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US 7707429 B2 Abstract Software intrusion is proactively detected using a dynamically evolving audit log wherein log entries are generated in the audit log and key values are evolved based upon a one-way function depending on both the previous log entry and the previous key. The audit log with the generated log entries and the final key value is transmitted to a clearinghouse that detects software intrusion by analyzing these values. In an effort to reduce the size of the log to be transmitted, the log entries are assigned identical values, thereby only needing to transmit one log entry and the last key value to the clearinghouse.
Claims(20) 1. A computer-based system to proactively detecting software intrusion using a dynamically evolving audit log, said computer-based system comprising:
a. non-volatile memory storing at least:
i. an audit log comprising a plurality of log entries representing integrity check results based upon software executions;
ii. evolving key values based upon a one-way function, said one way function depending on both a previous log entry and a previous key; and;
b. a network interface to transmit said audit log with said generated log entries and a final key value to a clearinghouse that detects software intrusion in client side software by analyzing said log entries and said final key value.
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11. A computer-based system to proactively detect software intrusion using a dynamically evolving audit log, said system comprising:
a. computer readable program code executed in a computer to embed integrity checks in software code;
b. non-volatile memory storing at least an audit log comprising computer generated log entries with an identical log entry value and evolving key values based upon a one-way function, said one way function depending on both said identical log entry value and previous key; and
c. a network interface to transmit said identical log entry value and final key value to a clearinghouse that detects software intrusion by analyzing said identical log entry value and final key value.
12. The computer-based system of
13. The computer-based system of
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Description This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/248,130, filed Dec. 19, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,305,564. 1. Field of Invention The present invention relates generally to the field of software security. More specifically, the present invention is related to the detection of software tampering. 2. Discussion of Prior Art With the advent of digital technologies for movies and music, the problem of unauthorized copying has become severe. Digital copies are perfect copies, and to prevent them from being widely redistributed across the Internet, numerous content protection technologies such as DTCP (Digital Transmission Content Protection) and CPRM (Content Protection for Recordable Media) have been developed. These technologies have �robustness terms� in their licenses, wherein the terms in such licenses provide for tamper resistant implementations. The development of tamper-resistant technologies, especially software tamper-resistant technologies, has become a growing industry. Most intrusion detection mechanisms are used after the damage is done and, thus, are reactive. The term �proactive security� refers to the detection of what goes wrong during a process, such as an execution of software before the final damage is done. Prior art systems fail to provide for a proactive security mechanism to combat reverse-engineering of software. These prior art systems fail to identify evidence hackers leave behind during a reverse-engineering attempt. There is a need to proactively detect (and thereby prevent real damage from occurring by stopping the hacking when it is still in its infancy) an on-going reverse-engineering process before hackers succeed in the tampering and before they gain access to important information such as secret keys. In general, prior art intrusion detection systems are reactive and use existing knowledge to watch for abnormalities. One way of watching for such abnormalities is by maintaining an �audit log�. The general concept of using an auditing log has existed for a long time. However, an �auditing log� scheme works better and more practically when it is applied for a specific �detection� purpose. In this scenario, one needs to identify the information that needs to be put into the log for the detection purpose and the verification process that should follow. Making the information in the log satisfy certain properties can at times not only make the scheme more efficient (in terms of reducing log size and creating a more efficient verification), but can also guarantee the verification process and detect the target anomaly. Another relevant concept is �forward security� which is a formal property that has been identified and appeared in literatures for security. Forward security includes methods of preventing corruption of past code or logs after tampering has occurred. Future actions may be untrusted, but preexisting trusted items remain uncompromised. The following references provide for a general description of reactive intrusion detection mechanisms. The U.S. patent to Drake (U.S. Pat. No. 6,006,328) discloses a method for computer software authentication, protection, and security. The method involves replacing vulnerable code (e.g., vulnerable to eavesdropping) with equivalent code (with vulnerability removed) that communicates directly with hardware, and it disables system interrupts or other functions which would permit rogue software to eavesdrop. Tamper detection techniques are used within, or accessed by, the software to disallow the subsequent entry of ID-data into input routines if tampering is detected. The disclosed invention provides for the: execution of code checksums of RAM or other images; comparison of memory with other stored copies of executable code and/or decryption of the entry process; examination of executable environment; comparison of executable size with expected values; notification and/or transmission of authentication failure details to a third person or process; and recording of a log regarding the usage and/or details of the user (of input routines or secure entry processes). The U.S. patent to Auerbach et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,673,316) provides for the creation and distribution of cryptographic envelopes. Disclosed within is an envelope with an aggregation of information parts wherein each part is encrypted with a part encryption key and a public key. The list is then signed with a secret key to generate a signature, which is also included in the envelope. The European patent to Pearson (EP1076279-A1) discloses a computer platform with license-related code which is integrity checked with reference to signed versions and public key certificates. The computer platform or trusted module forms a tamper proof component wherein licensing checks can occur within a trusted environment that behaves as a user would expect. An associated clearinghouse mechanism enables registration and payment for data. The system also enables verification of the integrity of a platform by either a local user or a remote entity. The U.S. patent to Allen et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,533) discloses a security system for a personal microcomputer which combines hardware and software to provide tamper-proof protection of user and file access. One of the disclosed chips provides an audit trail log, protection and encryption system flags, and user access rights, wherein the chip ensures that access is only gained by valid users. The foreign patents WO200077597 A1, WO200114953 A1, and WO200077596 B1 disclose, generally, a tamper resistance method involving transforming the data flow in the computer software code to dissociate the observable operation of the transformed code from the intent of the original software code. The methods provide for making computer software resistant to tampering and reverse engineering. The foreign patent to Stanton et al. (WO9904530 A1) discloses a file encryption method with session keys for use as a data encryption key to prevent tampering. The method using a strong encryption algorithm based on a shared secret key or public-private key cryptosystem which enables emergency access to the file by legal authorities. The non-patent literature to Bellare et al. entitled, �Forward Integrity For Secure Audit Logs� provides a method for maintaining the security of audit logs. Disclosed applications include: securing audit logs (e.g., syslogd data) for intrusion detection or accountability, communications security, and authenticating partial results of computations for mobile agents. The non-patent literature to Song entitled, �Practical Forward Secure Group Signature Schemes� provides for a forward security scheme to mitigate the damage caused by key exposure. Whatever the precise merits, features, and advantages of the above cited references, none of them achieve or fulfills the purposes of the present invention. The present invention provides for a computer-based system to proactively detecting software intrusion using a dynamically evolving audit log comprising, wherein the system comprises: (a) non-volatile memory storing at least: an audit log comprising a plurality of log entries representing integrity check results based upon software executions and evolving key values based upon a one-way function, wherein the one way function depends on both a previous log entry and a previous key; and (b) a network interface to transmit the audit log with the generated log entries and a final key value to a clearinghouse that detects software intrusion in client side software by analyzing the log entries and the final key value. A computer-based system to proactively detect software intrusion using a dynamically evolving audit log, wherein the system comprises: (a) computer readable program code executed in a computer to embed integrity checks in software code; (b) non-volatile memory storing at least an audit log comprising computer generated log entries with an identical log entry value and evolving key values based upon a one-way function, wherein the one way function depends on both the identical log entry value and previous key; and (c) a network interface to transmit the identical log entry value and final key value to a clearinghouse that detects software intrusion by analyzing the identical log entry value and final key value. While this invention is illustrated and described in a preferred embodiment, the invention may be produced in many different configurations, forms and materials. There is depicted in the drawings, and will herein be described in detail, a preferred embodiment of the invention, with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and the associated functional specifications for its construction and is not intended to limit the invention to the embodiment illustrated. Those skilled in the art will envision many other possible variations within the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that the term �user� as used throughout the specification refers to an operator of an untrusted computer (e.g., set-top box, PC, PDA, video game console, etc.), who could try to tamper with the software code (such as software code related to: web browser program; sound card driver; game console program; Java� applet; or macros embedded in multimedia content such as images, music, or video files) and the log. Additionally, the term �log� refers to an audit trail using a set of entries describing what happens with regard to execution of software code. In one implementation, the entries describe the results of integrity checks embedded in and performed by the software code (e.g., a checksum on a block of code). The present invention provides for a system and a method that utilizes an audit trail to detect an anomaly. It should be noted that a scenario is envisioned wherein the software runs on the client side (e.g., a hostile user's machine). Thus, the threat comes from the untrusted user himself. Particular attention is given to this type of threat, simply because the hacker cannot only access and tamper with the code, but also can also tamper with the audit trail. Therefore, in this scenario, the trail itself needs to be protected such that there is no way for a hacker to undetectably delete any old entries in the trail. Although, after a while, there is a possibility that the hacker will completely understand the logging mechanism, and from that point on the new entries in the trail cannot be trusted. But, based upon the present invention, the hacker cannot go backwards to modify entries in a log. The invention described here is a scheme that applies �forward security� property into integrity checks during software execution to proactively detect the software tampering process. Any truncation of the log, deletion of the log, or substitution of an old valid log is easily detected when the user connects to get new content. It is assumed that before the hacker completely understands a specific software program, he will have triggered many �integrity check� failures that will have been logged. Thus, based upon the present invention, a hacker is unable to reverse-engineer the software without being detected. Forward security is achieved by dynamically evolving the information that goes into the log. For example, a random number is chosen as a key in the beginning of the execution and then this key is used to record an entry into the log. This key evolves using a one-way function to be a new key, and the old key is then erased (overwritten). Next time, the new key will be used to record the information in the log. The key can be used to generate the information, to decide what information to record, to encrypt the record, or for any other usage. Thus, the entries going into the log are a function of the key that evolves using a one-way function. For example, at time t, the hacker discovers that his/her behavior is being recorded into the log, but he/she has no way to go back to figure out the previous keys (before time t) in order to forge the information already recorded in the log to try to make the log look correct. The log will be periodically connected and transmitted back to the clearinghouse (a clearinghouse is an entity that periodically receives logs, checks logs to determine if tampering has occurred by comparing log content to proper log content). At the same time, while the software is recording what happens with the code execution, the same initial random number (key) evolves in a synchronized way in the clearinghouse. The clearinghouse knows the exact information that should have gone into the log. The verification/detection process happening in the clearinghouse can then be a simple comparison between the returned log and the right information that the clearinghouse has computed using the same evolving key�which continues to evolve from connection to connection. If the untrusted user substitutes an old valid log, the keys will not be correct. If the user submits a truncated log, then the next time the log is transmitted, the keys will not be correct. The first time an anomaly is detected in the log, the clearinghouse can raise an alert to the administrator. The administrator can pay more attention to the same user the next time or choose to give a warning to the user. When �enough� tamper evidence is accumulated (for example, exceeds a threshold), the user can be disconnected from the network and disallowed to receive new content distribution in the future. Basic steps involved in the scheme: (1) Decide where to perform an integrity check and what types of integrity checks are needed. All types of integrity checks are within the scope. For example, testing a checksum on a block of code might be one of the integrity checks. (2) Decide on a one-way function, such as C2_G, MD5, or RSA. C2_G (Cryptomeria one-way function) is a one-way function used in the well-known content protection scheme called CPRM. MD5 (Message Digest #5) is a one-way function commonly used as a cryptographic hash in digital signature operations. RSA is the class public key encryption algorithm. The RSA encryption algorithm acts as a one-way function to anyone who does not contain the associated private key. (3) Embed integrity check information into the code to be protected, such that log entries are generated at the points determined in step (1) and the key is evolved using the one-way function when that occurs. (4) Transmit the log back to the clearinghouse, and the clearinghouse will verify the log and detect the tampering process or determine if no tampering has occurred. Within the basic method of this invention (as described above), there are two different embodiments associated with steps (3)-(4). A brief description of each of the two embodiments is provided below. Embodiment A: The hacker can later learn the right integrity check value v_i that should have been stored; unfortunately for the hacker, it is of no help. Firstly, the function f is on both k and v. When the hacker first fumbles, it is because he/she fails the integrity check and gets the wrong integrity check value v. When the hacker finally succeeds at hacking and figures out the right integrity check value v during his/her hacking process, the hacker only knows the current key k_n and cannot know the previous keys k_0 . . . k_(n−1), and the hacker still has no way to know what the correct k_n value should have been. Therefore, the clearinghouse can always detect the hacking process. Secondly, if the hacker tries to restore all the correct integrity check values v_i into the log, then the clearinghouse would know that the hacker is trying to forge the log because the value k_n would not be consistent with the observed v_i. Thus, embodiment A allows for the actual log to be in the clear (only current integrity check values, v_i, are entered). This aspect could be advantageously exploited in certain applications. Embodiment B: To reduce the verification calculation process occurring in the clearinghouse, a one-way function f is chosen such that any valid key values k_i share a common property, and are different from invalid key values. Then, the clearinghouse needs to only verify if that property holds. It does not need to perform the key evolution process again. For example, if the one way function is an RSA-like calculation and v=1:
Then the clearinghouse can verify that
The hacker, or anyone else not knowing the factors p and q, cannot take a (3n)th root mod pq to move backwards in the key evolution, so the forward security property is maintained. The key k_i needs to be stored in a non-volatile memory so that k evolution is not reset by the user powering off. It is also important that it be difficult for the end-user to restore a previous value, so simply storing k_i in a file is not usually sufficient. It should be noted that this invention is envisioned to be used in a content protection application, which has the exact same problem storing the content keys and the usage counts. Another extension of this invention involves the use of wrapping when the log has a fixed size and a situation arises when the fixed size is exceeded. Embodiment B is the extreme of this (embodiment B can be thought of as a log of size 1). In the general method of Accordingly, the present invention uses integrity checks to detect an ongoing hacking process during software execution by recording the �integrity check� into the log. The disclosed method combines the �integrity check� and �forward security� into one working scheme and applies this scheme to proactively detect hackers tampering with software in such a way that the hacking process cannot go undetected. Additionally, the present invention provides for an article of manufacture comprising computer readable program code contained within implementing one or more modules for robustly optimizing Furthermore, the present invention includes a computer program code-based product, which is a storage medium having program code stored therein which can be used to instruct a computer to perform any of the methods associated with the present invention. The computer storage medium includes any of, but is not limited to, the following: CD-ROM, DVD, magnetic tape, optical disc, hard drive, floppy disk, ferroelectric memory, flash memory, ferromagnetic memory, optical storage, charge coupled devices, magnetic or optical cards, smart cards, EEPROM, EPROM, RAM, ROM, DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, or any other appropriate static or dynamic memory or data storage devices. Implemented in computer program code based products are software modules for: (a) generating log entries in the audit log; (b) evolving key values based upon a one-way function wherein the one-way function depends both on the previous log entry and the previous key; and (c) aiding in the transmission of the audit log with the generated log entries and a final key value to a clearinghouse that detects software intrusion by analyzing said log entries and said final key value. A system and method has been shown in the above embodiments for the effective implementation of a system and method to proactively detect software tampering. While various preferred embodiments have been shown and described, it will be understood that there is no intent to limit the invention by such disclosure, but rather, it is intended to cover all modifications and alternate constructions falling within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined in the appended claims. For example, the present invention should not be limited by type of software code, type of integrity check, type of one-way function, or computing environment. The above enhancements are implemented in various computing environments. For example, the present invention may be implemented on a conventional IBM PC or equivalent, multi-nodal system (e.g., LAN) or networking system (e.g., Internet, WWW, wireless web). All programming and data related thereto are stored in computer memory, static or dynamic, and may be retrieved by the user in any of: conventional computer storage, display (i.e., CRT) and/or hardcopy (i.e., printed) formats. The programming of the present invention may be implemented by one of skill in the art security/encryption programming. Patent Citations
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Day 221: Be Awesome
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Thursday, May 02, 2013
It's been just over 7 months since I've started my journey with Spark People, and I'm almost 40 pounds down. I have to admit, I was very skeptical at first, all the other sites I have tried and failed over the years. And just could never get up enough courage and self esteem to stay on a diet for more than 2 months, because the weigh in's would just bring me down. I have found my middle ground. I have found ways to be healthier and to lose pounds, and if not pounds inches. It is just so amazing. It takes so much courage to get out there and do this, to realize that something has to give. To accept you for yourself. I've reflected a lot over the last several months on myself in many ways. And as spring is now in full swing I see myself in a much different light. Here's the NSV's that I could not do this time last year:
1) I can run up a flight of stairs, in fact several flights.
2) I can lift more than 50 pounds
3) I can walk more than 1 mile, or grocery shop more than 30 minutes and not get tired out
4) I can turn down fast food and sweets
5) I can walk a mile in well less than an hour...down to a 16.1 minute mile now
6) I can run around with my kids, and not feel out of breath 5 minutes in
7) Starting to actually feel proud of myself for a change
8) I can do sit ups and push ups again despite my bad wrists and tailbone
9) I can almost stand on my head for more than 10 seconds lol although this one is more for fun
10) I can wear clothes I haven't worn since before my 6 year old was born!!!
11) My wedding ring is now only snug when I swell up.
12) I feel happier, I want to do more
And that's only some of them. Each little thing adds up. I still have my down days, like wondering if I can get to my goal of under 170 pounds by June 1st or not. I want to be able to wear my size 8 pants that are stashed away by my Anniversary (my wedding anniversary is in October), I'm almost fully in 12's now, down from size 20. Now don't get me wrong each day is a struggle. Each day is a battle of wills, will I turn down that bowl of macaroni for a plate of salad with skinless chicken and light dressing. Will I skip the pork sausage and pork bacon and reach for the turkey versions with a couple eggs where I still feel full just healthier full. Will I actually eat vegetables and fruits today, still not a big fan. I try to go with V8 smoothies for the days I'm just not with it.
Oh another NSV:
13) I love asparagus
14) I really enjoyed the new dish I made yesterday - Chicken Vegetable Stir Fry
- Boneless skinless chicken
- Vegetable Stir Fry
- a little bit of Teriyaki Sauce
I've never ate those vegetables before, it would always make my stomach churn. I am improving one way or another. I also printed out the 100 Reasons to Work out Today. I love those, a bunch don't apply to me, but a bunch does. And it makes me smile. And if I'm feeling extra down, somehow some way my spark family cheers me up. I just read your blogs or your posts. Or look at some photos, and remember we are all in this together. Even when I do finally reach my goal weight, I can't see myself ever leaving the wonderful support group I have here. Just knowing that there are real people facing a lot of the same challenges, and succeeding makes me want to step it up and push myself to do better as well.
Yesterday I took a lighter day, still managed to get over 8,000 steps in as well. But instead of working on the house. I did some laundry and some dishes, but otherwise we helped our neighbor with his flooded basement. He had like 2-3 feet worth of water, so his downstairs kitchen, the stuff they had it storage, paperwork and clothes and what not were all damaged. Come to find out his sump pump broke and possibly well too. So we helped him install a new sump pump, although I got to admit my husband getting sprayed with cold water was quite funny while he was helping him though. And so glad it wasn't me. We also, well my husband also helped him with a bunch of loose shingles on his roof, so no more leaks that way either. Although we let him know he really needs a new roof rather soon. Then last night until about 9pm because it was so nice, we finally cleared most of the wood off the porch. There was a go100 or so pieces that needed to be gone through, and nails pulled. And we got rid of 80% of the pile to be burned, and rest to be used during the remodel of that house. It is so nice to be able to fix up a house that you are buying when it is literally next door to you.
Well off to do a long list hopefully today, or chill and relax with my 2 year old after our walk. Not sure yet. But I know I woke up in a great mood, so I'm hoping it stays.
And what I want to be able to do!!!
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The stylists and nail techs of Mane Event Salon apply 25 years of collective beauty-industry experience to pamper patrons inside their modern, recently updated space. Chandeliers glisten as deft trims evict split ends from patrons seated in salon chairs or excess foliage from houseplants preening themselves in broad mirrors. A footbath soaks guests' toes in effervescent bubbles before techs brush on polish or adorn fingers with acrylic tips. Each room In the earthy salon has a color theme, and the earthy vibe further induces relaxation during massages and facials.
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Treating the cosmetic blemishes that can appear on aging skin requires a forward-looking approach. Overseen by Drs. Hratch Karamanoukian and Raffy Karamanoukian, Advanced Aesthetics Medical Spa keeps pace with the passage of time by constantly seeking out new advancements in technology, skincare products, and cosmetic procedures.
The center?s cache of technology includes cosmetic laser systems that work to improve skin tone and texture by addressing fine lines, acne scars, and scratch-and-sniff tattoos. Beyond light, these and other systems can also use sound waves or radio frequencies to firm and lift faces. Even the more traditional spa procedures at the clinic pamper clients with medical-grade products and equipment. The crystal-free microdermabrasion system uses a diamond-encrusted titanium wand to smooth away impurities, and facials with botanically derived balms and vitamin C rejuvenate complexions.
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With a steady hand and special adhesive, Janina breathes new life into clients? eyelashes. She applies special flare eyelash extensions to existing lashes, bulking up the eyeline for everyday wear or for special occasions. The extensions stay in place for up to two weeks, and refill appointments can lengthen the lifespan.
The trained technicians at Absolute Beauty revitalize facescapes with artfully applied facial procedures utilizing sophisticated technologies. Microcurrent facials fight off fine lines with safe electrical impulses, tapping out orders to muscles in Morse code to firm up and increase the production of collagen, temporarily tightening the face after one treatment and building muscle memory after several more. Ultrasound facials shiver off dead cells with an exfoliating high-tech hum, ultimately opening up skin for rejuvenating hydration and moisturizing. In addition to treating faces to space-age pampering, Absolute Beauty supplements epidermal diets with vitamin C enzyme applications in every treatment.


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