text:
Cucurbita | |
Cucurbita fruits come in an assortment of colors and sizes | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
(unranked): | Angiosperms |
(unranked): | Eudicots |
(unranked): | Rosids |
Order: | Cucurbitales |
Family: | Cucurbitaceae |
Subfamily: | Cucurbitoideae |
Tribe: | Cucurbiteae |
Genus: | Cucurbita L. |
Synonyms[2] | |
Cucurbita (Latin for gourd)[3] is a genus in the gourd family Cucurbitaceae. It is native to the Andes and Mesoamerica, and was first cultivated in those regions. Some Cucurbita species were brought to Europe after the discovery of America and are now used in many parts of the world. The plants, referred to as squash, pumpkin, or gourd depending on species, variety, and local parlance,[a] are grown for their edible fruits and seeds. Plants in the Cucurbita genus are important sources of human food, beverages, medicine, and oil. Other kinds of gourd, also called bottle-gourds, are native to Africa and belong to the genus Lagenaria, which is in the same family and subfamily as Cucurbita but in a different tribe. These gourds are used as utensils or vessels.
There are five domesticated species: Cucurbita argyrosperma, C. ficifolia, C. maxima, C. moschata, and C. pepo. All of these can be treated as winter squash because the full-grown fruits can be stored for months; however, C. pepo includes some cultivars that are better used only as summer squash. There is some disagreement about how to handle the taxonomy of the genus; the number of species accepted by different specialists varies from 13 to 30. In addition, the ancestry of some of the species that have been cultivated for millennia is uncertain.
Most Cucurbita species are vines that grow several meters in length and have tendrils, but non-vining "bush" cultivars of C. pepo and C. maxima have also been developed. The yellow or orange flowers on a Cucurbita plant are of two types: female and male. The female flowers produce the fruit and the male flowers produce pollen. Many North and Central American species are visited by specialist bee pollinators, but other insects with more general feeding habits such as honey bees also visit. The fruits of the Cucurbita genus are good sources of several nutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin C, niacin, folic acid, and iron, and like all plant products are free of cholesterol. The plants contain the toxins cucurbitin, cucurmosin, and cucurbitacin.
Cucurbita fruits have played a role in human culture for at least 2,000 years. They are often represented in Moche ceramics from Peru. After Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World, paintings of squashes started to appear in Europe early in the sixteenth century. Among other uses, Cucurbita seeds have been employed in traditional medicine, and extracts are used in cosmetics for dry and sensitive skin. The fruits have many culinary uses including pumpkin pie, biscuits, bread, desserts, puddings, and soups. Pumpkins and other Cucurbita fruits are celebrated in festivals and in flower and vegetable shows in many countries.
History and domestication[edit]
The ancestral species of the genus Cucurbita were present in the Americas before the arrival of humans,[5][6] and are native to the New World. The likely center of origin is southern Mexico, spreading south through what is now known as Mesoamerica, on into South America, and north to what is now the southwestern United States.[5] Evolutionarily speaking, the genus is relatively recent in origin, and no species within the genus is entirely genetically isolated. C. moschata can intercross with all the others, though the hybrid offspring may not themselves be fertile unless they become polyploid.[7] The genus was part of the culture of almost every native peoples group from southern South America to southern Canada.[6] Modern-day cultivated Cucurbita are not found in the wild.[8] Genetic studies of the mitochondrial gene nad1 show there were at least six independent domestication events of Cucurbita separating domestic species from their wild ancestors.[9] Species native to North America include C. digitata (calabazilla),[10] and C. foetidissima (buffalo gourd),[11] C. palmata (coyote melon), and C. pepo.[8] Some species, such as C. digitata and C. ficifolia, are referred to as gourds. Gourds, also called bottle-gourds, which are used as utensils or vessels, belong to the genus Lagenaria and are native to Africa. Lagenaria are in the same family and subfamily as Cucurbita but in a different tribe.[12]
The earliest known evidence of the domestication of Cucurbita dates back 8,000–10,000 years ago, predating the domestication of other crops such as maize and beans in the region by about 4,000 years.[8][13][14][15] This evidence was found in the Guilá Naquitz cave in Oaxaca, Mexico, during a series of excavations in the 1960s and 1970s, possibly beginning in 1959.[16][17] Later, more accurate, dating using accelerator mass spectrometers provided more specific dates. Solid evidence of domesticated C. pepo was found in the Guilá Naquitz cave in the form of increasing rind thickness and larger peduncles in the newer stratification layers of the cave. By c. 8,000 years BP the C. pepo peduncles found are consistently more than 10 millimeters (0.39 in) thick. Wild Cucurbita peduncles are always below this 10 mm barrier. Changes in fruit shape and color indicate that intentional breeding of C. pepo had occurred by no later than 8,000 years BP.[18][19][20] During the same time frame, average rind thickness increased from 0.84 millimeters (0.033 in) to 1.15 millimeters (0.045 in).[21]
Squash was domesticated first, followed by maize and then beans, becoming part of the Three Sisters agricultural system of companion planting.[22][23] The English word "squash" derives from askutasquash (a green thing eaten raw), a word from the Narragansett language, which was documented by Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode Island, in his 1643 publication A Key Into the Language of America.[24] Similar words for squash exist in related languages of the Algonquian family.[25][26]
Most Cucurbita species are climbing annual vines; they are also mesophytes, plants which require a more or less continuous water supply. The less numerous perennial species grow in tropical zones and are xerophytes, plants which tolerate dry conditions. Growing 5 to 15 meters (16 to 49 ft) in height or length, the plant stem produces tendrils to help it climb adjacent plants and structures or extend along the ground. Most species do not readily root from the nodes; a notable exception is C. ficifolia, and the four other cultivated mesophytes do this to a lesser extent. The vine of the perennial Cucurbita can become semiwoody if left to grow. There is wide variation in size, shape, and color among Cucurbita fruits, and even within a single species. C. ficifolia is an exception, being highly uniform in appearance.[8] The morphological variation in the species C. pepo[27] and C. maxima[28] is so vast that its various subspecies and cultivars have been misidentified as totally separate species.
The typical cultivated Cucurbita species has five-lobed or palmately divided leaves with long petioles, with the leaves alternately arranged on the stem. The stems in some species are angular. All of the above-ground parts may be hairy with various types of trichomes, which are often hardened and sharp. Spring-like tendrils grow from each node and are branching in some species. C. argyrosperma has ovate-cordate (egg-shaped to heart-shaped) leaves. The shape of C. pepo leaves varies widely. C. moschata plants can have light or dense pubescence. C. ficifolia leaves are slightly angular and have light pubescence. The leaves of all four of these species may or may not have white spots.[29]
There are male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers (unisexual flowers) on a single plant (monoecious), and these grow singly, appearing from the leaf axils. Flowers have five fused yellow to orange petals (the corolla) and a green bell-shaped calyx. Male flowers in Cucurbitaceae generally have five stamens, but in Cucurbita there are only three, and their anthers are joined together so that there appears to be one.[30][31] Female flowers have thick pedicels, and an inferior ovary with 3–5 stigmas that each have two lobes.[18][29] The female flowers of C. argyrosperma and C. ficifolia have larger corollas than the male flowers.[29] Female flowers of C. pepo have a small calyx, but the calyx of C. moschata male flowers is comparatively short.[29]
Cucurbita fruits are large and fleshy.[30] Botanists classify the Cucurbita fruit as a pepo, which is a special type of berry derived from an inferior ovary, with a thick outer wall or rind with hypanthium tissue forming an exocarp around the ovary, and a fleshy interior composed of mesocarp and endocarp. The term "pepo" is used primarily for Cucurbitaceae fruits, where this fruit type is common, but the fruits of Passiflora and Carica are sometimes also considered pepos.[32][33] The seeds, which are attached to the ovary wall (parietal placentation) and not to the center, are large and fairly flat with a large embryo that consists almost entirely of two cotyledons.[18] Fruit size varies considerably: wild fruit specimens can be as small as 4 centimeters (1.6 in) and some domesticated specimens can weigh well over 300 kilograms (660 lb).[29] The current world record was set in October 2014 by John Hawkley of Napa County, California with a 933.5-kilogram (2,058 lb) pumpkin.[34]
Cucurbita was formally described in a way that meets the requirements of modern botanical nomenclature by Linnaeus in his Genera Plantarum,[35] the fifth edition of 1754 in conjunction with the 1753 first edition of Species Plantarum.[36] Cucurbita pepo is the type species of the genus.[36][37] Linnaeus initially included the species C. lagenaria (now Lagenaria siceraria), C. pepo, C. verrucosa and C. melopepo (both now included in C. pepo), and C. citrullus (watermelon, now Citrullus lanatus).[38]
The Cucurbita digitata, C. foetidissima, C. galeotti, and C. pedatifolia species groups are xerophytes, arid zone perennials with storage roots; the remainder, including the five domesticated species, are all mesophytic annuals or short-life perennials with no storage roots.[8][7] The five domesticated species are mostly isolated from each other by sterility barriers and have different physiological characteristics.[7] Some cross pollinations can occur: C. pepo with C. argyrosperma and C. moschata; and C. maxima with C. moschata. Cross pollination does occur readily within the family Cucurbitaceae.[39][40][41] The buffalo gourd (C. foetidissima), which does not taste good, has been used as an intermediary as it can be crossed with all the common Cucurbita.[18]
Various taxonomic treatments have been proposed for Cucurbita, ranging from 13–30 species.[3] In 1990, Michael Nee classified them into the following 13 species groups (27 species total), listed by group and alphabetically, with geographic origin:[8][42][43]
- C. argyrosperma (synonym C. mixta) – cushaw pumpkin; origin: Panama, Mexico
- C. kellyana, origin: Pacific coast of western Mexico
- C. palmeri, origin: Pacific coast of northwestern Mexico
- C. sororia, origin: Pacific coast Mexico to Nicaragua, northeastern Mexico
- C. digitata – fingerleaf gourd; origin: southwestern United States (USA), northwestern Mexico
- C. ecuadorensis, origin: Ecuador's Pacific coast
- C. ficifolia – figleaf gourd, chilacayote; origin: Mexico, Panama, northern Chile and Argentina
- C. foetidissima – stinking gourd, buffalo gourd; origin: Mexico
- C. scabridifolia, likely a natural hybrid of C. foetidissima and C. pedatifolia[44][45]
- C. galeottii is little known; origin: Oaxaca, Mexico
- C. lundelliana, origin: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize
- C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin; origin: Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador
- C. andreana, origin – Argentina
- C. moschata – butternut squash, 'Dickinson' pumpkin, golden cushaw; origin: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Venezuela
- C. okeechobeensis, origin: Florida
- C. martinezii, origin: Mexican Gulf Coast and foothills
- C. pedatifolia, origin: Querétaro, Mexico
- C. pepo – field pumpkin, summer squash, zucchini, vegetable marrow, courgette, acorn squash; origin: Mexico, USA
- C. fraterna, origin: Tamaulipas and Nuevo León, Mexico
- C. texana, origin: Texas, USA
- C. radicans – calabacilla, calabaza de coyote; origin: Central Mexico
The taxonomy by Nee closely matches the species groupings reported in a pair of studies by a botanical team led by Rhodes and Bemis in 1968 and 1970 based on statistical groupings of several phenotypic traits of 21 species. Seeds for studying additional species members were not available. Sixteen of the 21 species were grouped into five clusters with the remaining five being classified separately:[46][47]
- C. digitata, C. palmata, C. californica, C. cylindrata, C. cordata
- C. martinezii, C. okeechobeensis, C. lundelliana
- C. sororia, C. gracilior, C. palmeri; C. argyrosperma (reported as C. mixta) was considered close to the three previous species
- C. maxima, C. andreana
- C. pepo, C. texana
- C. moschata, C. ficifolia, C. pedatifolia, C. foetidissima, and C. ecuadorensis were placed in their own four separate species groups as they were not considered significantly close to any of the other species studied.
The full phylogeny of this genus is unknown, and research is ongoing in 2014.[48][49] The following cladogram of Cucurbita phylogeny is based upon a 2002 study of mitochondrial DNA by Sanjur and colleagues.[9]
Reproductive biology[edit]
Every species of Cucurbita has 20 pairs of chromosomes.[46] Many North and Central American species are visited by specialist pollinators in the apid tribe Eucerini, especially the genera Peponapis and Xenoglossa, and these squash bees can be crucial to the flowers producing fruit after pollination.[8][50]
When there is more pollen applied to the stigma, more seeds are produced in the fruits and the fruits are larger with greater likelihood of maturation,[51] an effect called xenia. Competitively grown specimens are therefore often hand-pollinated to maximize the number of seeds in the fruit, which increases the fruit size; this pollination requires proper technique.[52] Seedlessness is known to occur in certain cultivars of C. pepo.[53][54]
The most critical factors in flowering and fruit set are physiological rather than climatic.[55] The plant hormones ethylene and auxin are key in fruit set and development.[56] Ethylene promotes the production of female flowers. When a plant already has a fruit developing, subsequent female flowers on the plant are less likely to mature, a phenomenon called "first-fruit dominance",[55] and male flowers are more frequent, an effect that appears due to reduced natural ethylene production within the plant stem.[57] Ethephon, a plant growth regulator product that is converted to ethylene after metabolism by the plant, can be used to increase fruit and seed production.[58]
The plant hormone gibberellin, produced in the stamens, is essential for the development of all parts of the male flowers. The development of female flowers is not yet understood.[59] Gibberellin is also involved in other developmental processes of plants such as seed and stem growth.[60]
Germination and seedling growth[edit]
Seeds with maximum germination potential develop (in C. moschata) by 45 days after anthesis, and seed weight reaches its maximum 70 days after anthesis.[61] Some varieties of C. pepo germinate best with eight hours of sunlight daily and a planting depth of 1.2 centimeters (0.47 in). Seeds planted deeper than 12.5 centimeters (4.9 in) are not likely to germinate.[62] In C. foetidissima, a weedy species, plants younger than 19 days old are not able to sprout from the roots after removing the shoots. In a seed batch with 90 percent germination rate, over 90 percent of the plants had sprouted after 29 days from planting.[63]
Experiments have shown that when more pollen is applied to the stigma, as well as the fruit containing more seeds and being larger (the xenia effect mentioned above), the germination of the seeds is also faster and more likely, and the seedlings are larger.[51] Various combinations of mineral nutrients and light have a significant effect during the various stages of plant growth. These effects vary significantly between the different species of Cucurbita. A type of stored phosphorus called phytate forms in seed tissues as spherical crystalline intrusions in protein bodies called globoids. Along with other nutrients, phytate is used completely during seedling growth.[64] Heavy metal contamination, including cadmium, has a significant negative impact on plant growth.[65] Cucurbita plants grown in the spring tend to grow larger than those grown in the autumn.[66]
Habitat and distribution[edit]
There are five domesticated species. Four of them, C. argyrosperma, C. ficifolia, C. moschata, and C. pepo, originated and were domesticated in Mesoamerica; for the fifth, C. maxima, these events occurred in South America.[29]
Within C. pepo, the pumpkins, the scallops, and possibly the crooknecks are ancient and were domesticated at different times and places. The domesticated forms of C. pepo have larger fruits than non-domesticated forms and seeds that are bigger but fewer in number.[26] In a 1989 study on the origins and development of C. pepo, botanist Harry Paris suggested that the original wild specimen had a small round fruit and that the modern pumpkin is its direct descendant. He suggested that the crookneck, ornamental gourd, and scallop are early variants and that the acorn is a cross between the scallop and the pumpkin.[26]
C. argyrosperma is not as widespread as the other species. The wild form C. a. subsp. sororia is found from Mexico to Nicaragua, and cultivated forms are used in a somewhat wider area stretching from Panama to the southeastern United States.[29] It was probably bred for its seeds, which are large and high in oil and protein, but its flesh is of poorer quality than that of C. moschata and C. pepo. It is grown in a wide altitudinal range: from sea level to as high as 1,800 meters (5,900 ft) in dry areas, usually with the use of irrigation, or in areas with a defined rainy season, where seeds are sown in May and June.[29]
C. ficifolia and C. moschata were originally thought to be Asiatic in origin, but this has been disproven. The origin of C. ficifolia is Latin America, most likely southern Mexico, Central America, or the Andes. It grows at altitudes ranging from 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) to 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) in areas with heavy rainfall. It does not hybridize well with the other cultivated species as it has significantly different enzymes and chromosomes.[29]
C. maxima originated in South America over 4,000 years ago,[9] probably in Argentina and Uruguay. The plants are sensitive to frost, and they prefer both bright sunlight and soil with a pH of 6.0 to 7.0.[67] C. maxima did not start to spread into North America until after the arrival of Columbus. Varieties were in use by native peoples of the United States by the 16th century.[8] Types of C. maxima include Triloba,[68] Zapallito,[69] Zipinka,[70] Banana, Delicious, Hubbard, Marrow (C. maxima Marrow), Show, and Turban.[71]
C. moschata is native to Latin America, but the precise location of origin is uncertain.[72] It has been present in Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Peru for 4,000–6,000 years and has spread to Bolivia, Ecuador, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. This species is closely related to C. argyrosperma. A variety known as the Seminole Pumpkin has been cultivated in Florida since before the arrival of Columbus. Its leaves are 20 to 30 centimeters (8 to 12 in) wide. It generally grows at low altitudes in hot climates with heavy rainfall, but some varieties have been found above 2,200 meters (7,200 ft).[29] Groups of C. moschata include Cheese, Crookneck (C. moschata), and Bell.[71]
C. pepo is one of the oldest, if not the oldest, domesticated species with the oldest known locations being Oaxaca, Mexico, 8,000–10,000 years ago, and Ocampo, Tamaulipas, Mexico, about 7,000 years ago. It is known to have appeared in Missouri, United States, at least 4,000 years ago.[8][29][13][14] Debates about the origin of C. pepo have been on-going since at least 1857.[73] There have traditionally been two opposing theories about its origin: 1) that it is a direct descendant of C. texana and 2) that C. texana is merely feral C. pepo.[8] A more recent theory by botanist Thomas Andres in 1987 is that descendants of C. fraterna hybridized with C. texana,[74] resulting in two distinct domestication events in two different areas: one in Mexico and one in the eastern United States, with C. fraterna and C. texana, respectively, as the ancestral species.[9][29][74][75] C. pepo may have appeared in the Old World prior to moving from Mexico into South America.[29] It is found from sea level to slightly above 2,000 meters (6,600 ft). Leaves have 3–5 lobes and are 20–35 centimeters (8–14 in) wide. All the subspecies, varieties, and cultivars are interfertile.[27] In 1986 Paris proposed a revised taxonomy of the edible cultivated C. pepo that consists of eight groups based on their basic shape and their widely varying colors.[26][76] All but a few C. pepo can be included in these groups.[29][76][77][78] There is one non-edible cultivated variety: C. pepo var. ovifera.[79]
Cultivar group | Botanical name | Image | Description |
Acorn | C. pepo var. turbinata | Winter squash, both a shrubby and creeping plant, obovoid or conical shape, pointed at the apex and with longitudinal grooves, thus resembling a spinning top,[76] ex: Acorn squash[29][77][78] | |
Cocozzelle | C. pepo var. Ionga | Summer squash, long round slender fruit that is slightly bulbous at the apex,[76] similar to fastigata, ex: Cocozelle von tripolis[29][77][78] | |
Crookneck | C. pepo var. torticollia (also torticollis) | Summer squash, shrubby plant, with yellow, golden, or white fruit which is long and curved at the end and generally has a verrucose (wart-covered) rind,[76] ex: Yellow crookneck squash[29][77][78] | |
Pumpkin | C. pepo var. pepo |
Winter squash, creeping plant, round, oblate, or oval shape and round or flat on the ends,[76] ex: Pumpkin;[29][77][78] includes C. pepo subsp. pepo var. styriaca, used for Styrian pumpkin seed oil[80] |
Scallop | C. pepo var. clypeata; called C. melopepo by Linnaeus[27] | Summer squash, prefers half-shrubby habitat, flattened or slightly discoidal shape, with undulations or equatorial edges,[76] ex: Pattypan squash[29][77][78] | |
Straightneck | C. pepo var. recticollis | Summer squash, shrubby plant, with yellow or golden fruit and verrucose rind, similar to var. torticollia but a stem end that narrows,[76] ex: Yellow summer squash[29][77][78] | |
Vegetable marrow | C. pepo var. fastigata | Summer and winter squashes, creeper traits and a semi-shrub, cream to dark green color, short round fruit with a slightly broad apex,[76] ex: Spaghetti squash (a winter variety)[29][77][78] | |
Zucchini | C. pepo var. cylindrica | Summer squash, presently the most common group of cultivars, origin is recent (19th century), semi-shrubby, cylindrical fruit with a mostly consistent diameter,[76] similar to fastigata, ex: Zucchini[29][77][78] | |
Ornamental gourds | C. pepo var. ovifera | Non-edible,[79] field squash closely related to C. texana, vine habitat, thin stems, small leaves, three sub-groups: C. pepo var. ovifera (egg-shaped, pear-shaped), C. pepo var. aurantia (orange color), and C. pepo var. verrucosa (round warty gourds), ornamental gourds found in Texas and called var. texana and ornamental gourds found outside of Texas (Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana) are called var. ozarkana.[13] |
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
Energy | 69 kJ (16 kcal) |
3.4 g
Sugars | 2.2 g |
Dietary fiber | 1.1 g |
0.2 g
1.2 g
Vitamins | |
Vitamin A equiv. |
10 μg
120 μg2125 μg
Thiamine (B1) |
0.048 mg |
Riboflavin (B2) |
0.142 mg |
Niacin (B3) |
0.487 mg |
0.155 mg |
Vitamin B6 |
0.218 mg |
Folate (B9) |
29 μg |
Vitamin C |
17 mg |
Vitamin K |
3 μg |
Trace metals | |
Iron |
0.35 mg |
Magnesium |
17 mg |
Manganese |
0.175 mg |
Phosphorus |
38 mg |
Potassium |
262 mg |
Zinc |
0.29 mg |
Other constituents | |
Water | 95 g |
Link to USDA Database entry, for comparison, see values for raw pumpkin
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
Cucurbita have phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and palmitic, plus oleic and linoleic acids. Animal and in vitro experiments suggest that pumpkins have anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory pharmacological properties.[81] Pumpkin seeds have high levels of crude protein, calcium, iron, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc,[82][83] and beta-carotene.[84] Cucurbita are good sources of vitamin A, vitamin C, potassium, dietary fiber, niacin, folic acid, and iron. They are free of cholesterol.[85]
Cucurbitin is an amino acid and a carboxypyrrolidine that is found in raw Cucurbita seeds.[86][87] Cucurbitin is an inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, which is associated with inhibition of the biosynthesis of histamine, which in turn is responsible for the formation of the inflammatory response.[88] Cucurbitin causes degenerative changes in the reproductive organs of parasitic flukes.[89][90]
Cucurmosin is a ribosome inactivating protein found in the flesh and seed of Cucurbita,[91][92] notably Cucurbita moschata. Cucurmosin is more toxic to cancer cells than healthy cells.[91][93]
Cucurbitacin is a plant steroid present in wild Cucurbita and in each member of the Cucurbitaceae family. Poisonous to mammals,[94] it is found in quantities sufficient to discourage herbivores. It makes wild Cucurbita and most ornamental gourds, with the exception of an occasional C. fraterna and C. sororia, bitter to taste.[3][74][95] Ingesting too much cucurbitacin can cause stomach cramps, diarrhea and even collapse.[96] This bitterness is especially prevalent in wild Cucurbita; in parts of Mexico the flesh of the fruits is rubbed on a woman's breast to wean children.[97] While the process of domestication has largely removed the bitterness from cultivated varieties,[3] there are occasional reports of cucurbitacin causing illness in humans.[3] Cucurbitacin is also used as a lure in insect traps.[95]
Pests and diseases[edit]
Cucurbita species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the Cabbage Moth (Mamestra brassicae), Hypercompe indecisa, and the Turnip Moth (Agrotis segetum).[98] Cucurbita can be susceptible to the pest Bemisia argentifolii (silverleaf whitefly)[99] as well as aphids (Aphididae), cucumber beetles (Acalymma vittatum and Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi), squash bug (Anasa tristis), the squash vine borer (Melittia cucurbitae), and the twospotted spidermite (Tetranychus urticae).[100] The squash bug causes major damage to plants because of its very toxic saliva.[101] Cucurbits are susceptible to diseases such as bacterial wilt (Erwinia tracheiphila), anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.), fusarium wilt (Fusarium spp.), phytophthora blight (Phytophthora spp. water molds), and powdery mildew (Erysiphe spp.).[100] Defensive responses to viral, fungal, and bacterial leaf pathogens do not involve cucurbitacin.[94]
Species in the genus Cucurbita are susceptible to some types of mosaic virus including: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Papaya ringspot virus-cucurbit strain (PRSV), Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV),[102] Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV).[103][104][105][106] PRSV is the only one of these viruses that does not affect all cucurbits.[103][107] SqMV and CMV are the most common viruses among cucurbits.[108][109] Symptoms of these viruses show a high degree of similarity, which often results in laboratory investigation being needed to differentiate which one is affecting plants.[102]
Squashes are primarily grown for the fresh food market.[110] The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reported that the ranking of the top five squash-producing countries was stable from 2005–2009. Those countries are: China, India, Russia, the United States, and Egypt. By 2012, Iran had moved into the 5th slot, with Egypt falling to 6th. The top 10 countries in terms of metric tons of squashes produced are:[111]
Country | Production (metric tons) |
China | 6,140,840 |
India | 4,424,200 |
Russia | 988,180 |
Iran | 695,600 |
Egypt | 658,234 |
Mexico | 522,388 |
Ukraine | 516,900 |
Italy | 508,075 |
Turkey | 430,402 |
Top 10 total | 15,663,449 |
The only countries that rank in the top 20 where squashes are native are Cuba, which ranks 14th with 347,082 metric tons, and Argentina, which ranks 17th, with 326,900 metric tons.[111] In addition to being the 4th largest producer of squashes in the world, the United States is the world's largest importer of squashes, importing 271,614 metric tons in 2011, 95 percent of that from Mexico. Within the United States, the states producing the largest amounts are Florida, New York, California, and North Carolina.[110]
This is how Cucurbita compares to several other major Cucurbitaceae crops in terms of crop tonnage harvested:
Country | Production (metric tons) |
China | 40,710,200 |
Iran | 1,811,630 |
Turkey | 1,739,190 |
Russia | 1,161,870 |
Ukraine | 860,100 |
Spain | 682,900 |
Egypt | 631,408 |
Japan | 587,800 |
Indonesia | 547,141 |
Top 10 total | 49,075,599 |
Country | Production (metric tons) |
China | 56,649,725 |
Turkey | 3,683,100 |
Iran | 3,466,880 |
Brazil | 1,870,400 |
Egypt | 1,637,090 |
Uzbekistan | 1,182,400 |
Russia | 1,151,580 |
Mexico | 1,036,800 |
Algeria | 946,200 |
Top 10 total | 73,490,835 |
Human culture[edit]
Art, music, and literature[edit]
Squash, along with maize and beans, has been depicted in the art work of the native peoples of the Americas for at least 2,000 years.[112][113] For example, cucurbits are often represented in Moche ceramics.[112][114]
Though native to the western hemisphere, Cucurbita began to spread to other parts of the world after Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492.[115][116] Until recently, the earliest known depictions of this genus in Europe was of Cucurbita pepo in De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes in 1542 by the German botanist Leonhart Fuchs, but in 1992, two paintings, one of C. pepo and one of C. maxima, painted between 1515 and 1518, were identified in festoons at Villa Farnesina in Rome.[117] Also, in 2001 depictions of this genus were identified in Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany (Les Grandes Heures d'Anne de Bretagne), a French devotional book, an illuminated manuscript, created between 1503 and 1508. This book contains an illustration known as Quegourdes de turquie, which was identified by cucurbit specialists as C. pepo subsp. texana in 2006.[118]
In 1952, Stanley Smith Master, using the pen name Edrich Siebert, wrote "The Marrow Song (Oh what a beauty!)" to a tune in 6/8 time. It became a popular hit in Australia in 1973,[119] and was revived by the Wurzels in Britain on their 2003 album Cutler of the West.[120][121] John Greenleaf Whittier wrote a poem entitled The Pumpkin in 1850.[122] "The Great Pumpkin" is a fictional holiday figure in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz.[123]
Culinary uses[edit]
The Cucurbitaceae family has many species used as human food.[29] Cucurbita is one of the most important of those, with the various species being prepared and eaten in many ways. Although the stems and skins tend to be bitterer than the flesh,[96][124] the fruits and seeds of cultivated varieties are quite edible and need little or no preparation. The flowers and young leaves and shoot tips can also be consumed.[125] The seeds and fruits of most varieties can be stored for long periods of time,[8] particularly the sweet-tasting winter varieties with their thick, inedible skins. Summer squash have a thin, edible skin. The seeds of both types can be roasted, eaten raw, made into pumpkin seed oil,[80] ground into a flour or meal,[126] or otherwise prepared. Long before European contact, Cucurbita had been a major food source for the native peoples of the Americas, and the species became an important food for European settlers, including the Pilgrims, even featuring at the first Thanksgiving.[18] Commercially made pumpkin pie mix is most often made from varieties of C. moschata; 'Libby's Select' uses the Select Dickinson Pumpkin variety of C. moschata for its canned pumpkin.[127] Other foods that can be made using members of this genus include biscuits, bread, cheesecake, desserts, donuts, granola, ice cream, lasagna dishes, pancakes, pudding, pumpkin butter,[128] salads, soups, and stuffing.[129] The xerophytic species are proving useful in the search for nutritious foods that grow well in arid regions.[130] C. ficifolia is used to make soft and mildly alcoholic drinks.[29]
Cucurbita extracts are used in cosmetics for dry and sensitive skin.[131][132][133] The fruit pulp of some species, such as C. foetidissima, can be used as a soap or detergent,[3][134][135] and buffalo gourd oil, made from Cucurbita foetidissima, was also made into soap.[134]
Medicinal uses[edit]
Cucurbita seeds were used in traditional Chinese medicine for the parasitic diseases ascariasis[136] and schistosomiasis.[87][136][137] In Mexico, herbalists use C. ficifolia in the belief that it reduces blood sugar levels.[138] Cucurbita fruits are a source for humans of carotenoids, vitamin A, and rhodopsin, all of which are important to eye health.[18][139]
Cucurbita fruits including pumpkins and marrows are celebrated in festivals in countries such as Argentina, Bolivia,[140] Britain, Canada,[141] France,[142][143] Germany, Italy,[144][145][146][147] Japan,[148] Peru,[149] Portugal, Spain,[150] Switzerland,[151] and the United States. Argentina holds an annual nation-wide pumpkin festival Fiesta Nacional del Zapallo ("Squashes and Pumpkins National Festival"), in Ceres, Santa Fe,[152] on the last day of which a Reina Nacional del Zapallo ("National Queen of the Pumpkin") is chosen.[153][154][155] In Portugal the Festival da Abóbora de Lourinhã e Atalaia ("Squashes and Pumpkins Festival in Lourinhã and Atalaia") is held in Lourinhã city, called the Capital Nacional da Abóbora (the "National Capital of Squashes and Pumpkins").[156] Ludwigsburg, Germany annually hosts the world's largest pumpkin festival.[157] In Britain a giant marrow (zucchini) weighing 54.3177 kilograms (119.750 lb) was displayed in the Harrogate Autumn Flower Show in 2012.[158] In the USA, pumpkin chucking is practiced competitively, with machines such as trebuchets and air cannons designed to throw intact pumpkins as far as possible.[159][160] The Keene Pumpkin Fest is held annually in New Hampshire; in 2013 it held the world record for the most jack-o-lanterns lit in one place, 30,581 on October 19, 2013.[161]
Halloween is widely celebrated with jack-o-lanterns made of large orange pumpkins carved with ghoulish faces and illuminated from inside with candles.[162] The pumpkins used for jack-o-lanterns are C. pepo,[163][164] not to be confused with the ones typically used for pumpkin pie in the United States, which are C. moschata.[165] Kew Gardens marked Halloween in 2013 with a display of pumpkins, including a towering pyramid made of many varieties of squash, in the Waterlily House during its "IncrEdibles" festival.[166]
See also[edit]
- Calabaza
- Cucumber
- Lagenaria siceraria, arrived in the New World prior to Columbus via human migration or seeds floating in gourds across the ocean
- List of gourds and squashes in the genus Cucurbita
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The common terms "pumpkin", "squash", "gourd", "cushaw", "ayote", "zapallo", "calabaza", etc. are often applied indiscriminately to different cultivated species of the New World genus Cucurbita L. (Cucurbitaceae): C. pepo L., C. maxima Duchesne, C. moschata Duchesne, C. argyrosperma C. Huber and C. ficifolia Bouché.
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- ^ a b "Virus Diseases of Cucurbit Crops" (PDF). Department of Agriculture, Government of Western Australia. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- ^ Roossinck, Marilyn J.; Palukaitis, Peter (1990). "Rapid Induction and Severity of Symptoms in Zucchini Squash (Cucurbita pepo) Map to RNA 1 of Cucumber Mosaic Virus" (PDF). Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 3 (3): 188–192. doi:10.1094/mpmi-3-188.
- ^ Havelda, Zoltan; Maule, Andrew J. (October 2000). "Complex Spatial Responses to Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infection in Susceptible Cucurbita pepo Cotyledons". Plant Cell 12 (10): 1975–1986. doi:10.1105/tpc.12.10.1975. PMC 149134. PMID 11041891.
- ^ "Virus Diseases of Cucurbits". Cornell University. October 1984. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
- ^ Provvidenti, R.; Gonsalves, D. (May 1984). "Occurrence of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus in Cucurbits from Connecticut, New York, Florida, and California" (PDF). Plant Disease 68 (5). pp. 443–446. doi:10.1094/pd-69-443. ISSN 0191-2917.
- ^ "Squash". Texas A&M University. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
- ^ Salama, El-Sayed A.; Sill, Jr., W. H. (1968). "Resistance to Kansas Squash Mosaic Virus Strains Among Cucurbita Species". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 71 (1): 62–68. JSTOR 3627399.
- ^ a b Geisler, Malinda (May 2012). "Squash". Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, Iowa State University. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e "Pumpkins, Squash, and Gourds". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
- ^ a b "Moche Decorated Ceramics". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
- ^ Benson, Elizabeth P. (1983). "A Moche "Spatula"". Metropolitan Museum Journal (The University of Chicago Press) 18: 39–52. JSTOR 1512797.
- ^ Berrin Larco Museum, Katherine (1997). The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-01802-6.
- ^ Whitaker, Thomas W. (1947). "American Origin of Cultivated Cucurbits". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden (St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden Press) 34: 101–111. doi:10.2307/2394459. JSTOR 2394459.
- ^ Whitaker, Thomas W. (1956). "The Origin of the Cultivated Cucurbita". The American Naturalist (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press) 90 (852): 171–176. doi:10.1086/281923. JSTOR 2458406.
- ^ Janick, Jules; Paris, Harry S. (February 2006). "The Cucurbit Images (1515–1518) of the Villa Farnesina, Rome". Annals of Botany 97 (2): 165–176. doi:10.1093/aob/mcj025. PMC 2803371. PMID 16314340.
- ^ Paris, Harry S.; Daunay, Marie-Christine; Pitrat, Michel; Janick, Jules (July 2006). "First Known Image of Cucurbita in Europe, 1503–1508". Annals of Botany 98 (1): 41–47. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl082. PMC 2803533. PMID 16687431.
- ^ "The Marrow Song (Oh What A Beauty!) by Edrich Siebert". Songfacts. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
- ^ "The Marrow Song". The Wurzels. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
- ^ "The Wurzels: Cutler of the West". Last.fm. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
- ^ "The Pumpkin". Poets.org. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
- ^ Cavna, Michael (October 27, 2011). "'It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown': 7 Things You Don't Know About Tonight's 'Peanuts' Special". Washington Post. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
- ^ Glover, Tony. "Bitter Cucumbers and Squash" (PDF). Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
- ^ Lim, Tong Kwee (2012). Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits. New York: Springer. p. 283. ISBN 978-94-007-1763-3.
- ^ Lazos, E. S. (July 1992). "Certain Functional Properties of Defatted Pumpkin Seed Flour". Plant Food for Human Nutrition 42 (3): 257–273. doi:10.1007/bf02193934. PMID 1502127.
- ^ Richardson, R. W. "Squash and Pumpkin" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
- ^ "Spiced Pumpkin Butter". Better Homes and Gardens. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
- ^ Lynch, Rene (October 1, 2013). "Pumpkin Bread and 18 Other Pumpkin Recipes You Must Make Now". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
- ^ Bemis, W. P. (1978). "The Versatility of the Feral Buffalo Gourd, Cucurbita foetidissima HBK". Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report 1: 25.
- ^ Korać, R. R.; Khambholja, K. M. (2011). "Potential of Herbs in Skin Protection From Ultraviolet Radiation". Pharmacognosy Reviews 5 (10): 164. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.91114.
- ^ Barluado, M. J. G. (2014). "Formulation and Sun Protection Factor Estimation of Squash Cucurbita maxima Seeds Sunblock Lotion". UIC Research Journals 18 (2).
- ^ Athar, M.; Nasir, S. M. (2005). "Taxonomic Perspective of Plant Species Yielding Vegetable Oils Used in Cosmetics and Skin Care Product". African Journal of Biotechnology 4 (1): 36–.
- ^ a b Bean, Lowell J.; Saubel, Katherine Siva (1972). Temalpakh: Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Morongo Indian Reservation, Riverside County, CA: Malki Museum Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-9390-4624-9.
- ^ Cutler, H.C.; Whitaker, T.W. (1961). "History and Distribution of the Cultivated Cucurbits in the Americas". American Antiquity 26 (4): 469–485. doi:10.2307/278735.
- ^ a b Tang, Weici; Eisenbrand, Gerhard (1992). "Cucurbita moschata Duch". Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 399–400. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73739-8_51. ISBN 978-3-642-73741-1.
- ^ Xiao, S. H.; Keiser, J.; Chen, M. G.; Tanner, M.; Utzinger, J. (2010). "Research and Development of Antischistosomal Drugs in the People's Republic of China a 60-year review". Advances in Parasitology 73: 231–295. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(10)73009-8. PMID 20627145.
- ^ Andrade-Cetto, A.; Heinrich, M. (July 2005). "Mexican Plants With Hypoglycaemic Effect Used in the Treatment of Diabetes". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (3): 325–348. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.019. PMID 15964161.
- ^ "Full Report (All Nutrients): 11422, Pumpkin, raw". Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
- ^ "Sabores de Bolivia" (in Spanish). Cristina Olmos. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
- ^ McMurray, Jenna (October 11, 2014). "Smashing Success! Crowd Watches as Pumpkin Dropped on Old Car … All for a Gourd Cause". Calgary Sun. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
- ^ "Caligny: le Village de l'Orne où le Potiron est Roi" (in French). info.fr. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- ^ "Fête de la Citrouille et des Cucurbitacées de Saint Laurent" (in French). France Bleu. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
- ^ "Festa della Zucca" (in Italian). Associazione Pro Loco di Venzone. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
- ^ "21º Festa della Zucca SALZANO" (in Italian). Pro Loco Salzano. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
- ^ "Tra Meno un Mese Torna la Fiera Regionale della Zucca di Piozzo, ecco il Programma Ufficiale della 21esima Edizione" (in Italian). Pro Loco di Piozzo. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
- ^ "Fiesta de la Calabaza en Gavirate (Varese)" (in Spanish). SarayT. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
- ^ "Autumn Events Calendar". Asahikawa Tourism. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
- ^ "Festival del Zapallo y de la Trucha de Curibaya se Realizará en la Plaza Quiñonez" (in Spanish). Radio Uno. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
- ^ "Festivals and Events in Switzerland". Travelsignposts. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
- ^ "Fiesta Nacional del Zapallo" (in Spanish). La Fiesta Nacional. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
- ^ "Esperanza: Rocío Damiano fue elegida Reina Nacional del Zapallo en Ceres" (in Spanish). Ente Cultura. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
- ^ "Ceres: Presentaron la Fiesta Nacional del Zapallo" (in Spanish). El Litoral. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
- ^ "Presentacion Oficial – 43º Fiesta Nacional del Zapallo" (in Spanish). Ceres Online. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
- ^ "Festival da Abóbora de Lourinhã e Atalaia" (in Portuguese). Festival da Abobora. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
- ^ "The World's Largest Pumpkin Festival in Germany". USA Today. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
- ^ "Giant Vegetables from UK Festival". CBS News. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
- ^ "Punkin Chunkin". Science Channel. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
- ^ Campbell, Andy (November 26, 2013). "Punkin Chunkin 2013: Will Someone Finally Launch A Pumpkin One Mile?". Huffington Post. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
- ^ Dandrea, Alyssa (October 20, 2013). "Smiles, Pumpkins Abound as Keene Breaks Jack-o'-lantern Record". The Keene Sentinel. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
- ^ "History of the Jack O' Lantern". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
- ^ Stephens, James M. "Pumpkin — Cucurbita spp.". University of Florida. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
- ^ Baggett, J. R. "Attempts to Cross Cucurbita moschata (Duch.) Poir. 'Butternut' and C. pepo L. 'Delicata'". North Carolina State University. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
- ^ Richardson, R. W. "Squash and Pumpkin" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
- ^ "IncrEdible! Kew Gardens to Unveil Towering Pyramid of Pumpkins in London". Country Life. September 12, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
External identifiers for Cucurbita | |
Encyclopedia of Life | 38266 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cucurbita. |
Wikispecies has information related to: Cucurbita |
Look up Cucurbita in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |


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Thats right ppl im trading 1* Inferno Magic Pin!!!! Posts your offers here and i will look at them everyday to see if iys good offers!!!!!
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Book your room at Karibea Resort Sainte Luce - Résidence Caribia
Suite double, garden vew
Max Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 infant)Suite Triple Garden View
Max Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 1 infant)Suite Single Garden View
Max Occupancy: 1 guestSeaside hotel with 3 restaurants and pool bar
Situated by the sea, this hotel is 1.4 mi (2.2 km) from Trois-Rivieres Rum Distillery and 1.7 mi (2.7 km) from Gros Raisin Beach. Montravail Forest and Diamond Beach are also within 12 mi (20 km).
Hotel Features
3 restaurants, a bar/lounge, and a poolside bar are available at this smoke-free hotel. Free self parking is free. Other amenities include a snack bar/deli, spa services, and a children's pool.
Room Amenities
All 300 rooms provide kitchenettes with refrigerators, plus lanais and TVs with cable channels. Dining areas, sitting areas, and ceiling fans are among the other amenities available to guests. Housekeeping is available once per stay.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!


text:
Total Time:
Prep Time:
Cook Time:
40 mins
20 mins
20 mins
Mirj's Note:
Sushi can be very addicting, and once you get the hang of it, surprisingly easy to make!
My Private Note
Units: US | Metric
sushi rice
- 3 cups japanese-style cooked rice
- 3/4 cup rice vinegar
- 1 teaspoon sugar
- 1 teaspoon salt
- roasted nori
- 1Cook rice according to package instructions.
- 2Mix vinegar, sugar and salt.
- 3Cut vinegar mixture into cooked rice until well combined.
- 4To roll sushi you can use a bamboo sushi mat, or just use a clean towel instead, or you can even forgo the roller and just carefully roll using your hands.
- 5Place nori sheet on roller and spread a thin layer of the sushi rice over the nori.
- 6Place your filling in a center line on the nori sheet.
- 7Begin rolling by carefully folding over the top edge and starting the roll.
- 8Continue to roll, keeping the roll as tight as possible.
- 9Take a sharp knife and slice the roll into 1- 1 1/2 inch pieces.
- 10Some Possible Sushi Filling Combos----------.
- 11Once you have your layer of rice on the nori sheet, try some of these ingredient combos.
- 12Mix and match to suit your taste.
- 13Things like thinly sliced cucumber or carrots and radish sprouts are good general ingredients to add to all kinds of rolls.
- 14Spicy Tuna Roll-- Sushi grade raw tuna, minced and mixed with a small amounts of mayonnaise, oriental style hot sauce and sesame oil and served with radish sprouts.
- 15California Roll-- Imitation crab meat, mayonnaise and avocado.
- 16Salmon& Asparagus (one of my personal creations)-- Leftover cooked salmon (grilled tastes best) with an blanched asparagus spear and a small amount of mayonnaise mixed with oriental hot sauce.
- 17Veggie-- Thinly julienned strips of cucumber, carrot and zucchini with avocado slices and sprouts.
Browse Our Top Lunch/Snacks Recipes
Nutritional Facts for Sushi Rolls
Serving Size: 1 (160 g)
Servings Per Recipe: 4
- Amount Per Serving
- % Daily Value
- Calories 185.4
- Calories from Fat 2
- 40%
- Total Fat 0.2 g
- 0%
- Saturated Fat 0.0 g
- 0%
- Cholesterol 0.0 mg
- 0%
- Sodium 581.3 mg
- 24%
- Total Carbohydrate 40.9 g
- 13%
- Dietary Fiber 0.4 g
- 1%
- Sugars 1.0 g
- 4%
- Protein 3.3 g
- 6%
Ideas from Food.com


text:
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King James Version (KJV) | New International Version (NIV) |
17 For if I do this thing willingly, I have a reward: but if against my will, a dispensation of the gospel is committed unto me . | 17 If I preach voluntarily, I have a reward; if not voluntarily, I am simply discharging the trust committed to me. |
The King James Version is in the public domain. (The King James Bible Version Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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User Stats
Profile Images
User Bio
Jade is passionate about her music. She lives and breathes it." replies Jade's father
when asked about his daughter's chosen career. "She was born to sing. She'll die doing it."
Nepotism aside, after hearing her voice it doesn't take long to see what he's talking about.
Jade has a giant spirit to match her giant voice and the ability to transport her listener to a
transcendent state of head bobbing and lip syncing, something very few artists can do.
A pastors daughter born and raised in Brooklyn, Jade grew up in a non-traditional Puerto
Rican household, "I wish I knew more Spanish and how to cook rice. Mom made Chinese
food and blasted Gloria Gaynor." Early on music was something that came very naturally
to Jade, "especially in the shower…at the top of my lungs." Soon, she began to sing in
places outside the confines of her bathroom, and it wasn't long after that, she began to write
her own songs and create her own soundtrack. Jade views songwriting as "... the process of
telling stories," which she says, "is one of the most amazing gifts anyone can have."
Following her musical ambitions, Jade attended the prestigious La Guardia High School
for Performing Arts, majoring in vocals and graduating in 2003. Shortly thereafter, she was
signed to a production company and was given the opportunity to flex her songwriting muscles.
This was short lived as she was then signed to Pharrell's "Star Trak" label. Ultimately,
Jade parted ways after a year, "I felt like a benchwarmer…No, I was a benchwarmer. I
expected more from myself."
Starting fresh, Jade is writing the songs she wants to write. Jade's songs focus on the human
condition. With each song she manages to tap into a different facet of herself to express
multiple perspectives on love, growth, change, faith, and "everything else that makes
us human. I like to focus on emotion: visceral and raw. That's what life is about. But good
music is good music, right? Right!?"
It's safe to say Jade knows what she wants and she appears to be getting it: playing regularly
all over the city to an exploding fan base at venues such as BB Kings, SOB's, the
Knitting Factory, Europa, Club Element, and city wide music events such as the Brooklyn
Hip Hop festival and Howl festival. She has also opened up for key industry players such
as Lupe Fiasco and Slick Rick. Along with her many shows, she has just wrapped up her
EP entitled, "It's my heart, cookie." with produced by J. Carmelli, Precize (GFCNY), and
Inglish (The Cool Kids) featuring Theophilus London.
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roy lippin followed Jade<3


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Livex Lighting 8457-57 Venetian Patina 2 Light 120W Flushmount Ceiling Light with Medium Bulb Base and Vintage Carved Scavo Glass from Savannah Series
Item #:
Technical Specs
Bulb Base | Medium (E26) |
Diameter | 13.5 |
Genre | Tuscan |
Height | 7.75 |
Light Direction | Down Lighting |
Number of Bulbs | 2 |
Product Weight | 10 |
Suggested Room Fit | Dining Room, Living Room |
Wattage | 120 |
Watts Per Bulb | 60 |
Width | 13.5 |
2 Light 120W Flushmount Ceiling Light with Medium Bulb Base and Vintage Carved Scavo Glass from Savannah Series
Product Features:
- Glass Type: Vintage Carved Scavo
- Dimensions: 13.5" Dia. x 7.75"H
- Product Weight: 10 lbs.
Additional Livex Lighting Links
- View Manufacturer Warranty
- Shop All Livex Lighting Products
- Shop All Livex Lighting Savannah Collection Products
Our SKU: 8457
This product is listed under the following manufacturer number(s):
- Venetian Patina
*Denotes a finish or option that has been discontinued
Product Reviews
Rated 5 out of
5 by
Linda14 from
Loved this light!
I ordered two of these lights, one small and one large. Both of them are in my foyer and look fantastic! The leaf design on the rim almost looks antique brass in color, which is in nice contrast to the rest of the rim which is darker. It has an Old World feel and the design in the glass globe is soft and very pretty! This fixture may not give you enough light for a dining room area, because of the glass that's used in the globe, but for an area that doesn't require tons of light, it's very pretty! We're very happy with our purchase!
Date published: 2014-06-02
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text:
Games Software
- Real Time Strategy
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- Turn Based Strategy
- Role-Playing
- Simulation
- Multi-User Dungeons (MUD)
- Puzzle Games
- Board Games
- Side-Scrolling/Arcade Games
- Card Games
- Console-based Games
- Flight simulator
- Hobbies
- Game development framework
- Sports
Showing page 1 of 5.
Model Operations Processing System The Model Operations Processing System (MOPS) has been designed to assist operations on model railroads. It has the look and feel of mainframe systems that would have been in used in the late 20th century.
16 weekly downloads -
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17 weekly downloads -
Snake 2D Simple single and multiplayer 2D snake game
14 weekly downloads -
Homeworld Universe mod Ultimate Mod created for the game Homeworld 2
21 weekly downloads -
Night Hawk's Lair Night Hawk's Lair is a subdivision of Esotheria softwork, which focuses on integrating physics engines into games. It is also the home of the Unreal Asteroids project, an open-source space shooter. And several other crappy appplications made in the past
9 weekly downloads -
Emulador WYD Core (English) Emulator developed for the game With Your Destiny (WYD), by team EWC(Emulator Wyd Core), Software non-profit (free), GNU License. Contact firstname.lastname@example.com, Contributions are accepted. EWC project is Open Source.
2 weekly downloads -
DSRouter This program act as a TCPIP server that broadcasts messages received, via RS232, from a DS-300 race counter (from Electronic Racing Products) to any TCPIP client connected to it.
3 weekly downloads -
LEDNT52 PC race game outgauge, by 89S52 MCU, to show live data which is transmitted by COM port. Program running on PC is written in VB6 special thanks to Siklosi Janos who supported me to get game data video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NfWMRNuJebo
3 weekly downloads -
miniTraff Simulates a city grid of streets, intersections and traffic signals. It supports 8 phases with overlaps, right and left hand drive, turnouts, permitted left and right on red, density and semi-actuation and help screens for every panel.
3 weekly downloads -
DoJa Trivia Quiz Trivia quiz game for DoJa 2.5 enabled mobile phones.
2 weekly downloads -
Small Simulation Framework SSF aims at providing an easy to use and efficient framework for physics sim & visuals in small scientific simulations in real-time, as well as games, which are inherently real-time applications.
2 weekly downloads -
Visual Basic RPG Engine This project is designing an open source MS Visual Basic RPG engine. With the engine a fantasy game will be developed.
2 weekly downloads -
Battery Browser based 2D scrolling shooter written in Java. The player controls an airplane in a top-down view and shoots down enemy planes, helicopters and tanks. Play right at the homepage: http://btrgame.com
1 weekly downloads -
Japanese Training Learning Japanese in a fun way on a Nintendo DS.
1 weekly downloads -
Sewerjacks Sewerjacks is a fast paced graphical roguelike game.
1 weekly downloads -
WowIcon Program works with WNET game server and allow check accebility of server, look to friend online and so on.
1 weekly downloads -
Car Racing Project 2010 This project involves car race where one has to get to the finishing point before the given time elapses. The project is an open source and any is allow to develop on it.
1 weekly downloads -
Advanced Numeric Puzzle Game Advanced Numeric Puzzle Game
1 weekly downloads -
Biorythms in Python This application counts... biorythms (hard to guess, isn't it? :) and possibly other bio-related stuff if you teach me how to count it ;)
1 weekly downloads -
DSgf DSgf is an SGF file editor on the Nintendo DS platform for GO board game players.
1 weekly downloads -
Equilibrium GamePack A pack of games, based on swinging, on efforts to reach balance, on interesting equilibrium effects and such.
1 weekly downloads -
Eve Online OmberZombie A little helper for EVE-Online. with Database fetching and handling routines for Eve Online. API and Raw web based functions. GUI and structure templates. Mining, Character, Bussiness, Analyzer, Infos, Market, EveMath, Parsers and more areas are touched.
1 weekly downloads -
FXGAS webgame development framework FXGAS is framework (library, toolkit) for storing game assets and developing web games.
1 weekly downloads -
Free Games (AVP-DjAmol Group) DjAmol gRoup Powered By Software And Games
1 weekly downloads -
Imperium X A next generation 2d massivly multiplayer first person shooter (mmofps) taking place in a far away galaxy.
1 weekly downloads


text:
Line breaks: maficPronunciation: /ˈmafɪk
Definition of mafic in English:
Geology Relating to or denoting a group of dark-coloured, mainly ferromagnesian minerals such as pyroxene and olivine. Often contrasted with felsic.
Example sentences
- Variably serpentinized Devonian mafic and ultramafic intrusive rocks occur in the western and northern parts of the map area.
- The alternating bands of mafic and felsic minerals are a striking and distinctive feature of all gneisses.
- If such adiabatic freezing were to control the ascent of hydrous mafic magmas, basalts would probably never erupt in volcanic arcs.
Definition of mafic in:
- US English dictionary
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Pronunciation: apəˈθɛtɪk
showing or feeling no interest, enthusiasm, or concern


text:
The Crap We Missed – Friday 5.18.12
1 of 27
Jada Pinkett Smith in Cannes. (May 17, 2012)
Photo: Bauer-Griffin, Fame/Flynet, INFdaily, Pacific Coast News, Splash News, WENN
wow she's beautiful
Serena Williams, after the sex change.
Kneel, son of Jor-El!!
She displays the softness & sensuality of a cheese grater.
See, this is Crap, I really wish I had missed!!! Thanks Fish!
I was going to say he hit the Nail on the Head Calling this CRAP.
what a gorgeous woman
I"m half-expecting this zombie to break out in the Thriller dance.
If Brendan Fraser runs out he money (he will) and they have to make another Mummy movie Jada's a shoe in.
Damn she's sexy
what a Goddess
Ethereal beauty
femoral beauty.
Are they filming another Matrix?
Whoever built that android put the ovaries on the outside.
So fucking HOT
Heh, a name thief. Actually, I would have said "Don't worry, Jada, some day you hit puberty and those boobs will grow in."
Low cut dress+breasts that look like pockets on a flannel shirt = Fail!
Nobody tell Morpheus that the machines got to Niobi
Take a good look at that woman and tell me Will is not gay.
Now we all know she didn't look like that when Will married her. She actually did look good at one point.
Kinda looks like a 50 year old woman who had six kids in six years.
"You better hurry and get oiled up. The posedown is in fifteen minutes!"
Now THAT'S what I call a lesbian!
been turned down much? we are not all actually lesbians. we just think you are gross
"Are you the Keymaster?"
The queue for the can in Cannes… glamorous.
"The Re-Animator" featuring Whitney Houston
way too much testosterone here in this picture!
Hahahaha what's with the nose?
Hottest woman I've ever seen
She's truly breathtakingly gorgeous
I think you're taking this a little too far, Tony.
Spoken like someone who knows.
Ya know, Tony, most of the people in here try to use a bit of restraint when opinions differ. The world is made up of all sorts of folks, with different likes and dislikes. But, as the old saying goes, differing opinions is what makes politics and horse races. Over the years I have seen a lot of assholes (like YOU) post to this column, and eventually they disappear, never to be heard from again.
So why don't you just leave now and save us all a bunch of time. Buh-Bye now…
She must have found this dress in Will's "secret" closet, right beside the map of the galaxy, the E-meter and the studded paddle.
JADA: The only man allowed to kiss Will on the lips.
She has a very intense look
Hey, it's Flatty McChesterton!!
Scuse Me.. I have a conference call with Kris Jenner, Michael and Dina Lohan. We're the super best friends of pimping.
Something tells me she gets the shorter stick during swap sessions.
Why would you want to flash to the world something that would even be embarrassing for a 90 year old Papua New Guinea tribe women to show?
JLo's dress from 12 years ago. JLo's boobs from 12 years from now.
My dress is not on backwards. My head is.
Jada Pancake Tits
EW! Look at the disembodied nose on the right hand side of the screen!
If that was my profile, I would smash my face with a brick and start over.
I suddenly crave flapjacks.
Apparently Alien Chic is all the rage now.


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Enterprise Software
Showing page 1 of 1.
Amped Reports Full featured AJAX web based reporting system. Written in Java / JSP. Web based reports are dynamically generated from JDBC result sets. Connects to any JDBC compliant database, most drivers already included. The Apache Derby database is embeded.
1 weekly downloads -
ClamSAP ClamSAP exists of two 'C' shared libraries which link between ClamAV and the Virus Scan Interface (VSI) of SAP (offical name: NW-VSI). A SAP application can use the ClamAV engine to scan for malicious uploads in HTTP uploads for example.
1 weekly downloads -
Tsunagi BPM Workflow Engine Perfect Java Workflow Engine for BPM Applications
1 weekly downloads


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More from the Army Reserve
More from Today's Military
Schedule a meeting with a recruiter and learn what to expect from your visit.
Get a free DVD and magazine, plus additional information from each Service, sent to your home.
View answers to commonly asked questions about the Military.
A Public Affairs Officer in the Army Reserve(01:52)
As a public affairs officer in the Army Reserve, Capt. Jennifer Huntsman has been able to apply her talents and become a leader in a field that she loves. According to her parents, who are proud of her decision to serve, Huntsman's military career is a good fit with her personality and her civilian nonprofit work.
The Army Reserve offers careers in many different fields, including intelligence, combat, law, medicine and information technology.


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Would you be willing to answer a few brief questions about PlayStation Forums?
I have been having the same problems for about a month now. It most definitely is not region restricted. I live in Florida and have Bright House Networks as my ISP. So we can rule out that right now. I am 99% sure it is Sony's servers. I have tried everything I could to fix the slow downloads, constant disconnects, etc. It's just matter of when is Sony going to get off their lazy butts and do something about it.....
I'm in Massachusetts. Having the same issues. Downloads that would normally take a minute or two are taking hours. Internet connection test says I'm getting between 22 and 35 Mbps for download
I am in NH, but I haven't been on in two days. That being said, I dowloaded some DLC then, and it was the fastest it had ever been. What is the size of the file?


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Grado Prestige Series SR80e Headphones | |
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Grado G-CUSH (411378211736) |
Replacement Ear Pads Cushions Sennheiser, Grado Sr60/i Sr80/i Sr125/i Headphones |
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hi .. here i am called 'akibara' i think much of you know me under the nickname 'asahi' but this nick is still used >.< =/ . i am from germany, 23 years old, female and i love it to creat anime-wallpapers and other artworks. i found this com on a wallpaper site. if you have qustions, ask me =) . i hope all would understand my english - isnt the best (except when my bf help me with it xD).
nice to meet you all, greetings:
~ akibara.


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Generators for Sale: Locally Manufactured & Imported
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Woman Wakes From Coma, Can't Remember Wreck Nor How She Got Pregnant
I don't think I've ever heard of a true story with so many twist and turns in its emotional plot. Let's start by going back 3 months in time.
I don't think I've ever heard of a true story with so many twist and turns in its emotional plot. Let's start by going back 3 months in time.
After an extensive year-and-a-half search, NASA has a new group of potential astronauts. Some of these people will be launching efforts to land on an asteroid, and possibly be on the first manned mission to Mars. Watch the video by clicking "read more" now!
The terms "water" and "car" do not generally go together. Don't you wish somebody would figure out how to make it work? Wish Granted!
Every bride's walk down the aisle is special, but this one was extra special.
Today on Sean's Weird Wildlife, a Copperhead snake that had been recently "dispatched" turns on itself!
Why tailgate when you can tailgate in style?
Crazy headline, huh?
But according to a story in the Washington Post this is actually happening at a hospital...and no, this has nothing to do with Obamacare. Although, I....(never mind, that's another story).
Would you rush into a burning building to save someone?
Two Jacksonville police officers were honored recently for doing exactly that June 15th. The structure was fulling engulfed when police and fire officials arrived, but the officers rushed in once they learned there were still people inside. And they got them out!
Finally, someone is using their higher education and common sense to invent something the world can't do without! Jar With A Twist!
It seems to me that many "handicaps" are merely perceived differences.
Wow. Just wow.
That's what you'll be saying after watching this ridonkulous multi-person, multi-pass alley-oop. This little stunt involves more precision than a Seiko and surely must have been rehearsed so many times, these guys must have had skin shriveled up like a raisin
Optical illusions can play some really weird tricks on our brains. We think we're looking at one thing and then... sike! It's something else. Honestly, what the heck. But you know the best type of illusions? The photograph kind, because they can be all sorts of awesome, strange and funny


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- All-metal construction with stainless steel prongs for durability
- Fun seafood motif adds whimsical touch to events
- Double prongs secure foods during grilling
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- Length: 14-in.
Wonderful tool!
I love the double prongs to keep foods, such as shrimp & veggies, from rotating on the scewer when turning them over on the grill. The flat handles are perfect for grabbing with tongs and they look great for serving :)
I recommend this product. -
REally nice Skewers
I like the skewers. They are heavy and you can put lots onto them without them bending, or twerling on the skewer. You can do larger pieces as well, which also makes it simpler to turn on all four sides if squared off. If the pieces are too small the tops may get a bit in the way, so just make the pieces a bit larger than bite size and yo will be fine.
I recommend this product. -
Great purchase
These skewers are great. They are durable and the designs on the end are adorable.
I recommend this product.
Customer Reviews for Set of 4 Double Prong Coastal Skewers by Charcoal Companion
Overall Rating:
4 out of 5 stars, based on 16 ratings
87% of reviewers recommend this product
87% say this is a "good value"
Coastal Kabob Skewers
While these skewers are attractive, they do not hold up well during grilling. On the first use, while removing the food from the skewers, the prongs came loose from each head except the crab. The fish and the lobster head melted and bent, breaking in half. The skewers were on the grill for 5-6 minutes total.
- August 30, 2012
- By: Deborah
- From: TX
- I Cook: Every Day
- Style: Family
Unique. Definitely a must have!
We do a lot of grilling in the spring, summer and fall...sometimes in the dead of winter as well. I had never seen double prong skewers like these and immediately knew I had to order several sets. Single skewers allow what you are grilling to break off or turn around...the double prong skewers hold the item perfectly in place. The "Coastal" theme is perfect as the beach is our favorate vacation venue. Thank you Paula Deen!
I recommend this product.- June 30, 2012
- By: ANNE
- From: OH
- I Cook: Every Day
- Style: Family
Best Idea Ever!!!!
When I saw these I knew I had to get them. What a great idea with the double prong. It makes it so much easier to skewer the bacon wrapped shrimp for the grill. Love the beach theme too. The length of the skewers is awesome and more then enough for one person. I wanted to see what they looked like in person before I ordered another set which I plan on doing.
I recommend this product.- June 20, 2012
- By: pamela
- From: MD
- I Cook: Every Day
- Style: Party Host
Skewer review
The skewers were purchased due to the appearance and the double skewres that won't allow the food to turn on the skewer making the job of cooking so much easier. They were as advertised and we are very pleased with the purchase.
ThanksI recommend this product.- June 8, 2012
- By: Ripley
- From: LA
- I Cook: Every Day
- Style: Family
- October 2, 2011
- By: Teresa
- From: GA
- I Cook: Every Day
- Style: Family
- September 26, 2011
- By: Kathryn
- From: TX
- I Cook: Every Day
- Style: Family
REally nice Skewers
I like the skewers. They are heavy and you can put lots onto them without them bending, or twerling on the skewer. You can do larger pieces as well, which also makes it simpler to turn on all four sides if squared off. If the pieces are too small the tops may get a bit in the way, so just make the pieces a bit larger than bite size and yo will be fine.
I recommend this product.- July 6, 2011
- By: Sherrie
- From: MN
- I Cook: Very Often
- Style: Party Host