text:
Treatment fidelity in applied educational research: expanding the adoption and application of measures to ensure evidence-based practice.
AbstractIn intervention research, treatment fidelity is defined as the strategies that monitor and enhance the accuracy and consistency of an intervention to ensure it is implemented as planned and that each component is delivered in a comparable manner to all study participants over time. Reviews of the literature in special education and other disciplines reveal that reports of treatment fidelity are limited. In this article, we examine some recommendations made by the National Institutes of Health Behavior Change Consortium that may be adapted to document treatment fidelity in educational research. We discuss the critical importance of planning for, collecting, and reporting treatment fidelity data at each stage of intervention research and discuss the implications of these practices for validity issues, efficacy and effectiveness studies, and cost-benefit considerations. Throughout the article, we use our own classroom-based research to provide examples of expanding treatment fidelity in randomized field trials.
There is increased emphasis on investigative and experimental rigor for educational researchers because of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) and the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which demands the use of "scientifically-based research" as the basis for educational programming and classroom practices. As in the early developmental stages of research-based fields such as medicine and psychology, education has often relied on tradition, anecdotal evidence, and a collective sense of expert opinion to guide its instructional practices. These sources of evidence, however, do not effectively provide educators with precise or accurate enough information to determine which educational practices are truly effective, for whom, and under what conditions.
Scientifically- based research, on the other hand, "... means research that involves the application of rigorous, systematic, and objective procedures to obtain reliable and valid knowledge relevant to education activities and programs" (NCLB, 2001). Such studies are judged on their scientific merit, which involves appropriate research design, thorough investigative methods, and valid and reliable measures to provide objective evidence from which to draw conclusions about an educational practice. Yet, scientifically-based research in education not only encompasses rigorously conducted efficacy studies (i.e., whether an intervention can work under specified conditions), but also includes effectiveness studies that show intervention outcomes under less controlled, authentic educational situations across a variety of conditions. As educational research continues to evolve, researchers need to determine how dissemination of scientifically-based effective practices can be achieved for the benefit of thousands of students, teachers, and other education professionals.
A critical factor in determining the efficacy, effectiveness, and successful dissemination of an educational practice is ensuring that the professionals who are responsible for its implementation deliver an intervention under study with accuracy and conformity. Treatment fidelity is defined as the strategies that monitor and enhance the accuracy and consistency of an intervention to (a) ensure it is implemented as planned and (b) make certain each component is delivered in a comparable manner to all participants over time (Bellig et al., 2004; Detrich, 1999; Dumas, Lynch, Laughlin, Smith, & Prinz, 2001; Lane, Bocian, MacMillian, & Gresham, 2004). If treatment fidelity is not measured, researchers cannot ascertain with confidence whether study outcomes were due to treatment or to factors incidental to the intervention (Bellg et al., 2004). Lack of treatment fidelity data also makes replication of, and comparisons between, interventions problematic (Hester, Baltodano, Gable, Tonelson, & Hendrickson, 2003). Thus, the purpose of this article is to (a) examine the current practice of treatment fidelity, (b) describe a framework proposed for advancing the definition, methodology, and measurement of treatment fidelity, (c) discuss the assessment of fidelity strategies, and (d) explore the implications of using thorough treatment fidelity measures to determine the outcomes of field-based interventions for the betterment of school-aged children and youth.
Documentation of Treatment Fidelity
Current Practice
The practice of reporting treatment fidelity in outcome research is limited. A meta-analysis of academic intervention research for students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders (EBD) revealed that only 27 percent of studies selected between 1975 and 2002 reported treatment fidelity data (Mooney, Epstein, Reid & Nelson, 2003). This trend is matched in youth psychotherapy outcome research where only 32 percent of studies selected for meta-analyses between 1965 and 2002 included adherence checks (Weisz, Doss, & Hawley, 2005). In an examination of research methodology and practice in early intervention with children at risk for EBD, only 38 percent of studies reported on content and process fidelity (all components delivered, intervention delivered as designed) while 43 percent reported no fidelity measures at all (Hester et al., 2003). These findings are supported by other studies about students with disabilities (Gresham, MacMillian, Beebee-Frankenberger, & Bocian, 2000) and in related disciplines (Borelli et al., 2005). Although not a deliberative sampling of special education, education, and psychotherapy research, the findings of these reviews indicate a lack of focus on a research component necessary for establishing evidence-based practices in education. Despite this, there are multiple ways for establishing and measuring treatment fidelity adequately.
Importance of Planning
The assessment of treatment fidelity during the implementation phases of intervention research is critical, and researchers should begin by carefully integrating fidelity measurement during the planning stages of an intervention. Studies conducted in a variety of clinical and applied settings have provided some direction on strategies that work. For example, the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders (MTA Cooperative Group) concluded that treatment fidelity is enhanced by emphasis on rapport with study participants, manualization of treatments, videotaping sessions, and regular supervision of treatment providers (MTA Cooperative Group, 1999). Similarly, Detrich (1999) argues that contextual variables such as child characteristics, required resources, classroom culture, and similarity to current practice should be considered when implementing treatments in applied settings. Interventions that closely resemble current practices within the classroom will increase the likelihood that treatments will be implemented with fidelity.
Researchers have also recommended the specification of treatment through operational definitions derived by a task analysis of essential components to ensure fidelity (Gresham et al., 2000). Hennessey & Rumrill (2003) suggest that (a) providing uniform training procedures and (b) convening panels of experts and/or consumers to evaluate treatment consistency across trainers, occasions, and sessions help control for threats to treatment validity. Further, Lane et al. (2004) note that minimizing needed resources, requiring a specific amount of implementation time, and maximizing teacher understanding of treatment usefulness all help to maintain higher levels of treatment fidelity.
A Conceptual Framework
Bellg et al. (2004), who comprise the Treatment Fidelity Workgroup of the National institutes of Health Behavior Change Consortium (BCC), agree that these strategies are important and provide a framework for viewing fidelity components. The BCC is a multi-site effort to identify treatment fidelity concepts and strategies in health behavior intervention research. The Treatment Fidelity Workgroup was created to advance the definition, methodology, and measurement of treatment fidelity both within the BCC and for the field of health behavior change in general. The Workgroup reviewed the research literature, identified prominent techniques, and proposed standards of performance to ensure fidelity of clinical trials designed to test behavioral interventions. Their cumulative findings are offered as a framework for identifying and organizing best practices in treatment fidelity and promoting their adoption and application in the field of health behavior intervention research. Although proposed for use in clinical trials, many of the suggestions adapt appropriately to randomized field trial research in education.
We are currently integrating many of the recommendations from the Workgroup as part of our own randomized field trial research. Our study is focused on the effects of a universal cognitive-behavioral intervention (i.e., a classroom based social problem-solving curriculum) on the disruptive/aggressive behavior of students in the 4th-5th grades who are at risk for developing serious behavior problems (see Daunic, Smith, Brank, & Penfield, 2006). We designed the study with the Workgroup's treatment fidelity considerations in mind and are incorporating them where appropriate, as we progress through the stages of treatment implementation and evaluation. We will occasionally refer to our work throughout this paper, to provide examples of how the treatment fidelity components can apply to prevention/intervention research.
Five Key Areas of Treatment Fidelity
The framework proposed by the BCC is intended to link treatment fidelity theory and application across five key areas, arranged chronologically: Study design, training, treatment delivery, treatment receipt, and treatment enactment. Bellg et al. (2004) suggest that careful attention to each step in the sequence is critical for the accurate appraisal of data. Inattention to any one of these categories could thus compromise the internal validity of the study or the accurate determination of whether observed differences could be attributed to intervention effects. (see also Borelli et al., 2005). Each area comprises suggestions for measures that help ensure fidelity with a high degree of rigor.
Study design refers to the establishment of procedures that are consistent with relevant theory and practice and strategies that address and anticipate potential implementation setbacks. For example, interventions could be designed for prescribed lengths of time that are feasible in educational settings, and protocols could be put in place to ensure that the duration of treatment fits appropriately within a typical school calendar. In our randomized field trial, for example, we designed lessons for delivery in approximately 30-minute segments twice a week. The entire curriculum can be implemented within the context of a typical school year, accounting for disruptions such as high-stakes testing, holidays, field trips, and assemblies. Even with the best planning, however, an additional challenge in field-based educational research is that of teacher and student attrition. Researchers need to anticipate attrition during the design phase of a study, so that they can attend to the potential threat to fidelity by training extra teachers, obtaining larger than needed student populations, and tracking attrition throughout treatment implementation. These are proactive and indispensable strategies in attempting to ensure that treatment is delivered as planned.
Training issues related to treatment fidelity are relevant whenever human providers deliver intervention components. Fidelity of training covers the appraisal of whether treatment providers (e.g., teachers) are able to deliver an intervention as designed with an acceptable level of quality, or effectiveness. Quality in delivery and implementation can be accomplished with strategies such as identifying specific competencies required for successful implementation and designing the training procedures accordingly. Training can also be standardized to ensure systematic delivery across treatment providers (Hennessey & Rumrill, 2003). Researchers can assess provider competency during and after training sessions to ensure a minimal level of understanding and performance. In addition, these strategies are not exclusively pre-intervention considerations. Bellg et al. (2004) suggest that procedures be included to ensure provider skills do not decay once implementation begins. Similarly, Lane et al. (2004) note that direct observations to compare actual implementation to established criteria, weekly supervision or periodic meetings with providers, and/or requiring providers to reflect on their performance following implementation using process evaluation forms all contribute to the accurate measurement and enhancement of treatment fidelity. In our research, we evaluate provider competency by examining the permanent products they complete during and after training sessions. In addition, members of the research team conduct weekly meetings with teachers to answer questions about curriculum implementation.
Fidelity of treatment delivery consists of monitoring the implementation of the intervention and reporting the methods used to do so. This step is crucial in helping to establish internal validity. Bellg et al. (2004) describe four goals for monitoring and improving the delivery of treatment: (a) Minimize differences among providers in the selection process and assess participant feedback concerning provider characteristics that might have an impact on treatment delivery (see also Devilly & Spence, 1999), (b) reduce differences within treatment conditions by ensuring that providers in the same condition are delivering the same intervention, (c) ensure adherence to treatment delivery protocols by providing manuals or other specific instructions, and (d) minimize contamination between conditions. As part of our research, we monitor treatment delivery by direct observation using a checklist of essential components derived from the curriculum manual and lesson plans given to the teachers during training. Observations of treatment and control settings by observers blind to experimental condition are also conducted to assess possible contaminating variables that could obscure or override treatment effects. These assessments and adequate evidence that the intervention is delivered as intended in treatment groups are key to the preservation of internal validity (Lane et al., 2004; MTA Cooperative Group, 1999).
Treatment receipt is the fourth step in the process and involves ensuring that treatment recipients understand the information provided during the intervention. Especially important when treatment recipients have lower levels of literacy or education (Borelli et al., 2005), it involves monitoring participants' ability to comprehend and perform the skills and strategies taught to them during treatment delivery. In keeping with these recommendations, we have employed several strategies to assess student acquisition of curriculum content during the intervention phase of our study. First, we administer pre- and post-test knowledge questionnaires that assess student understanding. We also examine students' permanent products, such as worksheets and written activities provided in the curriculum and completed throughout the school year. Finally, we encourage teachers to perform ongoing assessments of student knowledge and understanding through informal questioning and observations of students during the role-plays that are embedded throughout the curriculum.
Treatment enactment is the final consideration in monitoring treatment fidelity. In this phase, researchers use processes to monitor and improve the ability of clients to perform treatment-related strategies in their daily lives, when and where appropriate. This area of treatment fidelity is primarily concerned with evidence that trained participants carry out strategies learned in training outside the intervention conditions (i.e., in "real-life" settings and situations). Evidence that they do so does not necessarily mean that outcome measures provide evidence of treatment efficacy, such as lower ratings of classroom disruption or aggression, for example, but that participants have at least learned some of the skills prerequisite to better adjustment. An assessment of treatment enactment can be accomplished with structured interviews, participant self-reporting, or direct observation.
In attempting to measure treatment enactment in our research on aggression prevention, we developed an "On-the-Spot" assessment protocol that guides teachers in documenting occurrences during which they observe students using the knowledge and skills taught in the curriculum. Similar to a "catch them being good" strategy, teachers are trained to look for examples of student skill enactment, such as stopping to think, calming down, or using a non-aggressive action such as walking away or seeking adult help, in a situation that might previously have elicited an aggressive response. When teachers witness such an occurrence, they are directed to follow up with the student at an appropriate time (i.e., On-the-Spot) with questions designed to explore what they were thinking about when they enacted their response. This step is particularly critical in reinforcing the cognitive skills taught in a social problem-solving curriculum, and in increasing the chance that these skills will generalize to situations outside the classroom. Teachers are also taught to attribute the action to the student by noting what he or she accomplished in a challenging situation. This "attribution training" reinforces the newly acquired skills and helps build self-esteem.
Despite providing a useful framework for a discussion of treatment fidelity, the Bellg et al. (2004) recommendations are not without their critics. Leventhal and Friedman (2004) warned that strict adherence to each of these steps may inhibit development of interventions that can be readily implemented in real world settings. They caution that rigid observance of study design, training, and treatment delivery recommendations may promote the practice of placing more importance on provider adherence to protocol, or manualization, than attention to treatment parameters feasible in realistic delivery contexts such as schools. Leventhal and Friedman assert that applied research settings sometimes demand adjusting procedures to the context, setting, or individual participants, and the study of those adjustments is worthy of researchers' efforts. In addition, they are also critical of the BCC's view of treatment receipt. They argue that in some cases, participant understanding may not be necessary for enactment, and that an inflexible standard of treatment receipt may thwart the study of important variables that contribute to positive treatment outcomes. It is their contention that distinguishing between treatment adherence and enactment is not always clear and it tends to present individuals as reactive organisms rather than active problem solvers. Despite these reservations, Leventhal and Friedman commend the BCC for taking steps to provide a comprehensive framework and acknowledge that in specific types of studies, "rigid adherence to these standards will advance the field" (Leventhal & Friedman, 2004, p. 455).
Assessment of Treatment Fidelity
In general, the assessment of treatment fidelity can take various forms, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Lane et al. (2004) outline five common methods: Direct observation, feedback from consultants, self-monitoring and reporting from teachers, review of permanent products, and treatment manualization. Direct observation is perhaps the most accurate assessment, but also the most costly. In direct observation, a protocol is typically created so that observers can note the absence or presence of each treatment component. Feedback from a consultant, typically an expert in an area relevant to the study, would observe the implementation of treatment and provide corrective feedback to the teacher/treatment agent.
Treatment agents can self-monitor and report whether or not they are implementing each component. This method, while cost effective, often inflates estimated levels of integrity relative to direct observation findings. Evaluating permanent products that result from an intervention help determine content fidelity but do not provide much information about process fidelity. Finally, manualized treatments may facilitate the accuracy with which interventions are implemented. Use of treatment manuals allows trained treatment providers a reference to consult when delivering instruction, thereby increasing the probability that the treatment will be implemented as designed (see also Gresham et al., 2000). The methods suggested by Lane et al. (2004) are not mutually exclusive, and implementation of multiple methods concurrently should enhance fidelity.
The calculation of treatment fidelity is dependent on the types of fidelity assessed. The most common form of fidelity reported in the intervention literature is treatment delivery. This is typically reported as content delivery, with measures across days of treatment to ensure both component integrity and process fidelity, and with measures calculated within sessions reported as session integrity (Gresham et al., 2000). Researchers can also (a) measure the effectiveness of training by administering post training assessments to treatment providers and (b) assess treatment receipt by administering post-treatment knowledge checks that measure whether students received the content of instruction and the extent to which they understood it. Finally, treatment enactment is measured by the extent to which treatment recipients use intervention skills in situations outside the treatment implementation context such as a classroom.
While fidelity strategies and guidelines exist in the professional literature, we found no professional consensus on "acceptable levels" that document the fidelity of treatment. Typically, literature reviews on the topic focus on the inclusion or exclusion of treatment fidelity components and not on actual levels of fidelity achieved. For example, Borelli et al. (2005) reviewed treatment fidelity in health behavior research from 1990 to 2000 using the Bellg et al. (2004) framework and reported only the percentage of articles that included treatment fidelity strategies. What Borelli et al. did do, however, is define studies that had 80% or greater adherence across all five fidelity categories as having "high treatment fidelity."
When we reviewed quality indicators for reporting research (e.g., Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Davidson et al., 2003; Gersten et al., 2005; Kratochwill et al., 2003), we found that treatment fidelity is considered important but found no specific levels that would establish acceptable standards. For example, the Consolidated Standards for Reporting Trials (CONSORT) Statement developed to improve the design, reporting, and reviewing of interventions using randomized clinical trials in medical journals points out that treatment delivery and adherence should be monitored and reported, but the Statement does not specify acceptable levels of concurrence with prescribed intervention guidelines (see Davidson, et al. 2003). Likewise, the Quality Indicators for Group Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research in Special Education (Gersten, Fuchs, Compton, Coyne, Greenwood, & Innocenti, 2005) also indicate the importance of reporting fidelity but do not offer specific guidelines as to acceptable levels, what percentage of intervention sessions should be monitored, or what level of integrity is considered desirable. Thus, acceptable standards for desired levels or amounts of fidelity are issues in need of further investigation in randomized field trial research.
The ultimate purpose of experimental research in education is to improve the lives of children and youth. Although there are many components that constitute quality educational research design, the assessment of treatment fidelity in intervention studies helps researchers understand, as unequivocally as possible, how the intervention relates to child outcomes (Gersten et al., 2005). The necessary and sufficient assessment of treatment fidelity, then, helps determine whether interventions can contribute to desirable outcomes for school-aged children and youth.
The critical importance of treatment fidelity in educational research has several noteworthy implications. First, doctoral level training should include treatment fidelity as an essential aspect of designing and conducting intervention studies. Treatment fidelity cannot be adequately addressed as an afterthought but must be part of study planning from the outset. Researchers should carefully consider its measurement and the acceptable parameters of treatment variability prior to implementing treatment. Thus, fidelity at all stages of research should be included in doctoral level coursework discussions of internal and external validity and research design.
Second, enhanced treatment fidelity assurance, measurement, and dissemination should be reflected in professional standards for peer-reviewed publications and proposals for funding in educational research. Manuscript reviewers should note the extent to which fidelity measures are included and the type of measures used. For example, direct observation of treatment implementation would be considered stronger evidence than indirect measures such as teacher/implementer surveys. Similarly, the research community can continue to require the inclusion of fidelity measures as part of rigorous standards for fundable applications. The assessment of treatment fidelity in intervention conditions goes hand in hand with the assessment of "business as usual" or alternative treatments in comparison groups. Without these measures, researchers cannot adequately determine the impact of treatment or the possible contamination from other sources of variance in outcomes.
Rigid adherence to treatment protocols with adequate fidelity measures in studies designed to test the efficacy of an intervention does not, however, come without a price. Although rigid protocols can enhance internal validity, requiring them could impede the development of effectiveness studies that provide essential information about treatments in naturally occurring settings such as schools and classrooms, given the vast differences among treatment providers and students. Essentially, a demand for rigid adherence to prescribed treatment protocols can affect teachers' or other treatment providers' acceptance of a proposed intervention, because these practitioners may not feel free to improvise, adapt, or otherwise deviate from prescribed protocols according to their knowledge about the idiographic nature of their classrooms. Thus, researchers need to consider the importance of establishing efficacy while also considering the parameters of appropriate and realistic adaptation within diverse contexts.
Finally, the move from typical, relatively simple, fidelity measures of the extent to which an intervention occurs (i.e., dose, or how much of the intervention was delivered) to more comprehensive assessments of design quality, provider training, treatment receipt, and treatment enactment, involves the development and implementation of more sophisticated and complex measurement. There may be, however, a cost-benefit ratio that researchers need to consider because of the more complicated and task intensive work required to expand fidelity activities across the five areas outlined by Bellg et al. (2004). Since treatment fidelity as described by Bellg et al. includes areas not typically assessed in contemporary field trials, increased budgetary considerations will be needed to cover associated costs. Increased staff and/or staff time, staff and teacher training, material development, observer time, increased travel time, employment of external evaluators, and the required data analysis expertise associated with measuring treatment fidelity adequately require increased funding. When faced with budget constraints, researchers will need to examine carefully the extent to which they can afford treatment fidelity assessment and still conduct basic research activities necessary for determining treatment outcomes.
In summary, there is little doubt that treatment fidelity is expanding as a substantive component of experimental research in education and other disciplines. Past efforts at assessing fidelity were often limited to treatment integrity, or the extent to which a treatment was delivered as intended (Resnick et al., 2005b). We are currently expanding the assessment of treatment integrity in our own research to include the recommendations of Bellg et al. (2004), and we are beginning to understand the necessity of the increase in research activities to support documentation of this broader framework. By attending to the careful documentation and reporting of this critical aspect of research validity, the research community will continue to advance educational and behavioral practice.
Bellg, A. J., Borrelli, B., Resnick, B., Hecht, J., Minicucci, D. S., Ory, M., Ogedegbe, G., Orwig, D., Ernst, D., & Czajkowski, S. (2004). Enhancing treatment fidelity in health behavior change studies: Best practices and recommendations from the NIH behavior change consortium. Health Psychology, 23, 443-451.
Borelli, B., Sepinwall, D., Bellg, A. J., Breger, R., DeFrancesco, C., Sharp, D. L., Ernst, D., Czajkowski, S., Levesque, C., Ogedegbe, G., Resnick, B. & Orwig, D. (2005). A new tool to assess treatment fidelity and evaluation of treatment fidelity across 10 years of health behavior research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 852-860.
Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 7-18.
Daunic, A. P., Smith. S. W., Brank, E. M., & Penfield, R. D. (2006). Classroom based cognitive-behavioral intervention to prevent aggression: Efficacy and social validity. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 123-139.
Davidson, K. W., Goldstein, M., Kaplan, R. M., Kaufmann, P. G., Knatterud, G. L., Orleans, C. T., Spring, B., Trudeau, K. J., & Whitlock, E. P. (2003). Evidence-based medicine: What is it and how do we achieve it? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 26(3), 161-171.
Detrich, R. (1999). Increasing treatment fidelity by matching interventions to contextual variables within the educational setting. School Psychology Review, 28, 608-620.
Devilly, G. J., & Spence, S. H. (1999). The relative efficacy and treatment distress of EMDR and a cognitive-behavior trauma treatment protocol in the amelioration of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 131-157.
Dumas, J. E., Lynch, A. M., Laughlin, J. E., Smith, E. P., & Prinz, R. J. (2001). Promoting intervention fidelity: Conceptual issues, methods, and preliminary results from the early alliance prevention trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 20(1), 38-47.
Gersten, R., Fuchs, L. S., Compton, D., Coyne, M., Greenwood, C., & Innocenti, M. S. (2005). Quality indicators for group experimental and quasi-experimental research in special education. Exceptional Children, 71, 149-164.
Gresham, F. M., MacMillian D. L., Beebe-Frankenberger, M. E., & Bocian, K. M. (2000). Treatment integrity in learning disabilities intervention research: Do we really know how treatments are implemented? Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 15, 198-205.
Hennessey, M. L., & Rumrill, P. D. (2003). Treatment fidelity in rehabilitation research. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 19, 123-126.
Hester, P. P., Baltodano, H. M., Gable, R. A., Tonelson, S. W., & Hendrickson, J. M. (2003). Early intervention with children at risk of emotional/behavioral disorders: A critical examination of research methodology and practices. Education and Treatment of Children, 26(4), 362-381.
Kratochwill, T. R., Stoiber, K. C., Christenson, S., Durlack, J., Levin, J. R., Talley, R., et al. (2002). Procedural and coding manual for review of Evidence-Based Interventions. Developed in conjunction with the Division 16 and Society for the Study of School Psychology Task Force on Evidence-Based Interventions. (Retrieved July 18, 2007 from http://www.sp-ebi.org/documents/_workingfiles/EBImanuall.pdf)
Lane, K. L., Bocian, K. M., MacMillan, D. L., & Gresham F. M. (2004). Treatment integrity: An essential but often forgotten component of school based interventions. Preventing School Failure, 48, 36-43.
Leventhal, H., & Friedman, M. A. (2004). Does establishing fidelity of treatment help in understanding treatment efficacy? Comment on Bellg et al. (2004). Health Psychology, 23(5), 452-456.
Mooney, P., Epstein M., Reid, R., & Nelson, J. R. (2003). Status and trends in academic intervention research for students with emotional disturbance. Remedial and Special Education, 24, 273-287.
MTA Cooperative Group (1999). Moderators and mediators of treatment response for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1088-1096.
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, P.L. 107-110, 115 Stat. 1425 (2002).
Resnick, B., Inguito, P., Orwig, D., Yahiro, J. Y., Hawkes, W., Werner, M., Zimmerman, S., & Magaziner, J. (2005a). Treatment fidelity in behavior change research: A case example. Nursing Research, 54, 139-143.
Resnick, B. et al. (2005b). Examples of implementation and evaluation of treatment fidelity in the BCC studies: Where we are and where we need to go. Annuals of Behavioral Medicine (Special Supplement), 29, 46-54.
Weisz, J. R., Doss, A. J., Hawley, K. M. (2005). Youth psychotherapy outcome research: A review and critique of the evidence base. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 337-363.
Stephen W. Smith
Ann P. Daunic
Gregory G. Taylor
University of Florida
Correspondence to Stephen W. Smith, Dept. of Special Education, University of Florida, G315 Norman Hall, PO Box 117040, Gainesville FL 32611; e-mail: email@example.com.
Reader Opinion
Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback | |
Author: | Smith, Stephen, W.; Daunic, Ann P.; Taylor, Gregory G. |
Publication: | Education & Treatment of Children |
Article Type: | Report |
Geographic Code: | 1USA |
Date: | Nov 1, 2007 |
Words: | 4844 |
Previous Article: | A treatment integrity analysis of function-based intervention. |
Next Article: | Identifying and supporting students at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders within multi-level models: data driven approaches to conducting... |
Topics: |


text:
Review Archives (Reader Reviews)
You are currently looking through reader reviews for games that are available on every platform the site currently covers. Below, you will find reviews written by all eligible authors and sorted according to date of submission, with the newest content displaying first. As many as 20 results will display per page. If you would like to try a search with different parameters, specify them below and submit a new search.
Available Reviews | ||
DJ Hero review (X360)Reviewed on December 02, 2009Activision hasn't had the best of track record (double entendre) when it comes to music games. They bought the rights to Guitar Hero when Harmonix left the franchise to make Rock Band, and from there the Hero franchise has been a downward slope. I had given up hope when Guitar Hero World Tour came out, and laughed at how badly the Hero franchise wanted to be Rock Band. |
Dragon Age: Origins review (X360)Reviewed on December 01, 2009Dragon Age: Origins is grand in every sense of the word. The land of Ferelden and its associated legends and lore create a strong, if slightly predictable, high-fantasy setting that will quite easily consume in excess of forty-hours. As the land prepares for an imminent blight an invasion of twisted creatures known as darkspawn your character is recruited into the legendary order of the Grey Wardens, warriors from all walks of life who have came to the worlds aid in blights past. |
Bust-A-Move Live! review (X360)Reviewed on November 30, 2009I've played plenty of puzzle titles over the decades, like Tetris, Columns, Tube-It, Kunio no Oden, Puyo Puyo, Klax, Baku Baku Animal... I could go on for the entire paragraph. Out of all the games I've played, however, there is one puzzle title that I enjoy the most: Bust-A-Move 2. As with most puzzlers, the gameplay in this one is really simplistic, asking the player to clear each map of designs consisting of bubbles of many colors, which you do by matching up three bubbles of the same color. ... |
Modern Warfare 2 review (PS3)Reviewed on November 26, 2009War doesn't change a damn thing no matter how noble the cause, especially during these times in the so-called, "War on Terror." Take out one evil and another more evil one takes its place. The ones who die become martyrs. Their bloodshed gives breed to new followers. War is a convoluted power struggle where yesterday's enemies will become tommorow's allies or something like that.. |
MagnaCarta 2 review (X360)Reviewed on November 24, 2009Disclaimer: For the purpose of this review, I will refer to Magna Carta 2 as a JRPG. I am aware that it is Korean, but if the shoe fits, this game fucking wears it like a champ. |
The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time review (N64)Reviewed on November 24, 2009Isn't it ironic how the "Greatest video game ever made" was supposed to put Nintendo back on top, but instead led them to their inevitable downfall? Despite becoming the most commercially successful Zelda game to date with more than 7 million copies sold worldwide, in addition to being mentioned on virtually every "best of" list imaginable from critic and gamer alike, not even Ocarina of Time could save the Nintendo 64 from suffering humiliation at the hands of Sony. The 'Big N' who once ... |
New Super Mario Bros. Wii review (WII)Reviewed on November 22, 2009Anarchy. Thats all the Mushroom Kingdom has ever known and its Princess Peachs fault. Its been decades since shes taken the throne, and shes got nothing to show for it. Her fungi-ridden subjects are forced to live in the squalor of tiny, mushroom-shaped shacks. The economy is in shambles; all the money is trapped inside blocks or floating beyond anyones reach. But the worst part? Her utter lack of concern. Peachs failings would be understandable if she were evil and selfish. But she just... |
The Bard's Tale III: Thief of Fate review (APP2)Reviewed on November 22, 2009I'm fortunate enough to have enjoyed Bard's Tale III (BT3) twice and in different ways. As a teen fanboy, I reaped the benefits of destroying far too many Dream Mages in BT2. |
Wizard's Crown review (APP2)Reviewed on November 21, 2009Well before sports websites existed, I loved live box-scores. The top-down RPG Wizard's Crown used a feature called Quick Combat. Easy fights required no work. Tough battles could see-saw with each combatant knocked unconscious. I'd cheer as the chief enemy went down or groan as he killed my last three players. Sometimes my super fighter with the Frost Greatsword held off the last four enemies. Or I'd gain an important magic item and forget how morale loss affected my party, making for a ... |
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 review (X360)Reviewed on November 17, 2009As I write this, I am giddy with delight. Ive just beaten Modern Warfare 2 for the third time in the week since its release, and I want to tell you everything about it. I want to tell you about the twist one-third of the way through the story that puts a devastating and far more personal touch on the war against the Russian Ultranationalists. I want to tell you about the controversial assignment in which players go undercover as one of the head villain's cronies and are forced to answer ... |
inFAMOUS review (PS3)Reviewed on November 16, 2009I was always a fan of the Ultimate Spiderman game. Even after I finished it, I would start it up simply for the purpose of jumping off high buildings and web-slinging away at the last minute. It was pure, unadulterated fun. I could not wait, then, when I heard of inFamous. Having invested roughly thirty hours in the game, I can say those comparisons are warranted in some respects and not so much in others. |
Stratovox review (ARC)Reviewed on November 16, 2009Historians will note that Stratovox was the first game to use synthesized voice. Long forgotten behind this trivia is the unforgiving game time forgot. My initial impression of Stratovox, you ask? |
Antarctic Adventure review (CVN)Reviewed on November 15, 2009Konami's Antarctic Adventure is a devilishly challenging title, an addicting yet frustrating arctic hustle content to be as cold as the icy continent. Tasked with visiting arctic bases under the strictest of time constraints, the plucky Penta the Penguin will have his hands full dodging fissures in the ice and smiling sea lions all along his way. Both happen to be harmless. Sea lions pop out of fishing holes only to send Penta back a few paces while any icy crevice is shallow enough to... |
Demon's Souls review (PS3)Reviewed on November 15, 2009The castle reeks of death. The path leading up to the main gate is littered with corpses. Maggoty, stinking bags of flesh left to rot where they fell. The horses, too. Their bodies were ripped open, with their loads and carts broken on the cobblestone. The crows are already at their flesh; pickings in Boletaria have been very good lately. The inside of the castle is worse. That gaping entrance leads into a seemingly endless black abyss, as if it were the mouth of some otherworldly beast. ... |
Borderlands review (X360)Reviewed on November 12, 2009Borderlands was a very anticipated game that alot of people couldn't wait for. I was one of them. For a first person shooter/RPG, it was definitely worth the wait. |
Gorf review (CVN)Reviewed on November 09, 2009The Galactic Orbiting Robot Force, better known as Gorf, has its sights set on our humble Earth for its next conquest, its alien fleet traveling through a space warp and descending on the planet in a uniform march. Something must be done. Confronted with such threats before, the Earth people have learned. Before they would commission one pilot to watchguard the planet, roving the lower atmosphere as descenders continued to fall. But ceaseless Space Invaders would never stop com... |
Tekken 6 review (PS3)Reviewed on November 07, 2009Jin Kazama has turned evil. It was inevitable, even if it seemed unlikely. Youd never think hed actually go through with it - hes practically a saint compared to some of the other characters - but the temptation was too great. Jin has taken control of the Mishima Zaibatsu, but hes not interested in using it for the sake of justice or peace. Instead, he used the corporation to build an unbeatable army and intends to conquer the world with it. Hes accomplished more than any of his predecessor... |
Tales of the World: Radiant Mythology review (PSP)Reviewed on November 06, 2009Fan service games can easily be forgiven for being mediocre if they at least pull off their intended gimmick well enough. Unfortunately, Tales of the World: Radiant Mythology fails on this basic principle, meaning the fans are left with a sub-par game. |
Wonder Boy in Monster World review (GEN)Reviewed on November 05, 2009So ends another episode in the adventures of Wonder Boy. |
Hearts of Iron III review (PC)Reviewed on November 05, 2009I like numbers, I really do. Numbers can do all sorts of interesting and wonderful things. Numbers tell architects how tall their skyscrapers can be before collapsing. Numbers let you find your friend's house with a GPS when normally you'd be lost. Numbers govern telephones, crosswalks, and of course the INTERNETS. Numbers, and here's my favorite part, form the basis of our understanding of the universe itself. |
Additional Results (20 per page)
[001] [002] [003] [004] [005] [006] [007] [008] [009] [010] [011] [012] [013] [014] [015] [016] [017] [018] [019] [020] [021] [022] [023] [024] [025] [026] [027] [028] [029] [030] [031] [032] [033] [034] [035] [036] [037] [038] [039] [040] [041] [042] [043] [044] [045] [046] [047] [048] [049] [050] [051] [052] [053] [054] [055] [056] [057] [058] [059] [060] [061] [062] [063] [064] [065] [066] [067] [068] [069] [070] [071] [072] [073] [074] [075] [076] [077] [078] [079] [080] [081] [082] [083] [084] [085] [086] [087] [088] [089] [090] [091] [092] [093] [094] [095] [096] [097] [098] [099] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] [105] [106] [107] [108] [109] [110] [111] [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132] [133] [134] [135] [136] [137] [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] [145] [146] [147] [148] [149] [150] [151] [152] [153] [154] [155] [156] [157] [158] [159] [160] [161] [162] [163] [164] [165] [166] [167] [168] [169] [170] [171] [172] [173] [174] [175] [176] [177] [178] [179] [180] [181] [182] [183] [184] [185] [186] [187] [188] [189] [190] [191] [192] [193] [194] [195] [196] [197] [198] [199] [200] [201] [202] [203] [204] [205] [206] [207] [208] [209] [210] [211] [212] [213] [214] [215] [216] [217] [218] [219] [220] [221] [222] [223] [224] [225] [226] [227] [228] [229] [230] [231] [232] [233] [234] [235] [236] [237] [238] [239] [240] [241] [242] [243] [244] [245] [246] [247] [248] [249] [250] [251] [252] [253] [254] [255] [256] [257] [258] [259] [260] [261] [262] [263] [264]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
HB ON THE SCENE: LodgeNet Interactive Rebranded as SONIFI SolutionsTuesday June 25th, 2013 - 12:22PM VD
| | | | | | | | | | | These are shortcuts to your favorite social networking and bookmark sites. Add this story to your Facebook page, del.icio.us, DiggIt, and many others!
MINNEAPOLIS—LodgeNet Interactive Corporation, which was acquired by private equity firm Colony Capital in March, has been rebranded as SONIFI Solutions. The change was announced at HITEC, here. The move is part of a broader strategy intended to give more visibility and control to the company's hotel and healthcare customers, as it shifts its business model to work in partnership with those it serves, according to the company. With a renewed focus on the content and connectivity solutions its customers need to succeed in today's digital marketplace, the new branding strategy represents the company's commitment to a multifaceted transformation that positions the company for future success, the company stated. Concurrent with the rebranding, the company is also launching an enterprise‐level platform available to the hospitality sector, the SONIFI STAY1000 system; this guest entertainment solution leverages the company's large commercial platform. SONIFI is also making a significant investment in its broadband service, and will offer current and prospective customers the opportunity to more economically bundle multiple services, according to the company. To make the bundled services more accessible to current and prospective SONIFI customers, the company plans to expand Dare to Compare, a nationwide broadband/HSIA promotion enabling hoteliers to save up to 50% on HSIA support fees when integrated alongside ITV and FTG services. SONIFI's new business strategy enables leveraging strategic partnerships with companies like DIRECTV, a practice it plans to expand in the coming months, according to SONIFI. "We have listened to our customers we are changing the way we do business," Michael Ribero, CEO, SONIFI, said in a statement. "The rebranding of LodgeNet to SONIFI marks a new beginning, one that in partnership with our customers will see new market‐driven products and services that will help increase the profitability and customer satisfaction of those we serve." Tags: • Hospitality • Guest Facing • Trade Shows • |
As we begin 2015, and what is expected to be a healthy year for the hotel industry with expansion, progress and innovation as key catalysts for growth, Hotel Business is right on board with that momentum, bringing you, with this issue, our own updated product.
Four Seasons Private Residences NY Downtown Tops Out »
Autograph Collection Welcomes Hotel van Oranje
Hotel Equities Expands in Texas with Management of Three Marriott Hotels
Le Méridien Columbus, The Joseph Opens in Ohio
Second Crowne Plaza Hotel Opens in Pittsburgh
TIEWN to Hold Second Annual Conference
MCR Development Completes Renovation at Residence Inn Spartanburg


text:
Food Prep:
- Buy small appliances such as toasters, microwaves, and can openers that can be mounted underneath cabinets.
- Swap a knife blick for a magnetic strip on the wall.
- Instead of storing utensils in a canister, install a stainless steel rod with matching S hooks on the backsplash and hang utensils out of the way but still within arm's reach. Read more…
9 Easy Tips For Making More Counter Space In The Kitchen
Posted Under: cooking, kitchen, style advice


text:
48-hour DLR strike suspended, says union
A 48-hour strike planned by workers on London's Docklands Light Railway from tomorrow has been suspended, said the RMT union.
A man appeared to have gone quackers after he was spotted walking two ducks on leads in south London.
22 April 2014
A man believed to be in his 20s is in hospital after he was stabbed during a fight by a common.
20 April 2014
A 34-year-old woman is in a critical condition in hospital after being hit by a bus in south London.
19 April 2014
A pensioner has died after a fire ripped through a house in south London in the early hours of this morning.
19 April 2014
The mother of a 17-year-old girl who was killed after being struck by a lorry has paid an emotional tribute to her daughter.
17 April 2014
Three people have been hurt after a police car collided with another vehicle outside Lewisham University hospital.
17 April 2014
A man has reportedly had part of his ear bitten off in a fight outside a bookmakers in south London.
15 April 2014
A huge fire tore through a terraced building, causing it to partially collapse this morning.
15 April 2014
A schoolgirl has gone missing from her home in south London.
12 April 2014
A woman was tasered by police during a raid on a house in south London last night.
12 April 2014
Fire chiefs are warning people to be vigilant when making cheese toasties after an aspiring chef tried to cook one in a toaster and sparked a blaze.
09 April 2014
Three men have been arrested on suspicion of murder over the disappearance of teenager Lee Boxell who vanished 26 years ago.
08 April 2014
A cyclist killed by a hit-and-run driver may have been targeted in a gangland attack, it emerged today.
08 April 2014
A senior doctor who helped a campaign to save the A&E department at Lewisham Hospital is standing in the European elections.
08 April 2014
A van flipped onto its side and blocked a busy road in south London this morning.
05 April 2014
A woman has told how as a teenager she was raped and forced to act as a "mule" carrying weapons and drugs by leaders of a south London gang.
03 April 2014
A toddler was hit by a car in south London this evening.
01 April 2014
A man has created London's smallest library - in a phone box in Lewisham.
27 March 2014
A convicted rioter who became a sports volunteer after being released from jail is one of a dozen finalists in a scheme to recognise positive role models for young people.
27 March 2014
Jo Brand has returned to Streatham for a community library opening almost two years after she called it a 'sh**hole' on national television.
26 March 2014
The family of an accountant whose body was found in the Thames today said they were determined to remember 28 years of happiness rather than the three weeks he was missing.
26 March 2014
A teenager who ran off whilst being taken back to a care home in Hertfordshire has been missing for a week.
25 March 2014
A woman was attacked after refusing to sponsor a man who was apparently fundraising for charity while she waited for a train in south London.
22 March 2014
A busy road in Richmond has been sealed off for three weeks to allow migrating toads to cross safely.
21 March 2014
Most Londoners think it would be preferable for a child to grow up outside of the capital, according to a new poll.
19 March 2014
A 16-year-old boy has been arrested on suspicion of attempted murder after a teenager was set upon by a group of men and stabbed at a bookmakers in Tooting.
19 March 2014
Rapper Professor Green has been charged with drink-driving after a bizarre incident outside his £1.5million south London home.
12 March 2014
Residents today told of their anger at conditions in a 24-storey tower block which has been covered in scaffolding and blue netting for more than two years.
11 March 2014
A fresh row over the closure of fire stations has flared following the death of a pensioner who saw a blaze break out in his flat.
03 March 2014
The two Muslim extremists who mowed down then hacked to death Fusilier Lee Rigby in Woolwich were dragged form court today screaming defiance before they were sentenced to life imprisonment.
26 February 2014
A stellar line-up of British architects has been shortlisted to rebuild the Crystal Palace exhibition centre.
25 February 2014
It's said that the most spontaneous Londoners live above the river. But is it true that northern delights while southern comforts? Two Standard writers go head to head
21 February 2014
As Citizen Smith, he was the epitome of the urban guerrilla, demanding "power to the people" with clenched and upraised fist.
18 February 2014
An Oxford college has been accused of cultural vandalism after a pop-up library was allegedly destroyed and thousands of donated books left strewn in the street.
04 February 2014


text:
Alumnus Eric A. Swanson will give the 14th annual Tang Lecture titled "Startup Stories: Personal Observations and Other Comments" on Wednesday, Oct. 16 in 1009 Campus Center at 4 p.m.
Celebrating the 50th anniversary the establishment of its graduate program in the 1963-64 academic year and its new designation in June as a school by the Board of Trustees, the School of Computer Science is hosting a three-day series of events for students, alumni and the campus community on "Broadening the Impact of Computing."
The College of Education at the University of Massachusetts Amherst will host Pat Griffin, a national LGBTQ and athletics educator, activist, professor emerita and alumna of the college, for a talk on "The Changing Sports Climate for LGBTQ Athletes and Coaches: Successes and Challenges" on Saturday, Oct. 19 at 4:30 p.m. in Mark's Meadow Auditorium at the College of Education, 813 N. Pleasant St., Amherst.
Hundreds of UMass Amherst students will join university alumni, faculty and staff to volunteer for nearly 40 community service initiatives throughout the Pioneer Valley for the second annual Mass Impact Day of Service on Saturday, Sept. 28.
Inspiring faculty
Proud alumni
The future of the Commonwealth
The UMass Minutemen football team will host its first Southeastern Conference opponent in front of a national television audience this Saturday, Sept. 21, as it takes on the Vanderbilt University Commodores at Gillette Stadium at noon EDT, in a game that will be broadcast live on ESPNews.
A full day of activities, food, music, and alumni celebrations awaits UMass Amherst alumni and Minutemen football fans at Gillette Stadium this Saturday, Sept. 7, when the Minutemen kickoff their 2013 home campaign against Maine at 2 p.m.
Advanced Search


text:
For more information, please visit www.JuriedArtServices.org To contact the PAPJC, send email to: firstname.lastname@example.com |
Upcoming Weekly Outings
Mar 24 - Sickles Greenhouse (Enter the store through the main entrance and meet at the gift counter. Ask a staff member to page Abby Dentner who will get you set up in the greenhouse) Click here for details
Key Upcoming PAPJC Dates
November 15 to December 15, 2014 - Fall into Winter, an exhibit of our paintings at the Frederick Galleries in Spring Lake. May 5th - 9:00AM - Annual PAPJC Members Meeting at Judy Stach's house (15 Alwin Terrace, Little Silver) Saturday Aug 16 - Paint It Forward PAPJC Benefit Exhibition at the Monmouth Beach Bath & Tennis Club
Invitational Events
Further Afield
June 16-21, 2014 Juried Plein Air Event - "Easels in Frederick" Event takes place in downtown Frederick, Maryland. Entry deadline is January 31, 2014 Click here for Online Application |
Last Updated 5/20/2014 |
© 2011 - 2013 Plein Air Painters of the Jersey Coast |


text:
Joel T. McGrath
Author profile
About this author
· More books by Joel T. McGrath…
Upcoming Events
No scheduled events.
Add an event.
"Rarely if ever, moments come that are so defining in our lives. The years are glutted with benign matters which impact us more deeply than we could have ever imagined in our youth."
― Joel T. McGrath
― Joel T. McGrath
"Opportunities are rare in this life, and fairness, rarer still. So, when you discover a fair opportunity, go after as if it were your last because it very well might be."
― Joel T. McGrath
― Joel T. McGrath
"There are two types of people in the world, a solution-based person, and a sustainable person. A solution based person focuses on finding solutions to today's problems. But, as for tomorrow's problems, who cares? However, a sustainable person is the one that not only attempts to make an immediate fix, but also contemplates decisions for today, tomorrow and for years to come."
― Joel T. McGrath
― Joel T. McGrath
Is this you? Let us know. If not, help out and invite Joel to Goodreads.


text:
Dr. Robert W. Rader, MD
Family Medicine, Mark 5 Care Group
- 1000 N Lee Ave Ste 4404
Oklahoma City, OK 73102 - 1 Office Location
- (405) 272-6406
Dr. Robert W. Rader graduated from the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine at Oklahoma City in 1998. He works in Oklahoma City, OK and specializes in Family Medicine. Dr. Rader is affiliated with Kindred Hospital - Oklahoma City and Saint Anthony Hospital. He speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Male
Years in Practice: 17 Years
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Medical School: University of Oklahoma College of Medicine at Oklahoma City
Graduation Date: 1998
Hospital Affiliations: Kindred Hospital - Oklahoma City, Saint Anthony Hospital
Specialties: Family Medicine


text:
follow Dictionary.com
Know how to use "fewer" and "less"? Find out.
also cess-pool, 1670s, the first element perhaps an alteration of cistern, perhaps a shortened form of recess [Klein]; or the whole may be an alteration of suspiral (c.1400), "drainpipe," from Old French sospiral "a vent, air hole," from sospirer "breathe," from Latin suspirare "breathe deep" [Barnhart]. Meaning extended to "tank at the end of the pipe," which would account for a possible folk-etymology change in final syllable. Other possible etymologies: Italian cesso "privy," from Latin secessus "place of retirement" (in Late Latin "privy, drain"); dialectal suspool, from suss, soss "puddle;" or cess "a bog on the banks of a tidal river."


text:
Chandigarh's Harendra Gupta holds a two-stroke lead after two rounds in the CG Open at the Bombay Presidency Golf Club here on Thursday.
Gupta was placed at a nine-under 131 after he carded a four-under-66 on the second day of the Open. Faridabad's Abhinav Lohan and Delhi's Shamim Khan are behind Gupta with a seven-under-133.
Sixty professionals and one amateur made the cut set at 143.
"My effort in the first two rounds has given me a great launch-pad for the final two rounds. I was struggling with the short putts on the first-nine today, but managed to turn it around on the second-nine where I holed a lot of putts," said Gupta.
Delhi's Vinod Kumar and Rashid Khan are in tied fourth position with a score of six-under-134 and Kolkata's S.S.P Chowrasia and the Jamshedpur -based amateur Karan Taunk share the sixth place at five-under-135.
Keywords: CG Open


text:
I have been asking this question/wish list for about 3-4 years in a row now on the Autodesk support site and with our Autodesk Reseller.
Autodesk could you please put back in "Create custom desktop shortcuts" in the network deployment for Civil 3D like it is for ADT, Autocad, Map, and MEP. All Autocad based products have this option except Civil 3D and if I remember correctly it was in Civil 3D 2009 but later removed. I use profiles for all the Autocad based programs and it would be nice to have the deployment create the custom shortcut that points to the network profile. This would also then make all the network deployments consistant.
I have included a word document that shows snapshots of what I'm talking about in the ADT, Autocad, Map, and MEP network deployements.
Could you also update the discussion groups to allow uploading *.docx format.
Brent Morris
IT/CADD Manager
I just checked and I agree that there is no option to deploy a shortcut within the Installation Framework. I have alerted the Civil Team of the issue.
Can you also add your feedback request here:
You may also reference this forum post as it has the 'attachment' to it.
On a side note, you can 'hack' and copy a shortcut 'manually' as well.
1. Create/Copy shortcut (after installng Civil 3D).
2. Put it a folder and zip it.
3. Add a post copy command i.e. cp \\network\civilshortcuts\ %userprofile%\desktop
4. You will need to extract the shortcut as you can't really zip a shortcut. {I haven't tried...}
5. You maybe able to deploy a batch file to copy the shortcuts as well.
6. Replace .arg with .zip (via your shortcut)
Thanks for the comments on how to manually create a shortcut.
Right now what we do to have the users launch the Civil 3D 2013 installer from our Intranet site which is basically running a script and within that script the first thing we do is have it copy the custom shortcut that I created and stored on our server onto their desktop so we have figured a way to solve it.
Now I can only hope that the create custom shortcut can just be added back into the Network deployment like it was and like it is for all other Autocad based network deployments.
Brent Morris
Have questions about Autodesk products? Ask the community.
Access a broad range of knowledge to help get the most out of your products and services.
Getting your Software
Downloads & Upgrades
Serial Numbers & Product Keys
Installation & Licensing
Activation & Registration
Network License Administration
Sign In / Create Account
Maintenance Subscription Help
Desktop Subscription Help
Cloud Service Subscription FAQ