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Ratings based on 3,511 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.5 Room cleanliness
4.4 Service & staff
4.6 Room comfort
4.3 Hotel condition
They paid and stayed.
We double-checked.
We double-checked.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Stuttgart
vergleichsweise günstiges Hotel nah am Strip
Posted Jan 27, 2015Pros: die vollausgestattete Küche mit Kaffeemaschine Joseph, der Concierge, war sehr hilfsbereit bei der Buchung von Ausflügen.
Cons: Gardinen an die Fenster, wärmere Bettdecke Das wechselnde Personal an der Rezeption wirkte eher unengagiert.
Location: Direkt neben Hotel Hooters, MGM + Monorail sind in 10 Min. erreichbar, Strip (Downtown-Bus) bzw. Luxor ebenfalls in 10 Min.
4-Nächte-Aufenthalt, getrennte Schlaf- und Wohnzimmer mit vollausgestatteter Küche, ideal für Selbstversorger, allerdings ist kein Supermarkt um die Ecke. Kein Frühstück, dafür Kaffee in der Lobby Nur Endreinigung, d-h. kein täglicher Bad-oder Bettenservice. Ausreichend Handtücher, daher o.k. Badewanne + WC in winzigem Bad ohne Fenster, dafür Waschtisch in Nische davor. Fenster mit Vorhang, aber ohne Gardine, d.h. im Erdgeschoss ist man tagsüber entweder im Dunkeln oder, auch am Waschtisch. ohne Blickschutz. Das Fenster im SZ ist nur handbreit zu öffnen, was das Lüften schwierig macht. Sehr dünne Bettdecke, eher Laken, ist für Januar nicht ausreichend. Checkout-Zeit ist 12.00 Uhr, Late-Checkout kostet stundenweisen Aufschlag, bei Checkout 18.00 wird ein ganzer Tag (99 $) berechnet.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Chester
Excellent room everything inc dishwasher.
Posted Jan 27, 2015Pros: Spacious clean private secure.
Location: 5 minutes walk from the main strip, 3 minutes drive to main road links to hoover dam/grand canyon.
Room fully equiped for up to 6 persons on the kitchen side, even a welcome pack of coffee, hot chocolate and microwave popcorn, full kitchen including blender and dishwasher, tea towels washing up liquid the lot. Bedroom seperate from open lounge dinner kitchen area, with on suite bathroom. Lounge could be made into another bedroom and still plenty of space would be good for 4/5 even 6 persons or family, as only 2 of us we had more than enough space, tv's wall mounted both in lounge and bedroom spoiled for choice, patio area small but compact and no view but as only just round the corner from the main strip and not costing strip prices it was not a problem. I did know the complex was near the airport but this was not a problem eirther. Most strip hotels wanted extra for parking, fridge and gambling tax all of which was a big saving and would definitely recommend this as a place to stay. Room cleaning was not included which was fine and even more private with only a four night stay.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Canada
Good value for your money! Close to the strip.
Posted Jan 27, 2015Pros: The hot tub was close to our room and was the right temperature.
Cons: More coffee could have been provided in the suite. One of our keys would not let us in the pool area.
Location: It was off the strip, but close enough for easy access to hotels on the strip and buses.
We were looking for a hotel that was not too pricy close to the strip and the Desert Rose matched that criteria. With a full kitchen we ate breakfasts in the suite. If we had easier access to a grocery store we might have had lunch in our suite as well. The staff was friendly and did not bother us to do the time share thing, other than leaving a card in the door. Coffee was available in the lobby area at all times. The pool area was clean and the hot tub was nice.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Saskatchewan
Great non-gaming hotel
Posted Jan 25, 2015Another great time at the Desert Rose. We enjoy having an apartment with no resort fees. We were disappointed that they cut out their amazing breakfast though. Otherwise a great place to stay.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom New Zealand
Close to Strip, great for families
Posted Jan 24, 2015Two bedroom apartment with a full kitchen, great when your got teenagers. The kitchen is fully equip with utensils, pots & pans, etc. Right behind the Tropicana so only 5 minute walk to strip, nice and quiet. Lots of car parks. Spa was great. Friendly staff.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Nice hotel off the strip
Posted Jan 24, 2015Nice clean hotel with no casino or fancy dining options. More like Hampton inn or holiday inn
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Phoenix
Great Hotel and Close to the Strip
Posted Jan 18, 2015Pros: Everything.
Cons: Can't think of a thing.
Location: Behind the Tropicana and very close to the strip.
This hotel is like a one bedroom apartment with a full kitchen. It has two tvs and could probably sleep 5 people easily. The kitchen is stocked with utensils. It is right behind the Tropicana. We always stay here when we are in Las Vegas. It is nice making your own coffee or going to the lobby for coffee in the morning. You can park close to your car and don't have to walk through a smoke filled lobby. It is clean and fairly modern. Great hotel.
for Familiesby A verified travelerfrom Hobart, Tasmania
Great Hotel close to Vegas Strip
Posted Jan 12, 2015Pros: Friendly staff and well appointed rooms with plenty of size for families. Not in a gambling & smokey environment like the bigger Strip Casino hotels.
Cons: Sound proofing of rooms on higher floors above
Location: Central to the Vegas Strip without the hustle and bustle of the all night scene.
Excellent older style Hotel close to everything in Vegas. Very comfortable and Family rooms a good size
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom New Zealand
Great First Trip to Vegas
Posted Jan 11, 2015Everything about our stay was effortless. Great off strip location to get away from the craziness, nice and quiet. Our room was a decent size with comfortable bed and couch. The free WIFI was also welcomed.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Toronto
Great place to stay just off the strip.
Posted Jan 10, 2015Pros: The staff
Cons: The cleanliness of the carpets and general upkeep there was no housekeeping to speak of in the 3 days we stayed there.
Location: Great location
We tend to stay in this hotel everytime we attend a trade show on vegas if there ia availabilty. the price is a little high for the quality but acceptable. It's quite , clean easy to get and out of walking distance to the strip no machines or hard to find exits.


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The new version will be released when the last building is redone, update by update. Be patient ;)
The End of Days is realistic mod for c&c Generals-Zero hour. It adds Russian faction with unique tech system allows to player to chose Tactical-Ballistic or Air force or Tank weapon system during game progress. A lot of new units upgrades and special powers.
The new version will be released when the last building is redone, update by update. Be patient ;)
If I were forced to show the word beuty, I'd show this picture.
I see radar atop of building, does it work? Great idea & great job!
The radar is just for design, but it's not bad idea to detect units in small area, will think about it...
it's not often when you see a nicely designed building in mods. Good work
I hope next buildings to be as good as this one... Thanks to all
Very good quality... Maybe you should make your own game?
If there was programers who can help and more people, why not :P
maybe you can add some take off and landing tire marks where the aircrafts start and land?
looks pretty clean
I was thinking to do that but forgot, thx for remember me :)
that is the best looking airport I've ever seen
Are the bits at the end of the airfield a take off ramp like the one found on the Admiral Kuznetsov carrier?
Beautiful airfield BTW! You make me proud!
You will see in next version :)
This airfield looks as good as it could be, contemporary war style:)
Alexei, would you mind to reduce the size of Russian gas refineries? They usually take a lot of space.
SOME UPGRADES FOR GAS RAFINERIES WILL BE GOOD, FOR EXAMPPLE- FIRST BUILD ONLY COAL RAFINERIES- GREY AND BLACK SMOKE- UPGRADE GAS RAF. - WHITE SMOKE- ADD MEANING upgrade
wow alexei, this one is really impressive. also will the next version contain GLA, russia, USA? also will the navy be on the next release? i also agree with george-g2, cuz some of the buildings really take a huge amount of space and you cant play that well on small maps because they are really huge.
I'll try to reduce some buildings, no navy in next version...
I must say that I dont like this new style buldings. It started just this airport. New design leads to modern trends and just real bad appearance. Old airport seemed much more real. Had a long runway and was not fussy effects and the like.
The larger area is occupied by buildings and landing area looks cramped. It's starting to resemble RED ALERT DESIGN.
I liked the old buildingS, you would not have to change the style.
CONTRAST large buildings and small RUNAWAY AND OTHER AREAS look weird ..
I shrunk the size of building models for airport staff and other airport facilities, including reservoirs of fuel to optically increased everything else.
Hangars have a reasonable size, but I increased their size. I extended runway and the runway would reduce lobby. I removed a lot of unnecessary guidelines.
and begins to resemble the American airport, it's not ok
What are the rectangles at the end of the runway. I hope it's not ski jumps. Change the size of buildings.
Look this is the new building design, like it or not this will be!!!
although he kind of has a point there...
New airfield is shorter than old one cause it was too large. Many players complained about that. I know it must have 4 times longer runways but, imagine how it will look like in the game. US airfield runways are really short too - remember? We are limited by the maps and game balance...
it is true and the small pens for fighters. So where will the bombers.
Everything is good-sized area airports, large hangars already shown us that there can be perfectly stored bombers, small buildings for frontline staff on the other hand give a sense of the vastness and the size of the airport, this effect is involved coastline runway and the SMALL runway lobby. Important are also easy and simple guide lines on the track, which are small and mostly near the center of the area. It is nice that are neither too showy and are mainly functions. The whole building is very nice, because it is not pretentious.
New AIRPORT
I'm not saying it's completely wrong, just saying that the new airport is not better than the old airport, it's the opposite.
I think you do a much longer runway will delete ski jumps, it could be only OK. Still do not understand where the storage TU-22M3 Backfire
MAYBE NOT DO THOSE DOGS boxes. Your new hangars are indeed beautifully high and far between, which is very useful when playing, but have a small area of the area. A feels more like boxes for helicopters on ships. Sukhoi fighters are really huge machines and do not know if they liked in such a small space.
center divider runway would erase, reduces the runway. The guide bars on the runway would have done more. Runway will cause greater
On the new airport missing
angular foundations of the building floor around the buildings.
Does this airfield produce heli too, since i saw small heli landing on it?

subset: commoncrawl


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CosplayFU Customer Cayla(United States)
"Thank you so much for the opportunity to cosplay as Sayaka Miki. I had a blast, and here's a photo from the Madoka Magica photoshoot!"
CosplayFU's Blog » Customer Stories » Sayaka Miki Cosplay from Puella Magi Madoka Magica by Cayla
May 14th, 2013 by admin


text: ConAgra Foods, one of the largest food companies in the country, said yesterday that it would combine its retail food operations under one umbrella to better serve retail customers and to reduce costs. The company, based in Omaha, makes brands like Hunt's tomato sauce and Bumble Bee tuna. It also named F. Martin Thrasher, a former executive of the Campbell Soup Company, to lead the operations. He will report to the chief executive, Bruce Rohde.


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text: Kerala's capital – for obvious reasons still often referred to by its colonial name, Trivandrum – is an energetic place and an easygoing introduction to city life down south. Most travellers merely springboard from here to the nearby beachside resorts of Kovalam and Varkala, but Trivandrum has enough sights – including its zoo and cluster of Victorian museums in glorious neo-Keralan buildings – to justify a stay. You don't have to go far from Trivandrum's busy centre to find yourself immersed in pagoda-shaped buildings, red-tiled roofs and narrow, winding lanes.


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Dr. Helen K. Delichatsios, MD
Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Beacon Hill Primary Care
- 165 Cambridge St Ste 501
Boston, MA 02114 - 1 Office Location
- (617) 726-4900
Dr. Helen K. Delichatsios graduated from the Cornell University Weill Medical College in 1994. She works in Boston, MA and specializes in Internal Medicine. Dr. Delichatsios is affiliated with Massachusetts General Hospital. She speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Female
Years in Practice: 21 Years
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Medical School: Cornell University Weill Medical College
Graduation Date: 1994
Hospital Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital
Specialties: Internal Medicine


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HI.All I know of my family tree is my fathers name.It is Earl Otha Murkerson.He passed away in september of 1970 and i was born in april of 1971.Can any one help me? steve Notify Administrator about this message?
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Hi Sharon, I live in Eagle Co., Colorado and I check the Garfield and Eagle Co. Forum often to see if I can help someone out! I did find information on Rice Nichols. He is buried in Sunset View Cemetery in Eagle, Eagle Co., Co. Email me directly and I will take you to the site. Maybe you already found that information out..If I can help or be futher assistance please let me know.. My email address: email@example.com Notify Administrator about this message?
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This Add-On allows extraction of data from the FT Scheduler program for use with ODBC-compliant report writers and spreadsheet programs. It is ideal for generating user-defined reports with programs such as Crystal Reports and Excel.
"We purchased FT Scheduler Lite from Flight Trak as part of our preparation for launching a new flight department..."
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But you forgetting the proof diminishes in the flames
Like 'poof',
from Lupe Fiasco – Glory Lyrics on Genius
You don't necessarily have to be gangsta to rap like a gangsta. Therefore, when people are entertained by what you are saying, the proof behind what you are saying becomes irrelevant.
To help improve the quality of the lyrics, visit "Glory" by Lupe Fiasco Lyrics and leave a suggestion at the bottom of the page


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For those who don't know, What's the use of Wond'rin' is a song from the musical Carousel. The lines in this are taken from that, rather than the other way round. (June is bustin out all over is itself a song from Carousel, but this one isn't a cover). Apparently Amanda wrote this song as a protest against the misogyny in the musical.
Maybe it's because I've listened to her voice for 5, almost 6 years, but it sounds exactly like her.
doesn't sound like her :/
anyone else notice that she takes the ending of this and reuses it in What's The Use Of Wond'rin'?
I think it sounds like her quite a bit. She recorded this while in high school, though..
I agree, this doesn't sound like her at all.
so beautiful.
k it just didn't sound like her in the version I have. I dunno how many versions are floating around. Thanks :)
my favourite, very nice song
Yes it is.
is this actually amanda?


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Several apartments burned Sunday night in east Mesa near University Drive and Val Vista Road.
Mesa Fire Department spokesman Dave Johnson said the fire apparently started on the first floor around 8:15 p.m. and spread to several adjacent units and several apartments on the second level.
Johnson said a 39-year-old man was rescued off a balcony, but was not injured.
It's not clear what caused the fire. Residents in six units were affected.
No other injuries were reported.


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The largest gift in the history of the National Corvette Museum came this week from Wisconsin couple Ivan and Mary Shrodt. The $1.3 million dollar donation will be used for the planned 50,000 square foot expansion of the Museum that is expected to be completed by the summer of 2009. The couple has no kids, but a stable full of Corvettes. They were in Bowling Green to take delivery of a 2007 Black Z06 Corvette, the sixth Corvette in their collection. While in Bowling Green, the Corvette Museum held a reception for the Shrodts, who hail from Sherwood, Wisconsin. A major fundraising effort is underway to pay for the expansion of the Museum, which includes the Corvette Library Archive, a larger store and the Corvette Cafe. Click here for more on the National Corvette Museum's Expansion Project. Source: StarTribune.com Related: My Corvette Museum New Members Kit
Corvette Lifestyles
After posting a story about the National Corvette Museum's ambitious expansion plans last week, I decided to officially join the Museum. It's been one of those things that I've been meaning to do for quite a while now, but for whatever reason, I never took the plunge. So I went to the Museum's new member signup area and joined online, donating $100 for a one year family membership. The NCM is a 501c3 organization so all membership fees and donations are tax deductible. On Saturday, I received my New Member Kit. When I opened the kit, the first thing I see is a welcome letter and another letter detailing some of the functions of the NCM. That letter had my membership cards attached. A Membership Certificate personalized with my name, member number and date of membership was also included. Also included are five brochures about the Corvette Museum: Location and Hours of Operation, Become A Member, The Flint Brick and NCM Brick Programs, and the R8C New Corvette Museum Delivery Option. An NCM Raffle Ticket order form and a Build Sheet/Window Sticker Order form was inserted into the kit. Finally, a pocket-sized 2007 calendar with NCM Events, a static NCM Member window decal and an NCM Member's Pin completed the package.
Technorati Tags: Corvette | Museum
My 1966 Corvette threw a shoe last week and I need your help. And I am willing to pay for some advice. Think you can help? Please read on… I was on a cruise a couple of weeks ago and did my normal "south county" route that takes me on some nice two lane roads away from the City of Tampa and through southern Hillsborough County. On my last few drives I've noticed a bit of shimmy between 45-60 mph. Over and under that speed the car drives very nice. About halfway through my cruise, the shimmy was much more pronounced and I was feeling it slightly now even above the 60 mph. I had written it off to the thought that I needed an alignment, something the Corvette hasn't had in years. As I was nearing home, traveling about 60 mph on the local toll road, I heard a loud pop and I felt that backend really wanting to sway side to side. I slowed to 30 mph and since the Corvette was drivable at that speed, I limped on home. After I got home, I crawled under the back of the Corvette and immediately saw the problem. My tread on the right rear tire had separated and some the belts were showing. I could see one or two of the belts actually broken, but the tire was still holding air. I've had these same tires on my '66 for years now. When you only drive a car a couple times a month, it's not so much the mileage, but the age of the rubber. And while I've been wanting to upgrade my wheels from the standard hubcaps to some reproduction knock-off wheels, finances won't allow me to do that right now, so I'll skip the KO's for now and just go with a new set of tires.
Technorati Tags: Corvette | Tires
While her husband Douglas was serving in Iraq for the past year, training Iraqi police in a province 50 miles south of Baghdad, school teacher Stacey Paley saved as much of her paycheck as possible to surprise him with the car that he's always wanted. It had been Douglas' lifelong dream to own a Corvette. Douglas returned from his tour of duty on September 10th and was rewarded with the Bronze Star and the Combat Infantryman Badge for his service and valor during combat. However, the biggest reward was waiting from his wife. The day after he returned, she took him to a dealership and showed him the Corvette she had already picked out…a 1996 Collectors Edition Convertible. He drove to his civilian job and claimed "I think they were more interested in the car than me." As for his wife's surprise and choice in Corvettes, Douglas said, "I'm just happy to have it". Click here to read more of this inspirational story from the JournalInquirer.com
The 427 cubic inch engine is part of the automotive lore that is celebrated and revered for those that own the classic big block. Like its 327 little brother, when putting those three numbers together when talking engines, something magical happens. Sure, Chevrolet made about a billion 350′s as well as the 454, but in Corvette history, it's all about the 427. Those three numbers can bring a grown man to tears. They can make the kid that pulled up next to you at the stoplight break out in a cold sweat. It's the engine that was so powerful, Chevy fudged its output ratings by nearly 100 horsepower so as not to incur the wrath of the insurance industry as the story goes. That's why many who now own the new legend, the 2006 and 2007 Z06 Corvette, are so eager to show other enthusiasts that their Corvette is the heir apparent to the 427 kingdom, and what better way to announce their rule than through the growing use of displaying 427 badges on hoods and quarterpanels. But what badges are the best badges, and where do you get them go the posts on the forums. Some still prefer the stealth. "Badges? We don't need no stinking badges" is the most repeated quote. Be we here at CorvetteBlogger.com like the new badge craze and wish to pay homage to the King by offering a few glimpses of how owners are displaying their 427s.
Technorati Tags: Corvette | Z06 | 427
Now that I've been blogging about Corvettes for a bit over a year, I thought I would create a page where visitors can find a list of what I consider my best posts. If you look at our site nav box to the right you will see a link titled "Essential Posts". I gathered some 10-12 posts over the previous year and have grouped them together on that one page. The idea being that readers may want to go back and look at some the articles I've written and see what I am all about.
As new posts are deemed "essential", they will be added to the page.
Technorati Tags: Corvette | Blog
The National Corvette Museum announced today that on Thursday, September 7th, they are planning to deliver the 5,000th Corvette to a customer, who will be taking delivery of a 2007 Velocity Yellow Coupe.
The R8C Delivery Program has been a mainstay at the Museum since 1995, but the option has really taken off in the last year. For the 2006 Model year, 1172 Corvettes were delivered to their new owners and according to the Museum, they are on pace to beat the figure for the 2007 model.
R8C Deliveries offers new owners an exciting experience to kick-off their new ownership. Customers receive their own NCM guided VIP tour of the Corvette Assembly Plant and the National Corvette Museum. Their Corvette is on display and friends and family can watch the delivery via the NCM website on a series of webcams. The Delivery Team provides an orientation and presentation of the vehicle and a unique Gold Decal is placed on the drivers door jamb to signify the importance of the event. New owners are also presented with a one year NCM membership.
As a participant of the R8C Delivery program, owners are invited back every other year for a special event called the R8C Museum Delivery/NCM Xperience. This year's event will be held September 29-30th.
Source: National Corvette Museum
Technorati Tags: Corvette | Museum
The headline Autoblog.com used to for this story was just too sweet to pass up. As they said, now that we have your attention… Back in 2005, PRS Guitars joined forces with CorvetteRacing.com. The PRS name appeared on the new C6.R racecar during the 2005 race season, and PRS would craft a custom designed Corvette Z06 guitar. The guitars became available last year. But like many things in the blogosphere, old news can become new again, and so here we are talking about the PRS Corvette Standard 22. From the PRS Guitar Website:
The new Z06 Corvette is based on the C6 which came to market as an '05model. The Z06 is loaded with a modern small block 427 cubic inch engine which is rated at 500 rear wheel horsepower giving the car an awesome combination of power and luxury. The Corvette Standard 22 is available in the same six colors that will be offered on the 2006 Z06. The guitar is also offered with two inlay configurations, 427 logo on the fretboard and an optional Z06 logo inlaid on the fretboard. The trademark crossed flags and clear control knobs on the body round out the theme. The guitars should start shipping slightly ahead of their automotive counterparts.The guitars are available in Corvette colors including Black, Daytona Sunset Orange, Le Mans Blue, Machine Silver, Velocity Yellow and Victory Red. Retail price is $4,700. Source: Paul Reed Smith Guitars via Autoblog.com
Technorati Tags: Corvette | PRS Guitars


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"Sauteed onions are combined with cans of cream of mushroom soup, chicken and beef broth in this easy to prepare dish."
Cooking Level: Intermediate
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Caramelized onions are infused in a rich broth, topped with bread and cheese.
A filling, satisfying, cheesy onion soup that really warms you up, deliciously.
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Book this hotel and collect nights after your stay
Situated in Burgess Hill, Homestead B&B is in a rural location and close to Bedelands Farm Nature Reserve and Beech Hurst Gardens. Additional area attractions include Sheffield Park Garden and Hassocks Golf Club.
Property Features.
Homestead B&B has an indoor pool, a 24-hour health club, and a spa tub. Wireless and wired high-speed Internet access is complimentary in public areas. A complimentary breakfast is served each morning. Additional amenities include laundry facilities and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Self parking is complimentary. The property has designated areas for smoking.
The 5 guestrooms at Homestead B&B include bathrobes and complimentary bottled water. Complimentary wireless and wired high-speed Internet access is provided. All accommodations provide local, long-distance, and international calls free of charge (restrictions may apply). Bathrooms offer hair dryers and complimentary toiletries. Additional amenities include irons/ironing boards and ceiling fans.
Onsite credit card charges are subject to an extra charge
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We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Following the official unveiling of the first LG Google TV at CES 2012 last week new rumours have suggest a Nexus Google TV is in the works
LG to manufacture 'Nexus' brand Google TV later this year?
With much speculation surrounding the potential arrival of an Apple iTV system new reports have suggested Google is to look to beat its Cupertino based rival to the punch pairing with LG to produce a 'Nexus' Google TV. |


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The Delta State University Alumni Association will host a social in Natchez on Feb. 27 at Andrew's Tavern from 5-6:30 p.m. There is no cost for the event, dress is casual and it is open to all alumni and friends of Delta
Home » News and Events » Page 89
The Delta State University Department of Music will host its annual Art of the Piano event on Feb. 14-15 at the Bologna Performing Arts Center. The program begins Friday at 7:30 p.m. with guest artist and clinician Lisa Yui
Due to the continuation of icy weather conditions, and for the safety of our students and employees, Delta State University will delay opening its business operations until 10:00 a.m. tomorrow (Thursday, February 13th). The
Former Chair of the Department of Biological and Physical Sciences Dr. Henry Outlaw recently presented a lecture on the murder of Emmett Till as part of the Como Reads program at the Emily J. Pointer Public Library in Como,
Delta State University's College of Education and Human Sciences is hosting a free "how-to" birding workshop on Feb. 14 from 9 a.m. to noon through the Recreation Leadership Program of the Division of Health Physical


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the Lawman - Unregistered August 23, 2009 9:16 PM Rubens really stuck it to Hamilton and Kovy on the track today, which was good. For if you don't follow Hamilton the next week follow up news coming out of Britain is hard to take. Kovy can say good by to his race seat at McLaren, he consistently gets hammered each second Sunday. I'd like to see Nico there but after watching the race, what is he to become, the blocker for Hamilton...he needs to be careful of going to McLaren...the Lawman 17 agree 0 disagree
andrewm August 23, 2009 5:20 PM Good and overdue win for Barrichello. Pity is was during a boring race though. Reply Report abuse 6 agree 2 disagree


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The Big Valley: Season 1, Episode 26By Force and Violence (30 Mar. 1966)While travelling cross country, Victoria and Heath have an accident resulting in Heath becoming pinned under their heavily loaded wagon. Victoria seeks help and turns to a mysterious man who is being pursued by aggressive bounty hunters. Director:Virgil W. Vogel |
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Move over, Justin Bieber.
Take a seat, Zac Efron.
Bar Refaeli is a super, super model. She's also the super girlfriend of Leonardi DiCaprio. Refaeli graces the cover of the 2009 Sports...
Move over, Justin Bieber.
Take a seat, Zac Efron.
There once was a time when future heart throbs were a little dorky, would-be supermodels a tad awkward, and even the Kardashians were just regular kids.
Heck, even Justin Bieber was a kid once ... instead of a punk a$$ kid.
Bar Refaeli is too hot for Israel.
The gorgeous model is featured in a local television commercial for fashion brand Hoodies. But The Second Authority for Television and Radio in that country has banned the spot from playing during primetime.
Bar Refaeli has given women everywhere yet another reason to hate her beautiful, beautiful guts.
It's not enough that this super model has seen Leonardo DiCaprio naked, but it turns out she looks great naked herself.
Look away, Lauren Silverman. Look away...
In a new commercial for The X Factor in Israel, model Bar Refaeli drives over to producer Simon Cowell and flirts up a serious storm as she introduces him to the judges on this country's version of the program: Ivri Lider, Shiri Maimon, Rami Fortis, and Moshe Peretz.
Bar Refaeli. Roger Waters.
Those are two stars you might not think would ever be linked by a celebrity news story, but they are, and the reason why comes down to Israel.
Bar Refaeli is smoking hot, but that doesn't make these photos any less odd.
The pics are from her latest promotional campaign for Passionata, a lingerie brand that apparently thought it could get some great publicity this way.
A new pro-Israel ad has sparked controversy, not for its subject matter but for the fact that Bar Rafaeli, the nation's hottest export, takes part in it.
The Israeli supermodel's latest public relations campaign sponsored her native country's Foreign Ministry did not sit well with the Israel Defense Forces.
Nice try, Jay Leno.
The day after the Bar Refaeli Super Bowl commercial aired, this super model was a guest on The Tonight Show.
Bar Refaeli has had a profound impact on many young males, but none more so than Jesse Helman, who made out with her in last night's Super Bowl ad for GoDaddy.
His life has been transformed for the better, he says.
THG is counting down the 100 Hottest Bikini Bodies of 2012!
If you haven't figured it out by now, we've been paying tribute to the hottest of the hot with bikini photos galore, and the competition is flat out sweltering.
We hate the break the bad news, but a Bar Refaeli sex tape does not actually exist.
Fortunately, the model herself is here to soften that blow... but posing in a g-string for all to see!
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The need for detailed description and modeling of cells drives the continuous generation of large and diverse datasets. Unfortunately, there exists no systematic and comprehensive way to organize these datasets and their information. CELDA (Cell: Expression, Localization, Development, Anatomy) is a novel ontology for the association of primary experimental data and derived knowledge to various types of cells of organisms.
CELDA is a structure that can help to categorize cell types based on species, anatomical localization, subcellular structures, developmental stages and origin. It targets cells in vitro as well as in vivo. Instead of developing a novel ontology from scratch, we carefully designed CELDA in such a way that existing ontologies were integrated as much as possible, and only minimal extensions were performed to cover those classes and areas not present in any existing model. Currently, ten existing ontologies and models are linked to CELDA through the top-level ontology BioTop. Together with 15.439 newly created classes, CELDA contains more than 196.000 classes and 233.670 relationship axioms. CELDA is primarily used as a representational framework for modeling, analyzing and comparing cells within and across species in CellFinder, a web based data repository on cells (http://cellfinder.org webcite).
CELDA can semantically link diverse types of information about cell types. It has been integrated within the research platform CellFinder, where it exemplarily relates cell types from liver and kidney during development on the one hand and anatomical locations in humans on the other, integrating information on all spatial and temporal stages. CELDA is available from the CellFinder website: http://cellfinder.org/about/ontology webcite.
Cells are the building blocks of tissues and organs. The central importance of cells in the establishment and maintenance, as well as de- and regeneration of tissues, has long been recognized [1-3]. Intense research has led to the accumulation of an enormous and rapidly growing body of cell-related data in literature and different databases. These diverse datasets capture different dimensions of cells, including subcellular structures, transcriptome, temporal aspects such as the developmental stage or potency and spatial aspects like anatomical localization in vivo or cultivation conditions in vitro (Figure 1).
Figure 1. An overview about the different classes that are used to describe a cell type.
In order to compare, characterize and determine the type of cells based on cell-associated data, a systematic representation of cells is necessary. In particular, the context in which cell-associated data has been obtained must be properly represented, as differences may lead to grossly divergent characteristics and cell types. One prominent example for this fact is that stem cell differentiation in vitro frequently results in cells which have no known equivalence in vivo[4].
Several attempts have been made to present available information on cells in a unified format. For example the CELLPEDIA database [5] provides a richly annotated, intuitive resource for differentiated human cells by including numerous data types and relating these to tissues and organs in a way that makes it possible to directly compare different cell types.
Other data sources for cells include registry-like lists of cell lines and cell types such as the human embryonic stem cell database (hESCreg, [6]), the Characterization Tool [4] or StemDB [7] and cell line banks like the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, [8]) or the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC, [9]).
Furthermore, to comprehend the domain of cell types, several ontologies have been developed like the Cell Ontology (CL, [10]) and the Cell Line Ontology (CLO, [11]). Other ontologies describe the anatomy of organisms, which also include cells like the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA, [12]), the Human Developmental Anatomy (EHDAA, [13]) and the Mouse Adult Gross Anatomy (MA, [14]).
In summary, several data sources provide means to describe some of the many dimensions of information on cells, but none provides a truly comprehensive framework to address all or most of the available information (see Table 1). In particular, an extensive overview about cells of different species or developmental time points cannot currently be easily generated in these other databases.
Table 1. Resources of CELDA: This table lists elements that different sources of CELDA use to describe cell types (x = covered; o = partially covered)
Therefore, we developed a novel, comprehensive ontology, CELDA (Cell: Expression, Localization, Development, Anatomy) to formally represent important characteristics of cell types. CELDA is intended to structure the growing and diverse body of cell-related data. It allows for the description of cell types based on species, gender, anatomical location, subcellular structures, developmental origin and molecular composition such as gene expression. CELDA also enables the comparative description of the development of organs and tissues on the cellular level. Thereby, CELDA can be used to generate developmental trees of cell types, to compare cells in vivo with cells in vitro, or to find similar cell types in different organs, tissues or species. The ontology is designed to organize the vast and heterogeneous body of cell-related data by linking common elements through precise annotation and is adaptable to incorporate new information.
To establish CELDA, we addressed three fundamental issues: (1) Which data and data sources on cell type description are available? (2) Which properties are needed to fully describe cells in vivo and in vitro? and (3) How does an ontology need to be designed in order to allow a structured and standardized description of the properties defined in (2)?
Ontology development
Ontologies are formal explicit descriptions of general features of a certain domain. These general features are described within an ontology by stating necessary (or necessary and sufficient) membership conditions for classes (sometimes also called types). These classes are connected with each other by means of formal relations (which are also called object properties) [15].
In order to design an ontology development strategy, we consulted the guidelines by Noy and McGuinness [15], Bermejo [16] and Schulz et al. [17]. The first two are by now somewhat dated and also contended, but they were still useful to defined a four-step approach to develop CELDA:
1. Determination of the classes within the domain and scope of the ontology.
2. Evaluation of existing ontologies for their suitability of utilization.
3. Development of the fundamental outline of the ontology.
4. Formal representation of the ontology.
This four-step approach allows to create the ontology in a structured way. This general framework was combined with the modeling approaches suggested in the "Good Practice Ontology Design Principles" by Schulz et al., in particular for step 3 and 4.
To determine which classes are needed in the cell biology domain, we first analyzed existing ontologies and databases. In addition, the opinion of domain experts and scientists in the field of biology, medicine and cell biology were compared to identify criteria used to describe cell types. The distinction between cell types in vivo and in vitro happens to be crucial, as there is currently no data source that describes both variants of cell types comparatively and in detail.
We selected the Cell Ontology as the main source for cell types in vivo and the Cell Line Ontology, hESCreg, and the Characterization Tool as sources for cell types in vitro. Table 1 shows the properties used by these data sources to describe cell types, which formed the basis for selection of CELDA as shown in Figure 1. For describing both cell types in vivo and in vitro, we needed to cover biological functions (e.g. the barrier function), cytology and histology (including subcellular structures), lineage (using the relation develops-from), expressed genes, origin (e.g. anatomical location, species, gender, age) and the genome status (e.g. ploidy) of the cell types.
In order to decide which ontologies to integrate within CELDA, we performed an analysis of existing ontologies dealing with different aspects of describing cells. The Open Biomedical Ontologies Foundry (OBO) [18] provides a suite of orthogonal interoperable reference ontologies in the biomedical domain, including ontologies for cells, anatomy, molecular functions, cellular components, genes, proteins, phenotypes and development. Although none of these ontologies by themselves fulfill CELDA's requirements, they provide a reasonable coverage of the domain if taken together.
Therefore, we decided to utilize as many classes as possible from these existing ontologies and to apply a top-level ontology which provides an ontological layer for linking and integrating various specific domain ontologies [19].
There are several upper-domain ontologies that have a focus on life sciences. We evaluated
Ontology of Biomedical Reality (OBR) [20]
Simple Bio Upper Ontology [21]
General Formal Ontology (GFO-BIO) [22]
BioTop [23].
We decided to use BioTop because it is founded upon formal design principles (as advocated by the OBO Foundry initiative), implemented in OWL2 and has a biological focus. Another advantage of BioTop is that it was actually designed to connect with important OBO Foundry ontologies and contains built-in bridge classes that serve this purpose [23].
BioTop can be used without an additional top-level ontology, but there are also bridges that allow its combination with either the Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering (DOLCE) [24] or the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) [25]. BioTop itself is not part of the OBO Foundry [18], but the bridge allows it to import BFO, which is the top-level ontology that is part of and recommended by the OBO Foundry. We used relations as defined in BioTop and the OBO Relation Ontology (RO) [26].
In order to cover all the sub-domains needed for a full representation of all relevant aspects of cell types, we re-used existing ontologies and extended them when necessary. A list of the sub-domains can be seen in Figure 1.
Likely the most prominent ontology that describes cell types is CL, which describes in vivo cell types. It contains formal definitions for cell types, referring for example to the phenotypic characteristics of cell types [27]. CLO describes cell lines and their origins [11]. The Experimental Factor Ontology (EFO) [28] also contains a considerable number of classes for cell lines and cell types, linking cell line classes to both anatomical entities and diseases.
Biological processes are covered by both the Gene Ontology (GO) in its sub-ontology 'Biological process', as well as in EFO. The substructures of cells can be described by referring to the classes for subcellular structures in the GO [29]. Furthermore, some extensions and mapping ontologies are available from the OBO Foundry to extend the GO on behalf of cellular components and biological processes [30]. We also made use of these in order to develop a description of our domain as completely as possible.
The lineage of cell types is described in CL, CLO and EFO. These ontologies also partially address the origin of cell types, but only EFO contains terms to describe the species of origin. While both CLO and EFO contain terms to distinguish between sexes, only EFO contains terms for age. To fully describe the origin of cell types, ontologies from the anatomical domain can be used. The UBERON ontology [31] describes anatomical terms without reference to species, while other ontologies are specific to one species, like the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) [12] and Human Developmental Anatomy (EHDAA) [13] for human or the Mouse Adult Gross Anatomy (MA) [14] for mouse. A mapping ontology from UBERON to species-specific ontologies like FMA or MA is also available at the OBO Foundry [32]. The genome status of cell types is partially described in the CL. A complete overview of the examined ontologies, their coverage of cell biological classes and further data sources are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Classes for the representation of cell types and available ontologies and data sources which cover these domains
For the construction of the ontology, we organized both the ontologies imported for re-use and the classes newly defined by us in a hierarchical structure using the top-level ontology BioTop together with the BioTop bridge to BFO and RO. This hierarchy is the backbone of CELDA. Since we intended to use CELDA as a basis for the CellFinder application (http://cellfinder.org webcite), local copies of the ontologies were generated and imported into CELDA. This allows functionality of CELDA independently of external changes to some of the ontologies. When changes in one of the imported ontologies occur, CELDA can be tested with the new version of the ontology and after confirmation of stability, our local copy can be updated.
According to Courtot et al. [33], there are three general possibilities when referencing external ontology sources:
1. create own classes and reference other ontology classes,
2. generate and import modules of other ontologies,
3. import whole resources.
In most cases, we decided to import the whole resource. One major principle of the OBO Foundry is that every ontology should, in principle, cover a particular domain that is not covered by other ontologies. Hence, the ontologies we used from the OBO Foundry are intended to be orthogonal to each other and, thus, this approach did not lead to massive overlap. When no classes existed in the imported ontology for a cell type, cell line or anatomical entity we wanted to describe, we built the necessary classes ourselves and included them directly in CELDA. These classes were linked to classes from existing ontologies.
In a final step, we implemented the ontology in the Web Ontology Language (OWL, [34]). For this purpose, we used the ontology editor Protégé [35]. For automatic linking of classes from different ontologies, we used the Jena API [36], a Java framework for building semantic web applications. The Jena API was also used to add information from hESCreg and Characterization Tool databases to existing ontology classes and to develop new classes when necessary.
Several approaches exist to evaluate new ontologies. Obrst et al. suggested six different evaluation techniques for the use of ontologies in life sciences [37-39]:
1. assessment by humans against a set of criteria
2. comparison of the ontology against a set of criteria
3. evaluate the use of the ontology in an application
4. natural language evaluation techniques
5. ontology accreditation and certification
6. use reality as a benchmark.
We created CELDA especially for use in CellFinder; therefore, our focus for evaluation was the performance of CELDA within this application (technique 3). In addition, we compared CELDA with existing ontologies and data sources during the whole developmental process (technique 2). The ontology was also checked by domain experts (technique 1).
Developing the fundamental outline
When analyzing the available ontologies describing one or more of the domains needed to describe cell types (see Figure 1), we found eight ontologies covering at least one of these domains: CL, CLO, EFO, EHDAA, FMA, GO, MA and UBERON. These were then linked using the top-level ontology BioTop as shown in Figure 2. CLO and EFO already provide a connection to BFO. Therefore, we also used a bridge between BioTop and the BFO and RO [40].
Figure 2. Linking of ontologies in CELDA using BioTop. This diagram shows how high-level classes of CL, CLO, EFO, EHDAA, FMA, GO, MA and UBERON are linked together in CELDA using BioTop. Read from top to bottom, the lines represent rdfs:subclassOf relations.
CL was linked to BioTop by defining CL:Cell as equivalent to BioTop:Cell. UBERON was linked to BioTop with a rdfs:subclassOf relation between BioTop:organism part and UBERON:anatomical entity and with a rdfs:subclassOf relation between UBERON:processual entity and BioTop:Process. To link the EHDAA, the FMA and the MA with BioTop, we created two new classes: CELDA:human anatomical entity and CELDA:mouse anatomical entity. These two classes were linked to UBERON:anatomical entity with a rdfs:subclassOf relation. We then linked FMA:anatomical entity and EHDAA:anatomical entity with CELDA:human anatomical entity and all top-level classes from the MA with CELDA:mouse anatomical entity using the rdfs:subclassOf relation. The three GO root classes were also linked to BioTop by the rdfs:subclassOf relation. We linked GO:biological process with BioTop:bio molecular process and GO:molecular function with BioTop:molecular function. Finally, we declared GO:Cellular Component to be equivalent to BioTop:Cellular Component.
After creating this scaffold for CELDA, we used the reasoner HermiT version 1.3.6. [41] to test the logical consistency after the linkage of the diverse ontologies. During the classification, no inconsistencies were reported by HermiT.
We then imported the entirety of resources from CL, CLO, EFO, EHDAA, FMA, GO, MA and UBERON into this scaffold. To make sure that the classes of the diverse ontologies were properly mapped to each other, we used ten mappings and bridges provided by the OBO Foundry (Table 1):
• cellular_component_xp_self.
• cellular_component_xp_go.
• cellular_component_xp_cell.
• Biological_process _xp_cell.
• biological _process_xp_uber_anatomy.
• Biological_process_xp_multi_organism_process.
• biological_process_xp_self.
• biological_process_xp_cellular_component.
• uberon_anatomy_ontologies_bridge [32].
• molecular_function_xp_uber_anatomy [42].
For some of the imported ontologies, no bridges were available. For these ontologies, we created mappings ourselves using the JENA API. New bridges were created between:
• CL and MA.
• CL and FMA.
• EHDAA and FMA.
• CL and UBERON.
Altogether, more than 196.000 classes for cell types, cell lines and anatomical entities were included from eight different ontologies in the CELDA ontology. In CELDA, 15.439 classes were newly defined together with 203.058 relations involving these classes. The OWL file CELDA_import.owl contains the top-level structure as well as the newly-defined classes together with the axioms stating the relations of these classes to classes from other ontologies. The file CELDA.owl imports CELDA_import.owl together with all ontologies and bridges as described above.
Representation of cell types
The structure shown in Figure 3 gives an overview of how we represent the domains needed to describe cells (see Figure 1) in CELDA with some of the high-level classes.
Figure 3. Domain representation in CELDA. CELDA distinguishes between cells and cell lines. Subclasses of cells describe groups of cells with similar properties like developmental stage, anatomical location, cellular structures or expressed molecules in vitro or in vivo. Cell lines are permanently established cell populations consisting of cells in vitro from exactly one cell type.
Among the generic names for cells, we distinguish names for cell types and cell lines. Cell type names are general terms that describe cells with similar or identical properties (e.g. "embryonic stem cell", "induced pluripotent stem cell"), while names for cell lines refer to groups of similar cells of an in vitro type (e.g. "hESC line H1", "lung fibroblast line IMR90"). Cell lines, on the other hand, are permanently established cell populations consisting of cells in vitro from exactly one cell type. Such a population can be modeled as a collection with in vitro cells as grains [43]. While cell types find their way into CELDA as subclasses of the class Cell, the grains of cell lines are instances of CL: experimentally modified cell in vitro.
There are important relations between cells such as the ability for one to develop from another cell. A cell in vitro can be derived from a cell in vivo of a certain type. Cells can be characterized by their location (within an anatomical entity), their subcellular structures and their expression patterns, i.e. by the biomolecules they contain. Such characterizations may also allow finding cell types with similar properties from different species. A cell can be an organism by itself (prokaryotic cells) or part of an organism. OWL would allow the inclusion of individuals in order to represent particular cells, though this would transcend the purpose of an ontology proper.
Most of the imported ontologies contain a class called "cell" or "cell type". Therefore, careful analysis and the relation of these terms to each other was needed to define which terms are equivalent to each other and which classes are to be treated as subclasses. The result is shown in Figure 4. The EFO contains a class called "cell type" with a matching definition ("distinct morphological or functional form of cell"), but the subclasses (e.g. "blast cell" or "fibroblast") make it clear that the instances of these classes are, in fact, cells and not cell types or cell forms. For this reason, we interpreted EFO:cell type as a class of cells whose subclasses categorize cells according to their type or form.
Figure 4. How to connect various classes with the label "cell". Several of the ontologies imported into CELDA contain classes labeled "cell" or "cell type". The figure shows which of these are stated to be equivalent or connected by means of rdfs: subclassOf relations in CELDA.
Application of CELDA within the cell-related data repository CellFinder
CELDA has been developed in order to be used within the CellFinder project (http://cellfinder.org webcite). CellFinder is a web-based data repository for scientific statements about cell types created and maintained at the Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT). CellFinder is aiming at an integral representation of data on cell types in the context of molecular, phenotypic, anatomical and developmental information in health and disease across species. CELDA is used as a backbone within CellFinder to enable integration of diverse primary datasets. An important application of CELDA is to link and organize in vivo and in vitro derived data regarding cell types (e.g. gene expression profiles, morphological and anatomical information including images), the origin of the cell types, references and the relations among these datas. For example, CELDA was used to position human parietal visceral epithelial cell in the developmental tree of kidney cell types and to find cell lines with similar descriptions (Figure 5). Furthermore, it is now possible to associate images of cells displaying morphologies, anatomical location or subcellular structures with gene expression data. These can be further related to the spatial and temporal context of the cell type. An example of the context of a cell type is the glomerulus and the kidney for human glomerular visceral epithelia. Any neighboring, similar or related cell types in other species can then be directly identified using a class from CELDA.
Figure 5. An extract from the representation of a 'parietal epithelial cell' in the CELDA ontology. Extra classes for a detailed description of these cell types were included, and the ro:develops from relations where added. Furthermore, we linked the cell types to the anatomical entities where they occurred.
CELDA also allows comparing in vivo cell types with cell lines in vitro. Figure 6 shows an example of a human embryonic stem cell line H1in vitro that is derived from the inner cell mass of a human embryo, which is part of the human blastocyst in vivo.
Figure 6. An extract of the representation of the human embryonic cell line H1 and the relation to its in vivo counterpart in the CELDA ontology. We added new cell lines like H1 as described in hESCreg when they are not already contained in the CLO.
Evaluating CELDA in the kidney domain
The degree and accuracy of characterization and analysis within CELDA depends largely on the cell-related data that is integrated in the ontology. To test the application of CELDA on the representation of developmental trees, we chose to represent cell types involved in human kidney development in order to reduce the data scope. Using a set of domain related publications and online tools [44-53], the developmental tree for human kidney cells starting from the zygote was created by domain experts working in the field of kidney regeneration. Altogether, we found 145 cell types taking part in kidney development. 75 of these cell types in the developmental tree were not part of the CL and were included in CELDA based on manual data extraction from the sources mentioned above. The developmental tree can be viewed online at http://cellfinder.org/development webcite.
As the cell types described in CL are species-independent, we extended CELDA with species-specific classes for each of the 145 identified cell types relevant for kidney development when no equivalent class was found in FMA or EHDAA for human or in MA for mouse. These classes were linked to the species-independent classes using a rdfs:SubclassOf relation.
These classes were then linked to UBERON for species-independent cell types using the ro:part_of relation. Human-specific cell types were linked to classes in FMA and EHDAA and mouse-specific cell types were linked to classes in MA. Furthermore, the types were linked among each other using the ro:develops_from relation to represent the developmental history of cells. A section of the developmental tree generated with CELDA, showing the development of a myoblast, can be seen in Figure 7.
Figure 7. An extract of the developmental tree of cells that is part of the CELDA - Ontology. Read from top to bottom, the lines represent the ro: develops from relation.
When a cell type is characterized by specific cellular structures, this class is linked to classes from GO describing the cellular structure using the BioTop:has_component_part relation .
CELDA is an ontology for the formal description of cell types built by using and carefully extending existing ontologies from the biological domain. It integrates different dimensions of cell types at the genetic, molecular, structural, functional, temporal and spatial level. It also addresses the organization of cell types into higher-order structures (e.g. develops from or anatomical location).
CELDA aims to reflect the language used by researchers in laboratories and publications to distinguish between cell types. Accordingly, the design process of CELDA could be described as being data-driven because we focus on representing those kinds of data which are regularly generated in laboratories and on making them intuitively useable for semantic inferencing over cell types. A disadvantage of such a data-driven process in contrast to a model-driven process is the need for change when new technologies emerge. However, new technologies can be integrated into CELDA and would only require slight modifications. We believe that the ways in which cell types are described will most likely be straightforward extensions of our core model, especially when novel molecular, substructural and physical data become available.
When re-using existing ontologies, we store them on our server and use this version instead of using other versions provided, for example, by the OBO Foundry or by the authors of the ontologies. This allows CELDA to be independent of these data sources and assures that the ontologies are available in the version needed. This is important for the reliable functioning of any application that, like CellFinder, uses CELDA as its data structure. The disadvantage of this approach is that the ontologies are not always up-to-date; it is necessary to search manually for updates, check their compatibility and then integrate them.
CELDA was designed to allow researchers to find cell types through their properties and to reason about various kinds of relationships between different cell types. The availability of data from diverse domains makes it possible to access and find cells with limited data from different domains and relate them with similar cells, e.g. of different species, developmental stage or from the in vitro or in vivo domains (See Figure 6). By serving as a data model for the CellFinder data repository, CELDA has provided a proof of concept that it may be suitable for scientific applications in cell biology.
Up to now, CELDA primarily includes data on the development of the human kidney on a cellular level. The current work on CELDA focuses on describing the development of liver and skin cell types and to characterize stem cells in vivo and in vitro in developmental differentiation.
When creating CELDA, we faced several problems. One major problem was the occurrence of similar or identical classes in different ontologies. We tried to find them automatically by searching for identical names and using reasoning, but due to variant forms of spelling and the use of synonyms, it was not always possible to automatically find all occurrences. We are working on identifying equivalences manually, but the completion of this task will require some time due to the enormous and increasing amount of data. It will be of great benefit if further updates of the integrated ontologies deal with such problems like using a standardized naming convention or including references to equivalent classes in other ontologies.
Another problem occurred when dealing with terms that occur in the same or in similar forms in several of the integrated ontologies, perhaps with different explicit definitions. Major examples are, obviously, the terms "cell" and "cell type". The label "cell", e.g., could be used for the class of all cells, (in GO) for the class of cells in vivo, or even (in FMA) for the class of human cells in vivo. The label "cell type" probably rests on a confusion between the two relations of instantiation and subclasshood (which are not distinguished, e.g., in many thesauri [54]). While subclasses of the class Cell are, of course, types of cells, all instances of Cell are particular cells that exist at a certain time and could, e.g., be viewed under the microscope. A closer inspection of the use of the label "cell type" showed that its instances (or at least instances of subclasses) were, in fact, meant to be particular cells. The general lesson to be learnt is that ontology designers should be very careful with the naming and should also have an eye on problems that could occur when the ontology to be developed is combined with other resources. Naming conventions, like those provided by the OBO Foundry community [55], can help to prevent such problems.
A difficult issue was brought up by the question of when to call a cell a human cell. In canonical cases, human cells are (1) part of a living human organism and (2) derive from a human zygote. A baboon heart transplanted to a human organism may fulfill the first criterion, but not the second, whereas human brain cells transplanted to mice fulfill the second criterion, but after the transplantation no longer the first. Cells of multicellular organisms are called "in vivo cells" if they are part of a living organism. The existence of xenografts, however, shows that we have to distinguish between several cases: (1a) cells within the organism that developed from the same zygote from which the cell developed, (1b) cells within an organism that developed from a zygote of the same species as the zygote from which the cell developed, and (2) cells within an organism of a different species. The strictures of description logics (on which OWL is based) do not allow us to distinguish between the cases (1a) and (1b), but they allow us to set off (2) as a distinct possibility.
In CELDA, we decided to reserve the label "human cell in vivo" for cells only that fulfill both criteria, i.e. that developed from a human zygote and are part of a living human organism. This implies that a human cell which is transplanted to another organism does not count as "human cell in vivo" anymore. This decision was motivated by the biological point of view that we use to describe cells. From the biological point of view, xenografts are artificial systems and not in their natural environment. As the canonical environment of cells would be too complex to be described in detail, we need to reserve the modifier "in vivo" as a shortcut for those cells that interact with their canonical environment and are likely to show typical properties, whereas cells outside of this canonical environment may behave quite differently. In order to also cover the non-canonical cases, we included a class Xenograft cell in CELDA, which can be used to describe such transplanted cells.
Using an ontology to organize the information on cells provides the possibility for automatic reasoning to gain new hypotheses as described by Meehan et al. [27]. They expanded the CL and used automatic reasoning to find mistakes in the ontology. The reasoners exposed areas in the ontology where new classes were needed to accommodate species-specific expression of cellular markers and inferred new relationships within the CL and between the CL and the contributing ontologies. Furthermore, reasoners allow finding inconsistencies in the ontology as we have shown in the result section. Unfortunately, current reasoners have limitations when dealing with large ontologies. For example, HermiT [41] only supports the usage of 1 GB RAM. Thus, in the case of CELDA, reasoning over the complete ontology is problematic. Therefore, we decided to use reasoning only as a tool to check parts of the ontology for inconsistencies as detailed above in the result section. However, it would be very desirable to reason with the complete resource or at least with larger parts of CELDA in order to gain new hypotheses on cell function based on similarity to other cell types. We hope that future versions of reasoners, in combination with improved hardware, will be able to process large ontologies.
Finally, it should also be noted that CELDA, like many other ontologies, is not yet complete. Many developmental processes in organisms are, at present, only described for tissues, but not on the cellular level. Therefore, CELDA can grow when future research provides new insights. Given the large number of classes to be represented and the growing and still versatile body of knowledge in this domain, it is unrealistic to use manual curation as the sole strategy. However, the development of automatic mechanisms to limit or eliminate duplications and redundancies on the top level remains an ongoing task.
The new ontology, CELDA, integrates and extends already existing ontologies in order to represent cell types as described in current research. CELDA relates cell types not only to other cell types, but also to anatomical components and cellular structures from other OBO library ontologies. In the long term, we expect that biological databases will move beyond a histology and gene-centric view and biological mechanisms will be studied at a more integrated level. Since cells are the biological units from which tissues, organs and phenotypes are built, this transition will be facilitated by rich and explicit description of cell types across phyla that can be adapted by biological databases. We believe that CELDA will support standardization and comparability of the complex datasets for each cell and organize these in a cellome environment. The outline of CELDA provides for the first time a solution to facilitate the integration of ontologies from multiple domains that can also be applied to other cell-centered data repositories.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
AK, SS, TNND, UL, LJ and HS participated in the design of the ontology. SS implemented the model to represent CELDA in a RDBMS and FL, JFF and AD participated in testing it and contributed in the refinement of the work. UL and LJ participated in designing the ontology relationships and its logical outline. All participated in drafting and revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank Elena Beisswanger and Stefan Schulz and the anonymous referees for their excellent comments and ideas along with the support from Petra Reinke and the CellFinder team. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, grant KU 851/3-1, LE 1428/3-1 to AK, TNND and UL, and grant JA 1904/2-1 to LJ and was partially supported by the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University.
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August 18, 2010
Q: How to help community members to understand the value of our effort to improve scinece deucation and put our youngsters on the path to better paying jobs, ultimatly changing our community'sreprestation as a low-wage town -- one that loses efforats to bring more manufacturing to the area due to an insufficient skilled workforce?
A: Create a Mayors' Future Innovators Night during Fair week to allow parents and teachers to see the work of othors and to recogioze the value of competition to get kids hooked on science and math early in their academic careers. Big names and a major sponsor helped draw the crowds; games, hands-on activities and gimmicks kept them involved and entertained.
But this is just one small example of creativioty and innovation of the SciEnTek012 Foudnation. The key to the overall success of SARSEF students over the years, and what has kept the organization's Fair alive for more than 40 years is the strong, perservering and dedicated leadership of this all-volunteer effort -- a more valuable asset than any single sponsosr, funder or other asset.
The Great!
I've personally experienced the results of this organization in...
many ways -- through the success of its students and the dedication of its volunteer leadership. I know of no other organization that has relied completely on volunteers that has achieved the successes and longevitiy of SciEnTek-12 and its programs.
More feedback
How frequently have you been involved with the organization?
About every month
When was your last experience with this nonprofit?
Volunteer & I helped coordinate a first-time event to help parents, teachers nd the public learn more about an important educational and economic development resource in our community, our week-long outhern ARizona Regional Science and Engineering Fair (SARSEF)..


text:
The New York Times: Documenting the Wanderings of 20th-Century Jews
An online slideshow containing eight moving images from JDC's new Global Archives website.
An online slideshow containing eight moving images from JDC's new Global Archives website.
In this sweeping feature on JDC's new Global Archives website, Joseph Berger highlights JDC's work helping Jews in need, with aid and tools to revitalize Jewish life, from 1914 through today. Coverage of the website launch also appeared in eJewishPhilanthropy and the European Jewish Press .
Coverage of the JDC led pan-Jewish, pan European response to the plight of the economic challenges of the Greek Jewish Community – including the Jewish Agency for Israel's new grant to that community, include JTA, the Jerusalem Post, and The Times of Israel.
In this feature on how Jewish organizations are successfully cultivating young leaders, JDC expert Sarah Eisenman, director of Next Generation and Service Initiatives, is extensively quoted and JDC's global service programs are highlighted.
Leading the way in Jewish community social innovation, this story highlights PresenTense's partnership with JDC in Moscow. EJewishPhilanthropy also examines PresenTense's work with JDC in Moscow.
JDC's emergency response to the deadly cold weather in Eastern Europe is highlighted. In addition to JTA, JointMedia News Service and The Jewish Week also picked up JDC's efforts.
Fashion designer Ilie Wacs and his sister Deborah Strobin recall their youth in the Shanghai Ghetto and the work that JDC did to help Ilie start his fashion career.
An interview with Dr. Rick Hodes, JDC's heroic medical director in Ethiopia, and his partnership with local Vancouver doctors, hospitals and philanthropists.
A retrospective on the work and life-saving efforts of JDC's Laura Margolis in Shanghai during the Second World War.
JDC's Haiti work in the area of rehab services for the disabled and children's education is highlighted in this wrap-up on what work Jewish groups are doing in the earthquake-ravaged nation.


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We Sell it Fast
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One Tree at a Time
A single tree stands amongst the rocks and mudflats, a full moon shining overhead as the warm colours of dusk paint the scene.
The remains of the old Hornibrook bridge can be seen in the background, dwarfed by the large new bridge that takes vehicles from Brighton to Clontarf on the Redcliffe Peninsular in South East Queensland.
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Joanne is a Melbourne photographer who undertook a Bachelor of Photography at Queensland College of Art, majoring in Photographic Art Practice. Her favourite subjects include landscapes, seascapes, national parks and gardens, and urban cityscapes.
View Full ProfileReally lovely image Jo,I love your colours. I've been wanting to shoot this tree for ages…one day I will get around to it :)
Thanks for your kind words Beth. Its funny because I'm dying to get over to your side of town and photograph around Cleveland way as you make it look so beautiful.
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Thanks Tracie, as always you are too kind. :)
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August 8th 2012 Congratulations! Your work is featured in the group We Sell it FAST!
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Hi Vincent, thankyou very much for the generous feedback and the fav.
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Fantastic job… well done.
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Hi Calvin, thankyou I really appreciate you featuring my work.
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FEATURED on January 16, 2013
Wow cool thanks Chas!
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thanks Linda :)
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Big G Express announces pay increases
Big G Express professional over-the-road drivers received an increase between 2 and 4 cents per mile (CPM) as a result of Big G's new pay scale: 1-3 Years' Experience: $0.36 CPM3-5 Years' Experience: $0.38 CPM 5+ ...
Averitt ups pay
Averitt Express has changed its pay packages for both veterans and new CDL holders looking to join the company. Averitt is increasing across-the-board pay for regional drivers and shortening the amount of time to reach ...
Did 2013 forever change the way drivers are paid? Performance-based pay making headway
A series of indicators and some anecdotally established patterns supported by data show an increasing willingness among truckload carriers to use performance-based pay systems for drivers.
Teamsters reluctantly agree to new labor deal with YRC
After rejecting a deal earlier this month, the Teamsters working with YRC Worldwide have agreed to a tentative employment deal, but the union says it will hold YRC's "feet to the fire" in moving forward.


text:
The new PVP help and ship build thread
View Single Post
Career Officer
Join Date: Jun 2012
Posts: 298
# 591
Originally Posted by
im not a sci ship expert, but it looks like you intended to use torps, with the THY, but you didnt spec into torp damage at all. if your going to use VM, your proboly best off maxing decompilers too.
also consider this, the vesta can mimic the station setup of the intrepid, recon, nebula and deep space sci ship, and can have the same console set up as all 3 of them. the best bang for your buck vs geting the fleet version of any of those ships, is to get the vesta, that can be them and more. and also has a hanger, and can mount DHCs. its kinda to bad that the vesta made all those sci ships so irreverent. it could also have the LTC used for eng or tactical, so even more interesting possibilities there.
the only ships the vesta doesn't make redundant are the nova, ball ship and wells. those can all still have unique station setups it cant mimc
I was thinking about that actually... The Vesta seems like it could do this pretty easy as well.
Depending on how I was going to lay out the weapons I would have used torps on the 1st build, and all beams / turrets on the second one.


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De Blasio and the Groundhog
New Women-Only Mosque Is Act of Faith
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Jack White Show Rocks, and Raps, New York's Madison Square Garden
NASA Launches Earth-Observing Satellite
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President Obama's decision to make nice with Cuba's repressive, anti-American regime creates a great number of losers. Topping the list, of course, are the people of Cuba. They are starting from a bad place, lacking fundamental freedoms. And Mr.
It's only natural, with reports of terrorist groups such as the Islamic State filling the news, for Americans to question just how safe they are - and if the threat is greater now than it used to be. We've never really been safe.
After battling Osama bin Laden, Saddam Hussein, al-Qaida, the Taliban, forest fires, hurricanes and floods, America's Army is now fighting itself.
So, the White House announces the emergence of a "significant" terrorist threat; the State Department issues a worldwide travel alert and shuts down 21 diplomatic missions; the Pentagon places U.S.
WASHINGTON - Secretary of State Hillary Clinton will soon become Citizen Clinton once more. She'll rake in huge speaking fees, juicy book deals, corporate board seats and dozens more honorary doctoral degrees.
They are flustered in Great Falls, Mont. Dallas is dithering. California has questions. Alamogordo, N.M., is anxious.
The U.S. Armed Forces are in quite a battle these days. They're caught between a president determined to make substantial cuts in defense investments and a Congress increasingly intolerant with wasteful spending.
Editor's note: The writer is addressing the question: "Should the U.S.


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The vision of the Penn Hills School District is to engage our entire community to inspire individual students to their highest levels of reading and academic achievement while instilling a commitment to service, respect, and life-long learning.
***Viewing Student Grades***
Parents with students in 1st through 12th grade are able to view their child's grades on Edline. The grades for Marking Period 2 will be posted to Edline on Monday morning, January 26th.
***Determining Weather-Related Schedule Changes***
The Penn Hills Schools District views safety as a top priority. We also try to be most respectful of hectic family schedules and overlapping obligations. In this regard and during bouts of inclement weather, the following are monitored and reviewed throughout the evening, night, and morning: reported road conditions, up-to-date forecasts, time of day, and projected traffic patterns. Assisting us in the consideration of school delays and/or cancellations are staff from the Penn Hills Police Department, Penn Hills Municipality, and Penn DOT who are actually on the roads most times and have first-hand information. We ask for your patience when forecasts change, when storm fronts take an unexpected turn, and especially when conditions change drastically after our high school buses have already left the garage and are on their way to our local bus stops. In most cases, it is not safe to change plans after students are already being picked up, as most parents/guardians have already made their plans for the day and older siblings who may help with supervising younger children have already left for school. Please trust that we attempt to assess present conditions and those that are predicted by various weather forecasting sources as quickly and as accurately as possible. Equally important, please trust that we will reach out to families via local media and mass communication tools as soon as that final decision is made. Sincerely,Penn Hills School District Administration and Board of School Directors


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Trust in the Lord and do good; dwell in the land and enjoy safe pasture. Take delight in the Lord, and he will give you the desires of your heart. Psalms 37:3-4
The Red Barn is blessed to have been featured in SuttonPlace Production's documenatary, "The Red Barn: A Legacy of Love"


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WAMS is a non-profit organisation which relies on public support from individuals, community groups, corporations, trusts and foundations as well as government funding to continue to improve the health and well-being of our clients and the community.
In 1986 we opened our doors to the Walgett community. The Board of Directors moved a resolution to treat ALL people, and that has been the case since. Currently, 40% of our clients are non-Aboriginal.
WAMS is the first Aboriginal Medical Service in NSW to be accredited (1998) with the (national) Quality Improvement Council (QIC) / (state) Quality Management Service (QMS) for organisational operations. WAMS is also accredited for its General Practice facilities with General Practice Accreditation (GPA) Plus.
In 2013, WAMS underwent its fifth cycle of accreditation with both agencies.
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October 30th, 2012 at 1:25 pm
FOX Scores a Victory and Delivers Highest-Rated Week of Any Network This Season
With a mix of entertainment originals and the MLB 2012 WORLD SERIES, FOX won last week among Adults 18-49, Adults 18-34, Teens
[Read-More]October 30th, 2012 at 1:00 pm
NBC Jumps 39 Percent Above Last Year's Week 5 Rating to Rank Number 2 for the Week of October 22 in Adults 18-49
NBC has finished the primetime week of October 22-28 with a 39 percent increase in adults 18-49 versus its Week 5 rating
[Read-More]October 30th, 2012 at 12:57 pm
'ABC World News with Diane Sawyer' Continues to Close Viewership Gaps With 'NBC Nightly News' Week to Week, Year to Year and Season to Date by Double-Digit Margins
For the week of October 22, 2012, "ABC World News with Diane Sawyer" averaged 7.59 million Total Viewers and a 1.6 rating/7
[Read-More]October 30th, 2012 at 11:27 am
NBC is Number 1 for the Season in Adults 18-49, Up 24 Percent Versus Last Season
NBC is #1 season to date in 18-49 through five weeks for the first time in 10 years.
[Read-More]October 30th, 2012 at 10:39 am
Growing for the Second Week in a Row to Equal a Season High, ABC Claims 6 of the Top 15 Scripted TV Shows Among Adults 18-49
During the week of October 22, 2012, ABC finished No. 1 for the 2nd straight week in the non-sports Adult 18-49 averages
[Read-More]October 30th, 2012 at 8:42 am
PBS KIDS 'Arthur' Celebrates 1 Millionth Facebook Fan
ARTHUR, television's longest-running children's animated series, recently launched its 16th season. On the heels of the October 15th premiere, ARTHUR celebrated his
[Read-More]October 30th, 2012 at 7:19 am
AllDigital to Attend Digital Hollywood on November 15-16 in New York City
AllDigital, Inc. (OTCBB:ADGL), a leading provider of premium digital broadcasting solutions to devices, will be traveling to New York City to attend Digital Hollywood
[Read-More]October 29th, 2012 at 3:51 pm
Disney Junior November 2012 Programming Highlights
When the powerful wind from Pete's Giant Windmill accidentally sends all the animals on the new Clubhouse Farm flying to different places,