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US 3865924 A Abstract A process and apparatus for the removal of carbon dioxide from a gaseous stream, wherein the CO2 content ranges from trace amounts up to 50 mole percent, and for subsequent transfer to another gas stream by thermal regeneration. A special composition comprising a finely ground mixture of potassium carbonate and alumina, which has synergistic properties, is used as the absorbent. In a preferred apparatus embodiment, the mixture is incorporated into a rotary regenerative wheel.
Claims available in Description (OCR text may contain errors) United States Patent [1 1 Gidaspow et al. [ PROCESS FOR REGENERATIVE SORPTION OF CO [75] Inventors: Dimitri Gidaspow; Michael Onischak, both of Chicago, Ill. [73] Assignee: Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, 111. 221 Filed: Mar. 3, 1972 21 Appl. No.: 231,530 [52] US. Cl 423/230, 423/232, 423/233, 252/443, 252/463, 23/284, 136/86 [51] Int. Cl B0ld 53/34 [58] Field of Search 423/230-233, 423/244, 535; 55/68, 74 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,831,731 11/1931 Al 423/230 3,505,008 4/1970 Frevel et a1 423/244 Feb. 11, 1975 3,511,595 5/1970 Fuchs 423/233 3,615,196 10/1971 Welty 423/535 X 3,619,130 11/1971 Ventriglio et al....I 423/230 3,660,023 5/1972 Frevel et al 423/230 Primary Examiner-Earl C. Thomas Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Molinare, Allegretti, Newitt & Witcoff [57] ABSTRACT A process and apparatus for the removal of carbon dioxide from a gaseous stream, wherein the CO content ranges from trace amounts up to 50 mole percent, and for subsequent transfer to another gas stream by thermal regeneration. A special composition comprising a finely ground mixture of potassium carbonate and alumina, which has synergistic properties, is used as the absorbent. In a preferred apparatus embodiment, the mixture is incorporated into a rotary regenerative wheel. 12 Claims, 6 Drawing Figures I PROCESS FOR REGENERATIVE SORPTION or This invention relates to a process and apparatus for the removal of carbon dioxide from a gaseous stream, where the CO content-ranges from trace amounts to 50 mole percent. More specifically, the invention involves a special CO absorbent mixture, and apparatus particularly adapted for the rapid, continuous and repeated regeneration of the mixture material for continuous CO removal. A particularly suitable use of the invention is removal of CO from air being breathed in confined quarters, such as submarines, space vehicles and the like where the CO must be kept below 1%, and for subsequent transfer to another gas stream by thermal regeneration. The process and apparatus of the invention is also useful for transfer of from -50 mole percentCO from th cathode input stream of a reformed natural gas molten carbonate fuel cell to the air input anode stream for consumption as a fuel. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The removal of carbon dioxide from various gases is important in many areas. For example, removal of CO from industrial gases is important in the purification of input streams for oxygen enrichment processes, transfer from anode to cathode streams in fuel cells, and the like. In a molten carbonate fuel cell from 10-50 mole percent CO reacts with oxygen at the cathode to form carbonate ions which migrate through the electrolyte to be reformed at the anode as CO While it has been proposed to complete the CO mass transfer circuit external to the cell from the exhausting anode gases to the in-coming cathode gases, thereby keeping the mo]- ten carbonate electrolyte invariant (See: H. A. Liebhafsky and E. .l. Cairns, Fuel Cells and Fuel Batteries, Chl2, p. 524, Wiley 1968 there does not today exist anypractical methods or apparatus for the CO transfer from the anode exhaust to the cathode input, exclusive of other gases. It is also desirable to recover carbon dioxide from industrial gasprocess streams where the carbon dioxide is produced in large amounts and it is desirable to concentrate and recover the carbon dioxide for use as such, or for compressionand solidification as a refrigerant. For example, carbon dioxide is produced in large amounts by fermentation of carbohydrate materials and sugars, in the manufacture of lime and cement, and in the combustion of coal, coke and natural gas. A second area of increasing interest is involved in closed ecological systems such as are proposed and used in manned space flight vehicles, or in submarines, and the like. It is imperative in such systems that the carbon dioxide exhaled by the occupants of the system be removed from the remainder of the air and concentrated so that it may be either disposed of or further processed to convert it to oxygen. A primary type of absorbent system involves the use of liquids, such as solutions containing ethanolamine, ammonia, soda, potash, alkaline, carbonates and lyes. However, such systems are expensive, and not simple to regenerate. Indeed, in certain applications, such as in small closed ecological systems such as space craft, it is impractical to carry the large amount of the liquid absorbent for use over prolonged periods of time, and they are difficult to handle in a zero gravity environ ment. Another disadvantage of the amine solutions are their inability to work practically at carbon dioxide concentrations of less than 1.0 volume percent in the fouled air. The amines and other organics have also been tried in a thin layer on high specific surface solid state type systems such as plates, but have been found subject to bleeding, which is defined as physical loss by carryover or entrainment as vapor or liquid into the exhaust gas stream. In addition, they are subject to oxidation or other types of deterioration losses. Another approach to the problem has been to use solid absorbent materials such as so-called molecular sieves, calcium oxide, finely divided micro-porous silver oxide dispersed and in admixture with aluminum oxide, and supported cogels of divalent and trivalent metals. However, these special substances are ordinarily quite expensive. In addition, the molecular sieves, for example, have low capacity for carbon dioxide and also co-absorb other gases which eithercontaminate the carbon dioxide upon its removal or require pre-process ing of the gas stream passing through the absorbent. For example, with the molecular sieves, the gas stream must be pre-dried prior to removal of carbon dioxide because of the strong tendencyto absorb water. US. Pat. No. 3,511,595 discloses the use of potassium carbonate or other alkaline metal carbonates coated on or impregnated in carrier solids of high specific surface. For example, alumina gel particles, which are granules of alumina gel of 10-14mesh, are coated with potassium carbonate to an amount of roughly 10 percent. The coated alumina gel granules are then packed into beds through which the air containing the carbon dioxide to be stripped therefrom is passed at relatively low temperatures on the order of 40F to F. These beds are regenerated by heating the temperature to somewhat over 200F. The beds are loosely packed, and/or have-relatively large passageways therethrough since the pressure drop in the bed is very low. Of course, the use of potassium carbonate alone has long been recognized, particularly in solution, to remove carbon dioxide from gases. This is shown, for example, in early U.S.'Pat. No. 496,546. Another example of the relatively early use-of an alkali carbonate is US. Pat. No; 1,831,731 which employed a mixture of pumice stone, a light, porous stone of volcanic origin OBJECTS It is. an object of this invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for the removal of carbon dioxide from gaseous streams. It is another object of this invention to provide an improved process and apparatus for the continuous removal of carbon dioxide from gaseous streams which provide for continuous regeneration of the CO sorbing solids. It is another object of this invention to provide a solid CO sorbing system which sorbs CO faster than pure carbonate alone. It is another object of this invention to provide a system for the sorption of CO which system is simple of construction, and can be simply controlled to continuously be generated without loss of CO absorbing ability throughout its life. It is another object to provide an apparatus and system for absorbing CO from gaseous steams, such as air, which is compact, simple of operation and can be easily controlled to be demand responsive. It is another object of this invention to provide method and apparatus for continuous removal of CO from a first gaseous stream and transfer to a second gaseous stream, where the CO content in the first stream ranges from trace amounts up to above about 50 mole percent. It is another object of this invention to provide method and apparatus for removal of CO from the anode chamber ofa molten carbonate type fuel cell, or gaseous exhausting therefrom, and transferring them to the cathode chamber. It is another object of this invention to provide method and apparatus for removal of CO from gases in an ecological system, such as a submarine, spacecraft, or other closed environment, thereby to maintain CO content below life critical levels. It is another object of this invention to provide a method for removing carbon dioxide from a reformed methane stream passed to a molten carbonate fuel cell cathode and transferring the removed carbon dioxide to the fuel cell anode. These and other objects of the invention will be more evident from the detailed description which follows. SUMMARY We have discovered that a mixture of finely divided alkali metal carbonate, e.g. potassium carbonate, and alumina sorbs CO faster than pure carbonate alone. A stream of gas containing carbon dioxide and water vapor is passed over a layer of the adsorbent mixture. The sorption of CO by the composition of our invention requires water to proceed. If no water is present in the gas stream, it must be added to form the hydrate of potassium carbonate either before CO is introduced or simultaneously with the introduction of the C The hydration reaction is as follows: . (l) The potassium carbonate hydrate then reacts with the CO to form potassium bicarbonate. The sorption reaction is as follows: K CO CO H O 2 KHCO Subsequently, the mixture is heated and the potassium carbonate is regenerated by decomposing the potassium bicarbonate thereby giving up CO and H 0 to a second stream of air passing over the mixture layer. A second important discovery is the fact that the bicarbonate formed in the mixture with the finely ground alumina can be regenerated an infinite number of times without a crust formation that normally occurs in the case of carbonate used either pure in lump form or coated on support surfaces. THE FIGURES. The detailed description which follows has reference to the Figures in which similar or like parts are identitied with the same numeral. FIG. 1 shows one example of a sorption section illustrating the geometry and sorbent placed thereon. 4 w FIG. 2 shows schematically a sorption wheel and the flow path therethrough for both the sorption and regeneration cycles. FIG. 3 shows a face view of a sorption wheel of corru- DETAILED DESCRIPTION The carbonate used may be any of the alkali metal carbonates, such as potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, rubidium carbonate, and cesium carbonate. We prefer the use of potassium carbonate. The potassium carbonate as initially used may be either in the dry, anhydrous form, or in a hydrated form. We prefer a hydrated form, but the number of water molecules in hydrated form is not particularly critical in preparation of the mixture. The carbonate is finely divided or ground preferably along with powered alumina. An alumina which may be used is a dried deGussa type C. A typical ratio of the mixture, hereinafter which may be called either a mixture or a salt, is 20-80 percent by weight of carbonate to the alumina. However, this ratio is not critical, and from 5-75 percent carbonate may be used with from -25 percent of the alumina by weight to form the mixture. The particle size of the components is not critical and may rangefrom about 20 to 1 US. mesh. Generally speaking, larger particle sizes are preferred for higher CO concentration. Preferably the alumina has a specific surface area of more than 25 square meters per gram. The sorption half of the cycle may occur at low temperatures, and we have found that the rate of sorption is essentially independent of temperature from about 20C to 60C. In addition, the rate of sorption is independent of the humidity or water content of the salt mixture, as long as sufficient water is present in the salt mixture for the reaction to the potassium carbonatebicarbonate system and vice versa. Also, thesorbent salt mixture is entirely stable, and capable of thermal regeneration over an extremely long lifetime. In contrast to monoethanolamine scrubbers which utilize a toxic, volatile and combustible liquid, and require high power loads for the proper scrubbing, the composition of this invention is a solid, non-toxic stable mixture which ccan be regenerated using only heat or hot gases continuously without deterioration with time. In contrast to lithium hydroxide scrubbers which are presently used in space vehicles, and are non-regenerative, the system of this invention is easily and continuously regenerated by using waste heat. For example, a rotary exchanger of the type shown in FIGS. 2-4 of only one cubic foot in size should be adequate for life support of a 300 man crew. The system of our invention is particularly useful for purifying moist gases with a C0 content of 2 percent orless. This makes it particularly adaptable to closed ecological systems. The sorption half of the cycle is carried out at room temperature or slightly above, for example up to about 60C or more, and involves the reaction Stoichiometry requires one molecule of water per molecule of CO for the formation of the bicarbonate. However, potassium carbonate forms a hydrate, K CO (3/2) H O. Upon measuring the vapor pressure, we found that the hydrate continues to sorb water, which we represent as K CO XH O. Unlike the pure carbonate which is described in more detail below, we found that the rate of sorption for our salt mixture is not affected by the water content or humidity, as long as sufficient water is present to satisfy the stoichiometry of one molecule of water per molecule of C The critical lower limit for water content in the gaseous mixture is that of stoichiometry. In the rotational system such as shown in FIG. 2, this means that the rotation rate may be varied to satisfy the demands of stoichiometry, or vice versa. In the sorption or cooling stage of the cycle, the salt mixture normally absorbs sufficient water for reaction with the C0 The rates of water sorption was sufficiently fast such that the diffusion and reaction contribution could not easily be separated. In the preferred temperature range of 60C, the rate of the sorption of CO was not affected by temperature to any significant extent. However, at temperatures greater than 60C, increased temperatures result in lower sorption rates. Thus, the salt mixture is relatively independent of temperature fluctuations in the gaseous stream, which makes it eminently adaptable for a variety of systems without expensive, fail-safe process controls. In contrast to the sorption of water, the sorption of CO is not governed by equilibrium, and therefore does not decrease rapidly with the rise in temperature caused by the evolution of the heat of reaction in the mixture. Since the decomposition pressure of potassium carbonate is very low near room temperatures, it is preferred. With respect to the regeneration half of the cycle, bicarbonate regeneration begins at about 80C. In order to assure quantitative and complete regeneration, the regeneration is normally'preferred to be run at somewhat higher temperatures up to about 165C (300F). tion), and decreases exponentially with time. While we do not wish to be bound by theory, we believe that this concentration dependence observed is due to a mass transfer limitation in the solid phase of the pure carbonate. In contrast, the alumina-carbonate salt mixture of our invention shows a first order sorption rate as to CO Thus, we can separate CO mixture having greater than 2 percent CO concentration by reducing the time between sorption and regeneration. For example, high rotational speeds on the order of less than l minute for the rotary regenerator as shown for example in FIGS. 2-4 herein permit the recovery of CO from CO mixtures containing more than 2 mole percent CO up to about 50 percent CO In contrast to the alumina-carbonate mixture of the present invention, pure hydrated potassium carbonate did not show the sorption or lifetime properties required for system utility. For example, where pure hydrated potassium carbonate was packed into a pan, there was a poor utilization of the salt, loss of the salt upon multiple regeneration, and downstream deposition of a portion of the salt. (Upstream and downstream as used herein relate to the direction of the gas flow over the sorption solid.) In addition to the downstream deposition, the upstream salt, that is, salt near the entrance of the sorption section, disappeared by solution. Still further studies of the pure hydrated potassium carbonate crystals held in place with a fine mesh screen in a shallow pan showed unsatisfactory operation. The most serious aspect was the formation of a crust consisting of very fine compacted powdery material. Underneath the crust, large crystals were found which apparently did not participate in the sorption process. Quite clearly, multiple sorption and regeneration effected a continuing change on the physical character of the salt. As the crystals continue togrow, less and less However, the fact that the regeneration can be done at as low as 80C makes it possible to operate an entire regeneration system with a temperature differential of as low as 20C between sorption and regeneration halves of the cycle. The heat of regeneration may be supplied to the carbonate by an exhausting gaseous stream which may be heated by a heater, gas or electric, or by heat exchange from another source, such as the inlet gas stream. Referring now to FIG. 1, plate 1 supports a thin layer of the salt mixture 2 which is overlain by a screen 3. A thin stream of gases is passed over the screen surface and the sorption-desorption takes place from the salt. During the desorption or regeneration half of the cycle, the plate may be heated such as by hot air or gases to provide for the necessary heat of regeneration. The process is particularly suitable for the nearly complete transfer of CO: from one stream to another for gaseous mixtures containing smallperc'entages of CO for example 2 percent or less, or to separate gases containing up to 50 mole percent'CO- We have found that for pure carbonate, the sorption is one-third order concentration dependent. The rate of sorption for the pure carbonate increases only slightly with CO concentration (roughly as a cube root of the concentraof the salt was available for the sorption-desorption, and the system became exhausted. While we do not wish to be bound bytheory, the presence of the finely powdered alumina appears to retard the carbonate crystal growthby means of some chemical orphysical action which as yet is not fully understood- The following-examples further illustrate the invention in detail and are by way way of limitation. Examples 1 & 2 while an inlet gas stream (air) at 78F which varied from 0.73 to 1.17 SCFM was passed over the layer. The Teflon coated screen was used because'of its antiwetting properties. Two different runs were made, using varying inlet CO concentrations and total gas flow rates. In both runs, 40.0 grams of mixture having 8.0g.K CO therein were used. The steady state average particle size of the mixture was 2p. with a surface area of 59.5m /gm. The results are as follows: of illustration and not by Table 1 Time, Min. lnlct /1. C SCFM Rate (lbs. COJseC-gK CO lix. I Ex. 2 Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 1 Ex. 2 After a year of sorption and regeneration, there was little change in the appearance of the powder. Examples 3 & 4 A similar set-up was used employing pure potassium carbonate in the same initial grain size and in an amount of 58.0 grams, with the following results: mole percent CO Ex. 15, 100.0 mole percent C0 The rate of takeup of CO on a weight basis was determined over a 10 minute period of time, and the results are graphically illustrated on FIG. 5. For low concentrations, the outlet CO test data was monitored on a Lira-infrared analyzer. As can be seen from FIG. 5, the mixture of this invention retains its increased rate As compared to the pure carbonate shown in Examples 3 and 4, the mixture of Examples 1 and 2 showed a ten-fold increase in the rate of sorption per unit weight of salt. In addition, the improvement per ft. of surface area contacted by the flowing gas was very significant. The improvement in utilization efficiency is evident from a comparison of the rate results in Tables 1 and 2. The 8 grams of K CO in the grams of the salt mixture of this invention show a ten-fold increase over the 58 grams of the pure carbonate in Table 11. Examples 5-l 5 In accordance with the techniques of Examples l-4 above, a further series of comparative examples were run to show the removal of CO in amounts up to about 50 mole percent. Absorption was run at room tempera-. ture of 238C. Examples 5-9 employed finely ground carbonate with alumina in the 80-20 mixture as above at a flow rate of 1.01 SCFM. The mole percent CO in the input gas was varied asfollows: Ex. 5, 0.5 mole percent CO at a flow rate of 1.17 SCFM, with the mole percent of input gases as follows: Ex. 10, 0.12 mole percent CO Ex. 11, 0.47 mole percent CO Ex. 12, 0.92 mole percent CO Ex. 13, 5.0 mole percent CO Ex. 14, 15.0 . Example 16' Presented in FIG. 6 is rate data obtained in accordance with the techniques of Examples l-4 at varying contact times and temperatures with the composition of the present invention. All runs were performed at a 1.56 SCFM flow rate with a 1.0 percent CO by volume, inlet concentration. Temperatures were varied from 23C to 150C and contact times froml .0 to 10.0 minutes as indicated in FIG. 6. From the data presented, it will be seen that the finelyv divided particulate potassium carbonate alumina composition'is a n'effective carbon dioxide sorbent at temperatures up to 150C, particularly at contact times of 1.0 and 2.0 minutes. This is in complete contrast to pure potassium carbonate, which, from known equilibrium data at C and 1 mole percent carbon dioxide decomposes and accordingly cannot sorb more carbon dioxide at higher temperatures Thus'this data further shows that the sorbent of the present invention is greatly superior to pure potassium carbonate and is more than a mixture and is a synergistic composition. This is evidenced by the ability of-the present sorbent to surpass the equilibrium limitations of the pure carbonate. Example 17 Tabulated in Table III are equilibrium data on the amount of carbonate converted in the aluminacarbonate sorbent of Example I. In this table, Woo IW represents the final equilibrium fraction of carbonate converted at a given carbon dioxide concentration. Table III oo m! Mole This data illustrates that the sorbent of the present invention is effective over a wide range of carbon dioxide concentrations. Various types of apparatus may be used in conjunction with our salt absorbent. In one embodiment the salt may be disposed on a series of plates, like those of FIG. 1, arranged parallel and sufficiently close to each other to provide laminar gas flow thereover parallel to the top of the salt-retaining screen. In another embodiment the bottom plate is replaced by a very fine mesh screen which provides two surfaces from which the CO may be absorbed. The CO -laden gas may also be blown through the layer of absorbent, i.e., normal to the surface rather than parallel, as for example in a standard solid absorbent injection system and operating cycles used in conjunction with a baghouse using cellulosic, plastic (e.g., Nylon or Dacron), or fiberglass filter bags. A particularly suitable embodiment for supporting the salt mixture ofthis invention is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. There, a screen or wire network is folded into corrugations as shown at 5 in FIG. 3. A very coarse screen or wire network is placed between two fine screens which keep the salt from migrating, or loss from the network. The metal screens may be bonded together with epoxy resin or solder or sewn with wire so as to withstand the regeneration temperatures of up to about 165C. The compound sheet can then be shaped into a device such as the wheel as shown. The wheel form is a rotary regenerator particularly suitable for use in closed ecological systems. The rotary regenerative wheel shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 may be formed as follows. First, a three-ply screen loaded with the salt mixture is lain out flat, and a second three-ply screen is gently crimped in a sinusoidal fashion to have a period of about three-eighths inch and an amplitude of about one-eighth inch. The crimped screen is then laid down over the flat screen and the two screens are rolled together around a central axle 7 as seen in FIG. 4. The. versed, with only the corrugated layer containing the mixture. Rather than corrugations, hexagonal honeycomb shaped channels may be formed. This is particularly suitable since the hexagonal shape exhibits lower pressure drop and less dead spots than the sinusoidal configuration. One particularly suitable embodiment employs coating the screens with a Teflon dispersion. In the alternative, porous Teflon membranes may be used. Likewise, a Teflon binder maybe mixed with the salt mixture of this invention and the composition pressed into the form of sheets which may be formed into the corrugated layers. Still other embodiments involve the impregnation into fibrous paper-like materials of the salt mixture of this invention by conventional paper making techniques. The fibrous'material may be cellulosic, particularly for low temperature operations, or may be more high temperature-resistant materials such as polyesters. special plastics, asbestos fibers, Fiberfrax or the like. Fiberglass may also be used. The corrugated wheel may be either performed and then impregnated with the mixture, or the paper may be formed in the presence of a slurry of the salt mixture of this invention so that the salt mixture is integrated into and retained by the fiber structure. The total loading of the fibrous wheel may be from 5-300 percent by weight of the salt mixture of this invention. A typical wheel may be on the order of 3 inches in thickness and have a one foot diameter. Typical rotation speeds are on the order of from one-fifth to onetenth rpm through 5-10 rpm, depending on'the wheel thickness, the amount of the salt mixture impregnated into the wheel, the radius, CO concentration, and the volumetric flow of gases through the wheel. These pa,- rameters may be easily selected by the desired requirements of CO removal downstream of the wheel. Turning to FIG. 2, in operation, a wheel 9 is mounted rotatably on a shaft 7 which is moved at a predeter mined speed by standard rotational mechanisms, not. shown. As seen from FIG. 2, the wheel rotates counterclockwise. The wheel is divided approximately in half into regeneration zone 15 and absorption zone 16. A CO -Iaden gas 10, such as air from a closed ecological system or the feed input to a molten carbonate fuel cell comprising a reformed methane ,streamcomes into the absorption half of the cycle as shown by' the arrow and passes through the absorption half of thewheel 16. The air exiting from the wheel has removed therefrom the CO by the conversion of the carbonate to bicarbonate in the wheel. The CO content of the air 11 may be buzzers, or the like. The purified gas is then used as desired, for example, recycled for use in the ecological system. A separate gas stream 12 passes through a system of heaters 13, shown here schematically in cross section as a set of heat exchange tubes, to be heated to regenerative temperature in the range of from -l 65C. The heated regeneration gas then passes through the regeneration half of the wheel 15 in the regeneration cycle, and the heat lost from the regeneration gas stream 12 causes the bicarbonate to be regenerated to the carbonate form with the loss of C The gas stream 14 is thus relatively rich in CO and the regeneration is complete. The wheel continues to rotate, bringing into zone 16 the freshly regenerated carbonate-alumina salt mixture for re-absorption of CO from the gas stream 10. As can be seen from the discussion, the heat absorbed by the gas stream 12 is given up to the wheel which heats up and releases the C0 The wheel is thus warmed during the regeneration half of the cycle, and is cooled by the incoming stream during the absorption cycle. The wheel gives up some of its heat to the gas stream 11. The heat may be exchanged from the gas stream 11 to the heat exchanger tubes 13, thus effecting conservation of the heat in the system. The heat exchange may be done by a recuperative system such as a shell and tube heat exchanger running between the two streams, or may also be done by a regenerative system, such as a non-hygroscopic, non-cO -absorbing wheel similar in structure to the wheel 9. For example, this heat exchanging wheel may be constructed of metal, such as aluminum, a wax impregnated asbestos material, or a sectored-wheel packed with glass wool, fiberglass or the like. It will be appreciated that more than one of the wheels 9 may be used in sequence, or their speed increased where the CO concentration is greater than about 2 percent. Thus, a high differential-CO concentration between streams 11 and 14 may be obtained in a very simple manner. We have also discovered that initially, for example, for the first two minutes of sorption time and less, the rate of sorption is first order with respect to CO However, quite unexpectedly, as the time of sorption increases, the rate changes from first order behavior to one that is nearly independent of concentration. While we do not wish to be bound by theory, it appears that this behavior may be partially explained by reference to an unreacted-core shrinking model as applied to a spherical particle. As the reaction proceeds, the surface area decreases, and the rate falls. With respect to the fractional carbonate reacted, we have found that at higher concentrations the fraction converted is higher for the same sorption time. Generally, as time increases, the fraction of carbonate converted also increases, but at a decreasing rate. As indicated above, the amount of moisture in the gases must be kept to stoichiometric or above. Where dry inlet gases are used, whatever water is present in the salt mixture will gradually be used up, and the overall rate of sorption will drop due to a deficiency of water in parts of the salt. The salt mixture may be presaturated with a wet gas, or the absorption mixture not presaturated but the inlet gas may be wet itself. At low inlet gas flow rates, the overall sorption rate will remain relatively constant. At higher rates, the overall rate is lower and drops faster but is relatively constant whether or not the sorbent material is presaturated. Thus, although water content and himidity does not affect the rates of sorption markedly, it is best to operate with an excess of water. The flow independent rates of sorption can be used to size the sorber. The channel thickness between parallel plates or in a corrugated geometry such as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, are chosen so that the radial diffusional path is minimized as a resistance to mass transfer. This condition occurs when ka/D is less than 0.1 for laminar flow, where k is the rate constant, a is the halfwidth between parallel plates, and D is the molecular diffusivity of CO in the gas. The flow is chosen to be sufficiently fast to neglect back diffusion. This is valid when the Peclet number is greater than about 100. The 5 design equation then is: where r equals the rate of sorption, grams of co,/m*- sec, S equals the surface area of the salt mixture in square meters, F equals the mass flow rate in grams per second, and omega equals the weight fraction of CO in the gas. The rate r is a function of sorption time and concentration. For a fresh reagent, that is, equivalent to high rotation speeds and fast flow, the sorber size is a minimum for a given duty, as follows: A min. F Aw/r The volume of the sorber is obtained by multiplying the area A S by the salt thickness, for example onesixteenth inch. The corrugation size may also be varied to suit the CO removal requirement. For example, a onesixteenth inch size corrugation (hydraulic diameter) is particularly useful for CO removal from ecological air systems. The wheel apertures may also be other than sinusoidal or hexagonal in shape, such as round or square. As an alternative to the use of a rotary regenerator, a standard, non-rotating checker-box type system holding plates or corrugations of the sorbent salt may be used. In this embodiment, a system of ducts and valves causes air to flow alternately in opposite directions through two separate boxes, or zones in one box; one in the sorbing mode, the other in the regeneration mode. This system has the advantage of less power requirement for the rotational .motion of the sorbent plates or wheel, but this may be offset by the more complex timed valving required. A particular advantageous application of the composition of the present invention and the methods set forth is in combination with a conventional high temperature molten carbonate fuel cell wherein a hydrogen rich gas stream containing water and carbon diox ide is reacted at the cathode with carbonate. Such a gas stream is commonly provided by the steam reforming of various hydrocarbons. Since the fuel cell reaction also involves the reaction of carbon dioxide and oxygen air at the anode to produce the carbonate to be reacted at the cathode, it would be advantageous to remove the carbon dioxide from the hydrogen rich gas stream and pass it to the anode. Further fuel cells are typically used in close environments where space is at a premium. Accordingly, a sortemperature molten carbonate fuel cell 'must be no larger than the cell itself and preferably is smaller than the cell. In addition, when using a hydrogen gas stream from a hydrocarbon steam reforming process, the carbon dioxide must be removed from a water saturated stream. Regeneration must be accomplished with waste heat and both sorption and regeneration must be performed at substantially atmospheric pressure. All of these features are present in the composition and methods of the present invention. Accordingly, a reformed methane stream containing carbon dioxide, hydrogen and water to be passed to the cathode of a molten carbonate fuel cell is first contacted with the bent which is to be used in combination with a highfinely divided particulate alkali metal carbonate and alumina sorbent to selectively sorb the carbon dioxide thereon. As in the case of sorbing carbon dioxide from other gas streams, the sorbent must be maintained in a hydrate form. The sorbent is then regenerated preferably with heat and asecond gas stream, such as air, to convert the bicarbonate formed during sorption to carbonate and free the carbon dioxide sorbed thereon. This recovered carbon dioxide is then passed to the anode to react with oxygen and produce carbonate which supplies the cathode. It should be understood that modifications and variations can be made to our invention without departing from the spirit thereof. We claim: 1. A method of removing CO from a gases stream comprising the steps of: a. passing a CO containing inlet gas stream into contact with a synergistic sorbent composition of finely divided, particulate alkali metal carbonate and alumina, said alumina and carbonate being separate discrete particles and having been ground together to provide such sorbent, to sorb CO thereinto and convert said carbonate to bicarbonate, b. maintaining said sorbent composition in hydrated form, thereby to remove CO from said gases stream; and c. regenerating said sorbent composition by supplying heat to reconvert said bicarbonate to said carbonate form while evolving CO therefrom, without forming a crust over said sorbent. 2. A method of CO removal as in claim 1 which includes the added steps of: a. passing a an exhaust gas stream into contact with said sorbent when said sorbent is substantially in the bicarbonate form, b. maintaining said heat until said bicarbonate is regenerated to carbonate and said evolved CO is delivered to said exhaust gas stream. 3. A method of CO removal as in claim 2 wherein said process is maintained in a continuous cyclic fashion, said passing of inlet gases being in the sorption half of said cycle and said passing of exhaust gases being in the desorption regeneration half of said cycle. 4. A method of CO2 removal as in claim 3 wherein said sorption half of said cycle is maintained at a temperature of up to about 60C, and said regeneration half of said cycle is maintained at a temperature of up to about 165C. 5. A method of CO removal as in claim 1 wherein the inlet gas stream contains up to about 50 percent, by volume, C0 6. A method of CO removal as in claim 1 wherein said carbonate comprises from 5-75 percent, by weight of the total composition, and said alumina comprises from -25 percent, by weight of said total composition. 7. A method of CO removal as in claim 1 wherein said alkali metal corabonate is selected from potassium, sodium, rubidium, and cesium carbonate, and mixtures thereof. 8. A method of CO removal as in claim 7 wherein said alkali metal carbonate is potassium carbonate. 9. A method of CO removal as in claim 8 wherein said carbonate is admixed, in powdered form, in a size ranging from 20 to 1 US. mesh with said alumina, and said alumina has a specific surface area of more than 25 square meters/gram. 10. A method of CO removal as in claim 8 wherein said sorbent is supported on a filamentous carrier in an amount ranging from 5300 percent by weight of said carrier. 11. A method of CO removal as in claim 10 wherein said filamentous carrier is selected from wire mesh or fibrous materials capable of withstanding temperatures of over C. 12. A method of CO removal as in claim 11 wherein said carrier is a fibrous material selected from asbestos, cellulose, plastic, and mixtures thereof. Patent Citations
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Serena van der Woodsen Style in Gossip Girl
CelebStyle's Top Serena van der Woodsen Looks
CelebStyle's Top Serena van der Woodsen Looks
Gossip Girl might be over for the season, but that doesn't mean we're done dreaming about the wardrobe. Serena shocked and awed us with her attire, which was as sexy as can be this time around. Here are some looks that stayed with us, making us wonder what she'll be wearing next season. Enjoy!
Photo courtesy of The CW
Read More Blake LivelyCelebrity Style
Blake Lively
Celebrity Style
Link Love
- Iggy Azalea is P.O.'d about her leaked Steve Madden line photos — HuffPost Style
- It might be time to get your man a murse — The Cut
- Fast fashion vs investment pieces: this infographic breaks it down — Racked
- Lions, fire, and Lenny Kravitz? Katy Perry's halftime show sounds wild — InStyle
- What will it take for Gap to make a comeback? — Style.com
- Pregnant ladies, rejoice: Rachel Zoe has a maternity line — SheFinds
- Oops — you might be ruining your jewelry and not even know — Who What Wear
- Stock-photo models are people too! — Lucky
- Say goodbye to another brand: Jones New York is no longer — Fashionista
Latest Fashion

subset: commoncrawl


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Discuss, research and identify 20th Century pottery, glass, fine art, lighting, furniture, and decorative arts.
#keramik, pottery, glass, retro, west, german, lava, studio, vintage, riihimaki, riihimaen, holmegaard, midcentury, whitefriars, furniture, teak, gplan, ercol, ercolani, lütken, otto, brauer, gulvvase
The Prussian Confederation is a CN Alliance
A Cybernations Alliance of Independent States where Nations are encouraged to grow.
#confederation, independent, states, cybernations, alliance, where, nations, encouraged, grow


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Seeing stars? Design your favorite constellation in a Crayola Color Explosion™ sky!
Use the color-reveal markers to make dots on your Color Explosion paper to represent stars in a real or imaginary constellation.
Connect the dots with the color-reveal markers to reveal the shape you created with stars. Write the name of the star formation. Add space-inspired pictures in the background.
Make the stars sparkle by covering the dots with Crayola Glitter Glue. Allow to dry.The sky is the limit to your outer-space creativity!
Let's make something!
The stars are in reach with this sparkling map of your favorite constellations. Capture the brilliance of planets or a m
Add To Favorites Processsing...Processsing...
Who are your favorite astronauts-real or imaginary? Join their adventures with this collage from outer space!
What kinds of interesting life forms exist beyond the stars? Use your imagination to bring extra-terrestrial visions to
What do space aliens look like to Earthlings? What do our astronauts look like to Martians? This split-headed puppet is
How many eyes, legs, and arms do Aliens From Outer Space have? Only you know for sure---so design your make-believe crea
Recycle what's around the house to make a really neat alien! Build something clever, cover it with paper maché, paint, a
Aliens have landed! Use Crayola® Glow Explosion™ to create an extraterrestrial extraordinaire.
Please touch! Fruits and veggies have such interesting skin textures. Create colorful rubbings with Crayola® Large Washa


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You're leaving Wedding Paper Divas to see the Deal of the Day at our parent site, Tiny Prints.
You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"This product helped my ceremony to be a huge success. Guests spoke highly of the invitations, as well as the program that your company provided......Kudos to you and thanks!"


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A Pierce County mother, still grieving the murders of all 5 of her children, finally gets a gift that will take away some of her guilt and help her heal.
Problem Solvers
Retired Seattle Police Officer Mark Sigfrinius needed help after he was shot 25 years ago and needs it again. KOMO viewers did not disappoint.
The jury box sways back and forth. People get stuck in the elevator. In 1967 no one thought about the Americans with Disabilities Act. Yet the Snohomish County courthouse's biggest problems aren't inside.
A local charity is bankrupt, the IRS has stripped its tax-exempt status and now the state is trying to recover $20 million in what it calls "falsely obtained donations."
Bertha isn't budging. 10 months in and the big gal has traveled just 1000 feet. Hundreds of emails, schematics, and documents obtained by a public records request detail confusion and finger-pointing between the Washington Department of Transportation and Seattle Tunnel Partners in the aftermath of the blockage that stopped the boring machine.
A Seattle police officer gunned down during a traffic stop 25 years ago received an outpouring of community support then and needs help again now.
Rory Westmoreland said little in a courtroom in King County Thursday afternoon, but prosecutors say his trail of destruction across Puget Sound says enough to put him in prison.
A local woman facing cancer is told she has no health insurance even though she's paid for it. The KOMO 4 Problem Solvers look into the state health exhange to find the mistake.
The KOMO 4 Problem Solver discovered that a local daycare never reported allegations of one child inappropriately touching another and when the state did find out you'll be shocked by what they did.
Fearing for their safety and the safety of patients two former Western State Hospital nurses are suing the Department of Social and Health Services, pleading for change. They believe a pattern of harassment and retaliation at the mental hospital is so bad it's led to the death of one patient and has left the staff at risk. Those nurses now demand an outside investigation.
A Puyallup family is beside itself with grief. One day after losing their home and all of their belongings, they lost their child.
There's been an outpouring of support for the companion dog of a child sexual assault victim. The pet needs expensive life-saving ear surgery, but the family couldn't afford it. So the Problem Solvers stepped in.
The therapy dog for a victim of child sex abuse is in need of expensive life-saving surgery. The family contacted the KOMO 4 Problem Solvers to see if you'd be willing to help. The sexual abuse was from a high-profile case.
Seattle Police have uncovered a problem with their dashboard camera video system. A "glitch" has caused what's called dropped frames or missing images in some of the videos, causing potential problems for an unknown number of criminal cases.
Brian Post and Richard Newman are connected for life through their actions on March 18th, after the crash of KOMO helicopter Air 4.


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Ukrainians' interest in Barack Obama's inauguration is palpable, but not overwhelming. The country's ongoing political and economic chaos has significantly constricted most peoples' concern to their own existence. Most of whom I've spoken to are fed up with politics and are simply worried about the future: a friend or loved-one's job, if not their own. This comes on top of general political passivity common to the former Soviet Union. (The Orange Revolution was for this reason all the more remarkable, overcoming as it did decades — centuries? — of compliance and cynicism.) Still they are intrigued.
The greatest hope is that Obama can get the U.S. economy back on track, which would reignite the world economy — and hopefully Ukraine's along with it, if it is not too crippled by that point. Fewer seem to be concerned with hot-button topics like membership in NATO, though many count on Washington's continued support of Ukraine's disputes with Russia. The Kiev press has been primarily preoccupied with the wonder of it all: the United States' first African-American president, taking the oath on the Lincoln Bible, traveling along Lincoln's route from Illinois to Washington, the crowds that are expected, the excitement, the expectations in the U.S., and so on.
One location that has taken Obama's election with an element of style is a cafe/restaurant/bar I stop by occasionally, Entresol. I like to think of it as the Rick's Cafe of Kiev. Everyone (like in the movie) goes to Entresol: Ukrainians, foreigners, workers, businessmen, students and of course journalists. Its soul — in the evenings at least — is the head bartender, Jean, a vibrant, animated Congolese expatriate who studied medicine once upon a time and now has settled in Ukraine. (This is not the space to write in length about Entresol or Jean, however, so I will leave that for another time.)
Jean now serves a drink called the "Obama," which was the inspiration of Tim, a regular, also from Congo, who works as an architect. It consists a bottle of Orangina orange drink turned upside down into a glass of Blue Curacao. Orangina bottles are shaped like lightbulbs; after a while the two liquids intermix and the whole thing becomes sky-blue. To be honest, the drink is more interesting looking than it tastes. But still I couldn't figure out the connection between the concoction and our newest president. So I asked Tim, what does it all symbolize? "Change," he said succinctly.
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Matthew Berry
Bio | Chats | E-mail | Fantasy Focus | Fantasy and Games• Senior Fantasy analyst for ESPN
• Member, FSWA and FSTA Halls of Fame
• Best-selling author of "Fantasy Life" -
2014 recap/2015 preview: Tight ends
Eric KarabellNew England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski played in 15 games this past season, missing out on appearing in all 16 only because his team - thanks, obviously to some degree, to his spectacular talent -- was too good. But still, give Gronk major pro...
Blog | January 29, 2015 -
Dez Bryant leads ranking of top 100 dynasty players for 2015 - Fa...
Matt WilliamsonMatt Williamson ranks the top 100 players in the dynasty format of fantasy football. Dez Bryant, Le'Veon Bell and Rob Gronkowski are tops at their respective positions.
Story | Conversation | January 21, 2015 -
2014 recap/2015 preview: Quarterbacks
Eric KarabellThe 2014 fantasy football season was far from a record-breaking one for quarterbacks, certainly not the like the year before. Nobody came close to tossing 55 touchdown passes. Nobody reached 5,000 passing yards. While the position remains deep (at le...
Blog | January 07, 2015 -
Looking ahead to 2015 for every NFL team - Fantasy Football
Mike ClayLooking for one key nugget of fantasy football intel per team for 2015? Mike Clay of Pro Football Focus has you covered, with the final edition of Fantasy 32 for 2014.
Story | Conversation | December 30, 2014 -
Fantasy football 2014 season recap: Odell Beckham Jr. makes histo...
Tristan H. CockcroftTristan H. Cockcroft offers a historical look at the best in fantasy football from the 2014 season.
Story | Conversation | December 29, 2014 -
Four Downs: Rookie WRs shine in 2014
Eric KarabellFirst down: New York Giants wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. ended his amazing rookie campaign in Sunday's Week 17 with yet another outstanding performance, catching 12 passes for 185 yards and a touchdown against the Philadelphia Eagles, worth 24 poi...
Blog | December 28, 2014 -
Fantasy Football - Week 16 cheat sheet - Last-minute start, sit, ...
Tim KavanaghTim Kavanagh shares the most essential fantasy tips you need to set your Week 16 lineup, all distilled into one handy file.
Story | Conversation | December 20, 2014 -
Fantasy Football - Ultimate matchup tool for Week 16
Christopher HarrisStruggling with your lineup decisions for this week? The Harris Index is here to help, with detailed matchup information on every team and some must-start and must-avoid picks.
Story | Conversation | December 18, 2014 -
Ranks reax: Lions-Bears has potential
Eric KarabellWide receiver Calvin Johnson was a first-round pick in many ESPN average live drafts, and first at his position. Matthew Stafford was the fifth quarterback chosen, a fourth-rounder overall. Running back Reggie Bush went before Stafford, with Joique B...
Blog | December 17, 2014 -
Value of Latavius Murray, Marquess Wilson and other top tips - Fa...
Mike ClayNeed an edge in your Week 15 fantasy football matchup? Mike Clay of Pro Football Focus has you covered, with 32 start/sit, pickup and trade tips covering each NFL team.
Story | Conversation | December 09, 2014 -
Matthew Berry's Love/Hate list, sleepers, busts, best starts and ...
Matthew BerryMatthew Berry tells the tale of the biggest career mistake he ever made, and how it applies to you as you make your lineup decisions for the playoffs.
Story | Conversation | December 04, 2014 -
2014 rankings update: Fantasy playoff help
Eric KarabellWelcome to December and the fantasy football playoffs, and since there's no more trading and only a few more weeks left, we've come to the end of the road for the weekly blog entry that has been the end-of-season rankings. Hope you've enjoyed it as m...
Blog | December 02, 2014 -
2014 rankings update: Gordon top-10 WR
Eric KarabellFirst of all, let's wish a Happy Thanksgiving to all. Second, remember that there is a trio of sure-to-be-exciting football games Thursday, so get your lineups in early! Here is the latest edition of the end-of-season rankings, as we aim to define va...
Blog | November 25, 2014 -
Four Downs: Consider Crowell an RB2
Eric KarabellWhen Cleveland Browns wide receiver Josh Gordon achieved top fantasy status at his position last season, he and tight end Jordan Cameron were basically the lone Browns players worth relying on. The forgettable tandem of Jason Campbell and Brandon Wee...
Blog | November 23, 2014 -
Fantasy football trends: Red zone TD rates, target leaders, goal-...
Ken DaubeKen Daube provides red zone opportunities, target data and goal-line usage to help guide lineup decisions.
Story | Conversation | November 12, 2014 -
Backfield breakdown entering Week 11
Eric KarabellDenver Broncos running back Montee Ball was the No. 25 selection in ESPN ADP a few months ago, which means little in determining mid-November value but does tell us this is a talented player in a monstrous offense laden with obvious upside. With Ball...
Blog | November 11, 2014


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Spotlight On: Minimalist Soul Duo Silk Rhodes
By Jillian Scheinfeld January 9, 2015
Vocalist Sasha Desree on NYC vs. LA, recording on the road (literally), and Yiddish lullabies. Read More
Litvakus' New Album "Raysn" is Party Music for the Klezmer Set
By Rokhl Kafrissen October 29, 2014
Ethnomusicologist Dmitri Zisl Slepovitch plays the Jewish music of his native Belarus. Read More
Spotlight On: Indie-Folk Trio Distant Cousins
By Isabel Fattal September 19, 2014
Veterans of the Jewish music scene (Moshav, Blue Fringe) go mainstream, staying true to their roots. Read More
"Lincoln's Nigun—Yamin U'smol": The Perfect Song to Usher in the Sabbath Queen
By Elissa Goldstein August 29, 2014
A lush take on the traditional Jewish hymn "Lecha Dodi." Read More
Hasidic Alt-Rock Girl Band Bulletproof Stockings Performs Live in NYC—No Boys Allowed
By Rishe Groner August 12, 2014
Drummer Dalia Shusterman: "This was not a night about restrictions. It was about breaking off the shackles of social expectations." Read More
Jews Love Jason Derulo's "Talk Dirty to Me"
By Elissa Goldstein August 8, 2014
Israeli band Balkan Beat Box's sexy horns hit the big-BIG time, and two Yiddishy/Klezmer covers. Read More


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From the Publisher
"Jane Moore's new novel is spot-on when it comes to tuning in to the female zeitgeist . . . will leave you with a warm glow." —Elle"A first-rate romantic comedy with an endearing heroine and snappy, spot-on dialogue." —Emily Giffin, author of Something Borrowed and Something Blue
"A fabulously funny read." —Glamour
"A chick-lit bonbon." —Entertainment Weekly


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This is a very gentle scrub. Way to weak for me I guess. The smell is good and crisp tho. It's a little drying but not to bad. Works good as a clarifying shampoo to.
This is a wonderful scrub that is gentle yet effective on the skin. It is a bit expensive, but almost everything at Lush is. Definitely would recommend.
This is a very gentle body scrub that you can also use as shampoo.
For me, I like to mix a bit of rub rub rub and it's raining men shower gel and they work well together.
This body scrub is very thin in consitancy. It smells like Tide laundry detergent too. I do love the smell of Tide so that didn't bother me. It comes in a tub and when you go to scoop it out, it kind of slides through your fingers which can create a lot of product waste. This crap is too expensive to waste. I bought this because it was cheaper than my ocean salt scrub but ocean salt is far superior to this and I would rather just spend the extra money to get a better product.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
love the scent
very refreshing
great to use as a face wash
pre/post shave
i love the black pots but it's too liquidy for a pot
very expensive
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
It's a nice scrub and does leave your skin soft, but it's not quite scrubby enough for me. In the tub it looks pretty rough but on my body it's just not tough enough! Wouldn't repurchase as I don't like it enough to warrant £8 a pot.
Me encanta este scrub, es suave, se disuelve la sal en el agua, tiene rico aroma y funciona exfoliando respetuosamente.
Tengo que decir que amo todos los productos de Lush, asì que mi opinión no es objetiva.
El precio es un poco alto (sobre todo para mí que vivo en Argentina donde esta marca no està instalada), pero la diferencia en calidad es notoria, ademàs todos los productos son muy seguros.
En particular este scrub es un multiuso, sirve como scrub para el cuero cabelludo tambìen y en una ducha rápida puede funcionar como jabòn y shampoo. Todo a la vez. Es muy genial!
Terrible product. Was very excited to try this product today and when I finally did, I regretted it. It smells like strong detergent and it does not lather. I will be returning this item tomorrow.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
The scrub makes my skin feel really soft- I do use quite a generous amount. The packaging (in the tub) is okay, it's easy to use.
I am not a fan of the smell, though. Luckily it doesn't linger on my skin for too long.
I probably will repurchase it but it's not a staple.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
I absolutely love this product. What sold me was when the sales associate told me she used it for her bacne. I had been struggling with my bacne for years and tried everything (affordable). This product did wonders to my bacne including the scaring. It is now one of my holy grail products.
A little bit goes a long way so a small scoop is plenty for my entire back, chest, and shoulders.
The only thing I do not like is the packaging. It is a bit inconvenient to unscrew the lid, scoop out a bit of product, and try to screw the lid back on with one hand (because the other hand is holding the product) in the shower.
3 out of 3 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No


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FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 125, The Oscars and Compliance, Part II with Jay Rosen
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 124, The Oscars and Compliance, Part I with Jay Rosen
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 122-with Matt Kelly on Alstom, Avon and Petrobras
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 121-FCPA Year in Review, Part II
A Moment of Simple Justice - A Prosecutor's Duty
A Moment of Simple Justice - Undercover Lover
The FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 114-Doing Compliance, The Book
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 110-interview with Jonathan Armstrong
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 108-Supply Chain Under the FCPA
fcpa Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 106-interview with Gini Deitrich
IP|Trend: Ensuring an Environment of Compliance
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 105-interview with Barry Vitou
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 104-interview with Russ Berland
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 102-interview with Bruce Carton
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 101-interview with Chris Bauer
Navigating the Ethical Minefield of Social Media for California Attorneys
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 100-interview with Jeff Kaplan
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 96-interview with Karen Schuder on the teaching of business ethics
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 95-interview with Scott Killingsworth on Private to Private Compliance Solutions
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 94-Internal Controls for Gifts, Travel and Entertainment in a FCPA Compliance Program, Part II
In this Part II of my five part series on the Oscars and Compliance, Jay Rosen and I take a look at the pre-Oscar awards and consider how a language assessment should related to your overall compliance risk assessment. ...more
Following the release of Transparency International's 2014 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), the international watchdog group urges greater international cooperation to stem corruption and abuses of power that undermine...more
Let's play two! That was perhaps the most famous maxim from Ernie Banks, who died this past weekend at the age of 83. As for a sobriquet, it does not get much better than being known as 'Mr. Cub' from any baseball fan from 9...more
Digital warfare seems to be the name of the game these days. Terrorists attack our database infrastructures and wreck havoc by making personal information public. Look at the most recent attacks on Sony, Chick-Fil-A and...more
I grew up in Manchester, NH which the largest "city" in Southern New Hampshire with 100,000 residents. We are effectively a bedroom community of Boston, which informs my fervent support of all things Boston: baked beans and...more
In this episode I begin a five-part series on the Oscars and Compliance with recovering Hollywood screenwriter Jay Rosen. In this Part I, we review the process by which films are nominated for the Oscars and the campaigns...more
Last week we had the pleasure of listening to Jeff Piposar, Director and Executive Advisor for CEB Compliance & Ethics, share how to multiply limited resources in our webinar, "Building A Scalable Compliance Infrastructure:...more
On the accountability and punishment front, three trends bear watching: 1) Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) DPAs and Non-Prosecution Agreements (NPAs) allow prosecutors to require corporate reforms and...more
What is the first thing that you think of about Former First Lady Nancy Reagan? Right up there for me is three things actually Just Say No, which was her campaign against not only drug abuse but also premarital sex in the...more
In this episode, Compliance Week Editor-in-Chief Matt Kelly and I discuss the Avon and Alstom FCPA enforcement actions and then take a look at the ongoing Petrobras corruption scandal and what it means for Brazil. ...more
Ed. Note-I partnered with Merrill-Brink to write a White Paper on the use of local languages as a preventative tool in FCPA, UK Bribery Act and anti-corruption compliance. Today's blog post is an excerpt from the full article...more
"I didn't set out to commit a crime. I certainly didn't set out to hurt anyone… I was kind of a hero, because I helped the company make its numbers every quarter. And I thought I was doing a good thing. I thought I was...more
Ethics and compliance had a terrific year in 2014. The profession is growing in response to increased demand from businesses that are "slowly" embracing the importance of ethics and compliance....more
In my last post, "Middle Managers: The Key Messengers For Your Ethics and Compliance Training Program," I covered the top four challenges middle managers face, and the top three concerns compliance professionals face. With a...more
The most important opportunity for a company to communicate an ethics and compliance message is training. The Board, senior executives, managers and employees are required to watch and hopefully interact with a training...more
While ethics and compliance scandals that implicate brand name companies tend to grab the headlines, smaller organizations have always borne the brunt of regulatory enforcement. Over the years, U.S. Sentencing Commission data...more
In this episode I review the two Opinion Releases, Esquenazi court decision, DOJ communications via speeches on FCPA enforcement. I end with a look at 2015. ...more
We asked industry experts, colleagues and compliance officers what they believe will be the top issues impacting workplace ethics and corporate compliance programs in 2015. We gathered their best thinking and prepared our...more
When Ethical Boardroom asked me to contribute an article on the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and international sales strategies, I thought it might be interesting to include an organisational change dimension in...more
I continue my exploration of the Marx Brothers' movies by looking at the famous Stateroom scene from the MGM release A Night at the Opera. In researching this I was somewhat stunned to find that the scene was written and...more
In my last blog post, "The OECD Foreign Bribery Report: 7 Insights To Improve Your Ethics And Compliance Training Program," I identified the seven bribery trends covered in OECD's Foreign Bribery Report. The report listed...more
In this collection of recent essays and blog posts, attorney, leading compliance expert, and former federal prosecutor Michael Volkov helps corporate leaders understand how a culture of ethics and compliance is not only the...more
If there is one industry that needs an ethics overhaul, it has to be the financial industry. The list of transgressions continues to grow – AML/sanctions, LIBOR, Foreign Exchange Currency Cartels and Market Manipulations,...more
I continue my exploration of the Marx Brothers this week by looking at their most successful commercial film made for Paramount, Horse Feathers. While Duck Soup is and always will be my favorite film due to its overall and...more
Jan. 12, 2015 (Mimesis Law) -- Did District Attorneys Robert McCulloch and Daniel Donovan fulfill their ethical duties in the cases of Michael Brown and Eric Garner?...more


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Jewel of the Day
The jewelry equivalent of the little black dress—a perfect gold bangle.
What Do You Think?
Crewcuts Takes a Field Trip to the American Museum of Natural History
Crewcuts teams up with the American Museum of Natural History for a t-shirt collection that takes science to an adorable new level.
13 Of The Preppiest Couples Of All Time
From contemporary classics to literary legends, design dynasties to presidential partners, here are 13 of our favorite preppy couples of...
24 Antique Shows You Have To See Before You Die
Our coast-to-coast antique fair guide, so you can find innumerable vintage treasures this spring and summer! This piece originally appeared...
The Most Iconic Ski Bunny Looks of All Time
Every winter, snow flurries send us on a hunt for the finest ski resorts and gear. Warmth and practicality have taken...
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US 3290846 A Abstract available in Claims available in Description (OCR text may contain errors) Dec. 13, 1966 M. H. MADER ETAL WALL FAG ING Filed April 9, 1964 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 R V 25 5 6 WMM M EA u m WW6 w r )0 M 4 W 2% M Dec. 13 1966 M. H. MADER ETAL WALL FAG I NG 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed April 9, 1964 IN VE N TORS A MAW/V/ M405? V M M 6% n m 7 6 A United States Patent Office masts Patented Dec. 13, 1%66 3,29%),346 WALL FACIING Martin H. Mader, Hollywood, and Erhard G. Unger, Los Angeles, Calif., assignors to Mader Cabinet Works, Hollywood, Calif, a corporation of California Filed Apr. 9, 1964, Ser. No. 358,585 3 Claims. (Cl. 52-479) This invention relates to improvements in facings for walls of a room or building, which facings are adapted to serve as fixture supports as, for example, for supporting shelves. It is the general object of this invention to provide an improved facing for a wall, the facing not only serving for ornamental, decorative or wall-finishing purposes but also being adapted to function as a fixture support. The facing is readily and eas'ly installed upon a building wall and disassembled from the wall, is relatively simple and rugged in construction, and is easy to manufacture. Further objects and advantages of the invention will appear in the course of the following part of this description wherein the details of construction and mode of installation of a preferred embodiment are described with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which: FIG. 1 is a front elevation of a wall-facing structure of this invention, the same being mounted upon a wall of a building and including several display shelves; FIG. 2 is a cross-section on an enlarged scale through the facing structure taken upon a plane indicated on FIG. I by line 2-2; FIGS. 3, 4 and are vertical sections through the facing structure taken along lines 3-3, 4-4 and 5-5, respectively on FIG. 1; FIG. 6 is a detail section of a portion of the facing structure taken upon line 66 of FIG. 3; FIG. 7 is a vertical section through the lower portion ofa modified form of a wall-facing structure of thi invention; and, FIG. 8 is a detailed horizontal section through still another modification of a wall-facing structure of this invention. Referring to the drawing in greater detail, it illustrates a wall-facing structure of this invention designated generally by reference numeral lltl, and the same being mounted upon a wall of a building designated by numeral 12. For anchoring the facing structure to the building wall there are two straight strips 14 and 15 of stiff material, e.g. steel, which extend horizontally of and are secured to the building wall 12, the strips being spaced one above the other and being spaced forwardly from the building wall. In the illustrated embodiment, the strips 14 and 15 are flanges of channels 16 and 17 respectively. Referring particularly to the upper channel 16, it comprises the straight strip or channel flange 14, another side flange l9, and a flat web 29 integral with the two side flanges M and 19. The channel flange 19 is disposed flush against the building wall, and the web 20 serves to space the forwardly disposed flange 14 from the building wall. The channels are secured to the building wall with any suitable fastener, e.g. screws 22, which extend through the channel flange 19. The forwardly disposed flange or strip 14 is provided with apertures 23 aligned with the screw-holes respectively in the flange 19 to provide access for a screwdriver to engage the heads of screws 22. The channels of the illustrated embodiment extend horizontally substantially throughout the length of the wall structure 10 whereby they are more easily and readily fastened to the building wall than would be the case were each channel structure constituted of an aligned series of spaced channel sections. The channels are oriented such that the upper channel 16 opens downwardly and the lower channel 17 opens upwardly. In the illustrated instance the channels are parallel to each other and are spaced apart by a predetermined distance to be explained hereinafter. The exposed surface of the wall-facing structure 10 comprises a plurality of flat panels in juxtaposition, there being three panels 25, 26 and 27 of standard Width and a narrow end panel 28 in FIG. 1 of the drawing. The top edges 30 of the panels are aligned, and in the illustrated embodiment are spaced slightly below the upper or ceiling edge 31 of the room wall 12. The bottom edges 32 of the panels are also aligned with each other, and in the illustrated case are spaced slightly above the lower or floor edge 33 of the wall 12. As appears best in FIG. 1, the upper channel 16 is spaced slightly below the line of the top edges 30 of the panels, and the lower channel 17 is spaced slightly above the line of the bottom edges 32 of the panels whereby the channels are concealed by the panels. For demountably securing the panels -28 to the channels 1d and 17, the wall-facing structure 10 comprises a plurality of studs 35, preferably formed of hard wood. The number of studs for a complete wall-facing structure is one less than the number of panels in the structure, the studs being positioned behind the meeting edges of each respective pair of adjacent panels. Each stud 35 is of a length to extend from within the lower channel 17 and into the upper channel 16. No fasteners are needed to secure the studs in the channels. The upper end portion 36 and the lower end portion 37 of each stud are formed of a thickness to slip fit into the channels between the opposite side flanges of the channels. To install a stud, it is placed between the channels in tilted position and is then rotated to extend perpendicularly between the channels with its end portions 35 and 37 disposed in the channels, respectively. More particularly, and as appears best in FIG. 3, the upper end portion 3.6 of the stud 35 defines one surface of a trans versely extending rabbet 39, and the lower end portion 37 defines a corresponding surface of a lower transversely extending rabbet 49, thus to provide clearances for the flanges 14 and 15 of the channels 16 and 17, respectively. Each stud includes a forwardly ext-ending projecting portion 42 of a length (dimension taken perpendicularly between the channels) which is slightly less than the spacing between the proximate extremities of the channels, thus to permit clearance of the projection 42 with respect to the channels when the stud is rotated to perpendicular position in being fitted into the channels. To increase the sturdiness of the wall-facing structure, it is preferred, as in the illustrated embodiment, to form the stud of greater width than its projecting portion 42. The front flat face of each projection 42 is designated by reference numeral 43. Secured upon such front surface 43 is a slotted standard 45 having a medially extending series of spaced slots 45. The slotted standard 4-5 extends laterally beyond each side edge of the projecting portion 42 as tongues 48 and as for engagement in grooves of the panels to be described hereinafter. The wall-facing structure iii of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-6 is provided with means for mounting fixtures upon the exposed surface of the panels whereby that embodiment is adapted to serve as a fixture support. More particularly, there are two angle irons 51 and 52. secured flush upon the slotted standard 45 as with screws 53 which extend through the slotted standard and into the stud 35. The forwardly extending legs of the angle irons 51 and 52 are spaced apart at 54 to accommodate insertion of an end portion of a bracket 56. The brackets 56 are of common configuration, each comprising an arm portion 57 and an anchoring end portion ,Each slot 46 is of a width suflicient to accommodate insertion of an anchoring end portion 58 through it, and each slot is of a vertical dimension slightly less than that of the anchoring end portion 58. Thus, to install a bracket 56, the upper end 61 of an anchoring end portion 58 of a bracket is inserted through a slot 46 with the bracket being inclined upwardly. As the outer end 62 of the bracket is rotated from an upwardly inclined position to its installed position shown in FIG. 3 wherein the upper edge surface 63 of the bracket arm extends horizontally, the upper end portion 61 becomes engaged against the rear surface of the slotted standard 45 above its accommodating slot 46 while the lower end portion of the anchoring end of the bracket becomes seated fiush against the rear surface of the slotted standard below the lower end of its accommodating slot. The bracket is preferably provided with a stop 65 for engagement with the front surface of the slotted standard. The slots 46 in each of the series of studs are horizontally aligned whereby a bracket 56 in one stud will be on the same horizontal plane as that in the next adjacent stud for supporting a horizontal shelf 67. Preferably, there are front and back shelf rests 69 and 7-1), respectively, for supporting the shelf. To provide for reception of the anchoring end portions 58 of those brackets 56 which are positioned at levels between the channels 16 and 17, a vertically extending slot 72 is provided in each of the studs 35, such slot 72 extending through the projection portion 42. Referring again to the panels 25-28, and in particular to the pair 27-28 of adjacent panels as they appear in FIG. 2, the panel 27 is milled at that side edge thereof proximate the panel 28 to provide an inside groove 74 extending throughout the height of the panel for mating with the tongue 48 of the stud 35. It is to be noted also that the panel side edges are recessed at 75 to clear the projecting portion 42. Thus, it is seen that the panels are connected to the studs and supported against movement outwardly from the studs through the interlocking arrangement of the tongues 43 and 49 of the studs in the complementary grooves 74 of the panels. Being so secured against outward movement away from the wall, and in those cases Where the panels do not rest on the floor, it is necessary only to provide a simple stop means on each panel to determine its vertical position. In the illustrated embodiment such stop means is provided by a block 77 (FIG. 4) fastened as with nails 78 to the back side of each panel at an elevation such that the block 77 will rest upon the top surface of the upper channel 16. In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-6, the panels are spaced slightly above the floor. To complete the wall-facing structure as extending uninterruptedly from the floor, a baseboard 80 is secured along the lower margin of the panels for engagement with the floor. For trimming the side edges of the wall-facing structure 10, the illustrated embodiment includes an end stud 82 (left-hand end in FIG. 2) of a thickness to slip fit within the channels as in the case of the studs 35, and a filler strip 83 is secured as by gluing between the stud 82 and the back surface of the terminal panel 28. Also, a corner trim strip 84 is provided for finishing the side edge, and a scribe 85, secured with nails 86, is adjustably extendable to close the gap between the trim strip 84- and the forward surface of the room wall 12. Referring now to FIG. 7, the embodiment shown therein is one in which the panels 83 (corresponding in structure and function to the panels 25-28 of the FIGS. 1-6 embodiment) are spaced substantially above the floor of the room to provide a design of conventional recessed base, and a baseboard 89 is secured directly to the building wall 12 rather than to the bottom marginal portion of the panels. In FIG. 8, an arrangement for connecting the panels, herein numbered 90 and 91, to a stud 92 which corresponds in panel-supporting function to the studs 35 of the FIGS. l-6 embodiment, is illustrated for a wall-facing structure of this invention which is not specially adapted for mounting article-displaying brackets of the type included in the FIGS. 1-6 embodiment. In the case of the wall-facing structure of FIG. 8, the panels 90 and 91 are in side edge-to-side edge abutment leaving but a line of abutment appearing at the exterior of the wall-facing structure. While the instant invention has been shown and described herein in what are conceived to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is recognized that departures may be made therefrom within the scope of the invention, which is therefore not to be limited to the details disclosed herein, but is to be accorded the full scope of the appended claims. What is claimed is: 1. A wall-facing structure mounted upon a building wall and comprising strip means for anchoring said structure to said wall, means fastening said strip means to said wall in two spaced lines along the wall and in spaced relationship forwardly from said wall, a plurality of studs each extending from behind the strip means in one of said lines to behind the strip means in the other of said lines, each stud having laterally extending tongues proximate the forwardly disposed surface thereof, a plurality of fiat panels arranged in juxtaposition and disposed in a plane forwardly of and against said strip means, the proximate side edges of each pair of adjacent panels having internal grooves receiving said tongues respectively whereby the panels are adapted to be secured by the studs against movement forwardly from the studs, and stop means on the panels engaging with said strip means for resting the panels upon the strip means. 2. A wall-facing structure mounted upon a building wall and comprising upper channel means disposed in a horizontal line along said wall, lower channel means disposed in a horizontal line along said wall spaced below said upper channel means, means fastening said channel means to said wall with the upper and lower channel means opening toward each other, a plurality of studs, each stud having end portions slip fitted into said upper and lower channel means respectively, each stud having a forwardly extending projecting portion with laterally and oppositely directed tongues extending along the forwardmost surface of the projecting portion, a plurality of fiat panels arranged in juxtaposition and in a common plane forwardly of and disposed against said upper and lower channel means, the proximate side edges of each pair of adjacent panels having internal grooves receiving said tongues respectively whereby the panels are adapted to be secured by the studs against movement forwardly from the studs, and stop means on the panels engaging one of said channel means for resting the panels upon the channel means. 3. A wall-facing structure mounted upon a building wall and to serve as a fixture support, said structure comprising an upper channel disposed in a horizontal line along said wall, a lower channel disposed horizontally along said wall and spaced below said upper channel, means fastening said channels to said Wall with the upper and lower channels opening toward each other, a plurality of studs, each stud having end portions slip fitted into said upper and lower channels respectively, each stud having a forwardly extending projecting portion and a slotted standard secured flush upon the forwardmost surface of the projecting portion, said standard being of a width sufiicient to extend along each side edge there-of beyond said projecting portion forming tongues, a plurality of flat panels arranged in juxtaposition and in a common plane forwardly of and disposed against said channels, the proximate side edges of each pair of adjacent panels 5 6 having internal grooves accommodating said tongues References Cited by the Examiner respectively whereby the panels are adapted to be secured UNITED STATES PATENTS by the studs against movement forwardly from the studs, said proximate side edges being spaced apart to permit 213621252 11/1944 E'lhnwood access for a fixture bracket to extend into a slot of said 5 2,998,107 8/1961 Zlmmerla standard, said projecting portion being recessed directly 3,193,885 7/1965 Gartner 52436 behind the slots of said standard, and stop means on the panels engaging With one of said panels for hanging said FRANK ABBOTT Primary Examiner panels upon said one channel. I. E. MURTAGH, Assistant Examiner. Patent Citations
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