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» English Premier League 2012-2013 : Results
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ARSENAL and Manchester City are ready to battle it out in the final days of the transfer window for the signing of Atletico Madrid's Mario Mandzukic.
09:50 » Daily ExpressWest Ham United are close to a deal for Hamilton fullback Stephen Hendrie. The Daily Mail says Hendrie is set to sign a pre-contract with the Hammers today. read more
09:41 » tribalfootball.comArsenal legend Thierry Henry is stepping up plans for a coaching career. The Frenchman is undergoing UEFA coaching courses in Wales. read more
09:41 » tribalfootball.comEverton defender John Stones believes he will emerge as a better player following his injury nightmare after studying the game.
09:41 » ClubCall.comArsenal hero Robert Pires says Thierry Henry would be Arsene Wenger 's ideal successor. Pires says Henry understands the culture at Arsenal . read more
09:40 » tribalfootball.comChelsea fans' magazine 'cfcuk' have urged supporters not to jeer returning hero Frank Lampard for Saturday's clash with Manchester City. read more
09:40 » tribalfootball.comWest Ham United academy manager Terry Westley says there is no longer a fear of losing their best prospects to rivals. read more
09:39 » tribalfootball.comChelsea defender Gary Cahill says the players love the spirit of Diego Costa. read more
09:39 » tribalfootball.comAS Roma midfielder Kevin Strootman has decided to leave Italy to sort out his knee woes. read more
09:38 » tribalfootball.com


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UN Social Media Webcast With UN Sec Gen Ban Ki-moon
Fri 16 Sep 2011Story by The Food Revolution Team
United Nations Webcast: Live Global Conversation with the UN Secretary-General on Social Media.
As world leaders prepare to gather in New York on the 19th and 20th of September for the United Nations Summit, the UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-Moon, held a live global conversation on social media earlier in the week. During this conversation anyone across the world could send in their questions as moderator Juju Chang put the questions to the UN Sec Gen to answer during a live web cast.
The UN Summit this year is, for the first time, focusing on Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) which encompass smoking, alcohol and diet related diseases. Four of the most prominent NCDs are linked by preventable risk factors such as diet, and being overweight or obese is a MAJOR risk factor (WHO).
We have been supporting the UN Summit and asking our supporters to get involved and make a stand for their country. During the live webcast both Jamie and the Food Revolution team joined others across the world on twitter in asking the UN Sec Gen to hold world leaders accountable for the outcomes of the UN Summit on NCDs.
Jamie also joined in the conversation for the live web cast by tweeting questions to the UN Sec Gen and we were delighted when once of Jamie�s questions was answered. Let�s hope that this raises some much needed awareness about NCDs and the need for more education and legislation to reduce the number of deaths due to NCDs and obesity related diseases.
Below you can see Jamie�s question and read Ban Ki-moons response, you can also watch the live webcast here.
00:28:28 / 00:35:00
Juju Chang: As we have been chatting the blogosphere has been going and one of the people caught up in it is our famed chef from England, Jamie Oliver, known as the naked chef, and he asks �Over 35 million people die of non communicable diseases every year, how can we reduce this?�
UN Sec-Gen Ban Ki-moon: This is again a totally unacceptable situation; people are dying slowly from these non communicable diseases which are all treatable and curable. That is why the United Nations is condemning the high level Summit meeting from next week at the general assembly, this is for the first time in the history of the United Nations that we are having this high level meeting and we are paying high priority on preventing NCDs. These can be cured by medical support, and can also be prevented by simply changing your lifestyle and life behaviour, obesity or diabetes and all these, you can change your lifestyle, drinking, alcoholism or smoking, by stopping this, again you can save your life.
Juju Chang: Lifestyle diseases, very true, that�s an initiative very dear to Jamie Oliver�s heart.
In support of the UN Summit of NCDs we are asking you to write to your UN Ambassador in New York using The NCD Alliance�s letter template to request your Head of State or Government to attend the summit.
You can download the Letter Template to email to your UN Ambassador here along with information on the global NCDs crisis, contact details for your representative and ways to Tweet or Facebook your Head of State to ask them to attend.
Sample tweet:
UN Sec Gen: Will you hold world leaders accountable for outcomes of #UNSummit on #NCDs? #FoodRevolution [PLEASE RT]
We look forward to hearing about the outcome of the summit next week.
The Food Revolution Team
World Health Organization (WHO) � Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
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APZooey Deschanel sang the National Anthem at game four of the World Series between the Texas Rangers and St. Louis Cardinals.
Deschanel has quickly turned into "America's sweetheart." She's actually a good singer. But, it could be presumed, she received the opportunity solely based on Fox's cross-promotion of her new show, New Girl.
Depending on whom you ask, her performance was either uninspired or terrific.
Whatever your belief, it spawned various discussions about national anthem performances at sporting events.
So we thought we'd bring you some of the most memorable Star-Spangled Banner renditions of all-time – good or bad.
Marvin Gaye was great. Carl Lewis? Not so much.
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Whitley: Urban Meyer's 2008 Gators were great, but it came with a price - 0 Comments
Urban Meyer is usually a man with all the answers. He just provided one for those wondering which was the best college football team ever.
The 2008 Florida Gators.
Since he brought it up, Meyer inadvertently raised a bigger question.
Was it worth it?
The '08 Gators won a national championship, but its success was largely provided by players who are as familiar to police as they are to fans. That hardly makes them unique, as recent Publix surveillance video out of Tallahassee can prove.
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Lance Armstrong
USA Cycling Chief Executive Johnson To Retire
Steve Johnson, the president and CEO of USA Cycling, plans to retire after the United States hosts the road world championships next year in Richmond, Virginia.
5 Reasons The World Of Sports Will Miss Robin Williams
The big screen lost a legend, while sports lost their greatest motivator.
Most Talked About Sports Events of 2013
Headlines that shaped and transcended the sports world in 2013.
Mother Of Cancer Survivor Creates Outdoor Camp For Cancer Patients
A cancer diagnosis changes a life and the lives loved ones — and CBS4's Gloria Neal met with a business owner who turned the heartbreak of cancer into hope.
TTYM: Is Tiger Out Of The Woods? Must-See Video Bomb
From allegations Ray Lewis used a performance enhancing drugs in the form of deer antler spray, Joe Flacco's ignorant referral to next year's Super Bowl as "retarded", the 49er's Chris Culliver's anti-gay comments and apology […]
Karl Hopes Armstrong's Livestrong Mission Will Continue
Denver Nuggets Coach George Karl says it's "sad," but he understands why Lance Armstrong used performing drugs.
Moody: 'I've Got To Believe Lance Is A Thug'
CBS4 Critic at Large Greg Moody has been following cycling for years and has even written several novels on the topic. He offered his insight into Lance Armstrong's world that seems to be falling apart.
Armstrong Gets Support From Art Museum In Aspen
Disgraced cyclist Lance Armstrong has lost his Tour de France titles and the backing of major sponsors. But the Aspen Art Museum says it is standing by the part-time resident who is on the museum board.
Vande Velde Calls USA Pro Challenge Biggest Moment Of Career
Taylor Phinney from Boulder blistered the time trial course with the fastest time, but it was Christian Vande Velde who took home the yellow jersey. He had to make up nine seconds. He did that, and then some to win the second annual USA Pro Challenge.
Few Talking About Armstrong Scandal At USA Pro Challenge
Racers in this week's USA Pro Challenge in Colorado are getting closer to the finish line in Denver on Sunday, and they aren't letting shocking news that has emerged in the cycling world slow them down.


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Conferenceplus Reviews
"A predominantly positive experience... "
- Comp & Benefits
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- Culture & Values
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I worked at Conferenceplus
ProsThe Head of Sales Gary R. was a dynamic leader who was always there to help and provided consistent coaching.
ConsThe corner office could be a bit of a clique at times.
Advice to ManagementAdviceTo the CEO...treat employees with respect and don't ever be better than them.
RecommendsNeutral OutlookDisapproves of CEO -
Conferenceplus Interviews
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Interview Experience
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I applied in-person. The process took a day – interviewed at Conferenceplus in March 2010.
Interview DetailsWas an internal posting for a new position. Spent most of my time listening to the VP of Sales preach and lecture. The VP of Sales is simply too old school, very much into a deep command chain, versus a flatter leadership structure. Interviewer didn't even read my resume or cover letter. He let it slip during the interview that they had already decided who would get the position, and they were going through the motions.
Interview Questions- Tell me about yourself. No, not your work, about you personally. Answer Question
No OfferNegative ExperienceDifficult Interview
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Unlock ProfileConferencePlus makes virtual meetings happen. The conferencing services provider offers teleconferencing, as well as video and Web conferencing, directly to companies and through agreements with telecommunications resellers. Its integrated scheduling and billing system allows users to sign up for services and manage their accounts online, using custom-branded Web sites. Founded in 1988, ConferencePlus operates conferencing facilities in the Chicago area and in Dublin, Ireland, and London. The company was acquired by audio and Web conferencing services provider Arkadin from... More


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CORRECTED - Higher incentive pay drives up Alaska Air costs
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(Corrects full-year cost forecasts in paragraph 4)
* Cost forecast raised for quarter
* Bag fee seen adding $70 million to annual revenue
NEW YORK, Aug 21 (Reuters) - Alaska Air Group Inc (ALK.N) subsidiaries raised their cost forecasts for the third quarter and 2009, due in part to higher incentive pay forecasts for the rest of the year, the company said in a filing on Friday.
Alaska Airlines said it now expects its third-quarter cost per available seat mile (CASM)-- excluding fuel and special items-- to be 8 cents, higher than the range of 7.8 cents to 7.9 cents it gave in July during its second-quarter earnings call.
On a full-year basis, costs are expected to be 8.2 cents, slightly higher than its 8.1-cent forecast in July.
Based on the carrier's capacity projections, this could result in added costs of $6 million to $12 million for the third quarter and $22.9 million for 2009.
"The guidance for the third quarter and the full-year cost per ASM excluding fuel and special items has increased from our previous guidance on July 23, 2009, primarily as a result of higher wages and benefits and incentive pay forecasts for the remainder of the year," Alaska said in an investor update filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Alaska Air Group could not be immediately reached for comment.
Alaska Air Group's other carrier, Horizon Air, also cited higher incentive pay for an expected increase in costs.
In the filing, Horizon said it now forecasts third-quarter CASM, excluding fuel costs and fleet transition costs, between 14.5 cents and 14.6 cents.
Horizon had earlier forecast third-quarter costs between 14.4 cents and 14.5 cents. The new figures add between $850,000 and $1.7 million to costs, based on expected third quarter capacity.
Alaska Air Group said its revenue per available seat mile edged 0.7 percent higher in July to 13.07 cents, helped by the implementation of a bag fee in early July.
The fee accrued about $4.9 million in incremental revenue in July, putting the company on track to meet its forecast of $70 million in added revenue, Alaska Air said.
Alaska Air shares rose 1.5 percent, or 34 cents, to $22.91 in early trading on the New York Stock Exchange. (Reporting by Deepa Seetharaman, editing by Gerald E. McCormick)
After wave of QE, onus shifts to leaders to boost economy
DAVOS, Switzerland - Central banks have done their best to rescue the world economy by printing money and politicians must now act fast to enact structural reforms and pro-investment policies to boost growth, central bankers said on Saturday.


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Gothenburg beats Bulldogs by 6 strokes
The Gothenburg golf team hosted North Platte in a dual at Wild Horse Golf Club last Thursday, beating the visiting Bulldogs 202-208.
Head coach Tara Foster said she was pleased with how well the team played against tough competition.
Leading the way for Gothenburg was senior Kelsey Kuhlman shooting a season best 49 on nine holes.
"Kelsey really pulled through for the team shooting a career low," Foster said. "We needed that from her."
The low scores of the dual came from two Bulldog golfers. Erin Green and Morgan Lashley who both carded a 48.
However, consistent scoring from the top four Swedes allowed them to edge out North Platte by six strokes.
Foster said in the week leading up to the dual, Gothenburg focused on shots to the green from 150 yards and closer.
"You have to have good distance control from scoring positions," Foster said.
Gothenburg will look to continue successful scoring at the Southwest Conference meet in Minden Thursday at 10 a.m.
Kelsey Kuhlman 49
Mallory McCoy 50
Taylour Marshall 51
McKinley Harm 52
Courtney Brown 58
Erin Green 48
Morgan Lashley 48
Amanda Beal 53
Courtney Kohl 59
Alicia Sanchez 59
Alex Boson 59
Morgan Weaver 62
Paula Cardenas 64
Julyssa Rocha 76 Georgina DIshman 79
Camerin Burtle 57
Alexis Bacon 59
Marissa Pascoe 60
Taylor Kramer 64
Latest Headlines
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- New county leadership
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- Lecturer says genetically engineered animals could ease world hunger
- Peterson: Movie-making in Chicago friendlier atmosphere than in LA, NYC


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Nov 27, 2011, 02:00 PM | |
KP 32 EDF Unit
Has anyone tried the KP 32mm EDF unit in one of these?
Any thoughts on whether it will work/fit? Link to a UK supplier's site (see about 2/3 of the way down on this page): http://www.samsmodels.com/acatalog/S...ric.html#a2399 I've just ordered one! Jacques |
Nov 27, 2011, 06:50 PM | |
Australia, QLD, Toowoomba
Joined Mar 2011
567 Posts
well, i got out and flew my duct-modified 35mm T-45 on the weekend - just a few circuts, using a 360mah 20c 2s, and after the frustration of countless failed launches, this time, it flew. - i was amazed - and predictably, it flew just like it's bigger brother t-45's.
Nov 27, 2011, 06:55 PM | |
OrangeRx R415
Anyone have any luck with these Hobby King receivers?
I built my F86 today and tried 2 of the RX's with terrible results. Got em to bind and then they would lose signal. I would have to rebind every time I disconnect the battery. Using a DX6i. Anyone have any ideas? After I would get them bound to the Tx, remove the bind plug, and then try to get them inside the fuselage, they brown out. I tried everything I know except for putting them in another model. Maybe a bad plug on the esc? Thanks for any ideas. |
Nov 27, 2011, 07:34 PM | ||
Australia, QLD, Toowoomba
Joined Mar 2011
567 Posts
Nov 27, 2011, 08:08 PM | ||
I'm sticking with the 6 channel caseless Tx as I plan to move my tiny brite lights warbird lights to the A-10. The 6 strobing gun lights will then be activated by the radio. I have not figured out which channel to plug in to. on the parkzone UMX, it responded to the 3 way flaps switch on the DX8 - All Lights Off, Nav Lights on, Nav Lights with Gun Lights. I hope to have both the lights and the spoilerons working. |
Nov 27, 2011, 08:37 PM | ||
I like the saying "good parts aren't cheap and cheap parts aren't good". I'm used to spektrum rx's...bind once and no problemo. |
Nov 27, 2011, 09:50 PM | ||
I have the receiver back facing up or side ways, so the bare part of it isn't touching any metal. |
Nov 27, 2011, 11:12 PM | |
Just a thought. If you bind the RX do not unplug and re-plug in components, especially the ESC. The original Spectrum DSM2 RX's lost bind if th ESC was unplugged. You did mention that you did the binding outside the plane, and then installed the RX, so just checking, do you leave everything plugged in after binding? The HK RX may do the same thing. I've been using several orange RX's and they have been working great (DX7).
Nov 27, 2011, 11:59 PM | ||
Now I need to figure out the elevons w/ the DX6i for the F16 . Ive got everything running good, except pull back on the right stick and I get down elevons?? I tried to reverse the servos, no luck. Maybe they mismarked the wires??? |
Nov 28, 2011, 01:19 AM | |
New Zealand
Joined Aug 2006
34 Posts
Just bought 3 of these. F86, BAe Hawk and F18. Got a bunch of 3s 370 mAh and the orangeRx's. No trouble binding against my DX7i. Haven't range tested yet as I've been busy replacing the speed controllers with the Turnigy 10 Amp plush for each. Only the F18 didn't need any mods to fit the batteries and so far everything has balanced out well. F86 is the tightest fit, hoping the foam holds up...
Can't wait to fly these things! |
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Mules, which are also referred to as clogs, are a supportive style of shoe that are seen a lot in the workplace. They may not be the cutest of shoes, but they can definitely be stylish. Mules come in many brands and also different styles. Most all types of mules are backless, and more often than not, they have some type of heel whether it's a wedge, platform, or simply thick soles. Mules, or Clogs can also add some interest to any type of casual outfit and will look wonderful and support your feet at the same time.
There's a mule for everyone, whether you're interested in something that looks more professional, or a mule that is made of suede or leather and will look fantastic with a pair of nice trousers. Comfort brands make mules that are the most well known, such as Clarks, Birkenstock, and Skechers, but you can also get cute mules made by Marks & Spencer. Decide which style of mules and clogs are right for you by taking a look at some of the most common types and trends when it comes to mules for women.
What to Consider Before Buying Mules
Mules can be simply practical and functional, or they can add pizzazz to an outfit. There is a mule for every look, so think about what type of mules you want. Do you need simple mules that you can wear when you're on your feet all day, or would you love a pair of cute, dressy mules, such as patent leather mules that look elegant? Mules can also come in house slipper styles that are fur lined for comfort, and flat, sturdy, work mules. Decide which type of mule you want to look for, and whether you like a backless mule or want more support with a back to the mule.
Types of Mules
There's a mule for every occasion, whether it's a flat for work, a house slipper for lounging, or a stylish leather mule that will look great with dressy pants or a skirt. Choose a mule based on what would get the most wear, and what your individual needs are. If the weather's changing and you need a pair of slippers to keep feet warm while you walk your dogs, invest in slipper mules, but if you want a comfortable pair of shoes to wear to work, you'll need more functional flat or low-heeled mules made of leather or suede.
Flat Mules
Flat mules are made by brands like Crocs and Skechers. These are primarily going to be comfort mules that offer the support you need if you stand on your feet a lot. Flat mules do come in a variety of styles. Birkenstock mules are backless and look like a sandal, and sneaker mules have no back but are styled to look and feel like a comfortable sneaker. Flat mules are easy to put on, as you just slide your feet right into them. They are usually perfect with casual clothing, but may not translate to dress wear.
Flat mules are typically seen on women that have to be on their feet all day, such as nurses or teachers. They will keep the feet supported and protected, but still look stylish, even though they are considered a casual type of shoe.
Clogs are considered mules, but they have a style all their own. Clogs usually have a chunky heel and a thick platform sole, and they come in a lot of colours and styles. Brands like Dansko are well known for their clogs that can take you from day to evening with suede, leather, and shiny patent leather styles. There are also cool patterned clogs. Clogs can also come with straps across them that fasten around the ankle. Clogs can be embellished with rhinestones, fringe, embroidery, or studs. Clogs are comfortable and functional, and help to keep feet supported.
Heeled Mules
Heeled mules are a little more for dressy occasions. They can almost look like a regular high heel, and usually have a thick heel that's roughly a few inches high. They can be closed or open toed, but have the same distinct mule look to them that makes them stand out. Heeled mules can be silver, patent leather, or other materials that separate them from simply being a casual shoe and takes them a notch above to dressy. Mules still may not work with your most elegant party dress, but they can look great with a fabulous pair of trousers or even a cute skirt.
The thing that distinguishes a mule from other heels is generally the fact that the back remains open, no matter what the front looks like. The front of the shoe can be Mary Jane style with a strap across, be completely close toed, or have a peep toe. Heeled mules can also take on the form of a sandal and look cute with a sundress or skirt. Mule sandals can have an open toe and an ankle strap like the typical sandal, but they still look like clogs with their wedge heel and thicker sole.
Mule Boots
Mules can also take on the form of boots, whether they are ankle boots or taller boots. Mule boots can look like cowboy boots but have the soles of a typical mule. They can also look like bootie and have a higher wedge heel, or have a low platform style heel. The main difference between mule boots and regular boots is they go up higher, at least to the ankle, and traditional mules don't.
There are also higher boots available that have a mule style to them, and they come in lots of different styles and types. Even popular boot brand Ugg makes mule boots that have a cosy, furry inner lining for those chilly days.
Slipper Mules
Slipper mules are a comfortable addition to your cold weather shoe wardrobe, and many of them have soles that are thick enough to be worn outdoors as well as indoors. Most slipper mules are made of suede or other soft materials, and they are often fur lined and very warm. Slipper mules come in different colours and styles but are generally always backless.
Slipper mules can be animal print, clog style, adorned with bows, embroidery, or crystals, and come in a variety of colours to meet your needs. Some slipper mules aren't meant to be worn outdoors because they have soft soles. If you need a slipper mule to wear outside, make sure the soles are hard and good for wearing outdoors.
Mules Sizing Chart
Using a size chart can help you to determine the correct size for your mules when purchasing them online. Sometimes it can be difficult to find the correct size online without trying them on. This is where a size chart comes in handy and helps to save from returns in the future.
Foot Length (cm) |
Europe |
22.8 |
2.5 |
35 |
23.1 |
3 |
35.5 |
23.5 |
3.5 |
36 |
23.81 |
4 |
37 |
24.13 |
4.5 |
37.5 |
24.45 |
5 |
38 |
24.77 |
5.5 |
38.5 |
25.08 |
6 |
39 |
25.4 |
6.5 |
40 |
25.72 |
7 |
41 |
26.04 |
7.5 |
42 |
26.34 |
8 |
43 |
27.3 |
9.5 |
44 |
27.9 |
10.5 |
45 |
28.6 |
11.5 |
46.5 |
When you are able to make a better overall informed decision by knowing the correct size, style, and type of mule you want, the more pleased you will be with your purchase. Mules can be one of the best types of shoes you will ever place your foot in, this is why it's important to make sure you know just what you are looking for when it comes to shopping for them.
How to Buy Mules on eBay
Once you've narrowed down the options to what type of mules you're most interested in purchasing, you can begin your search for the perfect mule for you. First, search mules and see all the different styles of mules that are available for purchase on eBay. Then, tailor your search based on your interests, such as slippers, heels, or regular mules. You can make the search more specific by selecting heel height, colour, or brand of the mules you'd like to find.
Check the sellers you're looking at to determine that they are highly rated and their feedback from other buyers is excellent, so you can buy mules with confidence. To alleviate shipping costs, purchase mules from local sellers and see if they will arrange a personal pickup with you. This also creates a unique personal shopping experience, which is rare in the world of online shopping. Find more than one pair of mules or clogs that will come from the same seller, and maybe the seller will bundle the mules together and offer you a discount on shipping. Buying mules on eBay is convenient and fun, and you'll often find great deals on fabulous mules.
You're busy and you don't have time to go from store to store searching for the mules that go with your trousers, or the perfect pair of slipper mules to give as a holiday gift to your sister. Enter eBay, the most convenient way to look for mules without expending time, gas, or your energy. Search for mules by colour, style, or brand for the ultimate shopping experience. Get mules for work, lounging, and purchase dressier mules for heading out for drinks and a movie in the evening.
Mules are not only practical and comfortable, but they can be very stylish. Mules are a great investment and a perfect addition to any woman's shoe wardrobe since they are not only supportive but look trendy, too, and they can match a variety of clothing you already have in your closet. Decorative mules can spice up a pair of jeans, and black patent Mary Jane mules will add interest to a pair of plain trousers. Mules can also offer height without the discomfort of traditional high heels. The stacked and wedge style heels on a mule are very easy to walk and stand in, and you won't be dying to get your shoes off like you are when you wear stilettos or other heels. Mules are meant for comfort, but they can be purchased with style in mind, too.


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Islands Race fatality at San Clemente Island, loss of Uncontrollable Urge
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Re: Islands Race fatality at San Clemente Island, loss of Uncontrollable Urge
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Anyway there is a point I don't understand. it is said that they "waved" away the cost guard. If they wanted a tow why the Coast Guard did not tow them out of danger?
Does not US coast guard does that? In Europe Coast Guard tows boats (if they have capacity to do that and that was clearly the case) even if that is a charged service while rescuing lives it is not.
Not sure what the USCG practices are lately, but the Canadian CG stopped routinely towing some time ago. They will put out a call for assistance from the general public the the boater's behalf.. often someone nearby will offer to help, more often the nearest commercial tow/rescue boat will respond. It's up to the boat that's issued the call for help to accept it, hopefully most will understand that if the commercial help is accepted it's going cost - quite a lot..
That said, the CG will certainly respond to a Mayday call, or any situation where there is immediate danger posed. But they won't respond to a tow request themselves.
If in fact this boat issued a Mayday, it makes no sense they would have 'changed their minds'... mysterious.
Condolences to all those who suffered in this tragic loss.....
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".. there is much you could do at sea with common sense.. and very little you could do without it.."
Capt G E Ericson (from "The Cruel Sea" by Nicholas Monsarrat)
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The Ethekwini Municipality, Durban, will sign a memorandum of understanding with Chennai Corporation for promoting links on various fronts between both the local bodies.
The formalities have already been worked out and the MoU will be signed at Chennai in January 2010, Councillor Logie Naidoo, Deputy Mayor of the Ethekwini Municipality told The Hindu here recently.
The MoU was aimed at promoting the IT industry, cultural, business and sports links.
Mr. Naidoo said he visited Chennai Corporaton twice in the recent past, the last trip in January 2009, to finalise the MoU. He had also called on Deputy Chief Minister M. K. Stalin. A delegation of the Chennai Corporation is expected to visit Durban after the signing of the MoU, he said.
Mr. Naidoo traces his ancestry to North Arcot district of Tamil Nadu. He said a large number of labour workers from Tamil Nadu had come down to South Africa to work in the cane farms in and around Durban in the 1860s. The MoU will also pave way for the Tamils residing in Durban to re-establish contacts with their relatives. "Fourth and fifth generation Tamils residing here have lost their links with their roots in Tamil Nadu and are on the look out for their relatives. However they visit various places in India often to offer prayers and see tourist spots," Mr Naidoo said. The deputy Mayor said he too has planned to visit Tamil Nadu next year to search for his relatives with the help of ship documents handed down over generations.
Mr. Naidoo observed that many IT companies and several other firms from Tamil Nadu already have their branches in Durban. Ramco System, a Chennai based IT firm and the Murugappa Group for instance. Apollo tyres have purchased Dunlop Tyres, a South African company.
According to Naidoo, Tamil films and actors are very popular in South Africa, particularly in Durban. He said movies have helped Tamils stay in touch with the language and culture. "There are many important and eye catching locations in South Africa and particularly in and around Durban. I want the Tamil film industry to shoot the movies here,'' Mr. Naidoo added.
Keywords: Ethekwini Municipality, Logie Naidoo, Durban


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Dr. Reginald E. Manning, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery, Ambulatory Care Center
- 1 Brookdale Plz FL 2
Brooklyn, NY 11212 - 3 Office Locations
- (718) 240-5013
Dr. Reginald E. Manning graduated from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1978. He works in Brooklyn, NY and 2 other locations and specializes in Orthopaedic Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. Dr. Manning is affiliated with Brookdale University Hospital and New York Methodist Hospital. He speaks English, Russian and Spanish.
Gender: Male
Years in Practice: 37 Years
Languages Spoken: English, Russian, Spanish
Medical School: Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Graduation Date: 1978
Hospital Affiliations: Brookdale University Hospital, New York Methodist Hospital
Specialties: Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Appointments for details.


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Brandi Jewett
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Brandi Jewett is an enterprise reporter with a focus on northwest Minnesota for the Grand Forks Herald. Other positions she has held at the Herald include city government reporter, general assigment reporter and news intern. A native of Valley City, N.D., 24 years worth of winters haven't scared her out of the state yet.
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As a worker shortage continues to loom over North Dakota, some economic developers recommend the gap be filled with individuals not only from other states but from abroad. Recruiting from other countries would require changes to national immigration policies in order to meet the demand proponents say, but the move could bring skilled workers the area needs.
Nearly 30 cars form two rows in the Grand Forks city impound lot. Removing cars from streets, parking lots and other locations at the request of city departments in Grand Forks and East Grand Forks earns area towing companies thousands of dollars each year.
My Barbies did a lot of things when I was kid. They cooked magnificent dinners, took limo rides around our yard (taking care to avoid dog poop) and kept baby...
The end could be in sight for flooding along the Red River and other areas this week — provided that rain showers keep to a minimum. The National Weather Service hasn't determined the amount the area could receive today and Tuesday, but a significant rainfall could affect river crests predicted for this week.
The Glenn Miller Orchestra had Grand Forks residents tapping their toes and singing along to hits of the swing era this weekend. More than 100 people set up lawn chairs...
Unkempt lawns can pose health risks to neighboring properties as the untamed areas can become a hideout for pests. That's why cities such as Grand Forks and East Grand Forks mandate grass be cut before reaching heights beyond 6 to 8 inches.
Heavy rains left most of the Grand Forks County Fairgrounds brown with mud Saturday, but the color purple managed to break through the mucky gloom in the horse arena.
Only two hours after Jose Luis Lopez's funeral began in Park River, N.D., the St. Paul Police Department announced it had arrested a suspect wanted in the 24-year-old's murder.
Questions surrounding the legal, moral and ethical use of unmanned aircraft systems continue to multiply as businesses and individuals discover more uses for these devices. There are still gray areas, but a four-person panel attempted to flesh out the black and white Thursday at the Unmanned Aircraft Systems Action Summit in Grand Forks.
The days of observing hundreds of miles of oil pipeline from a plane or dangling 200 feet in the air from a wind tower may soon be behind structural inspectors...


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TORONTO: Short Reviews Of "Stranger than Fiction," "Little Children," and "The Host"
"Stranger than Fiction" is amusing but never quite soars; "Little Children" is a tense character study with fine performances; and "The Host" is a loony monster movie with unexpected depth. Here are short reviews of these films, which screened at the Toronto International Film Festival. Back to Article


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International Edition
More St. Patrick's Day: How chefs get lucky On St. Patrick's Day, it's easy drinking green Why you should be drinking Irish whiskey on St. Patrick's Day Irish beers for St. Patrick's Day Even more Irish Whiskey, per a partly Irish fellow An Irish chef's picks for St. Paddy's fun
Today would have been Julia Child's 100th birthday, and Eatocracy is celebrating her legacy.
The setting is so inviting that you're almost compelled to plop yourself down in a chair for a kitchen coffee klatsch.
Except you can't. Because it's behind glass.
Julia Child's kitchen is back at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History after seven months of renovations. For the 100th anniversary of her birth, the museum is temporarily unwrapping a new space dedicated to the beloved television chef, which includes the kitchen from her Cambridge, Massachusetts home. FULL POST
The popularity of the mint julep is rooted as much in the nation's capital as it is in Louisville. Karin Caifa has the report.
Trot on over to our other Kentucky Derby coverage: FULL POST
Everybody must get sconed - including Her Majesty the Queen.
Queen Elizabeth's Drop Scones Enough for 16 people FULL POST
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Welcome, Sign In
Facebook for grownups - #8 - Setting Up Facebook Photo Albums
Description:Facebook includes some fairly powerful photo uploading and management tools. We'll walk through the process to upload your photos to Facebook, create photo albums, descriptions and set privacy preferences. When you tag friends in photos, they can be automatically notified and can make comments. (2:32)
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Motivation before meaning: motivational information encoded in meerkat alarm calls develops earlier than referential information.
ABSTRACT In contrast to historical assumptions about the affective nature of animal vocalizations, it is now clear that many vertebrates are capable of producing specific alarm calls in response to different predators, calls that provide information that goes beyond the motivational state of a caller. However, although these calls function referentially, it does not mean that they are devoid of motivational content. Studies on meerkats (Suricata suricatta) directly support this conclusion. The acoustic structure of their alarm calls simultaneously encodes information that is both motivational (level of urgency) and referential (predator specific). In this study, we investigated whether alarm calls of young meerkats undergo developmental modification and whether the motivational or the referential aspect of calls changes more over time. We found that, based on their acoustic structure, calls of young showed a high correct assignment to low- and high-urgency contexts but, in contrast to adults, low assignment to specific predator types. However, the discrimination among predator types was better in high-urgency than in low-urgency contexts. Our results suggest that acoustic features related to level of urgency are expressed earlier than those related to predator-specific information and may support the idea that referential calls evolve from motivational signals.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: By including a focus on multimedia interactions linked to transcripts, corpus linguistics can vastly expand its horizons. This expansion will rely on two continuing developments. First, we need to develop easily used methods for each of the ten analytic methods we have examined, including lexical analyses, QDA (qualitative data analysis), automatic tagging, language profiles, group comparisons, change scores, error analysis, feedback studies, conversation analysis, and modeling. Second, we need to work together to construct a unified database for language studies and related sciences. This database must be grounded on the principles of open access, data-sharing, interoperability, and integrated structure. It must provide powerful tools for searching, multilinguality, and multimedia analysis. If we can build this infrastructure, we will be able to explore more deeply the key questions underlying the structure and functioning of language, as it emerges from the intermeshing of processes operative on eight major timeframes.Language and Computers. 11/2011; - SourceAvailable from: link.springer.com[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: What motivates some members of a social group to voluntarily incur costs in order to provide for the common good? This question lies at the heart of theoretical and empirical studies of cooperative behavior. This is also the question that underlies the classic volunteer's dilemma model, which has been previously explored in scenarios where group members are related or interact asymmetrically. Here we present a model that combines asymmetry and relatedness, showing that the probability of volunteerism in such systems depends closely on both the degree of asymmetry and level of relatedness between interacting individuals. As has been shown in previous volunteer's dilemma models, the payoff ratio and overall group size also influence the probability of volunteerism. The probability of volunteerism decreases with increasing group size or decreasing cost-to-benefit ratio of the co-players; in the presence of asymmetrical interactions, subordinate players were more likely to offer public goods than the dominant player. More asymmetrical interactions decrease the probability of volunteerism of the dominant player; overall volunteerism increases with increasing relatedness.Chinese Science Bulletin 57(16). · 1.37 Impact Factor - SourceAvailable from: Sharon A. Gill[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A long-standing question in animal communication is whether signals reveal intrinsic properties of the signaller or extrinsic properties of its environment. Alarm calls, one of the most conspicuous components of antipredator behaviour, intuitively would appear to reflect internal states of the signaller. Pioneering research in primates and fowl, however, dem-onstrated that signallers may produce unique alarm calls during encoun-ters with different types of predators, suggesting that signallers through selective production of alarm calls provide to conspecific receivers infor-mation about predators in the environment. In this article, we review evi-dence for such 'functional reference' in the alarm calls of birds based on explicit tests of two criteria proposed in Macedonia & Evans' (Ethology 93, 1993, 177) influential conceptual framework: (1) that unique alarm calls are given to specific predator categories, and (2) that alarm calls iso-lated from contextual information elicit antipredator responses from receivers similar to those produced during actual predator encounters. Despite the importance of research on birds in development of the con-ceptual framework and the ubiquity of alarm calls in birds, evidence for functionally referential alarm calls in this clade is limited to six species. In these species, alarm calls are associated with the type of predator encoun-tered as well as variation in hunting behaviour; with defence of reproduc-tive effort in addition to predators of adults; with age-related changes in predation risk; and with strong fitness benefits. Our review likely under-estimates the occurrence of functional reference in avian alarm calls, as incomplete application and testing of the conceptual framework has lim-ited our understanding. Throughout, therefore, we suggest avian taxa for future studies, as well as additional questions and experimental approaches that would strengthen our understanding of the meaning of functional reference in avian alarm calls. A central question in animal communication is what signals mean to the individuals producing them and to those receiving them. Two traditional views suggest that signals reflect either the affective or emotional state of the signaller, or its probable (immediate) future behaviour (Smith 1977; Marler et al. 1992), with addi-tional signal meaning dependent upon the contextual cues surrounding vocal production. Rather than reflecting the signaller's internal state, vocalizationsEthology 01/2013; 119:449-461. · 1.95 Impact Factor
Page 1
vol. 169, no. 6 the american naturalistjune 2007
Motivation before Meaning: Motivational Information Encoded
in Meerkat Alarm Calls Develops Earlier than
Referential Information
Linda I. Holle ´n*and Marta B. Manser†
Verhaltensbiologie, Zoologisches Institut, Universita ¨t Zu ¨rich,
Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zu ¨rich, Switzerland
Submitted August 11, 2006; Accepted December 13, 2006;
Electronically published April 4, 2007
Online enhancements: appendix tables.
abstract: In contrast to historical assumptions about the affective
nature of animal vocalizations, it is now clear that many vertebrates
are capable of producing specific alarm calls in response to different
predators, calls that provide information that goes beyond the mo-
tivational state of a caller. However, although these calls function
referentially, it does not mean that they are devoid of motivational
content. Studies on meerkats (Suricata suricatta) directlysupportthis
conclusion. The acoustic structure of their alarm callssimultaneously
encodes information that is both motivational (level of urgency)and
referential (predator specific). In this study, we investigated whether
alarm calls of young meerkats undergo developmental modification
and whether the motivational or thereferential aspectofcallschanges
more over time. We found that, based on their acoustic structure,
calls of young showed a high correct assignment to low- and high-
urgency contexts but, in contrast to adults, low assignmenttospecific
predator types. However, the discrimination among predator types
was better in high-urgency than in low-urgency contexts. Ourresults
suggest that acoustic features related to level of urgency are expressed
earlier than those related to predator-specific information and may
support the idea that referential calls evolve from motivational
Keywords: meerkats, alarm calls, development, referentiality, moti-
vational signals.
Animal signals have historically been thought to lack the
capacity to function referentially, that is, providing listen-
* Corresponding author: e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
†E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Am. Nat. 2007. Vol. 169, pp. 758–767. ? 2007 by The University of Chicago.
0003-0147/2007/16906-42015$15.00. All rights reserved.
ers with information about external objects or events, one
of the key characteristics of human speech. Instead, vo-
calizations of animals have been seen as mainly reflecting
the caller's motivational state (reviewed in Marler et al.
1992; Seyfarth and Cheney 2003). Studies over the past
20 years have created a more complicated picture, ac-
knowledging the fact that animal signals, like human
speech, can encode specific information linked to external
stimuli that goes beyond the motivational state of a sig-
naler (see Seyfarth and Cheney 2003). Nevertheless, no
animal or human signal that has been identified as ref-
erential is devoid of motivational content, although the
proportional contributions of each component may vary
widely within and between species (e.g., Marler 1977; Mar-
ler et al. 1992; Macedonia and Evans 1993; Bachorowski
and Owren 1995; Seyfarth and Cheney 2003). The same
vocalization therefore has the potential to convey infor-
mation both about an external referent and about the
caller's level of emotion. Recent research has also led to a
general agreement that "motivation" and "reference" are
logically distinct and independent dimensions. Even if an-
imal signals are pure expressions of the callers' emotions,
as long as they are elicited by specific stimuli, they can
convey referential information to listeners (reviewed in
Seyfarth and Cheney 2003).
Alarm calls are particularly well suited to address ques-
tions regarding the relative role of referentiality and mo-
tivation in animal signals (Macedonia and Evans 1993;
Evans 1997; Blumstein 2002). Many species of nonhuman
primates (reviewed in Macedonia and Evans 1993; Zu-
berbu ¨hler 2000, 2001) and also chickens (Gallus gallus
domesticus; Evans et al. 1993) give acoustically distinct
alarm calls in response to different types of predators,
whereas alarm calls of other species, such as ground squir-
rels (Spermophilus sp.) and marmots (Marmota sp.), lack
the high degree of referential specificity and reflect differ-
ences in response urgency perceived by the caller(reviewed
in Macedonia and Evans 1993). However, it is likely that,
together with contextual cues, the alarm calls of ground-
Page 2
Motivation before Meaning in Meerkat Alarms 759
dwelling sciurids may provide listeners with probabilistic
identification of predator types. Similarly, the production
specificity of nonhuman primate alarm calls varies, sug-
gesting that variation in motivational state of a caller plays
an important role in the production of the specific calls
(Macedonia and Evans 1993). Thus, it seems likely that
vocal signals in a wide array of species have bothreferential
and motivational characteristics, as has been shown in
human speech (e.g., Bachorowski and Owren 1995). Re-
cent work on the alarm calls of meerkats (Suricata suri-
catta) directly supports this conclusion and clearly dem-
onstrates the entwined role of motivation and reference
in animal communication (Manser 2001; Manser et al.
While animal vocalizations can be both motivational
and referential in the information they convey, we know
little about how the characteristics encoding such infor-
mation develop. Children seem to enter the language sys-
tem of word use through the use of vocal forms that are
more adultlike in sound than in their semantic function
and may stimulate participation in social interactions
rather than transmitting information (Locke and Snow
1997). To our knowledge, no study on nonhuman vocal
production has investigated whether, like in children, ref-
erential aspects of calls develop later than other aspects.
Since we know the role of motivation and reference in
meerkat alarm calls and the acoustic features encodingthis
information, meerkats provide a good opportunity to in-
vestigate howthese twodifferentattributesofcallsdevelop.
Meerkats are small, cooperatively breeding mongooses
inhabiting the arid regions of southern Africa (Clutton-
Brock et al. 1999b). They are preyed on by several raptors,
mammalian predators, and snakes (Clutton-Brock et al.
1999a), which elicit acoustically distinct alarm calls (Man-
ser 2001). Additionally, within each call class, the acoustic
structure of calls varies depending on the distance to the
predator. Calls given in response to predators close by
(termed "high urgency") are acoustically different from
those given in response to the same predator encountered
at a far distance (termed "low urgency"). Listeners thus
acquire information about specific predators and the level
of danger they represent, allowing them to respond ap-
propriately in specific contexts (Manser et al. 2001). The
acoustic parameters accounting for variation among pred-
ator types are different from those explaining the variation
across the levels of urgency (Manser 2001). Moreover,
while changes in acoustic structure along the dimension
of urgency are consistent across different predator types,
with calls becoming harsher and noisier as urgency in-
creases, the referential information about each predator
type is not encoded in any consistent way. The features
of meerkat alarm calls might therefore support the idea
that referential alarm calls evolve from motivational calls
in the repertoire (Macedonia 1993). Supporting this, we
previously found that although young less than 6 months
of age rarely uttered alarm calls, calls that seem to reflect
intense fear were present already on the first day of emer-
gence, whereas calls specific to particular predator types
appeared much later in the repertoire (L. I. Holle ´n and
M. B. Manser, unpublished data).
In this study, we investigated whether the acoustic as-
pects of calls related to referential information also un-
dergo more developmentalmodificationthanmotivational
aspects. Specifically, we asked whether (i) the calls of
young, as those of adults, can be classified correctly ac-
cording to the context in which they are given on the basis
of their acoustic structure; (ii) the discrimination along
the level of urgency differs from the discrimination along
predator types; (iii) the change in acoustic structure along
the dimension of level of urgency is consistent acrosspred-
ator types; and (iv) the acoustic parameters explaining
differences between adult calls can be used to correctly
assign the calls of young and vice versa. Finally, we ex-
amined which acoustic parameters are important in de-
termining variance among individuals of different ages.
Study Site and Animals
We studied the ontogeny of alarm call production in 13
groups of free-ranging but habituated (close observation
!1 m) meerkats near VanZyl's Rus in the South African
part of the Kalahari Desert (26?58?S, 21?49?E; details of
study site provided in Clutton-Brock et al. 1999a) from
January to July 2003 and from October 2003 to June 2004.
All animals were marked for individual identification with
hair dye or hair cuts applied to their fur noninvasively
during sunning at the morning sleeping burrow. All in-
dividuals had been monitored since birth, and their exact
ages were therefore known.
Recording Methods and Call Selection
We analyzed calls obtained from recordings during natural
predator encounters and from a manipulation experiment
(see below). Alarm calls obtained during natural encoun-
ters were recorded from pups (!3 months old), juveniles
(3–6 months old), subadults (6–12 months old), and
adults (112 months old). Pups from 12 litters were fol-
lowed regularly (on average once per week) from their
emergence (: mean ? SD 17 ? 2.4
subadult age. Calls from other pups, juveniles, subadults,
and adults were recorded ad lib. whenever we visited a
group. We also conducted a manipulation experiment in
order to test the development of recruitment alarm calls
days) until reaching
Page 3
760The American Naturalist
under controlled conditions. Recruitment calls are emitted
in response to snakes and deposits such as fecal, urine, or
hair samples of other meerkats or predators, and they are
collectively termed recruitment calls since they function
to recruit other group members to investigate or mob the
threat (Manser 2001). We presented the meerkats withhair
samples of an African wildcat (Felis lybica), which has been
shown to reliably elicit recruitment alarm calls in adults
(Graw 2005). The hair, cut from a salt-treated skin (ob-
tained from a roadkill carcass stored in a freezer) before
the experiment, was placed in front of a foraging individ-
ual. Young (!6 months) were exposed to the hair at four
different stagesduringdevelopment
[]: stage 1,
mean ? SD41 ? 6
; stage 4, ), and after each presentation,
114 ? 6 161 ? 17
adult individuals were also tested. We tested a total of 69
young individuals (37 females and 32 males) and 43 adult
individuals (18 females and 27 males) in 12 groups.
Alarm calls were recorded at a distance of 1–2 m from
the caller at 44.1-kHz sampling frequency, using a Senn-
heiser directional microphone (ME66/K6 with an MZW66
pro windscreen; frequency response: 40–20,000 Hz ? 2.5
dB; Sennheiser, Old Lyme, CT) connected to a Sony DAT-
TCD D100 digital audio tape recorder (frequency response:
20–20,000 dB, Sony, Tokyo) or a Marantz PMD-
Hz ? 1
670 solid state recorder (D&M Holdings, Kanagawa). Type
and distance to stimuli (naturally occurring) eliciting the
calls were spoken onto the tape. Calls were uploaded to a
PC (sampling frequency: 44.1 kHz; resolution: 16 bit) and
visually inspected using Cool Edit 2000 (Syntrillium, Phoe-
nix). Only those calls with sufficiently high quality were
chosen for analysis.
We examined five predator-specific call types: aerial, ter-
restrial, and recruitment calls at low-urgency level and
aerial and recruitment calls at high-urgency level (forspec-
trograms, see fig. 1). Terrestrial high-urgency calls were
excluded because of low sample size for young individuals.
In brief, aerial and terrestrial calls are given in response
to aerial and mammalian stimuli, causing meerkats to scan
their surroundings or move to a bolthole (Manser 2001;
Manser et al. 2001). Predators at a far distance (aerial:
1200 m; terrestrial: 150 m) typically elicit low-urgency
calls, whereaspredatorscloseby(aerial: !200m;terrestrial:
!50 m) elicit high-urgency calls. Recruitment high-
urgency calls are emitted in response to both snakes and
deposits, whereas recruitment low-urgencycallsaremainly
given when encountering deposits (Manser 2001). We also
included one call type, the growl call, that is notspecifically
related to a single predator type. These calls are oftenheard
from young when nondangerous stimuli such as birds
make sudden movements within a few meters of the caller.
Because these calls sound similar to other predator-specific
78 ? 7
; stage 3,
; stage 2,
high-urgency calls, we included them to see whether they
are similar on the basis of their acoustic structure.
Acoustic Analysis
We first conducted a 1,024-point fast Fourier transfor-
mation (Hamming window; time step: 1.45 ms; overlap:
98.43%; frequency range: 11.025 kHz; frequency resolu-
tion: 28 Hz) of all calls using AVISOFT-SASLab pro 4.38
(R. Specht, Berlin). The resulting frequency-time spectra
were analyzed with LMA 2005 (developed by K. Ham-
merschmidt), a software tool that extracts a large number
of call parameters from acoustic signals (for detailed de-
scription of the algorithms and calculation of parameters,
see Schrader and Hammerschmidt 1997). A list of the
parameters used in our analyses is given in appendix A in
the online edition of the American Naturalist.
We first calculated a set of parameters, including start,
minimum, maximum, and median frequency of the first
two dominant frequency bands. The dominant frequency
bands are characterized by amplitudes that exceed given
thresholds in a consecutive number of cells. In tonal calls,
these bands represent the fundamental frequency and its
harmonics, whereas in atonal signals, the dominant fre-
quency peaks reflect the frequencies with the highest en-
ergy. Second, we determined the statistical distribution of
spectral energy measured as the first and second quartiles
of the distribution of frequency amplitudes in the spec-
trum. Third, we calculated the local and global modulation
of the first dominant frequency band. Fourth, we deter-
mined the location and the modulation of the peak fre-
quency (the frequency with the highest amplitude in a
time segment). Fifth, we measured temporal parameters
such as call duration and temporal location of minimum
and maximum frequencies. Finally, we also determined
the mean and maximum harmonic-to-noise ratio. Includ-
ing many acoustic parameters allows for a comprehensive
analysis of complex patterns without any a priori as-
sumptions about the importance of specific parameters
(see Schrader and Hammerschmidt 1997) and can also
improve the rate of correct assignment (Hammerschmidt
and Todt 1995).
Statistical Analyses
We conducted all analyses in R for Microsoft Windows,
version 2.2.1 (R Development Core Team 2005), using the
software packages "MASS" (Venables and Ripley 2002),
"Hmisc" (Harrell 2006), "Design" (Harrell 2005), and
"ipred" (Peters and Hothorn 2004). Since certain param-
eters measured for some call types could not be reliably
estimated for other call types, the number of parameters
included in the analyses varies (table 1). Sample sizes for
Page 4
Motivation before Meaning in Meerkat Alarms 761
Figure 1: Spectrograms of the five different predator-specific alarm calls and the one nonspecific call (growl call, uttered by pups only) included
in the analyses. Calls are exemplars from adults older than 1.5 years (A) and young individuals 4 months old or less (Y).
young and adults also vary depending on call type (table
1). Assumptions of multi- and univariate normality and
homogeneity of variances were fulfilled.
We used a discriminant function analysis (DFA)method
(function lda in "MASS") to determine the classification
probabilities of alarm calls uttered by young (!12 months)
and adults (112 months). Discriminant function analysis
identifies linear combinations of predictor variables that
best characterize the differences among groups and com-
bines the variables into one or more discriminant func-
tions, depending on the number of groups to be classified
(N functions p N groups ? 1
vides a classification procedure that assigns each call to its
appropriate group (correct assignment) or to another
group (incorrect assignment). For external validation, we
used a 10-fold cross validation technique (function er-
). This analysis methodpro-
rorest in "ipred"). The data are randomized and parti-
tioned into 10 folds (sets) of approximately equal size. In
each of 10 turns, nine of the folds are then used for es-
tablishing the model (training data) and the remaining
fold for estimating the model's validity (test data). Dif-
ferent folds are used as training and test data in each turn.
To calculate assignment probabilities expected by chance,
we used a bootstrap approach (n
taking into account the initial sample sizes in the actual
data, random numbers were assigned to each call class.
Chance probabilities are presented with the
of all repeats. Because of questions about the use of un-
balanced designs in DFA, we also conducted analyses with
balanced sample sizes (randomly drawn cases) to verify
that our results were not biased. Since this was not the
case, we report the results with the original sample sizes.
). Whilerepeats p 1,000
SE mean ? 1
Page 5
762The American Naturalist
Table 1: Sample sizes for the different call types included in the uni- and multivariate analyses
Call type
Aerial low urgency
Terrestrial low urgency
Recruitment low urgency
Aerial high urgency
Recruitment high urgency
27 (16)
24 (16)
23 (16)
13 (13)
13 (13)
13 (13)
Principal components
5 (5)
5 (5)
5 (5)
4 (3)
4 (3)
Note: Growl call was not included in the univariate analysis.
which principal components were extracted (numbers included in principal component analysis preceding discrim-
inant function analysis are in parentheses), principalcomponents p number
further analyses (multivariate analyses in parentheses),variance p percent
principal components in the univariate analyses (for multivariate: 170% for all).
of acoustic parameters from Parameters p number
of principal components included in
of the original variance explained by the
Moreover, the DFA was set to work on the prior proba-
bilities of each class, which were calculated from the initial
sample sizes.
To avoid correlated predictor variables in the DFA, we
first conductedprincipalcomponentanalyses(PCAs;func-
tion princomp in "MASS"), which create a new set of
uncorrelated variables, each of which is a linear combi-
nation of the original variables. Since the PCA needs a
complete correlation matrix, we first replaced missing val-
ues among our acoustic parameters using a multiple-
imputation () approach (function aregImpute inn p 20
"Hmisc"; Little 2004). Components (unrotated) with ei-
genvalues 11 were retained (170% of the original variance
explained) and used as classifiers in the DFA. To test
whether the components explaining differences between
adult calls can be used to assign the calls of young and
vice versa, we first conducted separate PCAs on adults and
young. The components extracted from adults calls were
then used as training data for the calls of young and vice
versa. Finally, to test whether the change in acoustic struc-
ture along the dimension of level of urgency is consistent
across predator types, we took those components explain-
ing the difference between the high and low levels of ur-
gency for aerial calls and investigated whether these com-
ponents could also explain the high and low levels of
urgency for recruitment calls. We then did the reverse and
investigated whether the components for recruitment calls
could explain the high and low levels of urgency for aerial
To test for univariate differences in acoustic structure
of calls between individuals of different ages, weconducted
a set of general linear models (function lm in "MASS").
For each call type, we first conducted a PCA and then
used the unrotated principal components as response var-
iables in the models (loadings of acoustic parameters on
each component are provided in app. B in the online
edition of the American Naturalist). The number of com-
ponents and the amount of variation explained by these
components are displayed in table 1. Since we were some-
times not able to determine the identity of the calling
individual, we pooled individuals !12 months(young)and
those 112 months (adults) and fitted age as a categorical
term for all call types except aerial low-urgency calls, for
which we were able to fit age as a continuous (linear and
quadratic) term. For aerial low-urgency calls, we also fit-
ted, before age, factors (true or false) coding for whether
individuals were younger than 3 months, younger than 6
months, or younger than 12 months. In this way, we could
examine in more detail wherechangesduringdevelopment
may occur. Sex was included as an explanatory term in
all models. All tests were two tailed, and the significance
level was set at. Terms with P values above 0.10P ! .05
were removed from the models.
Level of Urgency Discrimination
For both adults and young, calls could statistically be ac-
curately distinguished on the basis of urgency level. Adult
calls (aerial and recruitment calls pooled) showed a 96%
correct assignment into high- and low-urgency contexts
before cross validation and 93% afterward (fig. 2). Simi-
larly, the calls of young showed a high 92% correct as-
signment before and after cross validation (fig. 2). For
both adults and young, this is much higher than the mean
of expected by chance. Moreover, young tested 52% ? 3%
on the calls of adults and vice versa yielded high correct
assignments of 81% and 90%, respectively. When we an-
alyzed aerial and recruitment calls separately, we also ob-
tained high correct assignment probabilities (185% for
both young and adults). The analyses conducted to test
whether the change in acoustic structure along the di-
mension of level of urgency is consistent across predator
types yielded a mean correct assignment of 87% ? 0.8%
for young and80.1% ? 1.4% for adults, which is higher
Page 6
Motivation before Meaning in Meerkat Alarms763
Figure 2: Discrimination between calls uttered in low- and high-urgency contexts for adults and young. The outer lines represent contour lines
around all data points classified to each call type.
than that expected by chance (
probabilities equal to or greater than those obtained in all
analyses were generated by chance in !3% (adults p
, ) of all bootstrap repeats (0.8%young p 2.4%
). 1,000
). Assignment 50% ? 7%
n p
Predator Type Discrimination
Although the calls of adults were well distinguished be-
tween predator types, calls of young showed more overlap.
For calls emitted in low-urgency contexts, the DFA yielded
two discriminant functions, with the first function ac-
counting for 79% of the variance in adult calls and 86%
in young. The calls of adults showed a correct assignment
of 86% before and after cross validation, compared with
expected by chance (fig. 3A; for parameters42% ? 2%
distinguishing between call types in adults, see Manser
2001). The calls of young yielded a correct assignment of
85%, but this decreased to only 63% after cross validation
( expected by chance; fig. 3B). Although greater41% ? 3%
than that expected by chance, values ≥63% were obtained
in 16% of all bootstrap repeats. In contrast, only 3% of
the repeats for adults calls yielded values ≥86% by chance.
Moreover, when the calls of young were tested with the
principal components extracted from adult calls, they
showed a correct assignment of only 46%, thus similar to
that expected by chance. Similarly, if the calls of adults
were tested on the calls of young, adult call assignment
was reduced to 55%.
For both adults and young, the discrimination of pred-
ator types was better in high-urgency contexts than in low-
urgency contexts. For calls emitted in high-urgency con-
texts, the DFA on adult calls yielded before and after cross
validation high correct assignments of 97% and 94%, re-
spectively (fig. 3C). The calls of young showed a correct
assignment of 80% before and 73% after validation (fig.
3D). For both adults and young, this is higher than the
mean of expected by chance. Values ≥73%
were, however, obtained in 21% of all bootstrap repeats
(3% of the cases for adults yielded values ≥94%). Still,
when used as a test set on the adult training set, the calls
of young were classified with a high correct assignment of
80%. For adults, the correct assignment stayed the same
(94%) when tested on the calls of young. The second
analysis including the nonspecific growl call yielded a cor-
rect assignment of 73% before and 70% after cross vali-
dation, compared with38% ? 3%
This showed that growl calls clustered relatively separately
from the other high-urgency call types.
50% ? 5%
expected by chance.
Age Differences in Call Structure
When we tested the univariate differences for those acous-
tic parameters reliably estimated for each call type in low-
urgency contexts, aerial, terrestrial, and recruitment calls
all showed some modification with age (table 2). For all
three call types, there was a difference in the scores of the
first principal component between individuals of different
ages (aerial:,F p 6.63 df p 1,92 P p .01
,,F p 4.46 df p 1,22 P p .046
, ). For aerial and recruitment calls, the df p 1,18 P p .007
acoustic parameters highly associated with this component
were parameters describing the peak frequency and the
first and second dominant frequency band, with higher
values in young than adults. However, for aerial calls, a
significant interaction between individuals younger than
3 months and the remaining ages showed that some of
the pups already had low values (
, ; terrestrial:
F p 9.09; recruitment:,
,,F p 9.98 df p 1,92
Page 7
764 The American Naturalist
Figure 3: Classification results from the discriminant function analyses on predator-specific alarm calls emitted in low-urgency (A, B) and high-
urgency (C, D) contexts by adults (A, C) and young (B, D).low urgency,Alu p aerial
high urgency,high urgency. The outer lines in A and B represent contour lines around all data points classifiedAhu p aerialRhu p recruitment
to each call type.
low urgency,low urgency, Tlu p terrestrial Rlu p recruitment
). Moreover, for recruitment calls, male young
already had scores equal to those of adult males, whereas
there was a clear difference between young and adult fe-
males (:age # sex F p 10.45 df p 1,18 P p .005
terrestrial calls, young emitted calls with both higher peak
frequency and more energy located at higher frequencies
compared with adults.
Calls of adults and young also differed in the scores of
the second principal component for aerial and terrestrial
P p .002
,, ). For
calls but not recruitment calls (aerial:
, ; terrestrial: 1,92 P p .03
; recruitment:.002F p 1.20 df p 1,18 P p .29
aerial calls, individuals younger than 6 months had a little
more modulated and longer calls compared withsubadults
and adults. After 6 months, calls showed little change re-
garding modulation and duration. For terrestrial calls,
young exhibited a lower amplitude ratio between the first
and second dominant frequency bands, which was much
,F p 4.97 df p
,,F p 14.51 df p 1,13 P p
,, ). For
Page 8
Motivation before Meaning in Meerkat Alarms765
Table 2: Effect of age on each of the principal components (PC)
included in the univariate analysis of each call type
Call type PC1
Aerial low urgency
Terrestrial low urgency
Recruitment low urgency
Aerial high urgency0
Recruitment high urgency
Note: Plus sign represents change with age, and 0 represents no change.
more apparent in males than females (
,,21.18 df p 1,13 P ! .001
nent was influenced by age for aerial calls (
, ) but not terrestrial (df p 1,92P p .001
, ) or recruitment calls ( df p 1,22P p .35
,). Young !6 months of age had, as fordf p 1,18 P p .32
terrestrial calls, more energy at higher frequencies and
slightly more noisy calls compared with adults. Remaining
components were not influenced by age for any call type
( for all). Apart from the above-mentioned effects,P 1 .10
there was no influence of sex on any of the other principal
components (for all call types).P 1 .20
In contrast to calls emitted in low-urgency contexts, we
found very little effect of age on calls emitted in high-
urgency contexts. None of the principal component scores
for aerial high-urgency calls were influenced by age (PC1:
,,F p 0.69df p 1,17P p .42
, ; PC3: 1,17 P p .44F p 0.34 df p 1,17 P p .57
,,F p 0.61 df p 1,17 P p .45
ment high-urgency calls, only the first component was
affected (PC1:,F p 20.88
,,F p 0.42df p 1,27P p .52
,; PC4:1,18 P p .86F p 0.60 df p 1,27 P p .45
2). Young again had more energy located at higher fre-
quencies and higher median peak frequency than adults.
There was no influence of sex on any of the components
( for both call types).P 1 .12
: age # sex F p
). The third principal compo-
F p 11.50
F p 0.89
F p 1.01
; PC2:,F p 0.62
df p
; table 2), and for recruit-
,df p
; table
df p 1,27
F p 0.03
The alarm calls of young meerkats were more or less struc-
turally indistinguishable from those of adult calls when
first produced, yet the discrimination of calls along the
level of urgency was better than the discrimination of dif-
ferent predator types. Calls of both adults and young
showed a high correct classification to low-urgency (pred-
ators far away) and high-urgency (predators close by) con-
texts and a consistent change in acoustic structure along
the level of urgency across predator types (for adult calls,
see also Manser 2001). In contrast, whereas predator-
specific calls given by adults showed a high correct clas-
sification, those given by young overlapped more and
showed a correct assignment similar to that expected by
chance. These results suggest that the adultlike structure
of acoustic features encoding information about the level
of urgency develops earlier than the structure of those
features encoding information about specific predator
Since acoustic parameters encoding information about
the level of urgency in meerkat alarm calls (see Manser
2001) are all features known to be associated with fear or
anxiety in other animal vocalizations and human speech
(Morton 1977; Papous ˇek 1989; Hauser 1993), it is rea-
sonable to assume that the acousticstructuregradingalong
the level of urgency may be a direct consequence of the
caller's motivational state at the time of calling (Morton
1977; Marler et al. 1992; Evans 1997). Because meerkat
alarm calls seem to convey information about the level of
urgency along a general rule, in contrasttotheinformation
about specific predator types (Manser 2001; this study), it
has been suggested (Manser 2001) that such an alarm call
system might support the idea that motivational signals
are the substrate from which referential signals evolve
(Macedonia 1993). Our results showing that referential
aspects of alarm calls change more over time provide ad-
ditional support for this idea. Moreover, the high-urgency
growl calls emitted by very young pups clustered relatively
separately from other high-urgency predator-specific calls,
suggesting that growl calls gradually develop into the other
call types as young grow older. We also previously found
that predator-specific calls appear much later in the rep-
ertoire of young than do nonspecific calls (L. I. Holle ´n
and M. B. Manser, unpublished data). Together, thesefind-
ings suggest that producing and correctly pronouncing
calls encoding referential information may require prac-
tice, and they show similarities to that observed in human
speech development, where children learn to attach spe-
cific meanings to different words (Locke and Snow 1997).
Although the calls of young showed relatively little dis-
crimination between the different predator types, they
were classified slightly better in high-urgency than in low-
urgency contexts. Compared with low-urgency calls, high-
urgency calls alsoshoweda highcorrectclassificationwhen
the principal components explaining differences between
adult calls were used to assign the calls of young and vice
versa, suggesting that the structure of high-urgency calls
is already similar to that of adult calls. This was confirmed
by the univariate analysis showing that high-urgency calls
underwent relatively little age-related modification. A sim-
ilar pattern was found in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta),
where aggressive calls typically noisy in structure, whether
present or not at birth, were relativelyadultlikeinstructure
when they appeared in the repertoire (Macedonia 1993).
One explanation for these findings could be that noisy
calls are easier for young individuals to produce than are
Page 9
766 The American Naturalist
tonal calls, since they require relatively little control over
the vocal apparatus (e.g., Lieberman 1986). It has been
suggested that in humans, an age-related increase in to-
nality of infant calls is likely to be brought about by an
improvement of the subglottal air pressure control as in-
dividuals grow (Boliek et al. 1996; Scheiner et al. 2002).
Our univariate analysis showed that the alarm calls of
meerkats undergo slight but not substantial modification
as individuals age, a form of vocal plasticity found in sev-
eral other species. The calls of young meerkats were higher
pitched than those of adults, similar to infant primates
(e.g., Seyfarth and Cheney 1986; GouzoulesandGouzoules
1989; Hammerschmidt et al. 1994, 2000), young rodents
(Blumstein and Munos 2005; Randall et al. 2005), and
human children (Scheiner et al. 2002). Changes in fun-
damental and peak frequency–related parameters deter-
mining the pitch are likely to reflect physical maturation
because of the increasing length of the vocal tract and the
size of the resonance cavities as individuals age and grow
(Fitch and Hauser 1995; Fischer et al. 2002). Why young
males, in contrast to females, emitted calls of equally low
frequencies as those of adults remains unclear at this stage.
Similar maturational changes may be responsible for the
increase in amplitude of the first dominantfrequencyband
relative to that of the second band and the downward shift
of the main energy from higher to lower frequencies with
increasing age. In human infants, however, an increase in
fundamental frequency (Banse and Scherer 1996; Proto-
papas and Lieberman 1997), an increase in call duration,
and an upward shift in energy from lower to higher fre-
quencies (Scheiner et al. 2002) were also found during
increased arousal. If young meerkats, because of their
higher vulnerability, experience higher arousal than adults
at the time of an alarm call, this might be responsible for
some of the observed differences. However, this remains
to be investigated.
To conclude, young meerkats seem predisposed to utter
alarm calls with the same general features as those ofadults
from an early age but nevertheless undergo gradual mod-
ification during development. Adultlike features related to
predator-specific information seem to develop at later ages
than those encoding information about perceived urgency.
The developmental trajectories of alarm call production
found in meerkats extend the already existing parallels
between the properties of speech development in humans
and the development of call production in many non-
human primates. To our knowledge, however, this is the
first study on nonhuman animals to consider the specific
information conveyed by different alarm calls when study-
ing their development.
We are grateful to T. Clutton-Brock for allowing us to
work on the meerkat population of the Kalahari Meerkat
Project; the family of H. Kotze for allowing us to work
on their land; J. Du Toit and M. Haupt at the Mammal
Research Institute, University of Pretoria, for help with
logistics; K. Hammerschmidt for allowing us to use his
acoustic program LMA 2005 and for valuable advice on
how to use it; and Northern Cape Conservation Service
and the ethical committee of Pretoria University, South
Africa, for licenses. We also thank J. Fischer, S. Hodge, H.
Kunc, R. Magrath, and R. Seyfarth for helpful advice on
this manuscript. This project was funded by a grant given
to M.B.M. from the Swiss National Science Foundation,
SNF-Fo ¨rderprofessur 631–066129.
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How will the new EU sanctions affect TMT companies with Russian interests? weblink
This article outlines the extent of EU sanctions targeted against Russia, Crimea and Sevastapol and provides some general guidance to TMT companies doing business in Russia.
EMIR — European Commission responds to ESMA's request to clarify the definition of derivative weblink
The European Commission has provided a further response to a request to clarify the definition of 'financial instruments' under Directive 2004/39/EC on MiFID.
New US and EU sanctions against Russia weblink
At the end of July, the US and the EU escalated their respective sanctions regimes against Russia following the Kremlin's intervention in the Crimea/Ukraine crisis.
MiFID II and SME growth markets: a new category of markets to facilitate access to capital for SMEs weblink
The Level 2 process for MiFID 2 and MiFIR (together MiFID II), which are expected to come into force by the beginning of 2017, is under way.
FCA issues guidance on use of third-party technology banking solutions weblink
The FCA has published a document setting out a number of considerations for firms who are thinking of using third-party technology or off-the-shelf banking solutions.
UK Consumer Rights Bill and the impact on financial institutions: major changes ahead weblink
This briefing sets out the three key areas that are likely to affect the financial services sector to the greatest extent.
Updated legal and regulatory calendars for financial institutions weblink
With many legal and regulatory developments still to come in 2014, it is important for financial institutions to consider and understand these changes.
MiFiD 2: what to expect in Switzerland? weblink
MiFID 2 is likely to have significant consequences in Switzerland, in particular among Swiss banks, securities dealers and independent asset managers.
UK retail finance market likely to face CMA investigation weblink
There should be a market investigation into the markets for banking services for SMEs and the supply of personal current accounts, according to the CMA.
South Africa — amendment to the Development Bank of Southern Africa Act weblink
The Development Bank of Southern Africa was created for accelerating sustainable socio-economic development and improving quality of life.
Italian tax changes: implications for medium- and long-term banking arrangements weblink
International retail businesses that have businesses or subsidiaries with banking facilities in Italy should be aware of recent tax changes within the country.
Europe: Italian tax changes in relation to Italian banking arrangements weblink
International industrial and manufacturing businesses that have Italian businesses or subsidiaries with banking facilities in Italy should be aware of recent Italian tax changes.
Formidable growth in UK tech scene? weblink
Research indicates significant growth in London's tech sector over the next decade. If the forecasts are to be believed, they are certainly to be welcomed.
EMIR: frontloading requirement and updated ESMA Q&As weblink
ESMA has notified the European Commission of issues that it has identified regarding the frontloading requirement under Regulation (EU) No 648/2012.
Weekly Newsletter Italy: HR consultancy; competition, EU and regulatory; and financial services disputes and investigations weblink
Eversheds has published its weekly newsletter covering Italy for 19–25 May 2014. It looks at HR consultancy, competition, EU and regulatory, financial services disputes and more.
AIFMD: private placement update weblink
The AIFMD will soon be fully in force for EU fund managers and for non-EU fund managers marketing their funds into the EU.
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