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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
765kV Transmission line Voltage gradient
E-Print Network (OSTI)
Corona ring Transmission lines Nowadays, due to the ever increasing energy consumption and power supply optimization, it is required to construct new power plants, substations and transmission lines. In Iran, also, because of increasing demand for electrical energy, for a significant power loss reduction in power transmission over long distances, and to construct high transmission lines that lead to reduction in the economic costs of transmission lines, the transmission lines must be considered at extra high voltage (EHV) levels. These EHV levels should be compared with the low voltage levels in order to extract the benefits. Therefore, in this paper, a review has been conducted on the types of 765 kV transmission lines used in different countries and a comparison between them and the low voltage levels have been performed. Accordingly, the advantages of EHV transmission lines are summarized. Finally, designing a line of 765 kV single-circuit with 6 conductors per bundle based on existing standards is presented.
unknown authors
230 kV operation of a substation designed for 115 kV by controlling voltage transients
SciTech Connect
Arresters applied at the terminals of gas insulated substations have been used successfully for protection from switching and lightning surges. This arrester application for gas insulated substations permits the use of lower insulation levels and therefore more economical substations. In principle, the same technique can be applied to air insulated substations. This paper describes the analysis of transient voltages in a substation designed for 115 kV which is scheduled for operation at 230 kV. Both arrester rating and location are considered in this analysis. It is shown that complete substation protection is possible by addition of both arresters and capacitors.
Lannes, W.J.; Cheramie, W.J.; Priest, K.W.; Wilhelm, M.R.
HVDC converter stations for voltages above 600 kV: R and D needs and priorities: Final report
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
A study of the R and D needed to build converter stations for HVDC transmission lines with pole-to-ground voltages between 800 and 1200 kV confirmed that economical designs for more than 800 kV will require long-term R and D. Converter stations for 800 kV appear possible with existing technology.
Krishnayya, P.C.S.; Maruvada, P.S.; Lambeth, P.J.; Desilets, G.; Trinh, N.G.
Computer Simulation of 132 / 11 KV Distribution Substation Using Static Var Compensator (SVC) for Voltage Enhancement - A Case Study
With the change in transmitted load in power system, reactive power varies accordingly, which may result into unacceptable voltage variation. This affects the performance of power system parameters like power loss and power factor. This paper deals with ...
M. J. Katira; K. B. Porate
ESS 2012 Peer Review - 15 kV Phase Leg Power Modules with SiC...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
at medium voltages * 13.8 kV and 4.16 kV are commonly used voltages * Silicon Carbide high voltage devices play a pivotal role at these voltages 6 Multilevel vs Two-Level...
Nuclear Maintenance Applications Center: Repair and Reconditioning Specification Guidance for AC Squirrel-Cage and Salient Pole Sync hronous Motors with Voltage Ratings of 2.3 to 13.2 kV: Revision 1 of 1000897
The power industry is experiencing a loss of expertise as the workforce ages and some work is being outsourced to specialty suppliers. Many of the major electric motors in plants were also beginning to experience aging effects. To assist with obtaining proper motor service, EPRI published Report 1000897, Repair and Reconditioning Specification for AC Squirrel-Cage Motors with Voltage Ratings of 2.3 to 13.2 kV in 2000.
STUDY OF ACCELERATED AGING OF 15 kV XLPE AND EPR CABLE INSULATION BY SWITCHING IMPULSES AND ELEVATED AC VOLTAGE.
?? Accelerated aging of 15 kV Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE) and Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR) power cables was carried out in the experiments set for the� (more)
Cao, Linfeng
Lateral Al{sub x}Ga{sub 1-x}N power rectifiers with 9.7 kV reverse breakdown voltage
Al{sub x}Ga{sub 1-x}N (x=0--0.25) Schottky rectifiers were fabricated in a lateral geometry employing p{sup +}-implanted guard rings and rectifying contact overlap onto an SiO{sub 2} passivation layer. The reverse breakdown voltage (V{sub B}) increased with the spacing between Schottky and ohmic metal contacts, reaching 9700 V for Al{sub 0.25}Ga{sub 0.75}N and 6350 V for GaN, respectively, for 100 {mu}m gap spacing. Assuming lateral depletion, these values correspond to breakdown field strengths of {<=}9.67x10{sup 5}Vcm{sup -1}, which is roughly a factor of 20 lower than the theoretical maximum in bulk GaN. The figure of merit (V{sub B}){sup 2}/R{sub ON}, where R{sub ON} is the on-state resistance, was in the range 94--268 MWcm-2 for all the devices.
Zhang, A. P.; Johnson, J. W.; Ren, F.; Han, J.; Polyakov, A. Y.; Smirnov, N. B.; Govorkov, A. V.; Redwing, J. M.; Lee, K. P.; Pearton, S. J.
Cable System Technology Review of XLPE EHV Cables: 220 kV to 500 kV
Utilities in North America are now evaluating the first long-length circuits of extruded cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable systems containing many joints at rated voltages 220 kV, 230 kV, and 345 kV. Of interest is whether the design, manufacture, and installation of XLPE extra-high-voltage (EHV) cable systems has been sufficiently demonstrated to satisfy utilities that it can provide reliable service for their particular applications. This report reviews the worldwide state of the art, gives method...
Utility-Scale Solar Power Converter: Agile Direct Grid Connect Medium Voltage 4.7-13.8 kV Power Converter for PV Applications Utilizing Wide Band Gap Devices
Solar ADEPT Project: Satcon is developing a compact, lightweight power conversion device that is capable of taking utility-scale solar power and outputting it directly into the electric utility grid at distribution voltage levels�eliminating the need for large transformers. Transformers �step up� the voltage of the power that is generated by a solar power system so it can be efficiently transported through transmission lines and eventually �stepped down� to usable voltages before it enters homes and businesses. Power companies step up the voltage because less electricity is lost along transmission lines when the voltage is high and current is low. Satcon�s new power conversion devices will eliminate these heavy transformers and connect a utility-scale solar power system directly to the grid. Satcon�s modular devices are designed to ensure reliability�if one device fails it can be bypassed and the system can continue to run.
CEBAF 200 kV Inverted Electron Gun
Two DC high voltage GaAs photoguns have been built at Jefferson Lab based on a compact inverted insulator design. One photogun provides the polarized electron beam at CEBAF and operates at 130 kV bias voltage. The other gun is used for high average current lifetime studies at a dedicated test facility and has been operated at bias voltage up to 225 kV. The advantages of higher DC voltage for CEBAF include reduced space-charge emittance growth and the potential for prolonged photocathode lifetime. However, a consequence of operating at higher voltages is the increased likelihood of field emission or breakdown, both of which are unacceptable. Highlights of the R&D studies leading toward a production 200keV GaAs photogun for CEBAF will be presented.
J.M. Grames, P.A. Adderley, J. Clark, J. Hansknecht, M. Poelker, M.L. Stutzman, R. Suleiman, K.E.L. Surles-Law
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A device is described for providing a source of molecular ions having a large output current and with an accelerated energy of the order of 600 kv. Ions are produced in an ion source which is provided with a water-cooled source grid of metal to effect maximum recombination of atomic ions to molecular ions. A very high accelerating voltage is applied to withdraw and accelerate the molecular ions from the source, and means are provided for dumping the excess electrons at the lowest possible potentials. An accelerating grid is placed adjacent to the source grid and a slotted, grounded accelerating electrode is placed adjacent to the accelerating grid. A potential of about 35 kv is maintained between the source grid and accelerating grid, and a potential of about 600 kv is maintained between the accelerating grid and accelerating electrode. In order to keep at a minimum the large number of oscillating electrons which are created when such high voltages are employed in the vicinity of a strong magnetic field, a plurality of high voltage cascaded shields are employed with a conventional electron dumping system being employed between each shield so as to dump the electrons at the lowest possible potential rather than at 600 kv.
Luce, J.S.
Low-voltage gyrotrons
For a long time, the gyrotrons were primarily developed for electron cyclotron heating and current drive of plasmas in controlled fusion reactors where a multi-megawatt, quasi-continuous millimeter-wave power is required. In addition to this important application, there are other applications (and their number increases with time) which do not require a very high power level, but such issues as the ability to operate at low voltages and have compact devices are very important. For example, gyrotrons are of interest for a dynamic nuclear polarization, which improves the sensitivity of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In this paper, some issues important for operation of gyrotrons driven by low-voltage electron beams are analyzed. An emphasis is made on the efficiency of low-voltage gyrotron operation at the fundamental and higher cyclotron harmonics. These efficiencies calculated with the account for ohmic losses were, first, determined in the framework of the generalized gyrotron theory based on the cold-cavity approximation. Then, more accurate, self-consistent calculations for the fundamental and second harmonic low-voltage sub-THz gyrotron designs were carried out. Results of these calculations are presented and discussed. It is shown that operation of the fundamental and second harmonic gyrotrons with noticeable efficiencies is possible even at voltages as low as 5-10 kV. Even the third harmonic gyrotrons can operate at voltages about 15 kV, albeit with rather low efficiency (1%-2% in the submillimeter wavelength region).
Glyavin, M. Yu.; Zavolskiy, N. A.; Sedov, A. S. [Institute of Applied Physics RAS, N. Novgorod 603600 (Russian Federation); Nusinovich, G. S. [IREAP, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-3511 (United States)
Survey of Magnetic Fields Near BPA 230-kV and 500-kV Transmission Lines.
The purpose of this study was to characterize typical levels and variability of 60Hz magnetic fields at the centerline and edge of right-of-way of Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) 230-kV and 500-kV transmission lines. This was accomplished by taking magnetic field measurements at over 800 spans in Oregon and Washington. The spans were sampled using a stratified random sampling procedure with region (East vs. West), voltage (230-kV vs 500-kV), and circuit configuration as strata. There were five different circuit configuration groups for each region/voltage category requiring a total of 200 strata. Magnetic field measurements were taken at 13 locations under each span using an EMDEX-C as a survey meter. Additional information recorded for each span included conductor height (at 10 locations), right-of-way width, longitudinal and lateral slope, time of day, vegetation, terrain, weather conditions, temperature, wind speed, span length and presence of other lines in the corridor. 9 refs., 17 figs., 26 tabs.
Perrin, Nancy; Aggarwal, Rajinder Pal; Bracken, T. Daniel
Notification of Planned 230kV Outage at Potomac River Generating Station |
Notification of Planned 230kV Outage at Potomac River Generating Notification of Planned 230kV Outage at Potomac River Generating Station Notification of Planned 230kV Outage at Potomac River Generating Station Docket No. EO-05-01. In accordance with DOE Order No. 202-05-03 Pepco is required to provide notification of any and all 230kV planned outages at Potomac River Generating Station. On Tuesday February 20, 2007 Potomac Electric Power Company (Pepco) will be taking a planned outage on the 23106 high voltage circuit between the Palmer's Corner Substation and the Potomac River Generating Station. Notification of Planned 230kV Outage at Potomac River Generating Station More Documents & Publications Re: Potomac River Generating Station Department of Energy Case No. EO-05-01: Advanced Notice of Power Outages. Special Environmental Analysis For Actions Taken under U.S. Department of
A 50 kV solid state multipulse kicker modulator
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
Performance requirements, design concepts, and test results for a prototype multipulse kicker modulator based on solid-state switches and a voltage-adding transformer topology are described. Tape-wound cores are stacked to form the transformer primary windings and a cylindrical pipe that passes through the circular inner diameters of the cores serves as the secondary winding of the step-up transformer. Boards containing MOSFET switches, trigger circuitry, and energy-storage capacitors plug into the core housings. A 50 kV prototype modulator that meets most of the facility requirements has been designed, fabricated, and tested at LLNL. More recent work has been concerned with designing and testing cores and boards with the full volt-second capability needed for 24-pulse operation. Results of the 50 kV prototype tests, preliminary tests of the full-volt-second cores and boards, and future development needs are described.
Walstrom, P. L. (Peter L.); Cook, E. G. (Edward G.)
ESS 2012 Peer Review - Low Cost, Manufacturable High Voltage...
Storage for Power Flow Management and Voltage Control on an 11kV UK Distribution Network", 20th International Conference on Electricity Distribution, June 2009. S1 S2 C1 C2...
Wood substation design beats out steel. [Conversion of 115-kV to 230 kV substations at Carolina Power and Light Co
Construction plans for voltage conversion of substations can lead to new designs that are economical, reduce outage times, and result in minimum impacts on the environment. In fact, these factors prompted Carolina Power and Light Co. to make one such design its construction standard. Cost of converting a 115-kV distribution source substation to 230 kV is 20 percent less than that of replacing it with one of steel design. And because the conversion creates negligible environmental impact, getting government approval for the project is not a major problem. Steel is relegated to special situations.
Thompson, C.M.
STABILIZED HIGH INTENSITY SOURCE OF 80 kv
With the change of the current load from 0 to 2.5 mamp and simultaneous change of incoming intensity from 270 to 190 v, the stabilized high-intensity source changes less than l%.. The stabilized intensity can be arranged in steps of 5 kv from 60 to 80 kv. The high-intensity stabilizer automatically switches on upon reaching 60 kv. (tr-auth)
Polivanov, V.V.; Izyurov, A.V.; Pyatakov, N.I.
Two DC high volt�age GaAs pho�to�guns have been built at Jef�fer�son Lab based on a com�pact in�vert�ed in�su�la�tor de�sign. One pho�to�gun pro�vides the po�lar�ized elec�tron beam at CEBAF and op�er�ates at 130 kV bias volt�age. The other gun is used for high av�er�age cur�rent life�time stud�ies at a ded�i�cat�ed test fa�cil�i�ty and has been op�er�at�ed at bias volt�age up to 225 kV. The ad�van�tages of high�er DC volt�age for CEBAF in�clude re�duced space-charge emit�tance growth and the po�ten�tial for pro�longed pho�to�cath�ode life�time. How�ev�er, a con�se�quence of op�er�at�ing at high�er volt�ages is the in�creased like�li�hood of field emis�sion or break�down, both of which are un�ac�cept�able. High�lights of the R&D stud�ies lead�ing to�ward a pro�duc�tion 200keV GaAs pho�to�gun for CEBAF will be pre�sent�ed.
Grames, J M; Clark, J; Hansknecht, J; Poelker, M; Stutzman, M L; Suleiman, R; Surles-Law, K.E.L.; BastaniNejad, M
Assessment and Evaluation of Next Generation High-Voltage DC Technologies�Phase 2
As an established technology for bulk power transmission, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission is being used worldwide, and more than 100 schemes are operating at present. Advances in voltage sourced converter (VSC) technologies and power electronic devices with use of insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) will provide improved system performance and reliability. Also, the present highest operating voltage is +/- 800 kV as China and India are building +/- 800-kV lines. Anticipating ...
Insulation and radio influence dictate design of 650 kV substation
The 650 kV North Substation of Project EHV is marked by three unusual features which differentiate it from the more familiar 230 and 345 kV substations. First, the sheer size of the apparatus, structures, and busses is striking. Second, is the amount of insulation. As represented by insulators and bushings it is proportionally much larger in lower voltage substations. Third, is the absence of sharp protrusions or angles anywhere in the substation, even on the roof of the house where corona loss is measured. Shielding is evident everywhere in the circles or ovals of smooth aluminum tubing.
Abetti, P.A.
Present and future applications for 34. 5-kV vacuum switchgear
Vacuum technology applied to circuit breakers for 34.5-kV metal-clad switchgear offers significant advantages over equipment of previous design. Substation size, a major consideration to the 34.5-kV distribution system designer, is further reduced when vacuum equipment is specified. Vacuum equipment versatility is evidenced by the growing number of substation circuit configurations being implemented. Improved interruption capabilities, longer life and reduced maintenance are features offered by vacuum. These many features assure vacuum equipment a prominent position in future substation designs in this voltage class.
Sullivan, P.
Optimizing the CEBAF Injector for Beam Operation with a Higher Voltage Electron Gun
Recent developments in the DC gun technology used at CEBAF have allowed an increase in operational voltage from 100kV to 130kV. In the near future this will be extended further to 200kV with the purchase of a new power supply. The injector components and layout at this time have been designed specifically for 100kV operation. It is anticipated that with an increase in gun voltage and optimization of the layout and components for 200kV operation, that the electron bunch length and beam brightness can be improved upon. This paper explores some upgrade possibilities for a 200kV gun CEBAF injector through beam dynamic simulations.
F.E. Hannon, A.S. Hofler, R. Kazimi
Planar LTCC transformers for high voltage flyback converters.
This paper discusses the design and use of low-temperature (850 C to 950 C) co-fired ceramic (LTCC) planar magnetic flyback transformers for applications that require conversion of a low voltage to high voltage (> 100V) with significant volumetric constraints. Measured performance and modeling results for multiple designs showed that the LTCC flyback transformer design and construction imposes serious limitations on the achievable coupling and significantly impacts the transformer performance and output voltage. This paper discusses the impact of various design factors that can provide improved performance by increasing transformer coupling and output voltage. The experiments performed on prototype units demonstrated LTCC transformer designs capable of greater than 2 kV output. Finally, the work investigated the effect of the LTCC microstructure on transformer insulation. Although this paper focuses on generating voltages in the kV range, the experimental characterization and discussion presented in this work applies to designs requiring lower voltage.
Schofield, Daryl (NASCENT Technology Inc. , Watertown, SD); Schare, Joshua M.; Glass, Sarah Jill; Roesler, Alexander William; Ewsuk, Kevin Gregory; Slama, George (NASCENT Technology Inc. , Watertown, SD); Abel, Dave (NASCENT Technology Inc. , Watertown, SD)
NIST Manuscript Publication Search
... Substation (SSPS). These requirements include 30 kV voltage-isolation for the high-side MOSFETs, very low capacitance between the ground and ...
Alameda 115-kV project
Faced with an increasing demand for electricity, the Bureau of Electricity in Alameda, California decided to investigate alternative means to increase reliability, reduce losses and provide for economic expansion of the power supply system. The investigation indicated the need for 115-kV service to interconnect the Pacific Gas and Electric Company Substation C in Oakland with the Bureau's Atlantic Substation on Alameda Island, a distance of approximately 1.5 miles. Detailed planning and design for the 115-kV project was undertaken. Extensive studies were performed to select the route and determine the design. The studies are described.
Scale model simulates full-size substation electric fields. [For 345-kV system
An innovative scale model of a 345-kV substation that can be energized to produce representative electric fields has been developed. The purpose of the model is to determine how changes in substation design and operation affect ground-level voltage gradients. Recent tests of the field strengths predicted by the model and actual voltage gradients at the full-size substation at 150 different pairs of points showed excellent agreement. For 94 percent of the pairs the model error was less than 10 percent. The statistical mean of the absolute values of the discrepancies for all 150 points was only 4.6 percent.
A compact high voltage pulse generator
A compact, easily transportable, pulse generator has been developed for a variety of applications that require a pulse duration in the range of 1 {mu} sec., voltages from 150 to 300 KV and current levels from 2,000 to 3,000 amps. The generator has a simple cylindrical configuration and modular construction to facilitate assembly and service. The generator may be operated single-pulse or repetitively at pulse repetition rates to 50 Hz in a burst mode.
Rohwein, G.J.; Babcock, S.R.
Medium Voltage Cable Aging Management Guide, Revision 1
Medium-voltage cables (5- to 35-kV rated cables) have provided reasonable service in nuclear power plants. However, there is a concern that cables that have experienced long periods of wet service might degrade and fail in service. Because most plants have had few problems with medium-voltage cable, little on-staff experience with medium-voltage cables exists at most sites. This report has been prepared to provide information that will be of practical use when questions concerning medium-voltage cable lo...
Substation voltage upgrading
This report addresses specific issues to support sound yet not unduly conservative uprating practices for substations. The main parts of the report cover the insulation withstand and overvoltage protection aspects, environmental measurements, reliability criteria, and industry experience. First the insulation design concerns are addressed. Substation stress by a backflashover of the line insulation due to lightning in the vicinity of the substation is recognized as a critical stress. A representative part of a 550 kV BIL substation was erected at the EPRI High Voltage Transmission Research Center, where also a special test circuit was assembled to produce a fast front, slow tail (0.2/200 {mu}s) wave. The substation as well as some special configurations were tested for line-to-ground and line-to-line withstand. Computer studies were performed to complement the test results. A number of important conclusions was reached. The most prominent result in that the high frequency oscillations, as caused by reflections within the substation, do not effect the Critical Flashover Voltage (CFO). The present practice, based on the highest peak is therefore very conservative. The slow tail of the wave appears to dictate the CFO. An arrester model for computer studies to represent very fast as well as slow phenomena was derived. It is based on full scale arrester test data, made available in this project. The computer program to calculate arrester model parameters is also a part of the report. The electric environmental measurements are reported for the tested substation at the HVTRC and for the uprated substation of Public Service Company of Colorado, both before and after the uprating. The performance is satisfactory when corona free hardware is used. Insulation design criteria are analyzed based on substation reliability, the system viewpoint and consequences of the failure. Utility experience with uprated substations is reviewed.
Panek, J.; Elahi, H.; Lux, A.; Imece, A.F. (General Electric Co., Schenectady, NY (United States). Power Systems Engineering Dept.); LaPanse, R.A.; Stewart, J.R. (Public Service Co. of Colorado, Denver, CO (United States))
In accordance with DOE Order No. 202-05-03 Pepco is In accordance with DOE Order No. 202-05-03 Pepco is required to provide notification of any and all 230kV planned outages at Potomac River Generating Station. On Tuesday February 20, 2007 Potomac Electric Power Company (Pepco) will be taking a planned outage on the 23106 high voltage circuit between the Palmer's Corner Substation and the Potomac River Generating Station. Notification of Planned 230kV Outage at Potomac River Generating Station More Documents & Publications Re: Potomac River Generating Station Department of Energy Case No. EO-05-01: Advanced Notice of Power Outages. Special Environmental Analysis For Actions Taken under U.S. Department of Energy Emergency Orders Regarding Operation of the Potomac River Generating Station in Alexandria, Virginia
Demonstration of Commissioning Tests for Extra-High Voltage Cross-Linked Polyethylene Cable Systems at Los Angeles Department of Wat er and Power
Today, utilities are installing an increasing number of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) transmission cables with system voltages ranging from 115 kV up to 345 kV. This report summarizes field partial discharge measurements and high-voltage ac commissioning tests performed on a Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) 230-kV XLPE transmission cable system. The commissioning tests were performed with a field transportable, variable frequency, series resonant test set at 1.4 times rated voltage.
Evaluation of Suspected Steady-State Magnetic Induction by a 345-kV Double-Circuit Transmission Line onto Railroad Track
CenterPoint Energy operates a double circuit 345-kV transmission line north of Houston that parallels the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad (BNSF) for approximately 15 miles. The railroad is experiencing elevated steady-state 60-Hz voltage in the parallel exposure. AC voltages and currents in railroad track can come from many sources. And, railroad systems can withstand reasonable amounts of this electromagnetic interference (EMI) without problems. When problems with EMI on a railroad do appear, it i...
High Voltage Direct Current Live Line and Insulator Testing
This report has two main parts. The focus of the first part is on live work in overhead high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines operating above 100 kV dc. It does not address issues related to lines for electric transport that typically operate below 60 kV dc worldwide. In addition, this first part of the report is not a detailed treatise on live work but, rather, addresses the main issues related to dc live work. More detailed information on the general topic of live work can be found in the references...
High-voltage technology for the LASL implosion-heating experiment
The implosion-heating power supply uses four 125-kV generators in series. Each generator consists of a fast 125-kV pulse-forming network made up of capacitors attached to a 1m-wide parallel-plate transmission line which is fed through multiple cables from a 2.5- mu F, 0.5- mu H Marx bank charged to 180 kV. To simplify construction it was decided to do without oil or water for high- voltage insulation and grading. The developments described here are: (1) a low- inductance connection between the 125-kV capacitors and the parallel-plate transmission line using an elastomer gasket capable of holding 200 kV; (2) edge flashover prevention by ballooning'' the sheet insulation, by which a 10-cm edge extension of insulation is capable of withstanding a 200-kV pulse for several microseconds; (3) using the edge flashover for over-voltage prevention; (4) grading of voltage along insulators with conducting plastic sheets to prevent flashover at the load switches and cable connections; and (51 capacitively graded insulating supports for the Marx banks. (auth)
Hammel, J.E.; Henins, I.; Marshall, J.; Sherwood, A.R.
Single-transformer substation for 500 kV and over
At extra high voltage substations which must meet high reliability requirements, in particular, two autotransformer groups are often installed almost simultaneously independent of the load. As a result, significant capital investment is frozen for long periods, and scarce electrical equipment is utilized inefficiently. Thus, in a number of cases the construction of substations with a single group of single-phase autotransformers is desirable. In this case, on failure of one autotransformer phase the time of subnormal energy output due to disconnection of the substation may reach several hours. The efficiency of extra high voltage substations may be improved significantly by using a proposed circuit for connection of a group of single-phase transformers with a single reserve phase, permitting installation of one group of single-phase transformers at a substation without impairment of reliability. The installation, performance and cost of this transformer arrangement are discussed. It is concluded that the use of single-transformer 500 kV substations with the proposed circuit as distribution substations would, on the one hand, provide sufficient reliability for users and, on the other hand, would make them competitive with 220 to 330 kV substations. In this case the network reliability can be provided by sectionalizing the lines at the site of transformer connection. This circuit can be used with two-sided substation supply. (LCL)
Gryuntal, Yu.L.; Mikhailov, A.K.; Slavin, G.A.
Voltage protection scheme for MG sets used to drive inductive energy storage systems
A recent tokamak proposal at ORNL called for MG (motor-generator) sets to drive the ohmic heating (OH) coil, which was to be subjected to 20 kV immediately after coil charge-up to initiate the experiment. Since most rotating machinery is inherently low voltage, including the machines available at ORNL, a mechanism was necessary to isolate the generators from the high voltage portions of the circuit before the appearance of this voltage. It is not the expected 20 kV at the coil that causes difficulty, because the main interrupting switch handles this. The voltage induced in the armature due to di/dt and the possibility of faults are the greatest causes for concern and are responsible for the complexity of the voltage protection scheme, which must accommodate any possible combination of fault time and location. Such a protection scheme is presented in this paper.
Campen, G.L.; Easter, R.B.
500-kV Transmission Line Design
The design of an extrahigh-voltage (EHV) transmission line involves an integrated analysis and comparison of influencing factors to develop a structure configuration and conductor/shieldwire system that will provide safe, reliable, and economic service. Many of the parameters in design have varied impacts on the performance characteristics of a transmission line: safety, reliability, capital cost, and lifetime cost. The interdependencies are many and technical in nature. Having a solid knowledge of the p...
A new VME based high voltage power supply for large experiments
A new VME based high voltage power supply has been developed for the D{O} experiment at Fermilab. There are three types of supplies delivering up to {plus_minus}5.6 kV at 1.0 mA or +2.0 kV at 3.0 mA with a set accuracy of 1.5 V and extremely low voltage ripples. Complete computer control has allowed many special features to be developed for the supply, including user-defined control land monitor groups, variable ramp rates, and advanced histogram and graphic functions. 3 refs.
Ahn, S.C.; Angstadt, R.D.; Droege, T.F.; Johnson, M.E.; MacKinnon, B.A.; McNulty, S.E.; Shea, M.F.; Thompson, R.N.; Watson, M.M. [Fermi National Accelerator Lab., Batavia, IL (United States); Franzini, P. [Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States); Jones, A.A. [Superconducting Super Collider Lab., Dallas, TX (United States); Lopez, M.L. [La Plata Univ. Nacional (Argentina); Wimpenny, S.J.; Yang, M.J. [California Univ., Riverside, CA (United States)
A new VME based high voltage power supply has been developed for the D{O} experiment at Fermilab. There are three types of supplies delivering up to {plus minus}5.6 kV at 1.0 mA or +2.0 kV at 3.0 mA with a set accuracy of 1.5 V and extremely low voltage ripples. Complete computer control has allowed many special features to be developed for the supply, including user-defined control land monitor groups, variable ramp rates, and advanced histogram and graphic functions. 3 refs.
Ahn, S.C.; Angstadt, R.D.; Droege, T.F.; Johnson, M.E.; MacKinnon, B.A.; McNulty, S.E.; Shea, M.F.; Thompson, R.N.; Watson, M.M. (Fermi National Accelerator Lab., Batavia, IL (United States)); Franzini, P. (Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States)); Jones, A.A. (Superconducting Super Collider Lab., Dallas, TX (United States)); Lopez, M.L. (La Plata Univ. Nacional (Argentina)); Wimpenny, S.J.; Yang, M.J
This paper describes the first operational results of the 140 kV, 1 MW average, 11 MW peak, zero-voltage-switching, 20 kHz polyphase bridge, boost converter-modulator for klystron pulse application. The DC-DC converter derives the buss voltages from a standard 13.8 kV to 2100 Y substation cast-core transformer. Energy storage and filtering is provided by self-clearing metallized hazy polypropylene traction capacitors. Three ''H-Bridge'' Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) switching networks are used to generate the polyphase 20 kHz transformer primary drive waveforms. The 20 kHz drive waveforms are chirped the appropriate duration to generate the desired klystron pulse width. Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) of the individual 20 kHz pulses is utilized to provide regulated output waveforms with adaptive feedforward and feedback techniques. The boost transformer design utilizes amorphous nanocrystalline material that provides the required low core loss at design flux levels and switching frequencies. Resonant shunt peaking is used on the transformer secondary to boost output voltage and resonate transformer leakage inductance. With the appropriate transformer leakage inductance and peaking capacitance, zero-voltage-switching of the IGBT's is attained, minimizing switching losses. Reviews of these design parameters and an examination of the first operational results will be performed.
LOW VOLTAGE 14 Mev NEUTRON SOURCE
An apparatus yielding high-energy neutrons at the rate of 10/sup 8/ or more per second by the D,T or D,D reactions is described. The deuterium gas filling is ionized by electrons emitted from a filament, and the resulting ions are focused into a beam and accelerated against a fixed target. The apparatus is built in accordance with the relationship V/sub s/ = A--B log pd, where V/sub s/ is the sparking voltage, p the gas pressure, and d the gap length between the high voltage electrodes. Typical parameters to obtain the high neutron yields are 55 to 80 kv, 0.5 to 7.0 ma beam current, 5 to 12 microns D/sub 2/, and a gap length of 1 centimeter.
Little, R.N. Jr.; Graves, E.R.
A SCR SWITCHED CAPACITOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR FOR 150 kV NEUTRAL BEAM POWER SUPPLY
REGULATOR BANK MODULES .26 MJ STORED ENERGY BEAM SOURCE j_amount of stored energy and main bank capacitance is 2J - CEof the main bank, given that the total stored energy is 1.56
Milnes, K.A.
PQ Encyclopedia: Understanding Voltage Unbalance
This PQ Encyclopedia examines voltage unbalance, methods to calculate line voltages and the degree of voltage unbalance, and mitigation techniques.
Operation of a long-term transient monitoring system in a 138-KV and a 500-KV substation
This paper describes the operating performance of automatic transient monitoring laboratories designed to capture fault and transient data on power systems. Laboratories were installed in a 138-kV and a 500-kV substation and operated for more than 25,000 hours over a three-year period. Recorded during this period were 341 events consisting of lightning, switching, and fault transients. These results provide invaluable data on actual transients in power systems to aid power system equipment designers.
Perkins, M.D.; Mauser, S.F.; Mikell, D.C.; Nilsson, S.L.
High voltage VLF testing of power cables
This publication describes a laboratory test program conducted with the objective to develop a test that would replace the existing dc withstand test. The article describes the methodology used to establish the voltage duration and magnitude of VLF (0.1 Hz) high voltage field tests suitable for crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated power cable. The results show that the voltage breakdown of laboratory aged XLPE cable at 0.1 Hz is approximately equal to that at 60 Hz, that proof tests at 0.1 Hz is approximately equal to that at 60 Hz, that proof tests at 0.1 Hz cause very little damage to the cable, and that 0.1 Hz testing appears to be a satisfactory alternate to dc testing. Preliminary values are suggested for voltage magnitude and time duration of cable acceptance, maintenance and proof tests at 0.1 Hz for XLPE cable rated up to 35 kV. A program is underway to similarly evaluate samples of service-aged XLPE cable; as well as to demonstrate the use of the preliminary test values at typical utility installations.
Eager, G.S.; Katz, C.; Fryszczyn, B. [Cable Technology Labs., Inc., New Brunswick, NJ (United States); Densley, J. [Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ontario (Canada); Bernstein, B.S. [EPRI, Washington, DC (United States)
Review and evaluation of the Department of Energy's Research and Development Program for 1200-kV transmission and substation equipment
In 1975 the US Department of Energy (DOE), Division of Electric Energy Systems (EES), initiated a program for the research and development (R and D) of 1200-kV transmission and substation equipment with a goal of developing the technology capable of three-phase power transfer of 10 GW. The program was oriented toward compact, compressed-gas-insulated (CGI) component design. The DOE/EES R and D program has encompassed all the major and essential transmission cable, substation apparatus, and specialized instrumentation for a 1200-kV system. It has included more than ten major multiyear research projects and has involved numerous research, development, manufacturing, and testing organizations. This report provides a review and evaluation of the overall DOE/EES 1200-kV R and D program. It includes detailed descriptions of the major projects, their objectives, component and system design direction, and current research status. Future R and D requirements are noted, and commercialization issues are briefly discussed. Research to date has not presented any insurmountable technical obstacles to 1200-kV CGI component design. Thus, although all of the component pieces are not yet available and all of the testing is not yet complete, 1200-kV CGI-based transmission and substation equipment appears to be technically feasible. Although the substation and transmission components under development in this program will not likely reach 1200-kV system commercialization for a number of years, many of the materials and design concepts that have been identified for 1200-kV service are readily applicable to devices rated at lower voltages.
Gnadt, P.A.; Walldorf, S.P.
Operational results of the spallation neutron source (SNS) polyphase converter-modulator for the 140 KV klystron RF system
This paper describes the first operational results of the 140 kV, 1 MW average, 11 MW peak, zero-voltageswitching, 20 kHz polyphase bridge, boost converter-modulator for klystron pulse application. The DC-DC converter derives the buss voltages from a standard 13.8 kV to 2100 Y substation cast-core transformer. Energy storage and filtering is provided by self-clearing metallized hazy polypropylene traction capacitors. Three 'H-Bridge' Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) switching networks are used to generate the polyphase 20 kHz transformer primary drive waveforms. The 20 kHz drive waveforms are chirped the appropriate duration to generate the desired klystron pulse width. Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) of the individual 20 kHz pulses is utilized to provide regulated output waveforms with adaptive feedforward and feedback techniques. The boost transformer design utilizes amorphous nanocrystalline material that provides the required low core loss at design flux levels and switching frequencies. Resonant shunt peaking is used on the transformer secondary to boost output voltage and resonate transformer leakage inductance. With the appropriate transformer leakage inductance and peaking capacitance, zero-voltage-switching of the IGBT's is attained, minimizing switching losses. Reviews of these design parameters and an examination of the first operational results will be performed.
Reass, W. A. (William A.); Doss, James D.; Gribble, R. F. (Robert F.); Lynch, M. T. (Michael T.); Rees, D. E. (Daniel E.); Tallerico, P. J. (Paul J.); Borovina, D. L.
This patent relates to high voltage supply circuits adapted for providing operating voltages for GeigerMueller counter tubes, and is especially directed to an arrangement for maintaining uniform voltage under changing conditions of operation. In the usual power supply arrangement for counter tubes the counter voltage is taken from across the power supply output capacitor. If the count rate exceeds the current delivering capaciiy of the capacitor, the capacitor voltage will drop, decreasing the counter voltage. The present invention provides a multivibrator which has its output voltage controlled by a signal proportional to the counting rate. As the counting rate increases beyond the current delivering capacity of the capacitor, the rectified voltage output from the multivibrator is increased to maintain uniform counter voltage.
Zito, G.V.
Notification of Planned 230kV Outage at Potomac River Generating Station
Sent: Wednesday, May 16, 2007 4:49 PM To: #email@example.com Subject: Notification of Planned 230kV Outage at Potomac River Generating Station To Whom It May Concern: This morning Pepco and PJM observed that the generation at the Potomac River Generating Station was having difficulty matching the station generation requirement to the Potomac River area load. Mirant has also informed Pepco and PJM that several generating units were experiencing equipment problems which required them to reduce unit and total plant output. Based on these observations and information received from Mirant, Pepco has elected to cease the current work activities underway on xxxxx high voltage circuit and we will be placing this transmission line back in service this afternoon.
Lightning overvoltage protection of the paddock 362-145 kV Gas-Insulated Substation
Backflashovers close to the Paddiock 362-145 kV Gas-Insulated Substation (GIS) have been analyzed with the Electro-Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP) using a frequency dependent multi-conductor system. The severity of the lightning stroke currents were derived based on recent recordings in the eastern United States. Impacts of corona attenuation and distortion were accounted for using a shunt linear model approach. Turn-up effects of both line insulator flashover voltages and surge arrester protective characteristics were represented based on manufacturer's volt-time curves. Wave shaping effects of substation capacitances (ie., PT's transformers, CCPD's) were also modeled. Results show the importance of various modeling details in determining the overvoltages inside the GIS due to close backflashovers, which are caused by lightning strokes with varying intensity. These results are aimed at better evaluation of lightning protection requirements for GIS protected by metal-oxide surge arresters.
Elahi, H.; Sublich, M. (GE Industry and Utility Sales, Schenectady, NY (US)); Anderson, M.E.; Nelson, B.D. (Wisconsin Power and Light Co., Madison, WI (USA))
Mitigation of different type voltage sags in low voltage distribution systems using dynamic voltage restorer
The main problems of the voltage sag in low voltage distribution systems due to sensitive loads. Voltage sags can caused malfunction in the distribution system. In order to protect voltage sags in the network a device which called Dynamic Voltage Restorer ... Keywords: custom device, dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), low voltage, power injected, voltage sag
Rosli Omar
savings tn the power conditioning transformers would result.power supply would be extremely simple, involving as major components only primary contactors, voltage-variable transformer,transformer reactance. For the LBL 160-kV, 75-A NBSTF Accel power
Baker, W.R.
The results of systems tests of the 500 kV busbar controllable shunting reactor in the Tavricheskaya substation
The results of systems tests of the 500 kV busbar magnetization-controllable shunting reactor (CSR), set up in the Tavricheskaya substation, including measurements of the quality of the electric power, the harmonic composition of the network currents of the reactor for different values of the reactive power consumed, the determination of the regulating characteristics of the reactor, the speed of response of the shunting reactor in the current and voltage stabilization modes, and also the operation of the reactor under dynamic conditions for different perturbations, are presented. The results obtained are analyzed.
Gusev, S. I. [JSC 'FSK EES' (Russian Federation); Karpov, V. N.; Kiselev, A. N.; Kochkin, V. I. [Scientific-Research Institute of Electric Power Engineering (VNIIE) - Branch of the JSC 'NTTs Elektroenergetiki', (Russian Federation)
1200-kV future seen; automated distribution dangers
A major problem facing the electric-utility industry concerns power-transmission corridors. The corridors serving the nation's power needs may not be available in sufficient numbers to meet growing electricity demand. The difficulty in locating new power corridors will necessitate the transmission of increased power along pathways already available. The possibility of open-transmission systems going to 1200 kV is being researched at Westinghouse Electric Corporation. While much of the technology for 1200-kV transmission is being demonstrated currently (such as transformers, puffer-breakers, lightning arrestors, and reactors), the public fear of low-level radiation and excessive noise may make construction of 1200-kV open substations near the load virtually impossible. The implications of not having sufficient load capability to meet demand concern Westinghouse officials. The possibility of involuntary power rationing could require social and political solutions instead of technical ones. (SAC)
Automatic voltage imbalance detector
A device for indicating and preventing damage to voltage cells such as galvanic cells and fuel cells connected in series by detecting sequential voltages and comparing these voltages to adjacent voltage cells. The device is implemented by using operational amplifiers and switching circuitry is provided by transistors. The device can be utilized in battery powered electric vehicles to prevent galvanic cell damage and also in series connected fuel cells to prevent fuel cell damage.
Bobbett, Ronald E. (Los Alamos, NM); McCormick, J. Byron (Los Alamos, NM); Kerwin, William J. (Tucson, AZ)
Constant voltage ultracapacitor
Ultracapacitors have attracted lots of attention recently due to their growing use in hybrid vehicles and in energy storage applications for the smart grid. A very undesirable feature of ultracapacitors is the fact that the voltage drops as the capacitor is discharged. DC-DC converters are employed at present to convert the voltage of the ultracapacitor to constant voltage; however
Ezzat G. Bakhoum
Low Beam Voltage, 10 MW, L-Band Cluster Klystron
Conceptual design of a multi-beam klystron (MBK) for possible ILC and Project X applications is presented. The chief distinction between this MBK design and existing 10-MW MBK's is the low operating voltage of 60 kV. There are at least four compelling reasons that justify development at this time of a low-voltage MBK, namely (1) no pulse transformer; (2) no oil tank for high-voltage components and for the tube socket; (3) no high-voltage cables; and (4) modulator would be a compact 60-kV IGBT switching circuit. The proposed klystron consists of four clusters containing six beams each. The tube has common input and output cavities for all 24 beams, and individual gain cavities for each cluster. A closely related optional configuration, also for a 10 MW tube, would involve four totally independent cavity clusters with four independent input cavities and four 2.5 MW output ports, all within a common magnetic circuit. This option has appeal because the output waveguides would not require a controlled atmosphere, and because it would be easier to achieve phase and amplitude stability as required in individual SC accelerator cavities.
Teryaev, V.; /Novosibirsk, IYF; Yakovlev, V.P.; /Fermilab; Kazakov, S.; /KEK, Tsukuba; Hirshfield, J.L.; /Yale U. /Omega-P, New Haven
Bipolar HVDC Transmission System Study Between (+ or -) 600 kV and (+ or -) 1200 kV--Corona Studies, Phase II
This report documents a study of the corona performance characteristics of a 6 x 4.06 cm conductor bundle tested under all possible weather conditions and at voltages ranging from plus/minus 750 to plus/minus 1050 kV. Radio interference, audible noise, and corona loss performance were evaluated, and the influence of line voltage on these parameters was studied. Data were collected on the lateral profiles of radio interference, audible noise, ion current density, and electric field at ground level. Electr...
Categorical Exclusion (CX) Determination Proposed Action: Elliot 115kV/43.8kV Transmission Substation Construction and Elliot
Elliot 115kV/43.8kV Transmission Substation Construction and Elliot Elliot 115kV/43.8kV Transmission Substation Construction and Elliot 43.8kV Transmission Line. Description of Proposed Action: The Central Power Electric Cooperative (Central Power) is proposing a new substation near Elliot, ND to be owned and operated by Western under Western's Valley City to Forman 115kV transmission line in addition to 8 miles of new 43.8kV transmission line to connect the new substation to Dakota Valley Electric's (a Central Power member) North Milnor substation. Number and Title of Categorical Exclusions Being Applied: 10 CFR 1021.410 Subpart D, Appendix B, B4.l1: Construction of electric power substations ... or modification of existing substations and support facilities. Regulatory Requirements for CX Determination: The DOE Guidelines for Compliance with
Sacramento Area Voltage Support Draft Environmental Impact Statement
The Western Area Power Administration's Central Valley Project transmission system forms an integral part of the interconnected Sacramento area transmission grid. Western is contractually responsible to oversee that the system is operated in accordance with strict reliability standards. Growth in the greater Sacramento, California area and power imported from generation outside the region, have increased the demand on the interconnected electric transmission system, leading to transmission system overloads and reducing the reliability and security of the area power system. Western has prepared this Sacramento Area Voltage Support (SVS) Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) in compliance with Federal laws, regulations and guidelines, principally the ''National Environmental Policy Act'' (NEPA). This Draft EIS evaluates the potential environmental effects of physical improvements to the area's power system. Enhancements are needed to improve system reliability and provide voltage support for the Sacramento area. The results of public scoping meetings, workshops, meetings with agencies, and earlier studies by Western and area utilities helped to develop a range of alternatives for analysis. The Proposed Action involves: Constructing a new double-circuit, 230-kV transmission line paralleling the existing double-circuit, 230-kV line from the O'Banion Substation to the Elverta Substation; Realigning a portion of the existing Cottonwood-Roseville single-circuit, 230-kV transmission line north of Elverta Substation; and Reconductoring the existing double-circuit, 230-kV transmission line from the Elverta Substation to the Tracy Substation. Public Hearings on the Draft EIS will be held between December 9-12, 2002. Comments on this Draft EIS are encouraged and should be sent to Ms. Loreen McMahon (above). Comments must be received by December 30, 2002.
Sacramento Area Voltage Support Final Environmental Impact Statement
The Western Area Power Administration's Central Valley Project transmission system forms an integral part of the interconnected Sacramento area transmission grid. Western is contractually responsible to oversee that the system is operated in accordance with strict reliability standards. Growth in the greater Sacramento, California area and power imported from generation outside the region, have increased the demand on the interconnected electric transmission system, leading to transmission system overloads and reducing the reliability and security of the area power system. Western has prepared this Sacramento Area Voltage Support (SVS) Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) in compliance with Federal laws, regulations and guidelines, principally the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). This Draft EIS evaluates the potential environmental effects of physical improvements to the area's power system. Enhancements are needed to improve system reliability and provide voltage support for the Sacramento area. The results of public scoping meetings, workshops, meetings with agencies, and earlier studies by Western and area utilities helped to develop a range of alternatives for analysis. The Proposed Action involves: (1) Constructing a new double-circuit, 230-kV transmission line paralleling the existing double-circuit, 230-kV line from the O'Banion Substation to the Elverta Substation; (2) Realigning a portion of the existing Cottonwood-Roseville single-circuit, 230-kV transmission line north of Elverta Substation; and (3) Reconductoring the existing double-circuit, 230-kV transmission line from the Elverta Substation to the Tracy Substation. Public Hearings on the Draft EIS will be held between December 9-12, 2002. Comments on this Draft EIS are encouraged and should be sent to Ms. Loreen McMahon (above). Comments must be received by December 30, 2002.
Optical voltage reference
An optical voltage reference for providing an alternative to a battery source. The optical reference apparatus provides a temperature stable, high precision, isolated voltage reference through the use of optical isolation techniques to eliminate current and impedance coupling errors. Pulse rate frequency modulation is employed to eliminate errors in the optical transmission link while phase-lock feedback is employed to stabilize the frequency to voltage transfer function.
Rankin, R.; Kotter, D.
An optical voltage reference for providing an alternative to a battery source is described. The optical reference apparatus provides a temperature stable, high precision, isolated voltage reference through the use of optical isolation techniques to eliminate current and impedance coupling errors. Pulse rate frequency modulation is employed to eliminate errors in the optical transmission link while phase-lock feedback is employed to stabilize the frequency to voltage transfer function. 2 figures.
EIS-0450: TransWest Express 600 kV Direct Current Transmission...
50: TransWest Express 600 kV Direct Current Transmission Project in Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada EIS-0450: TransWest Express 600 kV Direct Current Transmission Project in...
Notification of Planned 230kV Outage at Potomac River Generating...
to provide notification of any and all 230kV planned and unplanned outages at Potomac River Generating Station. Notification of Planned 230kV Outage at Potomac River Generating...
EA-1972: ED2 Saguaro No. 2 115-kV Transmission Line Rebuild Project...
No. 2 115-kV Transmission Line Rebuild Project for Central Arizona Project near Eloy, Pinal County, Arizona EA-1972: ED2 Saguaro No. 2 115-kV Transmission Line Rebuild Project...
EA-1891: Alvey-Fairview 230-kV Transmission Line Rebuild Lane...
1: Alvey-Fairview 230-kV Transmission Line Rebuild Lane, Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon EA-1891: Alvey-Fairview 230-kV Transmission Line Rebuild Lane, Douglas and Coos Counties,...
ETM (Distribution Network Automation on 10 kV cable line stations...
Open Energy Info (EERE)
ETM (Distribution Network Automation on 10 kV cable line stations) (Smart Grid Project) Jump to: navigation, search Project Name ETM (Distribution Network Automation on 10 kV cable...
Automated Voltage Standard Ready
... �We wanted a standard that was ... as envisioned, then within our lifetimes there will no longer be a need for voltage transfer standards that have to be ...
Local Dynamic Reactive Power for Correction of System Voltage Problems
Distribution systems are experiencing outages due to a phenomenon known as local voltage collapse. Local voltage collapse is occurring in part because modern air conditioner compressor motors are much more susceptible to stalling during a voltage dip than older motors. These motors can stall in less than 3 cycles (.05s) when a fault, such as on the sub-transmission system, causes voltage to sag to 70 to 60%. The reasons for this susceptibility are discussed in the report. During the local voltage collapse, voltages are depressed for a period of perhaps one or two minutes. There is a concern that these local events are interacting together over larger areas and may present a challenge to system reliability. An effective method of preventing local voltage collapse is the use of voltage regulation from Distributed Energy Resources (DER) that can supply or absorb reactive power. DER, when properly controlled, can provide a rapid correction to voltage dips and prevent motor stall. This report discusses the phenomenon and causes of local voltage collapse as well as the control methodology we have developed to counter voltage sag. The problem is growing because of the use of low inertia, high efficiency air conditioner (A/C) compressor motors and because the use of electric A/C is growing in use and becoming a larger percentage of system load. A method for local dynamic voltage regulation is discussed which uses reactive power injection or absorption from local DER. This method is independent, rapid, and will not interfere with conventional utility system voltage control. The results of simulations of this method are provided. The method has also been tested at the ORNL s Distributed Energy Communications and Control (DECC) Laboratory using our research inverter and synchronous condenser. These systems at the DECC Lab are interconnected to an actual distribution system, the ORNL distribution system, which is fed from TVA s 161kV sub-transmission backbone. The test results are also provided and discussed. The simulations and testing show that local voltage control from DER can prevent local voltage collapse. The results also show that the control can be provided so quickly, within 0.5 seconds, that is does not interfere with conventional utility methods.
Kueck, John D [ORNL; Rizy, D Tom [ORNL; Li, Fangxing [ORNL; Xu, Yan [ORNL; Li, Huijuan [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK); Adhikari, Sarina [ORNL; Irminger, Philip [ORNL
Retrofit of an existing 160 MVA 69KV major Chicago downtown substation to 200 MVA 138KV while maintaining continuity of service
In 1957 Transmission Substation 68, LaSalle, (TSS 68) was placed in service. This paper reports that the station consists of four 40 MVA 69 kV/12 kV transformers which feed two 12 kV ring buses. The 12 kV switchgear is housed on the first and second floors of a 62 year old structurally sound building. Located on the south and west sides of this building are the four transformers. The entire station is located on a parcel of land approximately 14,000 square feet.
Czernenko, G.P. (Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, IL (United States))
Light-weight DC to very high voltage DC converter
A DC-DC converter capable of generating outputs of 100 KV without a transformer comprises a silicon opening switch (SOS) diode connected to allow a charging current from a capacitor to flow into an inductor. When a specified amount of charge has flowed through the SOS diode, it opens up abruptly; and the consequential collapsing field of the inductor causes a voltage and current reversal that is steered into a load capacitor by an output diode. A switch across the series combination of the capacitor, inductor, and SOS diode closes to periodically reset the SOS diode by inducing a forward-biased current.
Druce, Robert L. (Union City, CA); Kirbie, Hugh C. (Dublin, CA); Newton, Mark A. (Livermore, CA)
A DC-DC converter capable of generating outputs of 100 KV without a transformer comprises a silicon opening switch (SOS) diode connected to allow a charging current from a capacitor to flow into an inductor. When a specified amount of charge has flowed through the SOS diode, it opens up abruptly; and the consequential collapsing field of the inductor causes a voltage and current reversal that is steered into a load capacitor by an output diode. A switch across the series combination of the capacitor, inductor, and SOS diode closes to periodically reset the SOS diode by inducing a forward-biased current. 1 fig.
Druce, R.L.; Kirbie, H.C.; Newton, M.A.
Worldwide reliability surveys of high voltage circuit breakers
This article reports on the results of two CIGRE 13.06 Working Group worldwide surveys of the reliability of high voltage circuit breakers, 63 kV and above. The first inquiry included 78,000 breaker-years of ``in service data`` from 102 utilities in 22 countries during the years 1974--1977 and included all interrupting technologies. The second inquiry included 70,708 breaker-years from 132 utilities in 22 countries for the years 1988--1991 and only included single-pressure SF6 breakers, because this is what most utilities are now buying. Thirty-one US utilities submitted data.
Heising, C.R.
Field Demonstration of a 24-kV Superconducting Cable at Detroit Edison: Final Report
Following up the successful testing of a complete 50 m, 115 kV high temperature superconducting (HTS) power cable system prototype, EPRI, Pirelli Power Cables and Systems, the Department of Energy, Detroit Edison, and American Superconductor Corporation undertook a project to design, install, and operate a 24 kV HTS power cable at Detroit Edison's Frisbie substation to serve customer load. The demonstration cable circuit ran approximately 120 m between the 24 kV bus distribution bus and a 120 kV-24 kV tr...
Voltage balanced multilevel voltage source converter system
A voltage balanced multilevel converter for high power AC applications such as adjustable speed motor drives and back-to-back DC intertie of adjacent power systems. This converter provides a multilevel rectifier, a multilevel inverter, and a DC link between the rectifier and the inverter allowing voltage balancing between each of the voltage levels within the multilevel converter. The rectifier is equipped with at least one phase leg and a source input node for each of the phases. The rectifier is further equipped with a plurality of rectifier DC output nodes. The inverter is equipped with at least one phase leg and a load output node for each of the phases. The inverter is further equipped with a plurality of inverter DC input nodes. The DC link is equipped with a plurality of rectifier charging means and a plurality of inverter discharging means. The plurality of rectifier charging means are connected in series with one of the rectifier charging means disposed between and connected in an operable relationship with each adjacent pair of rectifier DC output nodes. The plurality of inverter discharging means are connected in series with one of the inverter discharging means disposed between and connected in an operable relationship with each adjacent pair of inverter DC input nodes. Each of said rectifier DC output nodes are individually electrically connected to the respective inverter DC input nodes. By this means, each of the rectifier DC output nodes and each of the inverter DC input nodes are voltage balanced by the respective charging and discharging of the rectifier charging means and the inverter discharging means.
Peng, Fang Zheng (Oak Ridge, TN); Lai, Jih-Sheng (Knoxville, TN)
Disclosed is a voltage balanced multilevel converter for high power AC applications such as adjustable speed motor drives and back-to-back DC intertie of adjacent power systems. This converter provides a multilevel rectifier, a multilevel inverter, and a DC link between the rectifier and the inverter allowing voltage balancing between each of the voltage levels within the multilevel converter. The rectifier is equipped with at least one phase leg and a source input node for each of the phases. The rectifier is further equipped with a plurality of rectifier DC output nodes. The inverter is equipped with at least one phase leg and a load output node for each of the phases. The inverter is further equipped with a plurality of inverter DC input nodes. The DC link is equipped with a plurality of rectifier charging means and a plurality of inverter discharging means. The plurality of rectifier charging means are connected in series with one of the rectifier charging means disposed between and connected in an operable relationship with each adjacent pair of rectifier DC output nodes. The plurality of inverter discharging means are connected in series with one of the inverter discharging means disposed between and connected in an operable relationship with each adjacent pair of inverter DC input nodes. Each of said rectifier DC output nodes are individually electrically connected to the respective inverter DC input nodes. By this means, each of the rectifier DC output nodes and each of the inverter DC input nodes are voltage balanced by the respective charging and discharging of the rectifier charging means and the inverter discharging means. 15 figs.
Peng, F.Z.; Lai, J.S.
Low voltage operation of plasma focus
Plasma foci of compact sizes and operating with low energies (from tens of joules to few hundred joules) have found application in recent years and have attracted plasma-physics scientists and engineers for research in this direction. We are presenting a low energy and miniature plasma focus which operates from a capacitor bank of 8.4 {mu}F capacity, charged at 4.2-4.3 kV and delivering approximately 52 kA peak current at approximately 60 nH calculated circuit inductance. The total circuit inductance includes the plasma focus inductance. The reported plasma focus operates at the lowest voltage among all reported plasma foci so far. Moreover the cost of capacitor bank used for plasma focus is nearly 20 U.S. dollars making it very cheap. At low voltage operation of plasma focus, the initial breakdown mechanism becomes important for operation of plasma focus. The quartz glass tube is used as insulator and breakdown initiation is done on its surface. The total energy of the plasma focus is approximately 75 J. The plasma focus system is made compact and the switching of capacitor bank energy is done by manual operating switch. The focus is operated with hydrogen and deuterium filled at 1-2 mbar.
Shukla, Rohit; Sharma, S. K.; Banerjee, P.; Das, R.; Deb, P.; Prabahar, T.; Das, B. K.; Adhikary, B.; Shyam, A. [Energetics and Electromagnetics Division, Facility for Electromagnetic Systems, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Visakhapatanam, A.P. 530012 (India)
High Voltage GaN Schottky Rectifiers
Mesa and planar GaN Schottky diode rectifiers with reverse breakdown voltages (V{sub RB}) up to 550V and >2000V, respectively, have been fabricated. The on-state resistance, R{sub ON}, was 6m{Omega}{center_dot} cm{sup 2} and 0.8{Omega}cm{sup 2}, respectively, producing figure-of-merit values for (V{sub RB}){sup 2}/R{sub ON} in the range 5-48 MW{center_dot}cm{sup -2}. At low biases the reverse leakage current was proportional to the size of the rectifying contact perimeter, while at high biases the current was proportional to the area of this contact. These results suggest that at low reverse biases, the leakage is dominated by the surface component, while at higher biases the bulk component dominates. On-state voltages were 3.5V for the 550V diodes and {ge}15 for the 2kV diodes. Reverse recovery times were <0.2{micro}sec for devices switched from a forward current density of {approx}500A{center_dot}cm{sup -2} to a reverse bias of 100V.
Docket No. EO-05-01: Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages |
Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages Docket No. EO-05-01: Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages Docket No. EO-05-01. Pursuant to the United States Department of Energy Order No. 202-05-03, issued December 20, 2005 directing Mirant Potomac River to generate electricity at Potomac River Generating Station, PEPCO hereby files this Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages. Docket No. EO-05-01: Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages More Documents & Publications Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages Re: Potomac River Generating Station Department of Energy, Case No. EO-05-01: Potomac Electric Power Company (PEPCO) Concerning Planned Outages of the 230 kV circuits Re: Potomac River Generating Station Department of Energy Case No.
Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages | Department of Energy
Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages Docket No. EO-05-01. Order No. 202-05-03: Pursuant 10 the United States Department of Energy "DOE") Order No. 102-05-3, issued December 20, 2005 ("DOE Potomac River Order''), Pepco hereby files this Further Notice Of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages serving the Potomac River Substation, and through thaI station, the District of Columbia. Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages More Documents & Publications Re: Potomac River Generating Station Department of Energy, Case No. EO-05-01: Potomac Electric Power Company (PEPCO) Concerning Planned Outages of the 230 kV circuits Docket No. EO-05-01: Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages
Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages Docket No. EO-05-01. Order No. 202-05-03: Pursuant 10 the United States Department of Energy "DOE") Order No. 102-05-3, issued December 20, 2005 ("DOE Potomac River Order''), Pepco hereby files this Further Notice Of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages serving the Potomac River Substation, and through thaI station, the District of Columbia. Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages More Documents & Publications Docket No. EO-05-01: Further Notice of 230kV Circuit Planned Outages Re: Potomac River Generating Station Department of Energy, Case No. EO-05-01: Potomac Electric Power Company (PEPCO) Concerning Planned Outages of the 230 kV circuits
Substation voltage uprating, i.e., conversion of a substation from a lower rated voltage to a higher rated voltage without a complete substation rebuild, can lead to excellent economic benefits. Utilization of the old substation layout and/or the existing equipment, to some extent, is the practical objective of such an uprating. The objective of this project was to assess the opportunities for substation uprating in the industry, to establish feasibility for such uprating and to study methods for accomplishing it. The final aim of the project was to provide guidance to utilities interested in uprating. 56 refs., 41 figs., 18 tabs.
Panek, J.; Elahi, H.; Sublich, M. (General Electric Co., Schenectady, NY (USA). Systems Development and Engineering Dept.)
The design, construction, and operation of long-distance high-voltage electricity transmission technologies.
This report focuses on transmission lines, which operate at voltages of 115 kV and higher. Currently, the highest voltage lines comprising the North American power grid are at 765 kV. The grid is the network of transmission lines that interconnect most large power plants on the North American continent. One transmission line at this high voltage was built near Chicago as part of the interconnection for three large nuclear power plants southwest of the city. Lines at this voltage also serve markets in New York and New England, also very high demand regions. The large power transfers along the West Coast are generally at 230 or 500 kV. Just as there are practical limits to centralization of power production, there are practical limits to increasing line voltage. As voltage increases, the height of the supporting towers, the size of the insulators, the distance between conductors on a tower, and even the width of the right-of-way (ROW) required increase. These design features safely isolate the electric power, which has an increasing tendency to arc to ground as the voltage (or electrical potential) increases. In addition, very high voltages (345 kV and above) are subject to corona losses. These losses are a result of ionization of the atmosphere, and can amount to several megawatts of wasted power. Furthermore, they are a local nuisance to radio transmission and can produce a noticeable hum. Centralized power production has advantages of economies of scale and special resource availability (for instance, hydro resources), but centralized power requires long-distance transfers of power both to reach customers and to provide interconnections for reliability. Long distances are most economically served at high voltages, which require large-scale equipment and impose a substantial footprint on the corridors through which power passes. The most visible components of the transmission system are the conductors that provide paths for the power and the towers that keep these conductors at a safe distance from each other and from the ground and the natural and built environment. Common elements that are generally less visible (or at least more easily overlooked) include the maintained ROW along the path of the towers, access roads needed for maintenance, and staging areas used for initial construction that may be restored after construction is complete. Also visible but less common elements along the corridor may include switching stations or substations, where lines of similar or different voltages meet to transfer power.
Molburg, J. C.; Kavicky, J. A.; Picel, K. C.
Voltage Quality Improvement Using DVR
The problem of voltage sags and Swells and its severe impact on sensitive loads is well known. To solve this problem, custom power devices are used. One of those devices is the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), which is one of the most efficient and effective ... Keywords: Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), Voltage sags, Voltage swells, Custom power, Power Quality
M. Arun Bhaskar; S. S. Dash; C. Subramani; M. Jagadeesh Kumar; P. R. Giresh; M. Varun Kumar
? Adjustable Output Voltage
The LM25010 features all the functions needed to implement a low cost, efficient, buck regulator capable of supplying in excess of 1A load current. This high voltage regulator integrates an N-Channel Buck Switch, and is available in thermally enhanced LLP-10 and TSSOP-14EP packages. The constant on-time regulation scheme requires no loop compensation resulting in fast load transient response and simplified circuit implementation. The operating frequency remains constant with line and load variations due to the inverse relationship between the input voltage and the on-time. The valley current limit detection is set at 1.25A. Additional features include: VCC under-voltage lock-out, thermal shutdown, gate drive under-voltage lock-out, and maximum duty cycle limiter.
Lmq Is Aec-q Grade
Current-Voltage and Capacitance-Voltage characteristics of Pd ...
Presentation Title, Current-Voltage and Capacitance-Voltage characteristics of Pd ... Nonlocal Modeling in High Rate Deformation and Ductile Fracture of�...
High voltage DC power supply
A high voltage DC power supply having a first series resistor at the output for limiting current in the event of a short-circuited output, a second series resistor for sensing the magnitude of output current, and a voltage divider circuit for providing a source of feedback voltage for use in voltage regulation is disclosed. The voltage divider circuit is coupled to the second series resistor so as to compensate the feedback voltage for a voltage drop across the first series resistor. The power supply also includes a pulse-width modulated control circuit, having dual clock signals, which is responsive to both the feedback voltage and a command voltage, and also includes voltage and current measuring circuits responsive to the feedback voltage and the voltage developed across the second series resistor respectively. 7 figs.
Droege, T.F.
Comparative High Voltage Impulse Measurement
... substrate and surrounded by insulating oil; the low ... the amplitudes of the voltage peaks that are ... The uncertainties in the peak output voltages for the ...
Electric power high-voltage transmission lines: Design options, cost, and electric and magnetic field levels
This report provides background information about (1) the electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) of high-voltage transmission lines at typical voltages and line configurations and (2) typical transmission line costs to assist on alternatives in environmental documents. EMF strengths at 0 {+-} 200 ft from centerline were calculated for ac overhead lines, and for 345 and 230-kV ac underground line and for a {+-}450-kV dc overhead line. Compacting and height sensitivity factors were computed for the variation in EMFs when line conductors are moved closer or raised. Estimated costs for the lines are presented and discussed so that the impact of using alternative strategies for reducing EMF strengths and the implications of implementing the strategies can be better appreciated.
Stoffel, J.B.; Pentecost, E.D.; Roman, R.D.; Traczyk, P.A.
Lightning protection requirements of SF/sub 6/ substation determined by hybrid simulator. [115/345 kv station
The development of a hybrid computer simulation which can provide the type and quantity of data necessary for determining the behavior of lightning-caused surges traveling through substations is discussed. Results from a specific application on a 115-kV/345-kV station are presented. The results show that the simulation of SF/sub 6/ substations during lightning-caused surges is ideally accomplished by hybrid computer. The quantity of data for complete substation analysis may be gathered efficiently. In addition, digital graphical summaries provide quick insight into substation behavior. The application of this method to simple configurations has shown the previous assumptions must be carefully reviewed. For example, it is shown by computer simulation and analytical hand calculation that the surges with the steepest wave fronts may not produce the highest substation voltages. It is concluded that this hybrid simulation is an excellent tool in the determination of SF/sub 6/ substation response to lightning-caused surges. (LCL)
Tranen, J.D. (New England Electric System, Westborough, MA); Hedin, R.A.; Minnick, J.J.; Priest, K.W.
Development of 1200-kV compressed-gas-insulated transmission and substation equipment in the United States
Major research and development (R and D) programs for the development of sulfur hexafluoride (SF/sub 6/) compressed-gas-insulated (CGI) equipment for ultrahighvoltage (uhv) application at 100-1200 kV have been under way independently in both the United States and Japan. The CGI transmission and substation equipment under study and development in these countries has included the surge arrester, circuit breaker, CGI transmission bus, disconnect and ground switches, and an air-SF/sub 6/ termination. The US CGI program has also included development of a power transformer, shunt reactor, voltage- and current-sensing instrumentation, and a line trap, all for 1200-kV application. This paper presents the overall status of development of CGI substation equipment for uhv application in the United States. It describes the major CGI components developed, highlights their key design aspects, indicates the present status of development and testing, and addresses the work remaining to establish final design consepts. The paper also includes 23 references, a number of which have not been widely distributed or included in any of the recently published bibliographies of uhv substation equipment.
Walldorf, S.P.; Gnadt, P.A.
Performance characteristics of the Atlas 60 kV, 60 kJ plastic capacitors
This paper provides the performance data of Atlas plastic capacitors as supplied by Maxwell Technologies and Aerovox Corporation. The fiberglass cases at 13 inches high by 29 inches wide and 28 inches in depth with a 2 inch by 18 inch bushing on each end. Two styles of the 33.5uF capacitors have been evaluated for Atlas use, a conventional paper-foil and a self-healing metalized-paper and plastic dielectric design. A test program to capacitor failure, is being used to evaluate capacitor lifetime at full voltage (60 kV) and a nominal 15% reversal. With the Atlas parameters, peak currents of {approximately} 340 kA are realized. In anticipation of faults, capacitors are capable, specified, and tested for 700 kA performance. Accurate methods are also utilized to determine capacitor inductance, less than 20 nH. The results of the various capacitor testing programs will be presented in addition to future directives for their R and D efforts.
Reass, W.; Bennet, G.; Bowman, D.; Lopez, E.; Monroe, M.; Parsons, W.
Device for monitoring cell voltage
A device for monitoring a rechargeable battery having a number of electrically connected cells includes at least one current interruption switch for interrupting current flowing through at least one associated cell and a plurality of monitoring units for detecting cell voltage. Each monitoring unit is associated with a single cell and includes a reference voltage unit for producing a defined reference threshold voltage and a voltage comparison unit for comparing the reference threshold voltage with a partial cell voltage of the associated cell. The reference voltage unit is electrically supplied from the cell voltage of the associated cell. The voltage comparison unit is coupled to the at least one current interruption switch for interrupting the current of at least the current flowing through the associated cell, with a defined minimum difference between the reference threshold voltage and the partial cell voltage.
Doepke, Matthias (Garbsen, DE); Eisermann, Henning (Edermissen, DE)
Wild Horse 69-kV transmission line environmental assessment
Hill County Electric Cooperative Inc. (Hill County) proposes to construct and operate a 69-kV transmission line from its North Gildford Substation in Montana north to the Canadian border. A vicinity project area map is enclosed as a figure. TransCanada Power Corporation (TCP), a Canadian power-marketing company, will own and construct the connecting 69-kV line from the international border to Express Pipeline`s pump station at Wild Horse, Alberta. This Environmental Assessment is prepared for the Department of Energy (DOE) as lead federal agency to comply with the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), as part of DOE`s review and approval process of the applications filed by Hill County for a DOE Presidential Permit and License to Export Electricity to a foreign country. The purpose of the proposed line is to supply electric energy to a crude oil pump station in Canada, owned by Express Pipeline Ltd. (Express). The pipeline would transport Canadian-produced oil from Hardisty, Alberta, Canada, to Caster, Wyoming. The Express Pipeline is scheduled to be constructed in 1996--97 and will supply crude oil to refineries in Wyoming and the midwest.
Design of the Atlas 240 kV Marx modules
A prototype 240 kV, oil-insulated Marx module has been designed and constructed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The prototype will be used for testing and certifying the design of the Marx module and certain components, including the closing switches, series resistor, and the capacitors themselves. The prototype will also be used to evaluate proposed mechanical systems designs. Information gained from the construction and testing of the 4-capacitor prototype will be folded into the design of the 16-capacitor maintenance unit. The prototype module consists of four 60 kV capacitors, two closing switches, one shunt resistor, and one series resistor. Cables are used to deliver the current to a dummy load scaled to match Atlas system parameters. The Marx unit is contained in a structure made from G-10, suspended from a steel frame that also serves to support components of the trigger, charging, and control system. Appropriate safety and charging systems are an integral part of the prototype design.
Bowman, D.W.; Bennett, G.; Biehl, F. [and others
Electron launching voltage monitor
An electron launching voltage monitor measures MITL voltage using a relationship between anode electric field and electron current launched from a cathode-mounted perturbation. An electron launching probe extends through and is spaced from the edge of an opening in a first MITL conductor, one end of the launching probe being in the gap between the MITL conductor, the other end being adjacent a first side of the first conductor away from the second conductor. A housing surrounds the launching probe and electrically connects the first side of the first conductor to the other end of the launching probe. A detector detects the current passing through the housing to the launching probe, the detected current being representative of the voltage between the conductors.
Mendel, Clifford W. (Albuquerque, NM); Savage, Mark E. (Albuquerque, NM)
Voltage controlled current source
A seven decade, voltage controlled current source is described for use in testing intermediate range nuclear instruments that covers the entire test current range of from 10 picoamperes to 100 microamperes. High accuracy is obtained throughout the entire seven decades of output current with circuitry that includes a coordinated switching scheme responsive to the input signal from a hybrid computer to control the input voltage to an antilog amplifier, and to selectively connect a resistance to the antilog amplifier output to provide a continuous output current source as a function of a preset range of input voltage. An operator controlled switch provides current adjustment for operation in either a real-time simulation test mode or a time response test mode.
Casne, Gregory M. (Pittsburgh, PA)
High frequency breakdown voltage
This report contains information about the effect of frequency on the breakdown voltage of an air gap at standard pressure and temperature, 76 mm Hg and O{degrees}C, respectively. The frequencies of interest are 47 MHz and 60 MHz. Additionally, the breakdown in vacuum is briefly considered. The breakdown mechanism is explained on the basis of collision and ionization. The presence of the positive ions produced by ionization enhances the field in the gap, and thus determines the breakdown. When a low-frequency voltage is applied across the gap, the breakdown mechanism is the same as that caused by the DC or static voltage. However, when the frequency exceeds the first critical value f{sub c}, the positive ions are trapped in the gap, increasing the field considerably. This makes the breakdown occur earlier; in other words, the breakdown voltage is lowered. As the frequency increases two decades or more, the second critical frequency, f{sub ce}, is reached. This time the electrons start being trapped in the gap. Those electrons that travel multiple times across the gap before reaching the positive electrode result in an enormous number of electrons and positive ions being present in the gap. The result is a further decrease of the breakdown voltage. However, increasing the frequency does not decrease the breakdown voltage correspondingly. In fact, the associated breakdown field intensity is almost constant (about 29 kV/cm).The reason is that the recombination rate increases and counterbalances the production rate, thus reducing the effect of the positive ions` concentration in the gap. The theory of collision and ionization does not apply to the breakdown in vacuum. It seems that the breakdown in vacuum is primarily determined by the irregularities on the surfaces of the electrodes. Therefore, the effect of frequency on the breakdown, if any, is of secondary importance.
Chu, Thanh Duy
Geomagnetically Induced Current Estimation in the Wisconsin 345-kV Power Grid
This technical update presents the results from a project to assess space weather effects on the Wisconsin 345-kV power transmission grid.
EA-1679: Grand Coulee's Third Powerplant 500-kV Transmission...
environmental impacts from the construction and operation of six new 500-kV overhead transmission lines to replace six existing underground lines at Grand Coulee Dam. DOE's...
Solid-State Fault Current Limiter Development : Design and Testing Update of a 15kV SSCL Power Stack
ABSTRACT The Solid-State Fault Current Limiter (SSCL) is a promising technology that can be applied to utility power delivery systems to address the problem of increasing fault currents associated with load growth. As demand continues to grow, more power is added to utility system either by increasing generator capacity or by adding distributed generators, resulting in higher available fault currents, often beyond the capabilities of the present infrastructure. The SSCL is power-electronics based equipment designed to work with the present utility system to address this problem. The SSCL monitors the line current and dynamically inserts additional impedance into the line in the event of a fault being detected. The SSCL is based on a modular design and can be configured for 5kV through 69kV systems at nominal current ratings of 1000A to 4000A. Results and Findings This report provides the final test results on the development of 15kV class SSCL single phase power stack. The scope of work included the design of the modular standard building block sub-assemblies, the design and manufacture of the power stack and the testing of the power stack for the key functional tests of continuous current capability and fault current limiting action. Challenges and Objectives Solid-State Current Limiter technology impacts a wide spectrum of utility engineering and operating personnel. It addresses the problems associated with load growth both at Transmission and Distribution class networks. The design concept is pioneering in terms of developing the most efficient and compact power electronics equipment for utility use. The initial test results of the standard building blocks are promising. The independent laboratory tests of the power stack are promising. However the complete 3 phase system needs rigorous testing for performance and reliability. Applications, Values, and Use The SSCL is an intelligent power-electronics device which is modular in design and can provide current limiting or current interrupting capabilities. It can be applied to variety of applications from distribution class to transmission class power delivery grids and networks. It can also be applied to single major commercial and industrial loads and distributed generator supplies. The active switching of devices can be further utilized for protection of substation transformers. The stress on the system can be reduced substantially improving the life of the power system. It minimizes the voltage sag by speedy elimination of heavy fault currents and promises to be an important element of the utility power system. DOE Perspective This development effort is now focused on a 15kV system. This project will help mitigate the challenges of increasing available fault current. DOE has made a major contribution in providing a cost effective SSCL designed to integrate seamlessly into the Transmission and Distribution networks of today and the future. Approach SSCL development program for a 69kV SSCL was initiated which included the use of the Super GTO advanced semiconductor device which won the 2007 R&D100 Award. In the beginning, steps were identified to accomplish the economically viable design of a 69kV class Solid State Current Limiter that is extremely reliable, cost effective, and compact enough to be applied in urban transmission. The prime thrust in design and development was to encompass the 1000A and the 3000A ratings and provide a modular design to cover the wide range of applications. The focus of the project was then shifted to a 15kV class SSCL. The specifications for the 15kV power stack are reviewed. The design changes integrated into the 15kV power stack are discussed. In this Technical Update the complete project is summarized followed by a detailed test report. The power stack independent high voltage laboratory test requirements and results are presented. Keywords Solid State Current Limiter, SSCL, Fault Current Limiter, Fault Current Controller, Power electronics controller, Intelligent power-electronics Device, IED
Dr. Ram Adapa; Mr. Dante Piccone
MFTF 230 kV pulsed power substation
The Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF) currently under construction at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory includes a Sustaining Neutral Beam Power Supply System (SNBPSS) consisting of 24 power-supply sets. The System will operate in long pulses (initially .5 seconds and eventually 30 seconds) at high power (200 MW), which will necessitate a large source of ac power. To meet this requirement, a new 230-kV substation is also being built at LLL. The constraints of cost, equipment protection, short operating lifetime (10 years), and reliability dictated a unique substation design. Its unusual features include provisions for fast fault detection and tripping, a capability for limiting ground fault current, low impedance, and economical design.
Wilson, J.H.
Multiple High Voltage Modulators Operating Independently From a Single Common 100 kV DC Power Supply (A26447)
Proc. Of 23rd IEEE/NPSS Symposium On Fusion Engineering, San Diego, California; To Be Published In The Proceedings23rd IEEE/NPSS Symposium on Fusion Engineering San Diego California, US, 2009999616315
McDaniel, W.L.
Proposed 230-kV Crossover Substation, Big Horn County, Montana: Environmental assessment
Western proposes to construct, operate, and maintain a 230-kV substation northwest of Hardin, Big Horn County, Montana. The proposed Crossover Substation would form an interconnection between Western's Yellowtail-Custer and MPC's Colstrip-Billings 230-kV transmission lines. Impacts and mitigation strategies are discussed.
High voltage pulse conditioning
Apparatus for conditioning high voltage pulses from particle accelerators in order to shorten the rise times of the pulses. Flashover switches in the cathode stalk of the transmission line hold off conduction for a determinable period of time, reflecting the early portion of the pulses. Diodes upstream of the switches divert energy into the magnetic and electrostatic storage of the capacitance and inductance inherent to the transmission line until the switches close.
Stringfield, R.M.; Wheat, R.M. Jr.
Springfield, Ray M. (Sante Fe, NM); Wheat, Jr., Robert M. (Los Alamos, NM)
A generator for producing relatively large currents at high voltages is described. In general, the invention comprises a plurality of capacitors connected in series by a plurality of switches alternately disposed with the capacitors. The above-noted circuit is mounted for movement with respect to contact members and switch closure means so that a load device and power supply are connected across successive numbers of capacitors, while the other capacitors are successively charged with the same power supply.
Schwemin, A.J.
A generator is presented for producing relatively large currents at high voltages. In general, the invention comprises a plurality of capacitors connected in series by a plurality of switches alternately disposed with the capacitors. The circuit is mounted for movement with respect to contact members and switch closure means so that a load device and power supply are connected across successive numbers of capacitors, while the other capacitors are successively charged with the same power supply.
High voltage variable diameter insulator
A high voltage feedthrough assembly (10) having a tubular insulator (15) extending between the ground plane ring (16) and the high voltage ring (30). The insulator (15) is made of Pyrex and decreases in diameter from the ground plane ring (16) to the high voltage ring (30), producing equipotential lines almost perpendicular to the wall (27) of the insulator (15) to optimize the voltage-holding capability of the feedthrough assembly (10).
Vanecek, David L. (Martinez, CA); Pike, Chester D. (Pinole, CA)
Automatic voltage-imbalance detector
A device is described for indicating and preventing damage to voltage cells such as galvanic cells and fuel cells connected in series by detecting sequential voltages and comparing these voltages to adjacent voltage cells. The device is implemented by using operational amplifiers and switching circuitry is provided by transistors. The device can be utilized in battery powered electric vehicles to prevent galvanic cell damage and also in series connected fuel cells to prevent fuel cell damage.
Bobbett, R.E.; McCormick, J.B.; Kerwin, W.J.
Al composition dependence of breakdown voltage in Al{sub x}Ga{sub 1-x}N Schottky rectifiers
Planar geometry, lateral Schottky rectifiers were fabricated on high resistivity Al{sub x}Ga{sub 1-x}N (x=0-0.25) epitaxial layers grown on sapphire substrates. The reverse breakdown voltages of unpassivated devices increased with Al composition, varying from 2.3 kV for GaN to 4.3 kV for Al{sub 0.25}Ga{sub 0.75}N. The reverse current-voltage (I-V) characteristics showed classical Shockley-Read-Hall recombination as the dominant mechanism, with I{proportional_to}V{sup 0.5}. The reverse current density in all diodes was in the range 5-10x10{sup -6} A cm{sup -2} at 2 kV. The use of p{sup +} guard rings was effective in preventing premature edge breakdown and with optimum ring width increased V{sub B} from 2.3 to 3.1 kV in GaN diodes. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics.
Zhang, A. P. [Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (United States)] [Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (United States); Dang, G. [Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (United States)] [Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (United States); Ren, F. [Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (United States)] [Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (United States); Han, J. [Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 (United States)] [Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 (United States); Polyakov, A. Y. [Institute of Rare Metals, Moscow 109017, Russia (Russian Federation)] [Institute of Rare Metals, Moscow 109017, Russia (Russian Federation); Smirnov, N. B. [Institute of Rare Metals, Moscow 109017, Russia (Russian Federation)] [Institute of Rare Metals, Moscow 109017, Russia (Russian Federation); Govorkov, A. V. [Institute of Rare Metals, Moscow 109017, Russia (Russian Federation)] [Institute of Rare Metals, Moscow 109017, Russia (Russian Federation); Redwing, J. M. [Epitronics, Phoenix, Arizona 85027 (United States)] [Epitronics, Phoenix, Arizona 85027 (United States); Cao, X. A. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (United States)] [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (United States); Pearton, S. J. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (United States)] [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (United States)
Tennessee Valley Authority Eagle Bend 161-kV delivery point environmental assessment
Eagle Bend is an area located in a bend of the Clinch River about one mile southeast of Clinton, Tennessee, in Anderson County. This area, including an industrial park, is supplied electric power by the Clinton Utilities Board (UB) through its 69-kV system, which is in turn supplied by TVA over a 69-kV transmission line from Norris Hydro Plant. Studies of the power supply in the area indicate that there will likely be significant load growth both in the Clinton area in general and the industrial park in particular. Studies further show that if this new load is supplied at 69-kV, the TVA transformer at Norris Hydro which supplies this load will be overloaded by the summer of 1993 and no feasible alternate source which would maintain the quality and reliability of the power delivered to the Clinton system exists to accept this load. Clinton UB also needs to transfer load from its Clinton substation in the same time period to prevent overloading. Additional studies and consultation between TVA and Clinton UB have indicated that the best solution to this problem is to supply this load at 161-kV at a new delivery point for Clinton UB. This would require the construction of a new 161/13-kV substation by Clinton UB and the construction by TVA of a new 161-kV transmission line to connect this substation to the existing TVA 161-kV transmission system.
Not Available
Evaluation of 765-kV Polymer Insulators in a Contaminated Environment
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the Korea Electric Power Research Institute (KEPRI) are conducting a joint study on the aging performance of 765-kV polymer insulators in a contaminated marine environment. The main component of this research is a long-term (two-year) natural aging test that will be conducted by KEPRI at their 765-kV Gochang test facility in South Korea. EPRI has engaged three other utilities that operate 765-kV transmission systemsEskom in South Africa, American Electric ...
Planning of distribution networks for medium voltage and low voltage.
??Determination of the placement and rating of transformers and feeders are the main objective of the basic distribution network planning. The bus voltage and the� (more)
Ziari, Iman
High voltage feedthrough bushing
A feedthrough bushing for a high voltage diode provides for using compression sealing for all sealing surfaces. A diode assembly includes a central conductor extending through the bushing and a grading ring assembly circumferentially surrounding and coaxial with the central conductor. A flexible conductive plate extends between and compressively seals against the central conductor and the grading ring assembly, wherein the flexibility of the plate allows inner and outer portions of the plate to axially translate for compression sealing against the central conductor and the grading ring assembly, respectively. The inner portion of the plate is bolted to the central conductor for affecting sealing. A compression beam is also bolted to the central conductor and engages the outer portion of the plate to urge the outer portion toward the grading ring assembly to obtain compression sealing therebetween.
Brucker, J.P.
EA-1679: Grand Coulee's Third Powerplant 500-kV Transmission Line
79: Grand Coulee's Third Powerplant 500-kV Transmission Line 79: Grand Coulee's Third Powerplant 500-kV Transmission Line Replacement Project, Grant and Okanogon Counties, Washington EA-1679: Grand Coulee's Third Powerplant 500-kV Transmission Line Replacement Project, Grant and Okanogon Counties, Washington Summary This EA evaluates potential environmental impacts from the construction and operation of six new 500-kV overhead transmission lines to replace six existing underground lines at Grand Coulee Dam. DOE's Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), a cooperating agency, was asked by the U. S. Department of the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation to design and construct the proposed new transmission lines. A Finding of No Significant Impact was issued by BPA in December 2011. BPA website: http://efw.bpa.gov/environmental_services/Document_Library/Grand_Coulee/
EA-1665: Davis-Kingman 69-kV Transmission Line Rebuild Project, Arizona |
65: Davis-Kingman 69-kV Transmission Line Rebuild Project, 65: Davis-Kingman 69-kV Transmission Line Rebuild Project, Arizona EA-1665: Davis-Kingman 69-kV Transmission Line Rebuild Project, Arizona Overview Western plans to rebuild a 26.6-mile-long portion of the existing 27.3-mile-long Davis-Kingman Tap 69-kV Transmission Line within the existing ROW in order to improve the reliability of the transmission service. The line has been in service well beyond its projected service life, customer load on the line has increased considerably over the years, and reliability has decreased due to natural aging, extreme weather exposure, vandalism, and lightning strikes. The western-most 0.7 mile of the existing line was rebuilt as part of the Davis Dam Switchyard in 2010. Public Comment Opportunities No public comment opportunities available at this time.
Plans for 735 kV substation. Towers revealed: Manicouagan-Outardes system
A review of papers presented at the Toronto IEEE meeting is presented. Details of the substation design for the Manicouagan-Outardes 735 kV system are given.
Archambeau, J.; Cardella, O.; D' Auteuil, L.; Fournier, R.P.; McGillis, D.T.; Monty, G.
Bonneville Power Administration Grand Coulee-Bell 500-kV Transmission Line Project Record of Decision
Grand Coulee-Bell 500-kV Transmission Line Project Grand Coulee-Bell 500-kV Transmission Line Project Record of Decision Decision The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) has decided to construct the proposed Grand Coulee-Bell 500-kV Transmission Line Project in Douglas, Grant, Lincoln, and Spokane Counties, Washington. BPA has decided to implement the proposed action identified in the Grand Coulee-Bell 500-kV Transmission Line Project Final Environmental Impact Statement (DOE/EIS-0344, December 2002). The proposed action consists of constructing a new 500- kilovolt (kV) transmission line between the Bureau of Reclamation's (BOR) Grand Coulee 500- kV Switchyard near Grand Coulee, Washington, and BPA's Bell Substation near Spokane, a distance of 84 miles. The proposed action involves removing an existing 115-kV transmission
Humidity, Temperature, and Voltage (Presentation)
An update is given on the work of the PV Quality Assurance Task Force; Group 3: studying the effects of humidity, temperature, and voltage bias.
Wohlgemuth, J.
Voltage Vehicles | Open Energy Information
Sector Vehicles Product Voltage Vehicles is a nascent, full-service alternative fuel vehicle distributor specializing in the full spectrum of electric vehicles (EV) and...
Quality Assurance Plan for site electrical replacements at substation line item subproject: 69 KV Substation
The 69 KV Substation Project is based on the recognized need to provide a continuous, reliable source of power and to improve the firm capacity of the electrical service to all production facilities at Mound. The project consists of the following major element: 69 KV Substation: (1) Install a 69 KV Substation and associated equipment with two parallel 18 MVA transformers. (2) Install duct bank as required and provide 15 KV feeder cable from new substation to existing Substation 95 for connection to Mound`s existing primary distribution system. (3) Install duct bank for underground routing of the 15 KV feeder cable from Manhole 5C to the existing power house cable pit. (4) Reconfigure existing Dayton Power and Light Co. 15 KV switchgear in P Building. The purpose of this Quality Assurance Plan (QA Plan) is to assure that the objectives of the United States Department of Energy (D.O.E.) and EG&G Mound Applied Technologies, Miamisburg, Ohio (Mound) are met for this non-weapons project relative to health and safety, protection of the environment, reliability and continuity of operations, and documentation of quality efforts. This QA Plan identifies the activities and responsibilities which are necessary in the design, procurement, fabrication, installation, and start up of this project in order to meet these objectives.
Ohler, C.K.
High Voltage Testing of a 5-meter Prototype Triaxial HTS Cable
High voltage tests were performed on a 5-m long prototype triaxial HTS cable (supplied by Ultera) at ORNL in preparation for installation of a 200-m HTS cable of the same design at the AEP utility substation in Columbus, Ohio. The triaxial design comprises three concentric phases and shield around a common former with the phase to phase dielectric at cryogenic temperature. Advantages of this design include increased current density, a reduced amount of HTS tape needed, and reduced heat load. The phase to phase voltage will be 13.2 kVrms (7.6 kVrms to ground). Preliminary testing was done on half-scale and full-scale terminations which successfully passed AC withstand, partial discharge, and impulse tests. High voltage tests conducted on the 5-m cable with the cable straight and after bending 90 degrees were ac withstand to 39 kVrms, partial discharge inception, and a minimum of 10 positive and 10 negative lightning waveform impulses at 110 kV. Phase to phase insulation was tested by applying high voltage to each phase one at a time with all the other phases grounded. Partial discharge data will be presented. The 5-m prototype triaxial HTS cable passed all the HV tests performed, with a PD inception voltage significantly above the required voltage.
Sauers, Isidor [ORNL; James, David Randy [ORNL; Ellis, Alvin R [ORNL; Tuncer, Enis [ORNL; Pace, Marshall O [ORNL; Gouge, Michael J [ORNL; Demko, Jonathan A [ORNL; Lindsay, David T [ORNL
Strain-optic voltage monitor
A voltage monitor which uses the shift in absorption edge of crystalline material to measure strain resulting from electric field-induced deformation of piezoelectric or electrostrictive material, providing a simple and accurate means for measuring voltage applied either by direct contact with the crystalline material or by subjecting the material to an electric field.
Weiss, J.D.
Marys Lake 69/115-kV transmission line upgrade and substation expansion projects
Western Area Power Administration (Western) and the Platte River Power Authority (Platte River) propose to upgrade portions of the existing electric transmission and substation system that serves the Town of Estes Park, Colorado. The existing transmission lines between the Estes Power Plant Switchyard and the Marys Lake Substation include a 115,000 volt (115-kV) line and 69,000 volt (69-kV) line. Approximately one mile is a double-circuit 115/69-kV line on steel lattice structures, and approximately two miles consists of separate single-circuit 115-kV and a 69-kV lines, constructed on wood H-Frame structures. Both lines were constructed in 1951 by the US Bureau of Reclamation. The existing transmission lines are on rights-of-way (ROW) that vary from 75 feet to 120 feet and are owned by Western. There are 48 landowners adjacent to the existing ROW. All of the houses were built adjacent to the existing ROW after the transmission lines were constructed. Upgrading the existing 69-kV transmission line between the Marys Lake Substation and the Estes Power Plant Switchyard to 115-kV and expanding the Marys Lake Substation was identified as the most effective way in which to improve electric service to Estes Park. The primary purpose and need of the proposed project is to improve the reliability of electric service to the Town of Estes Park. Lack of reliability has been a historical concern, and reliability will always be less than desired until physical improvements are made to the electrical facilities serving Estes Park.
Seasonal Patterns of Melatonin, Cortisol, and Progesterone Secretion in Female Lambs Raised Beneath a 500-kV Transmission Line.
Although several kinds of biological effects of electric and magnetic fields have been reported from laboratory studies, few have been independently replicated. When this study was being planned, the suppression of nighttime melatonin in rodents was thought to represent one of the strongest known effects of these fields. The effect had been replicated by a single laboratory for 60-Hz electric fields, and by multiple laboratories for d-c magnetic fields. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether the effect of electric and magnetic fields on melatonin would also occur in sheep exposed to a high voltage transmission line. The specific hypothesis tested by this experiment was as follows: The electrical environment produced by a 60-Hz, 500-kV transmission line causes a depression in nocturnal melatonin in chronically exposed female lambs. This may mimic effects of pinealectomy or constant long-day photoperiods, thus delaying the onset of reproductive cycles. Results of the study do not provide evidence to support the hypothesis. Melatonin concentrations in the sheep exposed to the transmission line showed the normal pattern of low daytime and high nighttime serum levels. As compared to the control group, there were no statistically significant group differences in the mean amplitude, phase, or duration of the nighttime melatonin elevation.
Lee, Jack M.
Miniature UV lamp excited by subnanosecond voltage pulses
Energy, time, and spectral characteristics of emission of the second positive system of N{sub 2} molecules in gaseous nitrogen, Ar - N{sub 2} mixture, and air are investigated. An FPG-10 generator with voltage pulse FWHM of 200 and 400 ps and matched-load amplitudes of 14 and 6 kV, respectively, is used to excite gases. It is shown that excitation can be performed in two regimes using this generator. In the first regime a diffuse discharge is formed at atmospheric pressure, which opens ways to design miniature nanosecond UV lamps. A diffuse discharge is formed due to the generation of runaway electrons, with the aid of electrodes having a small radius of curvature and voltage pulses with a sharp leading edge. In the second regime an elevated average radiation power is obtained under excitation by a barrier discharge. However, the operating pressure is lower in this case, and the sizes of the emitting region and the UV pulse width significantly increase. (laser applications and other topics in quantum electronics)
Erofeev, M V; Baksht, E Kh; Tarasenko, Viktor F; Shut'ko, Yu V [Institute of High Current Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk (Russian Federation)
Two terminal line voltage thermostat
A two terminal line voltage thermostat includes a switch which effectively connects line voltage to a heater load. The entire process is controlled by an integrated circuit microcontroller which is powered by a rectified voltage from a transformer secondary connected to a primary which is in series with the heater load. Backup battery power is provided to maintain limited functions of the microcontroller in the event of overall power loss. The microcontroller is programmed to meet the temperature sensing and control requirements specific to a two terminal electric baseboard heating installation. 7 figs.
Stalsberg, K.J.; Ingalls, J.E.; Hoglund, S.R.
Chapter 4 - Understanding Voltage Sags
This chapter of the EPRI Solutions PQ Encyclopedia provides information for understanding the voltage sag, which is the single most potent cause of end user power quality (PQ) problems.
220 kV SSSC device for power flow control (Smart Grid Project) | Open
kV SSSC device for power flow control (Smart Grid Project) kV SSSC device for power flow control (Smart Grid Project) Jump to: navigation, search Project Name 220 kV SSSC device for power flow control Country Spain Headquarters Location Catalonia, Spain Coordinates 41.59116°, 1.520862° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":41.59116,"lon":1.520862,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
EIS-0450: TransWest Express 600 kV Direct Current Transmission Project in
0: TransWest Express 600 kV Direct Current Transmission 0: TransWest Express 600 kV Direct Current Transmission Project in Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada EIS-0450: TransWest Express 600 kV Direct Current Transmission Project in Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada Summary This EIS, being prepared jointly by DOE's Western Area Power Administration and the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management (Wyoming State Office), evaluates the environmental impacts of granting a right-of-way for the TransWest Express 600-kilovolt Direct Current Transmission Project and amending a land use plan. The project consists of an overhead transmission line that would extend approximately 725 miles from south-central Wyoming, through Colorado and Utah. Western proposes to be a joint owner of the project. Public Comment Opportunities
Microsoft Word - CX-Alvey 500 kV Fencing_WEB.doc
3, 2010 3, 2010 REPLY TO ATTN OF: KEPR-4 SUBJECT: Environmental Clearance Memorandum Hamid Habibi Project Manager - TESF-CSB Proposed Action: Replace existing posts and fencing around Alvey Substation 500-kV switch yard. PP&A Project No.: 1 632 Budget Information: Work Order: 00250208 Task: 3 Categorical Exclusion Applied (from Subpart D, 10 C.F.R. Part 1021): B1.11 Installation of fencing, including that for border marking that will not adversely affect wildlife movements or surface water flow. Location: The proposed project is located in Lane County, Oregon at the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Alvey substation around the 500-kV switch yard. Proposed by: BPA Description of the Proposed Action: The project involves replacement of the existing fence and fence posts for the 500-kV yard at the
Field Demonstration of a 24-kV Superconducting Cable at Detroit Edison
Customer acceptance of high temperature superconducting (HTS) cable technology requires a substantial field demonstration illustrating both the system's technical capabilities and its suitability for installation and operation within the utility environment. In this project, the world's first underground installation of an HTS cable using existing ductwork, a 120 meter demonstration cable circuit was designed and installed between the 24 kV bus distribution bus and a 120 kV-24 kV transformer at Detroit Edison's Frisbie substation. The system incorporated cables, accessories, a refrigeration system, and control instrumentation. Although the system was never put in operation because of problems with leaks in the cryostat, the project significantly advanced the state-of-the-art in the design and implementation of Warm Dielectric cable systems in substation applications. Lessons learned in this project are already being incorporated in several ongoing demonstration projects.
Kelley, Nathan; Corsaro, Pietro
Hydro Quebec's 735 kV system in operation by 1965
The 735-kV transmission system adopted for the Manicouagan-Outardes development consists of three 735-kV lines, two of which will cross the St. Lawrence River at Quebec City and follow its south shore to Montreal. The third circuit will be entirely on the north shore of the St. Lawrence. Six 735-kV substations will be required: two collector substations at the sending end, two intermediate substations in the Quebec City area and two receiving substations in the Montreal area. Some of the problems associated with the planning and design of a transmission system intended to deliver approximately 5000 MW over a distance of 360 miles are discussed. The aspects of transmission and substation planning, transmission line features, substation design, control and communications design are considered.
Cardella, O.; D' Auteuil, L.; Fournier, R.P.; McGillis, D.T.; Monty, G.
0.4 kV remote control (Smart Grid Project) | Open Energy Information
4 kV remote control (Smart Grid Project) 4 kV remote control (Smart Grid Project) Jump to: navigation, search Project Name 0.4 kV remote control Country Denmark Coordinates 56.26392°, 9.501785° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":56.26392,"lon":9.501785,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Definition: Automated Voltage Regulators | Open Energy Information
Regulators Regulators Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Automated Voltage Regulators Voltage regulators are transformers that can increase or decrease the voltage on a distribution circuit to help keep the voltage within a pre-determined band. Unlike capacitor banks, voltage regulators cannot adjust power factor. These devices typically monitor the voltage at the location where they are connected, and compare it to a programmed set point. If the voltage deviates too far from the set point, the voltage regulator can increase or decrease its output voltage by moving the tap on the secondary side up or down. An automated voltage regulator can operate with remote control signals, or in concert with other area voltage control devices, to help regulate distribution voltage in a coordinated fashion.
High-voltage-compatible, fully depleted CCDs
result of this high-voltage requirement, we have taken a di?voltage is necessary in order to meet the PSF requirementsrequirements for SNAP have resulted in a need to operate at substrate bias voltages
TVA's 500-kV electric and magnetic fields: measurements and analyses
This report summarizes the results of the 500-kV electric and magnetic fields data project, performed by the Electrical Systems Group of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The objectives of the project were to measure, record, and analyze electric and magnetic fields in the vicintiy of TVA's 500-kV transmission lines. Also the effects of transmission line fields on the growth and development of selected agricultural and forest plant species were to be investigated. This report contains only the categorization and the statistical analysis of the fields data.
Defective insulators in live working on a 550kV compact steel lattice tower
Research was conducted to determine the minimum number of healthy insulator units needed to ensure worker safety in live working on a compact 550 kV steel lattice tower. A large variety of worksite conditions was investigated. Test results confirm the conservative nature of the CIGRE formula for defective insulator units, and modifications to the formula are suggested. The recommended number of healthy units is 12 in a string of 24 units for the case of live work on the compact 550 kV tower, when the Portable Protective Gap (PPG) is used. Adjustment for altitude should be made above 900 m (3,000 ft).
Gela, G. [EPRI Power Delivery Center, Lenox, MA (United States); Kientz, H. [Western Area Power Administration, Golden, CO (United States); Fox, H.J. Jr. [Public Service Electric and Gas, Bridgewater, NJ (United States); Mitchell, J.D. [Alabama Power Co., Birmingham, AL (United States); Lyons, P.F. [EPRI, Haslet, TX (United States)
A CMOS threshold voltage reference source for very-low-voltage applications
This paper describes a CMOS voltage reference that makes use of weak inversion CMOS transistors and linear resistors, without the need for bipolar transistors. Its operation is analogous to the bandgap reference voltage, but the reference voltage is ... Keywords: Threshold voltage, Ultra-low-power, Very-low-voltage, Voltage reference
Luis H. C. Ferreira; Tales C. Pimenta; Robson L. Moreno
Performance of Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) against Voltage Sags and Swells Using Space Vector PWM Technique
Due to increasing complexity in the power system, voltage sags are now becoming one of the most significant power quality problems. Voltage sag is a short reduction voltage from nominal voltage, occurs in a short time. Short-lived voltage sags may not ... Keywords: Custom power, power quality, voltage sag, SPWM, SVPWM, DVR, PSCAD/EMTDC.
Palaparthi Ananthababu; Burle Trinadha; K. Ram Charan
A high voltage pulsed power supply for capillary discharge waveguide applications
We present an all solid-state, high voltage pulsed power supply for inducing stable plasma formation (density {approx}10{sup 18} cm{sup -3}) in gas-filled capillary discharge waveguides. The pulser (pulse duration of 1 {mu}s) is based on transistor switching and wound transmission line transformer technology. For a capillary of length 40 mm and diameter 265 {mu}m and gas backing pressure of 100 mbar, a fast voltage pulse risetime of 95 ns initiates breakdown at 13 kV along the capillary. A peak current of {approx}280 A indicates near complete ionization, and the r.m.s. temporal jitter in the current pulse is only 4 ns. Temporally stable plasma formation is crucial for deploying capillary waveguides as plasma channels in laser-plasma interaction experiments, such as the laser wakefield accelerator.
Abuazoum, S.; Wiggins, S. M.; Issac, R. C.; Welsh, G. H.; Vieux, G.; Jaroszynski, D. A. [Department of Physics, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG (United Kingdom); Ganciu, M. [Low Temperature Plasma Department, National Institute of Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125, Magurele, Bucharest (Romania)
Feasibility of high-voltage systems for a very long drift in liquid argon TPCs
Designs of high-voltage (HV) systems for creating a drift electric field in liquid argon TPCs are reviewed. In ongoing experiments systems capable of approx. 100 kV are realised for a drift field of 0.5-1 kV/cm over a length of up to 1.5 m. Two of them having different approaches are presented: (1) the ICARUS-T600 detector having a system consisting of an external power supply, HV feedthroughs and resistive voltage degraders and (2) the ArDM-1t detector having a cryogenic Greinacher HV multiplier inside the liquid argon volume. For a giant scale liquid argon TPC, a system providing 2 MV may be required to attain a drift length of approx. 20 m. Feasibility of such a system is evaluated by extrapolating the existing designs.
Horikawa, S; Kaufmann, L; Laffranchi, M; Marchionni, A; Messina, M; Natterer, G; Rubbia, A
Surge voltage suppression in residential power circuits
... Tran- sients in Low Voltage Supply Systems,'' The ... a high-voltage transformer for an oil furnace ... of service entrance SPD of 1960-1970 vintage were ...
Automated Voltage Control in LHCb
LHCb is one of the 4 LHC experiments. In order to ensure the safety of the detector and to maximize efficiency, LHCb needs to coordinate its own operations, in particular the voltage configuration of the different subdetectors, according to the accelerator status. A control software has been developed for this purpose, based on the Finite State Machine toolkit and the SCADA system used for control throughout LHCb (and the other LHC experiments). This software permits to efficiently drive both the Low Voltage (LV) and High Voltage (HV) systems of the 10 different sub-detectors that constitute LHCb, setting each sub-system to the required voltage (easily configurable at run-time) based on the accelerator state. The control software is also responsible for monitoring the state of the Sub-detector voltages and adding it to the event data in the form of status-bits. Safe and yet flexible operation of the LHCb detector has been obtained and automatic actions, triggered by the state changes of the ...
Granado Cardoso, L; Jacobsson, R
A voltage controlled current source
A seven decade, voltage controlled current source is described for use in testing intermediate range nuclear instruments that covers the entire test current range of from 10 picoampers to 100 microamperes. High accuracy is obtained throughout the entire seven decades of output current with circuitry that includes a coordinated switching scheme responsive to the input signal from a hybrid computer to control the input voltage to an antilog amplifier, and to selectively connect a resistance to the antilog amplifier output to provide a continuous output current source as a function of a preset range of input voltage. An operator controlled switch provides current adjustment for operation in either a real-time simulation test mode or a time response test mode.
Casne, G.M.
Fiber-optic voltage sensor
A fiber optic voltage sensor is described which includes a source of light, a reference fiber for receiving a known percentage of the light and an electrostrictive element having terminals across which is applied, a voltage to be measured. The electrostrictive element is responsive to the applied voltage to assume an altered physical state. A measuring fiber also receives a known percentage of light from the light source and is secured about the electrostrictive element. The measuring fiber is provided with a cladding and exhibits an evanescent wave in the cladding. The measuring fiber has a known length which is altered when the electrostrictive element assumes its altered physical state. A differential sensor is provided which senses the intensity of light in both the reference fiber and the measuring fiber and provides an output indicative of the difference between the intensities.
Wood, C.B.
The 4 times 6 network; Upgrade of a major 500kV substation
This paper describes a study to enhance the reliability of BC Hydro's Ingledow 500 kV substation. It employs truth tables and frequency and duration analysis. The study included double-breaker double-bus and 4 {times} 6 arrangements, and 4 {times} 6 was recommended for its cost and reliability advantages.
Page, R.; Nishikawara, K.; Stromotich, F. (Substation Planning Associates, Inc., West Vancouver (CA))
Hayden-Blue River 345-kV transmission line project, Colorado
Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association, Inc., Colorado-Ute Electric Association, Inc., Platte River Power Authority, and Western Area Power Administration propose to construct and operate approximately 90 miles of 345-kilovolt (kV) transmission line between Hayden and the Blue River Valley in Colorado. The project would involve expansion of existing substation facilities at Hayden and construction of two new substations. The line would be operated at 230 kV initially. Estimated cost of the project is $37.8 million. The new line and substation facilities would provide a backup transmission path, satisfy the long-term needs in meeting the energy requirements, improve system reliability, improve system stability for the Craig and Hayden generating stations, and leave the existing 115-kV and 138-kV lines in operation to provide additional transmission capacity that would function as backup transmission during an outage on another line. Minute amounts of lands would be displaced. Construction activities would disturb critical ranges for elk and mule deer, elk calving areas, and the mating and nesting areas of greater sandhill cranes, great blue herons, sage grouse, golden eagles, and prairie falcons. Management of timberland would damage natural vegetation. The line would traverse 3.1 miles of flood-prone area, and as many as three transmission towers would lie within the floodplain of the Colorado River. The visual quality of land crossed by the line would be degraded somewhat.
BLID sensor evaluation at a 500-kV substation: an interim report
A joint Sandia Laboratories-Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) evaluation of a buried-line intrusion detection (BLID) sensor is being performed at a 500-kV switching substation. Measurements of the electrical environment and the effects of the environment on the sensor are described.
Perimeter sensor evaluation at a 500-kV substation. Interim report
A joint Sandia Laboratories-Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) evaluation of exterior perimeter intrusion sensors is being performed at a 500-kV switching substation. Measurements of the electrical environment and the effects of the environment on the sensors are described.
Griffith, R.D.
Special design and testing aspects of the 345 kV East Fishkill substation
The installation of two 135 MVAR capacitor banks in the 345 kV East Fishkill substation required special design of the grounding system, installation of reactors in series with the capacitor banks, closing resistors in the circuit breakers and special shielding of control cables. This paper describes the design of the substation and the tests performed before commissioning the capacitor banks.
Fogarty, R.P.; Halleran, T.M.; Laskowski, L.M.; Mark, D.A. (Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc., New York, NY (United States))
Ancillary service details: Voltage control
Voltage control is accomplished by managing reactive power on an alternating-current power system. Reactive power can be produced and absorbed by both generation and transmission equipment. Reactive-power devices differ substantially in the magnitude and speed of response and in their capital costs. System operators, transmission owners, generators, customers, power marketers, and government regulators need to pay close attention to voltage control as they restructure the U.S. electricity industry. Voltage control can affect reliability and commerce in three ways: (1) Voltages must be maintained within an acceptable range for both customer and power-system equipment to function properly. (2) The movement of reactive power consumes transmission resources, which limits the ability to move real power and worsens congestion. (3) The movement of reactive power results in real-power losses. When generators are required to supply excessive amounts of reactive power, their real-power production must be curtailed. These opportunity costs are not currently compensated for in most regions. Current tariffs are based on embedded costs. These embedded-cost tariffs average about $0.51/MWh, equivalent to $1.5 billion annually for the United States as a whole. Although this cost is low when compared with the cost of energy, it still aggregates to a significant amount of money. This report takes a basic look at why the power system requires reactive power (an appendix explains the fundamentals of real and reactive power). The report then examines the various types of generation and transmission resources used to supply reactive power and to control voltage. Finally it discusses how these resources are deployed and paid for in several reliability regions around the country. As the U.S. electricity industry is restructured, the generation, transmission, and system-control equipment and functions that maintain voltages within the appropriate ranges are being deintegrated.
Kirby, B.; Hirst, E.
Portec Voltage Regulators: for Emergency Diesel Generators
This report contains information to help utilities address emergency diesel generator voltage regulator issues.
Probabilistic voltage assessment and VAR compensation
The system voltage profile subject to system elements' forced outage is accessed. Two system voltage reliability indexes are evaluated: the loss of voltage probability, and the expected voltage violation. A similar set of two voltage reliability indexes are also calculated for every load bus in the system. A simple VAR compensation approach is introduced. It enhances the voltage profile assuming a maximum of three overlapping element outages can occur. For purposes of demonstration, the system and load bus voltage reliability indexes are calculated for the AEP 30-bus system. Results of applying the proposed VAR compensation scheme to the 30-bus system are also presented and discussed.
Sharaf, T.A.M.; Berg, G.J.
High voltage photovoltaic power converter
An array of independently connected photovoltaic cells on a semi-insulating substrate contains reflective coatings between the cells to enhance efficiency. A uniform, flat top laser beam profile is illuminated upon the array to produce electrical current having high voltage. An essentially wireless system includes a laser energy source being fed through optic fiber and cast upon the photovoltaic cell array to prevent stray electrical signals prior to use of the current from the array. Direct bandgap, single crystal semiconductor materials, such as GaAs, are commonly used in the array. Useful applications of the system include locations where high voltages are provided to confined spaces such as in explosive detonation, accelerators, photo cathodes and medical appliances.
Haigh, Ronald E. (Arvada, CO); Wojtczuk, Steve (Cambridge, MA); Jacobson, Gerard F. (Livermore, CA); Hagans, Karla G. (Livermore, CA)
Solid-State Fault Current Limiter Development: Design of a 15.5-kV Field-Ready Unit
The solid-state current limiter (SSCL) is power-electronics-based equipment designed to work with the present utility system. The SSCL monitors the line current and dynamically inserts additional impedance into the line if a fault is detected. The SSCL is based on a modular design and can be configured for 5-kV through 69-kV systems at nominal current ratings of 1000A�4000A.In this report, a complete design is presented for 15.5-kV, 1200A and 4000A, single-phase and three-phase ...
High voltage, direct current power supplies are described for use with battery powered nuclear detection equipment. The particular advantages of the power supply described, are increased efficiency and reduced size and welght brought about by the use of transistors in the circuit. An important feature resides tn the employment of a pair of transistors in an alternatefiring oscillator circuit having a coupling transformer and other circuit components which are used for interconnecting the various electrodes of the transistors.
Driver, G.E.
El Paso electric 345 kV, Springerville to Deming, transmission line project, New Mexico
Construction of a 213.5-mile, 345-kilovolt (kV) transmission line is proposed from the El Paso Electric Company Luna substation, 1.5 miles north of Deming, to a point on the existing Tucson Electric Power Company transmission line near Red Hill, in New Mexico. Counties in New Mexico that could be directly affected are Luna, Sierra, Socorro, Catron, and Grant. The proposed line would use wood towers, 51 to 55 feet high, placed at an average interval of 800 feet. More equipment would be added to the Luna substation, consisting of a 345-kV circuit breaker, two switches, a dead-end tower, and relay equipment. Communication and control would be provided through a microwave radio system. The transmission line would be paralleled by a two-track road for routine patrol. Estimated cost of the project is $42.9 million.
Design and Overview of 100 kV Bushing for the DNB Injector of ITER
The 100 kV bushing is one of the most important and technologically challenging Safety Important Class (SIC) components of the Diagnostic Neutral Beam (DNB) injector of ITER. It forms interface between gas insulated electrical transmission line and torus primary vacuum and acts as a vacuum feedthrough of ITER. Design optimization has been carried out to meet the electric and structural requirements based on its classification. Unlike HNB bushing, single stage bushing is designed to provide 100 kV isolation. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based optimization has been carried out for electrostatic and structural analysis. Manufacturing assembly sequence is studied and presented in this paper. However validation of the same is foreseen from manufacturer.
Shah, Sejal; Bandyopadhyay, M.; Rotti, C.; Singh, M. J.; Roopesh, G.; Chakraborty, A. K. [ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar-382025, Gujarat (India); Rajesh, S. [ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar-382025, Gujarat (India); Microelectronics and Materials Physics Labs, P.O.Box 4500, FIN-90014 University of Oulu (Finland); Nishad, S.; Srusti, B. [DesignTech Systems Ltd, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh-500034 (India); Schunke, B.; Hemsworth, R.; Chareyre, J.; Svensson, L. [ITER Organisation, Route de Vinon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul lez Durance Cedex (France)
15KV Class 25KVA Single-Phase IUT Prototype Development, Testing, and Performance Verification
EPRI is leading the development and demonstration of fully integrated, production-grade 4-kV and 15-kV-class solid-state transformers for integrating energy storage technologies and electric vehicle (EV) fast charging. The development team includes utilities, power electronics experts, and a transformer manufacturer to provide guidance on taking the technologies from concept to production. The intelligent universal transformer (IUT) technology has been validated through development and lab testing, ...
Evaluation of Medium-Voltage Cable Joints
This research is a continuation of work evaluating performance of state-of-the-art joints. Three single-phase cold shrink joints and three "I"-type premolded separable connector joints were evaluated. Two of the separable connectors were rated 600 A and one was rated 900 A; both were installed on ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) 15-kV cables.
ETM (Distribution Network Automation on 10 kV cable line stations) (Smart
ETM (Distribution Network Automation on 10 kV cable line stations) (Smart ETM (Distribution Network Automation on 10 kV cable line stations) (Smart Grid Project) Jump to: navigation, search Project Name ETM (Distribution Network Automation on 10 kV cable line stations) Country Hungary Headquarters Location Budapest, Hungary Coordinates 47.498405°, 19.040758° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":47.498405,"lon":19.040758,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
KvH Projekt GmbH Co KG | Open Energy Information
KvH Projekt GmbH Co KG KvH Projekt GmbH Co KG Jump to: navigation, search Name KvH Projekt GmbH & Co KG Place Hamburg, Germany Zip D-20259 Sector Biomass, Solar, Wind energy Product Project developer in wind, solar, biomass and smart architecture. Coordinates 53.553345°, 9.992455° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":53.553345,"lon":9.992455,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
EA-1891: Alvey-Fairview 230-kV Transmission Line Rebuild Lane, Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
This EA evaluates the environmental impacts of a proposal to rebuild DOE�s Bonneville Power Administration�s Alvey-Fairview No. 1 230-kV transmission line located between Eugene, Oregon, and Coquille, Oregon.
The next planned outage on xxxxx high voltage circuit between Palmers Corner Substation and the Potomac River Generating Station is scheduled for Sunday, June 3, 2007 and will...
Voltage unbalance effects on induction motor performance
The reliability of electric drives and driven motors depends on the quality of the power supply voltage especially in the critical industrial process. In this work, a theoretical study of the effects of voltage unbalances, sags and swells on induction ... Keywords: efficiency, power losses and derating factor, sags, symmetrical components, voltage unbalance
L. Refoufi; H. Bentarzi; F. Z. Dekhandji
Grand Coulee - Bell 500-kV Transmission Line Project, Draft Environmental Impact Statement
BPA is proposing to construct a 500-kilovolt (kV) transmission line that would extend approximately 84 miles between the Grand Coulee 500-kV Switchyard, near Grand Coulee Dam, and the Bell Substation, in Mead just north of Spokane. The new line would cross portions of Douglas, Grant, Lincoln, and Spokane counties. In addition to the transmission line, new equipment would be installed at the substations at each end of the new line and at other facilities. The proposed action would remove an existing 115-kV transmission line and replace it with the new 500-kV line on existing right-of-way for most of its length. Additional right-of-way would be needed in the first 3.5 miles out of the Grand Coulee Switchyard to connect to the existing 115-kV right-of-way. Since the mid-1990s, the transmission path west of Spokane, called the West of Hatwai transmission pathway, has grown increasingly constrained. To date, BPA has been able to manage operation of the path through available operating practices, and customer needed have been met while maintaining the reliability of the path. however, in early 2001, operations showed that the amount of electricity that needs to flow from east to west along this path creates severe transmission congestion. Under these conditions, the system is at risk of overloads and violation of industry safety and reliability standards. The problem is particularly acute in the spring and summer months because of the large amount of power generated by dams east of the path. Large amounts of water cannot be spilled during that time in order for BPA to fulfill its obligation to protect threatened and endangered fish. The amount of power that needs to move through this area during these months at times could exceed the carrying capacity of the existing transmission lines. In additional capacity is not added, BPA will run a significant risk that it will not be able to continue to meet its contractual obligations to deliver power and maintain reliability standards that minimize risks to public safety and to equipment. BPA is considering two construction alternatives, the Agency Proposed Action and the Alternative Action. The Alternative Action would include all the components of the Preferred Action except a double-circuit line would be constructed in the Spokane area between a point about 2 miles west of the Spokane River and Bell Substation, a distance of about 9 miles. BPA is also considering the No Action Alternative.
High voltage RF feedthrough bushing
Described is a multi-element, high voltage radio frequency bushing for trmitting RF energy to an antenna located in a vacuum container. The bushing includes a center conductor of complex geometrical shape, an outer coaxial shield conductor, and a thin-walled hollow truncated cone insulator disposed between central and outer conductors. The shape of the center conductor, which includes a reverse curvature portion formed of a radially inwardly directed shoulder and a convex portion, controls the uniformity of the axial surface gradient on the insulator cone. The outer shield has a first substantially cylindrical portion and a second radially inwardly extending truncated cone portion.
Grotz, Glenn F. (Huntington Station, NY)
Influence of voltage drop to electric drive with induction motor and voltage sourced inverter
This paper solves problematic of immunity from the voltage drop of the power supply of the electric drive with induction motor with Voltage-Fed inverter. There are reflected opportune control algorithms for the quickly to change of working regime from ... Keywords: electric drive with induction motor, electric drive with voltage sourced inverter, voltage drop
P. Bene�; J. Fo?t; M. Pittermann
Low power, scalable multichannel high voltage controller
A low voltage control circuit is provided for individually controlling high voltage power provided over bus lines to a multitude of interconnected loads. An example of a load is a drive for capillary channels in a microfluidic system. Control is distributed from a central high voltage circuit, rather than using a number of large expensive central high voltage circuits to enable reducing circuit size and cost. Voltage is distributed to each individual load and controlled using a number of high voltage controller channel switches connected to high voltage bus lines. The channel switches each include complementary pull up and pull down photo isolator relays with photo isolator switching controlled from the central high voltage circuit to provide a desired bus line voltage. Switching of the photo isolator relays is further controlled in each channel switch using feedback from a resistor divider circuit to maintain the bus voltage swing within desired limits. Current sensing is provided using a switched resistive load in each channel switch, with switching of the resistive loads controlled from the central high voltage circuit.
Stamps, James Frederick (Livermore, CA); Crocker, Robert Ward (Fremont, CA); Yee, Daniel Dadwa (Dublin, CA); Dils, David Wright (Fort Worth, TX)
Dynamic Voltage Regulation Using Distributed Energy Resources
Many distributed energy resources (DE) are near load centres and equipped with power electronics converters to interface with the grid, therefore it is feasible for DE to provide ancillary services such as voltage regulation, nonactive power compensation, and power factor correction. A synchronous condenser and a microturbine with an inverter interface are implemented in parallel in a distribution system to regulate the local voltage. Voltage control schemes of the inverter and the synchronous condenser are developed. The experimental results show that both the inverter and the synchronous condenser can regulate the local voltage instantaneously, while the dynamic response of the inverter is faster than the synchronous condenser; and that integrated voltage regulation (multiple DE perform voltage regulation) can increase the voltage regulation capability, increase the lifetime of the equipment, and reduce the capital and operation costs.
Xu, Yan [ORNL; Rizy, D Tom [ORNL; Li, Fangxing [ORNL; Kueck, John D [ORNL
Characterisation of the VELO High Voltage System
The high voltage system supplies the bias voltage to the 88 silicon sensors which comprise the LHCb Vertex Locator (VELO). This note describes the results of the tests which have been performed on the hardware of the high voltage system of the VELO. Each individual test detailed in this note corresponds to a specific requirement of the system. These requirements arise primarily from ensuring the safety of the silicon sensors and the quality of the data taken from the VELO modules. The tests performed are in four categories: normal operation of the high voltage system; verification of its stability under operation; discussion of its behaviour in failure modes; and details of operation at low voltage. Noteworthy issues, identified through the tests, include the behaviour of the high voltage modules at voltages below 9V, the current limit that can be applied during ramping of the voltage, and the speed with which the voltage is cut during failures of the system. The results of these tests provide high confidence that the high voltage system can be safely used and demonstrate that low noise is produced by the power supplies. LHCb Public Note, LHCb-2008-009Contents 1
Barinjaka Rakotomiaramanana; Chris Parkes; Lars Eklund
Analysis of a 1200 kV circuit breaker for a gas insulated substation. Final report
This report describes the work carried out to analyze and design a circuit for use in 1200 kV gas insulated substations. The first part of the project was devoted to a thorough analysis of the requirements for the circuit breaker from the standpoint of the electrical system in which it would operate. A conceptual design was selected and all of the components of the circuit breaker were designed, modeled and verified. Finally a plan was prepared for the construction of a complete circuit breaker.
Development of 77 kV 40 MVA gas-vapor cooled transformer
A 77 KV 40 MVA gas-vapor cooled transformer has been developed as a prototype of substation transformers, which is directed to nonflammable and lightweight properties. To examine the operating reliability of the transformer, the reliability test has continued since July, 1981 at the Hokusetsu substation of KEPCO (Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.). This report will cover the development work on thermal stability of materials, electrical fault test, insulation characteristics, cooling of model transformer, flow-induced static electrifiction, protection system and the prototype unit which is being built based upon these developments.
Tokoro, K.; Harumoto, Y.; Ina, T.; Kabayama, Y.; Sato, T.; Yamauchi, A.
Sidney-North Yuma 230-kV Transmission Line Project, Colorado and Nebraska
This report describes the need for a 230-kV overhead transmission line to supply power from Sidney, Nebraska to eastern Colorado. The alternative scenario compared to construction of the line is No Action. Rejected alternatives include underground lines and different routing paths, with a possible extension to the Sterling area. Both scenarios are evaluated for environmental effects, cost, and consequences for the eastern Colorado region. The proposed route is determined to be the environmentally preferred choice. 120 refs., 6 figs., 13 tabs. (MHB)
EPRI Transmission Line Reference Book (Blue Book): 115-345 kV Compact Line Design
This report is an updated edition of the industry standard on overhead line compaction, the EPRI Transmission Line Reference Book: 115-138 kV Compact Line Design, commonly known as the Blue Book, which was last published in 1978. Publication of this new edition is the culmination of three years of research by a team of experts in the field. The report includes the latest information on research, technology, materials, and utility experience with compact lines. Note that this electronic report is being pu...
Definition: Operating Voltage | Open Energy Information
Voltage Voltage Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Operating Voltage The voltage level by which an electrical system is designated and to which certain operating characteristics of the system are related; also, the effective (root-mean-square) potential difference between any two conductors or between a conductor and the ground. The actual voltage of the circuit may vary somewhat above or below this value.[1] Related Terms system References ↑ Glossary of Terms Used in Reliability Standards An LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. inline Glossary Definition Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Definition:Operating_Voltage&oldid=480559" Categories: Definitions ISGAN Definitions What links here Related changes
Lowering Power using the Voltage Identification Bit
Voltage identification is a form of adaptive voltage scaling (AVS). The voltage-identification technique described in this application note enables certain devices in the Virtex�-7 family to be operated at a lower voltage of 0.9V while delivering the same specified performance as that of a device operating at the nominal supply voltage of 1.0V. Voltage identification capable devices consume approximately 30 % lower worst case (maximum) static power and correspondingly dissipate less heat. Reduced power consumption is a desirable characteristic and one that Xilinx 7 series FPGAs fulfill in multiple ways. The primary purpose of the voltage-identification technique is to reduce the worst-case power consumption of-1C devices. However, the significance of the voltage-identification technique goes beyond an individual device dissipating less energy, it also can lower the overall system cost. Power supplies and thermal management requirements are normally specified based on the worst-case power demands of all the system�s components. Although the 7 series FPGAs-1C devices are the most cost-effective, the total cost of a product is the sum of all parts, and costs associated with the power supply and thermal management can be significant. The voltage-identification technique specifically reduces worst-case power consumption, which reduces the overall costs associated with specifying a larger power supply, requiring a heat sink, adding forced air cooling, or including similar devices. This application note shows the technical aspects of implementing the voltage-identification technique and introduces a reference design for the VC707 evaluation kit. It also explains how voltage identification fits into the complete power portfolio of Virtex-7 FPGAs and highlights the benefits of using the voltage-identification technique to reduce power consumption and system costs.
Ken Chapman; Jameel Hussein
The effect of DVR location for enhancing voltage sag
Recently, Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) has become a popular power electronic device as a protection for sensitive loads from voltage sag. Voltage sag widely known as one of the major problem in power quality, it is defined as a short reduction of voltage ... Keywords: dynamic voltage restorer, power quality, voltage sag
Rohanim Ibrahim; Ahmed M. A. Haidar; M. Zahim; Herbert Iu
Emergency Diesel Generator Voltage Regulator Guidelines
This product kit, containing six separate documents, provides information to help utilities address emergency diesel generator voltage regulator issues and maintenance.
The high voltage system supplies the bias voltage to the 88 silicon sensors which comprise the LHCb Vertex Locator (VELO). This note describes the results of the tests which have been performed on the hardware of the high voltage system of the VELO. Each individual test detailed in this note corresponds to a specific requirement of the system. These requirements arise primarily from ensuring the safety of the silicon sensors and the quality of the data taken from the VELO modules. The tests performed are in four categories: normal operation of the high voltage system; vercation of its stability under operation; discussion of its behaviour in failure modes; and details of operation at low voltage. Noteworthy issues, identified through the tests, include the behaviour of the high voltage modules at voltages below 9V, the current limit that can be applied during ramping of the voltage, and the speed with which the voltage is cut during failures of the system. The results of these tests provide high confidence th...
Rakotomiaramanana, B; Eklund, L
The high voltage system supplies the bias voltage to the 88 silicon sensors which comprise the LHCb Vertex Locator (VELO). This note describes the results of the tests which have been performed on the hardware of the high voltage system of the VELO. Each individual test detailed in this note corresponds to a specific requirement of the system. These requirements arise primarily from ensuring the safety of the silicon sensors and the quality of the data taken from the VELO modules. The tests performed are in four categories: normal operation of the high voltage system; verification of its stability under operation; discussion of its behaviour in failure modes; and details of operation at low voltage. Noteworthy issues, identified through the tests, include the behaviour of the high voltage modules at voltages below 9V, the current limit that can be applied during ramping of the voltage, and the speed with which the voltage is cut during failures of the system. The results of these tests provide high confidence...
Enhancing Open Circuit Voltage by Combining Thermoelectric ...
Enhancing Open Circuit Voltage by Combining Thermoelectric Materials and Dye -Sensitized Solar Cell in Series � Estimation of Compressive Strength of High�...
Quantum Voltage System Development and Dissemination
... of the unit of electric potential difference, the volt, and precise techniques for measuring voltage are essential to the electrical ... Facilities/Tools Used: ...
Voltage Source Converter Technology for Offshore Grids.
??This master thesis has investigated the possible application of voltage source converters (VSC) for the interconnection of offshore installations, i.e. wind farms and petroleum platforms,� (more)
Vormedal, P�l Kristian Myhrer
Group 3: Humidity, Temperature, and Voltage (Presentation)
Group 3 is chartered to develop accelerated stress tests that can be used as comparative predictors of module lifetime versus stresses associated with humidity, temperature and voltage.
Proposed Norton-Tesuque 115 kV overhead transmission line and substation in Sante Fe, New Mexico
Construction is proposed of a 115/12.5-kilovolt (kV), 10/12.5-megavolt-ampere (MVA) substation in the Tesuque area and of 9.02 miles of 115-kV overhead transmission line from the Norton Station to the new substation in an area approximately three miles north of Sante Fe, New Mexico. The project would involve the granting of a 100-foot width right-of-way by the Tesuque Pueblo, the construction of the substation on the Tesuque Pueblo Indian Reservation between the Rio Tesuque and New Mexico 85, the addition of a 115-kV breaker bay at Norton Station, and the installation of two underground 12.47-kV distribution feeders to connect to existing ones in the Tesuque area. In addition, the station would be designed to accommodate one future underground 12.47-kV feeder that would terminate at a future distribution line in the Tesuque area. The preferred transmission line route would originate at the Norton Station and proceed east-northeast up Calabasa Arroyo to a point approximately 1.1 miles north of the southwest corner of the Tesuque Pueblo boundary. From this point the route would proceed east to the proposed substation site.
Proposed Four Corners-Ambrosia-Pajarito 500 kV transmission project. Draft environmental statement
The Public Service Company of New Mexico proposes to construct and operate a 500 kV alternating current (ac) transmission line in the northwestern portion of New Mexico. The proposed line will extend from the Four Corners Power Plant to Ambrosia Station to a proposed Pajarito Station west of Albuquerque, NM. The proposed line will be approximately 173 miles in length. Construction of the 500 kV transmission line will adversely impact soils, vegetation, visual resources, and possibly in an indirect manner, the cultural resources in the area. These adverse impacts may be made minimal by the practice of erosion protection measures, revegetation, and a sound cultural resource management plan. There will be no appreciable impacts, adverse or otherwise in regard to surface or subsurface water by the construction or operation of the proposed transmission line. No adverse effects may be anticipated in regard to communities or social services. Economic impacts in the area will be short-term and should prove beneficial for the duration of the project. Construction and operation of this line will be beneficial in providing needed additional bulk transmission capacity between the Four Corners Plant and Albuquerque and bulk transmission support to the local western New Mexico area.
Proposed Four Corners-Ambrosia-Pajarito 500 kV transmission project. Final environmental statement
The Public Service Company of New Mexico proposes to construct and operate a 500 kV alternating current (AC) transmission line in the northwestern portion of New Mexico. The proposed line will extend from the Four Corners Power Plant to Ambrosia Station to a proposed Pajarito Station west of Albuquerque, NM. The proposed line will be approximately 173 miles in length. Construction of the 500 kV transmission line will adversely impact soils, vegetation, visual resources, and possibly in an indirect manner, the cultural resources in the area. The adverse impacts may be made minimal by the practice of erosion protection measures, revegetation, and a sound cultural resource management plan. There will be no appreciable impacts, adverse or otherwise in regard to surface or subsurface water by the construction or operation of the proposed transmission line. No adverse effects may be anticipated in regard to communities or social services. Economic impacts in the area will be short-term and should prove beneficial for the duration of the project. Construction and operation of this line will be beneficial in providing needed additional bulk transmission capacity between the Four Corners Plant and Albuquerque and bulk transmission support to the local western New Mexico area.
The next planned outage on xxxxx high voltage circuit between xxxxx and xxxxx is tentatively scheduled for Saturday May 19, 2007 and will begin at 4:00 AM with a scheduled return...
ESS 2012 Peer Review - 6.5 kV Silicon Carbide Half-Bridge Power...
Power Systems to gain critical insight into the impact of a medium voltage switch on inverter systems Phase I - Design of SiC Power Module and Epitaxial Growth (9 months) ...
EA-1972: ED2 Saguaro No. 2 115-kV Transmission Line Rebuild Project for Central Arizona Project near Eloy, Pinal County, Arizona
ED2 Saguaro No. 2 115-kV Transmission Line Rebuild Project for Central Arizona Project near Eloy, Pinal County, Arizona
Capturing power at higher voltages from arrays of microbial fuel cells without voltage reversal
is too low to be used directly for many practical applications. For example, a single light emitting diode (LED) requires a minimum voltage of 2 V.2 Thus, effective methods of boosting MFC voltages
Aalborg Universitet Mitigation of Voltage Sags in CIGRE Low Voltage Distribution Network
software version 15.0. Index Terms--Wind Turbine Generator (WTG), Photovoltaic (PV), Voltage Source of voltage sags. I. INTRODUCTION Power quality, reliability and stability are the prime requirement of modern
Bak-Jensen, Birgitte
DOE/EA-1470: Environmental Assessment Harry Allen-Mead 500 kV Transmission Line Project Environmental Assessment
the the Interior Bureau of Land Management Las Vegas Field Office Las Vegas, Nevada March 2004 Interstate Intertie Centennial Plan Environmental Assessment Harry Allen - Mead 500kV Transmission Line DOE/EA-1470 Harry Allen-Mead 500kV Transmission Line Project Harry Allen-Mead 500kV Transmission Line Environmental Assessment 1 Chapter 1 Purpose and Need 1.1 Introduction The construction of new transmission and distribution facilities is required throughout the western United States to meet the increasing demand for power as more people move to many of the fastest growing communities. According to Executive Order 13212 dated May 18, 2001, "The increased production and transmission of energy in a safe and environmentally sound manner is essential to the well-being of the American people...agencies shall take appropriate actions, to the extent
Low voltage ride-through capability improvement of wind power generation using dynamic voltage restorer
Recently, the total amount of generation from wind power plants has been increased all over the world. In this situation, a large amount of disconnection of wind generation may give a serious influence in the power system. Consequently, Low Voltage Ride-Through ... Keywords: dynamic voltage restorer, energy storage, fault ride-through, fixed-speed induction generator, low voltage ride-through, voltage sag, wind power generation
Naohiro Hasegawa; Teruhisa Kumano
Voltage Stability Studies for Southern Company Services
This report describes a study conducted under an EPRI Tailored Collaboration project to develop and demonstrate procedures for the assessment of voltage security of the Southern Electric System (SES). The contractor used EPRI steady-state analysis tools including VSTAB (Voltage STABility assessment program) to assess stability margins and verified them using EPRI dynamic tools including ETMSP (Extended Transient / Mid-term Stability Program).
Voltage regulation in linear induction accelerators
Improvement in voltage regulation in a Linear Induction Accelerator wherein a varistor, such as a metal oxide varistor when it is placed in parallel with the beam accelerating cavity and the magnetic core. The non-linear properties of the varistor result in a more stable voltage across the beam accelerating cavity than with a conventional compensating resistance.
Parsons, W.M.
Improvement in voltage regulation in a linear induction accelerator wherein a varistor, such as a metal oxide varistor, is placed in parallel with the beam accelerating cavity and the magnetic core is disclosed. The non-linear properties of the varistor result in a more stable voltage across the beam accelerating cavity than with a conventional compensating resistance. 4 figs.
NREL: Measurements and Characterization - Current Versus Voltage
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Current Versus Voltage Current Versus Voltage The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Device Performance group uses current versus voltage (I-V) measurement systems to assess the main performance parameters for photovoltaic (PV) cells and modules. I-V measurement systems determine the output performance of devices, including: open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current (Isc), fill factor (FF), maximum power output of the device (Pmax), voltage at maximum power (Vmax), current at maximum power (Imax), and conversion efficiency of the device (η). Some I-V systems may also be used to perform dark I-V measurements to determine diode properties and series and shunt resistances. We use three I-V systems to measure performance of individual PV cells; and four for modules - two for measurements under simulated conditions; and
High Voltage Safety Act | Department of Energy
High Voltage Safety Act High Voltage Safety Act High Voltage Safety Act < Back Eligibility Commercial Construction Developer General Public/Consumer Industrial Installer/Contractor Utility Savings Category Alternative Fuel Vehicles Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Buying & Making Electricity Water Home Weatherization Solar Wind Program Info State Georgia Program Type Safety and Operational Guidelines Siting and Permitting The purpose of the High Voltage Safety Act is to prevent injury to persons and property and interruptions of utility service resulting from accidental or inadvertent contact with high-voltage electric lines by providing that no work shall be done in the vicinity of such lines unless and until the owner or operator thereof has been notified of such work and has taken the appropriate safety measures. The Georgia Public Service Commission requires
Flexible method for monitoring fuel cell voltage
A method for equalizing the measured voltage of each cluster in a fuel cell stack wherein at least one of the clusters has a different number of cells than the identical number of cells in the remaining clusters by creating a pseudo voltage for the different cell numbered cluster. The average cell voltage of the all of the cells in the fuel cell stack is calculated and multiplied by a constant equal to the difference in the number of cells in the identical cell clusters and the number of cells in the different numbered cell cluster. The resultant product is added to the actual voltage measured across the different numbered cell cluster to create a pseudo voltage which is equivalent in cell number to the number of cells in the other identical numbered cell clusters.
Mowery, Kenneth D. (Noblesville, IN); Ripley, Eugene V. (Russiaville, IN)
Corona and Motor Voltage Interim Report
It has been suggested that to meet the FreedomCAR objectives for cost, size, weight, efficiency, and reliability higher buss voltages be utilized in HEV and FC automotive applications. The reasoning is that since electric power is equal to the product of voltage and current for a given power a higher voltage and lower current would result in smaller cable and inverter switching components. Consequently, the system can be lighter and smaller. On the other hand, higher voltages are known to require better and thicker electrical insulation that reduce the available slot area for motor windings. One cause of slow insulation breakdown is corona that gradually erodes the insulation and shortens the life expectancy of the motor. This study reports on the results of a study on corona initiating voltages for mush-wound and bobbin-wound stators. A unique testing method is illustrated.
Hsu, J.S.
Proposal to negotiate, without competitive tendering, a contract for the maintenance of three 420 kV circuit breakers
This document concerns the award of a contract for the maintenance, by the manufacturer, of three 420 kV circuit breakers. The Finance Committee is invited to agree to the negotiation of a contract, without competitive tendering, with SCHNEIDER ITALY (IT) (formerly NUOVA MAGRINI GALILEO), the manufacturer of the equipment, for the maintenance of three 420 kV circuit breakers for a total amount of 490 000 Swiss francs, not subject to revision. The firm has indicated the following distribution by country of the contract value covered by this adjudication proposal: IT?100%.
A frequency domain model for 3 kV dc traction dc-side resonance identification
Frequency-dependent effects in railway traction power systems arise from the impedance of substation and locomotive line filters and the traction line. Harmonic noise from traction drives and substations can excite resonances and produce overcurrent or overvoltage conditions at critical points in the network. In this paper, the harmonic feeding impedances of a 3 kV DC traction system seen from the rectifier substation, locomotive drive converter and pantograph terminals are presented. Several substation and locomotive filters are considered with a frequency-dependent traction line. Resonances attributed to the substation filter, locomotive filter and traction line are separate and distinct, the line introducing poles and zeros in the audio frequency (AF) range which vary in frequency and magnitude with locomotive position.
Hill, R.J. [Univ. of Bath (United Kingdom). School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering; Fracchia, M.; Pozzobon, P.; Sciutto, G. [Univ. degli Studi di Genova (Italy). Dipt. di Ingegneria Elettrica
Weld-Windsor 115-kV Transmission Line Project, Weld County, Colorado
The Western Area Power Administration is proposing to rebuild a 3.0 mile segment of the existing Flatiron-Weld 115-kV transmission line in Weld County. The line would be reconductored with new conductor on new wood pole double circuit structures. The new structures would support a double circuit transmission line configuration. The first circuit would be owned by Western and the second by Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCO). Alternatives considered included no action, constructing PSCO`s circuit on new right-of-way, and reconductoring Western`s existing line on the same structures. The proposed action was selected because it provided an opportunity to share structures with PSCO and, overall, would minimize costs and environmental impacts. The environmental assessment identifies minor effects on existing natural or human resources and minor benefits for agricultural operations.
Final environmental assessment: Los Reales 115 kV transmission line alternative routes
The Central Arizona Project (CAP) was authorized as a part of the Colorado River Basin Project Act (Public Law 90-537) on September 30, 1968. The primary purpose of the CAP is to furnish water for agricultural, municipal, and industrial uses in central and southern Arizona, and western New Mexico. Due to its magnitude, the CAP is divided into several major features serving separate but interrelated functions. The Tucson Aqueduct Phase B pumping plants were designed and constructed to operate on a looped power system. The entire looped power system, including two switching stations and connecting 115-kv transmission lines, was identified in the FEIS and approved for construction in the Secretary of Interior's Record of Decision dated September 24, 1985. The loop begins in the vicinity of the Twin Peaks Pumping Plant -- the northernmost Phase B pumping station, at the Rattlesnake Switching Station. All of the looped power system has been constructed with the exception of the switching station and portion of transmission line proposed to be constructed in this project. Without construction of this final portion of the looped power system, the Phase B pumping plants will not be able to operate normally without negatively affecting nearby power sources. The CAP will also not be able to provide the reliability necessary for municipal water systems dependent upon CAP water. The purpose of this EA is to describe impacts that would result from relocating the Los Reales 115-kV transmission line, and possibly the switching station, originally identified in the FEIS. It should be mentioned the Department of Energy will complete a separate NEPA review.
Voltage controlled spintronics device for logic applications.
We consider logic device concepts based on our previously proposed spintronics device element whose magnetization orientation is controlled by application of a bias voltage instead of a magnetic field. The basic building block is the voltage-controlled rotation (VCR) element that consists of a four-layer structure--two ferromagnetic layers separated by both nanometer-thick insulator and metallic spacer layers. The interlayer exchange coupling between the two ferromagnetic layers oscillates as a function of applied voltage. We illustrate transistor-like concepts and re-programmable logic gates based on VCR elements.
Bader, S. D.; You, C.-Y.
Voltage controlled spintronic devices for logic applications
We consider logic device concepts based on our previously proposed spintronics device element whose magnetization orientation is controlled by application of a bias voltage instead of a magnetic field. The basic building block is the voltage-controlled rotation (VCR) element that consists of a four-layer structure--two ferromagnetic layers separated by both nanometer-thick insulator and metallic spacer layers. The interlayer exchange coupling between the two ferromagnetic layers oscillates as a function of applied voltage. We illustrate transistorlike concepts and reprogrammable logic gates based on VCR elements. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics.
You, Chun-Yeol [Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439 (United States); Bader, S. D. [Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439 (United States)
Interphase power controller with voltage injection
This paper introduces a new family of Interphase Power Controllers (IPC) based on the principle of voltage injection commonly used in phase-shifting transformers (PST). The voltage injection IPC exhibits power (active and reactive) control characteristics similar to previously defined IPC's and retains their inherent qualities: passive control, short circuit limitation and voltage decoupling. It also provides more flexibility for the adjustment of the operating points. Two promising topologies are described in more detail. One of them offers the potential of retrofitting existing phase-shifting transformers into full-fledged IPC's.
Beauregard, F.; Brochu, J.; Morin, G.; Pelletier, P. (Centre d'Innovation sur le Transport d'Energie du Quebec, Varennes, Quebec (Canada))
Performance of a voltage peak detection-based flickermeter
Voltage fluctuations and rapid voltage changes lead to lamps flickering and disturbance of visual perception may occur consequently. For evaluation of the flicker severity level by means of voltage measurement there was developed an instrument called ... Keywords: Matlab Simulink, flickermeter, interharmonics, performance analysis, voltage fluctuation, voltage peak detection
Jiri Drapela
Comparison of prediction and measurement of negative sequence currents of generators connected to 345-kV asymmetrical transmission lines
This paper is used to evaluate the negative sequence currents (NSC) of two generators in a generation plant, which are connected to the power pool through four over-head asymmetrical 345-kV transmission lines. The simulation results by using PSS/E and ... Keywords: EMTP, PSS/E, asymmetrical transmission lines, negative sequence current, unbalance
Chi-Jui Wu; Ping-Heng Ho
Study on Tubular Busbar Corona Design Optimization of �660kV HVDC Converter Substation in Qingdao
The HVDC busbar corona characteristic is the main factor taken into account for choosing busbar of HVDC converter substation. By establishing the calculation models of electric field strength along the busbar surface, ground total electric field strength ... Keywords: �660 kV HVDC, converter substation, corona characteristics, electromagnetic, tubular busbar optimization
Xu Mingming; Li Kejun; Tan Zhenyu; Niu Lin
Property:Nominal Voltage | Open Energy Information
Nominal Voltage Nominal Voltage Jump to: navigation, search Property Name Nominal Voltage Property Type Number This is a property of type Number. Pages using the property "Nominal Voltage" Showing 22 pages using this property. D Distributed Generation Study/10 West 66th Street Corp + 480 + Distributed Generation Study/615 kW Waukesha Packaged System + 480 + Distributed Generation Study/Aisin Seiki G60 at Hooligans Bar and Grille + 240 + Distributed Generation Study/Arrow Linen + 480 + Distributed Generation Study/Dakota Station (Minnegasco) + 0 + Distributed Generation Study/Elgin Community College + 4,160 + Distributed Generation Study/Emerling Farm + 480 + Distributed Generation Study/Floyd Bennett + 480 + Distributed Generation Study/Harbec Plastics + 480 +
Low voltage arc formation in railguns
A low voltage plasma arc is first established across the rails behind the projectile by switching a low voltage high current source across the rails to establish a plasma arc by vaporizing a fuse mounted on the back of the projectile, maintaining the voltage across the rails below the railgun breakdown voltage to prevent arc formation ahead of the projectile. After the plasma arc has been formed behind the projectile a discriminator switches the full energy bank across the rails to accelerate the projectile. A gas gun injector may be utilized to inject a projectile into the breech of a railgun. The invention permits the use of a gas gun or gun powder injector and an evacuated barrel without the risk of spurious arc formation in front of the projectile.
Hawke, R.S.
Hawke, Ronald S. (Livermore, CA)
A low voltage plasma arc is first established across the rails behind the projectile by switching a low voltage high current source across the rails to establish a plasma arc by vaporizing a fuse mounted on the back of the projectile, maintaining the voltage across the rails below the railgun breakdown voltage to prevent arc formation ahead of the projectile. After the plasma arc has been formed behind the projectile a discriminator switches the full energy bank across the rails to accelerate the projectile. A gas gun injector may be utilized to inject a projectile into the breech of a railgun. The invention permits the use of a gas gun or gun powder injector and an evacuated barrel without the risk of spurious arc formation in front of the projectile. 2 figs.
We describe charge-coupled device (CCD) developmentactivities at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL).Back-illuminated CCDs fabricated on 200-300 mu m thick, fully depleted,high-resistivity silicon substrates are produced in partnership with acommercial CCD foundry.The CCDs are fully depleted by the application ofa substrate bias voltage. Spatial resolution considerations requireoperation of thick, fully depleted CCDs at high substrate bias voltages.We have developed CCDs that are compatible with substrate bias voltagesof at least 200V. This improves spatial resolution for a given thickness,and allows for full depletion of thicker CCDs than previously considered.We have demonstrated full depletion of 650-675 mu m thick CCDs, withpotential applications in direct x-ray detection. In this work we discussthe issues related to high-voltage operation of fully depleted CCDs, aswell as experimental results on high-voltage-compatible CCDs.
Holland, Stephen E.; Bebek, Chris J.; Dawson, Kyle S.; Emes, JohnE.; Fabricius, Max H.; Fairfield, Jessaym A.; Groom, Don E.; Karcher, A.; Kolbe, William F.; Palaio, Nick P.; Roe, Natalie A.; Wang, Guobin
Superconducting Low Voltage Direct Current (LVDC) Networks
A low voltage dc superconducting distribution network is a challenging future opportunity for power distribution. This report presents a scheme for a superconducting, parallel- connected, multiterminal dc transmission system.
Assessment of Voltage Security Methods and Tools
To ensure voltage-secure operation of a power system, VAR control devices must be optimally placed and operated. This project assessed tools and methods that claim to help utilities meet these needs and recommended specific enhancements to these tools.
Spark gap with low breakdown voltage jitter
Novel spark gap devices and electrodes are disclosed. The novel spark gap devices and electrodes are suitable for use in a variety of spark gap device applications. The shape of the electrodes gives rise to local field enhancements and reduces breakdown voltage jitter. Breakdown voltage jitter of approximately 5% has been measured in spark gaps according the invention. Novel electrode geometries and materials are disclosed.
Rohwein, Gerald J. (Albuquerque, NM); Roose, Lars D. (Albuquerque, NM)
Voltage Control Optimization to Improve Transmission Efficiency
An optimal power flow solution is unique from a conventional power flow solution in that an objective function and user-specified constraints are enforced and satisfied to reach a valid solution. This report presents an analytical study on the optimization of power flow in order to minimize reactive power losses via the modification of generator voltage schedules and transmission switched shunt status. The study examines the potential benefits and applicability of near-real-time voltage control ...
Back-to-Back Energization of a 60kV Cable Network -Inrush Currents Phenomenon
of capacitor banks in parallel. When energizing a capacitor bank that is in parallel with an already energized capacitor bank there will be an inrush current whose amplitude depends of the voltage in the connection was supported by ENV: Elforsyningen Nordvendsyssel F. F. da Silva is a PhD student at the Institute of Energy
Silva, Filipe Faria Da
System for increasing corona inception voltage of insulating oils
The Corona Inception Voltage of insulating oils is increased by repetitive cycles of prestressing the oil with a voltage greater than the corona inception voltage, and either simultaneously or serially removing byproducts of corona by evacuation and heating the oil.
Rohwein, Gerald J. (Albuquerque, NM)
Modular high voltage power supply for chemical analysis
A high voltage power supply for use in a system such as a microfluidics system, uses a DC-DC converter in parallel with a voltage-controlled resistor. A feedback circuit provides a control signal for the DC-DC converter and voltage-controlled resistor so as to regulate the output voltage of the high voltage power supply, as well as, to sink or source current from the high voltage supply.
Stamps, James F. (Livermore, CA); Yee, Daniel D. (Dublin, CA)
A high voltage power supply for use in a system such as a microfluidics system, uses a DC--DC converter in parallel with a voltage-controlled resistor. A feedback circuit provides a control signal for the DC--DC converter and voltage-controlled resistor so as to regulate the output voltage of the high voltage power supply, as well as, to sink or source current from the high voltage supply.
Cell Voltage Noise Reduction Based on Wavelet in Aluminum ...
Presentation Title, Cell Voltage Noise Reduction Based on Wavelet in Aluminum ... cell voltage signals collected in aluminium electrolysis process are with high�...
Dynamic Simulation of Cell Voltage Resonance Effect in Aluminum ...
Dubal Cell Voltage Drop Initiatives towards Low Energy High Amperage Cells � Dynamic Simulation of Cell Voltage Resonance Effect in Aluminum Electrolysis�...
Appendix C: California ISO Real Time Voltage Security Assessment...
C: California ISO Real Time Voltage Security Assessment (VSA) Prototype Functional SpecificationsPrototype Development Title Appendix C: California ISO Real Time Voltage Security...
Appendix B: California ISO Real Time Voltage Security Assessment...
B: California ISO Real Time Voltage Security Assessment (VSA) Summary Report Title Appendix B: California ISO Real Time Voltage Security Assessment (VSA) Summary Report Publication...
Appendix A: California ISO Real Time Voltage Security Assessment...
A: California ISO Real Time Voltage Security Assessment (VSA) Project: Summary of Survey Results on Methodologies for use in Real-Time Voltage Security Assessment Title Appendix A:...
Green Island Power Authority Transmission Voltage Support System...
Green Island Power Authority Transmission Voltage Support System Project Green Island Power Authority Transmission Voltage Support System Project Power point presentation...
Environmental assessment: Coolidge-Saguaro 115-kV rehabilitation, Pinal County, Arizona
This Environmental Assessment (EA) presents an analysis of the environmental impacts of the proposed rehabilitation of 29.6 miles of the Coolidge-Saguaro 115-kV transmission line. The project area is in Pinal County, Arizona. The proposal involves reconductoring the line with larger conductor, replacement of deteriorated structures, and replacement of damaged insulators. The proposed action is being considered in order to increase the safety and reliability of this line. The alternative of no action is also addressed in this EA. The proposed action would have insignificant impacts on wildlife, vegetation or other natural resources. There would be no impacts on floodplains or wetlands. The major impact would be on agricultural crops but much of this can be minimized by the timing of construction. There are no conflicts with county or local planning projects. No cultural resources will be affected by the proposed action. The no action alternative would not correct the potential safety hazard or reliability problems of the existing line.
Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Imperial-Mexicali 230-kV Transmission Lines
Imperial-Mexicali Imperial-Mexicali DEIS 1-4 May 2004 FIGURE 1.1-1 Regional Setting for Imperial-Mexicali 230-kV Transmission Lines Introduction Imperial-Mexicali DEIS 1-5 May 2004 FIGURE 1.1-2 La Rosita Power Complex: Electrical Distribution 2-40 May 2004 Alternatives Imperial-Mexicali DEIS TABLE 2.5-1 Summary of Impacts for Proposed Action and Other Alternatives by Resource Area a For the proposed action, that is, the granting of one or both of the Presidential permits and ROWs, for most resource areas, the analysis was bounded by calculating impacts as if both lines had been allowed. This serves two purposes. First, it demonstrates the maximum possible impacts; second, it clearly presents the combined impacts of the agencies' preferred alternative, that is, permitting both facilities. The only exceptions to this methodology are in the areas of air, water, and human health. Impacts to air, water, and human
DOE/EIS-0365; Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Imperial-Mexicali 230-kV Transmission Lines
1 1 FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FOR THE IMPERIAL-MEXICALI 230-kV TRANSMISSION LINES Volume 1: Main Text and Appendixes A-L U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management El Centro, CA Cooperating Agency December 2004 Cover Sheet Imperial-Mexicali FEIS iii December 2004 COVER SHEET RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCY: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy COOPERATING AGENCY: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management TITLE: Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Imperial-Mexicali 230-kV Transmission Lines LOCATION: Imperial County, California CONTACT: For further information on this environmental impact statement (EIS) contact: Mrs. Ellen Russell Office of Electric Power Regulation Office of Fossil Energy, FE-27
EIS-0399: Final EIS for the Montana Alberta Tie Ltd. (MATL) 230-KV Transmission Line Comments/Response
9 9 Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Montana Alberta Tie Ltd. (MATL) 230-kV Transmission Line VOLUME 2 COMMENT RESPONSE DOCUMENT September 2008 United States Department of Energy State of Montana Department of Environmental Quality COVER SHEET Responsible Agencies: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) are co-lead agencies; the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), U.S. Department of the Interior, is a cooperating agency. Title: Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Montana Alberta Tie Ltd. (MATL) 230-kV Transmission Line (DOE/EIS-0399) Location: Cascade, Teton, Chouteau, Pondera, Toole, and Glacier counties, Montana. Contacts: For further information about this Final EIS, contact: Ellen Russell, Project Manager,
4 4 DOE/EA-1470 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Western Area Power Administration Finding of No Significant Impact and Floodplain Statement of Findings Nevada Power Company's Harry Allen-Mead 500-kV Transmission Line Project Summary - Nevada Power Company (Nevada Power) proposes to build a 48- mile, 500-kilovolt (kV) transmission line between the Harry Allen Substation, northeast of Las Vegas Nevada, and the Mead Substation, southeast of Las Vegas (Proposed Action). The project would be part of the Interstate Intertie of the Centennial Plan. Of the 48 miles, 32 miles are within lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 8 miles are within lands managed by the US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), and 4 miles are within lands managed by Western Area
Western Area Power Administration, Desert Southwest Region Parker-Gila 161-kV Transmission Line Maintenance, Cross Arm
Parker-Gila 161-kV Transmission Line Maintenance, Cross Arm Parker-Gila 161-kV Transmission Line Maintenance, Cross Arm Replacements at Structure 0/7 - Continuation Sheet Special Conditions Biological Resources 1. To avoid impacts to nesting birds, project activities will be scheduled between August 1 and February 15, as feasible. Crews shall not cause injury or death to nesting birds, active nests, eggs, or nestlings. If evidence of a nesting bird is found in the project area, crews shall immediately stop work in that area until Western's Environmental Group has been contacted. 2. A qualified biologist will be present during all project activities and serve as the project's Biological Monitor. The Biological Monitor will be authorized by Western to temporarily halt construction activity if needed to prevent harm to desert tortoise. The Biological Monitor's
Cascode buffer for monolithic voltage conversion operating at high input supply voltages
A high-to-low switching DC-DC converter that operates at input supply voltages up to two times as high as the maximum voltage permitted in a nanometer CMOS technology is proposed in this paper. The circuit technique is based on a cascode bridge that maintains the steady-state voltage differences among the terminals of all of the transistors within a range imposed by a specific fabrication technology. The proposed circuit technique permits the full integration of active and passive devices of a switching DC-DC converter with a high voltage conversion ratio in a standard low voltage CMOS process. An efficiency of 87.8 % is achieved for 3.6 volts to 0.9 volts conversion assuming
Volkan Kursun; Gerhard Schrom; Vivek K. De; Eby G. Friedman; Siva G. Narendra
Best Practices for HPFF Pipe Type Cable Assessment, Maintenance and Testing: Blenheim-Gilboa 345-kV Cable Systems
EPRI and the New York Power Authority (NYPA) have sponsored an extensive series of tests on the NYPA Blenheim-Gilboa 345-kV high-pressure fluid-filled (HPFF) transmission cable systems to determine their condition. Several tests were also designed to determine cable power transfer capability based on distributed temperature measurements and to improve the best maintenance practices for the Blenheim-Gilboa HPFF cable systems.
Investigation of Geomagnetically Induced Currents in the Proposed Winnipeg-Duluth-Twin Cities 500-kV Transmission Line
The effects of geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) on a new 749-km, 500-kV ac transmission line were investigated. GIC effects on the operation of the line, equipment connected directly to the line, and power systems connected to the line were considered. The study concluded that GIC can have a substantial impact on equipment performance and on the power system. Potentially troublesome equipment and system conditions (both steady-state and transient) were identified.
Field Demonstration of a 24-KV Warm Dielectric Cable at Detroit Edison: FY2001 Annual Progress Report
A project sponsored by EPRI, Pirelli Power Cables and Systems, the U.S. Department of Energy, Detroit Edison, and American Superconductor Corporation was initiated in 1998 to install and operate a 24 kV high-temperature superconducting (HTS) power cable in a Detroit Edison substation to serve customer load. The scope of this demonstration will result in the world's first underground installation of an HTS cable system using an existing duct network. Furthermore, the project involves installing the necess...
EPRI Transmission Line Reference Book: 115-345 kV Compact Line Design, The Blue Book
This report is an updated edition of the industry standard on overhead line compaction, the EPRI Transmission Line Reference Book: 115-138 kV Compact Line Design, commonly known as the "Blue Book," which was last published in 1978. Publication of this new edition is the culmination of three years of research by a team of experts in the field. The report includes the latest information on research, technology, materials, and utility experience with compact lines.
An Electronic Voltage Transformer Based on WLAN Technology
An electronic voltage transformer based on WLAN technology is developed for adapting to the development trends of substations� synthesis automation. The transformer is composed of voltage-to-current conversion unit, signal processing unit and data ... Keywords: electronic voltage transformer, voltage-to-current conversion, WLAN technology, digital interface, wireless communication
Jianqin Feng; Qingming Wang; Fen Niu; Guangzhao Cui; Anping Zheng
Motor voltage high harmonics influence to efficient energy usage
Analysis of the effect of non-sinusoidal voltages on the three-phase induction motor is presented in the paper. When the induction motors are supplied by a rectangular shape of the voltage inverter with high levels of harmonic voltage (Uh,i ... Keywords: energy efficiency, harmonics, induction motor, non-sinusoidal voltage, power losses
Miloje M. Kostic; Branka B. Kostic
Analysis of Voltage Rise Effect on Distribution Network with Distributed
appearance of hidden loads and affect the voltage profile of low voltage distribution network. To overcomeAnalysis of Voltage Rise Effect on Distribution Network with Distributed Generation M. A. Mahmud. This paper presents a detail analysis of how does voltage rise on distribution network due to the penetration
Pota, Himanshu Roy
Distribution System Voltage Performance Analysis for High-Penetration Photovoltaics
This report examines the performance of commonly used distribution voltage regulation methods under reverse power flow.
Liu, E.; Bebic, J.
Optimal Compensation Algorithms for a Dynamic Voltage Restorer
The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) as an electronics based custom device, is used to protect sensitive loads from the voltage sags in the power distribution system. With the rapid technology advancement in industrial control processes, it is experiencing ... Keywords: Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), power quality, voltage sag, Zero Active Power Compensation (ZAPC), Minimal Active Power Compensation (MAPC)
Deng Pan; Chen Zhongming; Jiang Peng; Abdelkrim Benchaib; Guillaume De Preville
Developments in line-voltage thermostats
A thermostat that provides reliable, accurate temperature control is the key to a comfortable, efficient space-heating system. The lack of a commercially available line-voltage thermostat that is affordable and performs well has been a significant factor in limiting the comfort and popularity of zoned residential electric heating systems. With EPRI support, two manufacturers have developed innovative, electronics-based line-voltage thermostats that offer a cost-effective control option for creating a comfortable environment with zoned electric heat. These thermostats also may help reduce energy consumption.
Kesselring, J.
Environmental Assessment of the Gering-Stegall 115-kV Transmission Line Consolidation Project, Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska
The Department of Energy (DOE), Western Area Power Administration (Western) proposes to consolidate segments of two transmission lines near the Gering Substation in Gering, Nebraska. The transmission lines are both located in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska. The transmission lines are both located in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska, within the city of Gering. Presently, there are three parallel 115-kilovolt (kV) transmission lines on separate rights-of-way (ROW) that terminate at the Gering Substation. The project would include dismantling the Archer-Gering wood-pole transmission line and rebuilding the remaining two lines on single-pole steel double circuit structures. The project would consolidate the Gering-Stegall North and Gering-Stegall South 115-kV transmission lines on to one ROW for a 1.33-mile segment between the Gering Substation and a point west of the Gering Landfill. All existing wood-pole H-frame structures would be removed, and the Gering-Stegall North and South ROWs abandoned. Western is responsible for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of the line. Western prepared an environmental assessment (EA) that analyzed the potential environmental impacts of the proposed construction, operation, and maintenance of the 115-kV transmission line consolidation. Based on the analyses in the EA, the DOE finds that the proposed action is not a major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment, within the meaning of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA).
Roseville Direct Service 230 kV Transmission Line Project, Sacramento and Placer Counties, California: Environmental assessment
At present, the only transmission line serving the City of Roseville is operated by Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG and E), which serves the City's Berry Street substation with a 60-kV circuit from the company's own Atlantic Street substation. Western pays wheeling charges to PG and E for use of their lines to deliver power to its customers which cannot be served directly. PG and E has informed Roseville that additional system facilities are required to meet the City's firm transmission requirements in excess of 69 megawatt peak. They proposed to build a new 230-kV line and transformer bank at a cost of $10.9 million which the City would have to pay, in addition to the wheeling charges Western would be charged to use the PG and E line. The City's preferred alternative is to have Western construct a direct 239-kV service from its Elverta substation to the Berry Street substation. This would save the city money in construction capital cost, result in more transmission capacity and eliminate the present wheeling costs charged to Western. Mitigation recommendations are included.
Big George to Carter Mountain 115-kV transmission line project, Park and Hot Springs Counties, Wyoming. Environmental Assessment
The Western Area Power Administration (Western) is proposing to rebuild, operate, and maintain a 115-kilovolt (kV) transmission line between the Big George and Carter Mountain Substations in northwest Wyoming (Park and Hot Springs Counties). This environmental assessment (EA) was prepared in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the regulations of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) and the Department of Energy (DOE). The existing Big George to Carter Mountain 69-kV transmission line was constructed in 1941 by the US Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, with 1/0 copper conductor on wood-pole H-frame structures without an overhead ground wire. The line should be replaced because of the deteriorated condition of the wood-pole H-frame structures. Because the line lacks an overhead ground wire, it is subject to numerous outages caused by lightning. The line will be 54 years old in 1995, which is the target date for line replacement. The normal service life of a wood-pole line is 45 years. Under the No Action Alternative, no new transmission lines would be built in the project area. The existing 69-kV transmission line would continue to operate with routine maintenance, with no provisions made for replacement.
Electronic circuit for measuring series connected electrochemical cell voltages
An electronic circuit for measuring voltage signals in an energy storage device is disclosed. The electronic circuit includes a plurality of energy storage cells forming the energy storage device. A voltage divider circuit is connected to at least one of the energy storage cells. A current regulating circuit is provided for regulating the current through the voltage divider circuit. A voltage measurement node is associated with the voltage divider circuit for producing a voltage signal which is proportional to the voltage across the energy storage cell.
Ashtiani, Cyrus N. (West Bloomfield, MI); Stuart, Thomas A. (Toledo, OH)
DOE/EA-1354; Environmental Assessment for the Fort Collins 115kV Transmission Line Upgrade Project (12/2001)
Western Area Power Administration Western Area Power Administration Fort Collins 115-kV Transmission Line Upgrade Project, Fort Collins, Colorado. AGENCY: Western Area Power Administration, DOE ACTION: Finding of no significant impact SUMMARY: The Department of Energy (DOE), Western Area Power Administration (Western) is the lead federal agency for a proposed project to upgrade the electric transmission system in the Fort Collins, Colorado area. Platte River Power Authority (Platte River) is proposing to add additional generation at its Rawhide Power Plant, to rebuild and upgrade segments of Western's existing Flatiron-Poudre and Poudre-Richard's Lake 115-kilovolt (kV) transmission lines, and to install additional 230 kV transmission to Platte River's existing electrical system. Western prepared an environmental assessment (EA) titled "Fort Collins 115kV Transmission
High-Pressure Fluid-Filled Cable Condition Assessment Through Electrical Impulse Testing of PSE&G 230-kV Service-Aged Cable
This report describes electrical and mechanical testing of a service-aged 230-kV high-pressure fluid-filled (HPFF) cable sample that was removed from a Public Service Electric & Gas (PSE&G) underground transmission line.
Group 3: Humidity, Temperature and Voltage (Presentation)
This is a summary of the work of Group 3 of the International PV QA Task Force. Group 3 is chartered to develop accelerated stress tests that can be used as comparative predictors of module lifetime versus stresses associated with humidity, temperature and voltage.
Development and interrupting tests on 250KV 8KA HVDC circuit breaker
This paper describes the circuit and component selections, development and equivalent circuit test results on an HVDC circuit breaker for an HVDC transmission line. A puffer type SF/sub 6/ gas interrupter for AC circuit breakers is utilized for interrupting DC current with injection of high-frequency inverse current from a commutating capacitor precharged to HVDC line voltage. Also, the effectiveness of application of the HVDC breaker to an HVDC system with two parallel transmission lines is demonstrated through the EMTP simulation.
Tokuyama, S.; Arimatsu, K.; Hirata, K.; Kato, Y.; Yoshioka, Y.
SF6 dielectric behavior in a high voltage circuit breaker at low temperature under lightning impulses
This work concerns the study of the dielectric and thermodynamic behavior of SF{sub 6} in a 145 kV circuit breaker subjected to lightning impulse voltages in both polarities at temperatures varying from ambient (20 C) to {minus}45 C. The filling of the circuit breaker with SF{sub 6} is carried out at the reference point: T = 15 C, P = 6 bars abs. and d = 39.6 kg/m{sup 3}. Devices allowing to detect the appearance of local condensation of SF{sub 6} and to identify the breakdown between the circuit-breaker contacts and the flashover outside the circuit-breaker, are presented. The experimental results show a general tendency to a decrease in the U{sub 50%} voltage when the temperature is decreased at constant density (a decrease by about 5% when the temperature was decreased from +20 C to {minus}25 C). Such a variation would not have a significant influence in industrial practice. Even if this variation is very weak, it also appears from the obtained results that the gas density is not the only parameter which has an influence on the electric strength of the gas. However, to compare results at different temperatures, it would be better to make it at constant density and not at constant pressure, to avoid the dependency of the ratio (E/N) on N (where E is the electric strength and N the density). On the other hand, it seems that the presence of the liquid in the circuit breaker is not a penalizing parameter. The distribution of the electric field corresponding to the geometrical configuration of the studied circuit-breaker is also presented.
Buret, F.; Beroual, A. [Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully (France)
High voltage, fast turn-on and turn-off switch: Final report for period September 2, 1998 - March 17, 1999
The aspect to be investigated during this contract was an electron-beam triggered diamond switch to be used in high power modulators. Today's high power modulators require higher voltage switches than those developed to date. Specifically, the proposed 1 TeV linear collider, the NLC/ILC at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), consists of two linacs with 6600 X-Band klystrons powered by 3300 high power modulators. These modulators require switches capable of handling 80 kV, switching 8 kA with pulse durations ranging from 2 ps (linac) to 6 {micro}s (pre-linac) with switching times <50 ns at pulse repetition frequencies up to 180 Hz. In addition the large number of switches and other components dictate a pulse to pulse jitter of <10 ns and a mean time between failures of at least 50,000 hours. The present approach is to use hydrogen filled thyratrons. While these switches meet the voltage and conduction current requirements they lack the required reliability (pulse to pulse jitter) and lifetime. Research to improve these aspects is in progress. A solid state switch inherently offers the required reliability and lifetime. However, Si-based switches developed to date are limited to about 5 kV and several must be stacked in series to deliver the required voltage. This further increases the already large parts count and compromises reliability and lifetime. A monolithic, solid state switch capable of meeting all the requirements for X-Band modulators would be ideal. DOE selected this proposal for a Phase 1 SBIR award and this final report describes the progress made during the contract.
Jochen Schein; Xiaoxi Xu; Niansheng Qi; Steven Gensler; Rahul Prasad; Mahadevan Krishnan
A low-voltage retarding-field Mott polarimeter for photocathode characterization
Nuclear physics experiments at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility's CEBAF rely on high polarization electron beams. We describe a recently commissioned system for prequalifying and studying photocathodes for CEBAF with a load-locked, low-voltage polarized electron source coupled to a compact retarding-field Mott polarimeter. The polarimeter uses simplified electrode structures and operates from 5 to 30 kV. The effective Sherman function for this device has been calibrated by comparison with the CEBAF 5 MeV Mott polarimeter. For elastic scattering from a thick gold target at 20 keV, the effective Sherman function is 0.201(5). Its maximum efficiency at 20 keV, defined as the detected count rate divided by the incident particle current, is 5.4(2) x 10-4, yielding a figure-of-merit, or analyzing power squared times efficiency, of 1.0(1) x 10-5. The operating parameters of this new polarimeter design are compared to previously published data for other compact Mott polarimeters of the retarding-field type.
James L. McCarter; Marcy L. Stutzman; Kenneth W. Trantham; Tyler G. Anderson; April M. Cook; Timothy J. Gay
An Ultra-Compact Marx-Type High-Voltage Generator
This paper discusses the design of an ultra-compact, Marx-type, high-voltage generator. This system incorporates high-performance components that are closely coupled and integrated into an extremely compact assembly. Low profile, custom ceramic capacitors with coplanar extended electrodes provide primary energy storage. Low-inductance, spark-gap switches incorporate miniature gas cavities imbedded within the central region of the annular shaped capacitors, with very thin dielectric sections separating the energy storage capacitors. Carefully shaped electrodes and insulator surfaces are used throughout to minimize field enhancements, reduce fields at triple-point regions, and enable operation at stress levels closer to the intrinsic breakdown limits of the dielectric materials. Specially shaped resistors and inductors are used for charging and isolation during operation. Forward-coupling ceramic capacitors are connected across successive switch-capacitor-switch stages to assist in switching. Pressurized SF, gas is used for electrical insulation in the spark-gap switches and throughout the unit. The pressure housing is constructed entirely of dielectric materials, with segments that interlock with the low-profile switch bodies to provide an integrated support structure for all of the components. This ultra-compact Marx generator employs a modular design that can be sized as needed for a particular application. Units have been assembled with 4, 10, and 30 stages and operated at levels up to 100 kV per stage.
Goerz, D; Ferriera, T; Nelson, D; Speer, R; Wilson, M
Characteristics of Gafchromic XRQA2 films for kV image dose measurement
Purpose: In this study, the relevant characteristics of the new Gafchromic XRQA2 film for its application in measuring kV cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image doses were thoroughly investigated. Methods: The film was calibrated free in air to air kerma levels between 0 and 9 cGy using 120 kVp photon beams produced by the x-ray volume imager. Films were scanned using transmission and reflection scanning modes with the Epson Expression 10000 XL flat-bed document scanner. The impact of film size, region of interest for the analysis, scan uniformity, scan resolution, scan orientation and alternate scanning sides on the analysis process were investigated. Energy dependence, postirradiation growth of reflectance with time and irradiation angular dependence of the film were tested at different air kerma levels. Results: The net reflectance changed by {approx}3% when the size of the film piece changed from 1 cm x 2 cm to 10 cm x 11 cm and changed by {approx}1% when ROI changed from 0. 7 cm x 0. 7 cm to 8 cm x 8 cm, suggesting a good uniformity of the film. The film was successfully analyzed using the transmission scanning mode, calibration curves from both transmission and reflection scanning modes showed similar behavior. The calibration uncertainty was somewhat lower when the film was scanned using reflection mode (6% and 8% for reflection and transmission modes, respectively.) Higher scanning resolution came with increasing calibration uncertainty. The calibration uncertainty for reflection and transmission modes increased from {approx}3.5% to 7% and from {approx}3.5% to 9%, respectively when scanning resolution was changed from 50 to 400 dpi. Scanning the film on alternate sides using transmission mode led to variation of 16%-19% in the net optical density at doses commonly used for CBCT procedures. The film response changed by almost 10% when it was exposed to beams of two different energies (100 and 120 kVp.) Other features of the film such as film orientation, postexposure growth, and irradiation angular dependence were also investigated. Conclusions: The size of film piece and analysis ROI used for calibration slightly affected the film response. Both transmission and reflection scanning modes can be used to analyze the Gafchromic XRQA2, with the reflection mode having a somewhat lower calibration uncertainty. Scanning films on alternate sides using transmission mode significantly affects the optical density. The film response was shown to be energy dependent. The films reached stability in about 6 h after exposure. The film response was proven to be independent of irradiation angle except when the beam is parallel to the film surface.
Giaddui, Tawfik; Cui Yunfeng; Galvin, James; Chen Wenzhou; Yu Yan; Xiao Ying [Department Of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 (United States)
The Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT) for Mitigating Effects of Voltage Sags on Industrial Equipment
Electric quality problems associated with power interactions between distribution and industrial process control systems can be prevented. Surveys of large users that buy power at the transmission and distribution voltages turn up relatively few complaints about the quality of their incoming power, while surveys of small users connected at secondary voltages tum up numerous complaints about the quality of their incoming power. Three major changes in the characteristics of customer loads and power distribution systems have altered the nature of the power quality equation: (I) greater sensitivity of devices and equipment to electric power variations, (2) the interconnection of sensitive loads in extensive networks and automated processes, and (3) an increase in loads that use power electronics in some type of power conversion configuration [1][2]. This paper presents applications of the constant-voltage transformer (CVT) for mitigating the effects of electric service voltage sags on industrial equipment in an oil refinery. Unlike conventional transformers, the CVT or ferro-resonant transformer allows the core to become saturated with magnetic flux, which maintains a relatively constant output voltage during input voltage variations such as undervoltages, overvoltages, and harmonic distortion.
Ferraro, R. J.; Osborne, R.; Stephens, R.
Sacramento Area Voltage Support Environmental Impact Statement
E E R R A N E V A D A R E G I O N Sacramento Area Voltage Support DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT DOE/EIS-0323 NOVEMBER 2002 COVER SHEET Title: Sacramento Area Voltage Support Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Lead Agency: Western Area Power Administration (Western) Location: Alameda, Contra Costa, Placer, Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Sutter Counties, State of California. EIS Number: DOE/EIS-0323 Contact: Ms. Loreen McMahon, Environmental Project Manager Western Area Power Administration Sierra Nevada Region 114 Parkshore Drive Folsom, CA 95630 (916) 353-4460 (916) 985-1936 fax email: email@example.com Website: Information is also available on our website: www.wapa.gov Hotline: 1-877-913-4440 (toll-free) Abstract The Western Area Power Administration's Central Valley Project transmission system forms an integral part of
Electrical system architecture having high voltage bus
An electrical system architecture is disclosed. The architecture has a power source configured to generate a first power, and a first bus configured to receive the first power from the power source. The architecture also has a converter configured to receive the first power from the first bus and convert the first power to a second power, wherein a voltage of the second power is greater than a voltage of the first power, and a second bus configured to receive the second power from the converter. The architecture further has a power storage device configured to receive the second power from the second bus and deliver the second power to the second bus, a propulsion motor configured to receive the second power from the second bus, and an accessory motor configured to receive the second power from the second bus.
Hoff, Brian Douglas (East Peoria, IL); Akasam, Sivaprasad (Peoria, IL)
Low Swing Dual Threshold Voltage Domino Logic
A low swing domino logic technique is proposed to decrease power consumption without sacrificing noise immunity. With the proposed low swing domino logic circuit technique, active power consumption is reduced by up to 9.4% while improving the noise immunity by 2.6% as compared to standard domino logic circuits. It is also shown that by applying a low swing contention reduction technique, the power savings can be further increased by 6.7% while the delay can be improved by 8.6%. A simple and efficient dual threshold voltage (dual-V t ) circuit technique that incorporates low swing signals is also proposed. It is shown that the proposed dual-V technique reduces the standby leakage current by approximately 235 times while offering enhanced delay characteristics as compared to a standard low threshold voltage implementation.
Volkan Kursun; Eby G. Friedman
A high voltage and current spark gap switch comprising two main electrodes insulatingly supported in opposed spaced relationship and a middle electrode supported medially between the main electrodes and symmetrically about the median line of the main electrodes is described. The middle electrode has a perforation aligned with the median line and an irradiation electrode insulatingly supported in the body of the middle electrode normal to the median line and protruding into the perforation. (AEC)
Dike, R.S.; Lier, D.W.; Schofield, A.E.; Tuck, J.L.
Low-Voltage Cable Aging Management Guidance
This report, intended for use by power plant engineers and craft and administrative personnel who are responsible for cable system aging management, provides guidance on the effective and efficient application of current information and techniques related to aging and condition monitoring (CM) of low-voltage cables. The identification of cables that are prone to early aging and the timely replacement or repair of cables that are degraded will minimize unnecessary power losses, unplanned shutdowns, ...
Electro-optic voltage sensor head
The invention is an electro-optic voltage sensor head designed for integration with existing types of high voltage transmission and distribution apparatus. The sensor head contains a transducer, which comprises a transducing material in which the Pockels electro-optic effect is observed. In the practice of the invention at least one beam of electromagnetic radiation is routed into the transducing material of the transducer in the sensor head. The beam undergoes an electro-optic effect in the sensor head when the transducing material is subjected to an E-field. The electro-optic effect is observed as a differential phase a shift, also called differential phase modulation, of the beam components in orthogonal planes of the electromagnetic radiation. In the preferred embodiment the beam is routed through the transducer along an initial axis and then reflected by a retro-reflector back substantially parallel to the initial axis, making a double pass through the transducer for increased measurement sensitivity. The preferred embodiment of the sensor head also includes a polarization state rotator and at least one beam splitter for orienting the beam along major and minor axes and for splitting the beam components into two signals which are independent converse amplitude-modulated signals carrying E-field magnitude and hence voltage information from the sensor head by way of optic fibers.
Crawford, Thomas M. (Idaho Falls, ID); Davidson, James R. (Idaho Falls, ID); Woods, Gregory K. (Cornelius, OR)
The invention is an electro-optic voltage sensor head designed for integration with existing types of high voltage transmission and distribution apparatus. The sensor head contains a transducer, which comprises a transducing material in which the Pockels electro-optic effect is observed. In the practice of the invention at least one beam of electromagnetic radiation is routed into the transducing material of the transducer in the sensor head. The beam undergoes an electro-optic effect in the sensor head when the transducing material is subjected to an E-field. The electro-optic effect is observed as a differential phase a shift, also called differential phase modulation, of the beam components in orthogonal planes of the electromagnetic radiation. In the preferred embodiment the beam is routed through the transducer along an initial axis and then reflected by a retro-reflector back substantially parallel to the initial axis, making a double pass through the transducer for increased measurement sensitivity. The preferred embodiment of the sensor head also includes a polarization state rotator and at least one beam splitter for orienting the beam along major and minor axes and for splitting the beam components into two signals which are independent converse amplitude-modulated signals carrying E-field magnitude and hence voltage information from the sensor head by way of optic fibers. 6 figs.
Crawford, T.M.; Davidson, J.R.; Woods, G.K.
Charge Lifetime Study of K2CsSb Photocathode Inside a JLAB DC High Voltage Gun
Two photocathodes are frequently considered for generating high average current electron beams and/or beams with high brightness for current and future accelerator applications: GaAs:Cs and K2CsSb. Each photocathode has advantages and disadvantages, and need to demonstrate performance at 'production' accelerator facilities. To this end a K2CsSb photocathode was manufactured at Brookhaven National Lab and delivered to Jefferson Lab within a compact vacuum apparatus at pressure {approx} 5 x 10{sup -11} Torr. This photocathode was installed inside a dc high voltage photogun biased at voltages up to 200 kV, and illuminated with laser light at 440 or 532 nm, to generate beams up to 20 mA. Photocathode charge lifetime measurements indicate that under some conditions this cathode has exceptionally high charge lifetime, without measurable QE decay, even from the center of the photocathode where operation using GaAs photocathodes is precluded due to ion bombardment. These studies also suggest a complex QE decay mechanism likely related to chemistry and localized heating via the laser beam.
Mammei, R.; Rao, T.; Suleiman, R.; Poelker, M.; Smedley, J.; McCarter, J.L.
2 2 FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FOR THE IMPERIAL-MEXICALI 230-kV TRANSMISSION LINES Volume 2: Comment and Response Document U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management El Centro, CA Cooperating Agency December 2004 Comment and Response Document Imperial-Mexicali FEIS iii December 2004 CONTENTS NOTATION .......................................................................................................................... v ENGLISH/METRIC AND METRIC/ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS..................................... ix 1 PUBLIC REVIEW OF THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.1 Overview of the Public Review Process
Field Demonstration of a 24-kV Warm Dielectric Superconducting Cable at Detroit Edison: FY2003 Annual Progress Report
A project sponsored by EPRI, Pirelli Power Cables and Systems, the Department of Energy, Detroit Edison, and American Superconductor Corporation was initiated in 1998 to install and operate a 24 kV HTS power cable in a Detroit Edison substation to serve customer load. The previous years of activity have focused on design, testing, manufacturing, and installation of the cable system as described in the FY2000 and FY2001 status reports. The FY2002 status report focused on leak detection. The cornerstone of...
Strategy for Updating EPRI's Transmission Line Reference Book: 115-138-kV Compact Line Design ("The Blue Book")
EPRI is sponsoring development of a new, updated edition of the Transmission Line Reference Book: 115-138 kV Compact Line Design, commonly known as the "Blue Book," which was originally published in 1978. The new edition will provide the most up-to-date technical information and practices on the design and maintenance of compact overhead lines. It will enable energy companies to construct cost-effective compact lines that produce optimal performances and to address the ability to maintain compact lines w...
Physical design with multiple on-chip voltages
Supply voltage is one of the dominant factors that determine the timing performance and power consumption of VLSI chips. For digital systems with a single supply voltage, some logic devices typically operate faster or more frequently than necessary, ...
Chunhong Chen
NIST Online Museum of Quantum Voltage Standards, 1990s
... (Artifact 7, Citation: SP Benz, "Superconductor-normal-superconductor junctions for programmable voltage standards," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 67, pp. ...
Activated Sintering, Spark Plasma Sintering and High Voltage ...
Mar 4, 2013 ... Novel Synthesis and Consolidation of Powder Materials : Activated Sintering, Spark Plasma Sintering and High Voltage Electric Discharge�...
Dubal Cell Voltage Drop Initiatives towards Low Energy High ...
About this Abstract. Meeting, 2014 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition. Symposium , Aluminum Reduction Technology. Presentation Title, DUBAL CELL VOLTAGE�...
Temperature Fitting Method Predicting Equidistant Voltage Drop of ...
High Temperature Compression Test to Determine the Anode Paste ... Temperature Fitting Method Predicting Equidistant Voltage Drop of Anode Nod in �...
Development of the Platform-Mounted Dynamic Voltage Restorer (PMDVR)
The uninterrupted supply of electrical power is critical for many commercial utility customers with sensitive loads. A voltage sag of a few cycles could cause loss of many thousands of dollars due to lost production from process stoppage and associated clean-up issues. The Platform Mounted Dynamic Voltage Restorer (PMDVR) is a distribution voltage level device that compensates for changes in supply line voltage to maintain acceptable input power to customers.
The Corona Inception Voltage of insulating oils is increased by repetitive cycles of prestressing the oil with a voltage greater than the corona inception voltage, and either simultaneously or serially removing byproducts of corona by evacuation and heating the oil. 5 figs.
Rohwein, G.J.
Distributed Generation Source Stiffness and Its Impact on Voltage Distortion
Distributed generators with loads that create high harmonics can cause excessive voltage distortion. This report's objective was to evaluate under controlled laboratory conditions voltage distortion resulting from application of nonlinear load for three different types of rotary generators and one inverter-based generator. Test results also were used to verify the analytical model for predicting voltage distortion from nonlinear load application.
Selective compensation of voltage harmonics in grid-connected microgrids
1 Selective compensation of voltage harmonics in grid-connected microgrids Mehdi Savaghebia , Juan is proposed for selective compensation of main voltage harmonics in a grid- connected microgrid. The aim level. Keywords Distributed Generator (DG); microgrid; grid-connected; voltage harmonics compensation. 1
Vasquez, Juan Carlos
Secondary Control for Voltage Unbalance Compensation in an Islanded Microgrid
Secondary Control for Voltage Unbalance Compensation in an Islanded Microgrid Mehdi Savaghebi1 microgrid. The aim of the proposed control approach is to enhance the voltage quality at the point of common unbalance. Keywords-distributed generation; microgrid; secondary control; voltage unbalance compensation I
Research of Dynamic Voltage Restorer Based on Repetitive Control Strategy
This paper introduces a dynamic voltage restorer with independent three-phase structure, which is controlled on repetitive control strategy. Computer simulation of the whole repetitive control system is performed by Matlab/Simulink, and the results show ... Keywords: Dynamic Voltage Restorer, Repetitive Control, Voltage Sag
Tianyu Liu
Capacitively coupled RF voltage probe having optimized flux linkage
An RF sensor having a novel current sensing probe and a voltage sensing probe to measure voltage and current. The current sensor is disposed in a transmission line to link all of the flux generated by the flowing current in order to obtain an accurate measurement. The voltage sensor is a flat plate which operates as a capacitive plate to sense voltage on a center conductor of the transmission line, in which the measured voltage is obtained across a resistance leg of a R-C differentiator circuit formed by the characteristic impedance of a connecting transmission line and a capacitance of the plate, which is positioned proximal to the center conductor.
Moore, James A. (Powell, TN); Sparks, Dennis O. (Maryville, TN)
Impact of the Voltage Transients after a Fast Power Abort on the Quench Detection System in the LHC Main Dipole Chain
A Fast Power Abort in the LHC superconducting main dipole circuit consists in the switch-off of the power converter and the opening of the two energy-extraction switches. Each energy-extraction unit is composed of redundant electromechanical breakers, which are opened to force the current through an extraction resistor. When a switch is opened arcing occurs in the switch and a voltage of up to 1 kV builds up across the extraction resistor with a typical ramp rate of about 80 kV/s. The subsequent voltage transient propagates through the chain of 154 dipoles and superposes on the voltage waves caused by the switch-off of the power converter. The resulting effect caused intermittent triggering of the quench protection systems along with heater firings in the magnets when the transient occurred during a ramp of the current. A delay between power converter switch-off and opening of the energy-extraction switches was introduced to prevent this effect. Furthermore, the output filters of the power converters were mod...
Ravaioli, E; Formenti, F; Montabonnet, V; Pojer, M; Schmidt, R; Siemko, A; Solfaroli Camillocci, A; Steckert, J; Thiesen, H; Verweij, A
Federal Draft Environmental Impact Statement and State of Montana Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Montana Alberta Tie Ltd. (MATL) 230-kV Transmission Line
S-1 S.1 Introduction This document is both a State of Montana Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Federal Draft EIS (referred to herein as the Draft EIS for both state and federal purposes) prepared for the United States portion of the proposed Montana Alberta Tie Ltd. (MATL) 230-kilovolt (kV) transmission line. MATL has proposed to construct an international 230-kV alternating current merchant (private) transmission line that would originate at an existing NorthWestern Energy (NWE) 230-kV switch yard at Great Falls, Montana, and extend north to a new substation to be constructed northeast of Lethbridge, Alberta, crossing the U.S.-Canada international border north of Cut Bank, Montana (proposed Project). Approximately
Improvements in the computation of balances and localization of commercial losses of electric energy in 0.38-kV networks
An example of four 0.38-kV overhead distribution lines fed from a 10/0.4-kV transformer substation of the Grodno Electrical Networks (Belarus') and supplying electricity to a cottage area is used for analyzing energy balances and commercial losses in the networks. It is shown that the reliability of such analysis can be ensured by the use of modern software and electronic energy meters recording a retrospective of half-hourly intervals of active and reactive electric energy.
Vorotnitskii, V. Z.; Zaslonov, S. V.; Lysyuk, S. S. [Electric Power Research Institute (VNIIE) (Russian Federation)
Sequential circuit design for radiation hardened multiple voltage integrated circuits
The present invention includes a radiation hardened sequential circuit, such as a bistable circuit, flip-flop or other suitable design that presents substantial immunity to ionizing radiation while simultaneously maintaining a low operating voltage. In one embodiment, the circuit includes a plurality of logic elements that operate on relatively low voltage, and a master and slave latches each having storage elements that operate on a relatively high voltage.
Clark, Lawrence T. (Phoenix, AZ); McIver, III, John K. (Albuquerque, NM)
Waveform Characteristics of Voltage Sags: Definition and Algorithm Development
Voltage disturbances lasting more than one cycle are normally characterized in terms of voltage magnitude and event duration. These parameters provide an easily understood means of characterizing these types of voltage disturbances. However, magnitude and duration are not the only characteristics that affect loads. Many types of loads, such as contactors, control systems, and ac/dc drives, are also affected by other factors, such as the waveshape, the point in the waveform at which the disturbance begins...
Minimum Energy Compensation Strategy and Characteristic Analysis for Dynamic Voltage Restorer
The minimum energy compensation strategy and its characteristic for Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) considering the equipment�s voltage limitation are discussed. The strategy when the injection voltage is under or especially above the voltage limitation ... Keywords: dynamic voltage restorer, minimum energy compensation, compensation strategy, compensation characteristic, voltage limitation
Yingying Liu; Xu Yonghai; Xiao Xiangning; Guo Chunlin
Research on the SPLL based single phase voltage sag detection technique
The drop of voltage amplitude and the jump of phase angle are two important parameters of the voltage sag. The design of Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) compensation voltage with voltage sag parameters is discussed and a single-phase sag parameter detection ... Keywords: SPLL, detection, single-phase, voltage sag
Xie Yue; Chen Le; Sun Jian; Gong Xu
Triple voltage dc-to-dc converter and method
A circuit and method of providing three dc voltage buses and transforming power between a low voltage dc converter and a high voltage dc converter, by coupling a primary dc power circuit and a secondary dc power circuit through an isolation transformer; providing the gating signals to power semiconductor switches in the primary and secondary circuits to control power flow between the primary and secondary circuits and by controlling a phase shift between the primary voltage and the secondary voltage. The primary dc power circuit and the secondary dc power circuit each further comprising at least two tank capacitances arranged in series as a tank leg, at least two resonant switching devices arranged in series with each other and arranged in parallel with the tank leg, and at least one voltage source arranged in parallel with the tank leg and the resonant switching devices, said resonant switching devices including power semiconductor switches that are operated by gating signals. Additional embodiments having a center-tapped battery on the low voltage side and a plurality of modules on both the low voltage side and the high voltage side are also disclosed for the purpose of reducing ripple current and for reducing the size of the components.
Su, Gui-Jia (Knoxville, TN)
Surge Protection in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits
Surge Protection in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits: An 8-part Anthology ... converting old and yellowing papers into 21st Century electronic files, and ...
Multi-winding Homopolar Electric Machine Offers Variable Voltage ...
Wind Energy Industrial Technologies Multi-winding Homopolar Electric Machine Offers Variable Voltage at Low Rotational Speed Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Contact ...
fault diagnosis of a high voltage transmission line using waveform ...
Oct 4, 2013 ... FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF A HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINE USING ... Fault types such as single line to ground, line to line, double line to�...
High Voltage Electric Discharge Consolidation of Tantalum Powders
Abstract Scope, The high voltage electric discharge consolidation (HVEDC) is a promising method of the volumetric-porous body manufacturing, which can be�...
The Current-voltage Characteristics of Grain Boundaries in Ionic ...
Presentation Title, The Current-voltage Characteristics of Grain Boundaries in Ionic ... A High-temperature M�ssbauer Study of Iron-doped Ruddlesden-popper �...
(SPS) and High Voltage Electric Discharge Consolidation (HVEDC
Presentation Title, Inter-Particle Contact Phenomena in Spark-Plasma Sintering ( SPS) and High Voltage Electric Discharge Consolidation (HVEDC). Author(s)�...
Spark-plasma Sintering vs. High Voltage Electric Discharge ...
High voltage electric discharge consolidation (HVEDC) includes high axial pressure and discharge of the electrical energy stored in capacitors, thus enabling a�...
Voltage Controlled Creep of a Nanoporous Gold/Electrolyte Hybrid ...
And the creep rate can also be controlled by the voltage (electrochemical ... CNT Reinforced Copper Composite for High Contact Pressure Electrodes by�...
(SPS) and High Voltage Electric Discharge Consolidation (HVEDC)
Presentation Title, Local Heat Balance in Spark-plasma Sintering (SPS) and High Voltage Electric Discharge Consolidation (HVEDC). Author(s), Eugene�...
Road to AC Voltage Standard Leads to Important Junction
Road to AC Voltage Standard Leads to Important Junction. ... Grumman in the mid-1990s.*** A number of innovations since then have led to the first ...
Chronic Benzodiazepine Administration Potentiates High Voltage-Activated Calcium Currents
.aspetjournals.orgDownloadedfrom #12;other drugs of abuse has been reported to enhance high voltage-activated calcium channels (HVAs
Brand, Paul H.
California ISO Real-Time Voltage Security Assessment (VSA) Project...
Arnold Schwarzenegger Governor REAL-TIME GRID RELIABILITY MANAGEMENT California ISO Real-Time Voltage Security Assessment (VSA) Project: Summary of Survey Results on Methodologies...
Operating standby redundant controller to improve voltage source inverter reliability .
??This thesis presents a control architecture that achieves operating standby redundancy for a voltage source inverter controller. The system was designed to increase reliability by� (more)
Blevins, Stephen T.
Patents and Perspective on Surge Protection for Low-Voltage ...
... In a high-voitage inverter the impedance is a resistor functioning to dampen voltage o\\ershoots and to im- plement a relay or solid state second ...
Energy-Big voltage, little package... | ornl.gov
News DOE Pulse Media Contacts Media Mentions RSS Feeds News Home | ORNL | News | Story Tips SHARE Energy-Big voltage, little package Oak Ridge National Laboratory's new Stinger...
Specifying a Low-Voltage Dynamic Sag Corrector
Voltage sags are the most frequent and costly of power quality problems for industrial customers. A number of non-battery-based technologies have emerged in the market to mitigate the effects of voltage sags on industrial processes. Among these, the low-voltage dynamic sag corrector (DySC) can provide ride-through during sags to 50 percent of nominal voltage for up to 12 cycles with no energy storage; for longer ride-through or deeper sags, energy storage capacitors are available as an option. This repor...
A Step Towards Energy-Efficient Voltage Control of Magnetic ...
... By combining these two types of materials, it is possible to create low ... by electric fields (applied voltage) instead of less energy-efficient magnetic ...
Review for the State of the Art and Application of Polymer Materials / Insulation used in Distribution Class (12 - 46 kV class) Substations
This report covers the results of a state-of-art study into distribution class (12-46 kV) polymer-based products, the technology used to manufacture them, utility experiences, field potential inspection and diagnostic technique, and utility interest for future research and development to be conducted by EPRI.
Longitudinal Load and Cascading Failure Risk Assessment (CASE): Central Louisiana Electric Cooperative's 500-kV Toledo-Coushatta Transmission Line
EPRI's Cascading Failure Risk Assessment (CASE) methodology was used to determine extreme event, unbalanced loads on Central Louisiana Electric Company's (CLECO) 500-kV, single circuit, Toledo-Coushatta transmission line. The methodology also identified the line's cascading potential under different loading conditions.
Voltage Unbalance: Power Quality Issues, Related Standards and Mitigation Techniques: Effect of Unbalanced Voltage on End Use Equipm ent Performance
Unbalanced voltages can result in adverse effects on equipment and the electric distribution system. Under unbalanced conditions the distribution system will incur more losses and heating effects, and be less stable. The effect of voltage unbalance can also be detrimental to equipment such as induction motors, power electronic converters, and adjustable speed drives (ASDs). The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes and effects of voltage unbalance as well as the related standards and mitigat...
Robust Design of Basic Low Voltage CMOS Transconductors
Two new low voltage transconductors are introduced and the statistical design of these transconductors are presented. The circuits operate in the saturation region with fully balanced input signals. Initial circuit simulation results are given. Response surface ... Keywords: design of experiments, low voltage, response surface methodology, roboust design, yield enhancement
Tuna B. Tarim; H. Hakan Kuntman; Mohammed Ismail
Wind Farm Grid Voltage Stability Researching Based on Cascade STATCOM
Though most wind turbine use induction generator, when wind induction generator with power generation, it will produce a series of power quality problems such as voltage fluctuations. This paper discusses the mathematical model of the wind induction ... Keywords: Wind induction generator, Cascade STATCOM, Wind farm, Voltage stability
Li Shengqing, Xu Wenxiang, Li Weizhou, Zeng Huanyue
Motor voltage asymmetry influence to the efficient energy usage
Analysis of the effect of unbalanced voltages on the three-phase induction motor is presented in the paper. Since the unbalanced voltage of 2%, 3.5% and 5% increase in losses could reach, in the same order, the amount of 8%, 25% and 50% of nominal power ... Keywords: asymetry, energy efficiency, induction motor, power losses, standard
Miloje Kostic; Aleksandar Nikolic
Analysis of Voltage Notching Concerns at a Petroleum Pumping Station
This report presents the results of a voltage notching investigation at a petroleum pumping station. The analysis in this paper focuses on a particular example system where the voltage notching caused significant oscillations at the distribution system level, resulting in equipment problems at another customer supplied from the same system.
Compile-time dynamic voltage scaling settings: opportunities and limits
With power-related concerns becoming dominant aspects of hardware and software design, significant research effort has been devoted towards system power minimization. Among run-time power-management techniques, dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) has emerged ... Keywords: analytical model, compiler, dynamic voltage scaling, low power, mixed-integer linear programming
Fen Xie; Margaret Martonosi; Sharad Malik
Real-time static voltage scaling on multiprocessors
We propose a real-time static voltage scaling (RT-SVS) technique called T-L plane transforming, which is an extension of LLREF, an optimal real-time scheduling algorithm for multiprocessor systems. We present two RT-SVS algorithms for different types ... Keywords: energy consumption, multiprocessor systems, real-time scheduling, real-time voltage scaling
Kenji Funaoka; Shinpei Kato; Nobuyuki Yamasaki
Proceedings: EPRI/NERC Forum on Voltage Stability
As power systems are operated at increased stress, utilities are becoming more concerned about voltage collapse and consequent severe disruptions. This meeting, cosponsored by EPRI and NERC, provided a forum for a group of international experts to exchange information on voltage stability, including its physical understanding, operational practices, and application of available tools.
Definition: Automated Voltage And Var Control | Open Energy Information
Voltage And Var Control Voltage And Var Control Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Automated Voltage And Var Control Automated voltage and VAR control requires coordinated operation of reactive power resources such as capacitor banks, voltage regulators, transformer load-tap changers, and distributed generation (DG) with sensors, controls, and communications systems. These devices could operate autonomously in response to local events or in response to signals from a central control system.[1] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition Also Known As Volt-VAR Control (VVC) Related Terms smart grid, Reactive Power References ↑ SmartGrid.gov 'Description of Functions' An i LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. nline Glossary Definition Retrieved from
E-beam high voltage switching power supply
A high-power power supply produces a controllable, constant high voltage put under varying and arcing loads. The power supply includes a voltage regulator, an inductor, an inverter for producing a high frequency square wave current of alternating polarity, an improved inverter voltage clamping circuit, a step up transformer, an output rectifier for producing a dc voltage at the output of each module, and a current sensor for sensing output current. The power supply also provides dynamic response to varying loads by controlling the voltage regulator duty cycle and circuitry is provided for sensing incipient arc currents at the output of the power supply to simultaneously decouple the power supply circuitry from the arcing load. The power supply includes a plurality of discrete switching type dc--dc converter modules.
Shimer, Daniel W. (Danville, CA); Lange, Arnold C. (Livermore, CA)
A high-power power supply produces a controllable, constant high voltage output under varying and arcing loads. The power supply includes a voltage regulator, an inductor, an inverter for producing a high frequency square wave current of alternating polarity, an improved inverter voltage clamping circuit, a step up transformer, an output rectifier for producing a dc voltage at the output of each module, and a current sensor for sensing output current. The power supply also provides dynamic response to varying loads by controlling the voltage regulator duty cycle and circuitry is provided for sensing incipient arc currents at the output of the power supply to simultaneously decouple the power supply circuitry from the arcing load. The power supply includes a plurality of discrete switching type dc--dc converter modules. 5 figs.
Shimer, D.W.; Lange, A.C.
Living and Working Safely Around High-Voltage Power Lines.
High-voltage transmission lines can be just as safe as the electrical wiring in the homes--or just as dangerous. The crucial factor is ourselves: they must learn to behave safely around them. This booklet is a basic safety guide for those who live and work around power lines. It deals primarily with nuisance shocks due to induced voltages, and with potential electric shock hazards from contact with high-voltage lines. References on possible long-term biological effects of transmission lines are shown. In preparing this booklet, the Bonneville Power Administration has drawn on more than 50 years of experience with high-voltage transmission. BPA operates one of the world`s largest networks of long-distance, high-voltage lines. This system has more than 400 substations and about 15,000 miles of transmission lines, almost 4,400 miles of which are operated at 500,000 volts.
United States. Bonneville Power Administration.
Tests show ability of vacuum circuit breaker to interrupt fast transient recovery voltage rates of rise of transformer secondary faults
A vacuum circuit breaker demonstrated its ability to interrupt short circuits with faster than normal rates of rise of transient recovery voltage (TRV) at levels greater than those produced by most transformer secondary faults. Two recent exploratory test programs evaluated the interrupting ability of a 15kV vacuum circuit breaker containing interrupters of the rotating arc type with contacts made from a chromium-copper powder metal mixture. The interrupting conditions covered a wide range of currents from 10% to 130% of the 28kA rated short circuit current of the tested circuit breaker and a wide range of TRV rates of rise, including the relatively slow rate of rise, normally used in testing and found in most indoor circuit breaker applications, two faster rates of rise equaling and exceeding those found in a known power plant transformer secondary protection application, and the fastest rates of rise possible in the laboratory which exceed the requirements of most transformer secondary faults. These tests showed that the interrupting performance of the tested vacuum circuit breaker was unaffected by the TRV rate of rise to the fastest rates available in the test lab. Such a vacuum circuit breaker can therefore be used without TRV modifying capacitors to slow down the rate of rise provided by the power system. This ability is particularly important if analysis shows that the expected TRV from a transformer secondary fault has a fast rate of rise beyond the recognized ability of an older circuit breaker to acceptably interrupt.
Smith, R.K. [Westinghouse Science and Technology Center, Pittsburgh, PA (United States)
Reactive Power Management to Address Short-Term Voltage Stability Using Optimal Reactive Power Allocation Method
Voltage stability has attracted attention recently because power systems are increasingly operated under heavy loads and subjected to high levels of dynamic fast acting loads. Voltage instability under these conditions can be manifested as depressed voltage profiles, delayed voltage recovery at load buses following a major disturbance, and even fast voltage collapse. Single-phase, low-inertia induction motors can have adverse effect on voltage stability as they decelerate in the event of voltage ...
Improving the low voltage ride through of doubly fed induction generator during intermittent voltage source converter faults
on the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is also) controller to mitigate the effects of these faults is proposed. The DFIG compliance with numerous and compared. Simulation results indicate that these types of faults have a severe impact on the DFIG voltage
High voltage dc-dc converter with dynamic voltage regulation and decoupling during load-generated arcs
A high-power power supply produces a controllable, constant high voltage output under varying and arcing loads. The power supply includes a voltage regulator, an inductor, an inverter for producing a high frequency square wave current of alternating polarity, an improved inverter voltage clamping circuit, a step up transformer, an output rectifier for producing a dc voltage at the output of each module, and a current sensor for sensing output current. The power supply also provides dynamic response to varying loads by controlling the voltage regulator duty cycle and circuitry is provided for sensing incipient arc currents at the output of the power supply to simultaneously decouple the power supply circuitry from the arcing load. The power supply includes a plurality of discrete switching type dc--dc converter modules.
High voltage dc--dc converter with dynamic voltage regulation and decoupling during load-generated arcs
A high-power power supply produces a controllable, constant high voltage output under varying and arcing loads. The power supply includes a voltage regulator, an inductor, an inverter for producing a high frequency square wave current of alternating polarity, an improved inverter voltage clamping circuit, a step up transformer, an output rectifier for producing a dc voltage at the output of each module, and a current sensor for sensing output current. The power supply also provides dynamic response to varying loads by controlling the voltage regulator duty cycle and circuitry is provided for sensing incipient arc currents at the output of the power supply to simultaneously decouple the power supply circuitry from the arcing load. The power supply includes a plurality of discrete switching type dc--dc converter modules. 5 Figs.
Optically triggered high voltage switch network and method for switching a high voltage
An optically triggered solid state switch and method for switching a high voltage electrical current. A plurality of solid state switches (350) are connected in series for controlling electrical current flow between a compensation capacitor (112) and ground in a reactive power compensator (50, 50') that monitors the voltage and current flowing through each of three distribution lines (52a, 52b and 52c), which are supplying three-phase power to one or more inductive loads. An optical transmitter (100) controlled by the reactive power compensation system produces light pulses that are conveyed over optical fibers (102) to a switch driver (110') that includes a plurality of series connected optical triger circuits (288). Each of the optical trigger circuits controls a pair of the solid state switches and includes a plurality of series connected resistors (294, 326, 330, and 334) that equalize or balance the potential across the plurality of trigger circuits. The trigger circuits are connected to one of the distribution lines through a trigger capacitor (340). In each switch driver, the light signals activate a phototransistor (300) so that an electrical current flows from one of the energy reservoir capacitors through a pulse transformer (306) in the trigger circuit, producing gate signals that turn on the pair of serially connected solid state switches (350).
El-Sharkawi, Mohamed A. (Renton, WA); Andexler, George (Everett, WA); Silberkleit, Lee I. (Mountlake Terrace, WA)
Low-voltage-swing Monolithic DC-DC Conversion
Abstract�A low-voltage-swing MOSFET gate drive technique is proposed in this paper for enhancing the efficiency characteristics of high-frequency-switching dc�dc converters. The parasitic power dissipation of a dc�dc converter is reduced by lowering the voltage swing of the power transistor gate drivers. A comprehensive circuit model of the parasitic impedances of a monolithic buck converter is presented. Closed-form expressions for the total power dissipation of a low-swing buck converter are proposed. The effect of reducing the MOSFET gate voltage swings is explored with the proposed circuit model. A range of design parameters is evaluated, permitting the development of a design space for full integration of active and passive devices of a low-swing buck converter on the same die, for a target CMOS technology. The optimum gate voltage swing of a power MOSFET that maximizes efficiency is lower than a standard full voltage swing. An efficiency of 88 % at a switching frequency of 102 MHz is achieved for a voltage conversion from 1.8 to 0.9 V with a low-swing dc�dc converter based on a 0.18- m CMOS technology. The power dissipation of a low-swing dc�dc converter is reduced by 27.9 % as compared to a standard full-swing dc�dc converter. Index Terms�Buck converter, dc�dc converters, enhanced efficiency, high frequency, low power, low swing, monolithic integration, on-chip voltage conversion, parameter optimization, parasitic impedances, power dissipation modeling, power supply, reduced energy dissipation, reduced voltage swing, switching voltage regulator. I.
Volkan Kursun; Siva G. Narendra; Vivek K. De; Eby G. Friedman
A Survey on the Principle and Control of Dynamic Voltage Restorer
With the development of information and automation techniques, dynamic voltage problems are once again in the spotlight. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is a modern and important custom power device used for mitigating voltage sags in power distribution ... Keywords: voltage sag, dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), control strategy, power quality, optimized compensation, energy storage
Shuhong Kong; Zhongdong Yin; Renzhong Shan; Weidong Shang
(DOE/EIS-0285/SA 118): Supplement Analysis for the Transmission System Vegetation Management Program EIS, Holcomb-Naselle 115kV)
7, 2003 7, 2003 REPLY TO ATTN OF: KEP-4 SUBJECT: Supplement Analysis for the Transmission System Vegetation Management Program FEIS (DOE/EIS-SA 118, Holcomb - Naselle 115 kV. James A. Jellison - TFO/Olympia Proposed Action: Vegetation Management along the Holcomb Naselle 115kV transmission line corridor from structure 1/1 through structure 21/10. Right of way width averages 100 feet. Location: The project area is located in Pacific County, Washington. Proposed by: Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). Description of the Proposal: BPA proposes to remove unwanted vegetation along the right-of- way, access roads and around tower structures along the subject transmission line corridor. Approximately 21 miles of right-of-way will be treated using selective and non-selective
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE FORT COLLINS 115kV TRANSMISSION LINE UPGRADE PROJECT Prepared for: Platte River Power Authority and U.S. Department of Energy Western Area Power Administration DOE/EA 1354 September 2001 i TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... S-1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................1-1 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT .................................................................. 1-1 1.3 PURPOSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT....................................................
Time varying voltage combustion control and diagnostics sensor
A time-varying voltage is applied to an electrode, or a pair of electrodes, of a sensor installed in a fuel nozzle disposed adjacent the combustion zone of a continuous combustion system, such as of the gas turbine engine type. The time-varying voltage induces a time-varying current in the flame which is measured and used to determine flame capacitance using AC electrical circuit analysis. Flame capacitance is used to accurately determine the position of the flame from the sensor and the fuel/air ratio. The fuel and/or air flow rate (s) is/are then adjusted to provide reduced flame instability problems such as flashback, combustion dynamics and lean blowout, as well as reduced emissions. The time-varying voltage may be an alternating voltage and the time-varying current may be an alternating current.
Chorpening, Benjamin T. (Morgantown, WV); Thornton, Jimmy D. (Morgantown, WV); Huckaby, E. David (Morgantown, WV); Fincham, William (Fairmont, WV)
Planar LTCC transformers for high voltage flyback converters: Part II.
This paper is a continuation of the work presented in SAND2007-2591 'Planar LTCC Transformers for High Voltage Flyback Converters'. The designs in that SAND report were all based on a ferrite tape/dielectric paste system originally developed by NASCENTechnoloy, Inc, who collaborated in the design and manufacturing of the planar LTCC flyback converters. The output/volume requirements were targeted to DoD application for hard target/mini fuzing at around 1500 V for reasonable primary peak currents. High voltages could be obtained but with considerable higher current. Work had begun on higher voltage systems and is where this report begins. Limits in material properties and processing capabilities show that the state-of-the-art has limited our practical output voltage from such a small part volume. In other words, the technology is currently limited within the allowable funding and interest.
Schofield, Daryl (NASCENTechnology, Inc., Watertown, SD); Schare, Joshua M., Ph.D.; Slama, George (NASCENTechnology, Inc., Watertown, SD); Abel, David (NASCENTechnology, Inc., Watertown, SD)
Multilevel cascade voltage source inverter with seperate DC sources
A multilevel cascade voltage source inverter having separate DC sources is described herein. This inverter is applicable to high voltage, high power applications such as flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) including static VAR generation (SVG), power line conditioning, series compensation, phase shifting and voltage balancing and fuel cell and photovoltaic utility interface systems. The M-level inverter consists of at least one phase wherein each phase has a plurality of full bridge inverters equipped with an independent DC source. This inverter develops a near sinusoidal approximation voltage waveform with only one switching per cycle as the number of levels, M, is increased. The inverter may have either single-phase or multi-phase embodiments connected in either wye or delta configurations.
Peng, Fang Zheng (Knoxville, TN); Lai, Jih-Sheng (Blacksburg, VA)
Design & Fabrication of a High-Voltage Photovoltaic Cell
Silicon photovoltaic (PV) cells are alternative energy sources that are important in sustainable power generation. Currently, applications of PV cells are limited by the low output voltage and somewhat low efficiency of such devices. In light of this fact, this project investigates the possibility of fabricating high-voltage PV cells on float-zone silicon wafers having output voltages ranging from 50 V to 2000 V. Three designs with different geometries of diffusion layers were simulated and compared in terms of metal coverage, recombination, built-in potential, and conduction current density. One design was then chosen and optimized to be implemented in the final device design. The results of the simulation serve as a feasibility test for the design concept and provide supportive evidence of the effectiveness of silicon PV cells as high-voltage power supplies.
Felder, Jennifer; /North Carolina State U. /SLAC
Two new low voltage transconductors are introduced and the statistical design of these transconductors are presented. The circuits operate in the saturation region with fully balanced input signals. Initial circuit simulation results are given. Response surface ...
NIST Online Museum of Quantum Voltage Standards, 1970s
... Metrologists wondered if they could connect several junctions in series to make a larger voltage, just as a 12-volt car battery is made up of six 2-volt ...
Fusing strategies for the dual-voltage fault
This thesis focuses on the 42V - 14V fault in a dual voltage system and discusses the possibility of effective fusing. A simple model for the system had been created from technical documentation. Based on the model and the ...
Shrivastava, Rupam, 1981-
Functionalized High Voltage Spinel Composite for High Power ...
Recently, spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with high working voltage and long cycle life makes it become the one of most promising cathode for high power delivery.
Multilevel cascade voltage source inverter with separate DC sources
A multilevel cascade voltage source inverter having separate DC sources is described herein. This inverter is applicable to high voltage, high power applications such as flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) including static VAR generation (SVG), power line conditioning, series compensation, phase shifting and voltage balancing and fuel cell and photovoltaic utility interface systems. The M-level inverter consists of at least one phase wherein each phase has a plurality of full bridge inverters equipped with an independent DC source. This inverter develops a near sinusoidal approximation voltage waveform with only one switching per cycle as the number of levels, M, is increased. The inverter may have either single-phase or multi-phase embodiments connected in either wye or delta configurations. 15 figs.
Fault Detection and Isolation in Low-Voltage DC Distribution ...
A University of Colorado research team led by Jae-Do Park has developed a fault detection and isolation scheme for a low-voltage DC-bus microgrid system, ...
High-voltage air-core pulse transformers
General types of air core pulse transformers designed for high voltage pulse generation and energy transfer applications are discussed with special emphasis on pulse charging systems which operate up to the multi-megavolt range. The design, operation, dielectric materials, and performance are described. It is concluded that high voltage air core pulse transformers are best suited to applications outside the normal ranges of conventional magnetic core transformers. In general these include charge transfer at high power levels and fast pulse generation with comparatively low energy. When properly designed and constructed, they are capable of delivering high energy transfer efficiency and have demonstrated superior high voltage endurance. The principal disadvantage of high voltage air core transformers is that they are not generally available from commercial sources. Consequently, the potential user must become thoroughly familiar with all aspects of design, fabrication and system application before he can produce a high performance transformer system. (LCL)
Rohwein, G. J.
Quartz crystal microbalance based on passive frequency to voltage converter
In dynamics of evaporation or drying of microdrops from a solid surface, a faster and precise quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is needed. The fast QCM based on frequency to voltage converter is an attractive and powerful tool in the investigation of the dynamic regime of evaporation to translate the frequency shift in terms of a continuous voltage change. The frequency shift monitoring in fast QCM applications is a real challenge for electronic processing interface. Originally developed as a frequency shift processing interface, this novel passive frequency to voltage converter can produce faster, stable, and accurate results in regard to the QCM sensor behavior. In this article, the concept and circuit of passive frequency to voltage converter will be explained followed by static and dynamic characterization. Experimental results of microdrops evaporation will be given.
Burda, Ioan; Tunyagi, Arthur [Department of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 400084 (Romania)
High power impulse magnetron sputtering: Current-voltage-time ...
pauses between pulses !typically 20 ms". The nominal volt-age of the pulser was adjustable up to 1000 V. The arc threshold was set to 120 A. If the current exceeded this
Light Flicker in Compact Fluorescent Lamps Caused by Voltage Fluctuations
This power quality (PQ) case study presents tests performed at the EPRI Power Electronics Applications Center (PEAC) Power Quality Test Facility to characterize the light output of an incandescent lamp and compact fluorescent lamps during voltage fluctuations.
Elevated Neutral to Earth and Contact Voltages in Distribution Systems
Perceptible voltage potentials at publicly and privately accessible human and animal contact locations pose concerns for utilities, regulators, and the public. Each year since 2004, EPRI research in this area has considered the most important concerns associated with these perceptible voltages by promoting consistent and repeatable assessment methodologies, sponsoring workshops, and creating a repository of case studies and general information. These and other project efforts are geared toward expediting...
Chloromethyl chlorosulfate as a voltage delay inhibitor in lithium cells
Chloromethyl chlorosulfate (CMCS) is used as a passive film growth inhibitor in electrochemical cells to minimize voltage delay and low-voltage discharge. Film growth on lithium anodes is significantly diminished when CMCS is added to SOCl.sub.2 and SO.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 electrolytes of lithium batteries. The CMCS also has the effect of extending the shelf-life of Li/SOCl.sub.2 and Li/SO.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 batteries.
Delnick, Frank M. (Albuquerque, NM)
Chloromethyl chlorosulfate (CMCS) is used as a passive film growth inhibitor in electrochemical cells to minimize voltage delay and low-voltage discharge. Film growth on lithium anodes is significantly diminished when CMCS is added to SOCl[sub 2] and SO[sub 2]Cl[sub 2] electrolytes of lithium batteries. The CMCS also has the effect of extending the shelf-life of Li/SOCl[sub 2] and Li/SO[sub 2]Cl[sub 2] batteries.
Delnick, F.M.
The intensity of betatron radiation emission as a function of injection voltage was studied using a 25-Mev betatron with a 350-kw external electron injector. The injection voltage was measured every 20 to 30 kw from 50 to 250 kw. The results showed that up to 250 kw, emission intensity increases according to theory. It is suggested that an increase in injection intensity up to 1000 kw and over should result in a considerable rise in emission intensity. (R.V.J.)
Moskalev, V.A.; Okulov, B.V.
Chloromethyl chlorosulfate (CMCS) is used as a passive film growth inhibitor in electrochemical cells to minimize voltage delay and low-voltage discharge. Film growth on lithium anodes is significantly diminished when CMCS is added to SOCl{sub 2} and SO{sub 2}Cl{sub 2} electrolytes of lithium batteries. The CMCS also has the effect of extending the shelf-life of Li/SOCl{sub 2} and Li/SO{sub 2}Cl{sub 2} batteries.
Measuring Helical FCG Voltage with an Electric Field Antenna
A method of measuring the voltage produced by a helical explosive flux compression generator using a remote electric field antenna is described in detail. The diagnostic has been successfully implemented on several experiments. Measured data from the diagnostic compare favorably with voltages predicted using the code CAGEN, validating our predictive modeling tools. The measured data is important to understanding generator performance, and is measured with a low-risk, minimally intrusive approach.
White, A D; Anderson, R A; Javedani, J B; Reisman, D B; Goerz, D A; Ferriera, A J; Speer, R D
High voltage series connected tandem junction solar battery
A high voltage series connected tandem junction solar battery which comprises a plurality of strips of tandem junction solar cells of hydrogenated amorphous silicon having one optical path and electrically interconnected by a tunnel junction. The layers of hydrogenated amorphous silicon, arranged in a tandem configuration, can have the same bandgap or differing bandgaps. The tandem junction strip solar cells are series connected to produce a solar battery of any desired voltage.
Hanak, Joseph J. (Lawrenceville, NJ)
Cable Aging Management Training Course for Low-Voltage Cables
The "EPRI PSE Cable Aging Training Course for Low-Voltage Cables" provides a basis for understanding of the aging of the insulation and jackets of electrical cables used in low-voltage systems. Practical techniques for determining which cables are prone to premature aging and for evaluating their condition are described. The course contains 11 modules. The first 9 modules describe the body of the cable aging management process. The last two modules, "Cable Failure Assessment" and "Performing a Walkdown o...
Optical control system for high-voltage terminals
An optical control system for the control of devices in the terminal of an electrostatic accelerator includes a laser that is modulated by a series of preselected codes produced by an encoder. A photodiode receiver is placed in the laser beam at the high-voltage terminal of an electrostatic accelerator. A decoder connected to the photodiode decodes the signals to provide control impulses for a plurality of devices at the high voltage of the terminal.
Bicek, John J. (Tinley Park, IL)
A Novel Dynamic Voltage Restorer with Outage Handling Capability Using Fuzzy Logic Controler
This paper presents a novel dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) capable of handling deep sags including outage on a low voltage distribution system. The DVR recovers sags up to 10% of nominal voltage; otherwise, it will operate as an uninterruptible power ...
M. Ashari; T. Hiyama; M. Pujiantara; H. Suryoatmojo; M. Hery Purnomo
High voltage electrical amplifier having a short rise time
A circuit, comprising an amplifier and a transformer is disclosed that produces a high power pulse having a fast response time, and that responds to a digital control signal applied through a digital-to-analog converter. The present invention is suitable for driving a component such as an electro-optic modulator with a voltage in the kilovolt range. The circuit is stable at high frequencies and during pulse transients, and its impedance matching circuit matches the load impedance with the output impedance. The preferred embodiment comprises an input stage compatible with high-speed semiconductor components for amplifying the voltage of the input control signal, a buffer for isolating the input stage from the output stage; and a plurality of current amplifiers connected to the buffer. Each current amplifier is connected to a field effect transistor (FET), which switches a high voltage power supply to a transformer which then provides an output terminal for driving a load. The transformer comprises a plurality of transmission lines connected to the FETs and the load. The transformer changes the impedance and the voltage of the output. The preferred embodiment also comprises a low voltage power supply for biasing the FETs at or near an operational voltage. 8 figs.
Christie, D.J.; Dallum, G.E.
A circuit, comprising an amplifier and a transformer is disclosed that produces a high power pulse having a fast response time, and that responds to a digital control signal applied through a digital-to-analog converter. The present invention is suitable for driving a component such as an electro-optic modulator with a voltage in the kilovolt range. The circuit is stable at high frequencies and during pulse transients, and its impedance matching circuit matches the load impedance with the output impedance. The preferred embodiment comprises an input stage compatible with high-speed semiconductor components for amplifying the voltage of the input control signal, a buffer for isolating the input stage from the output stage; and a plurality of current amplifiers connected to the buffer. Each current amplifier is connected to a field effect transistor (FET), which switches a high voltage power supply to a transformer which then provides an output terminal for driving a load. The transformer comprises a plurality of transmission lines connected to the FETs and the load. The transformer changes the impedance and voltage of the output. The preferred embodiment also comprises a low voltage power supply for biasing the FETs at or near an operational voltage.
Christie, David J. (Pleasanton, CA); Dallum, Gregory E. (Livermore, CA)
The impact of different voltage source converter (VSC) faults on the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is also investigated. Faults such as fire-through of the VSC switches and short circuit across the DC-link capacitor are considered in this paper. The impact of internal VSC faults when they occur within the grid side converter (GSC)
Centralized wind power plant voltage control with optimal power flow algorithm.
??This thesis presents a method of controlling the reactive power injected into a medium-voltage collection system by multiple wind turbine generators such that the voltage� (more)
Kline, Jared Andrew
Voltage stability limits for weak power systems with high wind penetration.
??Analysis of power system voltage stability has practical value in increasing wind penetration levels. As wind penetration levels increase in power systems, voltage stability challenges� (more)
Tamimi, Ala
Environmental Assessment for Central Power and Light Company`s proposed Military Highway-CFE tie 138/69-kV transmission line project Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas
Central Power and Light Company (CPL) intends to upgrade its existing transmission line ties with the Commision Federal de Electricidad (CFE) system in Mexico. CPL currently has a single 69-kilovolt (kV) transmission line in the Brownsville area which connects CPL`s system with the system of CFE. This existing line runs between the Brownsville Switching Station, located on Laredo Road in Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas, and an existing CFE 69-kV line at the Rusteberg Bend of the Rio Grande in Cameron County. Under current conditions of need, the existing 69-kV line does not possess sufficient capability to engage in appropriate power exchanges. Therefore, CPL is proposing to build a new line to link up with CFE. This proposed line would be a double-circuit line, which would (1) continue (on a slightly relocated route) the existing 69-kV tie from CPL`s Brownsville Switching Station to CFE`s facilities, and (2) add a 138-kV tie from the Military Highway Substation, located on Military Highway (US Highway 281), to CFE`s facilities. The proposed 138/69-kV line, which will be constructed and operated by CPL, will be built primarily on steel single-pole structures within an average 60-foot (ft) wide right-of-way (ROW). It will be approximately 6900--9200 ft (1.3--1.7 miles) in length, depending on the alternative route constructed.
A high power, solid state power supply is described for producing a controllable, constant high voltage output under varying and arcing loads suitable for powering an electron beam gun or other ion source. The present power supply is most useful for outputs in a range of about 100-400 kW or more. The power supply is comprised of a plurality of discrete switching type dc-dc converter modules, each comprising a voltage regulator, an inductor, an inverter for producing a high frequency square wave current of alternating polarity, an improved inverter voltage clamping circuit, a step up transformer, and an output rectifier for producing a dc voltage at the output of each module. The inputs to the converter modules are fed from a common dc rectifier/filter and are linked together in parallel through decoupling networks to suppress high frequency input interactions. The outputs of the converter modules are linked together in series and connected to the input of the transmission line to the load through a decoupling and line matching network. The dc-dc converter modules are phase activated such that for n modules, each module is activated equally 360.degree./n out of phase with respect to a successive module. The phased activation of the converter modules, combined with the square current waveforms out of the step up transformers, allows the power supply to operate with greatly reduced output capacitance values which minimizes the stored energy available for discharge into an electron beam gun or the like during arcing. The present power supply also provides dynamic response to varying loads by controlling the voltage regulator duty cycle using simulated voltage feedback signals and voltage feedback loops. Circuitry is also provided for sensing incipient arc currents reflected at the output of the power supply and for simultaneously decoupling the power supply circuitry from the arcing load.
A high power, solid state power supply is described for producing a controllable, constant high voltage output under varying and arcing loads suitable for powering an electron beam gun or other ion source. The present power supply is most useful for outputs in a range of about 100-400 kW or more. The power supply is comprised of a plurality of discrete switching type dc-dc converter modules, each comprising a voltage regulator, an inductor, an inverter for producing a high frequency square wave current of alternating polarity, an improved inverter voltage clamping circuit, a step up transformer, and an output rectifier for producing a dc voltage at the output of each module. The inputs to the converter modules are fed from a common dc rectifier/filter and are linked together in parallel through decoupling networks to suppress high frequency input interactions. The outputs of the converter modules are linked together in series and connected to the input of the transmission line to the load through a decoupling and line matching network. The dc-dc converter modules are phase activated such that for n modules, each module is activated equally 360{degree}/n out of phase with respect to a successive module. The phased activation of the converter modules, combined with the square current waveforms out of the step up transformers, allows the power supply to operate with greatly reduced output capacitance values which minimizes the stored energy available for discharge into an electron beam gun or the like during arcing. The present power supply also provides dynamic response to varying loads by controlling the voltage regulator duty cycle using simulated voltage feedback signals and voltage feedback loops. Circuitry is also provided for sensing incipient arc currents reflected at the output of the power supply and for simultaneously decoupling the power supply circuitry from the arcing load. 7 figs.
Interaction of Multiple Distributed Energy Resources in Voltage Regulation
Distributed energy resources (DE) with power electronics (PE) interfaces with the right control are capable of providing reactive power related ancillary services; voltage regulation in particular has drawn much attention. In this paper the problem of how to coordinate control multiple DEs to regulate the local voltage in the distribution system is addressed. A control method for voltage regulation using the DE PE controller is presented and based on the proposed control scheme; the voltage regulation of a distribution system with one DE and two DEs are tested, respectively. The factors affecting the gain parameters of the PE controller are investigated. The simulation results show that the parameters of the controller determine its dynamic response for voltage regulation and the factors associated with the network characteristics, such as locations of DEs and the amount of load, affect the impact range of the controller. The research work presented in this paper can be potentially used for the control system design of Smart Grid or Utility of the Future.
Li, Huijuan [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK); Li, Fangxing [ORNL; Xu, Yan [ORNL; Rizy, D Tom [ORNL; Kueck, John D [ORNL
Experiment Hazard Class 13.0 - High Voltage
3.0 - High Voltage 3.0 - High Voltage Applicability This hazard classification applies to all experiments involving the use of High Voltage Equipment. Other hazard classifications and their associated hazard controls may also apply to experiments in this hazard class. The inspection of electric equipment is covered under the APS Policy For User Electric Equipment Inspections. NOTE: Unless required Argonne training has been completed, users are not authorized to perform electrical work. Experiment Category All Hazard Class 13 experiments are categorized as medium risk experiments. Experiment Hazard Control Verification Statements Engineered Controls - Determined by review and results of a DEEI inspection of the equipment. Procedural Controls - Determined by review and results of a DEEI
Dynamic Voltage Scaling on a Low-Power Microprocessor
Power consumption is the limiting factor for the functionality of future wearable devices. Since interactive applications like wireless information access generate bursts of activities, it is important to match the performance of the wearable device accordingly. This paper describes a system with a microprocessor whose speed can be varied (frequency scaling) as well as its input voltage. Voltage scaling is important for reducing power consumption to very low values when operating at low speeds. Measurements show that the energy per instruction at minimal speed (59 MHz) is 1/5 of the energy required at full speed (251 MHz). The frequency and voltage can be scaled dynamically from user space in only 140 � s. This allows power-aware applications to quickly adjust the performance level of the processor whenever the workload changes. 1
Johan Pouwelse; Koen Langendoen; Henk Sips
Proceedings: EPRI/NERC forum on voltage stability
Over the past two decades, the interconnected electric systems serving North America have been increasingly subjected to reductions in generation and transmission capacity reserves, increasing complexity of load character, and the need for power transfer over longer distances. As a result, voltage stability limitations are becoming an important factor for utility personnel to consider when designing and operating an electric system. To address this situation, EPRI and NERC cosponsored a forum to exchange information between the various sectors of the utility industry on voltage control technology. The forum covered available tools and practices; utility operating practices, procedures, and experiences; planning and operating studies; and energy management system (EMS) vendor viewpoints. Participants agreed that a continuing coordinated effort involving all industry groups was needed in the voltage stability area. Attendees also identified specific subject areas of importance to help direct future studies. Individual papers are indexed separately.
Maratukulam, D. (ed.) (Kennedy (Thomas), Florissant, MO (United States))
Original article: Selective compensation of voltage harmonics in grid-connected microgrids
In this paper, a novel approach is proposed for selective compensation of main voltage harmonics in a grid-connected microgrid. The aim of compensation is to provide a high voltage quality at the point of common coupling (PCC). PCC voltage quality is ... Keywords: Distributed generator (DG), Grid-connected, Microgrid, Voltage harmonics compensation
Mehdi Savaghebi, Juan C. Vasquez, Alireza Jalilian, Josep M. Guerrero, Tzung-Lin Lee
Requirements for a Standard Test to Rate the Durability of PV Modules at System Voltage (Presentation)
Degradation modes in photovoltaic modules under system bias voltage stress are described and classified.
Hacke, P.; Terwilliger, K.; Glick, S.; Kempe, M.; Kurtz, S.; Bennett, I.; Kloos, M.
Minimization of voltage deviation and power losses in power networks using Pareto optimization methods
Voltage regulation is an important task in electrical engineering for controlling node voltages in a power network. A widely used solution for the problem of voltage regulation is based on adjusting the taps in under load tap changers (ULTCs) power transformers ... Keywords: Multi-objective optimization, Power distribution network, Power losses, Under load tap changers, Voltage regulation
Francisco G. Montoya; Ra�l Ba�os; Consolaci�n Gil; Antonio Esp�n; Alfredo Alcayde; Julio G�mez
Elevated voltage level I.sub.DDQ failure testing of integrated circuits
Burn in testing of static CMOS IC's is eliminated by I.sub.DDQ testing at elevated voltage levels. These voltage levels are at least 25% higher than the normal operating voltage for the IC but are below voltage levels that would cause damage to the chip.
Righter, Alan W. (Albuquerque, NM)
Impact of MOSFET's performance on its threshold voltage and its influence on design of MOS inverters
The aim of this paper is to research the impact of physical parameters which characterize the MOSFET transistors structure on the threshold voltage values and its influence on critical voltage values which characterize digital circuits that contain the ... Keywords: MOSFET parameters, critical values, doped density, enhancement-type NMOS, impurities, narrow-channel, propagation delay, short-channel, threshold voltage, voltage level
Milaim Zabeli; Nebi Caka; Myzafere Limani; Qamil Kabashi
Voltage Stability/Security Assessment and On-Line Control: Volumes 1-4
To address growing utility concerns of voltage instability and possible voltage collapse, EPRI has developed a new voltage stability analysis package for large power systems, VSTAB. This off-line planning tool provides information on a utility power system's proximity to and mechanism of voltage instability.
Effects of Distributed Energy Resources on Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR)
Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) is one of the cheapest technologies which can be intelligently leveraged to provide considerable energy savings. The addition of renewables in the form of distributed resources can affect the entire power system, but more importantly, affects the traditional substation control schemes at the distribution level. This paper looks at the effect on energy consumption, peak load reduction, and voltage profile changes due to the addition of distributed generation in a distribution feeder using combinations of volt var control. An IEEE 13-node system is used to simulate the various cases. Energy savings and peak load reduction for different simulation scenarios are compared.
Singh, Ruchi; Tuffner, Francis K.; Fuller, Jason C.; Schneider, Kevin P.
Voltage Control Devices on the IEEE 8500 Node Test Feeder
The IEEE Test Cases provide researchers with distribution system models that can be used to validate new analytic methods. The newest of these models is the 8500-node test feeder which contains multiple devices for voltage control. In addition to a substation regulator there are multiple inline regulators as well as capacitor banks. This paper will discuss the detail in which voltage control devises should be modeled when examining large distribution systems. This discussion will include issues associated with power flow analysis for a single time step as well as for time series analysis.
Schneider, Kevin P.; Fuller, Jason C.
Development of extruded and molded straight joint for ultra high-voltage XLPE cable
In Japan, 154-kV crosslinked polyethylene-insulated cables (XLPE) are already in use for long-distance tranmission lines, but 275-kV XLPE cables are used only for short-distance lines (without joints) on the premises of power-generation plants and substations. 275-kV XLPE cable is expected to be used for long-distance transmission lines in the near future because of its overall cost advantage. To respond to this need, a straight-through joint with the same reliability as the cable should be developed. Reliable joints should be formed and molded with the same curable PE compounds as the cable insulation. At present, 154-kV XLPE cables for long-distance transmission lines are usually constructed with the joint comprising XLPE insulation wrapped with curable PE tape and molded by heating. However, this taped molded joint has the disadvantages of troublesome tape handling. On the other hand, extruded molded joints are constructed by injecting curable melted PE into a mold with an extruder, eliminating contamination. The report describes the characteristics of the extruded and molded joint developed for 154, 275 and 500 kV class XLPE cables.
Shimomura, T.; Ando, K.; Asahi, K.; Sugiyama, K.
Case Study of the Failure of two 13.8kV Control & Metering Transformers that caused significant Equipment Damage
The degradation and failure of cast-coil epoxy windings within 13.8kV control power transformers and metering potential transformers has been shown to be dangerous to both equipment and personnel, even though best industrial design practices were followed. Accident scenes will be examined for two events at a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory. Failure modes will be explained and current design practices discussed with changes suggested to prevent a recurrence and to minimize future risk. New maintenance philosophies utilizing partial discharge testing of the transformers as a prediction of end-of-life will be examined.
Dreifuerst, G R; Chew, D B; Mangonon, H L; Swyers, P W
Failure Analysis of a 345 kV High-Pressure, Fluid-Filled Cable Insulated with Laminated Paper Polypropylene at New York Power Author ity
Three cable pieces of a 345-kV high-pressure, fluid-filled, laminated paper151polypropylene (LPP) cable, each nearly 3 ft in length, were received from New York Power Authority in January 2010. The Detroit Edison Company performed the dissection and analysis to address the cause(s) of the failure that occurred in late December 2009 and that was experienced by this 10.1 circuit-mile cable that had been energized in service in May 1991. One of the pieces contained the failure, and the other two were adjace...
Eight percent cost penalty for world's first 765-kV SF/sub 6/ substation may be bargain
A Lynchburg, Virginia 765 kV sulfur hexafluoride substation cost a premium of 8% over conventional substations in order to meet environmental requirements, but the first 18 months of operation required no maintenance costs and a design flexibility that meant less land and no landscaping was required. Some of the added front-end cost should be assigned to research and development for this prototype installation. A review of the siting and design specifications cites a number of environmental as well as economic advantages of low-profile, gas-insulated substations. 7 figures, 1 table. (DCK)
Laskowski, L.M.
Method of determining the open circuit voltage of a battery in a closed circuit
The open circuit voltage of a battery which is connected in a closed circuit is determined without breaking the circuit or causing voltage upsets therein. The closed circuit voltage across the battery and the current flowing through it are determined under normal load and then a fractional change is made in the load and the new current and voltage values determined. The open circuit voltage is then calculated, according to known principles, from the two sets of values.
Brown, William E. (Walnut Creek, CA)
Analysis on DFIG Wind Power System Low-Voltage Ridethrough
Due to the double fed induction generator�s (DFIG) advantage of controlling active and reactive power independently and partial power converter, DFIG is becoming a popular type of wind power generation system. Nowadays, the grid code demands that ... Keywords: VSCF, DFIG, LVRT, Crowbar, Voltage sags
Yulong Wang; Jianlin Li; Shuju Hu; Honghua Xu
Power and Voltage Smooth Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator
Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is the leading in wind power technology currently. In this paper, decoupling control of DFIG is studied and a new energy storage device is used in the smooth control of DFIG system's power and voltage. This new method ... Keywords: Doubly fed induction generator, Energy storage device, Decoupling control
An-Ren Ma, Cai-Xia Wang, Zhi-Wen Zhou, Tao Wu
Wire-Extrusion Process Disrupted By Voltage Sags
This PQTN Case Study investigates voltage sags originating from a utility distribution system at a wire-extrusion plant near Cleveland, Ohio that were causing a wire-drawing process to malfunction, resulting in broken tungsten wire and hours of time spent restarting the manufacturing process.
Smart Solar Home System with Safety Device Low Voltage Alert
For many reasons Bangladeshi people are now using renewable energy. So, solar energy is the best renewable energy till now, in respect of Bangladesh. So using of solar system is common nowadays. Bangladesh Government has taken some steps to make solar ... Keywords: Smart Solar Home System (SSHS), Rooftop, Safety Device, Low voltage alert
Tawheed Hasan; Md. Faysal Nayan; Md. Asif Iqbal; Monzurul Islam
Ultra-compact Marx-type high-voltage generator
An ultra-compact Marx-type high-voltage generator includes individual high-performance components that are closely coupled and integrated into an extremely compact assembly. In one embodiment, a repetitively-switched, ultra-compact Marx generator includes low-profile, annular-shaped, high-voltage, ceramic capacitors with contoured edges and coplanar extended electrodes used for primary energy storage; low-profile, low-inductance, high-voltage, pressurized gas switches with compact gas envelopes suitably designed to be integrated with the annular capacitors; feed-forward, high-voltage, ceramic capacitors attached across successive switch-capacitor-switch stages to couple the necessary energy forward to sufficiently overvoltage the spark gap of the next in-line switch; optimally shaped electrodes and insulator surfaces to reduce electric field stresses in the weakest regions where dissimilar materials meet, and to spread the fields more evenly throughout the dielectric materials, allowing them to operate closer to their intrinsic breakdown levels; and uses manufacturing and assembly methods to integrate the capacitors and switches into stages that can be arranged into a low-profile Marx generator.
Goerz, David A. (Brentwood, CA); Wilson, Michael J. (Modesto, CA)
High voltage gas insulated transmission line with continuous particle trapping
This invention provides a novel high voltage gas insulated transmission line utilizing insulating supports spaced at intervals with snap-in means for supporting a continuous trapping apparatus and said trapping apparatus having perforations and cutouts to facilitate trapping of contaminating particles and system flexibility.
Cookson, Alan H. (Pittsburgh, PA); Dale, Steinar J. (Monroeville, PA)
Low-voltage cathodoluminescence of europium-activated yttrium orthovanadate
Emissive flat panel display systems operating in full color demand higher performance at low voltages (ca. 501000 V) from cathodoluminescent (CL) phosphors than cathode ray tubes require. Hydrothermal synthesis has been suggested as a route to phosphors with improved efficiencies, lower voltage thresholds, and increased saturation power. This hypothesis was tested in europium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (YVO{sub 4}:Eu), an efficient, red emitting CL phosphor. The CL efficiency of YVO{sub 4}:Eu crystallized from aqueous solution at 200{degrees}C is relatively low until it is annealed. The distribution of particle sizes in the low-temperature phosphor is similar to that in material made via a solid-state route, but crystallites remain much smaller (ca. 400 {Angstrom}) until they are annealed. These observations, along with the anomalously strong dependence of CL intensity on europium concentration, support a model in which efficiency principally depends on crystallite size. CL efficiency of both solid state and hydrothermal YVO{sub 4}:Eu increases with voltage at constant power. Surface-bound electrons are likely the dominant influence on efficiency at voltages near threshold. Saturation power is independent of synthetic route. It is apparent that the CL properties of hydrothermally synthesized YVO{sub 4}:Eu are essentially the same as those of YVO{sub 4}:Eu produced via conventional, high-temperature routes.
Phillips, M.L.F.
C17: Voltage Impulse Induced Bistable Magnetization Switching and ...
Non-violate dynamic magnetization switch was also realized by voltage impulse ... Concentric Nanoparticles Embedded in Low Temperature Synthesized TiO2 Films .... F2: Development of the On-Line Mechanical Property Prediction System for ... Sintered Nd-Fe-B Magnets by Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis.
Stability issues in IC Low Drop Out voltage regulators
Performance issues of IC Low Drop Out (LDO) voltage regulators, with specific reference to stability, are discussed in this thesis. Evaluation of existing frequency compensation schemes and their performances across operating loads is presented. The problem of instability of the LDO voltage regulator at low Electo Static Resistance (ESR) of the load capacitors and the consequences of this problem are highlighted. As a solution to some of the discussed problems, an alternate LDO voltage regulator topology that is stable with low Electro Static Resistance (ESR) capacitive loads is presented. The proposed scheme, instead of relying on the zero generated by the load capacitor and its ESR combination for stability, generates a zero internally. The LDO voltage regulator is implemented and fabricated in AMI 0.5mm CMOS technology through MOSIS service. It is demonstrated that this scheme realizes robust frequency compensation, facilitates use of Multi Layer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCC) for load of LDO regulators, and improves transient response and noise performance. Test results from the prototype provide an evaluation of the most important parameters of the regulator: ground current, load regulation, line regulation, output noise and start-up time.
Chava, Krishna Chaitanya
Control Techniques to Eliminate Voltage Emergencies in High Performance Processors
negligible impact on perfor mance and energy. With the ITRS roadmap predicting aggres sive drops in supply. At present it is difficult to design a high quality, low impedance power supply system, and industry trends in current variability, often re ferred to as the dI/dt problem, can cause supply voltage fluc tuations
Martonosi, Margaret
negligible impact on perfor- mance and energy. With the ITRS roadmap predicting aggres- sive drops in supply. At present it is difficult to design a high quality, low impedance power supply system, and industry trends in current variability, often re- ferred to as the dI/dt problem, can cause supply voltage fluc- tuations
Gupta, Rajiv
High Voltage Laboratory Testing of Femtosecond Laser Lightning Diversion
Lightning strikes cost the electric power industry an estimated 1 billion dollars annually in damage and lost revenue. One possible way of protecting critical and susceptible facilities from lightning strikes is to use lasers to trigger and divert lightning along a predetermined path. This report describes laboratory research on the use of ultrashort UV pulses and near IR pulses to trigger high voltage discharge.
A variable voltage MPPT control method for photovoltaic generation system
To increase the output efficiency of a photovoltaic (PV) generation system it is important to have an efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. This paper describes the analysis, design and implementation of an efficient tracking method ... Keywords: maximum power point tracking (MPPT), photovoltaic generation system, pulse-width-modulation (PWM), solar energy, variable voltage
Liu Liqun; Wang Zhixin
Voltage stability/security assessment and on-line control
Project RP3040-1 was initiated in 1989, and concluded with the release of the Voltage Stability analysis program, VSTAB, in 1992. VSTAB is a production grade program for voltage stability assessment of large complex power systems. During the course of the RP3040-1, much effort was spent in developing a clear understanding of voltage stability and in defining the special modeling and analytical techniques required to accurately capture the phenomenon through simulation. The result was the development of new steady state methods which can complement the dynamic simulation methods currently available with EPRI's Extended Transient/Midterm Stability Program (ETMSP). VSTAB uses an enhanced powerflow combined with a specially developed modal analysis algorithm to provide information regarding both the proximity to, and mechanism of, voltage instability. The program is fast, easy to use, and comprehensive in both modeling and analysis features. This Programmer's Manual documents the structure and code details of VSTAB. It is intended as a reference document for those required to maintain or enhance the VSTAB program. For details on analytical techniques used in the program, readers are directed to the VSTAB Application Guide and Final Report for project RP3040-1.
Morison, G.K.; Gao, B.; Hamadanizadeh, H. (Ontario Hydro, Toronto, ON (Canada))
Hierarchical Control Scheme for Voltage Unbalance Compensation in Islanded Microgrids
Hierarchical Control Scheme for Voltage Unbalance Compensation in Islanded Microgrids email@example.com Abstract-- The concept of microgrid hierarchical control is presented, recently. In this paper, a hierarchical scheme which includes primary and secondary control levels is proposed for islanded microgrids
Current isolating epitaxial buffer layers for high voltage photodiode array
An array of photodiodes in series on a common semi-insulating substrate has a non-conductive buffer layer between the photodiodes and the semi-insulating substrate. The buffer layer reduces current injection leakage between the photodiodes of the array and allows optical energy to be converted to high voltage electrical energy.
Morse, Jeffrey D. (Martinez, CA); Cooper, Gregory A. (Pleasant Hill, CA)
Design of Low Voltage Low Power Operational Amplifier
With the demand of low power applications, running circuits with reduced supply voltage can be of great advantage. Integrated circuit designers start to face a power wall as the most difficult constraints in new technology and circuit development are ... Keywords: Op Amp, CMOS, LVLP
Manju Sandhu; Manju Bala
Rank based dynamic voltage and frequency scaling fortiled graphics processors
With increasing interest in sophisticated graphics capabilities in mobile systems, energy consumption of graphics hardware is becoming a major design concern in addition to the traditional performance enhancement criteria. Our study of various modern ... Keywords: dynamic voltage and frequency scaling, graphics processor, low power, workload prediction
B.V.N Silpa; Gummidipudi Krishnaiah; Preeti Ranjan Panda
High voltage bipolar-CMOS structure using porous silicon
A method for integrating a silicon-on-insulator device and a bulk bipolar device on a semiconductor body. The invention simultaneously forms the two regions for the silicon-on-insulator device and the bipolar device. The invention enables a high voltage CMOS power device to be located on the same chip as a bipolar logic device enabling smart power devices.
Guilinger, T.R.; Kelly, M.J.; Tsao, S.S.
New Switches for Utility-Scale Inverters: First In-Class Demonstration of a Completely New Type of SiC Bipolar Switch (15kV-20kV) for Utility-Scale Inverters
Solar ADEPT Project: The SiCLAB is developing a new power switch for utility-scale PV inverters that would improve the performance and significantly reduce the size, weight, and energy loss of PV systems. A power switch controls the electrical energy flowing through an inverter, which takes the electrical current from a PV solar panel and converts it into the type and amount of electricity that is compatible with the electric grid. SiCLAB is using silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductors in its new power switches, which are more efficient than the silicon semiconductors used to conduct electricity in most conventional power switches today. Switches with SiC semiconductors can operate at much higher temperatures, as well as higher voltage and power levels than silicon switches. SiC-based power switches are also smaller than those made with silicon alone, so they result in much smaller and lighter electrical devices. In addition to their use in utility-scale PV inverters, SiCLAB�s new power switches can also be used in wind turbines, railways, and other smart grid applications.
Coaxial 30 kV Connectors for the RG220/U Cable 20 Years of Operational Experience
For the fast pulsed magnet system of CERN's SPS and LEP particle accelerators, a special type of moulded coaxial high voltage cable connector is used in large quantities. These connectors are mounted on coaxial transmission lines, which connect pulse generators in buildings at ground level to the fast pulsed magnets situated in an underground tunnel. Well over 1500 such connectors have already been installed and many more will be needed for the construction of the LHC. This 14 TeV Large Hadron Collider, which has a circumference of 27 km, is now under construction at CERN. The paper summarizes the operational experience over the last 20 years and the design principles of the connector. It explains how the excellent reliability and the extremely low failure rate were achieved and outlines the causes of the rare replacements. The paper also discusses the ageing effects caused by radiation, as well as wear and tear during installation and manipulation. Finally it gives a report on our experience with coaxial con...
Mayer, M
High-voltage supply for neutron tubes in well-logging applications
A high voltage supply is provided for a neutron tube used in well logging. The biased pulse supply of the invention combines DC and full pulse techniques and produces a target voltage comprising a substantial negative DC bias component on which is superimposed a pulse whose negative peak provides the desired negative voltage level for the neutron tube. The target voltage is preferably generated using voltage doubling techniques and employing a voltage source which generates bipolar pulse pairs having an amplitude corresponding to the DC bias level.
Humphreys, D.R.
Guidelines for Working at Voltages < 240 Volts
Guidelines for Working at Voltages < 240 Volts Guidelines for Working at Voltages < 240 Volts February 4, 2005---DRAFT NOTE: Working hot is a LAST ALTERNATIVE. Electrical hot work is defined as: Working on or near exposed conducting parts that are or might become energized at 50V or more. Refer to Electrical Safety Flowchart for Working On or Near Live Parts. Engineered methods to prevent exposed sources of 50V and greater are to be implemented wherever practical. Only QUALIFIED PERSONNEL {as defined in NFPA 70E Article 110.6(D) 2004 edition} as authorized by the CAT/supervisor/division can perform such work. Refer to Qualified Electrical Worker Flow Chart. Training requirements: ES&H 114 (LOTO) / ES&H 375 (NFPA 70E) / ES&H 371 (electrical worker) - Observe Electrical Safe Work Practices. Refer to
Evaluation of Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) on a National Level
Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) is a reduction of energy consumption resulting from a reduction of feeder voltage. While there have been numerous CVR systems deployed in North America there has been little substantive analytic analysis of the effect; the majority of the published results are based on empirical field measurements. Since these results are based on empirical measurements it is difficult to extrapolate how this technology will behave on the various types of distribution feeders found throughout the nation. This report has utilized the Taxonomy of Prototypical feeder developed under the Modern Grid Initiative (MGI), now the Modern Grid Strategy (MGS), in order to estimate the benefits of CVR on multiple distribution feeder types. This information will then be used to determine an estimate of the national benefits of a wide scale deployment of CVR.
Schneider, Kevin P.; Fuller, Jason C.; Tuffner, Francis K.; Singh, Ruchi
SRAM leakage suppression by minimizing standby supply voltage
Suppressing the leakage current in memories is critical in low-power design. By reducing the standby supply voltage (VDD) to its limit, which is the Data Retention Voltage (DRV), leakage power can be substantially reduced. This paper explores how low DRV can be in a standard low leakage SRAM module and analyzes how DRV is affected by parameters such as process variations, chip temperature, and transistor sizing. An analytical model for DRV as a function of process and design parameters is presented, and forms the base for further design space explorations. This model is verified using simulations as well as measurements from a 4KB SRAM chip in a 0.13?m technology. It is demonstrated that an SRAM cell state can be preserved at sub-300mV standby V DD, with more than 90 % leakage power savings. 1.
Huifang Qin; Yu Cao; Dejan Markovic; Andrei Vladimirescu; Jan Rabaey
Analysis of Solar Cell Quality Using Voltage Metrics: Preprint
The highest efficiency solar cells provide both excellent voltage and current. Of these, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) is more frequently viewed as an indicator of the material quality. However, since the Voc also depends on the band gap of the material, the difference between the band gap and the Voc is a better metric for comparing material quality of unlike materials. To take this one step further, since Voc also depends on the shape of the absorption edge, we propose to use the ultimate metric: the difference between the measured Voc and the Voc calculated from the external quantum efficiency using a detailed balance approach. This metric is less sensitive to changes in cell design and definition of band gap. The paper defines how to implement this metric and demonstrates how it can be useful in tracking improvements in Voc, especially as Voc approaches its theoretical maximum.
Toberer, E. S.; Tamboli, A. C.; Steiner, M.; Kurtz, S.
Methods for improving solar cell open circuit voltage
A method for producing a solar cell having an increased open circuit voltage. A layer of cadmium sulfide (CdS) produced by a chemical spray technique and having residual chlorides is exposed to a flow of hydrogen sulfide (H.sub.2 S) heated to a temperature of 400.degree.-600.degree. C. The residual chlorides are reduced and any remaining CdCl.sub.2 is converted to CdS. A heterojunction is formed over the CdS and electrodes are formed. Application of chromium as the positive electrode results in a further increase in the open circuit voltage available from the H.sub.2 S-treated solar cell.
Jordan, John F. (El Paso, TX); Singh, Vijay P. (El Paso, TX)
Blocking diodes and fuses in low-voltage PV systems
Instructions and labels supplied with listed PV modules and the requirements of the National Electrical Code (NEC) dictate that a series fuse shall be used to protect the module against backfeed currents. Few of the hundreds of thousands of low-voltage (12, 24, and 48-volt) stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) power systems use series fuses on each module or string of modules. Tests and simulations at the Southwest Technology Development Institute (TDI) and at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) have established that the absence of these fuses can pose significant fire and safety hazards even on 12-volt PV systems. If the system has sufficient backfeed voltage and current, it is possible that a ground fault in the wiring or inside a module can result in the destruction of a PV module.
Wiles, J.C. [New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, NM (United States). Southwest Technology Development Inst.; King, D.L. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States). Photovoltaic Systems R and D
Field Guide: Compressors for High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
High-voltage circuit breakers (HVCBs) perform essential protection and control functions on power transmission networks. Circuit breakers have multiple components that must operate in concert in order for the breaker to perform properly. If one component, such as the air or hydraulic system, does not operate correctly, the circuit breaker may misoperate or fail, possibly resulting in equipment damage or an outageboth expensive consequences. To help utilities prevent such undesirable events, this field gu...
High-voltage circuit breakers (HVCBs) perform essential protection and control functions on power transmission networks. Circuit breakers have multiple components that must operate in concert in order for the breaker to perform properly. If one component, such as the air or hydraulic system, does not operate correctly, the circuit breaker may misoperate or fail, possibly resulting in equipment damage or an outage�both expensive consequences. To help ...
High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission Reference Book
The EPRI High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission Reference Book is a state-of-the-art guidebook that provides transmission companies with a comprehensive, single source of technical information and guidance for designing, building, operating, and extending the life of HVDC transmission systems. The book joins the landmark series of EPRI power delivery reference books. These comprehensive guidebooks�each printed with a distinctive colored cover�document and distill the ...
High-Voltage Direct Current Line Conductor Optimization
Overhead transmission lines are designed to last for 40 years. Many ac lines in service today in North America are 70 or more years old. This survival rate is a result of conservative utility design practices and detailed product specifications. This reliability record has occurred despite a wide range of conductor types and sizes. In the present transmission system, there are far fewer high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines, but those that have been designed and built have been similarly successful in...
Nano-Composite Dielectrics on Medium-Voltage Model Cables
EPRI early recognized the potential for nanotechnology in power distribution and started a program in 2003 to explore the possibilities of using the technology to enhance the properties of high-voltage (HV) cable dielectrics based on both polyethylene and on ethylene-propylene rubber. This research resulted in encouraging findings, particularly for a formulation based on functionalized silicon dioxide nanoparticles in a cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) polymer. Following this success, EPRI entered into a...
Field Guide: High-Voltage Circuit Breaker Compressors � 2013 Update
High-voltage circuit breakers (HVCBs) perform essential protection and control functions on power transmission networks. Circuit breaker mechanisms have multiple components that must operate in concert in order for the breaker to perform properly. If one component, such as the air or hydraulic system, does not operate correctly, the circuit breaker may mis-operate or fail. A circuit breaker mis-operation may cause equipment damage and outages�both ...
Advanced Voltage Control Strategies for High Penetration of Distributed Generation
This research addresses advanced voltage control strategies for inverter-connected distributed generation. The emphasis is on photovoltaic (PV) generation, and results also apply to distributed wind, fuel cells, micro-turbines, and battery systems that are connected to the grid through an inverter. In related work, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) identified a set of high-priority functions for distributed generation. These included reactive power control such as intelligent and autonomous vo...
Fiber optic current monitor for high-voltage applications
A current monitor which derives its power from the conductor being measured for bidirectionally measuring the magnitude of current (from DC to above 50 khz) flowing through a conductor across which a relatively high level DC voltage is applied, includes a pair of identical transmitter modules connected in opposite polarity to one another in series with the conductor being monitored, for producing from one module a first light signal having an intensity directly proportional to the magnitude of current flowing in one direction through the conductor during one period of time, and from the other module a second light signal having an intensity directly proportional to the magnitude of current flowing in the opposite direction through the conductor during another period of time, and a receiver located in a safe area remote from the high voltage area for receiving the first and second light signals, and converting the same to first and second voltage signals having levels indicative of the magnitude of current being measured at a given time. 6 figs.
Renda, G.F.
Advanced Gate Drive for the SNS High Voltage Converter Modulator
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is developing a next generation H-bridge switch plate [1], a critical component of the SNS High Voltage Converter Modulator [2]. As part of that effort, a new IGBT gate driver has been developed. The drivers are an integral part of the switch plate, which are essential to ensuring fault-tolerant, high-performance operation of the modulator. The redesigned driver improves upon the existing gate drive in several ways. The new gate driver has improved fault detection and suppression capabilities; suppression of shoot-through and over-voltage conditions, monitoring of dI/dt and Vce(sat) for fast over-current detection and suppression, and redundant power isolation are some of the added features. In addition, triggering insertion delay is reduced by a factor of four compared to the existing driver. This paper details the design and performance of the new IGBT gate driver. A simplified schematic and description of the construction are included. The operation of the fast over-current detection circuits, active IGBT over-voltage protection circuit, shoot-through prevention circuitry, and control power isolation breakdown detection circuit are discussed.
Nguyen, M.N.; Burkhart, C.; Kemp, M.A.; /SLAC; Anderson, D.E.; /Oak Ridge
Understanding the unbalanced-voltage problem in wind turbine generation
Most wind turbines are equipped with line-connected induction generators. Induction generators are very attractive as wind turbine generators due to their low cost, ruggedness and the need for little or no maintenance. At constant frequency, the induction generator operates in a small range of speeds and, therefore, it operated with a small range of slips with respect to synchronous speed. Compared to a synchronous generator, an induction generator provides lower stiffness, thus alleviating the mechanical stress. In a weak power system network, an unbalanced load at the distribution lines can cause unbalanced voltage conditions. If an induction generator is connected to an unbalanced voltage, the resulting stator current will be unbalanced. The unbalanced current creates unequal heating (hot spots) on the stator winding. The heat may increase the winding temperature, which degrades the insulation of the winding, i.e., the life expectancy of the winding. Unbalanced currents also create torque pulsation on the shaft resulting in audible noise and extra mechanical stress. This paper explores the unbalanced voltage problem in induction generators. The levels of unbalance and the loads are varied. Experimental and predicted results are presented in this paper.
Muljadi, E.; Butterfield, C.P.; Batan, T.; Yildirim, D.
Ultra-low voltage resonant tunnelling diode electroabsorption modulator
Embedding a double barrier resonant tunnelling diode (RTD) in an unipolar InGaAlAs optical waveguide gives rise to a very low driving voltage electroabsorption modulator (EAM) at optical wavelengths around 1550 nm. The presence of the RTD within the waveguide core introduces high non-linearity and negative differential resistance in the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of the waveguide. This makes the electric field distribution across the waveguide core strongly dependent on the bias voltage: when the current decreases from the peak to the valley there is an increase of the electric field across the depleted core. The electric field enhancement in the core-depleted layer causes the Franz-Keldysh absorption band-edge to red shift, which is responsible for the electroabsorption effect. High frequency ac signals as low as 100 mV can induce electric field high speed switching, producing substantial light modulation (up to 15 dB) at photon energies slightly lower than the waveguide core band-gap energy. The k...
Figueiredo, J M L; Stanley, C R
Near independence of OLED operating voltage on transport layer thickness
We report organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) with weak drive voltage dependence on the thickness of the hole transport layer (HTL) for thicknesses up to 1150 � using the N,N?-Bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N?-bis(phenyl)-benzidine (?-NPD) and N,N'-bis(3-methyl phenyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'diamine (TPD), both of which have hole mobilities in the range of 2 � 10-3 cm2V-1s-1. Lower mobility HTL materials show larger operating voltage dependence on thickness. The near independence of the operating voltage for high mobility transport material thickness was only observed when the energy barrier for charge injection into the transport material was minimized. To ensure low injection barriers, a thin film of 2-(3-(adamantan-1-yl)propyl)-3,5,6-trifluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F3TCNQ-Adl) was cast from solution onto the ITO surface. These results indicate that thick transport layers can be integrated into OLED stacks without the need for bulk conductivity doping.
Swensen, James S.; Wang, Liang (Frank) [Frank; Polikarpov, Evgueni; Rainbolt, James E.; Koech, Phillip K.; Cosimbescu, Lelia; Padmaperuma, Asanga B.
Interline photovoltaic (I-PV) power plants for voltage unbalance compensation
This paper proposes a stationary-frame control method for voltage unbalance compensation using Interline Photovoltaic (I-PV) power system. I-PV power systems are controlled to compensate voltage unbalance autonomously. The ...
Moawwad, Ahmed
BB5, Nearly Ideal Current-Voltage Characteristics of Schottky Barrier ...
Recently, high-quality GaN free-standing substrates are available by various methods. ... Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and capacitance-voltage (C-V)�...
Voltage holding study of 1 MeV accelerator for ITER neutral beam injectora)
Voltage holding test on MeV accelerator indicated that sustainable voltage was a half of that of ideal quasi-Rogowski electrode. It was suggested that the emission of the clumps is enhanced by a local electric field concentration
M. Taniguchi; M. Kashiwagi; N. Umeda; M. Dairaku; J. Takemoto; H. Tobari; K. Tsuchida; H. Yamanaka; K. Watanabe; A. Kojima; M. Hanada; K. Sakamoto; T. Inoue
Monitoring Volume Transport through Measurement of Cable Voltage across the Korea Strait
Voltage induced by the Tsushima Current on an abandoned submarine telephone cable between Pusan, Korea, and Hamada, Japan, has been measured since March 1998 in order to monitor the volume transport through the Korea Strait. Voltage has a good ...
Kuh Kim; Sang Jin Lyu; Young-Gyu Kim; Byung Ho Choi; Keisuke Taira; Henry T. Perkins; William J. Teague; Jeffrey W. Book
Lipon Coatings for High Voltage and High Temperature Li-Ion ...
use of high-capacity and high-voltage cathode materials, but charging to voltages approaching 4.5-5V invariably causes rapid loss of capacity with cycling.
A low-voltage zero-crossing-based delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter
A zero-crossing-based (ZCB) switched-capacitor technique is presented for operation under low power supply voltages without gate boosting. Voltage ramp generators maintain common-mode level at each integrator output. ...
Guyton, Matthew C. (Matthew Christopher)
A low-noise bandgap voltage reference employing dynamic element matching
Bandgap voltages references are widely used in IC design, but are sensitive to low-frequency noise and component mismatch. This thesis describes the design and testing of a new IC voltage reference that targets these issues ...
Herbst, Steven (Steven G.)
Research on Low-Voltage Ride-Through Technology of Doubly-Fed VSCF Wind Power Generation System
Currently, some of the variable speed wind turbine on market have some low-voltage through capacity?LVRT?, but do not have dynamic reactive power support capacity under fault. DFIG can�t provide dynamic voltage support, in addition, ... Keywords: wind power, voltage dip, low voltage ride-through (LVRT), transient voltage control, rotor-side converter
Bao Wei; Yin Zhongdong
Strategies for Voltage Control and Transient Stability Assessment
As wind generation grows, its influence on power system performance will becoming increasingly noticeable. Wind generation di#11;ffers from traditional forms of generation in numerous ways though, motivating the need to reconsider the usual approaches to power system assessment and performance enhancement. The project has investigated the impact of wind generation on transient stability and voltage control, identifying and addressing issues at three distinct levels of the power system: 1) at the device level, the physical characteristics of wind turbine generators (WTGs) are quite unlike those of synchronous machines, 2) at the wind-farm level, the provision of reactive support is achieved through coordination of numerous dissimilar devices, rather than straightforward generator control, and 3) from a systems perspective, the location of wind-farms on the sub-transmission network, coupled with the variability inherent in their power output, can cause complex voltage control issues. The project has sought to develop a thorough understanding of the dynamic behaviour of type-3 WTGs, and in particular the WECC generic model. The behaviour of such models is governed by interactions between the continuous dynamics of state variables and discrete events associated with limits. It was shown that these interactions can be quite complex, and may lead to switching deadlock that prevents continuation of the trajectory. Switching hysteresis was proposed for eliminating deadlock situations. Various type-3 WTG models include control blocks that duplicate integrators. It was shown that this leads to non-uniqueness in the conditions governing steady-state, and may result in pre- and post-disturbance equilibria not coinciding. It also gives rise to a zero eigenvalue in the linearized WTG model. In order to eliminate the anomalous behaviour revealed through this investigation, WECC has now released a new generic model for type-3 WTGs. Wind-farms typically incorporate a variety of voltage control equipment including tapchanging transformers, switched capacitors, SVCs, STATCOMs and the WTGs themselves. The project has considered the coordinated control of this equipment, and has addressed a range of issues that arise in wind-farm operation. The #12;first concerns the ability of WTGs to meet reactive power requirements when voltage saturation in the collector network restricts the reactive power availability of individual generators. Secondly, dynamic interactions between voltage regulating devices have been investigated. It was found that under certain realistic conditions, tap-changing transformers may exhibit instability. In order to meet cost, maintenance, fault tolerance and other requirements, it is desirable for voltage control equipment to be treated as an integrated system rather than as independent devices. The resulting high-level scheduling of wind-farm reactive support has been investigated. In addressing this control problem, several forms of future information were considered, including exact future knowledge and stochastic predictions. Deterministic and Stochastic Dynamic Programming techniques were used in the development of control algorithms. The results demonstrated that while exact future knowledge is very useful, simple prediction methods yield little bene#12;fit. The integration of inherently variable wind generation into weak grids, particularly subtransmission networks that are characterized by low X=R ratios, aff#11;ects bus voltages, regulating devices and line flows. The meshed structure of these networks adds to the complexity, especially when wind generation is distributed across multiple nodes. A range of techniques have been considered for analyzing the impact of wind variability on weak grids. Sensitivity analysis, based on the power-flow Jacobian, was used to highlight sections of a system that are most severely a#11;ffected by wind-power variations. A continuation power flow was used to determine parameter changes that reduce the impact of wind-power variability. It was also used to explore interactions betw
Hiskens, Ian A.
ESS 2012 Peer Review - 15 kV Phase Leg Power Modules with SiC Devices - Ranbir Singh, GeneSiC Semiconductor
1 1 Click to edit Master title style 15 kV Phase Leg Power Modules with SiC MIDSJT Devices Ranbir Singh and Siddarth Sundaresan GeneSiC Semiconductor Inc. email@example.com +1 703 996 8200 43670 Trade Center Pl #155; Dulles VA 20166 September 27, 2012 Acknowledgement: The authors thank Dr. Imre Gyuk for funding this work and Dr. Stan Atcitty for technical supervision Sandia National Laboratories is a multi- program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. DOE SBIR HV DC Link Grant #SC0008240 2 Phase Leg forms fundamental building block for AC/DC AND DC/AC Conversion
Curecanti-Blue Mesa-Salida 115-kV transmission lines access roads rehabilitation, maintenance, and construction project. Environmental Assessment
Western Area Power Administration (Western) is a power marketing agency of the US Department of Energy, with jurisdiction in 15 western states. The Salt Lake City Area (SLCA) of Western performs the agency`s mission in parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, and Nevada. As part of its mission, Western owns, operates, and maintains a system of transmission lines for transmitting bulk electrical energy from points of generation to and between delivery points. Part of that system in southwestern Colorado includes the Blue Mesa-Curecanti and Blue Mesa-Salida 115-kV transmission lines. Western proposes to conduct maintenance and improve its access roads for these two transmission lines. This paper discusses the impacts to the existing environment as well as the environmental consequences resulting from the maintenance and construction that is proposed.
Proposed amendment to presidential permit PP-63 and associated modifications to 500 kV international transmission line, Forbes, Minnesota to Manitoba, Canada. [Forbes Substation
This Addendum to the Final Environmental Assessment for the Proposed Amendment to Presidential Permit PP-63 and Associated Modifications to 500 kV International Transmission Line: Forbes, Minnesota to Manitoba, Canada (DOE/EA-587) addresses Northern States Power Company's (NSP) proposed expansion of the Forbes Substation. The applicant has requested that the expansion take place on the west side of the substation, within the existing property line, instead of on the north side as originally proposed. All of the proposed construction would take place on property already owned by NSP. DOE has reviewed the environmental impacts associated with this minor modification and has determined that the conclusions reached in the environmental assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact prepared in connection with NSP's original amendment request remain valid.
A Hybrid Framework for Voltage Security Assessment Integrating Simulation and Measurement Based Approaches
Voltage stability is the ability of a power system to maintain adequate voltage magnitudes at buses, which is a major concern in daily power system operations and a leading factor to limit power transfers in a prevailing open-access environment. Currently, simulation-based voltage security assessment (VSA) tools are applied widely by electric utilities to analyze either steady-state or transient voltage stability issues. Those VSA tools can help operators foresee the next critical ...
Technology Assessment and Application Guide for the Utility Systems Technologies Voltage Sag Fighter
Voltage sag, a disturbance in a power system defined as a decrease in root mean square (RMS) voltage magnitude lasting from 0.5 to 30 cycles, has been identified as the most prevalent power disturbance experienced by industrial customers. The higher frequency of voltage sages makes them inherently more costly than interruptions since fault-induced, short-duration voltage variations can result in costly loss of production, damaged materials, repair and cleaning of equipment, and lost business opportunitie...
Intelligent robust control of hybrid distributed generation system under voltage sag
In this paper, design of control strategy for hybrid fuel cell/energy storage distributed power generation system during voltage sag has been presented. The proposed control strategy allows hybrid distributed generation system works properly when a voltage ... Keywords: Energy storage, Fuel cell, Fuzzy sliding control, Hybrid distributed generation, Lyapanov, Neuro-fuzzy, Voltage sag
Amin Hajizadeh; Masoud Aliakbar Golkar
Connectivity and Bidirectional Energy Transfer in DC Microgrid Featuring Different Voltage Characteristics
In this paper, the connectivity issues related to linking two DC buses featuring different voltage characteristics, in terms of voltage level and ripple, in a DC micro grid are identified, analyzed and discussed. A controlled DC-DC converter was used ... Keywords: Bidirectional energy transfer, buck-boost converter, DC distribution systems, DC microgrids, voltage ripple
Mustafa Farhadi, Ahmed Mohamed, Osama Mohammed
Modeling and simulation of new configuration of dynamic voltage restorer for power quality improvement
The dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is a custom device that is used to maintain the voltage at the load terminals from various power quality problems from a disturbed incoming supply. In this paper, a novel control strategy is described for mitigation ... Keywords: custom device, dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), power quality, sags, sensitive loads, swells
Rosli Omar; Nasrudin Abdul Rahim
Currents' Physical Components (CPC) In Circuits with Nonsinusoidal Voltages and Currents
voltages and currents. It is true only for balanced loads supplied with a symmetrical voltage. However{ || || || || || || }P u u uY Y Y+ + . (20) The supply voltage is sinusoidal and symmetrical, thus RS ST TR R for energy permanent conversion in the load with power P. The remaining part of the supply current, i ia
Czarnecki, Leszek S.
A high-voltage low-power DC-DC buck regulator for automotive applications
This work presents a High-Voltage Low-Power CMOS DC-DC buck regulator for automotive applications. The overall system, including the high and low voltage analog devices, the power MOS and the low voltage digital devices, was realized in the Austriamicrosystems ... Keywords: DC-DC regulator, buck converter, current control, low quiscent current, pulse frequency modulation
G. Pasetti; L. Fanucci; R. Serventi
Charging-choke circuit with a crowbar for precision control of voltage
The operation of a circuit using a charging choke to obtain dc voltages is improved by constructing the circuit to be capable of producing a higher voltage than the desired value and crowbarring the charging choke when the load voltage reaches the desired value.
Praeg, W.F.
Analysis the operation of DVR in voltage sag mitigation using EMTP
According to the reports, voltage sag is the most probable voltage problem in the network. As the number of sensitive loads increases rapidly the demand for a reliable and cost effective solution also has been increased. In this paper we are going to ... Keywords: DVR, custom power, distribution network, voltage sag
H. Monsef; B. Tamimi
Voltage control of emerging distribution systems with induction motor loads using robust LQG approach
mode" in emerging distribution systems. The small-signal stability analysis indicates that load voltageVoltage control of emerging distribution systems with induction motor loads using robust LQG has significant performance to improve the voltage profile of the distributed generation system
Energy Minimization Using Multiple Supply Voltages Jui-Ming Chang and Massoud Pedram
Energy Minimization Using Multiple Supply Voltages Jui-Ming Chang and Massoud Pedram Department and energy costs of these level shifters must be taken into account when comparing a multiple-supply voltage a dynamic programming technique for solv- ing the multiple supply voltage scheduling problem in both non
Pedram, Massoud
CMOS flash analog-to-digital converter for high speed and low voltage applications
A CMOS flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) designed for high speed and low voltage is presented. Using the Threshold Inverter Quantization (TIQ) comparator technique, a flash ADC can be applied to low supply voltage. A fat tree encoder that has signal ... Keywords: TIQ comparator, analog-to-digital converter, fat tree encoder, flash ADC, high speed, low voltage
Jincheol Yoo; Kyusun Choi; Jahan Ghaznavi
A model for the critical voltage for electrical degradation of GaN high electron mobility transistors
We have found that there is a critical drain-to-gate voltage beyond which GaN high-electron mobility transistors start to degrade in electrical-stress experiments. The critical voltage depends on the detailed voltage biasing ...
Joh, Jungwoo
Induction of nuclear fission by high-voltage application
In nuclear power generation, fissile materials are mainly used. For example, $U^{235}$ is fissile and therefore quite essential for use of nuclear energy. However, the material $U^{235}$ has very small natural abundance less than 1 %. We should seek possibility of utilizing fissionable materials such as $U^{238}$ because natural abundance of such fissionable materials is generally much larger than fissile ones. In this paper, we show that thermal neutrons with vanishing kinetic energy can induce nuclear fission when high voltage is applied to fissionable materials. To obtain this result, we use the liquid-drop model for nuclei. Finally, we propose how fissionable materials can be utilized.
Hirokazu Maruyama
Self-monitoring high voltage transmission line suspension insulator
A high voltage transmission line suspension insulator (18 or 22) which monitors its own dielectric integrity. A dielectric rod (10) has one larger diameter end fitting attachable to a transmission line and another larger diameter end fitting attachable to a support tower. The rod is enclosed in a dielectric tube (14) which is hermetically sealed to the rod's end fittings such that a liquidtight space (20) is formed between the rod and the tube. A pressurized dielectric liquid is placed within that space. A discoloring dye placed within this space is used to detect the loss of the pressurized liquid.
Stemler, Gary E. (Vancouver, WA); Scott, Donald N. (Vancouver, WA)
Light-induced voltage alteration for integrated circuit analysis
An apparatus and method are described for analyzing an integrated circuit (IC), The invention uses a focused light beam that is scanned over a surface of the IC to generate a light-induced voltage alteration (LIVA) signal for analysis of the IC, The LIVA signal may be used to generate an image of the IC showing the location of any defects in the IC; and it may be further used to image and control the logic states of the IC. The invention has uses for IC failure analysis, for the development of ICs, for production-line inspection of ICs, and for qualification of ICs.
Cole, Jr., Edward I. (Albuquerque, NM); Soden, Jerry M. (Placitas, NM)
Outdoor PV Module Degradation of Current-Voltage Parameters: Preprint
Photovoltaic (PV) module degradation rate analysis quantifies the loss of PV power output over time and is useful for estimating the impact of degradation on the cost of energy. An understanding of the degradation of all current-voltage (I-V) parameters helps to determine the cause of the degradation and also gives useful information for the design of the system. This study reports on data collected from 12 distinct mono- and poly-crystalline modules deployed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado. Most modules investigated showed < 0.5%/year decrease in maximum power due to short-circuit current decline.
Smith, R. M.; Jordan, D. C.; Kurtz, S. R.
High-Voltage Power Supply System for Laser Isotope Separation
This report presents several concepts for Laser High-Voltage Power Supply (HVPS) Systems for a Laser Isotope Separation facility. Selection of equipments and their arrangement into operational systems is based on proven designs and on application concepts now being developed. This report has identified a number of alternative system arrangements and has provided preliminary cost estimates for each. The report includes a recommendation for follow-on studies that will further define the optimum Laser HVPS Systems. Brief descriptions are given of Modulator/Regulator circuit trade-offs, system control interfaces, and their impact on costs.
Ketaily, E.C.; Buckner, R.P.; Uhrik, R.L.
Nuclear Maintenance Applications Center: Post-Trip Voltage Prediction at Nuclear and Other Generating Stations
The objective of this Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) project is to investigate the possibility of predicting the switchyard voltage in a nuclear power plant (NPP) following a trip of a nuclear unit. Two methods of post-trip voltage prediction are investigated. The first method, called the V-Q method, uses minimal local plant information (such as unit operating conditionsactive and reactive power output and pre-trip voltage) to predict post-trip voltage based on the sensitivity of voltage to the...
Voltage Node Arcing in the ICRH Antenna Vacuum Transmission Lines at JET
The observation of parasitic low-VSWR activity during operations of JET RF plant and the damage caused by arcing at the voltage-node in the vacuum transmission line (VTL) in 2004 highlight the importance of the problem of low-voltage breakdown in the ICRH systems. Simulations demonstrate little response of the RF circuit to the voltage-node arcing which explains why it remains largely unnoticed and complicates the design of protection systems. Analysis of the damage pattern produced by the voltage-node arcing suggests that multipactor-related phenomena occurring at elevated voltage thresholds in conditions of unfavorable VTL geometry are most plausible arc-provoking factors.
Monakhov, I.; Graham, M.; Mayoral, M.-L.; Nicholls, K.; Walden, A. [Euratom/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB (United Kingdom); Bobkov, V. [Max-Planck Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, D-85748 Garching (Germany)
Proposed amendment for Presidential Permit PP-63 and associated modifications to 500 kV international transmission line, Forbes, Minnesota to Manitoba, Canada Northern States Power Company. Final Environmental Assessment
Northern States Power Company, (NSP), a Minnesota investor owned utility has applied to the Office of Fossil Energy, United States Department of Energy, to amend Presidential Permit PP-63 to allow for alterations to the 500 kV transmission line and as sedated facilities currently regulated by this permit. The alterations proposed for the 500 kV line owned by NSP are part of a long term effort sponsored by NSP to upgrade the existing NSP transmission system to allow for increased exchange of electricity with the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board. Presidential Permit PP-63 authorized NSP to construct, connect, operate and maintain a 500 kV line at the United States/Canadian border approximately seven-and-a-half miles west of Warroad in Roseau County, Minnesota. This line connects with a 500 kV line owned and operated by the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board (MHEB), which extends from Dorsey, Manitoba, Canada to the United States/Canadian border. NSP proposes to increase the electricity transfer capability of this transmission facility by constructing a new 80-acre substation on the existing 500 kV line in Roseau County, Minnesota, and upgrading the existing substation at Forbes, Minnesota. The proposed Roseau substation would contain two 41.5 ohm series capacitor banks. In addition, static VAR compensators are to be installed at the existing Forbes Substation. Approximately 5 acres would be added to the 30-acre Forbes site to house the additional equipment. No new lines would enter or exit the facility. NSP proposes to place the new Roseau Substation in service in May 1993 and to complete the upgrading of the Forbes Substation in March 1994. The primary, initial purpose of these modifications is to enable NSP to import 400 megawatts of electric power from MHEB during the summer months to meet peak electrical demand in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. It is expected that this power transfer would begin in 1993.
Development of static and simulation programs for voltage stability studies of bulk power system
In the analysis and evaluation of voltage stability, it is necessary to accurately identify the stability margin at each load point under specific system configuration or power balance condition. Voltage stability margin can be basically identified by the multi-solution load flow calculation method. When predicted by this static analysis that voltage instability may occur, time domain simulation will be required which includes the models of various control equipments related with system voltage profile. To deal with this, the following two analytical computer codes shown below were developed. (1) Voltage stability static analysis computer code employing a new load flow calculation method. (2) Time domain long term simulation computer code for voltage stability. These computer codes can also calculate the voltage stability index at each load point which is based on the margin to the stability power limit at each load point. The practicality of these codes developed were verified by applying to the IEEE-118 test system.
Nagao, T.; Tanaka, K.; Takenaka, K. [Central Research Inst. of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo (Japan)
An accurate continuous calibration system for high voltage current transformer
A continuous calibration system for high voltage current transformers is presented in this paper. The sensor of this system is based on a kind of electronic instrument current transformer, which is a clamp-shape air core coil. This system uses an optical fiber transmission system for its signal transmission and power supply. Finally the digital integrator and fourth-order convolution window algorithm as error calculation methods are realized by the virtual instrument with a personal computer. It is found that this system can calibrate a high voltage current transformer while energized, which means avoiding a long calibrating period in the power system and the loss of power metering expense. At the same time, it has a wide dynamic range and frequency band, and it can achieve a high accuracy measurement in a complex electromagnetic field environment. The experimental results and the on-site operation results presented in the last part of the paper, prove that it can reach the 0.05 accuracy class and is easy to operate on site.
Tong Yue; Li Binhong [College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province (China)
Bi-directional power control system for voltage converter
A control system for a voltage converter includes: a power comparator for comparing a power signal on input terminals of the converter with a commanded power signal and producing a power comparison signal; a power regulator for transforming the power comparison signal to a commanded current signal; a current comparator for comparing the commanded current signal with a measured current signal on output terminals of the converter and producing a current comparison signal; a current regulator for transforming the current comparison signal to a pulse width modulator (PWM) duty cycle command signal; and a PWM for using the PWM duty cycle command signal to control electrical switches of the converter. The control system may further include: a command multiplier for converting a voltage signal across the output terminals of the converter to a gain signal having a value between zero (0) and unity (1), and a power multiplier for multiplying the commanded power signal by the gain signal to provide a limited commanded power signal, wherein power comparator compares the limited commanded power signal with the power signal on the input terminals.
Garrigan, Neil Richard (Niskayuna, NY); King, Robert Dean (Schenectady, NY); Schwartz, James Edward (Slingerlands, NY)
A control system for a voltage converter includes: a power comparator for comparing a power signal on input terminals of the converter with a commanded power signal and producing a power comparison signal; a power regulator for transforming the power comparison signal to a commanded current signal; a current comparator for comparing the commanded current signal with a measured current signal on output terminals of the converter and producing a current comparison signal; a current regulator for transforming the current comparison signal to a pulse width modulator (PWM) duty cycle command signal; and a PWM for using the PWM duty cycle command signal to control electrical switches of the converter. The control system may further include: a command multiplier for converting a voltage signal across the output terminals of the converter to a gain signal having a value between zero (0) and unity (1), and a power multiplier for multiplying the commanded power signal by the gain signal to provide a limited commanded power signal, wherein power comparator compares the limited commanded power signal with the power signal on the input terminals. 10 figs.
Garrigan, N.R.; King, R.D.; Schwartz, J.E.
Commercialization of Medium Voltage HTS Triax TM Cable Systems
The original project scope that was established in 2007 aimed to install a 1,700 meter (1.1 mile) medium voltage HTS Triax{TM} cable system into the utility grid in New Orleans, LA. In 2010, however, the utility partner withdrew from the project, so the 1,700 meter cable installation was cancelled and the scope of work was reduced. The work then concentrated on the specific barriers to commercialization of HTS cable technology. The modified scope included long-length HTS cable design and testing, high voltage factory test development, optimized cooling system development, and HTS cable life-cycle analysis. In 2012, Southwire again analyzed the market for HTS cables and deemed the near term market acceptance to be low. The scope of work was further reduced to the completion of tasks already started and to testing of the existing HTS cable system in Columbus, OH. The work completed under the project included: � Long-length cable modeling and analysis � HTS wire evaluation and testing � Cable testing for AC losses � Optimized cooling system design � Life cycle testing of the HTS cable in Columbus, OH � Project management. The 200 meter long HTS Triax{TM} cable in Columbus, OH was incorporated into the project under the initial scope changes as a test bed for life cycle testing as well as the site for an optimized HTS cable cooling system. The Columbus cable utilizes the HTS TriaxTM design, so it provided an economical tool for these of the project tasks.
Knoll, David
Experiment and Simulation of Dynamic Voltage Regulation in Multiple Distributed Energy Resources Systems
Distributed energy (DE) resources are power sources located near load centers and equipped with power electronics converters to interface with the grid, therefore it is feasible for DE to provide reactive power (along with active power) locally for dynamic voltage regulation. In this paper, a synchronous condenser and a microturbine with an inverter interface are implemented in parallel in a distribution system to regulate the local voltage. Developed voltage control schemes for the inverter and the synchronous condenser are presented. Experimental results show that both the inverter and the synchronous condenser can regulate the local voltage instantaneously although the dynamic response of the inverter is much faster than the synchronous condenser. In a system with multiple DEs performing local voltage regulation, the interaction between the DEs is studied. The simulation results show the relationship between the voltages in the system and the reactive power required for the voltage regulation. Also, integrated voltage regulation (multiple DEs performing voltage regulation) can increase the voltage regulation capability of DEs and reduce the capital and operating costs.
Xu, Yan [ORNL; Li, Fangxing [ORNL; Kueck, John D [ORNL; Rizy, D Tom [ORNL
SAS Output
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
B. U.S. Transformer Sustained Automatic Outage Counts B. U.S. Transformer Sustained Automatic Outage Counts and Hours by High-Voltage Size and NERC Region, 2012 Sustained Automatic Outage Counts High-Side Voltage (kV) Eastern Interconnection TRE WECC Contiguous U.S. 100-199 -- -- -- -- 200-299 -- -- 1.00 1.00 300-399 2.00 -- 4.00 6.00 400-599 14.00 -- 11.00 25.00 600+ -- -- -- -- Grand Total 16.00 -- 16.00 32.00 Sustained Automatic Outage Hours High-Side Voltage (kV) Eastern Interconnection TRE WECC Contiguous U.S. 100-199 -- -- -- -- 200-299 -- -- 27.58 27.58 300-399 153.25 -- 15.87 169.12 400-599 3,070.88 -- 258.37 3,329.25 600+ -- -- -- -- Grand Total 3,224.13 -- 301.82 3,525.95 Outage Hours per Outage Incident Eastern Interconnection TRE WECC Contiguous U.S.
System and method for floating-substrate passive voltage contrast
A passive voltage contrast (PVC) system and method are disclosed for analyzing ICs to locate defects and failure mechanisms. During analysis a device side of a semiconductor die containing the IC is maintained in an electrically-floating condition without any ground electrical connection while a charged particle beam is scanned over the device side. Secondary particle emission from the device side of the IC is detected to form an image of device features, including electrical vias connected to transistor gates or to other structures in the IC. A difference in image contrast allows the defects or failure mechanisms be pinpointed. Varying the scan rate can, in some instances, produce an image reversal to facilitate precisely locating the defects or failure mechanisms in the IC. The system and method are useful for failure analysis of ICs formed on substrates (e.g. bulk semiconductor substrates and SOI substrates) and other types of structures.
Jenkins, Mark W. (Albuquerque, NM); Cole, Jr., Edward I. (Albuquerque, NM); Tangyunyong, Paiboon (Albuquerque, NM); Soden, Jerry M. (Placitas, NM); Walraven, Jeremy A. (Albuquerque, NM); Pimentel, Alejandro A. (Albuquerque, NM)
High-voltage atmospheric breakdown across intervening rutile dielectrics.
This report documents work conducted in FY13 on electrical discharge experiments performed to develop predictive computational models of the fundamental processes of surface breakdown in the vicinity of high-permittivity material interfaces. Further, experiments were conducted to determine if free carrier electrons could be excited into the conduction band thus lowering the effective breakdown voltage when UV photons (4.66 eV) from a high energy pulsed laser were incident on the rutile sample. This report documents the numerical approach, the experimental setup, and summarizes the data and simulations. Lastly, it describes the path forward and challenges that must be overcome in order to improve future experiments for characterizing the breakdown behavior for rutile.
Williamson, Kenneth Martin; Simpson, Sean; Coats, Rebecca Sue; Jorgenson, Roy Eberhardt; Hjalmarson, Harold Paul; Pasik, Michael Francis
Monolithic high voltage nonlinear transmission line fabrication process
A process for fabricating sequential inductors and varistor diodes of a monolithic, high voltage, nonlinear, transmission line in GaAs is disclosed. An epitaxially grown laminate is produced by applying a low doped active n-type GaAs layer to an n-plus type GaAs substrate. A heavily doped p-type GaAs layer is applied to the active n-type layer and a heavily doped n-type GaAs layer is applied to the p-type layer. Ohmic contacts are applied to the heavily doped n-type layer where diodes are desired. Multiple layers are then either etched away or Oxygen ion implanted to isolate individual varistor diodes. An insulator is applied between the diodes and a conductive/inductive layer is thereafter applied on top of the insulator layer to complete the process. 6 figs.
Cooper, G.A.
Voltage spike detection in high field superconducting accelerator magnets
A measurement system for the detection of small magnetic flux changes in superconducting magnets, which are due to either mechanical motion of the conductor or flux jump, has been developed at Fermilab. These flux changes are detected as small amplitude, short duration voltage spikes, which are {approx}15mV in magnitude and lasts for {approx}30 {micro}sec. The detection system combines an analog circuit for the signal conditioning of two coil segments and a fast data acquisition system for digitizing the results, performing threshold detection, and storing the resultant data. The design of the spike detection system along with the modeling results and noise analysis will be presented. Data from tests of high field Nb{sub 3}Sn magnets at currents up to {approx}20KA will also be shown.
Orris, D.F.; Carcagno, R.; Feher, S.; Makulski, A.; Pischalnikov, Y.M.; /Fermilab
Voltage holding considerations for direct-collection units
Results have been obtained from initial experiments designed to study high-voltage breakdown under conditions of importance to the design of direct- collection units. A coaxial configuration was used to mock-up critical fields near grid wires. With appropriate heat conditioning, fields as high as 9.6 x 10/ sup 5/ V/cm were maintained at the surface of a 7-mil-diam tungsten wire. This represents an enhanced field of ~10/sup 8/V/cm at whisker'' sites. Breakdown criteria are proposed for three regimes; initial, field-emission, and ultimate, which differ by the amount of prior conditioning applied to the wire. Additional considerations of importance to direct collectors such as the effect of thermionic emission and ion bombardment are discussed. (auth)
Miley, G.H.
High voltage design structure for high temperature superconducting device
In accordance with the present invention, modular corona shields are employed in a HTS device to reduce the electric field surrounding the HTS device. In a exemplary embodiment a fault current limiter module in the insulation region of a cryogenic cooling system has at least one fault current limiter set which employs a first corona shield disposed along the top portion of the fault current limiter set and is electrically coupled to the fault current limiter set. A second corona shield is disposed along the bottom portion of the fault current limiter set and is electrically coupled to the fault current limiter set. An insulation barrier is disposed within the insulation region along at least one side of the fault current limiter set. The first corona shield and the second corona shield act together to reduce the electric field surrounding the fault limiter set when voltage is applied to the fault limiter set.
Tekletsadik, Kasegn D. (Rexford, NY)
Curing system for high voltage cross linked cables
This invention makes extruded, vulcanized, high voltage cables insulated with thermosetting compounds at much higher rates of production and with superior insulation of reduced thickness and with reduced cavities or voids in the insulation. As the cable comes from an extruder, it passes into a curing chamber with a heat booster that quickly raises the insulation to a temperature at which it is cured much more quickly than with steam heating of the prior art. A high temperature liquid in contact with the insulation maintains the high temperature; and because of the greater curing heat, the cable can travel through the curing chamber at a faster rate and into a cooling tube where it contacts with a cooling liquid under high pressure. The insulation compound is treated to reduce the size of cavities; and the high pressure maintained by the curing and cooling mediums prevent expansion of cavities before the insulation is set.
Bahder, George (Edison, NJ); Katz, Carlos (Edison, NJ); Bopp, Louis A. (Fair Haven, NJ)
A process for fabricating sequential inductors and varactor diodes of a monolithic, high voltage, nonlinear, transmission line in GaAs is disclosed. An epitaxially grown laminate is produced by applying a low doped active n-type GaAs layer to an n-plus type GaAs substrate. A heavily doped p-type GaAs layer is applied to the active n-type layer and a heavily doped n-type GaAs layer is applied to the p-type layer. Ohmic contacts are applied to the heavily doped n-type layer where diodes are desired. Multiple layers are then either etched away or Oxygen ion implanted to isolate individual varactor diodes. An insulator is applied between the diodes and a conductive/inductive layer is thereafter applied on top of the insulator layer to complete the process.
Cooper, Gregory A. (346 Primrose Dr., Pleasant Hill, CA 94523)