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Single family renters more likely to stay in place
By REAL ESTATE ECONOMY WATCH | Feb. 26, 2013 at 5:23 PM
One of every four (26%) single family tenant plans to stay in place five years or more, compared to one out of five apartment dwellers (22%), according to a new national survey of renters by ORC International for Premier Property Management. Founded in 1938, ORC International is a leading global market research firm and since 2007 has conducted the CNN|ORC International poll.
One factor contributing to single family stability could be high marks renters give the quality of single family property management. Some 80 percent of tenants in single family rentals said their property management was good or excellent compared to only 63 percent of apartment renters One out of four apartment dwellers (26%) rated their management as only adequate,
"With the emergence of the single family rental option, American families have a new housing choice that brings them the aspects of associated with owning their own homes important to families such as living space, privacy, safe neighborhoods and the sense of community- without the cost and risks of homeownership. Single family rentals can be found in virtually every community today and more and more families are choosing single family rentals either as a temporary stop on the road to becoming homeowners or as a permanent solution to their housing needs," said Chris Clothier, director of sales & marketing and partner of Premier Property Management.
Over half, 52 percent, of renters, including 60 percent of single family renters and 44 percent of apartment dwellers, said they anticipate becoming homeowners in the next five years. Families with three or more members (64%) and children under 13 (69%) were more likely to become homeowners than the 43 percent who don't plan to become owners.
Clothier said near term interest in becoming homeowners among single family tenants reflects the new roles single family rentals are fulfilling as a stepping stone to homeownership for first-time buyers and as a sanctuary for large numbers of families displaced by foreclosures but who plan to buy again when they can afford to do so.
Despite reports that difficulties getting financing are keeping many U.S. renters from becoming homeowners, the survey found that the inability to get a mortgage ranks only third of among the reasons renters don't plan to become homeowners. Among those who do not anticipate becoming homeowners (43 percent of all renters), 29 percent say they can't get a mortgage. More renters report that they don't want to buy a home because they enjoy being renters (40%) or they simply don't want to be homeowners (39%).
Short term turnover rates for both multifamily and single family rentals over the next two years are 56 percent for multifamily and 59 percent for single family rentals. Apartments typically experience an annual 50 to 60 percent tenant turnover.
The survey also found:
-- Single family renters make more money and are nearly twice as likely to have children as apartment dwellers. Median income for a single family renter is $75-100,000 (66%) versus $50,000-75000 (51%) for a multifamily tenant.
-- Single family households are larger; some 65 percent have three or more members compared to 32 percent of apartment households. Some 63 percent of single family households include children; only 34 percent of apartment renters have children living with them.
-- Most single family tenants are older, aged 35-44 (53%) compared to 14-34 (46%) and 65+ (61%) for apartment dwellers.
-- Compared to apartment dwellers, single family renters value neighborhood features important to children, such as parks and playgrounds (65% to 71%), good schools (72% to 82%) and safe neighborhoods (97% to 98%).
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Gallatin has a vibrant community beyond the classroom. Students engage in activities and organizations that expand their social, political, academic, and cultural interests.
Along with varied University activities, teams and events, Gallatin offers numerous clubs and its own student council.
As one of the most artistically engaged student bodies at the University, Gallatin students take part in theatrical productions, concerts, dance productions and gallery exhibitions, many of which take place in Gallatin's own theater. Rarely does a day go by at Gallatin without one of these events. See upcoming events here.
Gallatin is located in the heart of New York City's Greenwich Village.
AMPHITRYON by Molière (translation by Richard Wilbur)
2/5/15@7:00 PM The Jerry H. Labowitz Theatre for the Performing Arts
Alliance-Building for Change: A Workshop for Engagement Across Issue Lines
2/7/15@11:00 AM Global Center for Spiritual Life, Room 275
Black History Month Film Screening
Who Enjoys Human Rights in Abu Dhabi?
2/10/15@5:00 PM The Department of Social & Cultural Analysis at NYU | 20 Cooper Square, 4th floor
"We Are Revolutionaries": What Black Power Tells Us About Democracy in America
2/10/15@6:30 PM The Jerry H. Labowitz Theatre for the Performing Arts

subset: commoncrawl


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There is no doubt that I have been spending a lot of time on my own these days. Yes, I used to be all sad and rush into the whole I-hate-my-life self-pity. But as I aged, and as positivity stepped into my life, I realised that being alone deserves being credited for as much as being surrounded by good companies. It is just a matter of the angle from which you are seeing the situation, you see! Anyway, one of the good things is definitely the rare opportunity that you get to explore yourself even more. Usually, people we hang out with--whether you are aware of it or not, or whether you like it or not--influence you in many ways. The way you think is, therefore, affected, and a lot of good new fresh ideas that pop up in your head are usually compromised to serve the best interests of the entire clique. However, after some time of being literally detached yourself from the people you used to hold dear and near, you are able to sit down and spend a lot of time to get to know yourself even better: your likes and dislikes, your inspirations, your aspirations, and the list goes on. A lot of people take a look at me, and they get into the whole dramatic mood, expressing concern and sadness over my solitude, but the truth is that they have no idea how much freedom I am actually having, and that for the first time in a long time, I have known myself so well.
The following are the aspirations that I have, and that I hope to fulfil--as a result of the journey of self-discovery:
-Publishing a book: I know that this has always been a dream, and I am just two stories away from having a complete compilation. Following the book publication, I would love to host a number of workshops on creative writing, aiming to give insights to university students who have the flair for novel writing so that they can be inspired and they too can take it to the next level and start publishing their own works. Of course, I am going to start from IFL, and I will see how well it will be received!
-Owning a pub: Yes, a pub! A pub born out of my creativity and passion and commitment! I have already talked about this in my previous post.
-Owning a Wedding Planner Company/Agency: My passion for this dated back way way before my brother's wedding. Again, with this, I think I can pour out my creativity, and turn someone's wedding into a day even more memorable than it already is. The thing I have noticed over the years with the weddings is that they do not really go outside the box with all the preparations.
-Owning a boutique hotel: This has something to do with the hospitality field. And this project is going to be scheduled a bit further away than the rest mentioned here because first, I need enough money, and second, I need to learn more about the hospitality business before I can venture into this, and hopefully, my pub business can pave the way. Phnom Penh is not going to be the targeted place.
-My government thing? Well i would like to keep it as a secret.
Okay, I believe that people grow and evolve, and as I grow older and more experienced in the business field, I may probably wanna embark on other projects as well. I think people should dream. These dreams make waking up each day meaningful and keep you on the right track!
What are yours?


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Thu March 15, 2012
GOP-led Okla. House weighs Fallin's tax reforms
OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) — The Oklahoma House is considering Governor Mary Fallin's proposal to reduce the state's income tax and help pay for it by eliminating dozens of tax credits, deductions and exemptions.
House Speaker Kris Steele introduced the bill in the House on Wednesday, but agreed to delay debate on the measure after concerns were raised over the fiscal impact of several amendments to the bill. Debate was expected to resume Wednesday afternoon.
Support in the Legislature appears to be eroding for several of the tax exemptions and deductions that have been suggested as a way to offset the revenue lost by reducing the income tax. Retirees have started lobbying lawmakers to maintain tax exemptions for Social Security benefits and other retirement income.


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Tribal Warrior Association
Empowering disadvantaged Aboriginal and non-indigenous people - encouraging them to become self-sufficient by providing specialised training programs leading to employment opportunities in the maritime industries.
The Mari Nawi
Tribal Warrior's 64ft Mari Nawi is the perfect vessel for you to cruise in comfort and participate in the celebrations with large indoor and outdoor ideas as well as bar and bathroom facilities.
Tribal Warrior's charitable activities are funded by commercial cruises, charters and cultural performances. Bookings 02 9699 3491


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Title: Shortenin' Bread (1949)
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This is a musical more than anything else with cookie characters dancing and singing. We seen visual puns on the various types of sweets, such as Lady fingers walking, an upside- down cake on the ceiling, a drunk rum cake, a goofy nut cake, etc., all going to the famous "Cookie Carnival."At the carnival, "Danny Doughnut" does a death-defying dive into a cup of coffeeAfter the jokes, we come to the second part in which that southern favorite "Shorten' Bread," leads us and the bouncing ball into chorus of the song by the same name. This is strictly for young kids and for kids most likely 60 years ago. This is a bit corny for today's crowd, except maybe really young children.Note: The title on the cartoon reads "Short'nin' Bread," which is spelled differently than what's on the title page here.


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(Updates with comment starting in second paragraph.)
Oct. 3 (Bloomberg) -- The Romanian leu rebounded from its weakest in 15 months against the euro, raising speculation the country's central bank sold euros to support the currency.
The leu gained as much as 1.4 percent, its biggest intraday advance since January 2009, and traded 1.1 percent stronger at 4.3130 per euro as of 5:11 p.m. in Bucharest today, after the central bank sold euros through two banks, said three traders from Bucharest-based banks, who declined to be identified because of company policy. Central bank spokesman Mugur Stet declined to comment when contacted by phone.
Romania's central bank, which has a managed leu floating policy, probably sold euros to damp inflationary pressures stemming from a weaker local currency and protect leu-earning citizens, who hold about 60 percent of total mortgages in the common currency, the traders and Nordea Bank AB's Elisabeth Andreew said today.
"There have been rumors that the central bank may come in around the 4.35 level and in the absence of other news, maybe the central bank has been there," Andreew said. "Foreign- exchange loans are one problem and maybe they're also afraid of rising inflationary pressure again."
Eastern European central banks are seeking to balance the risks of slower growth in western Europe, the main importer of eastern goods, and weaker currencies as investors cut exposure to emerging-market assets.
Polish Sales
Poland's central bank sold currencies for the second consecutive day to bolster the zloty as the bank moved to prop up the currency for the first time in at least a decade on Sept. 23 and stepped onto the market again a week later.
The currency sales came after Governor Marek Belka warned last month that the zloty is getting out of sync with Poland's "healthy fundamentals," making it harder for policy makers to control inflation. Central bank officials will meet to set interest rates on Oct. 4-5.
Romanian policy makers have kept interest rates stable since June 2010 as they assess the impact of the global slowdown and fading effect of a tax increase on prices.
The Banca Nationala a Romaniei kept the main rate for an 11th meeting on Sept. 29 at 6.25 percent, the EU's highest, in a decision that was expected by all 13 economists surveyed by Bloomberg. It also left its minimum reserve requirements on foreign-exchange deposits at 20 percent and the ratio for leu deposits at 15 percent.
--Editors: James M. Gomez, Alan Crosby
To contact the reporters on this story: Irina Savu in Bucharest at firstname.lastname@example.com; Andra Timu in Bucharest at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: James M. Gomez at email@example.com


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Find fitness programs, courts and fields, and sports leagues near you:
Don't know where to start? Try searching for theBronx,Brooklyn,Manhattan,Queens, orStaten Islandor one of our popularinterest areasto find fun and healthy fitness activities.
Found 898 facilities, 84 programs, and 7 leagues for Accessible Activities
Accessible Activities
Please note: Some programs require advance registration and/or recreation center membership. Always call the contact number provided before attending a program.
Indicates membership required
ADA Basketball Program
Thursday: 6:30 p.m.-7:30 p.m.
Recreation Center 54, 348 East 54th Street, Manhattan
More Information
Start Date: January 12, 2015
End Date: March 5, 2015
One on one volunteers will assist participants to learn basketball skills. The session begins with a group warm-up which includes jumping jacks, arm circles, stretches, etc. After that, our Athletes will have an opportunity to participate in different "skills stations" (such as dribbling, shooting and passing), a scrimmage game or taking in the scene to become comfortable with the level of activities. For the last 15 minutes of the session, we will come together to do a final group activity
All participants must register through KEEN and sign up for a recreation center membership.
Less Information
AOA Sit Fit
Bedford-Stuyvesant YMCA , 1121 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn
More Information
Get fit while you sit in this chair exercise class that involves a combination of aerobic activity, strength building and stretching. Suitable for all ages and levels.
Cost: free for members, non-members $95/8 weeks
Please check the center for cost and schedule.
Less Information
Adaptive Sports Program (S.P.A.R.E.S.)
Al Oerter Recreation Center, 131-40 Fowler Avenue, Queens
More Information
Age:Child / Teen
Come learn the basics of adaptive sports such as: Wheelchair Basketball, Wheelchair Football, Wheelchair tennis, Wheelchair Floor Hockey, Wheelchair Softball, Sled Hockey(on ice), Sitting Volleyball, Adapted Swimming, Power Wheelchair Soccer, Track and Field Events.
Wheelchairs are provided for use in the program.
For Ages 5 and Up with a physical disability.
Must register for the program and must be a Recreation Center member.
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Adaptive Swim
Friday: 3:00 p.m.-4:00 p.m.
Asser Levy Recreation Center, 392 Asser Levy Place, Manhattan
More Information
Start Date: October 17, 2014
End Date: June 12, 2015
Adapted Aquatics exercise offers a complete body workout and ranges from gentle walking in water to high-energy exercise; it helps alleviate pain, improve circulation, and promote healing and muscle development for those suffering from physical ailments resulting from injury, disease, or aging.
To register, please call the Citywide Aquatics office at 718-760-6969 ext. 0.
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Adaptive Swim
Friday: 4:00 p.m.-6:00 p.m.
St. Mary's Recreation Center, 450 Saint Ann's Avenue, Bronx
More Information
Start Date: January 5, 2015
End Date: March 27, 2015
This free program offers aquatic exercise therapy that ranges from gentle water walking to aerobic-type exercise which improves range of motion, flexibility, mobility, muscle tone, coordination, focus and strength. The program also offers swim instruction that focuses on becoming comfortable in the water and learning basic swimming and safety skill.
Participants must be members of a NYC Parks Recreation Center. For more information or to register, call (718) 760-6969
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Chair Aerobics
Tuesday: 11:00 a.m.-12:00 p.m.
Thursday: 11:00 a.m.-12:00 p.m.
Al Oerter Recreation Center, 131-40 Fowler Avenue, Queens
More Information
Start Date: January 6, 2015
End Date: February 19, 2015
Age:Adult / Senior
Enjoy working out while you sit, start from basic exercises to more advanced using light weights and therabands. Good for those with limited mobility or those looking for a different type of workout.
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Chair Yoga
Monday: 9:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m.
Wednesday: 9:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m.
Thursday: 9:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m.
Friday: 9:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m.
West Side Campaign Against Hunger , 263 West 86 Street, Manhattan
More Information
Age:Adult / Senior
We hold a free chair yoga class in our food pantry waiting area Mon, Wed, Thurs and Fri 9-10am. It is open to all and is bilingual, English/Spanish. This is a low impact yoga class. No registration necessary. Mats are available for those who wish to use them. Wear comfortable clothing. Offered year-round.
Phone: 212-362-3662 x120
E-mail: email@example.com
Cost: Free
West Side Campaign Against Hunger
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Chair Yoga
Monday: 10:00 a.m.-11:00 a.m.
Asser Levy Recreation Center, 392 Asser Levy Place, Manhattan
More Information
Start Date: November 2, 2014
End Date: March 14, 2015
Age:Adult / Senior
Chair yoga is a gentle form of yoga that can be practiced while sitting or standing using a chair for support. A low impact class, it focuses on strengthening the body's inner core through slow movements, concentrating and breathing.
This program is accessible for people with disabilities.
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Child and Youth Open Recreation
Monday: 3:30 p.m.-5:30 p.m.
Tuesday: 3:30 p.m.-5:30 p.m.
Wednesday: 3:30 p.m.-5:30 p.m.
Thursday: 3:30 p.m.-5:30 p.m.
Friday: 3:30 p.m.-5:30 p.m.
St. Mary's Recreation Center, 450 Saint Ann's Avenue, Bronx
More Information
Start Date: January 19, 2015
End Date: March 27, 2015
Age:Child / Teen
Children and youth are welcome to use the gymnasium to play and socialize.
Less Information
Please note: Programs with this symbol () are not managed by the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. While Parks does its best to maintain accuracy in search results, users are strongly advised to call or email the program organizers directly for up-to-date information.
Too many results? Narrow your search by selecting an age or location on the left.
Accessible Activities
You may use any of Parks' recreational spaces, except tennis courts, without a permit. However, if a permit holder arrives with a valid permit in hand, you must vacate the field or court. An individual must have a season permit or single-play ticket to use Parks' tennis courts.
Organized play (leagues) requires a permit. Click here for an application and more information about permits.
100% Playground
GLENWOOD RD, E 100 & E 101 STS (Brooklyn)|
Level: 4
110th St & Lenox Ave Playground
110 ST & LENOX AVE (Manhattan)|
Level: 4
110th St Playground
110 ST & CATHEDRAL PKWY (Manhattan)|
Level: 2
115th Street Playground
14 RD, 115 ST, 14 AVE (Queens)|
Level: 4
157th St Playground
157 ST & 116 AVE (Queens)|
Level: 2
79 St Playground
79 ST & SHORE RD (Brooklyn)|
Level: 4
Adam Yauch Park
ATLANTIC AVE, COLUMBIA, STATE STS (Brooklyn)|
Level: 4
Addabbo Playground
BET 81-82 STS, N CONDUIT AVE (Queens)|
Level: 4
Admiral Farragut Playground
E 176 ST, CROTONA AVE, PROSPECT AVE (Bronx)|
Level: 2
Admiral Park
LITTLE NECK PKWY, 42 TO 43 AVES (Queens)|
Level: 4
Too many results? Narrow your search by selecting an age or location on the left.
Accessible Activities
Team and league sports provide a great opportunity to get fit, socialize, and have fun. Some leagues are casual, while others are more competitive. Email or call the leagues below to find out more about your local team and its players.
Achievers of America, Inc.
Borough: Queens
Age: Youth/Adult
Type: Softball & Bowling
A program for Special needs individuals with developmental disabilities. Challenged or not.
Phone: (718) 565-1141 | Email
Achilles International
Borough: Manhattan
Age: Adult
Type: Accessible Activities
Achilles meets rain or shine on Tuesday evenings at 6:15 PM and Saturday mornings at 10:15 when there is no race. Tuesday evenings we meet at the New York Road Runners Club (9 E. 89th Street) between 6 - 6:15 PM. Saturday mornings, we meet in Central Park, at 90th Street and Fifth Avenue, adjacent to the Central Park Reservoir.
Phone: 212-354-0300 | Email
Glen Oaks Little League
Borough: Queens
Age: Youth
Type: Baseball
Phone: (718) 347-2436 | Email
Glen Oaks Little League Challenger Division
Borough: Queens
Age: Youth/Adult
Type: Baseball
The Challenger Division was established in 1989 as a separate division of Little League to enable boys and girls with physical and mental challenges, ages 4-18, or up to age 22 if still enrolled in high school, to enjoy the game of baseball.
Row New York
Borough: Queens
Age: Youth
Type: Adaptive Indoor Rowing
Adaptive Indoor Rowing: Workout once per week with our adaptive coaches to stay in shape through the winter months, set and reach your rowing goals, and prepare for rowing on the water. All adaptive athletes are welcome - from age 11 and up - no experience necessary! Cancellations due to snow and inclement weather may occur, and one make-up session will be scheduled. The Access-A-Ride address to the boathouse is 30 Meadow Lake Drive, Corona/Flushing/Flushing Meadows Corona Park/ NY.
Phone: 718.433.3075 | Email
United Spinal Giants
Borough: Queens
Age: Adult
Type: Wheelchair Football
Phone: (718) 803-3782
Wheelchair Softball League
Borough: Queens
Age: Youth/Adult
Type: Wheelchair Softball
Phone: 917.519.2622 | Email
Too many results? Narrow your search by selecting an age or location on the left.


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April 16, 2007, Portland, OR — Oregon Public Broadcasting was honored with six awards at the annual Oregon Associated Press Broadcast Awards held Saturday.
Colin Fogarty took first place in the Best Feature Story category for his report on the Sandy River changing course after a major storm. Kristian Foden-Vencil took second place in the category for his story on local volunteer groups taking over management of historic venues like Pittock Mansion in Portland.
Rob Manning received the first place award in the Best Investigative category for a story about Measure 39 that raised questions concerning one of the property owners used in a pro-Measure 39 commercial. As a result of the story, the campaign pulled that commercial and distanced itself from the property owner.
OPB's news Web site took second place for radio news sites in Oregon.
OPB's 9-11 anniversary special on Oregon's experience with civil rights cases in the aftermath of the terrorist attack took third place in the Best Treatment of a Single Subject category. Allison Frost and Eve Epstein produced the show. Steven Vaughn Kray was the audio engineer.
And Colin Fogarty took third place in the Best Breaking News category for his report on the Supreme Court's decision upholding Oregon's assisted suicide law.
About OPB
OPB is the state's most far-reaching and accessible media resource, providing free access to programming for children and adults designed to give voice to community, connect Oregon and its neighbors and illuminate a wider world. Every week, over 1.5 million people tune in to or log on to OPB's Television, Radio and Internet delivered services. As the hub of operations for the state's Emergency Broadcast and Amber Alert services, OPB serves as the backbone for the distribution of critical information to broadcasters and homes throughout Oregon. OPB is one of the largest producers and presenters of national television programming through PBS, and is also a member station of NPR, Public Radio International (PRI), and American Public Media (APM). The OPB Web site is opb.org.
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Contributed By:
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OPB Wins Six AP Broadcast Awards
OPB | April 16, 2007 4:28 a.m. | Updated: Dec. 5, 2013 11:14 a.m.
Follow on Facebook:
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Tweets from https://twitter.com/OPBWebDev/opb-on-twitterContact Us
General Media Inquiries & Image Release:
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text:
Secretary of Defense Leon E. Panetta will conduct a press briefing today at 5 p.m. EDT on Australia-US Ministerial in San Francisco, Calif.
Deputy Secretary of Defense William J. Lynn has no public or media events on his schedule.
British Army Maj. Gen. Tim Evans, International Security Assistance Force Joint Command Chief of Staff, will brief the media live from Afghanistan at 10:30 a.m. EDT in the Pentagon Briefing Room (2E973) to provide an update on current operations. Journalists without a Pentagon building pass will be picked up at the River Entrance only. Plan to arrive no later than 45 minutes prior to the event; have proof of affiliation and two forms of photo identification. Please call 703-697-5131 for escort into the building.
Commander, Air Force Space Command Gen. William Shelton and Chief Information Officer Teresa Takai testify at a hearing of the House Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee on Strategic Forces, on sustaining GPS for national security at 11:30 a.m. EDT in room 2212, Rayburn House Office Building.
The Army released suicide data today for the month of August. Among active-duty soldiers, there were 19 potential suicides: three have been confirmed as suicides and 16 remain under investigation. For July...
Secretary of Defense Leon E. Panetta will host the Department of Defense's National POW/MIA Recognition Day ceremony on Friday, Sept. 16 at 11 a.m. EDT at the Pentagon River Terrace Parade Field.
Check Other Events for additional listings, including air shows, band concerts, Congressional hearings, reunions and much more.
Armed Services Blood Program Says Thanks for Giving
℠2015 - DoD News highlights the Armed Services Blood Program, its mission, and...
DoD News Now: 1300 January 30, 2015
℠2015 – A retirement ceremony for the Sergeant Major of the Army, a simple act...
A Retirement Ceremony For The Fourteenth Sergeant Major Of The Army
℠2015- Defense Officials gathered this morning at Joint Base Myer -Henderson...
DoD News Now: 1100 January 30, 2015
℠2015 – A retirement ceremony for the Sergeant Major of the Army, battling...
Contacts Additions and corrections for Today in the Department of Defense are invited and should be directed to the press desk by calling +1 (703) 697-5131 or +1 (703) 697-5132.
Media Questions News media representatives with questions for the Department of Defense may reach our press desk by calling +1 (703) 697-5131. Media representatives with questions after work hours should call +1 (703) 678-6162 for assistance.
Public Inquiries All others are invited to contact our public inquiries section by phone or U.S. mail or through the web. See our comment page for details.


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recipe reviews for:
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Learn how to make grilled Buffalo Wings and a blue cheese dipping sauce.
See how to make restaurant-style Buffalo chicken wings.
These baked wings get an extra flavor kick from cayenne pepper.


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Elena searches for the truth about Katherine and her past this week, using Caroline to help. We also meet Luka, a new student with an interesting family history.
Damon: She's in denial.
Stefan: Shut up, Damon.
- Permalink: She's in denial. Shut up, Damon.
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Elena: The oldest vampire in the history of time is coming after me?
Damon: We're looking at a solid... maybe.
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Chinese Dim Sum Stock Photo 119100138Dim Sum,Chinese Food,Chinese Dumpling,Dumpling,Bamboo - Material,Basket,China - East Asia,Chinese Culture,Chopsticks,Close-up,Color Image,Food and Drink,Freshness,Hong Kong,Horizontal,Indoors,No People,Photography,Ready-To-Eat,Steamer,Temptation,VariationPhotographer Lars RueckerCollection: Moment Copyright Lars RueckerChinese Dim Sum in a small bamboo basket with stick.


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Golden State Warriors
Hulk Hogan Tries To Pump Up Warriors Crowd And Fails [VIDEO]
Let me tell you something brother! Take those 24 inch pythons and go away … no one cares anymore.
Draymond Green Scores Career High 24; Taunts Blake Griffin [VIDEO]
Former Michigan State Spartan Draymond Green is starting to blossom into a nice NBA player with the Golden State Warriors.
Golden State Warriors Make Aaron Craft Dress Up As A Bear And Sing To Miley Cyrus [VIDEO]
There are some athletes that fans cannot stand because they are on the opposing team, but would love him if he were on their team.
Oakland's Travis Bader Will Join Summer League Teams Of 76ers, Warriors
Travis Bader set an NCAA record for 3-pointers in his college career at Oakland University, and now he will get his shot at the next level.
Steve Kerr Spurns Knicks, Agrees To Coach Warriors
The Golden State Warriors are taking another chance on a television analyst and former NBA guard who has never been a head coach at any level.
Warriors Fire Coach Mark Jackson
The Golden State Warriors have fired Mark Jackson, ending the franchise's most successful coaching tenure in the past two decades but also one filled with drama and distractions.
Warriors Clamp Down On Pistons In 104-96 Win
The Golden State Warriors clamped down on the Detroit Pistons in the second half for a 104-96 victory Monday night.
Pistons Bench $54 Million Man Josh Smith In Loss To Golden State
Smith has started all seven games this season and averages 15.3 points, 5.4 rebounds and 2.7 assists.
Warriors Hold Off Pesky Pistons, 105-97
David Lee has been able to do something this March that he rarely has for most of his eight-year NBA career: watch what is happening around the league with a vested interest in the outcome.
Warriors-Pistons Preview 12-5-12
The Detroit Pistons have played some outstanding defense since their franchise-worst start, especially at home.


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Police looking for girl reported to have run awayStaff | November 28,2012
Vermont State Police are searching for a 15-year-old girl who reportedly ran away from her home in Chittenden.
Alexandra "Alex" Papineau ran away from her home during the early morning hours Tuesday, according to state police.
She was last seen near Rutland Middle School at 12:30 a.m.
Papineau stands at about 5-feet, 5-inches tall and has brown hair and blue eyes. She was last seen wearing blue jeans and a yellow sweater.
Anyone with information about her whereabouts is asked to call state police at 773-9101.MORE IN NewsHARTFORD, Conn. Full Story -
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- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Bryanna Allen reports Castleton Downtown hosts open house, fire in Springfield leaves family without a roof of their own, suspected Bosnian war criminal trial goes to jury, Brent Curtis reports Rutland Town budget set to rise.
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US 3012918 A Abstract available in Claims available in Description (OCR text may contain errors) Dec. 12, 1961 c. H. sc 3,012,918 FFERENT HEAT-SEALABILITY I IFFERENTIALLY CRYSTALLINE ET MATERIALS, PRODUCTS MADE THEREFROM AND PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed June 20, 1956 a Q M \2 Dec. 12, 1961 c. H. SCHAAR 3,01 ,918 DIFFERENTIAL HEAT-SEALABILITY IN DIFFERENTIALLY CRYSTALLINE SHEET MATERIALS, PRODUCTS MADE THEREFROM AND PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING Filed June 20, 1956 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 setts Filed June 20, 1956, Ser. No. 592,657 14 Claims. (Cl. 154-46) This invention relates to sheets, including films, of polymeric materials and particularly to sheets which have certain differential characteristics in selected portions of at least one surface thereof. More particularly the sheets of this invention are constituted of polyme ic materials which normally exhibit a substantial crystalline structure but are also capable of co-existing, at least temporarily, in a substantially amorphous condition. The invention also relates to methods and apparatus for making such sheets and to the production of sheets provided with holes or perforations in any desired number, size or arrangement, which sheets may or may not have the above-described properties of co-existing crystallinity and relative non-crystallinity. It is a primary object of this invention to provide in a single sheet of polymeric material, surface areas on at least one side thereof which are substantially crystalline and other surface areas which are less crystalline or preferably amorphous in nature of which the less crystalline areas are mechanically satisfactorily heat-scalable either at a lower temperature than the substantially crystalline areas or despite substantial non-scalability of the latter. As a further incident of the invention the sheet materials hereof may have differential solvent-sealing properties in the less crystalline portions thereof as well as differential heat-sealing properties, although the simplicity of heat-sealing will, by and large, lead one to ignore the solvent-sealing capacity of the sheet. An additional object of the invention is the provision of a substantially crystalline polymeric sheet comprising a matrix surrounding and supporting segregated areas comprising perforations and grommet-like beads surrounding each of said perforations which beads may have a de .gree of crystallinity substantially the same or approaching that of the matrix or alternatively may be less crystalline or substantially amorphous. It is a further object of the invention to provide laminar sheets wherein at least one of the sheets is a sub stantially crystalline polymeric sheet sealed to the other lamina only in discrete areas surrounding perforations in said polymeric sheet. It is a still further object of the invention to provide a machine and process for obtaining the sheets or laminae of this invention. A further object of the invention is the provision of heat-sealed packages made from at least one sheet of crystalline polymeric material which under normal conditions is considered non-scalable. Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent in the detailed specification, claims and drawings. Certain of the sheets of this invention are highly useful because the structure in the amorphous-like selected areas is such that in those areas the sheet has different and improved heat-sealability characteristics, irrespective of whether the sheet in other areas has good heat-sealability characteristics or not. Thus, while some sheets of this invention are formed of polymeric materials which are only difficulty heat-scalable in sheet form, to either themselves or to other material, for example, polyethylene 3,612,918 Patented Dec. 12, 1961 terephthalate, the invention also includes sheets formed from other polymeric materials whose heat-scalability at least to certain materials, such as fibrous materials, can be accomplished at lower temperatures when the material is in a less crystalline-state than'its normal crystalline state. Thus, in the case of the first class of polymeric materials, referred to above intricate sealing techniques are no longer required and in the case of the other polymeric materials, heat-scalability can be accomplished at temperatures which do not substantially affect the more crystalline areas of the sheet and thus better retain their useful characteristics in a final heat-sealed laminated structure. In general, the primary object of the invention is accomplished by producing a sheet material having potential or improved heator solvent-scalability in certain selected surface areas thereof, supported and usually surrounded by remaining surface areas of the sheet which are in a less readily scalable state. In this way, desirable characteristics of the remaining areas, such as good heat resistance, solvenbresistance, high tensile strength, abrasion resistance, etc., are present without being sacrified or impaired for the sole purpose of imparting scalability to the sheet, while, in the selected areas, they can or may be so sacrificed, at least temporarily. These selected areas are constituted of the material of the sheet per se and are not constituted of separately applied coatings or lamina. Nevertheless, the selected areas have satisfactory and lower temperature sealing characteristics, in contrast to the remainder of the sheet. While the selection of the location of the different areas may follow a large variety'of patterns, highly useful patterns comprise those wherein the localized areas are minute and only minutely separated from one another. With such patterns, the sealing, while partaking of the nature of spot welding, occurs at such closely spaced intervals as to create an effective seal over the entire area, suflicient in most cases to qualify as an effectively impervious and hermetic seal, suitable for food, pharmaceutical, surgical and other packaging. On the other hand, it may be desirable in the production of sheets for use in surgical dressings, to produce larger and more widely separated localized areas, particularly surrounding holes in the sheets, whereby when the sheets are sealed to fibrous absorbent material, the absorbency of the latter is largely preserved. The localized areas may also take a variety of geometric shapes, e.g. polygonal, circular, elliptical, and/or combinations thereof. They may be intermixed in heterogeneous patterns for decorative or other purposes. An included portion of the sheet within the localized area may be a void piercing the sheet and rendering the sheet perforate, both before and after scaling to other materials. In the case of a pierced circular area, the heat sealing area takes the form of an annular beaded area surrounding the perforation. The patterns may also be varied by varying the size and spacing of the areas, as well as their shapes. It thus can be seen that. a prerequisite of the polymeric materials to be used for making the novel sheets of this invention is that the material can co-exist at least temporarily in two different states, a state with molecular arrangements of reduced order characteristic of amorphous materials and a state having a more orderly arrangement of molecules characteristic of substantially crystadine materials, these two states exhibiting diiferent softening point temperatures and that the difference in softening point temperatures shall be sufiicient, i.e., preferably greater than 10 C., so that the sheet, in the areas with the lower'softening point temperature, can be thermally softened and rendered sticky and tacky without equivalently thermally softening the remainder of the sheet. Polymeric materials herein referred to as normally nonsealable in sheet form are those substantially crystalline polymeric materials Whose softening or sticking point temperature in sheet form is so close to the distortion point temperature of the sheet, or whose reaction in sheet form to application of tack producing solvents is such that as a practical matter it is impossible without intricate sealing techniques to develop sufiicient stickiness and tackiness in any areas of the surface of the sheet to cause its adherence to a similar sheet or to other materials without simultaneously detrimentally distorting or uncontrollably rupturing the sheet as a whole or altering its visual appearance, thereby impairing its commercial utility if not destroying it completely. An illustrative example of such normally non-scalable sheet material is polyethylene terephthalate particularly in the form which is exemplified by the line of products now sold commercially by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware, under its trademark Mylar. These products are films comprised essentially of substantially crystalline polyethylene terephthalate. These products will hereinafter be referred to as Mylar polyester film. In its present day commercial form in sheet calipers running from A mil to 7 mils Mylar polyester film has a very sharp published melting and distortion point temperature at about 250 C. to 255 C. Its surface softening or sticking point temperature is only a few degrees (about below 250 C., so that application of sufficient heat to cause stickiness to develop at the softening point temperature normally results in such close approach to distortion temperature as to cause the aforementioned effects. Similarly, available solvents cannot develop sufficient stickiness in Mylar polyester film for scalability Without also causing similar detrimental effects. These adverse. effects increase with increasing thinness of the sheet. Conventional heat sealing or solvent sealing operations have no utility when applied to Mylar polyester film, a fact so generally recognized that the manufacturers of Mylar polyester film have advocated the use of an interposed heat-scalable amorphous polyethylene terephthalate film in heat-sealing operations involving Mylar polyester film, as indicated in US. Patent No. 2,719,100. Other polymeric materials chemically related to polyethylene terephthalate, such as other polyesters, as hereinafter more specifically described, can, like polyethylene terephthalate, coexist in sheet form with areas in different states of crystallinity. Regardless of whether these related compounds are difiiculty heat-scalable in their crystalline form, sheets thereof conforming to this invention may have improved heat-scalable properties in selected areas thereof. There are also a variety of substantially crystalline polymeric materials in sheet form which, although already in wide commercial heat-scalable use with normal heat-sealing techniques, will have peculiar usefulness when provided with the differential selected surface areas of the sheets of this invention, since by the application of a heat-sealing technique which involves a temperature below the heat distortion point temperature of the sheet as a whole, the sheets can be made to heat-seal only in selected areas thereof and without exposing in the heat-seal operation the remainder of the sheet to heat distortion or softening point temperatures. A description of such materials will also be hereinafter given. Sheet materials and sealed laminates made therefrom in accordance with this invention may be more fully understood from the following description and the accompanying drawings, in which FIG. 1 is a plan view showing schematically a sheet material of the invention; and FIG. 2 is a highly enlarged detailed cross-sectional 4 schematic perspective view of a portion of the sheet shown in FIG. 1; and FIG. 3 is a similarly enlarged detailed cross-sectional schematic perspective view of a modified form of sheet material of this invention; and FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of one form of apparatus useful in making the sheet materials of FIGS. 2 and 3; and FIGS. 5-9 are greatly enlarged cross-sectional depictions of the nature of various forms of heat-scalable areas in sheets of this invention; and FIG. 10 is a representation of a sheet of this invention heat-sealed to another lamina; and FIG. 11 is a representation of two sheets of this invention heat-sealed to one another with their perforations in register; and FIG. 11a is a representation in cross-section of a sheet of this invention heat-sealed to another lamina with an intervening lamina; and FIG. 12 is a representation of a polyester film having a certain pattern of perforations useful for packaging purposes; and FIG. 13 is a side elevational view of a package formed with the use of 2 layers of the material of FIG. 12; and FIG. 14 is a view similar to that of FIG. 13 showing a modified form of package; and FIG. 15 is a photomicrograph showing in cross-section the edge of a perforation in a 1 mil Mylar polyester sheet of this invention; and FIG. 16 is a photomicrograph of one of the areas depicted in part in FIG. 3; and FIG. 17 is a photomicrograph of one of the areas depicted in part in FIG. 6; and FIG. 18 is a photomicrograph showing in side by side comparison 2 perforated mil sheets of this invention, one before and one after an optional conditioning treatment, both viewed through one of two crossed polarizing elements between which the sheets are placed. FIG. 1 represents a sheet of this invention, the entire surface area of which displays a series of localized substantially amorphous surface areas 20 which have different physical characteristics from those of the intervening substantially crystalline areas 22 constituting the matrix of the sheet. In the form of the invention shown by the detail in FIG. 2, each of these localized areas is toroidal in shape and somewhat thicker than the matrix and has the appearance of an annular bead 24 encircling a perforation 26 through the sheet. These beads 24 serve the double purpose of reinforc- 7 ing the edges of the perforations and of providing areas having heat and/or solvent sealing characteristics. In their reinforcing function, they may be aptly regarded as grommets. In the detail of FIG. 3, the structure is modified to the extent that, while the bead 24a is largely present, it encircles, instead of a perforation, a connecting film or membrane 30 of material having a reduced thickness. In these cases, the membrane may have thermal characteristics more nearly conforming to those of the bead material 24a than to those of the remaining portions 22 of the sheet. The perforations (or the membranes) may be extremely minute. For example, the film of FIGS. 1 and 2, having for example a A mil caliper in the areas 22 may contain perforations slightly less than 20 mils in minimum diameter, and so closely spaced as to provide 714 holes or more per square inch. This example is by no means the ultimate, however, since in very small samples as many as 4,000 holes per square inch of 8 mils diameter each have been made and on an individual basis, holes as fine as 2 mils have been produced. Similar dimensions may be present where, as in FIG. 3, there is no perforation. Normally, the beads 24 and 24a are constitued wholly or in some part of material displaced into the bead from an area within the bead. Accordingly, the larger the perforation, the larger the volume of the bead. This explains the structure shown in FIG. 3 wherein insuflficient amounts of the material of the original sheet within the area of the bead has been displaced to puncture the sheet and, in this case, the beads are therefore formed by displacement of only a part of the intervening material, leaving the remainder 3-0 in as a thin spanning membrane. It can thus be seen that, as an extreme, the portion of the sheet within the bead areas may constitute substantially the entire surface area of the sheet, particularly if the perforations or membranes and/or their surrounding beaded areas are for example of hexagonal or other suitable shape so as to interfit with every adjacent beaded area. For optimum mechanical properties, it is much preferred to leave a continuous surface matrix 22 between the beaded areas. The heat-scalability characteristics in the beads 24 (FIG. 2) or within the beaded area 20 (FIG. 3) can be imparted concomitant to the formation of the beads (or beaded areas) by forming preferably substantially amorphous beads as a consequence of a precisely localized melting of selected areas of a substantially crystalline film followed by quick solidification thereof. In a true sense then, the production of localized sealable areas on a substantially crystalline sheet is the result of a heat-conditioning treatment precisely applied in preselected localized areas of the sheet, without subjecting the intervening areas of the sheet to the same treatment, so that the intervening areas are not similarly affected. Distortion and/or punctures which are formed in the treated area have definite commercial advantage in that the sheet may have desirable perforation patterns or design patterns, without substantial loss in major portions of the sheet of the original stability and integrity. These qualities are retained by the continuous matrix, along with the desirable solvent-resistant, heat-resistant and other qualities of the original sheet. In this connection, the formation of a bead is of decided advantage in providing reinforcing areas about the apertured structure, thus increasing the tear resistance of the sheet, even when compared to the tear resistance of the unmodified substantially crystalline film. In any event, precisely localized melting and immediate cooling of pre-selected areas of crystalline sheet material such as Mylar polyeste film causes the material within the resulting beaded areas 20 to become less crystaliine and even substantially amorphous and thus to acquire surface softening or sticking point temperatures below, and in the case of Mylar polyester film, far below that of the remaining areas 22. For example, in the case of commercial Mylar polyester film having a published melting point temperature of about 250 to 255 C., and incapable of being heat-sealed to itself at any temperature less than 245 C., I have found that the softening point temperature of the surfaces of the localized heat conditioned areas 20, as measured by their ability to be heat-sealed when placed in face-to-face contact without externally applied pressure, is about only 120 C. With pressure, self-sealing and scaling to fibrous materials such as facial tissues has been accomplished at temperatures as low as 107 C. Thus, by the application of sealing heats to raise the temperature of the treated Mylar polyester film in areas to be sealed to 120 C. or more, but still short of 245 C.for example, anywhere within the range of 120 C. to 240 C., practical heat-sealing of the film to itself is accomplished, with or without registration of the areas 20 as shown in FIG. 11, or to untreated Mylar polyester film or to any of a variety of other materials such as paper or fibrous fabrics, whether woven, non-woven, knitted, felted or molded, orto non-fibrous materials including metal foils, glass, or other films, as represented by 32 in FIG. 10. Moreover this is accomplished without distortion or melting of the remainder of the sheet i.e., matrix 22, which maintains the general stability and integrity of the sheet as a whole, that is without substantial shrinkage. -Such sealing can be readily performed by conventional heat-sealing equipment. Similarly, when substantially crystalline films of vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymers obtainable under the trade name Saran A517 from Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, and of monochlorotrifluoroethylene polymers, sold under the trade name Kel-F and obtainable from basic material manufactured by M. W. Kellogg Company, Battle Creek, Michigan, are treated in accordance with this invention, films are produced with pro-selected, localized, heat-conditioned surface areas which are substantially amorphous. By the application of sealing heats accompanied by moderate pressure, practical heat-sealing of such treated films in the selected localized areas to, for example, fibrous cellulosic webs such as the non-woven fabric sold by The Kendall Company, Walpole, Massachusetts, under the trademark Webril R, is accomplished at temperatures below which the remaining portions of the sheet will seal to the same fibrous surface. In the case of Saran A517 film differential sealing is accomplished to Webril R non-woven fabric in the 10- calized areas as low as about 130 C., whereas in the remaining areas sealing to Webril R non woven fabric cannot be accomplished at a temperature below about 154 C., other conditions being the same. In the case of Kel-F film differential scaling is accomplished in the localized areas as low as about 200 C., whereas in the remaining areas sealing to Webril R" non-woven fabric cannot be accomplished at a temperature below about 215 C., other conditions being the same. Generally then, by the application of sealing heats to the less crystalline or even substantially amorphous areas of the sheets of this invention at a temperature above the surface softening or sticking temperature of the less crystalline, or even substantially amorphous areas but short of the surface softening or sticking temperature of the more highly and substantially crystalline areas of the sheet, practical heat-sealing of the sheet to a variety of surfaces but particularly to fibrous cellulosic sheets can beaccomplished without distortion or melting of the remainder of the sheet. Such sealing can be readily performed by conventional heat-sealing equipment. FIG. 12 is a view of a substantially crystalline polyester or other thermoplastic film of this invention, wherein the treated areas 20 are confined to certain portions of'the sheet only, including the borders and certain spaced transverse areas, the central areas 38 being imperforate. Such a material is useful in forming packages of the type shown in FIG. 13, wherein two of the sheets of FIG. 12 are fed in register to conventional packaging machines, which insert material 40 to be packaged between the two sheets, during'or after which the two sheets are heat-sealed to each other around the borders to enclose the packaged material, which may be in any form-solid, granular or even liquid, where the beaded areas 'interfit sutficiently to form a liquid-tight seal. Subsequently, the strip of packages can be severed medially of the transverse heat-sealed areas to provide individual packaged units or measures. FIG. 14 shows a similar package, which is made from material similar to that of FIG. 12 with the exception that in the case of FIG. 14, both sheets are perforated throughout their entire areas so that the finished package is perforated throughout and hence in the case of higher melting materials is useful for infusion purposes and may contain food such as tea or coffee. In fact, because of the high melting point of certain polyesters, such as Mylar polyester film, materials contained in a package such as that of FIG. 14 may be boiled in water in the package and thereafter even served in the package. Since this boiling will raise the temperature of the package walls only to C., neither the matrix nor the heat-sealed areas of the walls will be deleteriously affected. Other polyesters, which exhibit like Mylar polyester film, a crystalline structure and which can co-exist at least temporarily both in substantially crystalline and in substantially amorphous condition and hence are suitable for purposes of this invention, include: 8 fluoroethylene polymers, a representative example of which is Kel-F film; The breadth of chemical families of polymers included as useful in practicing this invention is further illustrated Name Structural Unit Published Melting Point 9 O l H polytruuethyleue terephthalate C- COCH GH CZEI O About 221 t i polyethylene4,4-tliphenyldicarboxylate o -C -o-oorno1-Ir-o- About 300 o. i ii polytiatramethyleuo 4,4-diphenyldicarbox- OOC -COCH CHCHzCH -O About 280 C. y a e. i i polyethylene 4,4-diphenylmethane-dicar- COCHQ OC OCHZ CHQ O About 220 C. boxylate. i polyethylene 1,5-uaphthalate 0 ll OO-CH CH -O About 230 C. n polyethylene 2,6-uaphthalate (l3 1 (HJO-CH2OH O 0 As will be seen all of the above materials are chemically related to polyethylene terephthalate and they are all polyesters comprised of one or more aromatic groups and one or more aliphatic groups, the former being derived from a dibasic acidand the latter being derived from a diol. Additionally, however, each of the above polyesters is capable of co-existing at least temporarily at the same temperature in both a crystalline and an amorphous-like state and thus each polyester has the requisite characteristics for materials suitable for purposes of the invention. Representative vinyl polymers suitable for conversion into highly useful products of this invention are substantially crystalline sheets of polyvinyl fluoride and polyvinyl methyl ether. Representative of the class of suitable substantially crystalline vinylidene polymers are polymers and copolymers of vinylidene chloride, vinylidene bromide, vinylidene chlorobromide, vinylidene cyanide and vinylidene halocyanides. These monomers may also be copolymerized to form substantially crystalline polymers useful in this invention, with minor amounts of such monoand di-ethylenically unsaturated monomers as vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, styrene, chlorostyrenes, methyl or ethyl acrylates or methacrylates, butadiene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, halogen substituted propanes and the line. In general where the monomer to be used as a co-monorner with a vinylidene monomer will not normally form a crystalline polymer alone, it will not form a substantially crystalline copolymer with a vinylidene monomer if used in amounts more than and in some cases in amounts more than 15% of the copolymer. Saran A517 is a well known example of a suitable vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride co-polymer film. A further example of a chemical family of suitable substantially crystalline polymers is that of the chlorotriby the fact that certain substantially crystalline polyarnides such as N-substituted polyamides of the type of N-methylated polydecame-thylene adipamide are suitable, as are such polyamides as hexamethylene sebacamide sold commercially as Nylon 610 by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. Still further evidence of the breadth of the invention is the fact that certain members of so-called isotactic substantially crystalline polymers, that is those in which the polymer chains contain asymmetric carbon atoms, all of which are of the same steric configuration, are suitable. Examples of such isotactic polymers are isotactic polystyrene, isotactic poly alpha butylene and isotactic polypropylene. In addition to crystalline polymeric sheets of the types hereinbefore described, the invention also includes crystalline polymeric sheets whose amorphous or amorphouslike state can be produced only by resort to difiicultly low temperatures, or whose amorphous or amorphous-like state can be maintained only by storing the sheets at such low temperatures. However, polymeric sheets of the latter types do not have the practical utility of polymeric sheets of this invention in which selected portions thereof in an amorphous state and other portions thereof in a crystalline state can co-exist at room temperatures for periods of time sufliciently long to permit commercial utilization of their differential heat scalability characteristics. Pure polyethylene, for example, is one material having limited utility for the purposes of this invention because it exists in the amorphous state only at subzero temperatures. 1 The application of heat to the sheet for the purpose of melting the material within the selected localized areas may be accomplished either by conduction, convection or radiation or combinations thereof. When it is desired to puncture the film, the essential action is to melt the material within the localized areas. Precise localization of treatment may be obtained, whether or not perforations are desired, by transfer of heat from a heated fluid, preferably gaseous, while controlling the temperature of different areas of the sheet, so that certain areas of the sheet rise above the melting point of the material thereof, while the material in the intervening areas remains unrnelted. Such control may take the formof more rapidly conducting the absorbed heat away from certain areas of the sheet than from other areas, as by the use of a cooled grid over which the sheet is supported during the application of the heat. Such a grid may conveniently be a perforated, pitted or engraved plate, cylinder or other suitable body provided with an interrupted surface. For example, a circumferentially grooved cylinder, or a fine screen may be used. For the production of certain products in which perforations are desired one may utilize hot dies or needles for melting the material within the selected localized areas. One form of apparatus which may be successfully used in the preparation of sheets of this invention is shown in FIG. 4 of the drawings. The apparatus includes a reel of film material 51 from which the material 52 is fed, usually in single layer form, over a rotating metal cylinder or drum 53, the surface of which is provided with perforations or depressions of the desired dimension and pattern and the film 52 then passes to a take-up roll 54. Opposite the drum there is provided means for directing a jet of heated air onto the surface of the film 52 passing over the drum 53. The jet is so formed that it may be efl iciently heated as by a gas flame from a burner 56. The air is directed through the jet orifice 57 under pressure supplied through the pipe 58. Operation of the apparatus shown in PEG. 4 may be varied according to the particular type of sheet desired. In general, the temperature of the hot air jet should be such as to at least insure melting of certain areas of the sheet during its passage through the air jet. The velocity of the jet should be taken into consideration in connection with the speed of the sheet and the temperature of the jet, the faster the jet velocity the lower the temperature for a given speed of film operation. Where heat sources other than jet heat are utilized, such as heat from a bank of infrared lamps or from a flame, the velocity of the fluid heat may be much lower or even substantially zero. In the formation of sheets of this invention air jet temperatures as low as the melting point of the material being treated may be used. However, jet temperatures from 260 C. to 875 C. with film speeds running from 4 to 33 yards per minute, depending upon the part-icular film, are preferred. The grid sizes used in the case of circular holes have varied from 2 mi ls to A inch in diameter. Obviously the range can be extended. In the case of mil Mylar polyester film, the jet orifice was 25 mils wide and 9 inches long, the gauge air pressure was about 30 pounds per square inch, the drum 53 was approximately 4- inches in diameter and in one case, i for example, contained about 237 holes per square inch on uniformly spaced centers affording an open area of approximately 21% with each hole being approximately 33 mils in diameter. The temperature of the air as it issued from the jet was approximately 370 C. At this temperature, the film 52 was fed through the apparatus at approximately 7 yards per minute, the space between the orifice and the grid ro ll being approximately A inch (shown proportionately enlarged in H6. 4). A cooling jet is directed against the back surface of the drum 53 and is operated to maintain the surface of the drum preferably at approximately 55 to 70 C. When treating mil Saran film, the same drum, the same distance from drum to orifice and the same jet orifice were used as those described above in the case of Mylar polyester film, but the gauge air pressure was 18 pounds per square inch with the temperature of the air as it issued from the jet at approximately 235 C. The film in this instance Was fed through the apparatus at approximately 1.7 yards per minute with the cooling jet maintaining the surface of the drum in the same range of temperatures as described above for the Mylar polyester film. When treating Kel-F film in 2 mil thickness, the orifice size was changed to 35 mils wide by 5 inches long, the distance from drum to orifice was reduced to /s inch and a 4 diameter drum with holes approximately 250 mils in diameter and 8 holes per square inch was used. The gauge air pressure was 35 pounds per square inch, while the temperature of the air as it issued from the jet was approximately 425 C. The film in this instance was fed through the apparatus at approximately 2 yards per minute with the cooling jet maintaining the surface of the drum at approximately C. Similar treatment as above described in the case of Mylar, Saran and Kel-F films can be given to sheets of any of the hereinbefore mentioned crystalline polymeric materials with correspondingly satisfactory production of differential surface characteristics. Insofar as the apparatus and methods of treatment hereinbefore described are concerned, it will be understood that they may be utilized for the perforation of other thermoplastic sheet materials or for the formation of structures such as that shown in FIGURE 3, regardless of whether or not such sheet materials are amorphous or crystalline in structure or are capable of co-existing in both a crystalline and an amorphous form. Thus, insofar as operation of the apparatus is concerned, one may also utilize the non-crystalline forms of such materials as polyvinyl resins including polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, and co-polymers thereof; polystyrene, polyisobutylene, polyacrylonitrile, and cellulosic film material such as cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate-butyrate, and ethyl cellulose and the amorphous forms of any of the crystalline polymers heretofore described. However, none of these particular materials, after being processed on the apparatus described herein, have the differential crystallinity or the differential heat-scalable characteristics described herein. FIGS. 5 to 9 are intended as graphic successive representations, in cross-section, of the development of the perforations in a typical substantially crystalline sheet during treatment in the aforementioned apparatus. At an early stage of melting of the sheet material in areas where it lies over grid perforations, there appears to be a thinning, with usually a rapid development of blistering in the thinned areas so that the sheet has a thinned and somewhat porous membrane 39 extending over each grid void. If the rate of feed through the apparatus is so fast that the thermal effect does not proceed beyond that shown in FIG. 5, one secures finished sheet material on the take-up reel 54 having the characteristics of that shown in FIG. 3. FIGS. 6 through 9 inclusive, represent the successive effects of longer application of heat to the material overlying the grid voids. This series of figures shows, first the rupture of the material centrally followed by a progressive displacement of the material towards the unmelted areas surrounding the perforation, and taking in general the successive forms of bead-like borders, culminating in the bead 24 depicted in FIG. 9. FIG. 15 is a photomicrograph of an edge of a perforation in 1 mil Mylar polyester film, showing the bead 24 in cross-sectionas depicted in FIG. 9. FIG. 16 shows the photomicrograph appearance in plan of the top of a sheet which has been treated to the stage shown in FIGS. 3 and 5. FIG. 17 shows in a similar manner a sheet at a later stage of thermal treatment wherein the perforation has occurred and the blistered material is at a certain stage of retraction towards the surrounding sheet, as in FIG. 6. As shown in FIG. 11a, a sheet of this invention 22 may be provided with a thin metallic layer 42 of aluminum or other metal which may be painted on one or both sides thereof or coated thereon as by a metal vacuum deposition process, thus giving one or both surfaces a light and heat reilectant quality and rendering the material useful for heat insulation purposes. Alternatively, the layer 42 may be formed of a pigment, painted or otherwise coated onto the Mylar or other suitable crystalline film. If such a pigmented or metallized substantially crystalline sheet is fed through the apparatus of FIG. 4, under conditions normally producing beaded perforation, the metal or pigmented coating, whether on the grid or jet side, or both sides, although it may not be melted, is ruptured in areas overlying the grid voids because of the force and/or velocity of the jet fluid, or because of disruption attendant to the melting ofthe underlying film. Either surface of the resulting material can be heat sealed in the case of Mylar polyester film at a temperature of 120 C. or more, to other materials, either fibrous or non-fibrous, the disruption of the metal or pigmented coating appearing to be suflficient to expose the beaded areas to materials pressed even against the previously coated surface. Thus PIG. 11a shows a composite comprising a bottom perforated Mylar polyester film or other suitable substantially crystalline sheet 22, having an intervening metallized or pigmented coating 42 thereon, and an overlying lamina 44 of any material, which may or may not be transparent. If the metallized film is fed to the apparatus with the pigmented or metallized surface on the grid side only, the jet side of the sheet may alternatively be rendered heat-scalable by forming heat-scalable areas of the type shown in FIG. 3, without necessarily disrupting the metallized or pigmented surface. Alternatively, the metal may be fed as a very thin foil, together with a separate sheet of Mylar or other suitable substantially crystalline film, to the apparatus of FIG. 4 to produce a heat-sealed foilfilrn laminate. The treated sheet material of this invention also may be metallized on at least one side after treatment. The surprisingly lower softening temperatures (circa 120 C. for Mylar polyester film) of the selected sealable areas of the films of this invention, thus appear to have a common property characterized by a loss of all or a substantial portion of the crystallinity and of any orientation observed in the ordinary samples of suitable substantially crystalline sheets. Therefore, it is likely that the localized heat-treatment heretofore described actually involves a melting of localized areas of the Mylar polyester film or other suitable substantially crystalline sheet material, and in so doing destroys in the areas 20 most if not all of the molecular orientation and crystallinity present, which characteristics, however, persist in the areas 22. The step of quick cooling or quenching of the areas 20 after melting preserves this amorphous-like, disoriented state and thereby the low softening point temperature characteristic of such polymeric material. This hypothesis of actual melting accounts also for bead formation, inasmuch as the shrinkage induced by temperatures near the distortion temperature of Mylar polyester film or other suitable crystalline sheet material accompanied by the pull of the surface tension of the molten polymer should tend to cause a displacement of the melted material towards the relatively cool borders of the surrounding cooler material, thus forming a meniscular head or grommet. Whether or not my rationalization of the phenomena attendant the production of the treated sheets of this invention is correct, it is a fact, as indicated by conventional methods of determining crystallinity, including density, infra-red, X-ray difiraction and optical methods, that the selected more readily scalable areas are markedly different from those in the surrounding matrix areas or in the original unprocessed Mylar polyester film or other suitable substantially crystalline sheets. It is also a fact that, where optical observations are applicable, the mode of transmission of polarized light through the selected more readily scalable areas of the sheets of this invention is markedly different from that through the surrounding matrix material or through the original unprocessed Mylar polyester film or other suitable substantially crystalline sheet. Thus, observations can be made by viewing, with suitable magnification, the more readily scalable areas and the surrounding non-scalable or relatively less scalable matrix by means of transmitted light which has been plane-polarized by passage through a light polarizing sheet, such as Polaroid film, or through a Nicol prism. The polarized light, which passes through the film containing scalable and non-scalable areas, is then caused to pass through a second plane-polarizing element similar to the first one employed. Rotation ofone of the polarizing elements relative to the other will result, in the absence of a film between the polarizing elements, in a change in the intensity of the light transmitted to the eye by the system. The transmitted light will, as is well known, be minimal when the polarizing elements have their axes at to each other. A petrographic microscope is well suited for this type of observation, since it contains suitable polarizing elements as well as the optical magnification needed for objects as minute as some of the forms of the scalable areas of this invention. When Mylar polyester film and most other suitable substantially crystalline film is so examined, there is no relative adjustment of the polarizing elements at which substantial amounts of light are not transmitted through such a film, and the film appears bright, although there are observable differences in the brightness of such transmitted light depending on the exact relative angular relationship of the polarizing elements. Essentially the same observation is made, when the field of view is restricted to the matrix areas of the products of this invention. If attention is now shifted to the more readily scalable areas of the product, these transmit, quite in contrast, very little light when the polarizing elements have their axes approximately at 90 one to the other, and appear blackened. This is equally true whether one looks at the beads 24 and 24a themselves (FIGS. 2 and 3) or the area 30 within the beads (FIG. 3). Accordingly, these observations support the proposition that matrix areas remain in a state of crystallinity corresponding substantially to that of the original Mylar polyester film or other substantially crystalline sheet and also in the molecularly oriented state of the original sheet, whereas the beaded areas 20 have changed their state of crystallinity and have become amorphous-like and disoriented. FIG. 18 is a photomicrograph showing at the left the appearance of mil perforated Mylar polyester film as viewed through crossed Polaroid discs. The three vertical aligned dark areas represent the beaded areas in addition to the perforations through the sheet. Apparently the beaded areas appear darkened because of the changed state of crystallinity in these areas which has occurred as a result of passage through the apparatus. These darkened areas contrast with the brightness of the surrounding matrix 22, away from which heat was so rapidly conducted by the grid during the heat treatment that melting did not occur in these areas. A further important property of the products of this invention is that either before or after a sealing operation the sheet may be conditioned in such a way that the material of the beaded areas regains a part or sometimes very nearly all of its original physical characteristics as evidenced by its melting point properties and reduced susceptibility to further sealing manipulation, without, however, significantly reducing the effectiveness of the seal already made. This result is achieved by a further thermal treatment of the previously treated film. This thermaltreatment step is one which requires a certain amount of time, the exact amount of which varies with the particular sheet treated and the temperature at which the thermal treatment takes place. In the case of a treated Saran film for example, the treated beads regain a melting point approximating the melting point of untreated Saran film in a matter of two hours at normal room temperature. On the other hand, it takes approximately 300 seconds at 120 C. for the material of a treated bead in a sheet derived from mil Mylar polyester film to regain a melting point of at least 240 C.; approximately 60 seconds at 150 C.; and approximately 20 seconds at 190 C. At room temperature treated Mylar polyester film reverts very slowly as evidenced by the fact that samples over a year old are still heat-sealable. This further thermal treatment of previously treated Mylar polyester film may be carried out by means of a prolonged heat-sealing cycle, so that a heat-sealed laminate of one or more polyethylene terephthalate laminae may have throughout such laminae more nearly the original properties of the Mylar polyester film. The regain periods given above were obtained by employing normal dry heat. Alternatively, the same result may be achieved, coincident with sterilization of the film and the surface to which it is adhered, by subjecting the material to the usual steam sterilization cycle, Which takes place at temperatures up to about 120 C. over a period of several hours. The right-hand sheet shown in the photomicrograph of FIG. 18 is identical with the sheet shown in the left of the photomicrograph except that the former sheet has been subjected to a further heat treatment consisting of placing the sheet for ten minutes in a hot air oven having a temperature of 190 C. As hereinbefore explained, a certain portion of the beaded areas has, as a result of this additional heat treatment, changed its appearance under the crossed Polaroid discs. In this portion of FIG. 18, the dark areas are commensurate with the perforations and the surrounding bordering areas are only slightly darker than the matrix areas, thus indicating that the additional heat treatment has again changed the physical characteristics of the beaded area material, a condition which is further evidenced by the fact that the sheet material on the right of the photomicrograph of FIG. 18 is no longer heat-sealable at temperatures which will heatseal the material on the left. Tests further indicate that, whereas the entire darkened beaded areas of the lefthand sheet can be dissolved by methylene chloride, a similar solvent treatment of the right-hand sheet has no appreciable effect. With respect to the relative tensile strength of mil Mylar polyester film before and after treatment in the apparatus with a grid having holes with a 20 mil diameter occurring approximately 700-per square inch, the loss in tensile strength of the Mylar polyester film is only about 18%. However, the stretch of such a film, as measured on an Instron tensile testing instrument, increases from 100%, in the case of the plain Mylar polyester film, to 130%; and surprisingly enough, in mil Mylar polyester film it does so irrespective of whether the film has been treated on grids having 20 or 40 mil perforations. The loss in tensile strength is for many purposes further offset by the markedly improved tear resistance. As tested on an Elmendorf tearing tester (8 thicknesses) tear resistance increases from 6 grams on the original mil Mylar polyester film to 24 grams in the machine direction of the original sheet and increases from 8 grams to 44 grams in the transverse direction. It will thus be seen that the perforated material has increased utility in a variety of uses where tear resistance is of importance, for example, where sewing, pinning, stapling, or any other operation involving further piercing of the film is performed during its fabrication into composite articles. While the substantially crystalline sheet of FIG. 1 (or FIG. 3) having differential surface areas may be prepared for distribution as a heat-sealable commodity, it should also be understood that the heat-sealing of the sheet to itself or to other material may take place simultaneously With the heat treatment of FIG- 4. Thus, if the localized heat treatment'is conducted while one surface of the sheet is in contact with other materials, not deleteriously affected by the localized heat treatment, the resulting product will be a heat-sealed lamination of the substantially crystalline sheet to the other material. This type of operation is particularly acceptable in packaging operations, wherein it is desired to heat-seal two layers, for example of Mylar polyester film, to one another as in the manufacture of heat-sealed packages. If desired, here again the heat-seal operation at reduced temperature may be prolonged to reconvert the beaded areas. The treated surface will then no longer be readily heat-sealable. Substantially crystalline sheet material as herein used is intended to include other sheet materials besides films, such as substantially crystalline fibers organized into sheet-like materials as by Weaving, knitting, molding, carding, by paper-making methods, or otherwise. It is also understood that, process-wise, products of this invention may be produced by a series of operations, wherein certain selected areas are treated to produce seal-ability in a first operation and intervening or other areas are similarly subsequently treated in a separate operation to impart further sealable areas. The expressions substantial crystalline structure or substantially crystalline when used as descriptive of polymeric sheets useful in practicing this invention refer to that degree of crystallinity present in a crystalline polymeric sheet material, when its surface softening of sticking temperature is at least 10 C. above the surface softening or sticking temperature of the same polymer in its amorphous state. This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Serial No. 557,103, filed January 3, 1956. I claim: 1. A flexible sheet of thermoplastic polymeric material capable of co-existing in both crystalline and amorphous states, certain portions of the material in said sheet being in a substantially crystalline state and having smooth undistorted continuous surfaces having a uniform softening point temperature characteristic of said material in its substantially crystalline state, said portions forming a supporting matrix substantially surrounding and segregating discrete portions of said sheet constituted of the same polymeric material as said matrix, material of said discrete portions exhibiting substantially no crystallinity and having solvent-free softening point temperatures characteristic of said material in its amorphous state and lower than the softening point temperature of the matrix surfaces, said material of said discrete portions extending through the thickness of the sheet. 2. A method of perforating a sheet of flexible thermoplastic po'ymeric material which comprises subjecting the surface thereof including areas chosen for perforation and areas surrounding such chosen areas to hot gas while simultaneously selectively cooling the areas surrounding said chosen areas, said gas being sufliciently hot to melt through the chosen areas but insufi'iciently hot to melt the surrounding areas being cooled. 3. A flexible sheet of thermoplastic polymeric material capable of coexisting in both crystalline and amorphous statss, certain portions of said sheet having smooth undistorted continuous surfaces being in a substantially crystalline state and having a uniform softening-point temperature characteristic of said material in its substantially crystalline state, perforations in said sheet and beaded edges integral with said portions and constituted of the same polymeric material, surrounding and forming the walls of said perforations, the material constituting and extending through the thickness of said beaded edges exhibiting substantially no crysta'linity and having a solvent-free softening-point temperature characteristic of 15 said material in its amorphous state and lower than the softening-point temperature of said portions. 4. The sheet material of claim 3 wherein the thermoplastic material is a terephthalate polyester. 5. The sheet material of claim 4 wherein the terephthalate polyester is a polyethylene terephthalate. 6. The sheet material of claim 5 wherein the polyethylene terephthalate in the substantially crystalline portions is oriented and the polyethylene terephthalate in the beaded edges is disoriented. 7. A flexible sheet of thermoplastic polymeric material capable of co-existing in both crystalline and amorphous states and metallized on at least one surface thereof, portions of thermoplastic polymeric material underlying said metallized surface being in a substantially crystalline state and having a softening-point temperature characteristic of said material in its substantially crystalline state, perforations in said sheet, and beaded edges constituted of the same thermoplastic polymeric material and integral with said portions, surrounding and forming the walls of said perforations and disrupting and projecting through said metallized surface on at least one side thereof, material extending through the thickness of said beaded edges exhibiting substantially no crystallinity and having a solvent-free softening-point temperature characteristic of said polymeric material in its amorphous state and lower than the softening-point temperature of said material in its crystalline state. 8. The method of perforating thermoplastic films comprising supporting said films on a base having intermittent non-film-contacting areas, the base being maintained at a temperature below the softening temperature of said film while the exposed surface of said film is subjected to contact with a fluid at a temperature in excess of the melting temperature of said film. 9. The method of perforating thermoplastic film comprising supporting said film on a perforated base having intermittent non-film-contacting areas, the base being maintained at a temperature below the softening temperature of said film while directing a stream of hot fluid against the film immediately above and adjacent said non-filrn-contacting areas, the temperature of said fluid being sufiiciently above the melting temperature of said film to melt said film directly above the non-film-contacting areas. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the film is a polyethylene terephthalate film and the fluid is a gas. 11. The method of perforating moving thermoplastic film comprising supporting said film on a moving base including a surface having intermittent non-film-contacting areas, said surface being maintained at a temperature below the softening temperature of said film and passing said moving surface and supported moving film together past a stream of hot gas having a temperature in excess of the melting temperature of said film, said hot gas being progressively in contact with the exposed surface of said film and being sufiiciently hot to melt portions of said film as the film moves past. 12. The method of claim 11 in which the stream of hot gas is in the form of a band extending transverse of said moving film. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the film is a polyethylene terephthalate film. 14. The method of perforating thermoplastic film comprising supporting said film on a base having intermittent non-filrn-contacting areas, the base being maintained at a temperature below the softening temperature of the film and applying hot gas to the exposed side of the film in areas immediately above said non-film contact areas and in adjacent areas of said exposed side of the film, said hot gas melting said film in areas above said non-film-contacting areas but not above other areas of said base, and maintaining a differential pressure between the sides of said film. References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,156,928 Rawley Oct. 19, 1915 2,003,494 Reynolds June 4, 1935 2,004,041 Driver June 4, 1935 2,162,229 Remington June 13, 1939 2,248,038 Adams et al. July 8, 1941 2,273,452 Snyder Feb. 17, 1942 2,294,966 Dreyfuss Sept. 8, 1942 2,306,399 Menzel Dec. 29, 1942 2,364,597 Atwood Dec. 12, 1944 2,408,488 Sorensen Oct. 1, 1946 2,441,819 Jensen May 18, 1948 2,467,034 Hutt Apr. 12, 1949 2,475,241 Hermanson July 5, 1949 2,481,602 Lindh Sept. 13, 1949 2,545,243 Rumsey Mar. 13, 1951 2,572,877 Morris Oct. 30, 1951 2,604,423 Slotterbeck et al. July 22, 1952 2,622,053 Clowe et al Dec. 16, 1952 2,676,120 Banigan Apr. 20, 1954 2,679,469 Bedford' May 25, 1954 ,691,208 Brennan Oct. 12, 1954 2,714,571 Irion et al Aug. 2, 1955 2,719,100 Bamigam Sept. 27, 1955 2,735,797 Schjeldahl Feb. 21, 1956 FOREIGN PATENTS 989,058 France May 16, 1951 Patent Citations
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Turn Based Strategy Software
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Dr. James A. Modlinger, MD
Internal Medicine, Heart & Hypertension Health Center
- 1000 Newbury Rd Ste 270
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Dr. James A. Modlinger graduated from the New York University School of Medicine in 1966. He works in Newbury Park, CA and specializes in Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease. Dr. Modlinger is affiliated with Los Robles Hospital & Medical Center and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. He speaks English and Spanish.
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Sponsored by: Desert Diamond Casino
Mar 12, 2014 3:45 PM by Alyssa Reilly
Today we made a tasty chicken panini from Gringo Grill and Cantina on News 4 Cooks.
1 Ciabatta bread
2 oz spinach
2 Sliced tomato
1/2 roasted poblano pepper
1/4 oz machego cheese
1 oz poblano aioli
1. Grill the chicken breast and the ciabatta.
2. Slice tomato, roast, peel and seed poblano.
3. Spread aioli on top and bottom of bread.
4. Build sandwich with chicken, manchego, poblano and sliced tomato.
5. Dress spinach with aioli and add to sandwich.
6. Put bread on top.
For more information on Gringo Grill and Cantina, click here.
7 hours ago