcher on several projects.
I made it out to the excellent screenings and meet-up yesterday, and met some great people. I definitely plan to get more involved online – and in the real world – with this community.
Hi all
I'm just completing a monumental documentary and thought I should introduce myself here. It's about a guy going around the world by human power – no motors, no sails. It was shot over 15 years all over the world, and the resulting footage is now a 2 hour feature film. Happy to answer any questions and sure I'll have a few of my own.
You can see a trailer and more information here:
Glad to meet you all.
Welcome, Ben and Kenny.
Stephen, great meeting you last night!
In reply to Kenny Brown's post on Mon 6 Aug 2012 :
Nice trailer. Good luck with the film.
Andy: You as well. Let's grab a beer in BK sometime soon.
Kenny: Looks like a crazy saga! I want to see it.
Stephen, Ben and Kenny, a warm welcome to you all. Ben, feel free to register as a professional member. It will give you access to all 50 discussion topics.
Hey everyone!
My name is Nick and I'm a young filmmaker from Louisville, KY. For the last two years I've been working on my first documentary, The Potter's Field. -At face value it's a film about high school students who volunteer to give funeral services for homeless people. The film broadens its scope to explore how other cities dispose of their homeless (i.e. NY and Chicago) where there's an apparent lack of compassion in their methods. Throughout the film, the perspectives of the students are supplemented by homeless citizens who also provide insight into their own potential funerals, and whether or not they think anyone would actually come, or if they even care. The philosophy of the students and teachers is simple, "You come into the world being held and loved, and you should leave the world in the same way."
Here is a recent potential trailer: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7I-9QrZcAc
I can't believe I'm just now finding out about this site, however, I'm excited to be here and I look forward to contributing all that I can!
In reply to Kenny Brown's post on Mon 6 Aug 2012 :
Kenny, just saw your trailer and... wow! Can't wait to see this! Awesome work.
Hi D-List Community:
My name is Simone and I'm glad to be "here."
I bet I know some of you personally as well. I have worked for many film/media support organizations & Festivals in the SF Bay Area, for indie film studios, more recently co-produced a documentary (City of Borders) that premiered at Berlinale and am now working as a producer for filmmaker Tiffany Shlain's Moxie Institute working on the marketing & distribution of the 2011 Sundance premiering feature doc: Connected. (http://www.connectedthefilm.com). I'm currently running our Host A Screening Tour before we launch our DVD/online distribution in early 2013.
I also work as a producing, marketing, PR, distribution consultant and am on the Faculty of a digital filmmaking program at an Art Institute where I teach producing and acting for directors.
Love supporting mediamakers & being part of a supportive community in turn.
Welcome, Nick and Simone. Looks like a great subject, Nick, best of luck with it. Simone, terrific work you've been doing with Tiffany on Connected. Very impressed with the outreach on it.
By the way, we're The D-Word, not D-List. While you can be notified about posts in any topic by email, we're not a listserve but an online discussion forum. Just wanted to make the distinction.
Hello D-Word:
My fair use attorney introduced me to the site (I know, kind of odd). I'm currently in the festival/exhibition circuit and shopping around my second feature "CODE 2600" (code2600.com).
It is so wonderful to see a real documentary community like D-List online. I'm based out of Pittsburgh but I am currently teaching film at OU while on a Masters scholarship. I'm looking forward to spending time on the site and meeting other doc makers.
Shoot, my apologizes for the mis-type. Surely I realize "D-List" is not the appropriate terminology. First impressions, berg, sorry I do have the best intensions. Just a nervous-nelly on the keyboard for this tread.
Obviously you were all discombobulated from the Pirates being 63-48 this late in the season. I'm from Pgh. too so I understand. Great to have you here, Jeremy. [Actually, you might be the sole representative from Pgh.! (Many of us are from da Burgh but now hang our black-and-yellow hats elsewhere....)]
Hello to Everyone!
I am Olivier Uwayezu from Kigali Rwanda, I have been searching the forum of professionals and Finally I got it. I will learn more from you indeed.
I am in doc film field since 2007, working as an Editor and participate in many intensive courses in editing, the last and very important is the one with Jason Osder (and I thank you) from GWU/SMPA currently I am working as freelance in Rwanda and making research on Rwandan Genocide, in recording rwandan testimonies.
In reply to Doug Block's post on Tue 31 Jul 2012 :
Thank you Doug Block! I am planning a documentary film trip to Africa in the near future. The country will be either Kenya or South Africa. Where do you suggest looking for information on getting camera gear into those countries? I understand that customs can be hard on filmmakers.
In reply to Olivier Uwayezu's post on Mon 13 Aug 2012 :
I'm delighted to meet a Rwandan documentary filmmaker, Olivier, and I look forward to seeing the country through your eyes & ears.
Thank you Vivian Kleiman, I look to show you the country of thousand hills
Hello everyone. I'm a current film student at Columbia College in Chicago. I've completed (99%) my first short film documentary on the exploitation and corruption within the Chicago taxi industry.
Would love to receive some professional critique before I entered it into film festivals.
Greetings D-word,
My name is Kevin Sarnoff. I've been a cinematographer for the last fifteen years shooting feature films, commercials, promos and the occasional doc. Last summer, armed with an abundance of optimism, a fair amount of magical thinking and no shortage of ignorance, I traveled to a remote part of Nepal to film a doc which was to be my directing debut. Angry villagers and altitude sickness threw a wrench into my master plan but left with me some tremendous footage. I'm trying to piece the film together now and map out my next steps. Documentary is my true love and I'm in awe of the work many of you do. I am thrilled that a community such as this exists and very happy to be a member.
Some stills from Nepal project:
You need to copy and paste that entire link to get to the proper site...
Here's the entire link to the site. Some very impressive images there, indeed, Kevin. Welcome to The D-Word.
Greetings! My name is Marcus, I'm currently working on my first documentary project. I've come to this site to seek knowledge in this art.
I'm also a US Army Combat Veteran who is aspiring to become a stand-up comedian. Over the past year I've documented some of the struggles I've face in addition to seeking mental rehabilitation.
The Documentary will include struggles with re-integration, transition, depression, alcoholism, addiction, PTSD and impact on family.
I've already started filming. Just have no idea what I'm doing...
Welcome to the club, Marcus. Most people starting on their first doc have no idea, either. Hope you'll feel free to ask questions in The Mentoring Room, and go thru our archives to read some of the conversations we've held here over the years. Should help a lot. Meanwhile, welcome to The D-Word, as well.
Hi All! Just joined. Delighted to be a part of the group. I've been a documentary filmmaker for 12 years and a television news video editor for 22 years. All of the sordid details may be seen at www.YouTube.com/NicoleFilms.
Looking forward to seeing you where I hang out most on Twitter @Nicoleedits. Have a wonderful week!
Thank you I have been. What's stressful is that some of the best footage I should be capturing is going on right now. In reply to Doug Block's post on Tue 21 Aug 2012 :
Hello D-Worders. To Doug et al, thank you so much for maintaining this community. I haven't even qualified as a lurker since I signed up a while back, but am finally playing catch-up. I'm now lurking at breakneck pace. I kicked it off with Fernanda Rossi's excellent 5-day discussion about loglines and pitching. It's archived here: http://d-word.com/topics/show/189?pos=1
Part of the reason I haven't been lurking till now has been my first documentary as writer/director, which has occupied nights and days for most of the past 2 years. I'm pleased to report it is finished and has been very well received on the festival circuit. I just created the film page here: http://www.d-word.com/documentary/508-The-Movement
Much like the production process on our film, my approach to learning this craft has been a bit back-assward and I look forward to future discussions like Fernanda's to help me play catch-up. Doug, by the way, I found the format and presentation of the archived discussion very easy to follow. Nice job to you and all the folks who make this site easy to use. Keep up the good work. Cheers, Greg
Thanks, Greg. Glad you're posting, at long last. Congrats on all the success of your film on the festival circuit – do you have any other kind of distribution lined up?
My producer tells me there is much in the works for "The Movement" that we can't announce yet and he says to hold my horses for now. I'm not good at that, so I've been polishing up my own first narrative feature screenplay, writing the book on the story behind The Movement, and starting a trickle of work for my other filmmaker friends. I guess you could say this latest chapter of my indie filmmaking career (namely actually writing and directing projects like our doc) has got me hooked. Hope to be in this space for a lifetime. Or more. Cheers, GH
How nice to have a producer. You're already a big leg up on most first-timers.
He has a couple of pretty good narrators for a first-timer, too. Welcome to d-word, Greg. I grew up going to Warren Miller films before every ski season (with Warren narrating in person, of course).
Awesome, Andy. Working there (WM Films) was a dream from way back for me. I used to sell tickets to the film to support our high school ski team. You can't imagine the spine tingles sitting in the recording studio as Warren read our script. Three generations of Millers were involved in this film! One challenge I'm facing is how do I return to everyday life after this crazy ride. I like my everyday life, but it's a far cry from the heady buzz of releasing our film. Still trying to get my head around it...
It seems like tuning into the conversations here at the D-Word is going to be a good way for me to slow down and view this as a lifelong craft I'm pursuing that's going to have its ups and downs.
Any long-time D-Word folks have any suggestions on how and where I should get started within the resources of this site and this community?
Hello to the D-Word community.
My name is Peter. I have been engaged in the world of production on a somewhat limited basis for many years, but am just now taking on a relatively serious project. I live in Northern California and am a fairly recent member of the Capitol Film Arts Alliance.
I graduated in 1969 from Fresno State University with a BA degree in Radio-Television Broadcasting. I did some on-air work at a small radio station for a while, but did not break into the local TV market. Instead, I did a stint in the military and went back to graduate school to earn a law degree. After working full time for a number of years as an attorney in the environmental field, in 1995 I took on part time event videography, moving into the world of DV and desktop editing and doing a number of small projects. I have also spent the last 16 years in public access TV, crewing on numerous studio and field productions, in addition to serving on the board of directors of the local access organization for the last 8 years. Since 2005, (about the time I partially retired from my attorney career) I have been looking for a viable documentary topic.
It was not until a year ago that I acquired the equipment to support a 2K workflow that would provide minimum acceptable production values. I also found myself fully involved in the sports world. I am deeply enmeshed in what is essentially event videography, with a demanding shoot schedule and lots of travel. One result is that I have discovered a compelling story line that I want to take on and produce as a full-length documentary. It deals with the world of rowing, a very robust, competitive and established sport, but it still seems to fly largely below the radar here on the West Coast. I have some hard shooting deadlines coming up very soon, so I need to get moving with a lot of development and pre-production loose ends.
Welcome, Peter. Pretty wide range of experiences you bring to The D-Word, and to making docs. The world of rowing seems filled with potential as a subject, or just a setting.
In reply to Gregory I Hamilton's post on Sun 26 Aug 2012 :
Yeah, d-word is a great resource, and can develop into a tangible, real-world community if you get into it and meet people. There are plenty of places to start, so just pick some topics to browse and don't get overwhelmed by how much is out there. Sounds like you're in the distribution phase of your film, so maybe dive into the marketing and distribution thread, and you'll find some great conversations. You can always try to find other d-worders in your area to meet up with in person. Go up to the "people" tab, and do an advanced search by location. I see one other user in Steamboat Springs, and plenty more around Colorado.
Hello Everyone.
I am the author of a new book on social change and am here to suggest my work as a topic to filmmakers. The book is called "Creating Sustainable Societies: The Rebirth of Democracy and Local Economies". Essentially, it is a blueprint for remaking our financial, economic, and governance systems so that they are more sustainable and better able to serve the common good.
As most people are aware, our society, and the planet, are in serious trouble. The book offers a practical strategy for change, based on demonstrating new systems at the local level. It has potential to fundamentally alter the course of our history. Rather than a finance and economic system driven by greed, we could have one driven by cooperation. Rather than a governance system corrupted by money, we could have one where all people have an equal impact on the political process. There is a viable path to real change, and I need your help conveying this message to the world.
You can view the book trailer at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDO7JOsCaHA. More videos are coming soon. I welcome any discussion or interest. If you live in LA/Orange County, and have interest in the project, I would be delighted to meet in person.
Hello All,
I spent a few days lurking around the perimeter before registering; lo and behold, I've found my tribe. My name is Andrea and I've enjoyed reading a number of bios and introductions. What I love about film is that it's a collection of snapshots that extrapolates a possibility beyond the immediate and like so many of us, where we'll end up is not where we've started. I knew I wanted to write when I was about 8 years of age but my parents weren't sure what could be done with writing(I guess the same could still be argued, lol). Instead of majoring in English I went to the other "E" – economics and though I've enjoyed my career, the isolation of the human experience within the numbers was too numbing. I retreated to my minor, sociology, and there I've found much more fulfilling work.
Adding a little more detail than my bio lists, my dad passed away in May so I relocated to my home state of Louisiana to support my mom. Here I hope to focus on producing more of my stories as well as my father's – while searching through his belongings, I found a folder chock full of news clippings and his story ideas. So maybe Dad was okay with writing after all. It has explained much of why I can't walk away from this process.
I'm very appreciative for this platform. Looking forward to getting to know you –
Welcome to The D-Word, John and Andrea. Very sorry for your loss, Andrea.
Welcome, Andrea! I love the story about your Dad and stories. Welled my eyes up, in a beautiful way. May his soul rest in peace. And welcome again, join the discussions :)
In reply to Doug Block's post on Thu 30 Aug 2012 :
Thank you Doug for the welcome and your sentiments
In reply to Niam Itani's post on Thu 30 Aug 2012 :
Thank you Niam. I am looking forward to the discussions on this board
Hello there! My name is Jocelyn and I'm currently wrapping up post production on a feature length documentary I directed and produced called Believe The Beat. It follows the evolution of a community of young, inspiring hip hop dancers in Rio de Janeiro Brazil. Producer is a new role for me and I'm now navigating the scape of how I think it will be best to put this film into the world. I love the resource that the D-word offers for professionals and creatives to provide support, solidarity and feedback. I am always open to receiving this feedback as well as providing it. I'm the founder of the Urban Body Project, a collective that uses multi media tools to explore the bridge between dance, community and culture and I enjoy discovering possibilities for future creative collaborations. I feel inspired to take part in this large web of global storytellers who use the medium of documentary and film to cover such vast areas of the human experience. My website can be found at www.urbanbodyproject.com and my blog at http://believethebeat.tumblr.com/. Look forward to more conversations!
Good to have you here, Jocelyn. Welcome to The D-Word. You may want to go through some of the back posts in the Marketing and Distribution topic to get some ideas for getting your film out into the world. Best of luck with that.
Thanks Doug! I'll absolutely check that out. Good to be here:-)
Hello. My name is Steve Horner. I'm a composer that has in the past few years begun scoring feature length Documentaries. My most recent film is "The Eyes Of Thailand" featuring Ashley Judd as Narrator www.eyesofthailand.com My previous is "My Run" featuring narration by Billy Bob Thornton www.myrunmovie.com. Both films have won multiple awards. A good deal of my earlier career was spent scoring TV commercials but after my first Doc I was hooked. Here's my website where you can listen to cues from the films http://www.hornermusic.com . Looking forward to becoming a part of this community.
Join this discussion now. You need to log in or register if you want to post.

subset: commoncrawl


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Acrylic Box Frames
Jul 13, 2013 | By Lana
exactlty what I ordered and expected. Excellent packaging. Would order again
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Box Frames
May 30, 2013 | By Peggy Dorgan
These frames are fine but they did not meet my needs. I wanted something that will sit on a desktop but more on the line of the format frames.
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Feb 2, 2012 | By Helen Wight
I knew what I wanted but couldn't find these kind of frames anywhere in stores. When I found this website , the exact frames were there at a great price. The shipping was very quick and I am very please with the way these frames look with my pictures.
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Searching for any information about my great aunt, Ella Buch Phillippi. I don't know the first name of the person who she married, but she was born around 1880s and died in 1967. Her death record states the last name as Phillippi. Arlene
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