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If you have a passion for discussing and learning about films, we invite you to join the Atlantic City Free Public Library Film Society. Membership is free and open to Library cardholders in good standing, who are 18 years of age and older. Monthly screenings and discussions will be held on Saturday afternoons, and monthly tutorial classes on filmmaking and film history will be held on Monday evenings.
Meetings are conducted by Theresa Hawkins, Film Society Coordinator
Join the Film Society | Films Screened | Classes Taught | Related Items At The Library | Past Special Events & Press
Saturday, January 10 |
1 - 4 pm |
Screening & Discussion View and discuss a 2014 thriller based on a hit 1980's television series. It stars Denzel Washington and Marton Csokas and was directed by Antoine Fuqua. It is rated R and runs 123 minutes. |
Monday, January 12 |
5:30 - 7 pm |
An Evening With Diane Raver Join us for this special event with the Founder and Executive Director of the Garden State Film Festival. A discussion about the festival and a screening of an award-winning short film will be featured. |


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Philips Creates LED Tube Lamp Delivering 200 Lumens Per Watt
Philips researchers have developed a tube lighting replacement LED prototype (TLED) that produces 200 lumens per watt of white light (compared with 100lm/W for fluorescent lighting and 15lm/W for incandescent light bulbs), which makes this prototype TLED lamp twice as energy efficient as predecessor lamps.
The 200lm/W TLED lamp is expected to hit the market in 2015 for office and industry applications before ultimately being used in the home.
The new TLED prototype lamp from Philips marks the first time that lighting engineers have been able to reach 200lm/W efficiency without compromising on light quality, with all parameters required to meet the stringent requirements for office lighting, according to Philips. The TLED lamps are intended to replace fluorescent tube lighting used in office and industry, which currently account for more than half of the world's total lighting.
In the US alone, for example, fluorescent lights consume around 200 terawatts of electricity annually. If these lights were all replaced with 200lm/W TLEDs, the US would use around 100 terawatts less energy – equivalent to 50 medium sized power plants, according to the company.
In 2012, Philips said the latest generation of its 60 watt A-19 LED bulb uses 10 percent less energy than its 12.5 watt predecessor while increasing brightness by nearly 5 percent, thanks to a new design using Philips AirFlux technology, an airflow cooling system that the company says eliminates the traditional distracting heat sink fins needed for thermal management of LED bulbs.
4 Reasons Operations Teams Can't Live Without Real-Time Building Data
Why bring buildings online? What information can operations teams glean from real-time data that they can't just get from the monthly data provided by utility companies? Click to learn more.
- How to Use Lean Tools to Cash In On Environmental and Energy Savings
- Trends in Energy Management: Where Should Your Next Investment Be?
- Essential Guide to Lighting Retrofits and Upgrades
- Integrated Building Optimization
- Six Essential Steps to Drive Effective Energy Management
- Building Energy Intelligence
- Top 3 Reasons to Calculate Your Environmental Footprint
- Existing Building Technologies Combine for Increased Savings
- Integrating sustainability into your ERM framework
- Mobility From The Plant Floor To The Store Door: Improve Safety, Accuracy, and Productivity
- Cut Costs and Improve Facility Operations with Energy Data
- Energy Procurement Strategies for Winter 2014 and 2015
- Energy Efficiency Requires Engineering Efficiency
- Integrated Building Optimization: A Crucial Convergence of Demand-side and Supply-Side Energy Management Strategies
- Driving Productivity and Profit with Industrial Energy Management

subset: commoncrawl


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The Westin Dragonara Resort, Malta
The resort offers 135 private parking spaces, both surface and underground, free of charge to all hotel guests. The resort is not responsible for damages or losses incurred to vehicles while on our grounds. Kindly contact one of our Front Office associates for more details.
Taxa: | Grátis |
Estacionamento coberto: | Sim |
Privilégios de entrada/saída: | Não |
Estacionamento com manobrista: | Não |
24 horas |


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Wright State Raiders
Milwaukee clobbers Wright State 67-41
pointers and a 47-19 rebounding edge. Wright State (10-10, 2-4) hit only six ..... percent). Michael Karena led the Raiders with 11 points. Akeem Springs added ..... allowed was the fewest since holding Wright State to 38 in 2012.
Russell has 24, Ohio State beats Wright State
Buckeyes pulled away. TIP-INS Wright State : The Raiders have not had much success on the ..... ranked No. 8 when it played at Wright State 's Nutter Center on Dec. 30, 1999. The Raiders were just 3-8 coming in. But ..... losses in the finale). UP NEXT Wright State : The Raiders open Horizon League play on Friday
Green Bay tops Wright State 79-55
dismissed poor-shooting Wright State 79-55 on Monday ..... points. JT Yoho led Wright State with 13 points, despite ..... added 12 points for the Raiders (9-7, 1-1 Horizon ..... trailed early, but Wright State went cold, going 6
Wright State puts away Youngstown State 70-61
points in the second half and Wright State put away Youngstown State 70-61 Thursday night. The Raiders (10-7, 2-1 Horizon ..... 12 in the first half, but Wright State opened the second half on ..... to push into the lead. The Raiders kept throttling, extending
Buckeyes take on Wright State
Buckeyes will take on the Raiders (8-5), who had a season ..... a team-best 16 points. Wright State has won four of five on the ..... double overtime in 2002. The Raiders are playing a Top 25 opponent ..... is 3-0 all-time against Wright State and was ranked No. 3 in the
Cal State Fullerton tops Wright State 67-62
and Cal State Fullerton beat Wright State 67-62 on Thursday night ..... had nine rebounds for the Raiders (3-2). Reggie Arceneaux ..... Chrishawn Hopkins, who led the Raiders coming to the game at 18 ..... per game, scored eight. Wright State led 33-28 at halftime
Bowling Green pulls away from Wright State 70-55
to a 70-55 win over Wright State on Wednesday. Spencer ..... of 11 3-pointers. Wright State (2-1) was paced ..... nine rebounds. The Raiders made 17 of 52 shots ..... Karena's basket pulled Wright State within 49-46 with
Wright State tops Belmont 79-71
3-pointer, to lead Wright State over Belmont 79-71 on Thursday. Wright State (6-4) tied the game ..... Turner 3-pointer but Wright State made three 3-pointers ..... added 11 points for the Raiders . Belmont was led by Turner
George Mason wins third straight game, 68-60
and George Mason held off Wright State 68-60 on Tuesday night ..... Steve Davis 13 apiece for the Raiders (8-5), who had a four ..... 14 left in the game but Wright State got back within two points ..... a four-point lead, and Wright State missed shots from underneath
Milwaukee beats Wright State 69-63 for Horizon title
had a 35-28 edge in rebounds. Wright State (20-14) has a season-high six-game winning streak snapped. The Raiders were trying to get back to the NCAA ..... spurt, which was set up by four Wright State turnovers. The Raiders went nearly 8 minutes without a ..... started an eight-point run and got Wright State going. The Raiders got the lead down to 32-27 with


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Tiny Boat vs Massive Glacier A tiny boat in comparison to a massive glacier gets too close for comfort... 11/25/2013 9:47:06 AM 14,261 38
Extreme Antarctica Weather When she opens the door It's like another world outside. 12/7/2014 12:15:23 PM 14,156 59
Swimming Under Ice This guy chops a couple holes in a frozen pond and goes swimming under the... 12/12/2013 12:05:39 PM 14,033 45
ALS Liquid Nitrogen Ice Bucket Challenge This guy dumps liquid nitrogen on his head. Don't try this at home, kids! 8/31/2014 9:12:49 AM 13,952 34
Active Ice Flow Footage This video captures the ice flow along the Wild Ammonoosuc river in NH. 5/19/2012 12:00:00 AM 13,660 47
Ultimate Breaking Ice Fails Compilation 2014 A compilation of Ice Fails for your enjoyment. 2/18/2014 11:17:19 AM 13,657 23
Giant Icicle Takes Out Street Light Giant Icicle Takes Out Street Light, Well that didn't go as planned. 12/4/2013 12:20:18 PM 13,194 27
Giant Chunks Of Ice Fall From 1600 Foot TV Tower Giant chunks of ice fall from a 1600 foot tv tower causing mayhem. The ice... 8/30/2014 7:51:10 AM 13,148 37
Hockey Teddy Bear Toss The players are bombarded with teddy bears. That would have been a cool... 1/9/2012 12:00:00 AM 13,076 21


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Photo Flash: First Look - GRIMM's 'Season of the Hexenbiest,' to Air 11/16
Related Links |
ABC's SHARK TANK Encore is Friday's #1 Show in Key Demo January 26, 2015 |
BWW Recap: A GRIMM Intervention at the 'Tribunal' January 24, 2015 |
NBC's Hit Drama GRIMM to Help Portland's OHSU Doernbecher Children's Hospital January 21, 2015 |
NBC's CELEBRITY APPRENTICE Beats All 12 Telecasts from Prior Cycles January 21, 2015 |
Related: GRIMM, NBC |
11/16/2012 (09:00PM - 10:00PM) (Friday) : ADALIND RETURNS TO PORTLAND WITH VENGENCE AS HER TOP PRIORITY AND NO ONE IS SAFE – Adalind (Claire Coffee) returns to wreak havoc in everyone's lives and avenge her mother's brutal death. She has her eyes set on Nick (David Giuntoli) and those closest to him – especially Hank (Russell Hornsby) and Juliette (Bitsie Tulloch). Elsewhere, Captain Renard's (Sasha Roiz) obsession continues to escalate. Meanwhile, a surprise visit at the spice shop gives Monroe (Silas Weir Mitchell) more than he ever bargained for. Reggie Lee also stars.
About Author
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User Name:
Our booth was simple, but we passed out lots of fliers, newsletters, atheist tracts, pens, and bumper stickers. We estimate that we had 100 people visit our booth and many more than that who saw that we were there. With luck, the event will result in a lot of new members.
For those of you wondering, we had nobody challenge us on our beliefs or lack thereof. We did have a number of admitted atheists and agnostics drop by the booth, which was nice. One said he was a regular contributor to alt.atheism and that he recently moved to Austin. A young woman was an atheist, but didn't realize that there was a group in Austin, so she was thrilled to see us there. We hope that they will join us.
A couple of guys came by near the end of the day and were playfully challenging us: "So you're atheists, huh? So what do atheists say when you have an orgasm?" We were laughing too hard to give a serious answer.
Many thanks to our volunters:
Follow us on:
From the officers:
The ACA Lecture Series continues Sunday, February 4th, 12:15pm at the Austin History Center, 9th and Guadaupe. Chase Hunter will speak on "Inside Scientology 2: the Sea Org". The lecture is free and open to the public. The building opens at noon.
Atheist Community of Austin ° 1507 W. Koenig Ln. ° Austin, TX 78756-1415
Voice Mail: (512) 220-6561
ACA is affiliated with Atheist Alliance, American Atheists, American Humanists Association, the Council for Secular Humanism, and the Austin Coalition of Reason.
Copyright © Atheist Community of Austin 2002-2010. All rights reserved.
"Atheist Community of Austin" is a trademark of the Atheist Community of Austin.


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WASHINGTON — As public evidence mounts that the Chinese military is responsible for stealing massive amounts of U.S. government data and corporate trade secrets, the Obama administration is poised to spell out specific trade actions it may take against Beijing or any other country guilty of cyberespionage.
According to officials familiar with the plans, the White House is eyeing fines, penalties and other trade restrictions as initial, more-aggressive steps the U.S. would take in response to what top officials say has been an unrelenting campaign of cyberstealing linked to the Chinese government.
The White House plans come after a Virginia-based cybersecurity firm released a torrent of details Monday that tied a secret Chinese military unit in Shanghai to years of cyberattacks against U.S. companies. After analyzing breaches that compromised more than 140 companies, Mandiant has concluded that they can be linked People's Liberation Army's Unit 61398.
Military experts believe the unit is part of the People's Liberation Army's cyber-command, which is under the direct authority of the General Staff Department, China's version of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. As such, its activities would be likely to be authorized at the highest levels of China's military.
The release of Mandiant's report, complete with details on three of the alleged hackers and photographs of one of the military unit's buildings in Shanghai, makes public what U.S. authorities have said less publicly for years. But it also increases the pressure on the U.S. to take more forceful action against the Chinese for what experts say has been years of systematic espionage.
"If the Chinese government flew planes into our airspace, our planes would escort them away. If it happened two, three or four times, the president would be on the phone and there would be threats of retaliation," said former FBI executive assistant director Shawn Henry. "This is happening thousands of times a day. There needs to be some definition of where the red line is and what the repercussions would be."
The Chinese government, meanwhile, has denied involvement in the cyber-attacks tracked by Mandiant. Instead, the Foreign Ministry said that China, too, is a victim of hacking, some of it traced to the U.S. Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei cited a report by an agency under the Ministry of Information Technology and Industry that said in 2012 alone that foreign hackers used viruses and other malicious software to seize control of 1,400 computers in China and 38,000 websites.
"Among the above attacks, those from the U.S. numbered the most," Hong said at a daily media briefing, lodging the most specific allegations the Chinese government has made about foreign hacking.
Cybersecurity experts say U.S. authorities do not conduct similar attacks or steal data from Chinese companies, but acknowledge that intelligence agencies routinely spy on other countries.
China is clearly a target of interest, said Lewis, noting that the U.S. would be interested in Beijing's military policies, such as any plans for action against Taiwan or Japan.
In its report, Mandiant said it traced the hacking back to a neighborhood in the outskirts of Shanghai that includes a white 12-story office building run by the PLA's Unit 61398.
Mandiant said there are only two viable conclusions about the involvement of the Chinese military in the cyberattacks: Either Unit 61398 is responsible for the persistent attacks or they are being done by a secret organization of Chinese speakers with direct access to the Shanghai telecommunications infrastructure who are engaged in a multi-year espionage campaign being run right outside the military unit's gates.
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A tooth in a rock revealed hidden treasure under researchers' noses—and could lead to the most complete early human ancestor skeleton yet.
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During a contentious Senate hearing last week, consular chief Maura Harty took personal responsibility for the backlog of two million passport applications that has wreaked havoc on honeymoons, family getaways and business trips.
She was hailed by many for her contrite performance. Unfortunately, though Mrs. Harty was apologetic, she was not entirely honest.
The mess occurred because Mrs. Harty's office prepared for 16.2 million passport applications this year, but that number proved too low by roughly 1.5 million. When questioned at the hearing about how she could have missed the mark so badly, Mrs. Harty tried to shift the blame, responding, "[W]e predicted 16.2 million based on our study with BearingPoint."
The BearingPoint study, however, did not produce the 16.2 million figure; Mrs. Harty and her staff did. The results of the report, in fact, would have lead to a calculation of approximately 18 million applications this fiscal year — just slightly over the number expected to be filed.
On the heels of creating a backlog of two million passport applications and then misleading Congress about it, Mrs. Harty is poised for a promotion. And unless the White House acts to stop it, Mrs. Harty could soon ascend to one of the top positions at the State Department.
While it's not fair to assign the entire blame for the backlog on Mrs. Harty — Congress moved to require passports and the Department of Homeland Security was eager to implement the requirement for air travelers this year instead of next — it was her blunder, or rather series of blunders, that caused the pile-up.
Rather than err on the side of caution on staffing, Mrs. Harty hired the bare minimum to deal with the number of passport applications she expected this year, 16.2 million. As early as last November, applications were coming in at a much higher rate than her office expected, receiving 250,000 more than projected for that month alone.
This January, Consular Affairs received 1.8 million applications, or 600,000 more than projected.
By her own admission, this flood of applications did not convince Mrs. Harty to change course. She thought it was a blip.
Mrs. Harty should have known better. State's and DHS's interpretation of the BearingPoint study — which estimated only the number of people who would apply for a passport to comply with the new travel rules — was that 4.1 million travelers would do so in the first year. That figure would only result in a total of 16.2 million if the number of people seeking passports would otherwise stay flat from last year. But that would ignore entirely recent history.
Since 2003, passports have been a growth business, with applications rising by an average of 18 percent annually between that year and 2006. And that 18 percent yearly increase was before the implementation this January of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative.
Simple math dictated that far more than 16.2 million would apply for a passport this year. Adding 18 percent growth over the 12.1 million passports issued in fiscal year 2006 to the 4.1 million figure results in a total of just over 18 million. (BearingPoint was willing to release its study, but a spokesman said the company contractually needed State's permission to do so. State refused to release the report before publication of this column.)
Aggravating matters, Mrs. Harty apparently lacked meaningful contingency plans. No blueprint was in place, for example, to ramp up staffing if needed.
For reasons that aren't entirely clear, Mrs. Harty waited until this March — nearly five months after it became apparent that her estimate was woefully insufficient — to hire more staff than originally planned for processing passports.
Mrs. Harty had every reason to err on the side of caution. The price of underestimating applications and then going into crisis mode has been extremely high. Passport centers have been working nights and weekends, State has brought back retirees, and call-center capacity has had to expand exponentially. Not only would more staffers up front been much less expensive, but they would have been needed for years to come. According to Mrs. Harty's testimony, 23 million applications are projected for next year, and the number could hit 30 million by 2010.
At the same time as Mrs. Harty is attempting to fulfill her pledge to senators that fixing the passport mess is her top priority, she is learning the ropes of a new job. On a semi-acting basis, Mrs. Harty is fulfilling the duties of undersecretary of management. The current office-holder, Henrietta Fore, is now the acting head of the U.S. Agency for International Development and also the acting Director of Foreign Assistance.
Because running USAID — especially in her highly regarded, hands-on management style — is an all-consuming job, it is little wonder that State spokesman Brenda Greenberg indicated that Mrs. Fore is leaning heavily on Mrs. Harty. "They're working together as a team," Mrs. Greenberg said.
Though a different State Department spokesman — after learning the reason for the inquiry — claimed that Mrs. Harty only serves as a "backup," it's clear that State plans to recommend Mrs. Harty for the promotion when Mrs. Fore is confirmed by the Senate to take over USAID.
Which means the ball is now in the White House's court. Does President Bush want to reward the woman largely responsible for the ravaged plans of millions with a promotion?
Joel Mowbray occasionally writes for The Washington Times.


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pff rich more like
i bet 98 has 5 sports cars and a mansion. and a king size bed and a jacuzzi
pff rich more like
i bet 98 has 5 sports cars and a mansion. and a king size bed and a jacuzzi
I'm a student with over £3000 of debt already, and am restarting the first year, it wouldn't be so bad if I didn't keep spending my student loan on games and my computer.
Oh and I don't have a lisence to drive (no point, can't afford a car).
I'm also unemployed.
Wow, that's almost $6000 right?
I wouldn't donate unless I'm damn rich.
Close, its about $5400, and thats without interest, and thats rounded, I have over £3000 of debt from just one year.
This year I will have more, because I am supposed to be getting a £1200 tuition fees loan on top of that.
just two more question ya know how there are heaps of irc channels that have manga avaliable for donwload do they get free bandwidth or something cuz they can't even put adverts on irc to generate some income.
also does st get a lot from the advertising? 100 bucks a month or something like dat?
just wanted to know cuz i wanna make a website for manga download but i can't really afford much, so if the advertising on the site pays the costs then i can continue making the website.
IRC is p2p, you take files directly from someone elses hard disk, so no bandwidth required.
Money from ads does not cover much.Originally Posted by abhilash
In IRC, the downloads are only free because people make fserv and allows people to leach from their own bandwith. If you have an xdcc bot, that is not free (I think)
cool so if i wanted to donate somthing wat do i have to do?
Behold the King, the King of Kings!!!
....................................On yours knees dog!!!
go to the donation page i guess


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front desk at midnight was very helpful.. as we had a trailer and she moved us with out us asking to a spot near our rig. breakfast was sparse but filling. price was 60. but was non smoking and fairly clean.. morning staff was nice. would stay again on a long haul but value wise not great.
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Here you'll find the most recent content from around TU — blog posts, photos, videos and more from TU staff and members like you. Use the filters above to turn content on and off. For more information watch a video here.
A midweek weather break with a warming trend coming over the next 10 days.
Flows are still low and the fish are happy happy happy!
Lodge is closed for the season. We will reopen in August of 2015.
Thank you for your patronage.
Temperatures are pretty normal for this time of year... Bundle up.
Expect the best fishing to be from 4-9 pm everyday.
Very cold nights and moderate temps middays. Only a few flurries this week.
Hidden valley stocked 1/13. water is very cold fish are sluggish.
Solid conditions.


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US 7050824 B2 Abstract The invention discloses a method to perform downlink Power Control in packet switching cellular systems with dynamic allocation of the RF channel, such as GPRS/EGPRS. The performances concern a scenario in which a radio block transmitted from the Base Station (BTS) on a downlink channel has to be received from at least two MSs simultaneously, a first MS being the addressee of the data/control packet on the downlink TBF while the second MS being the addressee of the Uplink State Flag (USF) for scheduling transmission of the next data/control packet from an uplink TBF to an uplink shared channel. First MS transmits to the BTS a first measurement report including measures of BCCH level and interference level on all the timeslots, while the second MS transmits a NC report including measures of BCCH level only, that because detailed interference measure on the downlink channel are prevented due the absence of a concurrent downlink TBF. The measures are averaged in as many running average filters and the averages compared with target thresholds to find a first and a second power reduction intended for USF and packet transmission respectively. A final power reduction is selected from the two for the next PC execution step. Target threshold for the first MS's averaged measures is a C/I value which provides maximum achievable net throughput independently of Coding Scheme. Target threshold for the second MS depends on CS of the USF flag in a way that when the mean value of the level measures is equal to the threshold a fixed probability takes place that the USF flag is decoded with success. The network, in the capacity of the BSC and PCU, counts successfully and unsuccessfully blocks received uplink upon transmission of the scheduled USFs for that uplink TBF, being the lack of a scheduled block noticed by the network. If successfully counting reaches a fixed maximum counting before, then an increment of the first power reduction is decided, while in case the maximum unsuccessfully counting is reached before a decrement of the first power reduction is instead decided (FIG. 10).
Claims(14) 1. Power control method of the RF signal transmitted from a Base Station transmitter of a cellular packet switching network on a downlink channel time-slotted on a downlink carrier towards a first mobile station scheduled among the ones sharing the downlink channel for receiving either a data or control packet from a Temporary Buffered connection named TBF assigned to it for downlink; the RF signal being further addressed to a second mobile station whether it correctly decodes an Uplink State Flag, named USF, included in the header of said downlink packet for scheduling a TBF assigned to the second mobile station for transmitting either a data or control packet towards an uplink shared channel time-slotted on an uplink carrier; the first mobile station sending to the network, at reporting period, measures of signal level performed on the modulated carrier of the serving cell conveying a broadcast control channel transmitted with its maximum power and measures of interference level on the downlink channel, while the second mobile station, in case having an uplink TBF without a concurrent downlink TBF, sending to the network the only level measures performed on said carrier under network control; all the said measures being averaged and then compared with target values in order to decide a stepped increment or decrement of the transmitted power on said downlink channel, comprising the following steps to cope with the first mobile station having a downlink TBF and the second mobile station having an uplink TBF without a concurrent downlink TBF:
determining an off-line threshold (T_LEV_USFx) for the signal level measurable on said downlink channel, depending on the coding scheme used for the USF flag, so that when the mean value of the level measures is equal to the threshold a fixed probability takes place that the USF flag is decoded with success;
checking if a packet transmitted by the scheduled uplink TBF has been correctly received from the network and increment a successfully counting (CTSUC) in affirmative case or an unsuccessfully counting (CTUNSUC) on the contrary case;
checking if one of the two counting reaches a respective fixed maximum counting first (N_MAX_SUC, N_MAX_UNSUC) and either decrementing the next transmissible power in case the maximum successfully counting is reached before, or incrementing the next transmissible power in case the maximum unsuccessfully counting is reached before;
deciding a first transmissible power intended for transmitting USF by taking the highest between the next transmissible power and the difference between the mean value of the level measures and said threshold (T_LEV_USFx);
deciding a second transmissible power intended for transmitting a packet downlink by the comparison of the averaged path loss plus interference on the downlink channel since the last power control command sent to said transmitter, with a target quality parameter C/I calculated thereupon;
deciding the unique transmissible power on said downlink channel by taking the maximum between said first and second transmissible power and set this unique power with the next Power Control command.
2. Power control method according to
3. Power control method according to
4. Power control method according to
5. Power control method according to
6. Power control method according to
7. Power control method according to
setting TpxTSTp/NTS, being:
TPxTS the Peak Throughput per timeslot,
TP the Peak Throughput derived from a Quality of Service Class of the TBF downlink,
NTS the minimum between the number of allocable timeslots and the number of timeslots that can be handled by the MS due to its multislot class; and
mapping the calculated TPxTS on the values of maximum achievable net throughout in function of C/I, obtaining said target value of C/I independently of the adopted coding scheme used for transmitting packets downlink.
8. Power control method according to
9. Power control method according to
R AVG with RAVG
j is the reporting measurement instant,
RXLEV_SERVING_CELL is the level measure,
δ=1/MIN(j,TAVG/NC_REPORTING_PERIOD_T), where:
NC_REPORTING_PERIOD_T is said reporting period, preferably coinciding with the reporting period for network control cell reselection in Transfer Mode,
TAVG is the filtering period≦the NC_REPORTING_PERIOD_T.
10. Power control method according to
C AVG with CAVG
j is the reporting measurement instant,
C_VALUE is the level measure of the serving cell carrier,
λ=1/MIN(j,NAVG/POLLING_PERIOD_DW), where:
POLLING_PERIOD_DW spans a number of transmitted packets after which the network asks for PACKET DONWLINK ACK/NACK message,
NAVG≧POLLING_PERIOD_DW is the filtering period in terms of number of packets.
11. Power control method according to
I_LEVEL� TN AVG with I_LEVEL_TNAVG
where: j is the reporting measurement instant,
i is the actual timeslot.,
MAX_TS is the maximum permissible number of timeslots in the TDMA frame,
λ=1/MIN(j,NAVG/POLLING_PERIOD_DW), where:
NAVG≧POLLING_PERIOD_DW is the filtering period in terms of number of packets.
12. Power control method according to
n+1 is the next power control execution step,
PBCCH stands for the output power of the serving cell carrier conveying the broadcast control channel,
I_LEVEL_TNAVG is the value of the interference power of the i-th timeslot, measured by MS, averaged by the running average filter.
13. Power control method according to
14. Power control method according to
PR � TBF � DW TSi,n+1=MAX(0,MIN(PWCR,P BCCH −P0−P TSi,n+1)) where:
n+1 is the next power control execution step,
P0 is said fixed power reduction,
PWCR is the top level of said fixed dB range.
Description The present invention relates to the field of radiomobile communication systems and more precisely to a method to perform downlink Power Control in packet switching cellular systems with dynamic allocation of the RF channel. The known GSM-GPRS/EGPRS cellular system appears as the most relevant prior art on the field of the present invention, so before the disclosure of the invention the following panoramic on the system is given, taking advantage from the large GSM specifications coming from ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). Details on the constitution of the apparatuses and on the power control procedure will be given in the non-limiting embodiment. The so-called General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) has been added to the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) in order to achieve higher performance with data handling. This object is met by the introduction of a packet switching feature which doesn't request fixed connections for all the duration of an active session. Additional GPRS useful features for improving data handling are the capability to perform dynamic channel allocation to several users and the multislot assignment. The same packet data services also exist in Digital Cellular System (DCS) 1800 MHz. The GSM-GPRS system bears three classes of operation for mobile stations: a class A mobile operates with GSM and GPRS simultaneously; a class B mobile watches GSM and GPRS control channels but can operate only a set of service at a time; finally a class C mobile only uses GPRS services. Furthermore physical resources at the Um interface can be shared between speech and packet data services on the basis of the traffic cell planning. The GPRS service bears Quality of Service (QoS), see GSM 03.60, to assure among other things the following requirements: respect of a negotiated priority of service, service reliability, guarantee of a fixed end-to-end packet transfer delay, guarantee of medium and peak throughput in conformity with a certain multislot class. QoS parameters together with A, B, and C classes of operation and class of multislot capability take part in a User Profile made known to the network during GPRS attach. GPRS exploits the same GMSK modulation (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying, detailed in GSM 05.04) as GSM system and four convolutional Coding Schemes CS1 to CS4 to differently protect transmission bursts against transmission errors. An Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) version made possible increased data-rates thanks to a higher modulation level, namely 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying), in combination with additional five coding schemes. GMSK modulation is a non-linear Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) characterized by compact spectrum and constant modulation envelope. The last feature also belongs to the EGPRS higher level modulation 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying). Compact GMSK spectrum generates poor interferences into adjacent frequency channels by introducing a slight worsening of the intersymbolic interference. Constant modulation envelope allows the gain saturation of the power amplifier (class C amplifying) and consequent energy saving from the power supply. Besides, as far as concerns the present invention, downlink power control becomes easier to handle. In the remaining part of The schematized GSM-GPRS system is capable to switch both the traditional voice/data circuits and the new packed data. The SGSN node has the same role for packet data as the MSC centre has for voice circuits, it traces individual locations of the mobile stations enabled for data packet communication and performs security and access control functions. For this purpose the HLR register includes information concerning GPRS users. The GGSN node provides interworking with external data packet switching networks, in particular with a backbone network based on IP protocol. Both GSM and GPRS use standard procedures at the relevant interfaces, namely for: synchronization, cell selection and reselection, paging, access control, requesting a dedicated channel, security, error detection and correction, retransmission of errored blocks under type I or type II ARQ (Automatic Repeating reQuest), uplink and/or downlink power control, voice and data flux control, routing, handover, billing, etc. Such procedures belong to a most general protocol having a layered structure named �Transmission Plane� proposed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for Open System Interconnection (OSI). Based on ISO model an OSI system can be described by means of a set of subsystems fit in a protocol stack. A subsystem N which consists of one or more entities of level N interacts only with subsystems immediately upon and below it and a level N entity operates into its own level N. Peer level N entities communicate each other by using services from the underlying layer N. Similarly, layer N services are provided to the layer N+1 at an N-Service Access Point named N-SAP. Information transferred from a starting to an arrival point is always conveyed by physical channels provided at the crossed interfaces. Relevant layers for the arguments developed in this disclosure are the following:
At GPRS planning stage the compatibility with pre-existent GSM system and procedures has been deliberately maintained to enable GPRS of exploiting the same physical channels as GSM at the Um interface and consequently promoting an easy integration. Both for GSM and GPRS there are signalling channels and traffic channels, the first ones are either for broadcast common control or for dedicated control, the second ones are either for voice or packet data. The additional logical GPRS channels, although referred to packet data have names and functional characteristics which follow from the conventional GSM channels; examples of relevant GPRS channels are the following: PBCCH (Packet Broadcast Control Channel), PCCCH (Packet Common Control Channel), PACCH (Packet Associated Control Channel), e PDTCH (Packet Data Traffic Channel). A list of relevant channels is reported in the specification GSM 05.01 titled �Physical layer on the radio path�. The Extended GSM 900 system is required to operate in the following frequency bands:
Each of the above frequency band is also used in GPRS service and includes a plurality of modulated carriers spaced 200 kHz apart. Full-duplex communications take place by Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) technique. A carrier among those in use in a cell is assigned for all the duration of a timeslot TS out of eight cyclically repeated to allow time division among the users. During the assigned timeslot either GMSK or 8-PSK modulation impresses the characteristics of the modulating burst onto the phase of a carrier to be transmitted at radiofrequency. With reference to GSM's payload timeslots are allocated one to one the different users, both in uplink and downlink, while as far as concerns GPRS service a flexible allocation is available. More precisely: 1) GPRS's payload timeslots are independently allocated in uplink and/or downlink; simultaneous physical links in the two directions are not mandatory as in the pure GSM; 2) singular users can take advantage of multislot allocation; 3) each configured data packet physical channel PDCH (timeslot) can be advantageously shared among different users which access it on the basis of appropriate priority rules managed from the PCU (FIG. 1). The MAC layer of GPRS protocol has appropriate procedures for governing dynamic allocation of the resources for packet data transfer. These procedures are activated from relevant control messages provided at the various interfaces to set up or set down a connection. Temporary Block Flows (TBF) are connections set up on physical layer by the MAC procedures, they include memory buffers to accommodate the queues of RLC/MAC radio blocks. Each TBF connection allows unidirectional point-to-point transfer of user data and signalling between a mobile station and BSC, or vice versa. A TBF connection is held for the only transfer of all the RLC/MAC blocks of a LLC protocol session. The network assigns to each TBF connection a respective Temporary Flow Identity, named TFI identifier, by associating a field in the header of RLC/MAC blocks. A mobile station can have:
The header of RLC/MAC blocks further includes fields to specify direction and type of a control message. In case of dynamic allocation of the resources and in presence of at least one uplink TBF connection, the header of each RLC/MAC block transmitted downlink includes an Uplink State Flag field (3 bits), named USF, written from the network to enable the uplink transmission of a successive radio block on the same timeslot carrying USF. The one out M mobile stations listening a radio block in the current timeslot which matches the listen USF, is the only one enabled to transmit the successive radio block inside a block period. Scheduling downlink is performed from the network directly by transmitting the selected TFI. Outlined Technical Problem The outlined USF mechanism causes some problems in the performance of downlink Power Control (PC). As known, downlink PC is a BSC-BTS procedure which step by step modifies, within some range, the RF transmission power relevant to a controlled channel. The entity of the power modification depends on preceding Power and Quality measures performed by the mobile station on the received signal, and periodically transmitted towards the BTS. Power control procedure remedies for path loss and shadow attenuations; besides it further reduces the overall interference of the system, improving spectral efficiency, by reducing the transmitted power to the only level compatible with the target quality or data-rate. The problem arises because the dynamic allocation of the data packets forces at least two mobile stations to both reliable receive the same data packet (RLC/MAC Radio Block) transmitted by the BTS. Of the two mobile stations, a first one receives the payload and a second one is that out of N which matches with the transmitted USF. The two mobile stations can be wherever allocated in the cell and most probably the respective radio channels will meet with different physical conditions, nonetheless both of them have to be served for the best from the BTS station. The network, to perform this task in the right way, has to known quality and attenuation on both downlink radio channels of the two mobile stations concerned; that implies the existence of at least the two downlink TBFs (the ideal condition being concurrent TBFs for each mobile station), but this is not always assured due to the reciprocal independence of uplink from downlink TBF assignment. In fact, depending on the actual operative context, the mobile station addressee of the USF should stand up without a downlink TBF as well and cannot inform the network consequently. In conclusion, the outlined problem arises for mobile stations with an uplink TBF only. These mobiles, if not otherwise provided, don't transmit towards the network any information on the channel condition; differently from the mobile stations having either downlink or concurrent TBFs, which transmit uplink to the network information concerning the borne interference and the power level of the listened BCCH channel relevant to the serving cell. It's useful outline that for downlink power control the network decisions should be primarily based upon the received signal quality, namely the C/I ratio, rather than on the received signal level (C_VALUE, RXLEV). The reason behind this is that the transmitter power directly affects the quality of the radio link, so that the received signal may be dominated by cochannel interference. Defects of the Prior Art GPRS specifications indicate a power control procedure suitable for managing the outlined case of mobile stations without the downlink TBF. In such a case the network obtains information on the radio channel conditions by activating a standard procedure named �Network Control Reselection� in the operative mode which supplies the network with measures originated from the mobiles. The absence of a downlink TBF makes de facto impossible to that mobile station addressee of the USF the performance of a systematic measure of the interference level; so that the unique measure performed is the level (RAVG The drawback of the outlined downlink GPRS power control procedure is the complete absence of any countermeasures against the intrinsic unreliability of the calculated power reduction threshold (T_LEV_USF), mainly due to the unknown effect of the interference. The network is consequently unable to properly correct the entity of the power reduction in order to avoid that the USF flag be too frequently unlistened by an addressed mobile station. An unlistened USF wastes overall transmission time because the mobile addressee of the unlisten USF loses the opportunity of transmitting the next RLC block and in the meanwhile transmissions are prevented to the other mobiles. Furthermore, communication between the network and the mobile station is governed by a handshake mechanism by which the network sending USF waits for data/control information back from the mobile since the next block period, or after a fixed time (RRBP). Whether an RLC block is not returned in due time the network decides either to re-assign USF to the same MS or assign it to another MS, depending on the scheduling algorithm. Too many re-assignment denote unreliability of the uplink connection and the impossibility to comply with transmission delay or other quality targets, so the connection shall be sooner released. These drawbacks become particularly serious in those environments characterized by strong cochannel interferers such as the small urban cells. Purposes of the Invention The main purpose of the present invention is that to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art and indicate a power control method for properly transmitting downlink time slotted information on the air-interface of packet switching cellular networks performing dynamic allocation of the RF channel among several users scheduled to access it. To achieve said purposes the subject of the present invention is a power control method, as disclosed in the claim 1. From the wording of the claim it can be appreciated that the power control method of the invention in subject takes effective precautions against the uncertainty on the RF channel conditions, due to the unknown effect of the interference. The feedback countermeasures adopted by the method of the invention dynamically correct the transmissible power, in order to minimize unsuccessful in the USF decoding. A mobile station without downlink TBF is served at best from a BTS operating in conformity with the disclosed method and can reaches greater data-rates on the uplink connection. The risk of the uplink TBF release is minimized consequently. Further objects and advantages of the present invention will be made clear by the following detailed description of an embodiment thereof and the annexed drawings given for purely non-limiting explanatory purposes and wherein: Staring from the Transmitting Section, the A-bis INTERFACE block extracts from the PCM link, or PCU frames, all the n elementary digital fluxes concerning CH1 . . . CHn channels relevant to the n users. The CH1 . . . CHn fluxes reach the inputs of respective CH1-Tx . . . CHn-Tx channel amplifiers. The singular flux CHi at the input of each channel amplifier reaches the included Base band processor to undergo all the digital treatments as: coding (parity, convolutional, fire), interleaving, ciphering, burst formatting, and differential coding. Convolutional coding provides a relevant EGPRS coding scheme dynamically changed, together with modulation, according to a link adaptation strategy disclosed in the European patent application EP 01830283.6, titled: METHOD TO PERFORM LINK ADAPTATION IN ENHANCED CELLULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS WITH SEVERAL MODULATION AND CODING SCHEMES. The coded signal outputted from the Base band processor reach the GMSK/8-PSK modulator to be modulated in respect of the MCS scheme selected by the same downlink adaptation strategy. The modulated signal reach the UP CONVERTER & FILTER block which receives a respective local oscillator signal fOL-TXi for translating the base band channel to a hopping position inside the wide Radio Frequency band. Frequency conversion is carried out in two stages: base band to Intermediate frequency (IF), and IF to radiofrequency (RF); each conversion stage is followed by a channel filtering stage. The hopping unit provides all the needed local oscillator signals fOL-TX1 . . . fOL-TXn. The up converted signal reaches the input of an RF power amplifier PX having variable gain adjustable by means of a command PCi, whose output signal is coupled to the relative splitter of the BRANCHING UNIT to be forwarded to the antenna and irradiated towards the mobile stations. The RF wide band signal crossing the Image filter reaches the input of the n channel receivers CH1-Rx . . . CHn-Rx to be wide band amplified and down converted from RF to base band BB. The hopping unit provides all the needed local oscillator signals fOL-RX1 . . . fOL-RXn. As far as concerns the singular channel receivers CHi-Rx a respective local oscillator signal fOL-RXi reaches the DOWN CONVERTER & FILTER block for frequency conversion. Frequency conversion is carried out in two stages: radiofrequency (RF) to Intermediate frequency (IF), and IF to base band; each conversion stage is followed by a filtering stage in the channel band. The down converted signal is sampled and analog to digital converted. The digital signal is equalized and detected and the BTS is able to estimate the radial distance of the Mobile station from the measured delay of the maximum correlation instant of the training sequence. The demodulated signal is sent to the Base band processor to undergoes: Burst disassembling, Deciphering, De-interleaving, and Channel decoding in duality with the MS transmitter. Demodulation and Channel decoding are carried out either in a traditional way or with respect to the mentioned patent pending uplink adaptation method. Finally the properly decoded data relevant to CH1, . . . CHn traffic channels are delivered to the A-bis INTERFACE functional block to be assembled into the PCU frames conveyed on the outgoing 2 M/bit PCM link. The Base band processor of each CH1-Rx . . . CHn-Rx channel receiver has a channel decoder which detects and counts errored bits before error correction. The estimated Bit Error Rate (BER) value relative to a channel CHi correspond to the uplink measure UL_RXQUALi. Similarly, each CH1-Rx . . . CHn-Rx channel receiver has an its own circuit LEV which measures the strength RSSI of the received signal on a channel CHi during the active timeslots, and noise plus interference during idle timeslots. RSSI values relative to the channel CHi correspond to the uplink measure UL_RXLEVi. The BTS CONTROL PROCESSOR & RAM block acts as an intermediary between the A-bis INTERFACE and the remaining blocks of the BTS. For this aim it communicates with the A-bis INTERFACE through two groups of signals indicated as RECEIVED SIGNALLING and TRANSMITTED SIGNALLING, and to the remaining blocks of the BTS through other two groups of signals indicated as BTS TRANSMITTING SECTION CONTROL SIGNALS and BTS RECEIVING SECTION CONTROL SIGNALS, respectively directed to the two sections. RECEIVED SIGNALLING signals indicate control message contents forwarded through PCU control frames directly to the BTS CONTROL PROCESSOR for the correct interpretation and execution of the embedded commands. Relevant commands for the present invention are those for individual step-by-step Power Control of all the PXi transmitting power amplifiers. From the control signals n Power Control commands PC1 . . . PCn directed to the PX1 . . . PXn amplifiers have been separately pointed out. Commands PC1 . . . PCn are determined at the BSC side following the method of the invention. Other typical commands directed to the two sections of the BTS are those for frequency hopping, represented by a plurality of indexes MAIO, and those for changing the current MCS schemes. TRANSMITTED SIGNALLING signals collect the power (UL_RXLEV1 . . . N) and quality (UL_RXQUAL1 . . . N) uplink measures performed by the BTS. These signals, in case a downlink TBF exist for the mobile stations, are put together with equivalent signals (DL_RXLEV1 . . . N and DL_RXQUAL1 . . . N) coming from the downlink measures performed by the served mobile stations and both transmitted in uplink; the whole measures constituting the content of respective RLC control blocks conveyed on the PACCH control channel towards the BSC block. BSC controller block ( Before detailing the method of the invention some generalized arguments about downlink Power Control need to be considered. Signalling pertaining to Power Control is carried by relevant header fields together with specific control message parameters of the RLC data/control blocks crossing two-way the A-bis and the Um interfaces. Downlink power control can only be used when the serving BCCH and the used PDCH frequencies are in the same frequency band because of the output power which is needed on PDCH depends on the path-loss measured at the BCCH frequency. For dual-band systems, such as GSM900 and DCS1800, the frequency dependent path-loss might differ considerably. The BTS shall use constant output power level on the PDCH channel that contain Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH) or Packet Common Control Channel (PCCCH), the power level may be lower than the output power used on BCCH. The power reduction used on PCCCH, relative to the output power use on BCCH, is broadcast on PBCCH. On Packet Timing advance Control Channel Downlink (PTCCH/DL), the BTS shall use the same output power as for PBCCH, or BCCH, if PBCCH does not exist. On other PDCH radio blocks, downlink power control may be used. This shall be switched on/off on cell basis. The BTS shall use the same power on all four bursts within a radio block except for bursts transmitted on the BCCH carrier. Two methods of downlink Power Control (PC) exist: Power Control mode A and Power Control mode B. PC mode A can be used for any allocation method (dynamic, fixed, extended dynamic). PC mode B can be used only for fixed allocation, in that is not particularly concerned in the description of the invention. The method used is determined by the BTS_PWR_CTRL_MODE bit as sent by the network to the MS in the Packet_up/downlink_assignment or the Packet_Timeslot_Reconfigure messages (see GSM 04.60). In both PC modes, parameter P0 is used: it is defined as a fixed power reduction relative to BCCH used to set the transmission power on the downlink PDCH(s), and is also included in the two above messages. The value of P0 can not change during Packet Transfer Mode except in the case a reassignment or a new assignment is established not including any of the previously allocated PDCH(s). The value of P0 should be chosen on cell basis and so it is the same for every downlink TBF, values of P0 close to the value of Pb are recommended. If the O&M flag for DL power control is set, then P0 shall be present in above mentioned messages. P0 is coded with 4 bits:
In the method of the invention the Power Control mode A is used and the BTS shall limit its output power on blocks addressed to a particular MS within the range from LevelH to LevelL, where:
On each PDTCHID block, the 2-bit PR field of the MAC header ( The following 2-bits configuration of the PR field indicates the Power Reduction used at the BTS to send the RLC data blocks of
The 2-bits PR field in the RLC block header shown in the Once the measurement report has been selected in F8, or in case provided by F8′, the reported measures are pre-processed in step F9, by averaging each measured parameter in a respective running average filter. In the successive step F10 the pre-processed measurements are selectively forwarded towards two different calculation steps, namely F11 and F12, for the definition of the BTS Power Reduction within the range 0, . . . , 10 dB. Step F11 performs calculation when both addressed MSs have a DL TBF in progress. Step F12 performs calculation when the MS for which the USF is intended has not a downlink TBF. Different report measurements are available for the two cases, but a unique power reduction must be calculated in order to make the BTS output power sufficient for the MS for which the RLC block is intended as well as the MS for which the USF is intended. The selection criterion adopted in step F10 is the coincidence with final steps S4, S5, S8, S9, and S10 that will be defined with reference to the FIG. 9. It's useful to anticipate that step S9, and partially step S5, select measurements performed by the mobile on direct Network Control, while the remaining steps avails of the most common Quality Report. Step S5 ( Once the power reduction has been calculated, the execution command is issued in step F6; then the program returns to the initial point A. Because of the power reduction is calculated for the two involved TBFs, namely the downlink TBF (Data Receiving) and uplink TBF (USF Receiving), the lower power reduction is used to create the power control command for the transmitter which shall send the RLC Radio Block. The power control command is sent to the BTS, via the A-bis interface. Now the relevant steps of the downlink Power Control method of
The fixed power reduction step F5, when referred to the beginning of a downlink TBF, is set to zero. Consequently RLC radio blocks are always sent with the maximum available power PBCCH−P0 until the first measurement report is received. The same applies for the beginning of an uplink TBF on the branch answered �no� in step F4. Lastly the same applies for an RLC control block scheduled for uplink TBF without concurrent downlink TBF answered �yes� in step F7.
If a dummy block is sent in step S1 and the condition of step S7 is met, the channel quality measurement report is selected in step S8. Finally if a USF is not scheduled for the present radio block, its value has been set to FREE by the PCU and the quality report is either considered or not depending on the presence of a scheduled radio block. In the second case the selection procedure returns to the initial condition A at the beginning of step F1 (FIG. 8). As far as concerns the GPRS Channel Quality Report selected in the outlined steps S5, S8, S4, and S10, the MS is in Packet Transfer state and it has a downlink TBF. The MS shall transfer to the network Channel Quality Report within the PACKET DOWNLINK ACK/NACK sent on PACCH. In the following (with reference to GSM 4.60; 11.2.0) the structure of the Channel Quality Report is shown:
As far as concerns Packet_Measurement_Report (GSM 04.60), reported from MS to the network, the report is generally used for network control reselection but can be used also for different purpose, in particular the downlink power control of the present invention. This message can carry Network Controlled or also Extended measurements. The former measurements are only made in packet transfer mode and are indicated by the parameter NETWORK_CONTROL_ORDER, when this is set to NC1 or NC2 (as defined in GSM 05.08, 10.1.4). In the following the structure of the Network Controlled Measurement Report message is shown:
The useful parameter for PC purpose contained in NC Measurement Report is RXLEV_SERVING_CELL, that is, the level of the BCCH carrier of the serving cell as measured by the MS. NC measurement reports do not give any hints about the interference situation on the PDTCH because INTERFERENCE_SERVING_CELL only includes a mean value. Hence, especially for �USF-MS� without DL TBF, Power Control is restricted on pure signal level and cannot be based on quality estimates. Parameters like NC_REPORTING_PERIOD(s) and NC1, NC2 are broadcast on PBCCH (PSI 5 Message). The parameters may also be sent individually to an MS through Packet_Measurement_Order or Packet_Cell_Change_Order Messages on PCCCH or PACCH channel, in which case it overrides the broadcast parameters. The MS in packet transfer mode reads, in step F3, the parameter NC_REPORTING_PERIOD_T which specifies one of the following values expressed in seconds: 0.48, 0.96, 1.92, 3.84, 7.68, 15.36, 30.72, 61.44. The four initial values are default ones. Now the pre-processing step F9 is discussed. In this step measures reported in the one or the two types of measurement reports are averaged in respective running average filters. More precisely, Channel Quality Report selected in one of the preceding steps S4,S5,S8, or S10 is used for averaging the measures of C_VALUE and I_LEVEL_TNi, i=0, . . . , 7 for each downlink TBF and uplink TBF having concurrent downlink TBF. While NC Measurement Report selected in the preceding step S5 or S9 is used for averaging the measures of RXLEV for uplink TBF without concurrent downlink TBF. The averaging intends for filtering the measurements such that fast fluctuations in the observed variables due to fading effects do not cause control decisions and also to ensure is not too slow. For each downlink TBF and uplink TBF measurements used in the Power Control process shall be averaged in a running average filter. Mean values CAVG
As long as no report is received the BSS should set the values of CAVG Mean value RXLEVAVG
As long as no report is received the BSS should set the values of RAVG The next distribution step F10 forwards the averaged measures to the two calculation steps F11 and F12 maintaining the same criteria adopted in the pre-processing step F9, to say, averaged measures originated from the channel quality report are forwarded to the calculation step F11, while the averaged measures originated from the NC measurement report are forwarded to the calculation step F12. Step F11 is discussed at first. The averaged measures forwarded to this calculation step enable it to decide the best power reduction for a TBF in order to perform a Power Control based on the comparison between a measured quality parameter C/I and a (C/I)TARGET fixed for that TBF. The criterion followed to set the C/ITARGET is disclosed in the above mentioned EP 01830283.6 application and clarified at the end of the description of the step F11. In that, for every timeslot assigned to a downlink TBF, the output power necessary in the n+1th period for TSi with i=0 . . . 7 to get the target value of the C/ITARGET for the connection shall be:
The BTS shall limit its output power on blocks addressed to a particular MS to levels between (BCCH level−P0 dB) and (BCCH level−P0−10 dB). In step F11 PR_TBF_DWTSi,n+1 defines the power reduction on the i-th timeslot for the MS for which the block RLC is intended and it is calculated by: PR � TBF � DW TSi,n+1=MAX(0, MIN(10, P BCCH −P0−P TSi,n+1)); Eq. 7 with i=0, . . . , 7. In the following it is shown some numerical examples:
In step F11 PR_TBF_UPTSi,n+1 defines the power reduction on the i-th timeslot for the MS for which the USF is intended, if this MS has also a TBF in downlink in the same time, the power reduction is calculated by:
For every TBFs in step F11, independently from the Coding Scheme, a (C/I)TARGET is derived from Peak Throughput (TP) QoS class requested by the MS. The Peak Throughput per TS (TPxTS) can be calculated as:
Step F12 is performed when the MS for which the USF is intended has not a concurrent downlink TBF. The power reduction in such a case will be only based on the signal level because information on the quality is not reported in the reporting message. A threshold T_LEV_USFx with x=CS1, . . . , CS4 (GPRS) used for coding USF is defined on cell basis for the signal level measured on the PDTCH (Packet Data Traffic Channel), so that when the average of level measurements is equal to the threshold a fixed probability there is that the USF is decoded with success. In order to set a fixed probability it's useful to underline that for CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4 the USF decoding is performed by soft correlation with the eight possible 12-bit code-words. For CS-1, USF error is detected after normal decoding of the convolutional code. This means that the performance for the USF is equal for CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4 while for CS-1 a slightly worse performance is achieved, but it is still significantly better than the corresponding Block Error Rate (BLER). The introduction of EGPRS service may introduces additional T_LEV_USF thresholds more tied to the singular Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS). Useful T_LEV_USF thresholds valid on cell basis are calculated off-line, separately for each Coding Scheme CS, a table is assigned to the BTS with the calculated thresholds and the indication which Coding Schemes they are respectively associated to, in order to be read by BSC in step F3. Because of the interference level is not known, the only adjusting of the USF level by T_LEV_USF thresholds might bring up some problems: for example, if the DL power level is too small and the MS cannot decode USF, no UL radio block will be sent consequently. The downlink power control method of the present invention, mainly charged to the calculation step F12 in combination with the off-line setting of the T_LEV_USF thresholds, overcomes this drawback by providing a new variable MAX_PRTBF,Tsi at the disposal of the BSC for dynamically increasing or decreasing the necessary USF power level within the maximum control range of 10 dB, for the MS with uplink TBF only. As indicated in the next With reference to the The allowed maximum power reduction calculated in step M12 for the scheduled uplink TBF shall be: PR � TBF � UP TSi,n+1=MAX(0,MIN(MAX� PR TBF,TSi,n+1 ,R AVG with i=0, . . . , 7; x=1, . . . , 4 for GPRS, where:
If in step M5 the value MAX_PRTBF,Tsi,n+1 is smaller than 0 dB it shall be set to 0 dB in the successive step M6 to stay within a reasonable numerical range. If in step M7 the radio block scheduled for the uplink TBF in the i-th timeslot is correctly received for N_MAX_SUC consecutive times (e.g. 10), then in step M9 the variable MAX_PRTBF,Tsi,n+1 is updated according to:
This process can be accelerated, if in the beginning of the uplink TBF the network, to say BSC and PCU, uses half N_MAX_SUC value in step M7 for power reduction and after stabilization the whole number N_MAX_SUC. The switch between N_MAX_SUC and N_MAX_SUC/2 can be controlled via the Block Sequence Number (BSN) of the TBF or via the Ack/Nack-Period. In the following a numerical example is shown:
Now the Power Control execution step F6 is detailed. Calculations that will be indicated in this step for the i-th timeslot regarding an RLC radio block, are equally performed for every involved timeslot and for every RLC radio block. Before sending the execution command a unique value of power reduction is set as in the following:
Four bits are available in PCU Frames for downlink power control of radio blocks. The range of power control is from 0 dB to 30 dB with 16 steps per 2 dB. The next power reduction discrete range shall be: PRC TSi,n+1 =P0+PR TSi,n+1−(P0+PR TSi,n+1)mod 2 Eq. 15 with i=0, . . . , 7. Patent Citations
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Just a reminder that the final closing date for entries to the Midland Champs is Sunday 8th Feb.
Enter here
Helpers – don't forget to contact your team leader to get a half price entry discount code. If you don't know which team you are in, contact Sue Williams.
Final details for the event will be posted soon.


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No clue as of now. I used to know couple months ago...
What about this case: http://www.1964ears.com/products_accessories.html
Free name engraving!
I have a question for y'all...I have Galaxy, I would like to connect this baby to my intruder or mkiii-b.
any cable maker make this cable?
Is that a stock lightning cable? Was it included with the Venturecraft DAC?
I have one of those, use it for my CLAS and Fostex HP-P1 from iphone 5. It is a Venturecraft lightning-usb. You can buy them separately, i think just under $60.
It's not stock cable but I got those cable when I bought DD Socket 1 from them.
I think foams are sold separately. You can something like UE crushproof case if not being water proof is not an issue. It has a uniquely designed system that secures your ciem well well.
Ok. Then go for a pelican or otterbox case and buy separate foam like this one: http://www.amazon.com/Pelican-Pick-Pluck-foam-Micro-Case/dp/B00091R0JO/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1372646494&sr=8-3&keywords=pelican+foam


text:
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Health & Fitness
Vitamins & Minerals
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Change Your Life With Adaptogens
Crystal River, Florida
adaptogens - the safest, most powerful natural stress reducing botanicals in the world. natural longevity adaptogens - the most powerful adaptogenic formula available! the ingredients in our natural longevity produ...
Online Vitamin Foods Guide
San Diego, California
checkout vitaminfoodsguide.com & join our newsletter for free to receive the latest information on various vitamin health and related tips for better awareness of foods / vitamins nutrition, diet information, etc. we ...
Start The New Year With A Bang!
as the new year approaches are you getting ready to start making your new years resolutions? most people have one or both of the following as their resolution: 1. improve their financial situation. 2. lose weigh...
Free Supplements For Men
for limited time get this male supplement for free for 15 days! - increase energy levels - boost stamina - get rid of ed - feel stronger and bigger - last longer! amazing male health supplement now on offer th...
Free Trial Best Male Health Supplement
boost your stamina in the bedroom, increase your blood circulation and make your partner happy! try this amazing male health supplement vigfx for free. pay only $6.98 shipping cost (available only to us citizens) y...
Venapro - Get's Rid Of Hemorrhoid Misery Fast !
the venapro homeopathic hemorrhoid relief formula get's rid of hemorrhoid misery fast. we put our all-natural twin pack together to give you maximum relief on all levels...
22 Good Reasons Why You Should Try Proargi-9 Plus
the nitric oxide derived from arginine is directly or indirectly implicated in practically every cellular response and health condition imaginable. from the cardiovascular system to the immune system, and hormone functi...
Stay Healthy Whilst Earning A Residual Income
body {background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt} .main55 {font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; col...
End Diabetes In 3 Weeks
scientifically proven way to erase diabetes in 3 short weeks. no more harmful treatments...no more insulin...no more glucose lowering drugs...no more expensive doctor visits or tests...throw out your needles forever! big...
Synergistic Nutrition
Piscataway, New Jersey
synergistic nutrition is about providing high quality products and information that support your ability to create great health. synergistic nutrition is set up as a private association membership, so that the right to f...
Fucoidan Radical
fucoidan radical, featuring 50 mg of pure fucoidan, is an advanced biotherapeutic drink. combining the best of nature and science, this powerful blend is formulated to support immune, cardiovascular, neurological, and jo...
Living And Looking Younger, Longer!
living and looking younger, longer! with 46 powerful fruits and veggies, including wheat grass, spirulina, chlorella, dulse, blueberry and cranberry, this fiberrich, mineral-rich greens superfood contains powerful anti...
Healthy Vision Support
our vision product is formulated to support healthy eye function. it features a proprietary blend of vitamin a (as beta carotene), vitamin c, vitamin e, zinc, selenium, chromium, lutein, and coenzyme q10.
Power Of Magnesium
magnesium is one of the most important minerals to human health. it is involved in more than 300 enzyme systems within the human body, and requirements increase with age. it plays a major role in bone health, with more t...
Bone Matrix, Cartilage, Ligaments, Tendons
our gluco product is the ultimate way to get your daily dose of gelatin, which contains collagen, a main building block of bone matrix, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and connective tissue.
Effective Digestive System Support
our enzymes product is formulated to support the digestive process. featuring betain hcl and other important enzymes to support digestive health. the product supports good health by helping the body break down carbohydra...
Solid, Foundation Nutrition
our daily product contains the vitamins and minerals you need for solid, foundation nutrition, plus key nutrients to support cardiovascular, immune and nervous system health.
Bones, Teeth, Cardiovascular & Nervous Systems
calcium is essential for healthy bones and teeth as well as healthy cardiovascular and nervous system function. although calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body, we also need other trace minerals for its o...
Super Cell Protection
each capsule of super cell protection contains 12 patented minerals and the super antioxidant opc (oligomeric procyanthocyanidins) extracted from grape seed. antioxidants may help prevent cell damage caused by free radi...
Normal And Healthy Prostate Support
this prostate product is a naturopathic product containing two scientifically proven, hypoallergenic flower pollen extracts. formulated especially for men, this product is designed to support a normal and healthy prostat...
Woman's Monthly Energy Cycle, Vitality Balance
this female product is pure, natural, standardized product containing two proven, hypoallergenic extracts derived from specific organically grown pollen grains. it helps balance a woman's monthly energy cycle, vitality, ...
Energy Drink From Flower Pollen
this pollen product is the worlds first energy drink powered by flower pollen. featuring vitamin d and the powerful antioxidant superoxide dismutase (sod), this great-tasting natural orange-flavored drink helps fight...
Energy, Endurance And Healing
a pure, natural standardized product specially formulated to promote promote energy, endurance and healing, naturally and without caffeine. features the powerful antioxidant sod. benefits: youthful energy and endurance...
Heart, Brain, Circulatory & Central Nervous System
this omega product is a natural marine lipid concentrate that contains the valuable omega3 fatty acids, epa (eicosapentaenoic acid) and dha (docosahexaenoic acid). omega3 fatty acids help support your heart and circul...
Promotion Of Healthy Liver Function
this projoba product is a proprietary blend of extracts from organically-grown pollen specifically formulated to promote healthy liver function. unhealthy diets, environmental toxins, aging, and other factors can affect...
Potent Immune And Antioxidant Support
fucoid contains 100% sea vegetables featuring certified organic fucoidan. a growing body of scientific research suggests fucoidan may provide potent immune and antioxidant support.
Stress Response, Immune Function Energy Production
this proprietary blend of adaptogenic herbs (siberian ginseng, schisandra, bladderwrack, astragalus, jujube, indian gooseberry, and ginger) is formulated to promote a healthy stress response, immune function, and energy ...
Elimination Of Waste And Toxin-producing Bacteria
providing 13 minerals and traditional herbs, this special formula nutritionally gently promotes elimination of waste and toxin-producing bacteria, supports a healthy digestive system, and promotes optimal nutrient abso...
Selenium Boost
the human body needs trace amounts of selenium to perform a variety of functions, including synthesizing antioxidants shown to protect against cell-damaging free radicals. since selenium cant be manufactured by the huma...
Prostate Health
this prostate health product is specially formulated to support prostate health. featuring saw palmetto fruit, pumpkin seed, sasparilla root, and lycopene. it is an excellent source for men seeking nutritional answers to...
Combined Power Of Green Tea Leaf And Grape Seed.
the combined power of green tea leaf and grape seed. this product contains extracts from green tea leaf and grape seed, which are rich sources of antioxidants.
Mineral Replenishment
erosion and unwise farming methods have depleted our topsoiland our fruits and vegetablesof precious minerals. thats why we developed this mineral product, to help people replenish the minerals they may be missing. th...
Healthy Brain Support
this memory product provides a unique blend of nutrients to support healthy brain function. featuring including gingko, periwinkle, choline, and b-vitamins and others beneficial nutrients. it is specially formulated to a...
Potent Immune Enhancement
this killer biotic is a proprietary complex that brings together natures most potent immune-enhancing compounds. it features propolis, a natural agent produced by brazilian killer bees: the time-tested immune enhancing ...
Digestive Health
this flora product is a proprietary blend of pre- and probiotics formulated to support and maintain healthy digestive function, which is imperative for optimal nutrient absorption and metabolism. it also contains the pre...
Combined Power Of Flaxseed, Borage, Fish Oils
this product is 100% organic and features a proprietary blend of essential fatty acids derived from organically grown flaxseed oil, herbicide- and pesticide-free borage oil, and fish oil. delivering a healthy balance of ...
Joint Health
joint health is a cause for concern for as many as 1 in 5 adults. this product is formulated to support healthy joints and features cmo complex (u.s. patent #5,569,676), a clinically proven, breakthrough compound that in...
Power Of Vitamin C Calcium And Echinacea
this ph-balanced formula features 500 mg of vitamin c per serving plus calcium and echinacea. echinacea is a very popular herb, especially for the treatment of flu and colds. it is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants...
Cardio Works - Single
this cardio product is specially formulated to promote optimal cardiovascular function. featuring garlic, ginkgo, hawthorn berry, co-enzyme q-10, and more,.this is an excellent choice for people with active lifestyles or...
A Woman's Bust
this woman's bust product features a proprietary blend of traditional herbs to support healthy breast tissue. this all-natural formula includes saw palmetto berry, fenugreek, motherwort, blessed thistle, black cohosh, fe...
Sustained Memory And Retrieval - Single
this sustained memory and retrieval product contains super concentrated dha, a member of the omega 3 family. it also supports optimal neural pathway function and cardiovascular health.
Citrus Rebound Power
this citrus rebound product is a high-powered alternative to the high-sodium, high carbohydrate sports drinks used by others! supplying quick sustained energy while offering a balance of antioxidants, natural herbs, and ...
Detox At Its Best
this detox product is a proprietary blend of naturally detoxifying ingredients which bind with impurities and toxins and helps to remove them from the body. this product contains buckthorn bark.
Peri-menopause To Menopause Transition
the transition from peri-menopause to menopause is a natural stage in every womans life. but for many women, this transition and its symptomswhich can last anywhere from two to ten yearscan affect their quality of lif...
Cardio Works - 4 Pack
this cardio product is specially formulated to promote optimal cardiovascular function. featuring garlic, ginkgo, hawthorn berry, co-enzyme q-10, and more. it is an excellent choice for people with active lifestyles or w...
Sustained Memory And Retrieval - 4 Pack
this sustained memory and retrieval product contains super concentrated dha, a member of the omega 3 family. it supports optimal neural pathway function and cardiovascular health.
The Most Complete Brain Nutrition On The Planet
New York, New York
we want to take full use of your brain to help maintain focus, help manage stress, support memory and a lot, lot more. we now can do so with dietary supplements! visit our corporate website today by clicking b...
Introducing The Brain Fuel Dietary Supplement
Bronx, New York
support memoryhelp manage stressmaintain focusexperience the difference! learn more by visiting our corporate website today!===> www.mybrainfuel.info
Chews-4-health Chewable Dietary Supplement
chews-4-health dietary supplementchews-4-health chewable dietary supplement is a delicious-tasting, doctor-formulated, all-natural, whole food chewable dietary supplement which contains 16 ingredients (4 exotic super fr...
Supplements For Glucose Balance
Milpitas, California
unicity balance :bios life® formula for healthy glucose support balances bios life formula for healthy glucose support is designed to help people who are focused on maintaining healthy glucose levels. while th...
Balance Cholesterol By Unicity Cholesterol Support
Milpitas, California
unicity balance :bios life® formula for healthy cholesterol support clinically proven to lower cholesterol. combines all four of the known approaches to lowering harmful cholesterol (ldl), while increasing goo...
Good Vitamin Is Always Our Mission
vitamins and supplements are one of the easiest and most effective ways to promote optimal health. with the proper use of vitamin supplements you can improve your health that will contribute to the overall improvement in...
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text: Of the estimated 314 million Americans, 119 million have no access to broadband connections. A new report by the Federal Communications Commission reveals that an estimated 19 million Americans have no option to buy or access to broadband Internet service. An estimated 100 million Americans that do live in areas that offer broadband are not subscribers.


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Definition of Leukemoid reactionLeukemoid reaction: A benign condition in which the high number of white blood cells found on a blood test resembles the numbers seen in leukemia. For example, infectious mononucleosis can produce a leukemoid 'reaction. Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionaryhttp://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4143 Last Editorial Review: 3/19/2012 Medical Dictionary Definitions A - ZSearch Medical Dictionary
From WebMD
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Bike Race Guru - Unregistered August 19, 2011 11:03 AM Just another example of the sh1te scoring system.. If he misses Cadwell he loses a maximum 9 podium credits.. If he'd of missed Cadwell with a "normal" scoring system he'd miss out on 75 points and his championship would be done.. This isn't a pop at Hopkins it's not his fault.. But Riders coming off.. Being Injured.. Mechanicals.. They're all part of this sport we love.. They all have a bearing on results and championships.. As well as the god given talent of the riders we follow.. I hope he doesn't miss any racing and wish him a full and speedy recovery.. 27 agree 5 disagree
Ed - Unregistered August 19, 2011 12:13 PM Can anyone think of any other rider who is more prone to injury than Hopper? You gotta feel for the guy, I sure do. 5 agree 1 disagree
RaceSupporter - Unregistered August 19, 2011 12:43 PM IF the old scoring system was in place, Hopper may have made an appearance to try and score a few points. So with him waiting until he's 100%, it's the fan that lose out really!(Again, this is nothing personal against Hopper - he's just using the rules to his advantage) 5 agree 1 disagree
SuperSykes - Unregistered August 19, 2011 1:00 PM @EdThe only ones I can think of are Tommy Hill (in my opinion the unluckiest guy in racing) and Dani 'made of china' Pedrosa who seems to get hurt everytime he comes off. I can't decide who I want to win BSB this year, Shakey is awesome and would be nice to see him get another title, Tommy was so unlucky last year and this year with the whole Baz oil crash that wrecked his shoulder and Hopper who is awesome!Should be a good last few rounds 6 agree 0 disagree
Marc - Unregistered August 19, 2011 3:18 PM If Hopper wins the championship will this help him get a shot of getting back in MotoGP or another stint in WSB? 0 agree 0 disagree
Spyagent - Unregistered August 20, 2011 3:07 AM Wet wheater outing during brno practice was really unnecessary, since the race was dry. 0 agree 0 disagree
Guy - Unregistered August 20, 2011 7:37 AM I'd like to see Hopper stay in WSBK ride there against Colin, Nicky Hayden, Ben Spies, a Troy Bayliss out from retirement, and Rossi. Yeah, am in La-La Land. 1 agree 0 disagree
mike hunt - Unregistered August 20, 2011 10:58 AM If Suzuki does not run Hopkins in Moto GP next year, he will in WSB on a Crescent run factory supported Suzuki. 2 agree 1 disagree
neally - Unregistered August 22, 2011 10:18 AM i dont see cresent running in wsb next year i get the impression suzuki "placed" hopper in bsb to regain form and rebuild confidence,i see him in motogp next year on a second suzuki.which brings me a question who if any are factory backed riders in lesser formulas? 0 agree 0 disagree
Pizdoff - Unregistered August 22, 2011 11:56 PM Ed The answer to the question is not Bomber Harris as many might have predicted (mostly cos he bounces). No.Its Simon Andrews.Excellent rider with a sodding target painted on his leathers. 0 agree 0 disagree


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Issue - July 2012 Copyright © 2012 The National Magazine Company Ltd.


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Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister | |
PerlMonks |
Comment on |
( #3333=superdoc: print w/ replies, xml ) | Need Help?? |
Hi, The PLJava sounds interesting. Can i get complete documentation of it? How can i get values returned by a method from Perl in Java when i call it from Java? Thanks in advance. In reply to Re: PLJava - Perl embeded into Java (calling Perl from Java) - 1sr release - call for tests and review, please.
by Anonymous Monk


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Here's How Coffee Could Be The Secret To A Better Night's Sleep
For a regular coffee drinker, that morning cup is everything. But, what if you could start and end your day with the delicious ritual? Well, a recently launched coffee brand wants to make that a reality. According to Time.com, Counting Sheep Coffee first appeared in Bed Bath & Beyond stores in 2013, but is only now read


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Primate Lodge Kibale
- Restaurant
- Free parking
TravelPod Member ReviewsPrimate Lodge Kibale Kibale Forest National Park
The Primate Lodge is set in the Kibale National Park (or right next to it), so it is an ideal location if you will be chimp trekking. There are two types of lodgings: cottages and permanent tents. We stayed in the cottages which are stone construction set in a wooded area away from the lodge. They only have power between 6pm and 10pm and you must charge your cameras at the lodge (not your room). Clean and comfortable rooms with a not so great shower (drips out water). Staff is friendly and helpful and the food is reasonable. You can see lots of birds at the lodge and baboons. The guests all tend to be friendly and you can chat around the small bar / lounge area while your cameras recharge.
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.
Like most people, we stayed at the Primate Lodge to be close to the starting point of the chimp trek - we opted for the chimp habituation day rather than the 1 tour and were extremely happy we did, more on that in the official review. The lodge is in a great location since the UWA starting point is a hop-skip-and-jump away. The property itself would have been pristine in the early-90s, however time has made an impact. The rooms and dining area feel old and stuffy, with a lot of painted rocks and concrete. It doesnt ruin your stay by any means, but keeps you wishing you had visited 20 years ago. We were also the only ones at the lodge. We stayed in the two-story cottage and spent most of the time outside on the lifted patio. The shower left a lot to be desired, however you can't complain given its location. The food was pretty good along with the service and the price very affordable, so all and all, it was a good stay.
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.
Unfortunately there is only power between 6pm and 8am and the rooms are very dark. It would have been helpful to have had some battery powered lamps. It is a great location though and it was fantastic to see the chimpanzees in the wild.
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.
TripAdvisor Reviews Primate Lodge Kibale Kibale Forest National Park
Travel Blogs from Kibale Forest National Park
On the road to Fort Portal
Today was a travel day and it started off at 7:30am following breakfast. Our guide, Peter is very knowledgeable about nature, wildlife and the culture of Uganda. He lives with his family in a suburb of the capitol Kampala.
We left Entebbe, drove through the outskirts on chaotic streets,traffic going every which way near Kampala on our way …
Chimp Habituation was an experience of a lifetime
The Good: CHEX experience, CHEX experience, CHEX experience
The Bad: not a lot of lodging options
- do the habituation experience over the 1-hour visit
- it's cooler in the dense forest so bring layers
- be ready to trudge through deep forest, so long-sleeves required
- do the chimps and move on
After a …
The Hunt
... in the same general direction. We looked around and witnessed more chimps circling in from all directions. The jungle echoed with their calls. Our guide looked around in excitement and told us "They are starting a hunt."
The next 10 minutes happened so quickly, I can barely remember all the events that took place. Chimps, as our guide explained hours before, hunt other monkeys, particularly the red colobus. To see a chimp hunt is a ...
Chimp trek and swamp hike
... onto your shoes and up your legs.
We saw so many monkeys, here are a few. The colobus was one of our favourite and apparently not very common to see.
On the way to Kabale
... br>
Eventually late afternoon we arrived at our next lodge. Tomorrow would be our chimp trek.This area is especially know for its primates especially the chimpanzees.