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Replacement tips for 936 ESD Safe Soldering Station, MCM# 94-575
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94-580 - Soldering Iron - Medium
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83-13129 - Arduino Uno Board
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Which U.S. Job Areas are Growing (and Which are Shrinking)
Today the U.S. Government released the latest job statistics, citing an 80,000 gain in jobs for the month of June. While at first glance these numbers make it appear as if the entire U.S. economy is at a virtual standstill, in fact there are many sectors within the job market where opportunities abound. Here is a breakdown of some of the job market's biggest growth areas, and a few of its most glaring losers.
Things the Supreme Court's Obamacare Ruling WON'T Change
This Thursday, the Supreme Court will rule on the legality of Obamacare — and while everyone from pundits to politicians to the average underinsured schmoe awaits the verdict anxiously, the truth is that no matter what the court decides, there's plenty about our crummy healthcare system that will stay exactly the same.
The Further Adventures of Obama Head-Touch Boy
The New York Times today published an article about 5-year-old Jacob Philadelphia, who, on a visit to the Oval Office in 2009, asked President Obama if he could feel his hair (a question that will definitely never be asked if Mitt Romney wins in November). A photographer captured the heartwarming moment, and the photo has hung in the White House ever sinc
Obama Invites His Supporters to Come Out in Support of Same-Sex Marriage
Sock Puppets Ruin Everything: Presidential Edition
The Obama Dive Bar Girl — What Was She Saying?
By now you've seen this picture of "dive bar girl" Madalyn Starkey posing with the President. You know the face. You know the point. But you don't know what she said! Or do you?!? (You're so secretive, you little minx, you!) We wrote a few ourselves — click through and share your own in the comments section!
Who Said it? Ted Nugent or Charles Manson?
Recently, aging rocker and NRA board member Ted Nugent gave an interview in which he insinuated that he would kill the president, saying, "If Barack Obama becomes the president in November, again, I will either be dead or in jail by this time next year." It
Surprising Discoveries Made at the White House Easter Egg Roll
Today the White House hosted its annual Easter Egg Roll on the South Lawn. We weren't invited (thanks to an incident last year involving lawn darts and David Axelrod — who's recovering nicely, we're happy to report) but many children were. And plenty of unlucky kids rolled their eggs off course into the treacherous fringes of the lawn — where they made some pretty startling discoveries.
'The Idiotical' Top 12 of 2011: #1
We've been counting down our top 12 posts of 2011, and it's finally time for #1! 2011 was yet another year when government officials just couldn't get out of their own way. Unlike the Harry Potter saga's conclusion, which thrilled millions of moviegoers, Barack Obama and John Boehner's continuing economic conflict shows no signs of resolving in a manner that will satisfy anyone at all. This post is from mid-July, and these two are still going at it!

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Women's Propet Eiger Low Walking Shoes
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This item is shipped directly from the factory. To see the expected shipping date, please add to your Shopping Cart. Sorry, no express shipping available. We are unable to ship factory direct items to Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico or APO or FPO addresses.
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Women's Propet Eiger Low Walking Shoes. The peak of support, comfort and style.
A Walking Shoe that's named for a mountain in the Bernese Alps won't let you down... unless we're talking about letting you down a trail safely! Here's a Walking Shoe offering support and protection during your trek. The waterproof design helps keep your feet dry as they deal with streams, puddles and other wet spots. And the midsole and outsole give you supreme traction and absorb shock. Made by Propet, designing shoes that are "solely" for walking, they're engineered for your comfort and stability, and made to last.
Goin' up:- Nylon mesh and suede upper with Sealtex® waterproof bootie construction
- Built-in heel counters and removable EVA insoles enhance standing comfort
- EVA midsole and rubber outsole provide strong traction and shock absorption
- Each shoe weighs approx. 12 ozs.
State Color and Size, as available in the Shopping Cart. Ascend to your keyboard, and order your Propet Eiger Low Walking Shoes ONLINE today!
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Women's Propet Eiger Low Walking Shoes is rated out of 5 by 1.Rated 5 out of 5 by MARK from had to exchange. these shoes run 1/2 size too small.Date published: 2013-02-18
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Women's Columbia® Waterproof Bugaboots Winter Boots
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William Merit BLACKARD married Rachel Bell who was born 3/15/1831 and Died 9/20/1908 in Rock Island, ILL. They had a daughter who married; her name was given to me as S.S Parks. I am very interested in your story of the Scotsman Willoghby being saved during the Revolution. It seems to me I have heard a similar story befor but can't remember the details. Cheryl
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Huckabee stumps at N.C. Baptist church
Former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee stopped by a prominent Southern Baptist church in North Carolina while on a high-profile book tour fueled by expectation that he will run for president in 2016.
Read MoreFormer Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee stopped by a prominent Southern Baptist church in North Carolina while on a high-profile book tour fueled by expectation that he will run for president in 2016.
Read MoreSamford University has completed the purchase of property adjacent to the campus that has served as the headquarters for Southern Progress Corp. The sale was finalized Dec. 31.
Read MoreRobert Cochran, associate executive director of the District of Columbia Baptist Convention, has been elected as the group's new leader.
Read MoreLeaders of the Georgia Baptist Convention say legislation is needed to prevent discrimination against Christians. A Baptist attorney says it makes it harder to convict those who try to use religious teaching as an excuse for child abuse.
Read MoreAmerican Baptist Women's Ministries has called on the U.S. government to pressure the government of Myanmar to seek justice for two Baptist teachers recently murdered in a continuing pattern of rape being used as a weapon of war.
Read MoreBaptists in Georgia are lining up on opposite sides of a so-called religious liberty bill that opponents say could be used as a license to discriminate.
Read MoreSouthern Seminary President Albert Mohler says efforts by "progressive" scholars like Marcus Borg to rescue Christianity from irrelevancy wind up watering down the fundamentals of the faith.
Read MoreA recent three-day consultation among six different "believers' baptism" church traditions explored how ecumenical encounter has changed their thinking over the past 50 years.
Read MoreMegachurch pastor Perry Noble, under fire for a Christmas Eve sermon about the Ten Commandments, has described his seeker-friendly NewSpring Church as "affiliated" with but "not married to" the Baptist denomination.
Read MoreThe Cooperative Baptist Fellowship Governing Board has formed an ad hoc committee to get a head start on policy and funding recommendations likely to result from a strategic planning process initiated by the new CBF Missions Council.
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Present address: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Health Sciences, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
Local extinction of British farmland birds and the prediction of further loss
Article first published online: 25 DEC 2001
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00549.x
Additional Information
How to Cite
Gates, S. and Donald, P. F. (2000), Local extinction of British farmland birds and the prediction of further loss. Journal of Applied Ecology, 37: 806–820. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00549.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 25 DEC 2001
- Article first published online: 25 DEC 2001
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- birds;
- conservation;
- distribution change;
- environmental suitability;
- extinction;
- farmland
1. The populations of many UK farmland birds declined between 1970 and 1990, frequently accompanied by contractions in breeding ranges. Ornithological atlas data, land use data and environmental data at the scale of 10-km squares were used to investigate the relationship between local extinctions and habitat suitability for six species, and to predict where future losses are most likely.
2. For each species we tested the hypothesis that local extinctions were concentrated in environments that were inherently less suitable. We also tested the hypothesis that spatial patterns of loss were not independent between species due to their concurrence in the same habitats.
3. Multivariate analyses (PCA) showed that areas where each species became extinct between 1970 and 1990 were more similar in land use type, climate and topography to areas where a species was never present than those where it was retained; local extinction was more likely in less suitable environments. Multiple logistic regression showed that for five of the six species the environmental gradient best predicting presence or absence in 1970 was also that best predicting loss between 1970 and 1990. For the six species studied, local extinctions were least likely in lowland arable areas.
4. For any pair of species, local extinctions were more frequent outside the area of overlap of the two species' ranges than inside. Within the area of overlap, species tended to be lost from the same squares. For each species, likelihood of local extinction declined with increasing number of the other five species present.
5. We used model parameters to map the probability of future local extinctions of the six species considered, allowing the identification of key areas for conservation management at a spatial scale appropriate to agri-economic incentives.
Most species' ranges are not static but change through the colonization of new sites and the extinction of existing populations. In the case of highly mobile groups such as birds, such changes can occur very rapidly. For example, the collared dove Streptopelia decaocto expanded from a foothold in the Balkans to most of north-western Europe in just 25 years (Fisher 1953; Hudson 1965). Brown-headed cowbirds Molothrus ater spread into Oregon and Washington (USA) during the 1940s and 1950s at an estimated 70–78 km year−1 (Rothstein 1994). In theory, range contractions could happen even more rapidly, because they do not require any movement of individual animals. Changes in range size are generally correlated with changes in population size and density (Wilcove & Terborgh 1984; Bart & Klosiewski 1989; Gaston 1994; Donald & Fuller 1998), although the mechanisms behind this relationship are not well understood. Furthermore, spatial patterns of range change are complex. Recent analyses of distributional decline have shown that, perhaps counter-intuitively, remnant populations tend to occur at the peripheries of their historical ranges (Channell & Lomolino 2000). Conversely, analysis of UK ornithological atlas data suggested that populations decline towards their cores. These results are not contradictory and are likely to arise from the underlying nature of the cause of the declines (Donald & Greenwood, in press).
Fuller et al. (1995) identified farmland birds as a group that suffered severe declines in population and range in Britain between 1970 and 1990, including many formerly common species now regarded as being of high conservation priority (Gibbons et al. 1996). For many species, the causes of decline are poorly understood, although co-occurrence with agricultural intensification (Chamberlain et al. 1999), and the fact that farmland birds have declined more than species associated with other habitats (Fuller et al. 1995), suggests that changes in farming are partly responsible. Detailed ecological studies (reviewed in Campbell et al. 1997) have established firm links between the declines of some species and agricultural change.
In this paper, we combine ornithological atlas data from two periods around 20 years apart (1968–72 and 1988–91) with environmental data at the same 10-km square level to test hypotheses relating to spatial patterns of decline of six farmland species (grey partridge Perdix perdix L., lapwing Vanellus vanellus L., turtle dove Streptopelia turtur L., tree sparrow Passer montanus L., reed bunting Emberiza schoeniclus L. and corn bunting Miliaria calandra L.). These species were selected by virtue of their range contractions (range 9–32%), by being conspicuous species whose presence or absence could be confidently assumed from the atlas data, and by occupying a large number (> c.1000) of 10-km squares in both atlas periods. All these species are on the Red List (high conservation concern) of the Birds Species of Conservation Concern in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man (Gibbons et al. 1996), with the exception of the lapwing, which is on the Amber List (medium conservation concern). The grey partridge population has declined largely as a result of decreased chick survival due to increased pesticide usage (Potts & Aebischer 1995), whereas the lapwing is likely to have declined due to a loss of mixed arable–grass rotations (Hudson, Tucker & Fuller 1994). The loss of spring tillage and the consequent decline in the area of winter stubbles have been implicated in the decline of the corn bunting (Donald 1997). Analyses of ringing data show that declines in annual survival of reed buntings, possibly brought about by a loss of winter food, are sufficient to explain the population decline (Peach, Siriwardena & Gregory 1999). The reasons for the decline of the other two species are poorly understood, although both are likely to have been affected by agricultural change (Fuller et al. 1995).
The link between population decline and distributional change is more complex than simply the disappearance of populations from areas where habitats have been most altered; most farmland bird species have disappeared from the margins of their range in the west and north of Britain, but certain of the agricultural changes implicated in their population declines have been most severe in the south and east, where many remain most abundant (Chamberlain & Fuller 2000). For example, Chamberlain & Fuller (2000) found that local extinctions of farmland birds and declines in overall avian diversity were most pronounced in areas showing the fewest changes in crop type.
Hill (1991) used a multivariate ordination technique to model the distribution of bird and plant species along environmental axes, and we examined distributional changes using similar methods. We started by testing the hypothesis that local extinctions have occurred primarily in inherently less suitable environments. This could have implications for determining the causes of decline and could have relevance to the practical conservation of these species because it could identify areas where conservation efforts should be concentrated. We developed this method to predict which areas of the UK are most or least likely to suffer local extinction if range declines continue. The second hypothesis we tested was that losses of each of the six species were not independent, i.e. that they have tended to be lost from the same squares. If these species have similar ecological requirements, poor environments for different species might coincide or local environmental changes may have similar adverse effects on several species. Alternatively, if losses of each species occur independently in response to different local environmental changes, or if ecological differences mean that peripheral populations of each species are in different places, independent patterns of loss would occur. The detection of independence or non-independence in patterns of decline between species could elucidate the reasons behind the declines and could help to identify key areas for conservation.
Sources of data
The British and Irish breeding distributions of all bird species are known from two atlases, the first carried out between 1968 and 1972 (Sharrock 1976) and the second between 1988 and 1991 (Gibbons, Reid & Chapman 1993). The presence or absence of each breeding species was recorded in each 10 × 10-km grid square (hereafter referred to as 10-km squares). For convenience, the distributions of breeding birds recorded in each atlas are referred to as the 1970 distribution and the 1990 distribution throughout. By comparing the two distributions, it was possible to identify, for each species, four classes of 10-km square:
- 1. 10-km squares that were occupied in both atlas periods (retained);
- 2. 10-km squares that held birds in 1970 but not in 1990 (abandoned);
- 3. 10-km squares that were occupied in neither atlas period (never present; although the species may have occupied these squares prior to 1970 but become extinct before the first atlas period);
- 4. 10-km squares where the species was absent in 1970 but present in 1990 (gained).
Because we selected species on the basis of their severe distributional declines, there were few gained squares and they were discounted in some analyses. Ireland was excluded from the analyses because environmental data were not available at the same scale as the bird data. This left a total of 2641 10-km squares in the analyses falling into one of the four categories described above.
Environmental data, referenced to the same 10-km grid scale as the bird distribution data, were obtained from several sources. The data related to the period of the first breeding atlas (1968–72), although most of them were topographical, pedological and climatic variables that would apply to both atlas periods. Descriptions of the data, their units and sources are given in Table 1.
Variable | Units | Source |
| ||
Agricultural land class 1 | prop. | 1 |
Agricultural land class 2 | prop. | 1 |
Agricultural land class 3 | prop. | 1 |
Agricultural land class 4 | prop. | 1 |
Agricultural land class 5 | prop. | 1 |
Difference in altitude between highest and lowest points | m | 1 |
River frequency score | n | 1 |
Lake area | prop. | 1 |
Average altitude (above sea level) | m | 1 |
Area of woodland | prop. | 1 |
Area of urban land | prop. | 1 |
Area of crops and fallow land | prop. | 2 |
Area of grassland | prop. | 2 |
Area of rough grazing | prop. | 2 |
Area of cereal crops | prop. | 2 |
Area of non-cereal crops | prop. | 2 |
Area of horticultural crops | prop. | 2 |
Area of vegetable crops | prop. | 2 |
Average spring temperature | °C | 3 |
Average summer temperature | °C | 3 |
Average autumn temperature | °C | 3 |
Average winter temperature | °C | 3 |
Average annual rainfall 1941–70 | mm | 1 |
Statistical analysis
We assumed in the analyses that environmental axes correlated with presence/absence could be treated as measures of environmental suitability. This assumption was justified for the species studied here, as there was no indication that they were excluded from otherwise suitable habitat by persecution or other factors. All of them are widespread in Britain and have almost certainly colonized all suitable areas at some point in the past, although some populations have subsequently become extinct (Holloway 1996).
We used principal component analysis (PCA) to summarize the overall environmental attributes of the 10-km squares. The use of PCA was considered appropriate because the suitability of an area for a particular species is likely to be determined by a combination of many environmental factors (Harrison, Murphy & Ehrlich 1988; Hill 1991; Lawton & Woodroffe 1991; Osborne & Tigar 1992; Buckland & Elston 1993; Fuller, Trevelyan & Hudson 1997). The environmental variables relating to the first atlas period (given in Table 1) were summarized into a small number of PCA axes, and the axis scores for each 10-km square were used in subsequent analyses, which compared the environmental attributes of the four classes of square (retained, abandoned, never present and gained). The axis scores for each 10-km square were then related to the presence or absence of each species in 1970 and the loss or retention of each species between 1970 and 1990 using binary logistic regression (Manel et al. 1999). This allowed us to assess whether the PCA environmental gradients best determining whether a species was present or absent in 1970 also best predicted its loss between 1970 and 1990. If this were found to be the case, it would support the argument that losses occurred primarily from less suitable areas. Non-linear relationships were allowed for by including quadratic terms in the set of explanatory variables. Multiple regression models were selected using backward elimination of variables, with α = 0·001 being the criterion for retention of a term in the model. This stringent critical value of α was thought to be appropriate to the very large number of replicates available in the analyses. Checks on the models thus produced, by iterative addition and subtraction of variables, showed that, in every case, backward elimination produced a model in which all the terms were significant at P < 0·001 and no other variables had an additional effect. A backward elimination process ensured that all quadratic terms were entered with their respective unit terms. Analyses were carried out using SAS (SAS 1990) and GLIM (Crawley 1993) statistical software.
Model parameters from the best retention/loss model for each species were plotted spatially using the mapping package DMAP. The maps showed, for each species, the predicted extinction likelihood in all 10-km squares still occupied by that species in the 1988–91 atlas. These maps can therefore be used to identify regions of Britain where future local extinctions of each species are likely.
To test whether losses occurred principally from less suitable environments (i.e. those most similar to areas where the species was never present), two methods were used. First, we calculated the correlation between the percentage occupancy of a land use type (assumed to be a measure of environmental suitability) and the probability of distributional losses occurring from it. This was done by determining the bivariate model best explaining loss–retention between 1970 and 1990 (all possible models using two PCA axes with eigenvalues > 1 were examined). Each of the four classes of 10-km square described above were plotted in the two-dimensional space defined by these PCA axes. This two-dimensional space was then divided into equal-sized PCA regions measuring an arbitrary 0·5 by 0·5 PCA units. Weighted Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between the proportion of 10-km squares in each PCA region in which each species was present in 1970 and the proportion of these from which the species was lost by 1990. PCA regions in which the species was not present in any 10-km squares were excluded from the analysis. All proportions were subjected to angular transformation prior to analysis. This effectively gave a correlation between the percentage occupancy of a land use type (assumed to be a measure of environmental suitability) and the probability of distributional losses occurring from it ('gained' squares were excluded from this analysis). This test could be extended to use more than two principal axes, but this was not done here as the results of the two-dimensional tests were sufficiently clear. The second test of the hypothesis used anova to test for significant differences between the three categories of 10-km square ('gained' squares were again excluded) in the PCA axis scores of the two axes (i.e. those explaining the greatest amount of variance in the environmental data set). An overall anova was calculated in each case, followed by post hoc pairwise tests between the three classes of 10-km square.
To test whether loss of the six species from individual 10-km squares was independent or not, the pattern of loss and retention of each species was compared with that of each other species (making a total of 15 pairwise comparisons). The area of distributional overlap between each pair of species was determined; this was the set of 10-km squares in which both species were present in 1970. The number of these squares that contained both species, one species alone and neither species in 1990 was then determined. This was compared with the expected number of each type of outcome expected under the null hypothesis, that squares from which each species was lost within their area of overlap were distributed independently. Binary logistic regression was used to determine whether there was a relationship between the likelihood of a species being lost from a particular 10-km square and the number of the other five species present in that square in 1970.
Environmental gradients
The first six principal components together explained nearly 80% of the variance in the environmental data, with the first two alone accounting for more than 56% (Table 2). The first principal component represented an axis from upland to lowland 10-km squares, and the second a transition from agriculture dominated by grazing to arable land. The others were hard to interpret ecologically, although ecological interpretation was not necessary to the testing of the hypotheses under question.
| ||
% Var. | 41·8 | 56·4 |
Effects of environment on distribution and distributional change
Logistic regression showed that the presence or absence in 1970 of each species was significantly related to at least three of the six principal environmental axes in univariate regressions, although no two species were related to exactly the same set (Table 3). Similarly, the loss or retention of each species between 1970 and 1990 was related to at least one of the principal axes. For five of the six species the axis that best predicted loss was the same as that best predicting presence or absence in 1970. The exception was grey partridge, for which the first principal axis best predicted presence or absence in 1970, but the third axis best predicted loss. Multiple logistic regression models of presence–absence in 1970, and loss–retention between 1970 and 1990, differed between species both in the axes selected and the signs of the coefficients (Table 3). In most cases the first axis was the best predictor of both presence–absence in 1970 and loss–retention when assessed by the increase in residual deviance when deleted from the model. The two exceptions were for the loss–retention of grey partridge, for which the third axis again had a slightly larger predictive power, and the presence–absence in 1970 of reed buntings, where the fourth axis dominated. These models provided good discrimination between the different classes of 10-km square, with a minimum of 77·2% being classified correctly (Table 3), and therefore provided an adequate description of the data.
Species | % | Model |
Presence–absence | ||
Grey partridge | 89·3 | 3·40 + 2·40(P1) − 0·46(P1)2 + 1·05(P2) − 1·52(P3) + 0·39(P4) − 0·20(P4)2−0·91(P6) − 0·21(P6)2 |
Lapwing | 93·1 | 5·12–1·19(P1)2 + 1·44(P2) − 1·31(P3) − 0·41(P4) − 0·84(P6) |
Turtle dove | 85·7 | −0·72 + 2·81(P1) + 0·96(P1)2−0·46(P2) − 0·23(P3) − 0·36(P3)2 − 0·91(P6) − 0·23(P6)2 |
Tree sparrow | 82·1 | 1·87 + 1·64(P1) − 0·69(P1)2 + 1·03(P2) − 0·71(P3) − 0·43(P3)2 − 0·60(P5) − 0·43(P6) |
Reed bunting | 91·0 | 3·97 + 1·11(P1) − 0·46(P1)2 + 1·62(P2) + 0·75(P4) − 0·24(P4)2 − 0·37(P6) − 0·15(P6)2 |
Corn bunting | 79·6 | 0·66 + 1·39(P1) − 0·77(P1)2 + 0·75(P2) − 0·70(P3) − 0·25(P4) − 0·35(P5) |
Loss/retention | ||
Grey partridge | 82·4 | 1·84 + (P1) − 1·57(P1)2 + 0·82(P2) − 0·91(P3) − 0·27(P3)2−0·47(P5) − 0·34(P6) |
Lapwing | 89·5 | 3·89–1·13(P1)2 + 1·14(P2) − 0·63(P3) − 0·51(P5) − 0·18(P5)2−0·65(P6) |
Turtle dove | 82·7 | −1·91 + 4·40(P1) − 1·03(P3) + 0·47(P4) − 1·25(P6) |
Tree sparrow | 81·6 | 1·51 + 1·38(P1) − 1·13(P1)2 + 0·87(P2) − 0·69(P3) − 0·50(P5) − 0·16(P5)2−0·29(P6) |
Reed bunting | 85·7 | 2·51 + 0·55(P1) − 0·55(P1)2 + 0·51(P2) − 0·22(P6) − 0·10(P6)2 |
Corn bunting | 77·2 | −0·18 + 1·68(P1) + 0·31(P2) − 0·49(P4) − 0·13(P5)2 |
For each species there was a highly significant negative correlation between the proportion of occupied squares in each region of PCA space and the proportion of squares from which that species was lost (Table 4). This indicated that decreasing suitability of environment was associated with increasing probability of local extinction. The anova results demonstrated significant differences between the three classes of square (abandoned, retained and never present) in terms of land use and environment (Fig. 1 and Table 5). For each species there were significant differences in PCA scores of the first two environmental axes between the three classes of square (Table 4), and in most cases abandoned squares were intermediate between never present and retained squares (Fig. 1). Axis scores of the first axis of environment differed significantly in all pairwise tests, with the exception of the test of abandoned and never present squares for lapwing. At least one significant difference for each species was found in pairwise tests of the second axis of ordination (Table 5), although the overall model was not significant in the case of lapwing. In each case, retained squares were at the upper limit of the first axis of ordination, suggesting that populations in lowland squares were more resistant to local extinction than those in upland squares. In most cases, retained squares were also at the upper limit of the second axis of ordination, suggesting that populations in arable areas were more resistant to local extinctions than those in grass-dominated areas.
Species | PCA axes used | Correlation coefficient | Number of PCA regions |
Grey partridge | 1,3 | −0·89 | 90 |
Lapwing | 1,3 | −0·68 | 99 |
Turtle dove | 1,6 | −0·95 | 73 |
Tree sparrow | 1,3 | −0·81 | 83 |
Reed bunting | 1,2 | −0·79 | 65 |
Corn bunting | 1,4 | −0·86 | 88 |
Species | Overall | RT vs. AB | RT vs. NP | AB vs. NP |
Grey partridge | F2,2587 = 686·1*** | *** | *** | *** |
Lapwing | F2,2591 = 49·1*** | *** | *** | NS |
Turtle dove | F2,2602 = 1342·0*** | *** | *** | *** |
Tree sparrow | F2,2542 = 761·4*** | *** | *** | *** |
Reed bunting | F2,2557 = 184·1*** | *** | *** | *** |
Corn bunting | F2,2554 = 829·2*** | *** | *** | *** |
Grey partridge | F2,2587 = 23·2*** | *** | ** | *** |
Lapwing | F2,2591 = 2·9 NS | * | NS | |
Turtle dove | F2,2602 = 100·3*** | *** | *** | *** |
Tree sparrow | F2,2542 = 23·1*** | *** | NS | *** |
Reed bunting | F2,2557 = 3·4* | NS | * | NS |
Corn bunting | F2,2554 = 62·6*** | *** | *** | *** |
The model parameters of the loss–retention models were plotted for each square where the species still occurred during the 1988–91 atlas (Fig. 2). Generally 10-km squares in the north and west of the six species' British ranges had higher extinction probabilities than squares in the south and east, although the models identified other regions with a high probability of local extinctions. For example, a number of species were predicted to have high extinction likelihoods along the south coast of England. Some striking interspecific differences in the distribution of extinction-prone and extinction-resistant squares also emerged. For example, the grey partridge was predicted to be at a high risk of local extinction in the fens of Lincolnshire, whereas tree sparrow and corn bunting were predicted to be at lowest risk of local extinction there. Generally, the distribution of extinction-prone squares matched the distribution of low territory densities given in Gibbons, Reid & Chapman (1993), and the distribution of squares with low extinction likelihoods with areas of high territory density.
Between-species dependence of local extinctions
For all combinations of species pairs, more 10-km squares lost and retained both species and fewer squares lost just one species than would have been expected if local extinctions were independent. Considering just the area of distributional overlap between each species pair, there was a tendency for losses to occur from the same 10-km squares. In all cases, the observed number of 10-km squares from which neither or both species were lost was greater than would be expected by a random pattern of loss, and the observed number of squares where one of the species was lost and the other retained was fewer than expected (χ2 values with 3 d.f. ranged from 14·2 to 172·2, P < 0·005 in all cases).
For each pairwise comparison, the number of squares from which each species was lost from within and outside their area of distributional overlap was also calculated. This showed that there was a consistent pattern of a higher probability of loss from 10-km squares where each species occurred alone than from where they occurred together (χ2 tests with 3 d.f., P < 0·005 in all cases). Thus, although where two species occurred together they tended to be lost from the same squares, there was a relatively higher rate of loss of each species from squares where it occurred alone. For each species, there was a strong negative relationship between the likelihood of a species disappearing and the number of the other five species originally present in each 10-km square (binary logistic regression, −2 log likelihood statistics: grey partridge 262·1, lapwing 216·3, turtle dove 174·8, tree sparrow 231·9, reed bunting 221·1, corn bunting 182·1; all significant at P < 0·0001).
Relationships between distribution and environmental gradients
The environmental suitability of any particular area is probably determined by several environmental variables (Brown 1984; Maurer & Brown 1989), so combining many variables into a few summary gradients by multivariate techniques is a sensible way of classifying sites environmentally. This method also has the advantage of reducing problems of collinearity between large numbers of predictor variables (Donald & Fuller 1998). The regression models based on PCA scores discriminated well between occupied and unoccupied 10-km squares, and between those in which each species was lost and retained between the two atlas periods, showing that the principal component axes reflect some measure of environmental suitability. That the axes best explaining presence–absence were the same as those best explaining loss–retention suggests that the approach is robust temporally as well as spatially. However, these models provide little information on the relative importance of the different individual environmental factors, and some variables irrelevant to avian distribution probably contribute to the principal components. Attempting to discover which are the crucial variables by using the raw environmental data rather than the principal components derived from them is difficult. There are likely to be other important environmental factors that are not included in the data set, but variables correlated with these factors may be good predictors of distribution (Gates et al. 1994). Data reduction methods, such as ordination, appear to be a more pragmatic approach to assessing large scale patterns of bird distribution (Chamberlain & Fuller 2000).
For the six species examined here, Fig. 1 suggests that local populations were most resistant to local extinction in arable areas, and in four of the six species 10-km squares where the species was gained between 1970 and 1990 lay further along the arable axis than squares where the species was lost. This supports the findings of Chamberlain & Fuller (2000) that losses of these species have been greater in grass-dominated areas. For all six species, extinction probabilities were greater in the western regions of their ranges, where grass-dominated agriculture prevails, although for several species the maps of extinction likelihood (Fig. 2) identified an area of high risk in coastal regions of south-east England, an area of pastoral farming in an otherwise arable part of the country.
Mechanisms of distributional change
The results of this work suggest that local extinctions occurred primarily in the least favourable parts of their range. This is consistent with several possible explanations. In general, two types of factors will determine what distributional changes will occur in response to environmental change: the nature of the environmental change (whether it affects few localities or habitats, or applies to the whole range), and the structure of the species' distribution (the spatial arrangement of good and poor habitats and the levels of migration between them).
It has been suggested (Pulliam 1988; Pulliam & Danielson 1991) that emigration from productive habitats into surrounding poor quality habitats leads to the existence of productive source populations and associated sinks. On a larger geographical scale, productive source areas in the core of a species' range may support sink populations in poor quality habitats at the periphery (Lawton 1993). The most favourable habitats tend to be found in the centre of the range, away from which conditions deteriorate (Brown 1984; Maurer & Brown 1989), although the existence of sources and sinks is controversial and difficult to prove (Watkinson & Sutherland 1995; Dias 1996). However, it is possible that environmental changes in source areas may affect distant populations in sinks, and conversely that populations in sink areas may be relatively unaffected by local environmental changes, as long as the productivity of sources is unaffected. This may be one of the explanations for the extinction of farmland bird populations in areas where certain agricultural changes have been least severe.
Relationships between population density and distribution
In the analyses reported here, we have ignored changes in population density. There were two reasons for this; first, data on the change in abundance of each species within each 10-km square do not exist; and, secondly, extinction of a species in a 10-km square is particularly interesting from a conservation point of view. Nevertheless, changes in population density are a response to environmental change, and at present our understanding of their links to distributional changes is incomplete. It has been suggested, based on metapopulation models (Lawton et al. 1994), that the number of sites a species occupies and its population density at those sites may be directly connected, so that a change in one of these parameters will lead to a change in the other. Whether this is so, and whether it applies over large geographical areas, is unknown, although the true situation is likely to be considerably more complex than can be modelled. There are examples of increase and decrease of population density with range contraction (Wilcove & Terborgh 1984; Gaston 1994; Donald & Fuller 1998); it is even possible for an increase in overall population size to occur at the same time as a decline in the distribution, as in the European nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus L. in Britain (Morris et al. 1994).
Gaston (1994) considered the possible ways in which population density could change with range size; as a species distribution shrinks, average population density may decrease if there is a disproportionately high loss of core (high density) populations, or it may increase if losses occur mostly from the periphery. For the six farmland bird species studied here, distributional losses have been concentrated in peripheral areas, so an increase in overall population density of occupied squares might be expected. However, the Common Birds Census (Marchant et al. 1990), which covers predominantly the lowland areas of Britain in which these species are most abundant, has shown severe declines of all six species. Thus, it appears that population density in core habitats has declined as the ranges have shrunk. The reason for the discrepancy between these results and Gaston's (1994) models is probably that the loss of peripheral populations represents a relatively small loss of individuals; the bulk of the population losses have occurred in core areas, but have not been sufficient to cause local extinctions. Moreover, other farmland species such as linnet Carduelis cannabina L. and skylark Alauda arvensis L. are also suffering declines in population density, but their ranges have not yet contracted appreciably (Gibbons, Reid & Chapman 1993). It appears that for these farmland birds, population losses have occurred faster than distributional losses, and population declines in the core of the range have preceded distributional contraction. Previous studies of atlas data have revealed similar patterns (Donald & Fuller 1998). Comparison of the predicted extinction likelihood estimates shown in Fig. 2 with the breeding density maps given in Gibbons, Reid & Chapman (1993) suggests that, generally, there is a negative relationship between breeding density and extinction likelihood.
Spatial associations of distributional changes
Spatial patterns of loss were not independent. The likelihood of local extinction was greater outside the area of overlap of any two species' ranges than within. Furthermore, within areas of overlap of two species, local extinctions tended to occur in the same squares. A suggested interpretation of these results is that the most suitable areas are common to several species, but peripheral areas are occupied by fewer species. Environmental preferences for these species may be broadly similar, but each one may be able to tolerate environmental conditions in peripheral areas to varying degrees. Hence they tend to coincide in good habitats, but to occur alone, or only with one or two other species, in the least suitable environments, and hence in the areas where pairs of species' distributions did not overlap. The high incidence of cases where both species were lost within the area of distributional overlap could be due either to the occurrence of both species in a poor quality habitat, or to degradation of a high quality habitat, rendering it uninhabitable by either species.
Spatial autocorrelation and prediction of distributional changes
Environmental variables probably exhibit positive spatial autocorrelation; 10-km squares tend to resemble their neighbours more than they resemble squares further away. Thus squares that are close together on a map are likely to be close together in PCA space as well. The associations in PCA space between occupied squares and those where a species was retained are therefore likely to be reflected in similar associations in real space. Such a correlation was found by Donald & Greenwood (in press). Thus the distributional losses of these birds have appeared as contractions from the range edges, which is where the poorest environments are concentrated. Other species, however, show no such association of distributional losses with a range boundary, two good examples being the grasshopper warbler Locustella naevia L. and barn owl Tyto alba L., both of which have disappeared from large numbers of squares that are apparently scattered randomly throughout their range in Britain (Donald & Greenwood, in press). It is possible that good habitats for these species may be much more fragmented than for farmland birds, with lower spatial autocorrelation, and that their losses have been from the intervening poor quality habitats. This hypothesis could be tested by the methods presented here.
Implications for conservation
A high proportion of declining farmland bird species in western Europe (including those examined here) remains relatively common and widespread, despite qualifying for urgent conservation priority because of severe population declines (Tucker & Heath 1994). Site-orientated conservation methods are therefore inappropriate, and resources available for the conservation of common farmland species are currently most effectively distributed through agri-environment incentives (Pain & Pienkowski 1997). Such schemes could be used to conserve declining farmland bird populations by improving conditions within the existing range of these species in order to maintain the current population and range, or by improving conditions in areas from which the species have disappeared in order to try to re-establish former ranges. Our results suggest that, although each species has its own particular habitat requirements, areas of farmland suitable for one species tended to be suitable for other species and that areas abandoned were inherently less suitable than areas where the species were retained. Therefore, in the case of farmland birds, concentrating conservation efforts in regions where a high proportion of the species still occur is likely to be more effective than directing resources to less suitable areas on the peripheries of the species' former ranges. This is likely to be true for countries with a long history of human modification of habitat, but in countries where human influence on populations is more recent, range peripheries may support important populations that require conservation (Channell & Lomolino 2000). A conservation strategy will be most successful if it maintains or improves the best habitats, rather than attempting to maintain populations in poor habitats while allowing the key areas to deteriorate. Not only are the best areas conserved, but increases in numbers within such areas are likely to help restore peripheral populations.
The methods presented above can be used to target areas of conservation priority. By plotting estimates of extinction likelihood, as we have done in Fig. 2, it is possible to identify 10-km squares that, if declines in distribution continue to occur, would be most or least likely to suffer local extinction. This could be used not only to identify areas of high conservation priority but also to assess the importance of future distributional change. The extinction of one or more species in a 10-km square with a low extinction probability is likely to be of greater conservation concern than extinction in a 10-km square with a high extinction probability. Such an approach has yet to be implemented as a practical conservation tool. The predictive power of this method can, however, only be tested when the results of future atlases are available.
Despite the potential applications of the methods described above to conservation management, it is important to remember that the underlying causes of decline are unlikely ever to be understood in any detail from studies carried out at the large geographical scale of atlas studies (Donald & Fuller 1998); atlas data merely allow an assessment of where declines are taking place. Nevertheless, we believe that methods such as those described above can elucidate the process of distributional decline and be used to identify priority areas for conservation at a spatial scale appropriate to national agri-economic incentives.
This work would not have been possible without the efforts of the thousands of volunteers who took part in the two British breeding bird atlas surveys. This research was partly funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (on behalf of English Nature, Scottish Natural Heritage, Countryside Council for Wales and the Department of the Environment Northern Ireland). We are grateful to John Turner and Jack Lennon (Leeds University), Alison Bayley and Peter Burnhill (University of Edinburgh Data Library) and the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology for providing the environmental data. DMAP was written by Dr Alan Morton and the maps produced by Simon Gillings. The grid square agricultural data were adapted from the Parish Summaries of the Agricultural Census for England and Wales and for Scotland. We thank Dr Rob Fuller, Dr David Gibbons, Professor John Lawton, the editor and two anonymous referees for valuable discussion and comments on the manuscript.
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Received 14 August 1998; revision received 7 April 2000


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Dr. Ronald J. Wilson, MD
Neurological Surgery, Austin Brain & Spine
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Austin, TX 78705 - 1 Office Location
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Dr. Ronald J. Wilson graduated from the University of Texas Medical School at Houston in 1976. He works in Austin, TX and specializes in Neurological Surgery. Dr. Wilson is affiliated with University Medical Center Brackenridge and Seton Medical Center Austin. He speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Male
Years in Practice: 39 Years
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Medical School: University of Texas Medical School at Houston
Graduation Date: 1976
Hospital Affiliations: University Medical Center Brackenridge, Seton Medical Center Austin
Specialties: Neurological Surgery


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Plants are most commonly harvested for their food or appreciated for their beauty, however many plants in the Southern Appalachians have important medicinal qualities.
Herbal expert Patricia Kyritsi Howell will give a lecture titled "The Southern Appalachians: Apothecary of North America" at 7 p.m. Thursday, Aug. 22, in the Highlands Nature Center.
Howell has been a student of herbal studies since she was a teenager and attended the California School of Herbal Studies. She has opened two schools of her own for herbal studies and published a book, Medical Plants of the Southern Appalachians, which stands as the foremost resource on regional native plant medicines.
The talk is part of the Zahner Conservation Lectures, a summer tradition in Highlands that brings experts in the field of science and conservation to give free talks. Howell's presentation is dedicated to Joseph Gatins, the Highlands Biological Foundation Trustee who died last September of a heart attack while on vacation.
www.highlandsbiological.org or 828.526.2221.
In French Women Don't Get Fat: The Secret of Eating for Pleasure, Mirielle Guiliano produced a No. 1 New York Times bestseller and became an international sensation, with her book translated into 37 languages.
Now Guiliano is back with another book regarding les femmes francaises. In French Women Don't Get Facelifts: The Secret of Aging with Style & Attitude (Grand Central Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4555-2411-2, 259 pages, $25), Guiliano takes her readers into the secrets of dieting, nutritional supplements, exercise, makeup, rest, and fashion that can help women (and men) fight the effects of aging.
It is the single greatest influence on my life.
The people, music and culture that encompasses the Grateful Dead is the exact reason I find myself typing this right now. The sights and sounds associated with this melodic ocean liner sailing the high and often rough seas of society set the course for my entire existence.


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WAALBERGET Family Tree and WAALBERGET Genealogy Records
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Who were the children of Adolph Adwin Amundsen & Anna Mara Southee in New Zealand
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Anneke Lucas is the director of Liberation Prison Yoga in New York. She currently teaches or supervises yoga and meditation classes at five facilities, to both male and female inmates and youth, and places trained yoga instructors in prisons and jails. Serving in prisons synthesizes AnnekeŌĆÖs experiences with psycho-therapy, meditation and ashtanga yoga, bringing physical therapy, mindful awareness and peace to students whose backgrounds often resemble her own - in spite of appearances. Anneke graduated from the American Film Institute as a screenwriter and published a novel in her home country Belgium. She is currently working on a memoir about her childhood.
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Six Musts For The New Manager by Alexandra Levit - Nov, 2008 In the past, becoming a boss for the first time was a rough transition. You were expected to take the reins with no training or preparation whatsoever, and your team would suffer the consequences. Fortunately, in the twenty-first century, it seems that organizations have woken up and realized that poor supervisor/employee relationships are a major barrier to retention, and you will likely be signed up for a leadership develop... |
Myopia on Wall Street and Congress - And The CEO Compensation Pay Puzzle by Eva Jenkins - Oct, 2008 Million-dollar compensation packages for financial CEO's with poor performance records that will be paid due to loopholes in the Congressional bailout of Wall Street are a waste of money and human capital. CEO's who are walking away from the Wall Street meltdown are being rewarded with million-dollar compensation packages while the American taxpayer shoulders the financial responsibility of protecting companies, workers, an... |
Three Actions to Reverse a Declining Brand by Dwain Celistan - Sep, 2008 One of the most exciting opportunities for a marketing leader is making a positive difference. A tangible means of measuring your impact is to reverse negative business trends. This shares learning from one of several business reversals that I've led. In this instance, the example is a confectionery product. The brand was a long term consumer favorite, particularly in the movie theatres. However, over time, cost savings and... |
You're Downsized - Now What? by Dwain Celistan - Sep, 2008 Seven steps to take to get your next opportunity. In today's business environment, many people have been laid off, given early or forced retirement or been the casualty in a merger or acquisition. In addition, there are several persons have been terminated, "let go" or fired by their employer. You are not alone; this is and has happened to millions of Americans over the past several years. So the issue is less about "why... |
As If They Were You by Nan S. Russell - Aug, 2008 "Treat everybody else as if they were you." These words gave me pause. I wonder what it would be like if we each did what this "unknown author" is advocating? Would she still have abandoned her station at the airport fast food restaurant to get a fork and share a pastry with her friend while her customers waited if she followed this adage? Would he still have sat by the window of the plane with his feet on the seat and kne... |
Teambuilding Makes Your Organization Stronger by Mary G. White - Aug, 2008 What makes a group of people who work together function as a team? Just because people are employed by the same company does not mean that they see themselves as a team or that they engage in teamwork. It's a fact that working together is not the same thing as teamwork. It's important for managers to understand the difference between the work of teams and the concept of teamwork. When the people who work for your organizati... |
The Business Results of Coaching by Marshall Brown - Aug, 2008 Without a doubt, coaching is the hottest approach to enhancing the performance of the people in an enterprise—whether it's teams of coaches working with managers in an association, Fortune 500 company, transition coaching for new C-level executive hires, or coaches working with the owners of small businesses or sole proprietorships. It is clear from the increasing acceptance and investment in coaching, among the broad spectrum... |
Stress Management for Optimum Performance (Part One) by Liz Bywater, PhD - Aug, 2008 Stress. It's a fact of life for today's busy executives, managers, and independent business owners. And that isn't entirely a bad thing. After all, without some degree of stress, we might not have the motivation needed for getting things done. No pressures, no deadlines, no real urgency to act. On the other hand, too much stress can dampen performance in a big way. When pressure mounts to excess, even moderate demands can... |
Electronic Messaging - A Serial Killer of Business Communications? by Eva Jenkins - Jul, 2008 We are living in a culture of miscommunication fostered by email, text messages, and IM's and tolerated by corporate cultures threatens to rob workers of their ability to do business effectively with other human beings. As a consultant and professional coach, I feel that there are grave repercussions to today's business communications arena where the need for speed routinely trumps the need for clarity. The main concern is... |
Herd Mentality by Nan S. Russell - Jul, 2008 Booths featuring products and services related to employee engagement, web-based delivery, global performance, and talent management were overflowing with conference attendees as I walked the trade show at a national conference where I was speaking. Just a few years ago the magnets were initiatives like total quality management, six sigma, diversity, work-life-balance, and customer driven. Every few years there are band wa... |
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Spotify Stream: Drake 'Nothing Was The Same' (Album)
Drake's Nothing Was the Same album officially hit retailers and iTunes today, and thankfully Spotify as well. If you haven't already made the purchase, give the project a chance---free of charge. The 16 track set includes Best Buy Deluxe bonus tracks "Come Thru," "All Me" featuring Big Sean and 2 Chainz, & "The Motion" with Sampha.
Stream Nothing Was the Same
Drake – Nothing Was the Same (Tracklisting):
1. Tuscan Leather
2. Furthest Thing
3. Started From the Bottom
4. Wu-Tang Forever
5. Own It
6. Worst Behavior
7. From Time (Feat. Jhené Aiko)
8. Hold On, We're Going Home
9. Connect
10. The Language
11. 305 To My City (Feat. Detail)
12. Too Much
13. Pound Cake (Feat. JAY Z)/ Paris Morton Music 2
Deluxe Edition:
14. Come Thru
15. All Me (Feat. 2 Chainz & Big Sean)
Best Buy Bonus:
16. The Motion (Feat. Sampha)


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Barska® Loaded Gear GX-100 Utility Backpack, Black
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Barska® Loaded GearTM GX-100 Utility Backpack. Secure, spacious and tech savvy!
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Gilly's always had a perfect dinner whether it be seafood, pasta or meat. Prices were competitive, not overly priced. You could always count on getting a good meal. Service was always attentive to your needs and very friendly.
Gilly's always had a perfect dinner whether it be seafood, pasta or meat. Prices were competitive, not overly priced. You could always count on getting a good meal. Service was always attentive to your needs and very friendly.
Took a friend here (his first visit). Appetizers were very good. Meal was average. Vegetables were fresh home made. Waitress was attentive and did not forget special requests. He enjoyed his food and said he would return. Good place for an easy dinner.
Gilly's is a nice place with at least during the week a quite dinning room. Bar with a bit noisier with locals. Service was excellent and we were not rushed at all. Actually spent over 2 hours there starting with drinks and excellent conversation. Main coarces were above average and resonablely priced. Will be going back again.
Located near the main intersection of town, this popular place has a bar that is usually crowded, and noisy, an adjacent dining room with booths and tables and an appealing sun room extension at the back with more tables. The menu is limited and ordinary, the food is not exceptional, but the service is friendly and attentive. I've never been... More
I have been going to Gilly's for many years now and the food is really good and really down to earth. The place has a certain warmth to it and the service is friendly and efficient. Seafood is outstanding and reasonably proced for the quality. My only complaint is the salmon portion could be a little bit more generous but... More
Gilly's is a family owned restaurant with great food. To start with I had the Mixed Steamers and all I can say is "yummy" and the garlic sauce was good for bread dipping. For dinner I had the Chicken Carpaccio with arugula over angel hair pasta. Very good! My husband tried the pasta with black olive sauce and he enjoyed... More
We had dinner there tonight and as a professional in the service industry for over 25 years, I cannot believe the horrid experience we just had. While our server was extremely polite and took good care of us, the server at the table next to us was actually drinking wine out of the glasses of the customers there (obviously regulars,... More
This was my first time at this restaurant. There was not anything note worthy about the decor however the food was very good. I had Chicken Marsala which was done perfectly. The portion size was just right and so was the price. Definitely a place to return to when I am in the area.
I've been going to Gilly's for about 15 years now. Always enjoyed the food and still do. Last friday we went there to have a nice dinner and WHAT A DISASTER!!!!!! The guys at the bar having drinks were soooo loud and drunk we couldn't hear ourselves talk. We complained to the waitress and she just shook her head. You... More
Seafood never is fresh.....alway's has stale /frozen taste. Beer is alway's semi warm,,,gross tiny bathroom
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Deep Chand Bandhu Hospital Recruitment 2014 – Walk in for Sr Resident Doctor Posts: Deep Chand Bandhu Hospital, Directorate of Health Services, Govt of NCT, Delhi has released notification for the recruitment of Senior Resident Doctor vacancies on regular basis. Eligible candidates may attend the interview on 24-11-2014, 25-11-2014 at 10:00 A.M. Other details like age limit, educational qualification, selection process, how to apply are given below…
Deep Chand Bandhu Hospital Vacancy Details:
Total No.of Posts: 21
Name of the Posts: Senior Resident Doctor
1. Obs. & Gyn: 05 Posts
2. Peads: 05 Posts
3. Ortho. 05 Posts
4. Medicine : 04 Posts
5. Eye: 01 Post
6. Radiology: 01 Post
Age Limit: Candidates age should be 35 years for General candidates as on closing date of submission of application. Age relaxation is applicable for SC/ ST/ OBC candidates as per rules.
Educational Qualification: Candidates should possess MBBS with P.G. Degree/ Diploma/ DNB in the concerned speciality from a recognized university/ institution and should have a valid registration with Delhi Medical Council.
Selection Process: Candidates will be selected based on interview.
How to Apply: Eligible candidates may submit the application in the prescribed format along with attested copies of all testimonials, certificates, list of documents of date of birth, MBBS certificate, Degree/ Diploma, Caste certificate, DMC registration, proof of permanent address, two passport size photographs at the time of interview on 24-11-2014, 25-11-2014 at 10:00 A.M.
Important Dates:
Date & Time of Interview for Post 1 to 3: 24-11-2014 at 10:00 A.M.
Date & Time of Interview for Post 4 to 6: 25-11-2014 at 10:00 A.M.
For more details like age limit, educational qualification, selection process, how to apply and other information click on the link given below…
Click here for Recruitment Advt
Tags:Deep Chand Bandhu Hospital Jobs, Delhi State Govt Jobs


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Otto Piene & Electronic Art in New England
Presented by Boston Cyber Arts at Boston Cyber Arts Gallery, Jamacia Plain
January 10 - February 15, 2015
he Boston Cyberarts Gallery is pleased to announce its first exhibition in 2015, Otto Piene & Electronic Art in New England, which will examine Otto Piene and his role as a founding figure in art and technology in New England. From the time that György Kepes invited Piene to be a Fellow at his newly founded Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) at MIT in 1968, Piene ...more
When Morning ComesPresented by Griffin Museum of Photography at Griffin Museum of Photography, Winchester January 8 - March 1, 2015 Dallas photographer Brandon Thibodeaux has been photographing in the Mississippi Delta since 2009. While his work makes specific reference to the ...more |
Katrín Sigurdardóttir: Drawing ApartPresented by MIT List Visual Arts Center at MIT List Visual Arts Center, Cambridge February 13 - April 12, 2015 Katrín Sigurdardóttir's sculptural practice examines the way physical structures and boundaries affect perception. Her works ...more |
The Vibrant Art and Storied History of Ethiopian IconsPresented by Museum of Russian Icons at Museum of Russian Icons, Clinton January 23 - April 18, 2015 This visually stunning exhibition illustrates the Christian traditions of the East African nation, Ethiopia. It features 60 small scale icons from ...more |
Africa's Children of ArmsPresented by Worcester Art Museum at Worcester Art Museum, Worcester November 19, 2014 - May 31, 2015 The Pulitzer Center is committed to telling the stories of vulnerable populations all over the world, and perhaps one of the most startling is ...more |
Pretty Raw: After and Around Helen FrankenthalerPresented by Rose Art Museum at Brandeis University at Rose Art Museum at Brandeis University, Waltham February 11 - June 7, 2015 Pretty Raw takes the artist Helen Frankenthaler as a lens through which to refocus our vision of modernist art over ...more |
Gordon Parks: Back to Fort ScottPresented by Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MFA) at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston January 17 - September 13, 2015 Gordon Parks, one of the most celebrated African American artists of his time, is the subject of this exhibition of groundbreaking photographs of ...more |
CAMafterhoursPresented by Cape Ann Museum at Cape Ann Museum, Gloucester January 30, 2015 Experience the sights and sounds of the Museum after dark. Featuring: Special preview of Sounds of a Working Waterfront, an original sound composition by Robert...more |
Drapetomania Roundtable Discussion with the ArtistsPresented by Cooper Gallery January 30, 2015 The art of Grupo Antillano belongs to a long tradition of Caribbean resistance and cultural cimarronaje, a tradition that lives on in the work of the younger contemporary artists who also...more |
Samantha Fields SEVEN ReceptionPresented by Montserrat College of Art and Montserrat College of Art Gallery at Montserrat College of Art Gallery, Beverly January 30, 2015 Samantha Fields in one of the seven artists that Montserrat College of Art Galleries has invited to draw directly onto the seven walls of Montserrat Gallery over the course of seven weeks....more |
LEGACY - Mother, Daughter ART ExhibitionPresented by Artist Exposure December 20, 2013 - January 31, 2015 "LEGACY" Exhibit Opening Reception: Friday, December 20th 5 – 8:00 PM ARTIST EXPOSURE PRESENTS: "Legacy" Exhibit December 20 – January 31, 2014 Mother,...more |
Over Here: World War I Posters From Around the WorldPresented by Boston Athenæum at Boston Athenæum, Boston September 10, 2014 - January 31, 2015 The Boston Athenæum holds an extraordinary, but little known, collection of World War I posters. Consisting of nearly 1,800 posters from fourteen countries, this collection provides a unique...more |
Sounds of the Working WaterfrontPresented by Cape Ann Museum at Cape Ann Museum, Gloucester January 31, 2015 Robert Bradshaw premiers his original composition created for the Portraits of a Working Waterfront exhibition. Reservations are required. Space is limited. Also offered at 3:00 p.m. |
AFFORDABLE ORIGINAL ART ExhibitionPresented by Gallery/Studio Z December 18, 2014 - January 31, 2015 Selected pieces from the stable of the gallery & the collection of the director (Prices range from $50-$1,500) |
Free DayPresented by MASS MoCA January 31, 2015 On a day when our galleries teem with visitors and activities, take a peek behind-the-scenes in every aspect of the museum. Director Joseph Thompson elaborates on the history of our...more |
The Sketchbook ShowPresented by The Nave Gallery January 7 - January 31, 2015 Artists use sketchbooks for as many different reasons as there are artists: daily practice, planning book, travelogue, dream journal. Sketching happens from life, memory, ideas, or...more |
DisplacedPresented by Steven Zevitas Gallery at Steven Zevitas Gallery, Boston December 19, 2014 - January 31, 2015 In Displaced, Rinklin presents a group of twelve new paintings that continue her exploration of the visual language of constructed reality that permeates the history...more |
Darren Waterston: Uncertain BeautyPresented by MASS MoCA at MASS MoCA, North Adams March 8, 2014 - February 1, 2015 Darren Waterston: Uncertain Beauty – On view beginning March 8, 2014 |
The Dying of the Light: Film as Medium and MetaphorPresented by MASS MoCA at MASS MoCA, North Adams March 29, 2014 - February 1, 2015 Photochemical film is quickly drifting into obsolescence as the motion picture industry transitions to digital media and fewer and fewer manufacturers and labs produce and print film. Yet many...more |
Portraits of a Working Waterfront: Photographs by Jim HooperPresented by Cape Ann Museum at Cape Ann Museum, Gloucester October 11, 2014 - February 1, 2015 An exhibition of 75 photographs of men and women who make their livings working today in one of this country's oldest seaports, Gloucester, Massachusetts. The images were taken by Jim Hooper...more |
The Importance of Place: A Sketchbook of Drawings by Stuart DavisPresented by Cape Ann Museum at Cape Ann Museum, Gloucester August 19, 2014 - February 1, 2015 Although artist Stuart Davis' visits to Cape Ann took place primarily during the early years of his career, the drawings he did here exploring the shapes and rhythms of the working waterfront,...more |
A Chosen Place: Walker Hancock and FriendsPresented by Cape Ann Museum at Cape Ann Museum, Gloucester August 19, 2014 - February 1, 2015 Of all the sculptors to have chosen Cape Ann as their place, Walter Hancock (1901-1998) stands head and shoulders above all others. A quiet and dignified man, dedicated to his family, his...more |
Drop Into Art: Past and PresentPresented by Danforth Museum of Art at Danforth Museum of Art, Framingham February 1, 2015 Explore stories and traditions from past and present day while discovering Native American art and objects. Make a silhouette collage or found object sculpture in our studios. In the galleries,...more |
Small Worlds: Through A Small Glass Window, Works by Josh FalkPresented by Arnold Arboretum at Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston October 25, 2014 - February 3, 2015 Highlighting the intricate beauty of plants and nature, Josh Falk's "Small Worlds: Through a Small Glass Window" is an ongoing macro-photo series shot with the intent of not only...more |
Gallery Talk @ Noon: Michael Beatty and Matthew GamberPresented by Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Art Gallery. College of the Holy Cross at Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Art Gallery, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester February 3, 2015 Holy Cross visual arts faculty members Michael Beatty and Matthew Gamber will give a Gallery Talk at noon about their work in the current exhibition "Pulse: New Work by Faculty...more |
RACE, SPORT, AND SOCIETY: THE 19TH CENTURY BICYCLING CRAZEPresented by Historic Newton February 3, 2015 RACE, SPORT, AND SOCIETY: THE 19TH CENTURY BICYCLING CRAZE |
Reception for Drawing the Line at Atlantic Wharf GalleryPresented by Fort Point Arts Community (FPAC) February 3, 2015 DRAWING THE LINEDrawing by Fort Point Arts Community members January 26—March 20, 2015 |
Illustration Theme Show: ShakespearePresented by Montserrat College of Art and Montserrat College of Art Gallery February 4, 2015 This year's theme for Montserrat's Annual Illustration Theme Show is Shakespeare! Current student work is shown alongside faculty, staff, and alumni in a broad range of method and and...more |
Young At Art - Bright Light: Lighthouses of Cape AnnPresented by Cape Ann Museum at Cape Ann Museum, Gloucester February 4, 2015 Young at Art brings the Cape Ann Museum alive for pre-school aged students. During the program students will be read a book, explore art and artifacts while participating in a Seek and Find...more |
Chris Mir Public Artist TalkPresented by Montserrat College of Art and Montserrat College of Art Gallery at Montserrat College of Art Gallery, Beverly February 4, 2015 Please join Christopher Mir for a Public Artist Talk on Wednesday, February 4, at 11:30am at 23 Essex Street, Room 201. Christopher Mir is one of the seven artists that Montserrat College of...more |
Members Welcome EventPresented by Harvard Art Museums at Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge February 4, 2015 Get acquainted with the new Harvard Art Museums during an exclusive members evening. Discover curatorial insights in the galleries, and enjoy views of the night sky through the magnificent new...more |
Nancy Dewey | My Peruvian Quest Gallery ExhibitPresented by Multicultural Arts Center at Multicultural Arts Center, Cambridge December 5, 2014 - February 6, 2015 The Multicultural Arts Center will be hosting Nancey Dewey's 'My Peruvian Quest" from December 5 - Febuary 6. The exhibition will include photographs depicting the evolution of...more |
Cynthia Brody | The Subject of Women Gallery ExhibitionPresented by Multicultural Arts Center at Multicultural Arts Center, Cambridge December 4, 2014 - February 6, 2015 The Multicultural Arts Center will be hosting the colorful, surreal works of artist Cynthia Brody. Through mixed media, Brody creates a multi-faceted world full of various textures, colors,...more |
Ladies Night Out Workshop (Adults)Presented by Danforth Museum of Art at Danforth Museum of Art, Framingham February 6, 2015 Enjoy a night out with the ladies. Bring a beverage; we'll provide the fun. Explore your imaginative side while creating ceramic bowls, mugs or containers. Learn a different handbuilding...more |
Opening Reception for the Winter ExhibitionsPresented by Addison Gallery of American Art February 6, 2015 Please join us to celebrate the opening of our winter exhibitions. Explore our new shows while enjoying a glass of wine and a bite to eat. This event is free and open to the public. |
Opening Reception: PaintPresented by Cambridge Art Association February 6, 2015 The Cambridge Art Association (CAA) Presents: Paint, a Juried CAA Member Show Presented at the University Place Gallery Opening Reception, Friday,...more |
Christopher Mir + Joanna Tam SEVEN ReceptionPresented by Montserrat College of Art and Montserrat College of Art Gallery at Montserrat College of Art Gallery, Beverly February 6, 2015 Christopher Mir is one of the seven artists that Montserrat College of Art Galleries has invited to draw directly onto the seven gallery walls over the course of seven...more |
Up Close Seminar: Illuminated Manuscripts in the Islamic LandsPresented by Harvard Art Museums at Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge February 6, 2015 This seminar, led by Ay?in Yoltar-Y?ld?r?m, assistant curator for Islamic and Later Indian Art, will explore the rich tradition of illuminated manuscripts in Arabic script. She will trace...more |
How Space Makes Place: The Changing Nature of LibrariesPresented by The Harvard Library and Harvard Graduate School of Design at Gund Hall Lobby, Cambridge February 6, 2015 MetaLAB's documentary about the Harvard Library's offsite depository, Cold Storage, will premiere on campus at the inauguration of the exhibition Icons of Knowledge....more |
Teen Stop-Motion Animation WorkshopPresented by New Art Center at New Art Center, Newton February 7, 2015 Teens grades 7-10 are invited to join artist and filmmaker Stephen St. Francis Decky for this hands-on workshop. Learn the basics of stop-motion animation, story boarding, and more while creating...more |
Figure Drawing Workshop (Adults)Presented by Danforth Museum of Art at Danforth Museum of Art, Framingham February 7, 2015 Explore the figure and its structure, proportion, spatial relationships and anatomy through detailed instruction and demonstration. Prerequisite: one drawing class or equivalent. Bring a large...more |
Unreliable Witnesses Opening Art ReceptionPresented by The Loading Dock Gallery at Western Avenue Artist Studios, Lowell February 7, 2015 The Loading Dock Gallery is proud to announce they will be presenting member artists Chris Volpe and Tom Veirs in a joint exhibition. "Unreliable Witnesses" will feature oil paintings...more |
Jeffrey Marshall Artist ReceptionPresented by Cape Ann Museum at Cape Ann Museum, Gloucester February 7, 2015 A series of drawings and paintings depicting various visual elements found along the coastline of Magnolia in Gloucester, Massachusetts. The work in this series, created on-site, depicts...more |
Gifts from the HeART at Western Avenue StudiosPresented by Western Avenue Studios at Western Avenue Artist Studios, Lowell February 7, 2015 Come to Western Avenue Studios and Lofts (122 Western Avenue, Lowell, |
Family Art Workshop: Clay DragonsPresented by Danforth Museum of Art at Danforth Museum of Art, Framingham February 8, 2015 Work with your child to create beautiful artworks and wonderful memories. Create fierce or friendly dragons using air-dry clay; then paint and decorate your mythical creature! Learn basic...more |
COMMUNITY WEEKEND AT HISTORIC NEWTONPresented by Historic Newton February 7 - February 8, 2015 Saturday and Sunday, February 7 and 8 At the...more |
CAM Film Series: Monk with a CameraPresented by Cape Ann Museum February 8, 2015 A documentary film exploring the life and spiritual quest of Nicholas (Nicky) Vreeland, son of a U.S. Ambassador and grandson of legendary editor Diana Vreeland, who is a photographer by...more |
CONFLICT AND TRANSFORMATION: LIFE IN A 19TH CENTURY TOWNPresented by Historic Newton February 10, 2015 CONFLICT AND TRANSFORMATION: LIFE IN A 19TH CENTURY TOWN |
Sounding Art: Composition and Performance in the Harvard Art MuseumsPresented by Harvard Art Museums at Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge February 10, 2015 Neil Heyde, professor at the University of London's Royal Academy of Music, will give a solo cello performance of short works composed by Harvard students Eric Corcoran, Sumire Hirotsuru,...more |
Gallery Talk @ Noon: Amy Archambault, Rachelle Beaudoin, Marguerite WhitePresented by Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Art Gallery. College of the Holy Cross at Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Art Gallery, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester February 11, 2015 Holy Cross visual arts faculty members Amy Archambault, Rachelle Beaudoin and Marguerite White will give a Gallery Talk at noon about their work in the current exhibition "Pulse: New Work by...more |
Lunch & Learn with Gavin KleespiesPresented by Cambridge Art Association February 11, 2015 February 11: Lecture featuring Gavin Kleespies, Director of Programs, Mass Historical Society
CAA Reception: Fields of ViewpointsPresented by Cambridge Art Association February 11, 2015 The Cambridge Art Association Presents: "Fields of Viewpoints" A Small Group Show at the Kathryn Schultz Gallery Featuring David Covert, Kevin Duffy, Kristin...more |
Selected Smiles: Serigraph Exhibit by Professor Benjamin GrossPresented by Salem State University Center for Creative and Performing Arts January 20 - February 11, 2015 Selected Smiles is a new series of 26 editions of serigraphs with each print directly connected to one of the letters of the alphabet. Happiness, and the outward display of...more |
Contemporary Perspectives Lecture Series: Stefan SagmeisterPresented by Boston University College of Fine Arts at Morse Auditorium, Boston February 12, 2015 The New York-based graphic designer's bold style and careful sense of craft expands to photography, video, bookmaking, murals, installation, and more. He has designed album covers for Lou...more |
Film Screening: Please Don't Eat the DaisiesPresented by New Art Center at New Art Center, Newton February 12, 2015 Join us for a screening of "Please Don't Eat the Daisies" (1960), a classic comedy starring Doris Day and David Niven based on Jean Kerr's stories about an art critic and his...more |
Nick Criscuolo Public Artist TalkPresented by Montserrat College of Art and Montserrat College of Art Gallery at Montserrat College of Art Gallery, Beverly February 12, 2015 Please join Alumnus Nick Criscuolo '03 for a Public Artist Talk on Thursday, February 12, at 11:30a at 23 Essex Street, Room 201. Nick Crisuolo ('03) explores experiential methods...more |
Valentine's Day at the Children's Museum in EastonPresented by The Children's Museum in Easton at The Children's Museum in Easton, North Easton February 13, 2015 This Valentine's Day, the Children's Museum in Easton invites you to join them for a day of fun on Friday February 13th. From 10am- 4pm the Art Studio will be open for...more |


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A bastion of family-friendly arts and entertainment since its curtain first rose in 1983, Ruth Eckerd Hall demonstrates its commitment to the community through concerts, movie screenings, and all-ages education at the Marcia P. Hoffman Performing Arts Institute. Graduates of the school go on to star in musical and theater productions on the stage, overlooking 2,180 sloping seats arranged continental style for great sightlines and impeccable acoustics.
The State Theatre was saved, as its website states, from "the ravages of time." Built in 1921 as a vaudeville and silent-film palace, the venue fell on hard times in the 1970s. In 2003, however, a $3 million renovation restored the State Theatre to much of its original glory, as crews painstakingly rehabbed the ornamental plaster, terracotta exterior, and actor holding cells. Inside the theater, a stunning chandelier sparkles more brightly than ever below the venue's signature dome.
Nearly a century ago, the Hippodrome opened as a combination movie palace and vaudeville theater, spending more than 70 years hosting big names such as Bob Hope and Frank Sinatra. Following a double-decade period of slow business and bad hairstyles, the Hippodrome closed down in 1990. Now, however, after an exhaustive restoration project that reanimated the theater's chandelier-lit arches, the mural above the proscenium stage, and the grand-theater boxes that hearken back to opera's heyday, the Hippodrome reopens to the delight of Baltimore's cultural landscape.
The School of Russian Ballet may be relatively young, but it trains dancers according to time-honored traditions.?Founders Darya Fedetova and Sergiy Mykhaylov espouse the Vaganova Method, the same whole-body process that helped mold the talents of such icons as Baryshnikov, Nureyev, and Zakharova. The school teaches students ages three and up, from novices just learning first position to advanced dancers who have sprouted their own pointe shoes. Many pupils get the chance to perform alongside professionals in the studio's seasonal productions, which include classic fairy tales such as Snow White and the holiday favorite, The Nutcracker.


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"Action News" hires a new reporter-anchor
He's the square-jawed Brian Taffe, last in Albany, N.Y.
"Action News" hires a new reporter-anchor
In these days of TV-newsie layoffs, here's a hire:
Brian Taffe, 30, a square-jawed type last at the 24-hour Capital News Nine in Albany, N.Y., has joined Action News (6ABC) as a reporter-anchor. (They're all reporters-anchors, these days.)
He has not yet started on air, but has been spotted in the company of news crews as he gets the lay of the land.
With his political chops, I hear he'll be groomed for Bigger Things.


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A proposed skyscraper that cleans air, another tower by Cesar Pelli in Boston, and more news to wrap up the week.
The board voted 10-1 to adopt the latest revision from the Los Angeles–based architect for what has become one of the most embattled projects in Washington, D.C.
Nobody seems to like Frank Gehry's design for Ike's memorial on the National Mall. Where's the disconnect?
AIA Maryland honored 22 projects submitted by local members, and gave three design awards to architectural students.
"The card game for horrible places" brings together gamers and a new generation with an interest in cities and a smart sense of humor.
Judge to rule in favor of Raleigh architect's modern home caught in controversial historic preservation battle.
Rose is the 16th laureate of the prestigious prize honoring excellent work in architecture, historic preservation, and urban design.
The remaining four teams are contending for the commission of a $25 million project along the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C.
After the local government rejected two BIG proposals, America will not experience the Bilbao Effect with the Kimball Art Center in Utah.
A day after missing acknowledgement for an airport proposal in London, Foster + Partners takes the bid on a new hub for Mexico City.