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Gustavson news
UVic MBA students win first place in case competition at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland
Jan. 23, 2015 - Davos, Switzerland – After months of preparation and three intensive rounds of competition, a group of Gill Graduate School MBA students at the University of Victoria,
competed in, and placed first, at the Corporate Knights' Business for a Better World case study competition during the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Gill MBA students Jesal Shah, Andrew
Spence, Susan Laidlaw, and Karin Feldkamp advanced to the second and third rounds of the case competition. From the second round, in-person presentation, three of the five teams advanced to the final
round, where they competed for $10,000 in top prizes. It was in this final round that the Gill MBA students were awarded the top prize and first place.
UVic MBA students compete in 'Business for a Better World' contest
January 20, 2015 - UVic MBA students Jesal Shah, Andrew Spence, Susan Laidlaw, and Karin Feldkamp have advanced to round two of the Corporate Knights' Business for a Better World case study
competition. Three of the five teams will advance to the final round. Both round two and the final round will be held on Jan. 23, 2015 in Davos, Switzerland. Teams will be competing for $10,000 in
top prizes. The competition is now down to five groups after starting with 25 groups from universities from around the world. It requires each group to apply 12 of the most widely disclosed
and tracked sustainability indicators to the case. Teams are challenged to identify priority social, environmental, and governance metrics for the study (in this case, Novartis, a Canadian healthcare
company) and improve its performance relative to industry peers on the Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World, an annual benchmark ranking that has been produced by Corporate Knights
since 2005. Website for the case competition: http://www.corporateknights.com/affiliates/2015contest/
Seeing things differently @ 25 – Birthday celebrations for 2015
December 22, 2014 - The Gustavson School of Business will be celebrating its 25th birthday in 2015. 25 is a big number and a very exciting one for us. Our birthday gives us the
opportunity to focus on the future and look at what is ahead for our innovative school of business.
Warm holiday wishes
December 22, 2014 - From all of us here at the Peter B. Gustavson School of Business and the Sardul S. Gill Graduate School, have a safe and happy holiday season!
Corporate Knights' "Business for a Better World" case competition
December 12, 2014 - Congratulations to our MBA team (Jesal Shah, Andrew Spence, Susan Laidlaw and Karin Feldcamp) who have advanced to the third and final round of the Corporate Knights'
"Business for a Better World" case competition! This is an international MBA competition with a prize pool in 2015 of $10,000. 25 teams participated in round 1, five teams were invited to participate
in round 2 and now three (including the Gustavson team) move on to the final round, which takes place in Davos, Switzerland, in January 2015. The three final teams will get a chance to present their
case analysis in front of a live panel of high-profile judges at the prestigious World Economic Forum.
2014 Distinguished Professors Lecture - Dr. A.R. Elangovan
December 09, 2014 - The title University of Victoria Distinguished Professor is the highest academic honour that the university can bestow on a member of faculty. This lecture series offers
the community the opportunity to hear and meet these outstanding faculty members. Dr. A.R. "Elango" Elangovan, professor and director of international programs with the Gustavson School of Business,
is among 10 Canadian scholars honoured with a 2012 3M National Teaching Fellowship, and the ninth UVic scholar to receive this honour since its inception. The award recognizes exceptional
achievements and contributions by teacher-scholars across Canada. For more on these accomplishments, visit The Ring.
Master of Global Business Program Expands to Include a New Continent
December 3, 2014 - It is growing again! In January, 2015, the Master of Global Business (MGB) program will offer a new Path, which includes university partners in the Netherlands and
Peru. In 2010, the MGB program launched Path 1 with partner universities, National Sun Yat-Sen University in Kaohsiung, Taiwan and Johannes Kepler University in Linz, Austria. In 2012, Path 2
was launched with partner universities, the NEOMA Business School in Rouen, France and Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul, South Korea. Both of the above Paths of the MGB program have September entry
points at UVic. Path 3 will be the first of two planned January entry points of the program. Our Path 3 partners are the Maastricht School of Business and Economics in the Netherlands and
the CENTRUM Graduate Business School in Lima, Peru.
November 24, 2014 - The following University of Victoria expert is available to discuss the marketing and retail aspects of Black Friday, the pre-Christmas sales frenzy that originated in the
United States and has taken hold in Canada. Stephen Tax (Gustavson School of Business) is a professor who teaches marketing management, services management and international marketing to
undergraduate, graduate and executive students. His research interests focus on interdisciplinary issues in services management, notably service recovery, service design, customer performance and
service networks. He can be reached at email@example.com or by calling 250-721-6417.
Gustavson's Co-op Student of the Year
November 24, 2014 - Congratulations to Gaëlle Madevon, fourth year Bachelor of Commerce student, on being selected as this year's Gustavson School of Business Co-op Student of the Year!
Only three students were nominated based on high academic achievement and excellent performance on a work term in 2014. Gaëlle worked at Ledcor Industries Inc. as a Corporate Communications
Specialist, for her fall 2014 Co-op work term. In this position, Gaëlle executed external and internal communications and marketing projects supporting Ledcor's 20 regional offices, 12 business units
and subsidiary companies. Completing many notable projects during her work term, Gaëlle managed complex logistics, for several major media events ensuring no detail was missed, and improved the
company's social media program by proactively managing their account and implementing successful strategies to increase online engagement.
Grant helps UVic create Vancouver Island Social Innovation Zone
November 8, 2014 - The University of Victoria, Camosun College and Royal Roads University were awarded $201,000 today to fuel an enterprise approach to social innovation on Vancouver Island.
Several post-secondary institutions and other organizations are the beneficiaries of this generous award from the J. W. McConnell Family Foundation RECODE Project: The Innovation Centre for
Entrepreneurs (ICE), the Centre for Social and Sustainable Innovation (CSSI), and the National Consortium of Indigenous Economic Development (NCIED), all initiatives of the Peter B. Gustavson School
of Business, along with the Institute for Studies and Innovation in Community University Engagement (ISICUE) represent the University of Victoria. Institutional partners Camosun College (Enterprise
Point) and Royal Roads University (Eric C. Douglass Centre for Entrepreneurial Studies), and community partners from Social Enterprise Catalyst; Victoria Native Friendship Centre, and Community
Social Planning Council will now come together to create the Vancouver Island Social Innovation Zone (VISIZ).
Northwest Empowering Aboriginal Generation of Leaders & Entrepreneurs (NW-EAGLE™)
September 25, 2014 - Northwest Empowering Aboriginal Generation of Leaders & Entrepreneurs (NW-EAGLE) commenced September 13 in Prince Rupert with three more dates upcoming (TBC) in
Skidegate, Terrace and Moricetown. The concept is to deliver face-to-face training over a sequence of days to Aboriginal youth (age 18-39) to explore opportunities in employment and
CIBC Commits $250,000 Donation to the Gustavson School of Business for Scholarships and Bursaries
October 30, 2014 - At the opening of the CIBC Broadmead Banking Centre on Thursday, October 30th CIBC announced it will be making a $250,000 donation to the Peter B. Gustavson School of Business
in support of scholarships and bursaries for students enrolled in the Bachelor of Commerce program. CIBC has been a strong supporter of the University of Victoria over the years. Since 2005,
more than 64 UVic students have been placed in co-op work positions with CIBC, and CIBC Wood Gundy, in locations across the country. Among those placed are students from UVic's MBA, Master of Global
Business and Bachelor of Commerce programs.
Gustavson advisory body expands mandate, welcomes three new members
October 20, 2014 - VICTORIA: The International Advisory Board (IAB) of the Peter B. Gustavson School of Business at the University of Victoria has expanded to include a broader focus.
A separate local advisory group, Gustavson Associates, has been folded into the IAB "to ensure broad industry representation locally, nationally and internationally," says IAB chair Matthew Hall, a
former CEO of food giant Nestle, currently with London-based consulting firm GoodBrand, and Executive-in-Residence at Gustavson.
The Whistler Chamber of Commerce and the Gustavson School of Business Team up to Deliver World Class Customer Service Training
October 8, 2014 - The Whistler Chamber of Commerce and the Peter B. Gustavson School of Business at the University of Victoria have overhauled Whistler's 27-year-old, community-wide service
training program to educate thousands of Whistler workers each year in customer service. With a vision to become known as the best resort mountain destination in the world for service the newly named
"Whistler Experience" program enhancement will teach teams how to deliver powerful experiences that customers won't stop talking about. Training kicked off with a preview session to get a head start
on training Tuesday, October 7 and gets into full swing in November and December.
New national consortium promotes Indigenous economic development
October 6, 2014 - A new national consortium to support and strengthen Indigenous economic development across Canada was announced today at the University of Victoria. The National Consortium for
Indigenous Economic Development (NCIED) was established by the Peter B. Gustavson School of Business and the Faculty of Law to harness community-based education and research to drive innovative
economic change.
UVic Among World's Best in Annual Ranking
October 2, 2014 - The University of Victoria is among the top universities in the world as assessed by the highly regarded Times Higher Education's (THE) annual World University Rankings.
UVic placed 173rd in the rankings and is one of eight Canadian universities in the top 200.
Gustavson ranks 6th in Canada's Best MBA Programs 2014
October 2, 2014 - The Canadian Business has released its annual Canada's Best MBA Programs 2014: The Top 10 MBA Schools rankings. The Peter B. Gustavson School of Business's
UVic MBA Program is ranked #6 overall in Canada.
National Consortium for Indigenous Economic Development
Please join us to celebrate the new National Consortium for Indigenous Economic Development. This is a collaborative initiative between the University of Victoria Faculty of Law and the Peter B.
Gustavson School of Business to support shared knowledge and best practices to foster strong Indigenous economic development across the country. Media Announcement First Peoples House, UVic October
6, 2014 10:45 – 11:30 AM Light refreshments to follow RSVP confirmations only by September 29, 2014 - 250.721.8077 – firstname.lastname@example.com Hosted By: UVic Faculty of Law and the Peter B. Gustavson
School of Business
Aboriginal entrepreneurs celebrate graduation in Prince Rupert
Aboriginal entrepreneurs from around the Northwest have been equipped with the knowledge and skills it takes to start their own businesses, thanks to the Northwest Aboriginal Canadian
Entrepreneur (NW-ACE) Program. The NW-ACE Program is put on through a partnership between the University of Victoria's Peter B. Gustavson School of Business, the Tribal Resources Investment
Corporation (TriCorp), Northwest Community College (NWCC), the First Nations Technology Council, the BG Group and Spectra Energy, stemming from the vision of TriCorp's chief executive officer Frank
Parnell in response to the economic opportunities forming in Northwest B.C.
Brent Mainprize wins national award for innovation
A pioneering teaching professor from UVic's Gustavson School of Business, Dr. Brent Mainprize, has won the national 2014 Desire2Learn Innovation in Teaching and Learning award for his fresh
ideas in curriculum development and delivery. This award is given by the Society for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education (STLHE) http://www.stlhe.ca and Desire2Learn Incorporated. It recognizes
Mainprize's dedication, and his particularly innovative approach to teaching and learning. His innovative approach for teaching entrepreneurship has been operationalized into a web-based software
called the Venture Intelligence Quotient (VIQ) that is used in academia, innovation hatcheries and community economic development initiatives in Canada, Italy, Australia, Denmark and China. Dr. Saul
Klein, Dean of the Gustavson School says: "Setting him apart are his innovative approaches, pioneering tools, and exceptional teaching ability, all of which have proved most successful with both
degree students and executive education participants."
The NW-ACE program wins again!
The collaboration of UVic's Gustavson School of Business, TRICORP, Service Canada, BG Group and Spectra Energy in delivering an Aboriginal entrepreneurship program – Northwest Aboriginal
Canadian Entrepreneurs (NW-ACE) - has won the Industry Council for Aboriginal Business (ICAB) 2014 Partnership and Collaboration Visionary Award. ICAB was founded to facilitate dialogue and
relationship-building between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal businesses and communities throughout British Columbia. The Aboriginal Business Recognition Awards were established to celebrate and
recognize the successes of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal corporations and individuals who have worked together to create economic opportunities for each other. Brenda Ireland, ICAB's CEO, says that
this "innovative community-based program is indeed worthy of acknowledgment."
David Black receives UVic Honorary degree
President of Black Press, David Black, was awarded an honorary degree from UVic at the June convocation ceremonies. Black launched his publishing empire in 1975 when he bought his father's
weekly newspaper in Williams Lake, B.C. His company is now the largest privately-owned newspaper company in Canada. Named Distinguished Entrepreneur of the Year by the Business School in 2007, Black
is an avid supporter of the school, establishing the Black Press Scholarships program that provides funding for undergraduate commerce students. Congratulations, David, on this well deserved
Aboriginal Entrepreneurship gets boost in northwest BC
Imagine living in the northern reaches of British Columbia, wanting to start a business and being able to access award-winning university entrepreneurship training in your area. A shared
initiative between the Aboriginal-owned Tribal Resources Investment Corporation (TRICORP) and the University of Victoria, Peter B. Gustavson School of Business means Aboriginal entrepreneurs in
Northwest BC can do just that. Full article in Aboriginal Marketplace – March/April 2014.
2014 Outgoing Photo Contest - Winners
The Photo Contest is sponsored by the International Programs office to promote the international experience that our students gain through participating in an academic exchange. The
international experience is a central facet of our educational philosophy and it transforms our students into truly global citizens. Our students serve as worthy ambassadors for the University
of Victoria and Canada as they grow to meet the linguistic, cultural and academic challenges inherent in these experiences. We are proud of our students and delighted to highlight their
international educational experience by celebrating their photos.
2014 Startup Canada Award Winners
The University of Victoria won the "Most Entrepreneurial Post-Secondary Institution of the Year" Award, for the college or university that demonstrates the largest commitment and impact in
advancing entrepreneurship. In our nomination we highlighted the activities of the Gustavson School of Business as well as Research Partnerships and Knowledge Mobilization, the Innovation Centre for
Entrepreneurs, CanAssist and VITP, among others And our own Dr. Brent Mainprize received the title of "Entrepreneurship Educator of the Year", recognizing a Canadian educator who has: Demonstrated
excellence in educating, empowering and equipping entrepreneurship students with the attitudes, skills, experiential learning opportunities and networks needed to pursue successful entrepreneurial
ventures; Made a significant impact in both fostering student-led entrepreneurship initiatives and motivating senior campus leadership to adopt entrepreneurial policies and priorities; and / or,
Engaged actively in the local startup community through bringing students into the community and bringing the community onto the campus. As I am sure you will agree, these are significant
accomplishments in both categories, and help to achieve our strategic plan priorities for community engagement and impact. We will also go forward in both categories at the end of May to the National
Adjudication Committee. For a full list of the BC Startup Canada Award Winners: http://startupaward.ca/blog/2014/04/30/bc-startup-canada-award-winners/
- UVic Welcomes New Dean of Business
- UVic Ranked 11th Best in World Under Age 50
- UVic Backs Reforms Sparked by Arab Spring
- Summerville on the restructuring of banks and the concept of too big to fail
- Saul Klein Begins as Dean of Gustavson
- Degree at work: MGB alumnus Daniel McCombe shares his experience working in Bangalore, India
- Lululemon Founder UVic's 2012 Distinguished Entrepreneur
- Judith Sayers Appointed National Aboriginal Economic Development Chair
- Interview Clinic Helps UVic Students Get It Right
- Gustavson Researchers Score Top Ranking
- Gill PhD Student Richard Tuck Receives Vanier Scholarship
- Gender Bias in Severance Settlements
- Expert Advisory: FACEBOOK
- Dr. Craig Pinder Honoured by HR Community
- Business Students Take Honours in Fierce Commerce Games
- UVic Business Professor Wins 3-M Teaching Fellowship
- Bachelor of Commerce Program Expands


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Book online or call +44 (0)1775 843417 at standard rates.
Set in a charming Edwardian villa, amidst delightful and tranquil garden surroundings, At-Home is a bijou bed and breakfast owned by two artists and is an art gallery as well as offering comfortable and affordable accommodation. The property is within easy reach of the city centre and also provides convenient access to Heathrow airport. Indeed, its location makes it a good base from which to explore the stunning city of London and all its major tourist attractions.
The bed and breakfast offers well appointed bedrooms, Wi-Fi internet access, a fabulous garden and above all a friendly service coupled with a welcoming atmosphere. There is free parking available in adjacent streets and parking permits are available for £5 per day for parking in Denbigh Road.

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Welcome to the EMRC area Community Profile
The EMRC area Estimated Resident Population for 2013 is 349,793, with a population density of 1.67 persons per hectare.
The Eastern Metropolitan Regional Council (EMRC) area is located just east of the Perth CBD.
The EMRC area Community Profile provides demographic analysis for the Region and its suburbs based on results from the 2011, 2006, 2001, 1996 and 1991 Censuses of Population and Housing. The profile is updated with population estimates when the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) releases new figures.
ImportantStatistics |
Population349,793 ABS ERP 2013 |
Land area209,514 hectares (2,095 Km2) |
Population density1.67 persons per hectare |
Census migration data - the how and how not(29/01/2015) |
Small area migration data provides an excellent indication of many demographic trends occurring in Australia such as the regeneration of suburbs. However, using Census migration data can be tricky due to the way it is collected and consolidated. How can we effectively use this rich pool of information while recognising its pitfalls? |
Australian population grid - a new view of population density(29/01/2015) |
In 2014, the ABS released a brand new view of Australian population density, enabling mapping which shows our population distribution in better detail than ever before. How does the Australian Population Grid improve our visual understanding of density? |
This community profile is just one of a family of demographic resources available for this area and other areas across Australia. The full suite of resources includes community profiles, population forecasts, social atlases and economic profiles. You can be confident using them for planning, research and advocacy as they are compiled and maintained with the latest data by population experts, .id. Access them online in the Demographic Resource Centre. |


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Getting information about Grant Slavin is simple if you know where to search. PeopleFinders.com offers you a wide database of info for Grant Slavin such as age, recent addresses, phone numbers, and possible relatives and/or associates. Grant Slavin was born in [YOB] and is 44 years old. Her most recent address is located in Kings Beach, CA . Based on our records, her relatives include [RELATIVES], among others.
To make your search for Grant Slavin successful, we make sure to include any info that we have available. These details will allow you to pinpoint the correct Grant and includes data such as possible relatives, previous addresses, and known aliases. If the Grant on this page is not the Grant you are seeking, you can refer to the list of people with the Slavin above.
Filter your search by making sure to enter additional info into the search fields above. By providing extra inputs—first name, middle name, last name, city, state and/or age—we can return related and appropriate responses for your search of Grant Slavin. When you stumble across the right Grant Slavin you are looking for, you can then proceed to leisurely explore all the public records data we have to offer for Grant Slavin.


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Not sure if this would help. Edward DesLauriers BIRTH: 1901 census, Arichat West, p.18. NOTES: He is the godfather of Marie Barbe Deslauriers, b. 1863, dau. of Jean Deslauriers & Marguerite Samson. Emilien Deslauriers is the godfather of his daughter Marie Henriette, b. 1870. Therefore I believe Edward is the son of Jean Baptiste DesLauriers Jr. & Anastasie Doiron. NOTES: 1881 census - Name Marital Status Gender Ethnic Origin Age Birthplace Occupation Religion Edward DESLAURIES M Male French 42 Nova Scotia Fisherman Catholic Julia DESLAURIES M Female French 44 Nova Scotia Catholic John DESLAURIES Male French 13 Nova Scotia Catholic Henriette DESLAURIES Female French 11 Nova Scotia Catholic Cleophas DESLAURIES Male French 9 Nova Scotia Catholic Ann... DESLAURIES Female French 7 Nova Scotia Catholic Marie DESLAURIES Female French 6 Nova Scotia Catholic Julie DESLAURIES Female French 3 Nova Scotia Catholic Pierre DESLAURIES Male French 2 Nova Scotia Catholic Elisa DESLAURIES Female French 26 Nova Scotia Servant Catholic Notify Administrator about this message?
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I have been researching the James Endlsey (1776-1852)/Elizabeth Miller(1774-1845) connection and I am either totally confused or there are two Elizabeths. According to the research on the "Merritt family" in MD (www.merritfamily.org) Elizabeth Miller b 13 Feb 1774 was the daughter of Nathaniel Miller and Elizabeth Beck and was married to Thomas Walker, had four children and died in MD in 1834. This cannot be the same Elizabeth Miller that the Endsley folks have marrried in about 1790 to James Endlsey with 7-8 kids in NC and is buried in Coweta County GA. I have not located Elizabeth Miller Endsley anywhere (census, cemeteries, marriage records, etc.) to confirm a state of birth; I have not been to Georgia to check out Bethel Cemetery. I have also seen an Elizabeth Miller with the same birth year noted from Ireland or Wales, but have no confirmatin of that either. I find many of the Endsleys from John forward on the Macedonia Cemetery Listing in Miller County AR. (Except, interstingly enough, John Bluford and his wife Ellender who are supposed to be there) Any help sorting out the parents of Elizabeth Miller Endsley's ancestors would be really helpful. Notify Administrator about this message?
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IN all arts and sciences which embrace the whole of any subject, and do not come into being in a fragmentary way, it is the province of a single art or science to consider all that appertains to a single subject. For example, the art of gymnastic considers not only the suitableness of different modes of training to different bodies (2), but what sort is absolutely the best (1); (for the absolutely best must suit that which is by nature best and best furnished with the means of life), and also what common form of training is adapted to the great majority of men (4). And if a man does not desire the best habit of body, or the greatest skill in gymnastics, which might be attained by him, still the trainer or the teacher of gymnastic should be able to impart any lower degree of either (3). The same principle equally holds in medicine and shipbuilding, and the making of clothes, and in the arts generally.
Hence it is obvious that government too is the subject of a single science, which has to consider what government is best and of what sort it must be, to be most in accordance with our aspirations, if there were no external impediment, and also what kind of government is adapted to particular states. For the best is often unattainable, and therefore the true legislator and statesman ought to be acquainted, not only with (1) that which is best in the abstract, but also with (2) that which is best relatively to circumstances. We should be able further to say how a state may be constituted under any given conditions (3); both how it is originally formed and, when formed, how it may be longest preserved; the supposed state being so far from having the best constitution that it is unprovided even with the conditions necessary for the best; neither is it the best under the circumstances, but of an inferior type.
He ought, moreover, to know (4) the form of government which is best suited to states in general; for political writers, although they have excellent ideas, are often unpractical. We should consider, not only what form of government is best, but also what is possible and what is easily attainable by all. There are some who would have none but the most perfect; for this many natural advantages are required. Others, again, speak of a more attainable form, and, although they reject the constitution under which they are living, they extol some one in particular, for example the Lacedaemonian. Any change of government which has to be introduced should be one which men, starting from their existing constitutions, will be both willing and able to adopt, since there is quite as much trouble in the reformation of an old constitution as in the establishment of a new one, just as to unlearn is as hard as to learn. And therefore, in addition to the qualifications of the statesman already mentioned, he should be able to find remedies for the defects of existing constitutions, as has been said before. This he cannot do unless he knows how many forms of government there are. It is often supposed that there is only one kind of democracy and one of oligarchy. But this is a mistake; and, in order to avoid such mistakes, we must ascertain what differences there are in the constitutions of states, and in how many ways they are combined. The same political insight will enable a man to know which laws are the best, and which are suited to different constitutions; for the laws are, and ought to be, relative to the constitutionl'> -->constitutiontml'> -->constitution, and not the constitution to the laws. A constitution is the organization of offices in a state, and determines what is to be the governing body, and what is the end of each community. But laws are not to be confounded with the principles of the constitution; they are the rules according to which the magistrates should administer the state, and proceed against offenders. So that we must know the varieties, and the number of varieties, of each form of government, if only with a view to making laws. For the same laws cannot be equally suited to all oligarchies or to all democracies, since there is certainly more than one form both of democracy and of oligarchy.
In our original discussion about governments we divided them into three true forms: kingly rule, aristocracy, and constitutional government, and three corresponding perversions -- tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy. Of kingly rule and of aristocracy, we have already spoken, for the inquiry into the perfect state is the same thing with the discussion of the two forms thus named, since both imply a principle of virtue provided with external means. We have already determined in what aristocracy and kingly rule differ from one another, and when the latter should be established. In what follows we have to describe the so-called constitutional government, which bears the common name of all constitutions, and the other forms, tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy.
It is obvious which of the three perversions is the worst, and which is the next in badness. That which is the perversion of the first and most divine is necessarily the worst. And just as a royal rule, if not a mere name, must exist by virtue of some great personal superiority in the king, so tyranny, which is the worst of governments, is necessarily the farthest removed from a well-constituted form; oligarchy is little better, for it is a long way from aristocracy, and democracy is the most tolerable of the three.
A writer who preceded me has already made these distinctions, but his point of view is not the same as mine. For he lays down the principle that when all the constitutions are good (the oligarchy and the rest being virtuous), democracy is the worst, but the best when all are bad. Whereas we maintain that they are in any case defective, and that one oligarchy is not to be accounted better than another, but only less bad.
Not to pursue this question further at present, let us begin by determining (1) how many varieties of constitution there arconstitutiondemocracy and oligarchy there are several): (2) what constitution is the most generally acceptable, and what is eligible in the next degree after the perfect state; and besides this what other there is which is aristocratical and well-constituted, and at the same time adapted to states in general; (3) of the other forms of government to whom each is suited. For democracy may meet the needs of some better than oligarchy, and conversely. In the next place (4) we have to consider in what manner a man ought to proceed who desires to establish some one among these various forms, whether of democracy or of oligarchy; and lastly, (5) having briefly discussed these subjects to the best of our power, we will endeavor to ascertain the modes of ruin and preservation both of constitutions generally and of each separately, and to what causes they are to be attributed.
The reason why there are many forms of government is that every state contains many elements. In the first place we see that all states are made up of families, and in the multitude of citizen there must be some rich and some poor, and some in a middle condition; the rich are heavy-armed, and the poor not. Of the common people, some are husbandmen, and some traders, and some artisans. There are also among the notables differences of wealth and property -- for example, in the number of horses which they keep, for they cannot afford to keep them unless they are rich. And therefore in old times the cities whose strength lay in their cavalry were oligarchies, and they used cavalry in wars against their neighbors; as was the practice of the Eretrians and Chalcidians, and also of the Magnesians on the river Maeander, and of other peoples in Asia. Besides differences of wealth there are differences of rank and merit, and there are some other elements which were mentioned by us when in treating of aristocracy we enumerated the essentials of a state. Of these elements, sometimes all, sometimes the lesser and sometimes the greater number, have a share in the government. It is evident then that there must be many forms of government, differing in kind, since the parts of which they are composed differ from each other in kind. For a constitution is an organization of offices, which all the citizens distribute among themselves, according to the power which different classes possess, for example the rich or the poor, or according to some principle of equality which includes both. There must therefore be as many forms of government as there are modes of arranging the offices, according to the superiorities and differences of the parts of the state.
There are generally thought to be two principal forms: as men say of the winds that there are but two -- north and south, and that the rest of them are only variations of these, so of governments there are said to be only two forms -- democracy and oligarchy. For aristocracy is considered to be a kind of oligarchy, as being the rule of a few, and the so-called constitutional government to be really a democracy, just as among the winds we make the west a variation of the north, and the east of the south wind. Similarly of musical modes there are said to be two kinds, the Dorian and the Phrygian; the other arrangements of the scale are comprehended under one or other of these two. About forms of government this is a very favorite notion. But in either case the better and more exact way is to distinguish, as I have done, the one or two which are true forms, and to regard the others as perversions, whether of the most perfectly attempered mode or of the best form of government: we may compare the severer and more overpowering modes to the oligarchical forms, and the more relaxed and gentler ones to the democratic.
It must not be assumed, as some are fond of saying, that democracy is simply that form of government in which the greater number are sovereign, for in oligarchies, and indeed in every government, the majority rules; nor again is oligarchy that form of government in which a few are sovereign. Suppose the whole population of a city to be 1300, and that of these 1000 are rich, and do not allow the remaining 300 who are poor, but free, and in an other respects their equals, a share of the government -- no one will say that this is a democracy. In like manner, if the poor were few and the masters of the rich who outnumber them, no one would ever call such a government, in which the rich majority have no share of office, an oligarchy. Therefore we should rather say that democracy is the form of government in which the free are rulers, and oligarchy in which the rich; it is only an accident that the free are the many and the rich are the few. Otherwise a government in which the offices were given according to stature, as is said to be the case in Ethiopia, or according to beauty, would be an oligarchy; for the number of tall or good-looking men is small. And yet oligarchy and democracy are not sufficiently distinguished merely by these two characteristics of wealth and freedom. Both of them contain many other elements, and therefore we must carry our analysis further, and say that the government is not a democracy in which the freemen, being few in number, rule over the many who are not free, as at Apollonia, on the Ionian Gulf, and at Thera; (for in each of these states the nobles, who were also the earliest settlers, were held in chief honor, although they were but a few out of many). Neither is it a democracy when the rich have the government because they exceed in number; as was the case formerly at Colophon, where the bulk of the inhabitants were possessed of large property before the Lydian War. But the form of government is a democracy when the free, who are also poor and the majority, govern, and an oligarchy when the rich and the noble govern, they being at the same time few in number.
I have said that there are many forms of government, and have explained to what causes the variety is due. Why there are more than those already mentioned, and what they are, and whence they arise, I will now proceed to consider, starting from the principle already admitted, which is that every state consists, not of one, but of many parts. If we were going to speak of the different species of animals, we should first of all determine the organs which are indispensable to every animal, as for example some organs of sense and the instruments of receiving and digesting food, such as the mouth and the stomach, besides organs of locomotion. Assuming now that there are only so many kinds of organs, but that there may be differences in them -- I mean different kinds of mouths, and stomachs, and perceptive and locomotive organs -- the possible combinations of these differences will necessarily furnish many variedes of animals. (For animals cannot be the same which have different kinds of mouths or of ears.) And when all the combinations are exhausted, there will be as many sorts of animals as there are combinations of the necessary organs. The same, then, is true of the forms of government which have been described; states, as I have repeatedly said, are composed, not of one, but of many elements. One element is the food-producing class, who are called husbandmen; a second, the class of mechanics who practice the arts without which a city cannot exist; of these arts some are absolutely necessary, others contribute to luxury or to the grace of life. The third class is that of traders, and by traders I mean those who are engaged in buying and selling, whether in commerce or in retail trade. A fourth class is that of the serfs or laborers. The warriors make up the fifth class, and they are as necessary as any of the others, if the country is not to be the slave of every invader. For how can a state which has any title to the name be of a slavish nature? The state is independent and self-sufficing, but a slave is the reverse of independent. Hence we see that this subject, though ingeniously, has not been satisfactorily treated in the Republic. Socrates says that a state is made up of four sorts of people who are absolutely necessary; these are a weaver, a husbandman, a shoemaker, and a builder; afterwards, finding that they are not enough, he adds a smith, and again a herdsman, to look after the necessary animals; then a merchant, and then a retail trader. All these together form the complement of the first state, as if a state were established merely to supply the necessaries of life, rather than for the sake of the good, or stood equally in need of shoemakers and of husbandmen. But he does not admit into the state a military class until the country has increased in size, and is beginning to encroach on its neighbor's land, whereupon they go to war. Yet even amongst his four original citizens, or whatever be the number of those whom he associates in the state, there must be some one who will dispense justice and determine what is just. And as the soul may be said to be more truly part of an animal than the body, so the higher parts of states, that is to say, the warrior class, the class engaged in the administration of justice, and that engaged in deliberation, which is the special business of political common sense -- these are more essential to the state than the parts which minister to the necessaries of life. Whether their several functions are the functions of different citizens, or of the same -- for it may often happen that the same persons are both warriors and husbandmen -- is immaterial to the argument. The higher as well as the lower elements are to be equally considered parts of the state, and if so, the military element at any rate must be included. There are also the wealthy who minister to the state with their property; these form the seventh class. The eighth class is that of magistrates and of officers; for the state cannot exist without rulers. And therefore some must be able to take office and to serve the state, either always or in turn. There only remains the class of those who deliberate and who judge between disputants; we were just now distinguishing them. If presence of all these elements, and their fair and equitable organization, is necessary to states, then there must also be persons who have the ability of statesmen. Different functions appear to be often combined in the same individual; for example, the warrior may also be a husbandman, or an artisan; or, again, the councillor a judge. And all claim to possess political ability, and think that they are quite competent to fill most offices. But the same persons cannot be rich and poor at the same time. For this reason the rich and the poor are regarded in an especial sense as parts of a state. Again, because the rich are generally few in number, while the poor are many, they appear to be antagonistic, and as the one or the other prevails they form the government. Hence arises the common opinion that there are two kinds of government -- democracy and oligarchy.
I have already explained that there are many forms of constitution, and to what causes the variety is due. Let me now show that there are different forms both of democracy and oligarchy, as will indeed be evident from what has preceded. For both in the common people and in the notables various classes are included; of the common people, one class are husbandmen, another artisans; another traders, who are employed in buying and selling; another are the seafaring class, whether engaged in war or in trade, as ferrymen or as fishermen. (In many places any one of these classes forms quite a large population; for example, fishermen at Tarentum and Byzantium, crews of triremes at Athens, merchant seamen at Aegina and Chios, ferrymen at Tenedos.) To the classes already mentioned may be added day-laborers, and those who, owing to their needy circumstances, have no leisure, or those who are not of free birth on both sides; and there may be other classes as well. The notables again may be divided according to their wealth, birth, virtue, education, and similar differences.
Of forms of democracy first comes that which is said to be based strictly on equality. In such a democracy the law says that it is just for the poor to have no more advantage than the rich; and that neither should be masters, but both equal. For if liberty and equality, as is thought by some, are chiefly to be found in democracy, they will be best attained when all persons alike share in the government to the utmost. And since the people are the majority, and the opinion of the majority is decisive, such a government must necessarily be a democracy. Here then is one sort of democracy. There is another, in which the magistrates are elected according to a certain property qualification, but a low one; he who has the required amount of property has a share in the government, but he who loses his property loses his rights. Another kind is that in which all the citizens who are under no disqualification share in the government, but still the law is supreme. In another, everybody, if he be only a citizen, is admitted to the government, but the law is supreme as before. A fifth form of democracy, in other respects the same, is that in which, not the law, but the multitude, have the supreme power, and supersede the law by their decrees. This is a state of affairs brought about by the demagogues. For in democracies which are subject to the law the best citizens hold the first place, and there are no demagogues; but where the laws are not supreme, there demagogues spring up. For the people becomes a monarch, and is many in one; and the many have the power in their hands, not as individuals, but collectively. Homer says that 'it is not good to have a rule of many,' but whether he means this corporate rule, or the rule of many individuals, is uncertain. At all events this sort of democracy, which is now a monarch, and no longer under the control of law, seeks to exercise monarchical sway, and grows into a despot; the flatterer is held in honor; this sort of democracy being relatively to other democracies what tyranny is to other forms of monarchy. The spirit of both is the same, and they alike exercise a despotic rule over the better citizens. The decrees of the demos correspond to the edicts of the tyrant; and the demagogue is to the one what the flatterer is to the other. Both have great power; the flatterer with the tyrant, the demagogue with democracies of the kind which we are describing. The demagogues make the decrees of the people override the laws, by referring all things to the popular assembly. And therefore they grow great, because the people have an things in their hands, and they hold in their hands the votes of the people, who are too ready to listen to them. Further, those who have any complaint to bring against the magistrates say, 'Let the people be judges'; the people are too happy to accept the invitation; and so the authority of every office is undermined. Such a democracy is fairly open to the objection that it is not a constitutionconstitutionon. When they are well-ordered, the constitution is well-ordered, and as they differ from one another, constitutions differ. There is (1) one element which deliberates about public affairs; secondly (2) that concerned with the magistrates -- the question being, what they should be, over what they should exercise authority, and what should be the mode of electing to them; and thirdly (3) that which has judicial power.
The deliberative element has authority in matters of war and peace, in making and unmaking alliances; it passes laws, inflicts death, exile, confiscation, elects magistrates and audits their accounts. These powers must be assigned either all to all the citizens or an to some of them (for example, to one or more magistracies, or different causes to different magistracies), or some of them to all, and others of them only to some. That all things should be decided by all is characteristic of democracy; this is the sort of equality which the people desire. But there are various ways in which all may share in the government; they may deliberate, not all in one body, but by turns, as in the constitution of Telecles the Milesian. There are other constitutions in which the boards of magistrates meet and deliberate, but come into office by turns, and are elected out of the tribes and the very smallest divisions of the state, until every one has obtained office in his turn. The citizens, on the other hand, are assembconstitution the purposes of legislation, and to consult about the constitution, and to hear the edicts of the magistrates. In another variety of democracy the citizen form one assembly, but meet only to elect magistrates, to pass laws, to advise about war and peace, and to make scrutinies. Other matters are referred severally to special magistrates, who are elected by vote or by lot out of all the citizens Or again, the citizens meet about election to offices and about scrutinies, and deliberate concerning war or alliances while other matters are administered by the magistrates, who, as far as is possible, are elected by vote. I am speaking of those magistracies in which special knowledge is required. A fourth form of democracy is when all the citizens meet to deliberate about everything, and the magistrates decide nothing, but only make the preliminary inquiries; and that is the way in which the last and worst form of democracy, corresponding, as we maintain, to the close family oligarchy and to tyranny, is at present administered. All these modes are democratical.
On the other hand, that some should deliberate about all is oligarchical. This again is a mode which, like the democratical has many forms. When the deliberative class being elected out of those who have a moderate qualification are numerous and they respect and obey the prohibitions of the law without altering it, and any one who has the required qualification shares in the government, then, just because of this moderation, the oligarchy inclines towards polity. But when only selected individuals and not the whole people share in the deliberations of the state, then, although, as in the former case, they observe the law, the government is a pure oligarchy. Or, again, when those who have the power of deliberation are self-elected, and son succeeds father, and they and not the laws are supreme -- the government is of necessity oligarchical. Where, again, particular persons have authority in particular matters -- for example, when the whole people decide about peace and war and hold scrutinies, but the magistrates regulate everything else, and they are elected by vote -- there the government is an aristocracy. And if some questions are decided by magistrates elected by vote, and others by magistrates elected by lot, either absolutely or out of select candidates, or elected partly by vote, partly by lot -- these practices are partly characteristic of an aristocratical government, and party of a pure constitutional government.
These are the various forms of the deliberative body; they correspond to the various forms of government. And the government of each state is administered according to one or other of the principles which have been laid down. Now it is for the interest of democracy, according to the most prevalent notion of it (I am speaking of that extreme form of democracy in which the people are supreme even over the laws), with a view to better deliberation to adopt the custom of oligarchies respecting courts of law. For in oligarchies the rich who are wanted to be judges are compelled to attend under pain of a fine, whereas in deinocracies the poor are paid to attend. And this practice of oligarchies should be adopted by democracies in their public assemblies, for they will advise better if they all deliberate together -- the people with the notables and the notables with the people. It is also a good plan that those who deliberate should be elected by vote or by lot in equal numbers out of the different classes; and that if the people greatly exceed in number those who have political training, pay should not be given to all, but only to as many as would balance the number of the notables, or that the number in excess should be eliminated by lot. But in oligarchies either certain persons should be co-opted from the mass, or a class of officers should be appointed such as exist in some states who are termed probuli and guardians of the law; and the citizens should occupy themselves exclusively with matters on which these have previously deliberated; for so the people will have a share in the deliberations of the state, but will not be able to disturb the principles of the constitution. Again, in oligarchies either the people ought to accept the measures of the government, or not to pass anything contrary to them; or, if all are allowed to share in counsel, the decision should rest with the magistrates. The opposite of what is done in constitutional governments should be the rule in oligarchies; the veto of the majority should be final, their assent not final, but the proposal should be referred back to the magistrates. Whereas in constitutional governments they take the contrary course; the few have the negative, not the affirmative power; the affirmation of everything rests with the multitude.
These, then, are our conclusions respecting the deliberative, that is, the supreme element in states.
Next we will proceed to consider the distribution of offices; this too, being a part of politics concerning which many questions arise: What shall their number be? Over what shall they preside, and what shall be their duration? Sometimes they last for six months, sometimes for less; sometimes they are annual, while in other cases offices are held for still longer periods. Shall they be for life or for a long term of years; or, if for a short term only, shall the same persons hold them over and over again, or once only? Also about the appointment to them -- from whom are they to be chosen, by whom, and how? We should first be in a position to say what are the possible varieties of them, and then we may proceed to determine which are suited to different forms of government. But what are to be included under the term 'offices'? That is a question not quite so easily answered. For a political community requires many officers; and not every one who is chosen by vote or by lot is to be regarded as a ruler. In the first place there are the priests, who must be distinguished from political officers; masters of choruses and heralds, even ambassadors, are elected by vote. Some duties of superintendence again are political, extending either to all the citizens in a single sphere of action, like the office of the general who superintends them when they are in the field, or to a section of them only, like the inspectorships of women or of youth. Other offices are concerned with household management, like that of the corn measurers who exist in many states and are elected officers. There are also menial offices which the rich have executed by their slaves. Speaking generally, those are to be called offices to which the duties are assigned of deliberating about certain measures and ofjudging and commanding, especially the last; for to command is the especial duty of a magistrate. But the question is not of any importance in practice; no one has ever brought into court the meaning of the word, although such problems have a speculative interest.
What kinds of offices, and how many, are necessary to the existence of a state, and which, if not necessary, yet conduce to its well being are much more important considerations, affecting all constitutions, but more especially small states. For in great states it is possible, and indeed necessary, that every office should have a special function; where the citizens are numerous, many may hold office. And so it happens that some offices a man holds a second time only after a long interval, and others he holds once only; and certainly every work is better done which receives the sole, and not the divided attention of the worker. But in small states it is necessary to combine many offices in a few hands, since the small number of citizens does not admit of many holding office: for who will there be to succeed them? And yet small states at times require the same offices and laws as large ones; the difference is that the one want them often, the others only after long intervals. Hence there is no reason why the care of many offices should not be imposed on the same person, for they will not interfere with each other. When the population is small, offices should be like the spits which also serve to hold a lamp. We must first ascertain how many magistrates are necessary in every state, and also how many are not exactly necessary, but are nevertheless useful, and then there will be no difficulty in seeing what offices can be combined in one. We should also know over which matters several local tribunals are to have jurisdiction, and in which authority should be centralized: for example, should one person keep order in the market and another in some other place, or should the same person be responsible everywhere? Again, should offices be divided according to the subjects with which they deal, or according to the persons with whom they deal: I mean to say, should one person see to good order in general, or one look after the boys, another after the women, and so on? Further, under different constitutions, should the magistrates be the same or different? For example, in democracy, oligarchy, aristocracy, monarchy, should there be the same magistrates, although they are elected, not out of equal or similar classes of citizen but differently under different constitutions -- in aristocracies, for example, they are chosen from the educated, in oligarchies from the wealthy, and in democracies from the free -- or are there certain differences in the offices answering to them as well, and may the same be suitable to some, but different offices to others? For in some states it may be convenient that the same office should have a more extensive, in other states a narrower sphere. Special offices are peculiar to certain forms of government: for example that of probuli, which is not a democratic office, although a bule or council is. There must be some body of men whose duty is to prepare measures for the people in order that they may not be diverted from their business; when these are few in number, the state inclines to an oligarchy: or rather the probuli must always be few, and are therefore an oligarchical element. But when both institutions exist in a state, the probuli are a check on the council; for the counselors is a democratic element, but the probuli are oligarchical. Even the power of the council disappears when democracy has taken that extreme form in which the people themselves are always meeting and deliberating about everything. This is the case when the members of the assembly receive abundant pay; for they have nothing to do and are always holding assemblies and deciding everything for themselves. A magistracy which controls the boys or the women, or any similar office, is suited to an aristocracy rather than to a democracy; for how can the magistrates prevent the wives of the poor from going out of doors? Neither is it an oligarchical office; for the wives of the oligarchs are too fine to be controlled.
Enough of these matters. I will now inquire into appointments to offices. The varieties depend on three terms, and the combinations of these give all possible modes: first, who appoints? secondly, from whom? and thirdly, how? Each of these three admits of three varieties: (A) All the citizens, or (B) only some, appoint. Either (1) the magistrates are chosen out of all or (2) out of some who are distinguished either by a property qualification, or by birth, or merit, or for some special reason, as at Megara only those were eligible who had returned from exile and fought together against the democracy. They may be appointed either (a) by vote or (b) by lot. Again, these several varieties may be coupled, I mean that (C) some officers may be elected by some, others by all, and (3) some again out of some, and others out of all, and (c) some by vote and others by lot. Each variety of these terms admits of four modes.
For either (A 1 a) all may appoint from all by vote, or (A 1 b) all from all by lot, or (A 2 a) all from some by vote, or (A 2 b) all from some by lot (and from all, either by sections, as, for example, by tribes, and wards, and phratries, until all the citizens have been gone through; or the citizens may be in all cases eligible indiscriminately); or again (A 1 c, A 2 c) to some offices in the one way, to some in the other. Again, if it is only some that appoint, they may do so either (B 1 a) from all by vote, or (B 1 b) from all by lot, or (B 2 a) from some by vote, or (B 2 b) from some by lot, or to some offices in the one way, to others in the other, i.e., (B 1 c) from all, to some offices by vote, to some by lot, and (B 2 C) from some, to some offices by vote, to some by lot. Thus the modes that arise, apart from two (C, 3) out of the three couplings, number twelve. Of these systems two are popular, that all should appoint from all (A 1 a) by vote or (A 1 b) by lot -- or (A 1 c) by both. That all should not appoint at once, but should appoint from all or from some either by lot or by vote or by both, or appoint to some offices from all and to others from some ('by both' meaning to some offices by lot, to others by vote), is characteristic of a polity. And (B 1 c) that some should appoint from all, to some offices by vote, to others by lot, is also characteristic of a polity, but more oligarchical than the former method. And (A 3 a, b, c, B 3 a, b, c) to appoint from both, to some offices from all, to others from some, is characteristic of a polity with a leaning towards aristocracy. That (B 2) some should appoint from some is oligarchical -- even (B 2 b) that some should appoint from some by lot (and if this does not actually occur, it is none the less oligarchical in character), or (B 2 C) that some should appoint from some by both. (B 1 a) that some should appoint from all, and (A 2 a) that all should appoint from some, by vote, is aristocratic.
These are the different modes of constituting magistrates, and these correspond to different forms of government: which are proper to which, or how they ought to be established, will be evident when we determine the nature of their powers. By powers I mean such powers as a magistrate exercises over the revenue or in defense of the country; for there are various kinds of power: the power of the general, for example, is not the same with that which regulates contracts in the market.
Of the three parts of government, the judicial remains to be considered, and this we shall divide on the same principle. There are three points on which the variedes of law-courts depend: The persons from whom they are appointed, the matters with which they are concerned, and the manner of their appointment. I mean, (1) are the judges taken from all, or from some only? (2) how many kinds of law-courts are there? (3) are the judges chosen by vote or by lot?
First, let me determine how many kinds of law-courts there are. There are eight in number: One is the court of audits or scrutinies; a second takes cognizance of ordinary offenses against the state; a third is concerned with treason against the constitution; the fourth determines disputes respecting penalties, whether raised by magistrates or by private persons; the fifth decides the more important civil cases; the sixth tries cases of homicide, which are of various kinds, (a) premeditated, (b) involuntary, (c) cases in which the guilt is confessed but the justice is disputed; and there may be a fourth court (d) in which murderers who have fled from justice are tried after their return; such as the Court of Phreatto is said to be at Athens. But cases of this sort rarely happen at all even in large cities. The different kinds of homicide may be tried either by the same or by different courts. (7) There are courts for strangers: of these there are two subdivisions, (a) for the settlement of their disputes with one another, (b) for the settlement of disputes between them and the citizens. And besides all these there must be (8) courts for small suits about sums of a drachma up to five drachmas, or a little more, which have to be determined, but they do not require many judges.
Nothing more need be said of these small suits, nor of the courts for homicide and for strangers: I would rather speak of political cases, which, when mismanaged, create division and disturbances in constitutions.
Now if all the citizens judge, in all the different cases which I have distinguished, they may be appointed by vote or by lot, or sometimes by lot and sometimes by vote. Or when a single class of causes are tried, the judges who decide them may be appointed, some by vote, and some by lot. These then are the four modes of appointing judges from the whole people, and there will be likewise four modes, if they are elected from a part only; for they may be appointed from some by vote and judge in all causes; or they may be appointed from some by lot and judge in all causes; or they may be elected in some cases by vote, and in some cases taken by lot, or some courts, even when judging the same causes, may be composed of members some appointed by vote and some by lot. These modes, then, as was said, answer to those previously mentioned.
Once more, the modes of appointment may be combined; I mean, that some may be chosen out of the whole people, others out of some, some out of both; for example, the same tribunal may be composed of some who were elected out of all, and of others who were elected out of some, either by vote or by lot or by both.
In how many forms law-courts can be established has now been considered. The first form, viz., that in which the judges are taken from all the citizens, and in which all causes are tried, is democratical; the second, which is composed of a few only who try all causes, oligarchical; the third, in which some courts are taken from all classes, and some from certain classes only, aristocratical and constitutional.


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   World-renowned track coach Ed Jacoby will be the featured guest speaker at the annual Chocolate Fantasy fundraiser on Feb. 21.
   Singer-songwriter Jason Schuster has also agreed to perform at the event.
   The Kamiah Community Partners Coalition sponsors the Chocolate Fantasy fundraiser to help reduce and prevent youth substance abuse in the community.
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   Dredging, education, mental health, drug houses, logging, even mag chloride made the rounds of discussion at the Capital for a Day event at Kamiah last week.
   Governor Butch Otter and a panel of state representatives fielded poniards for several hours from a large crowd after arriving from a delayed flight from Boise. Since the event took place at the Kamiah Middle School, the delay meant Otter and company were tardy, but they had a good excuse. Plans to land at Grangeville were scrapped when high winds prompted a Lewiston landing and drive upriver.
Above: Governor Butch Otter (standing) enjoys a lighter moment at the Capital for a Day at Kamiah with state reps (L-R) State School Superintendent Sherri Ybarra, Lt. Governor Brad Little, and Idaho Bureau of Homeland Security Director Brad Richy. Below: Kamiah School District Superintendent Fred Mercer, left, and Lewis County Commissione rDon Davis, right, engage in conversation with Governor Otter during the lunch break. Gina Jorgensen/Progress
   Don't cross the double yellow line.
   It's not only sound advice from Kamiah Chief Marshal Joe Newman, it's also the law.
   Traffic related questions and suggestions took precedence at a regular Kamiah City Council meeting Jan. 14.
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In a massive shakeup, all four "American Idol" judges -- pop icon Mariah Carey, rapper Nicki Minaj, country star Keith Urban and original judge Randy Jackson won't be returning next season. Even longtime producer Nigel Lythgoe is expected to hit the ground running. The Fox Network isn't even considering bringing former judge Jennifer Lopez back as "the secret sauce" for next season.
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
5/9/2013 (1 year ago)
Published in TV
Keywords: American Idol, Fox Network, judges, salaries, ratings
LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic online) - "All four are gone. They feel they've lost their core audience and they want it back," one insider said.
Needing to attract younger viewers, Fox is set to make major on-air changes to "Idol," which includes a new judging panel. In what is seen as a euphemism for "your services are no longer desired," all four judges have options to return for another season, but Fox won't be picking them up. "No more big checks for divas." An insider has been quoted as saying.
Judges on the show rake in the big bucks. Carey's reported salary is $18 million, Minaj's salary is $12 million and former judge Jennifer Lopez's was $15 million.
"American Idol's" format will also change. Its look will be redesigned and the dated tribute nights will be no more. The show's trademark audition episodes will continue.
The "Idol" massacre has everything to do with the talent competition's declining viewership. Its ratings are already down 22 percent this season and it hit a series low for ratings last Thursday, when it attracted only 11 million viewers and a 2.4 rating/7 share in the ad-coveted 18-49 demographic. The ratings slide is especially problematic during May Sweeps, where ratings numbers are used to dictate advertising rates.
Viewing popularity for "Idol" has been in decline for several seasons now. At its height during Season 6, "Idol" attracted about 30 million viewers an episode.
Fox is reluctant to cancel the show. "Idol" is still a huge revenue generator for Fox, bringing in $836.4 million in ad revenue last year, according to Kantar Media.
Plus - Fox has nothing to replace it with! Simon Cowell's "The X Factor" is far from being "Idol's" heir apparent after failing to meet ratings expectations over its first two seasons.
"Idol's" problems are compounded by the success of NBC's "The Voice." Currently airing its fourth season, the show recently crossed a milestone when it beat "Idol" in both total viewers and the advertiser-coveted 18-49 demographic. Additionally, "The Voice" took "Idol's" spot in the Emmy race last year, replacing it among the nominees in the Outstanding Reality Competition category.
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
If you want to enjoy some old film favorites on Netflix instant streaming - do so this week. Netflix is going to chop approximately 40 older films from its streaming services to make way for many new titles in February. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - Some ... continue reading
By Abigail James (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Watching a whole season of a television series in a day sounds ridiculous. However, binge-viewing has become more popular than the traditional way of watching TV, seeing a single episode of a series once a week. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - With newer TV outlets ... continue reading
By Troy Dredge, Catholic Online
All good things must come to an end. Late night TV talk show host David Letterman had announced his resignation in April, but now his fans have a specific date. David Letterman's final show will air this coming May 20. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - CBS ... continue reading
By Troy Dredge, Catholic Online
PBS host Tavis Smiley offered up his opinion "respectfully," but that didn't stop his pointed criticism of U.S. President Barack Obama. Smiley declared that "black folk don't need lectures." Smiley joked with Steven Colbert in a larger discussion on race in ... continue reading
By Marshall Connolly, Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
If you promise the world that you'll allow yourself to be devoured alive by a starving anaconda, then you had better follow through with the stunt or else the internet will be very, very angry with you, and it will tweet some very amusing things at your expense. LOS ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
"Going Clear" is the name of a new documentary that HBO intends to make concerning the late L. Ron Hubbard's Church of Scientology. While many Hollywood heavyweights such as actors John Travolta and Tom Cruise are avid members of the church, Scientology remains ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
With countless Internet Web sites offering streaming services, of virtually all movies and TV content ever created, many are heralding the "death of cable TV." That proclamation came a little bit truer with longtime cable TV stalwart HBO announcing the ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
The fifth series opener the horror series "The Walking Dead" has been watched by 17.3 million people, breaking all previous cable viewing records. The opener marked the biggest cable audience for a non-sports program in U.S. history, according to television ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
This past summer certainly did lack for breaking news. From the tragic deaths of such pop cultural icons as Robin Williams and Joan rivers, to the onset of hostilities in Ferguson, Missouri to the outbreak of was led by Islamic State, the world had to stay on ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
At two feet, half-an-inch tall, Jyoti Amge of India is the world's smallest woman. It hasn't been much of a handicap for Amge, as she's just landed a plum role on the U.S. TV series "American Horror Story." Previously been seen on documentary "Body Shock: Two ... continue reading


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Before You Decide to Divorce, Ask Yourself...
by attorney Howard M Lewis
People come to the question of divorce by many routes. Whatever the reason—anger, frustration, boredom, even infidelity—you owe it to yourself and... more
How can I find out the cost of our properties? How I can find out if He has or He is dating some body If He is giving Her money?
Yes, you can. There are things that he can do to hide them but if he gets caught it will hurt his case.
If he is giving your money to someone else that might be a "spoilation of the estate". You might be entitled to that money back.
Also, there are almost always issues relating to what is community property or separate property. The general rules are simple but the application of them can get quite complex.
Ultimately, these are issues that you will need to discuss with your attorney. You have the right to know what money you have and where it is going but if you do not have an attorney that is willing to enforce that right then your "right" is theoretical and not actual.
My firm always gives free consultations to people in your situation and most other firms have the same policy.
All of the information you seek is available under most circumstances, but must be elicited under the rules of discovery. Though technically possible for one to do without an experienced lawyer, practically speaking it is much more difficult, if not impossible to do. I recommend you hire an experienced attorney in you area to help you through this process, as he/she will be better capable of helping you. Best of luck.
Divorce is the process of formally ending a marriage. Divorces may be jointly agreed upon, resolved by negotiation, or decided in court.
by attorney Howard M Lewis
People come to the question of divorce by many routes. Whatever the reason—anger, frustration, boredom, even infidelity—you owe it to yourself and... more
by attorney Maury Beaulier
by attorney Marshall Waller
Child support is a payment made from one parent to another parent (usually from non-custodial to custodial), to help ensure the child's financial needs are met.
by attorney Joanna Mitchell
A list of frequently asked questions and answers pertaining to Child Support.
by attorney Donald Criscuolo


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Spot the difference. It`s the same in all apparent details. Mumbai`s underworld caught in a compromising position by Ram Gopal Varma (RGV)`s camera prying into the mutilated lives of characters looking so scruffy and aggressive, you wish they would leave aside the bloodbath and just take a `bloody` bath.
`Satya 2`, touted to be his last underworld-based movie, is set for Friday release and he confesses that he can`t escape the film`s comparison with `Satya`, one of his best works.
A week after the heroism of superhero Krrish on the big screen with `Krrish 3`, gear up to experience the chills and thrills of underworld drama with Ram Gopal Varma`s `Satya 2`, which hits screens Friday.
In light of the recent delay in the release date of 'Satya 2', Ram Gopal Varma has confirmed that it was due to some issues between the filmmaker`s team and one of the film`s producers, Arun Sharma of LR Active.
Security arrangements at the office and residence of filmmaker Ram Gopal Varma have been beefed up after he received a threat Thursday.
Ram Gopal Varma`s `Satya 2`, which was scheduled to release Friday, will now come out Nov 8.
With one-week window for them before next week`s big release 'Krrish 3', small releases and debutants are squeezing in to woo the Box Office as well as the moviegoers.
After barbs, megastar Amitabh Bachchan received praise from filmmaker Ram Gopal Varma (RGV) who credited Big B for his entry into filmdom.
Megastar Amitabh Bachchan attended a party organised by Ram Gopal Varma for `Satya 2`, and said he has no problem with the filmmaker.
Filmmaker Ram Gopal Varma has unveiled the song for his next project 'Satya 2' and says that the track has been inspired by Hollywood film theme song of 'The Godfather'.
Puneet Singh says he plays a "corporate style gangster" in Ram Gopal Varma`s `Satya 2`, and he hopes that the audience appreciates his work.
Filmmaker Ram Gopal Varma says 'Satya' in the title of his next film 'Satya 2' should only be interpreted as a pseudonym.
Filmmaker Ram Gopal Varma, whose forte is underworld sagas, says `Satya 2` will be his last film on the underworld and that now he wants to make romantic movies.
Ram Gopal Varma, who explored the Mumbai underworld as a subject for his 1998 crime thriller `Satya`, says its sequel explores a new kind of underworld which he believes can spring up anytime.
Filmmaker Ram Gopal Varma has explored the scenic locales of Kashmir to shoot a romantic song for his next project 'Satya 2'.
Ram Gopal Varma, who won six Filmfare awards for his 1998 crime thriller 'Satya', is back again with its sequel 'Satya 2'.
Ram Gopal Varma says 'Satya 2' is about a man who will reinvent underworld.
The director of Bollywood's most popular gangster films- 'Çompany' and 'Satya' has come up with the first look of his new modern day antagonist.
As promised by him, film maker Ram Gopal Varma has come up with the first look trailer of the sequel to his much-appreciated underworld thriller film 'Satya' (1998).
John Abraham and Ram Gopal Verma, who had previously joined hands for 'Satya 2', have now fallen out and called off the partnership.
Day in Pics: 31st January
Showbiz World - January 31, 2015


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2002 svt front bumber
Will a 2002 svt front bumper fit on a 2001 se sedan I really like the look and would love to have it. And if so where is the best place to look for one
best place is to find someone parting out an SVT on here in the marketplace
Will I have any problem with fitting the bumper on
Nope bolts up but svt bumpers are just starting to decline in numbers,wish a company would remake all the svt parts
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Our Top Ten Holiday Comforts
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Our Top Ten Holiday Comforts
Holidays are not only meant for swilling alcohol, getting dressed up, and giving gifts...they're also a much needed break from our non-stop schedule. For many of us, holiday time equals personal time--even if it's just a home-spa session or a chance to sit down and watch a movie. To that end, here is our top ten list of holiday comforts. From movies to spa treatments, we think this might be our favorite part of the holiday season.
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