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Edited by B.A. Prior
Two isolates of Fusarium proliferatum from different habitats and global locations have similar abilities to degrade lignin
Article first published online: 9 JAN 2006
DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.06.014
Additional Information
How to Cite
Anderson, A. J., Kwon, S.-I., Carnicero, A. and Falcón, M. A. (2005), Two isolates of Fusarium proliferatum from different habitats and global locations have similar abilities to degrade lignin. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 249: 149–155. doi: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.06.014
Publication History
- Issue published online: 9 JAN 2006
- Article first published online: 9 JAN 2006
- Received 29 March 2005, Revised 31 May 2005, Accepted 7 June 2005
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- Fusarium;
- Ligninolysis;
- Laccase;
- Aryl alcohol oxidase
Two isolates of Fusarium proliferatum from different global locations and habitats mineralized several natural and synthetic lignins. MUCL 31970 was isolated from a forest soil whereas the second strain, NRRL 31071, was a wheat endophyte causing disease in stressed seedlings. Onset and the fastest rate of lignin mineralization occurred during logarithmic and early stationary-phase of culture. Reduction of glucose in the medium shortened log-growth phase and advanced the onset of mineralization for both isolates. Mineralization correlated with the detection of extracellular laccase and aryl alcohol oxidase activities. The carbon–nitrogen ratio in the medium influenced laccase isozyme production and secretion by both strains. These studies suggest that both F. proliferatum strains degrade lignin via comparable routes, despite their different habitats and saprophytic or endophytic strategies.
Fusarium proliferatum occupies many different habitats. One characterized isolate from forest soils in the Canary Islands (F. proliferatum MUCL 31970), termed the TF strain, is ligninolytic [1] and mineralizes lignin in media with a C/N ratio of 13, a ratio comparable to that of its habitat. This ligninolytic strain is taxonomically related to a second strain (F. proliferatum NRRL 31071 termed the UT strain) isolated as an endophyte from wheat kernels in the USA [2]. This isolate causes necrosis of young developing wheat seedlings grown under stressed conditions [3,4]. Pathogenicity of other strains of F. proliferatum has been reported, causing corn-ear rot in the field and in post-harvest storage in maize kernels [5,6], black point and tombstone in wheat [7,8], and rots affecting asparagus [9], bananas [10] and gladiolus corms [11].
Laccases are produced by the UT strain during infection of wheat seedlings [12]. These same isozymes are present in extracts from carbon-limited in vitro cultures of the fungus, while other isoforms are detected on low nitrogen or high nutrient media [12]. Apoplastic sugar levels are reduced by 70% in wheat when it was grown under stressed conditions. It is possible that the low carbon conditions in the stressed plants permitted laccase gene expression by the fungus [4]. Laccases, produced by the necrosis-causing fungus, Botrytis cinerea, during host infection, are proposed to be important in degradation of host toxic materials and in the limitation of lignification as a defense response during pathogenesis [13,14]. Laccases also are implicated in lignin degradation by anamorphic fungi isolated from soils, including the isolate of F. proliferatum MUCL 31970 [1,15].
In this paper, we address whether the wheat F. proliferatum isolate has a similar capacity to degrade lignin as the forest soil TF strain. To this end, both isolates were cultivated in media containing 14C-labeled natural lignin and three lignin model substrates to determine the extent of mineralization. The activities for several enzymes, laccase, aryl alcohol oxidase and peroxidases, proposed in other systems to be involved in mineralization were examined over time courses to compare their presence with mineralization activity. Complex regulation of laccase production exists for the UT strain [12,16]. Similarly, transcript patterns for genes encoding several enzymes involved in wood digestion by Phanerochaete chrysosporium are dramatically different when the fungus colonizes wood chips, as opposed to those obtained in defined media [17,18]. Thus, the effect of nutrition on laccase isozyme production in TF was also compared between the wheat and forest soil isolates.
2Materials and methods
2.1Microorganisms, media and culture conditions
F. proliferatum NRRL 31071 (UT strain) was obtained from within surface-sterilized wheat kernels [15,18]. The strain was stored at −70°C in 15% glycerol. F. proliferatum MUCL 31970 (TF strain; [1]) was isolated from pine forest soil by using a mineral medium solidified with agar containing the polymeric fraction (1 mg ml −1) of Kraft lignin (PKL) (PKL, Indulin AT; Westvaco Co., Charleston, S.C.), purified as described by Rodríguez et al. [19] and used as the sole carbon and energy source. The TF strain was maintained at 4°C on this medium. Inoculum for the studies in this paper were generated by transfer of 1 cm2 plugs of mycelia on agar plates to the PKL medium modified with addition of 55.5 mM glucose.
Media used for lignin degradation studies contained different 14C-labeled lignins as employed by Rodríguez et al. [19]. The uniformly 14C-labeled milled wood lignin from wheat straw (14C-MWL) had a specific activity (sa) of 0.009 μCi mg−1. The synthetic lignins were dehydrogenative polymerizates of coniferyl alcohol (DHP), specifically labeled in the 14C-β-side chain (14C-β-DHP, sa: 0.126 μCi mg−1), uniformly 14C- labeled in the aromatic ring (14C-ring-DHP, sa: 0.19 μCi mg−1), or specifically labeled in the methoxy-groups (14C-methoxy-DHP, sa: 0.083 μCi mg−1). All these substrates were purchased from Forstbotanisches Institut der Universität Göttingen, Germany. These DHPs were added at 0.09 μCi per flask. Chromatography of both DHPs and natural lignin on Sephadex G-50 (45 × 2 cm) showed no low molecular weight materials. The products had a size range between 15.5 and 1.5 kDa. D-glucose was added as an easily metabolized carbon source at final concentrations of 5.5 or 55.5 mM together with nitrogen provided by 13.48 mM asparagine and 12.2 mM NH4NO3 to give C/N ratios of 1.287 and 12.87, respectively (referred to in this paper by the C/N ratios of 1.3 and 13). 14CO2 evolved from the 14C-labeled sources was trapped with 10% sodium hydroxide as used by Haider and Trojanowski [20], and radioactivity was measured by combining 1 ml of the NaOH sample with 1 ml of distilled water and 4 ml of scintillation liquid (Optiphase III; Kabi Pharmacia) in a liquid scintillation counter (LKB Wallace mod.1214). Lignin mineralization was expressed as the percentage of the labeled lignins recovered as 14CO2. To determine the patterns of enzyme production, unlabeled DHP (1 mg ml−1) was used.
All the assays described above were performed in triplicate in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 25 ml of medium and incubated with shaking (50 strokes min−1) at 28°C for up to 30 days. Non-inoculated controls were incubated in duplicate but otherwise were treated identically.
2.2Determination of the dry weight of mycelia
Spore suspensions were prepared by stirring a 1-cm2 plug from a PKL-glucose agar plate into 5 ml of 0.01% Tween 80 in sterile water (vol/vol). One ml of this suspension (about 9 × 106 spores) was inoculated into 25 ml of media with C/N 1.3 or 13 supplemented with unlabeled DHP (1 mg ml−1) contained in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. Inoculated flasks were incubated at 28°C with shaking for 10 days. Studies were run in triplicate and flasks were harvested daily. The cultures were filtered through pre-weighed Millipore filters (0.45 μm) and the retained mycelia were repeatedly washed with distilled water. Filters were maintained at 80°C to reach a constant weight and the dry weights of the mycelia determined.
2.3Enzyme assays
Enzyme activities from Fusarium strains were assayed periodically in cultures supplemented with unlabeled DHP. Cultures were harvested by centrifuging (9000 × g), discarding the pellet, and the extracellular fluids were evaluated for enzymatic activities. The activities were determined spectrophotometrically, all in final reaction volumes of 1 ml, using a UV–Vis Shimadzu 160 as described below. A unit (U) was defined as the amount of enzyme capable of transforming 1 μmol min−1 of its target substrate.
Laccase-like activities were tested by monitoring oxidation of ABTS using a modified assay as described by Wolfenden and Wilson [21]. The reaction mixture contained 2 mM ABTS, sodium succinate and lactate buffers, 0.1 M at pH 4.5, and 50–200 μl of culture filtrate. Oxidation of ABTS was followed by an absorbance increase at 420 nm (ε420= 3.6 × 104 M−1 cm−1). Activity for oxidation of 2,6-dimethoxy phenol (DMP; ε468= 1 × 104 M−1 cm−1) was monitored using 2 mM DMP in 200 mM sodium tartrate pH 4.5, as previously described by Shuttleworth et al. [22]. Laccase isozymes composition was visualized after separation of the enzymes by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and staining for activity with ABTS by the method of Niku-Paavola et al. [23].
Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) was assayed by monitoring the veratraldehyde (ε310= 9300 M−1 cm−1) formed on oxidation of veratryl alcohol following a method modified from Bourbonnais and Paice [24] to contain 2 mM veratryl alcohol, 0.05 M sodium tartrate buffer pH 4.5, and 500 μl aliquots of culture filtrate.
Several different potential substrates for oxidases that would generate hydrogen peroxide were used (methyl glyoxal, glyoxal, d-cellobiose, d-glucose, d-galactose and oxalic acid). Tests for hydrogen peroxide production used a peroxidase-coupled assay with phenol red as the substrate, as previously described by Kersten and Kirk [25]. Reaction mixtures contained 20 mM sodium 2,2-dimethyl succinate (pH 4.5), 10 mM oxidase substrate, 0.01% phenol red (ε520= 2.2 × 104 M−1 cm−1), 10 μg of horse-radish peroxidase (Sigma Chemical Co), and up to 300 μl of culture fluid. Reactions were stopped by adding 50 μl of 2 N NaOH. Controls lacked addition of culture filtrate. Product formation was detected at 520 nm.
Lignin peroxidase (LiP) was assayed by the method of Tien and Kirk [26], monitoring oxidation of veratryl alcohol (ε310= 0.93 × 104 M−1 cm−1), after addition of hydrogen peroxide (0.4 mM). A second method described by Archibald [27] used azure B (ε651= 4.88 × 104 M−1 cm−1) as the substrate.
Manganese peroxidase (MnP) was determined according to the method previously described by Camarero et al. [28], following the oxidation of DMP in a reaction mixture with 100 mM Na tartrate (pH 5), 100 μM MnSO4, 50–200 l of culture filtrate and starting the reaction by the addition of 50 μM hydrogen peroxide.
The protein content of extracts was determined spectrophotometrically at 595 nm with the Coomassie Blue method [29]. Bovine albumin fraction V was used as protein standard (Bio-Rad Protein Assay).
3.1The ligninolytic potential of F. proliferatum strain UT is comparable to that of TF
Both isolates caused mineralization of natural and synthetic lignins (14C-MWL from wheat straw, 14COH3-DHP, 14C-β-DHP and 14C-ring-DHP, Fig. 1A and B). After a 30-day incubation in C/N 13 medium, the UT isolate mineralized about 30% of the 14C-MWL (Fig. 1A), a level that was comparable to that achieved by TF (Fig. 1B). Cumulative mineralization rates also were similar between UT and TF for the synthetic lignins: between 9% and 11% mineralization with 14C-β-DHP, and up to 7% when 14CH3O-DHP was used as substrate (Fig. 1A and B). However, mineralization of the aromatic-ring-labeled DHP by UT was about 75% higher than for TF (14% and 4%, respectively) in the 30-day period (Fig. 1A and B). The products obtained after TF cultures amended with either 14C-MWL and 14C-DHPs had a lower molecular size when compared with the starting substrates as determined by chromatography on Sephadex G-50 (data not shown). The rate of mineralization of 14C-β-DHP by both strains in C/N medium 13 was higher during the initial time period of 3-to-7 days rather than 9–30 days (Fig. 2B and D). A time course in the C/N 13 amended with unlabeled DHP showed glucose was used by 72 h although maximum fungal biomass was not attained until four to five days (data not shown).
3.2Effect of the C/N ratio on mineralization and production of enzyme activities by Fusarium strains of synthetic lignin
Mineralization of 14C-β-side chain-labeled DHP occurred earlier in the C/N 1.3 medium (Fig. 2A and C) than the C/N 13 medium (Fig. 2B and D) for both strains. About 50% of total mineralization in C/N 1.3 medium occurred in the first three days of incubation, whereas five days were necessary in C/N 13 cultures (Fig. 2A–D). Mineralization occurred prior to the attainment of maximal mass. Mycelial mass was 4 and 12 mg (dry weight) for the UT and TF strains at 48 h, with a maximum of 20 mg for both strains at 72 h of incubation, in the C/N 1.3. The UT and TF strains, respectively, had masses of 4 and 20 mg at 48 h, both with a maximum of 80 mg, respectively, at 96 and 120 h of incubation, in the C/N 13. Glucose was catabolized by 48 h in C/N 1.3 and 72 h for C/N 13 (data not shown).
To attempt to understand this effect of nutrition on enzyme activities potentially associated with lignin degradation, culture filtrates of C/N 1.3 and 13 media supplemented with unlabeled DHP were examined. No H2O2-generating oxidases that used methyl glyoxal, glyoxal, d-cellobiose, d-glucose, d-galactose or oxalic acid as substrates were detected. No Lip activities were detected when either veratryl alcohol or the dye azure B were used as substrates nor was MnP activity observed with DMP. However, the extracellular medium from both cultures showed laccase and aryl alcohol oxidase (AAO) activities (Figs. 3 and 4). For both strains extracellular laccase detected with ABTS was present early in culture and reached its highest levels during growth on the C/N 1.3 medium but was negligible in C/N 13 medium during the experimental period. DMP-detected laccase activity peaked much higher and earlier in the C/N 13 medium than the C/N 1.3 medium for the UT strain. For the TF strain, DMP-laccase activity increased as the cultures aged, thus exhibiting a different temporal pattern than for the UT strain. AAO activity patterns were similar for both strains in the C/N 1.3 medium and resembled those for the ABTS-laccase acitivity. In the C/N 13 medium, the patterns for AAO activity were again different between strains, being lower for the UT strain than the TF strain. Low levels of both AAO and laccase were present prior to the peak of mineralization measured with 14C-β-side chain labeled DHP (Figs. 2–4).
3.3Laccase isozyme production is similar in TF and UT
Previous studies by Kwon and Anderson with UT [12] demonstrated that laccase activity as detected by ABTS oxidase activity resulted from different isozymes. Isolate TF also produced different laccase isozymes (Fig. 5) that were detected in both mycelial extracts and extracellular culture filtrates in a manner similar to that for the UT strain. Production of the laccases was affected by the C/N ratio, occurring earlier in the C/N 1.3 medium than the C/N 13 medium. In addition, the production of the laccase isozymes was repressed temporally in the C/N 13 medium, in agreement with the spectrophotometric analyses of ABTS laccase activities (Figs. 3 and 4). The faster moving intracellular isozymes for the TF isolate were expressed extracellularly to a lesser extent in comparison to the UT strain.
Two F. proliferatum isolates from different global locations and ecological sites, strain TF from a forest soil in the Canary Islands, and strain UT, an opportunistic endophytic wheat pathogen from the USA, displayed similar abilities to degrade natural lignin from wheat (14C-MWL) and synthetic polymers. The maximal rates of mineralization were observed early in growth. This finding agrees with reports that actinomycetes solubilized and degraded lignin during their primary growth [30] but differs from mineralization by the white-rot fungi, like P. chrysosporium, where it is associated with late stationary-phase growth [31,32].
Differences were detected between the strains in mineralization of aromatic-ring-labeled DHP with the UT strain having the higher activity. The UT and TF strains also differed in the relative production of AAO and DMP-laccase activities in C/N 13 medium, in which the UT strain had higher DMP-laccase and lower AAO activies than the TF strain. Whether this difference relates to the more extensive degradation of the aromatic-ring-labeled DHP requires additional investigation.
Only laccase and AAO activities were found in the supernatant of both strains after searching for other oxidases and peroxidases associated with lignin degradation. Cooperative action between laccase and AAO or other oxidases (e.g., glucose oxidase) has been described for basidiomycetes when degrading lignin derivatives and soluble lignosulphonate [33,34]. The peak activities of the ABTS and DMP laccases did not correspond to the timing of maximum mineralization. However, only low levels of laccase activity were required for the ligninolytic system of Petriellidium fusoideum, where the activity was correlated with production of .hydroxyl radicals [15].
Laccase activity in both isolates was derived from different isozymes. The lower glucose concentration in the C/N 1.3 medium promoted a much earlier production of both the mycelial and extracellular activities. These findings confirmed studies with the UT strain where carbon and nitrogen levels were shown to regulate laccase isozyme production [12]. The regulation of mineralization and laccase activities by nutrient availability may be relevant to the natural habitats of these F. proliferatum strains. Similar nutritional regulation was demonstrated for P. chrysosporium where lignin peroxidase activity was enhanced by the low nitrogen conditions thought to exist in woody materials [35]. In non-living woody material, carbon is sequestered in polymeric forms until ligninolysis has proceeded. Thus, an ability to initiate mineralization under conditions of low carbon could be an advantage for a forest soil isolate. Maintenance of mineralization as carbon level increases also could be advantageous for the TF isolate. For the opportunistic pathogen, the ability to degrade lignin may be exploited when the F. proliferatum is growing as a pathogen rather than an endophyte. As discussed by Kwon and Anderson [4], the switch to the pathogenic state may have occurred when the supply of low molecular weight sugars in the wheat apoplast was low, as conditioned by plant growth under stress. Degradation of phenolic modifications to the plant cell wall may then promote pathogenic growth of the F. proliferatum. Indeed, the full complement of anionic laccases and expression of transcripts corresponding to lac-1 was detected in wheat showing symptoms of necrosis upon infection with UT strain [12]. Continued studies of the mechanisms of lignin mineralization and the regulation of specific enzymes related to phenolic modification may help reveal the subtleties in the genomes of these F. proliferatum strains that enable them to occupy different habitats in nature.
This research has been partially funded by the Projects PI 2002/064 (Gobierno Autónomo de Canarias) and REN 2002–02732/TECNO (Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología) and Utah Agricultural Experiment Station funding to AJA.
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Urban Form and Space Transformations in Central and Eastern Europe after Socialism
Series: GeoJournal Library, Vol. 92
Stanilov, Kiril (Ed.)
2007, X, 496 p.
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In the large body of literature produced during the last fifteen years on the transformation of Eastern European societies after the fall of communism, studies investigating changes in urban form and structure have been quite rare. Yet a profound reorganization of the manner in which urban space is appropriated has taken place, impacting the life of over 200 million urban residents in the region. The patterns of spatial organization, which have been established during this fairly limited but critical timeframe, are likely to set the direction of future urban development in CEE cities for a long time.
This book focuses on the spatial transformations in the most dynamically evolving urban areas of post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe, linking the restructuring of the built environment with the underlying processes and forces of socio-economic reforms. We hope that the detailed accounts of the spatial transformations in a key moment of urban history in the region will enhance our understanding of the linkages between society and space, adding to the knowledge that is needed for resolving the difficult challenges facing cities throughout the globe in the beginning of the twenty-first century.
Content Level » Research
Keywords » Europe - Transformation - identity - regional planning - socialism - urban development - urban planning
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Altra Benjamin Credenza
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A celebration of all things winter is a tradition in Jackson Hole and the 5th annual WinterFest in Jackson Hole celebrates our favorite season in style. This fun winter classic runs for two weeks, starting on February 13 and goes until February 22. The festival is crammed with plenty of exciting outdoor and even indoor […] Read More
They say where you find yourself for New Year's sets the tone for your whole brand new spankin' year. Well if that's the case I want to be in beautiful Jackson Hole and you should too. Jackson offers plenty of exciting options to ring in the New Year. Just make sure that if you are […] Read More
Today Patchy Fog High: 37 Low: 19 |
Tomorrow Sunny High: 38 Low: 20 |
Tuesday Chance Snow High: 38 Low: 24 |
Jackson Hole Real Estate Company offers an experienced team of real estate agents to help you find and purchase your perfect piece of property in Jackson Hole. A full MLS search and property managment revenue projections are available. Whether you are buying or selling a home or investment property, our realtors are here to meet, greet, and exceed your expectations.
Contact Us
Our reservations operations started in 1997 in Jackson Hole Wyoming, and has offered complete custom vacations, with access to the the largest selection of rental properties available to tens of thousands of visitors, and has grown to be the most respected central reservation company in Jackson Hole. If your looking to Ski Jackson Hole Wyoming or to experience our wonderful summer climate and activities, please call us at 1-800-329-9205.
When looking for Jackson Hole Lodging, it's always best to talk to the locals! We make it easy to find vacation rentals in Jackson Hole. Planning a trip is a lot of work! And we know this. Our clients love how we save them the time and energy of finding a rental and how year after year we deliver on providing the best service possible. Whether you are looking for a luxury retreat or a moderate jackson hole rental condominium, our site is the place to find it.
Contact our reservations department at 1 (800) 329-9205 or firstname.lastname@example.com to start planning your Jackson Hole vacation today!
We also have a real estate department:
Jackson Hole Real Estate Company is a premier Broker & Buyer's Agent offering access to the entire Jackson Hole MLS Search for real estate investment information & property search. We also offer exclusive Property Management services with All-Inclusive 35% contracts; and our approach above all, is to provide a higher level of service that is unparalleled in the industry by offering our clients unique & valuable information on investments in Jackson Hole Wyoming.
If you're interested in buying or selling Jackson Hole Wy Real Estate in the area; you've come to the right place. We offer full access to the largest Jackson Hole MLS search around, and as your featured buyer's agent, we work with you, as your real estate agent to keep your best interests at heart.
Launched in 1997, the site was designed to offer the most detailed realty information concerning our market. We focus exclusively on Jackson Hole Wy - and we know our marketplace which includes our Homes for Sale, condos and townhomes for sale - as well as the investment and rental market around them. Whether you are buying or selling your first home or investment property, our Experienced team of Realtors is here to meet, greet, and exceed your expectations.
Contact our real estate department at 1 (800) 687-1154 with questions, consultations or more!


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Audit Notes: insider trading versus CDO fraud, 401(k)s, lead and crime
Rough treatment for inside-trading suspects contrasts with CDO probes
By Ryan Chittum Jan 16, 2013 at 06:50 AM
The contrast between how aggressively authorities have gone after inside-trading hedge fund impresarios and how softly they've tiptoed around Wall... More
Local cops can track your phone, and the government doesn't want you to know how
A surveillance technique sparks questions about official secrecy. Reporters, keep digging!
By Susannah Nesmith and Jonathan Peters Jun 20, 2014 at 11:12 AM
MIAMI, FL — Police departments around the country increasingly are using sophisticated technology to surveil American citizens by monitoring cellphone... More
The secret whistleblowers
The book The Burglary, released Wednesday, reveals how a group of activists exposed the secrets of J. Edgar Hoover's FBI
By Edirin Oputu Jan 9, 2014 at 06:50 AM
On the night of March 8, 1971, when almost all eyes and ears were on Muhammad Ali battling Joe Frazier... More
The secret whistleblowers, revisited
The new documentary 1971, which premiered on Friday, reveals how a group of activists exposed the secrets of J. Edgar Hoover's FBI
By Edirin Oputu Apr 21, 2014 at 06:50 AM
In March 1971, eight burglars broke into a Federal Bureau of Investigation office in Media, PA, and stole hundreds of... More
Virginian-Pilot journalists: Corporate management pressure is stifling coverage - "Lovers of journalism in this newsroom are pissed. It's bad."
Paper files public records request—and city's response is a lawsuit - Local officials argue Montana courts should strike balance between privacy and disclosure
BBC Pop-Up reports from small town America - A small team is traveling across the United States for six months in hopes of finding underreported local stories
What game design can do for journalism - Three newly selected fellows at American University talk about the medium's future
Timeline, an app based on 'the history of…' - But chronology doesn't reveal everything
Email blasts from CJR writers and editors
Photojournalism while pregnant (NYT Mag)
"Momentarily forgetting I was pregnant, I jockeyed for a position close enough to capture the initial moments of euphoria, hurling myself into the mix of hundreds of frenzied relatives. As the weight of men started to close in on me, I realized how vulnerable I was and started to panic."
We should all step back from security journalism (Medium)
"It should be made clear, in law, that the tasks security reseachers do to make the net more secure and journalists do to understand and contextualize the truth for the public are not crimes"
Trust In Business And Media Is Declining, But People Have Faith In Search Engines (Buzzfeed)
People have become less trusting of major institutions, according to the annual Edelman Trust Barometer. And large majorities doubt that businesses want to make the world a better place.
With New Charlie Hebdo Cover, News Value Should Have Prevailed (NYT)
Public editor Margaret Sullivan on why the paper should have published the images.
Greg Marx discusses democracy and news with Tom Rosenstiel of the American Press Institute
CJR's Guide to Online News Startups
ACEsTooHigh.com – Reporting on the science, education, and policy surrounding childhood trauma
Who Owns What
The Business of Digital Journalism
A report from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism
Questions and exercises for journalism students.


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20 Hour Projects and these 200,000 dilithium special projects,fleet with just doffs.
View Single Post
Join Date: Sep 2012
Posts: 394
# 3
I do think the 200k Dilithium requirements for the special projects is a bit too much. I understand why it is that high. For larger fleets getting 200k Dilithium should be pretty easy. For smaller fleets it is a pain, especially now you need them for the Embassy as well.
Until we completeed one of them a few days ago, we had 3 limited time projects running - one in the Embassy, and two in the Starbase. That's some 600k Dilithium needed to finish them. I think that if they could find a way to implement scaling requirements based on the number of people in your fleet, that would be good.
Smaller fleets should require fewer resources, but also offer fewer fleet credits. This will average out the number of fleet credits earned since people in smaller fleets will be contributing more to the fleet projects than people in larger fleets.


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Gas (Flatulence) and Bloating Caused by Another Medical ProblemGas (Flatulence) and Bloating Caused by Another Medical ProblemGas and bloating can have many causes, including:
Gas also often occurs during the recovery phase of abdominal surgery. Gas-bloat syndrome may occur after surgery to correct gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Credits
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions. To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. |
From WebMD
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Fractal designed in ultra fractal.
Almost retired,and a photography addict! I own a canon 7D and 5 canon lenses. I love playing in photoshop! I'm a fan of HDR if it isn't too overdone.I also dabble in fractal art occasionally.
View Full ProfileGreat design Sandra x
– inkedsandra
beautiful case
– inkedsandra


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x The average starting price for a place to stay in Pittsburgh is £86 per night.
1500 Park Lane Dr
Great 80%5100 Campbells Run Road
Great 80%6404 Steubenville Pike
Good 70%1000 Park Lane Dr
Good 70%900 Chauvet Dr
0 60%8 Landings Dr PA Turnpike Exit 48
0 60%699 Rodi Road
0 60%200 Chauvet Dr.
0 60%1150 Banksville Rd
0 50%700 Mansfield Ave
0 50%Create your own travel plan including Pittsburgh as one of your stops. You can use it to store all your research (even hotels found on other websites!)
Do you have questions about Pittsburgh? You might try asking in our active travel forums and see if anyone else has been there.
Keep your family and friends up to date with your trip by starting your own travel blog!


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The reason is that we can do
$('
some text
').prependTo('#someDiv')
so, this is also ok to do:
$('some text').prependTo('#someDiv')
but we can't change some text
to body
? body
is just as good as any text...
(the above code is adding some text
to the div with id someDiv
, so what if I want to add the word body
to the div?)
but $('body') becomes a selector for the body element... so is there a rule that says, we can use any text as HTML code, so long as it is not the name of HTML elements?


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Voting is a timeless act that never goes out of style.
By downloading this poster/video, you agree to use it in its entirety, unaltered and not for commercial purposes of any kind; any reproduction of it must include full credit to the designer and AIGA Get Out the Vote. Any variation from this policy must be documented in writing from the designer and AIGA.
This entry is part of the 2012 AIGA Get Out the Vote Initiative
12 Recommendations
AIGA's Get Out the Vote campaign invites designers to create nonpartisan posters and videos that inspire the American public to participate in the electoral process and vote in the 2012 general election.
Section: Why Design - Tags: Design for Democracy, posters, election design
8 Recommendations
Design for Democracy applies design tools to increase civic participation by making interactions between the U.S. government and its citizens clear.
Section: Why Design - Tags: Design for Democracy, election design, students
1 Recommendation
Since 2000, Design for Democracy's ballot and election design project has worked to make voting easier and more accurate for all U.S. citizens.
To cultivate new audiences, a Portuguese theater embraced a new visual identity that infused the institution with a spirit of renewal and contemporaneity. The success of the first season's materials opened the door for additional design work in the following season.
Section: Why Design - Tags: Competition, Justified, book design, editorial design, graphic design, identity design, print design, typography, posters, culture, international
NEW YORK—August 16, 2012. AIGA's Design Leaders Confidence Index weakened in the most recent quarter. For the second quarter of 2012, the index slipped from 104.15 to 94.92—a 9 percent drop.
Section: Tools and Resources - Tags: AIGA news
Hockey Bunnies Logo
Chelsea Chappell
California knows how to design as proved by this stunning new book Posted by Rob Alderson
Yesterday from It's Nice That


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Concord, N.H. — It took Rob Portman five years to graduate from Dartmouth College. He switched majors twice, and he was rarely a habitué of Baker Memorial Library. Instead, Portman was a devoted outdoorsman. He spent hours on the slopes and even more on the water. For the skinny, long-haired teenager from Cincinnati, the Connecticut River's strong currents were a refreshing diversion from Ivy League academia. The river's rapids were also a training course. By 1977, Portman's third year, he and some friends won a grant to kayak the entire length of the Rio Grande, from its source in southern Colorado to the Gulf of Mexico. They packed their bags, left Hanover, N.H., and headed west. For the next six months, Portman paddled, huddled with locals in off-the-grid Texas towns, and generally lived the life of a frugal nomad. He also perfected his Spanish, which he still speaks fluently. Portman eventually graduated in 1979 with a bachelor's degree in anthropology, but as he told me earlier this year, his best times were on a boat.
Portman, now a freshman Republican senator from Ohio, returned to the Connecticut River this past Saturday. He spent much of the day in a canoe, gliding past his old haunts. The official reason for the summer visit to his alma mater was familial: His 17-year-old daughter, Sally, was taking a tour of the school, one of four colleges she visited over the weekend. Yet this afternoon on the river was more than a jaunt down memory lane. It was, as ever, a fresh-air escape, this time from another sort of stuffiness: the vice-presidential sweepstakes. Portman has been at the top of nearly of every Beltway insider's shortlist for months. As a respected and wonky lawmaker from a swing state, he is seen in many quarters as the default favorite for the pick, even though there is scant evidence about his actual standing or the selection process. His Granite State trip, family-related as it may be, only increased the chatter because Mitt Romney was on vacation a few miles to the east, in Wolfeboro, N.H.


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Company Overview of Dunkin' Donuts LLC
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Our data partners will research the update request and update the information on this page if necessary. Research and follow-up could take several weeks. If you have questions, you can contact them at email@example.com.


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Mohan's Custom Tailors Suit Review
I have long been curious about some of the NYC based custom suit shops. The ones that have been around for years; before this whole online made to measure revolution. Stores like LS, Mr. Neds (that review will be finished eventually…), Bhambi's and Mohan's. I had the good fortunate of receiving an email from some of Mohan's Custom Tailors (also known as Mohan's NYC and Mohan's) associates a few months ago asking if I would be interested in meeting with the shop and possibly doing a review on them. I eagerly obliged. In a few weeks time I made my … Continue reading


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The "Islamic State" (IS) has released a video purportedly showing the execution of Japanese hostage Kenji Goto, according to the SITE monitoring group. The Japanese government says it is trying to authenticate the video. Go to article
German leaders have united in mourning former President Richard von Weizsäcker, who has died at the age of 94 in Berlin. Weizsäcker's stint as head of state saw the fall of the Berlin Wall and German reunification.
Spain's upstart leftist party drew tens of thousands of supporters to central Madrid on Saturday. In just one year, it has gone from nothing to a serious contender in the upcoming vote. Guy Hedgecoe reports from Madrid.
Peace talks between separatists and Kyiv have broken down. Fifteen Ukrainian soldiers died in fighting from Friday to Saturday, marking the highest one-day death toll for the country's military in almost five months.
Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras has expressed hope that Greece and its creditors will reach an agreement on the debt issue. The new leftist premier has vowed to pay off debts and said he will not act unilaterally.
The euroskeptic Alternative for Germany party has heralded an end to its "amateur" phase on the second day of its party convention. Out in the streets, thousands protested their presence in Bremen.
Kurds have retaken an oilfield in Iraq seized by the "Islamic State" (IS) on Friday. After beating back IS, the police and Kurdish forces freed 24 oil workers taken captive by the Sunni militant group.
President Abdel Fattah el-Sissi has said Egypt must prepare for a long battle against extremists after attacks on security forces in the Sinai Peninsula. The attacks were claimed by a group loyal to "Islamic State."
Two hot air balloon pilots have touched down in Mexico, completing a record-breaking flight across the Pacific Ocean. The six-day adventure smashed world records unbeaten for over three decades.
Bahraini authorities say they have stripped the citizenship of a senior member of the "Islamic State" militant group and dozens of other people. The list includes Sunni and Shiite Muslims.
Two people have reportedly been killed and 24 injured during a rally against French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo in the Afghan capital. Violence broke out when hundreds of protesters clashed with the police.
The sixth president of post-war Germany will be best remembered for a historic speech on the theme of reconciliation.
Nils Petersen scored a hat-trick to move Freiburg off the bottom of the table with a 4-1 home win against Frankfurt. Mainz had two heroes in its thumping victory, and there were wins for Schalke, Cologne and Gladbach.
The Super Bowl is an exercise in excess. Companies shell out millions of dollars for brief commercial spots, while consumers spend billions on football-themed merchandise. DW looks at the big game's economic impact.
Construction on China's massive infrastructure projects hasn't slowed. Even though the economic benefit is waning, DW columnist Frank Sieren says these projects are still China's best showcase for the world market.
2014 saw the record installation of more than 1,700 wind turbines in Germany. They supply as much electricity as two nuclear power plants, giving an important boost to renewable energies.
Saudi blogger and activist Raif Badawi started criticizing his country's regime more than six years ago. Since then, his family has been threatened and fled to Canada and his lawyer has been arrested.
We want to hear from you: What challenges do you face, what troubles you, what makes life hard?
Richard von Weizsäcker, the German president from 1984 to 1994, had a gargantuan task: the reunification of Europe. After his death on Saturday, Germany's eastern neighbor Poland was also mourning the former leader.
Prostitution is legal in Germany, but sex workers are still stigmatized or viewed as victims even if they are prostitutes by choice. A draft law is set to give them more legal protections, but even it has detractors.
The German government was quick to announce plans to widen data retention against terrorism in response to this month's attacks in Paris. But Berlin already collects far more telecom metadata than many suspected.
Over 9,000 people died in the Baltic Sea on January 30, 1945, in an attempt to evade the Red Army. The Wilhelm Gustloff was the largest shipwreck in history, but little is known about the catastrophe seven decades on.
The meeting of the EU's interior and justice ministers in Riga has once again shown that when it comes to dealing with the growing Islamist terrorist threat, the EU is slow to react. Too slow, says DW's Bernd Riegert.
Russia has been heading towards a heavy recession for a long time. Now the EU is discussing new sanctions against Moscow. What part do sanctions from the West actually play in this crisis?
Greece owes Germany billions of euros. Or is it the other way around? Seventy years after the end of World War II, Athens and Berlin are still at odds over costs incurred during the Nazi occupation of Greece.
In a pair of pulsating African Cup of Nation quarterfinals, hosts Equatorial Guinea secured a 2-1 extra-time win over Tunisia. Earlier, the Democratic Republic of Congo scored four unaswered goals to beat Congo 4-2.
With tourism driving recovery it seems fitting that the world's No.2 tourist fair, the Fitur, is held in Madrid. On our visit to the Fitur, we found that global tourism is at record levels, but there's one country that's facing a problem beyond its control.
South African apartheid death-squad leader Eugene de Kock has been granted parole after 20 years in prison. De Kock had been dubbed "Prime Evil" for his activities targeting black South African activists.
South Sudan peace talks delayed by concerns over health of President Salva Kiir+++Human Rights Watch reviews rights violations in Africa in 2014+++Fight against Ebola not over yet, says Germany's Special Commissioner
China wants to ban textbooks containing Western values from its universities, except for ideas of Western-imported Marxism. China's ideological control continues to gain ground, writes DW's Matthias von Hein.
Unlike mainland China, the city of Hong Kong enjoys a free press. But journalists in the financial hub are feeling increasingly pressurized by Beijing, especially when it comes to their coverage of the "Occupy" movement.
A Philippine official recently said the country no longer deserved to be branded the "sick man of Asia" given its fast economic expansion. DW speaks to economist Rajiv Biswas about what is driving growth in the country.
The European Commission has indicated it's considering introducing an EU-wide road toll system. It assumes that could be the solution to a dispute with Germany over the latter's own road toll plan.
Meeting the head of the Eurogroup in Athens, the Greek finance minister said he would reject any cooperation with Greece's main international lenders known as the troika. His statement didn't go down well in Germany.
US economic growth slowed to under 3 percent in the final quarter of last year despite a surge in consumer spending. Analysts said the economy looked set to pick up in the current year, supported by low oil prices.
Construction has begun on India's multi-billion dollar high-speed broadband network. With plans to connect 600 million rural citizens, the optical fiber network will be the largest of its kind.
It's as common as it is pernicious: an allergy to peanuts. But now researchers in Australia say they may have come up with a simple way to treat it. One warning: Do not try the therapy at home.
Power cuts planned by South Africa's main electricity supplier, Eskom, have triggered a discussion. A look at how social media is being used to vent frustration at a growing problem in the country.
Giant pandas are an endangered species with a population of just 2,000 animals. Now they face a new threat: Two pandas at a Chinese breeding center have died of canine distemper, a virus related to measles.
His photos captured snapshots of post-war Berlin. Will McBride, who came to conquered Germany as a US soldier and stayed in Berlin until the fall of the Wall, died on Thursday (29.01.2015) at age 84.
What do business people do all day?
What's the secret to making it as a musician in Germany these days? Get lucky. (Some things never change.) But, as overnight star Tim Linde found out, a German-language text and regional folk style may help.
A bed is a lot more than a place to sleep. It is place of birth and death, love and violence, loneliness and togetherness. Now an exhibition in the art museum 21er Haus in Vienna shows its depictions in art.
Borussia Dortmund and Bayer Leverkusen couldn't find a way past each other in Saturday's 0-0. Both sides had chances, although there weren't many in total, but neither could score.
Super Bowl 49 is on Sunday and is one of the most viewed sporting events of the calendar year. For New England's German offensive tackle Sebastian Vollmer, a chance to make history awaits against the Seattle Seahawks.
Dagur Sigurdsson's side beat Slovenia on Saturday to seal seventh place in the Handball World Championships and squeeze into one of three qualifying tournaments for the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.


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An Irish Terrier was ecstatic to be reunited with his family after surgery to restore his sight.
Duffy was diagnosed with diabetes last year after suffering from several health problems.
His family struggled to control his blood-sugar levels, and Duffy went blind.
After the diabetes was under control, Duffy underwent surgery to restore his sight.
A video posted to YouTube by Benjamin May caught Duffy's amazing reunion with his family on camera.
Watch the video below or by clicking here:
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use. Your comment will not appear here until you verify your email address with Disqus. KETV NewsWatch 7 encourages users to report violations of our terms of use by flagging the inappropriate comment. Hold your mouse over the comment to reveal the flag on the right side, then click the flag.
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Senior Member
Getting a teemo hat, mundo shirt, and Curse shirt from there, maybe even a noc poster
Riot y u do dis? My wallet can't take much more
Truly Outrageous
Cuuuuuute! I've wondered for a long time why y'all didn't do more out of game merchandising.
Wolféran Maximus
Kirei Kotomine
Junior Member
WTH RIOT wheres the S3 galaxy phone cases xD!!! id totally buy everything made for S3s!
Goth Skunk
Teemo hat. Instabuy.
SWAG don't come cheap!
I dont normally talk to people who say swag but when i do, I order large fries. youre on swag strike 1 2 more and im uninstalling Not because the game is bad but because I cant associate myself with anything that promotes the use of that word. Dam you principles
Super Loth
hello dear riot... I just want to know if you also send things, I mean articles you sell to other countries, for example, I'm from Mexico but I like what you have for sale, or if you have someplace where I can get your stuff, please let me know!!!! PS: ENJOY CHRISTMAS!!!


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In the span of 22 days, 12 horses have died during races at Aqueduct Racetrack in Queens. No one's figured out how to reduce the horse deaths this winter. [New York Times]
SantaCon Bro Heckles Millions March: "Put Your Hands Up"
New York City played host to both SantaCon and the Millions March Saturday, and that's how you get this real-life Facebook commenter smoking a cigarette as he explains to protesters that if people simply keep their hands up and listen to cops, they won't end up like Michael Brown or Eric Garner.
Illicit bike races in New York are a fine tradition. This is a good one. [ANIMAL]
Lake Effect Snow: How Nature's Greatest Snow Machine Works
The above photo, taken from a plane above Buffalo yesterday by photographer Jeff Suhr, shows the brutal lake effect snow storm in effect over Western New York right now. Some areas are expecting up to six feet of snow by the end of the week. These snowstorms are among the most intense in the world, and the processes…
Are You Lying About Where You're From? The Real Borders of Your City
Where do you have to be born to say that you're from a given city and not be lying? Back in August, prompted by a New Republic article called "Don't Say You're From the City If You're Really From the 'Burbs," we asked you—Gawker readers—to tell us the real borders of some of America's largest cities. Here are your…
Mighty Mite Football Players Thwarted By Banner
The parents of players of the Wallkill (NY) Mighty Mites tried to do something nice for the first home game of the season, but alas, the road to hell is paved with good intentions. It seems that they thought their 50 pound sons would be strong enough to break through a vinyl banner while emulating their high school…
FDNY/NYPD Charity Hockey Game Features Bench-Clearing Brawl
Today's annual charity hockey game between the FDNY and NYPD devolved into a full-out brawl at Nassau Coliseum with the score tied at three. Cops and firefighters were beating the crap out of each other.
The Secret Machine War Against Snow Taking Place at the Super Bowl
A war is brewing between machines and snow, and its battle tactics are being studied—rehearsed, practiced, mapped, rerun, and mastered—in the vast parking lot of New Jersey's MetLife Stadium, home of Super Bowl XLVIII.
Can You Ride A Bike In The City Without Being An Asshole? (No.)
Maybe I'm in the wrong but I get annoyed whenever I'm walking in the park and I hear, at my back, a bicycle bell. The call of "On your left!" also gets on my nerves. My fight instinct kicks in, and I have to force myself not to punch the bicyclist soon to go by. A single jab would do it.


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London Fashion Week Spring 2013 - Day 1 Photos
Our London Fashion Week Diary: Day 1
The whirlwind that was Spring 2013 New York Fashion Week has come and gone, and that can only mean one thing: London Fashion Week, here we come. Our first day was off to a roaring good start, with a jam-packed schedule that included a peek at Topshop's NewGen designers, the Todd Lynn show, a chat with Scott Schuman of The Sartorialist, the Antipodium show, and plenty of that famous London Fashion Week street style. Along the way, we also spotted some of our favorite fashion faces: The Kills's Alison Mosshart, Kate Lanphear, Derek Blasberg, and Leigh Lezark.
And what better end to a perfect, nonstop day than this: Issa's gorgeous Spring 2013 show, which we were lucky enough to snap from the front row. An inside look at all that and more, right here, in the first installment of our Spring 2013 London Fashion Week diary.
Todd Lynn
- Say goodbye to the affordable Kate Spade shop — The Cut
- And the next face of Chanel is . . . — Style.com
- Joe Zee is the king of fashion, but it's not all fun and games — HuffPost Style
- Now you can get your hands on Shay Mitchell's jewelry — SheFinds
- Currently coveting: all of Victoria Beckham's must haves — Who What Wear
- You have to see Sarah Jessica Parker's latest shoe collection — InStyle
- Is there any hope for Coach? — Fashionista
- Dov Charney just can't let American Apparel go — Racked
- Put down the basic blazer — your work wardrobe, revamped — Lucky


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Who do you think looks best today? (5 photos)
The best street style from London Fashion Week: http://ow.ly/p48HS via @StyleCaster
WHAT SHE WORE Victoria Beckham was honored at the Bambi Awards in Berlin in a plunging black gown. Emerald Chopard jewels and sleek hair and makeup completed the look.Read MoreLess


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CONCORD, NEW HAMPSHIRE — The draw of presidential politics is a strong one in New Hampshire, home of the first presidential primary. Every four years, the Granite State finds itself inundated with a new band of ambitious hand-shakers, and local political reporters find themselves dutifully shuffling from dinner halls to town halls to school halls, picking up scraps of policy platforms and hints of presidential aspirations as they go. That's what the public wants to know, after all.
New Hampshire Watchdog Data
Name: New Hampshire Watchdog
URL: newhampshire.watchdog.org
City: Concord
Principal Staff: Grant Bosse, lead investigator.
Affiliations: Franklin Center; Josiah Bartlett Center for Public Policy.
CMS: Custom CMS


text:
Remington® .243 Win.® 80 Grain PSP 20 Rounds
Item # WX2-95070
- Google+
This item cannot ship via any of our Next Day or Second Day Express delivery methods.
You must be 18 years of age to purchase this item.
Shipping restrictions apply to this product under some jurisdictions. Known age, state and local shipping restrictions are applied at checkout and may result in changes to an order. PLEASE NOTE: We do not accept returns of Ammunition for safety reasons. NEVER use any Ammunition unless it is specifically designed for your firearm.
Shipping restrictions apply to this product under some jurisdictions. Known age, state and local shipping requirements are applied at checkout and may result in changes to an order.
This item cannot ship to Canada.
This item cannot ship internationally.
- Details & Specs
Rifle Ammunition
Remington® Green Box: Legendary for accuracy and performance. Cases made of high-grade 70-30 brass featuring Kleenbore® primers.
- Caliber: .243 Win.® Ammo
- Bullet Wt. Grains: 80
- Bullet Style: Pointed Soft-Point
- Muzzle Velocity (F.P.S.): 3,350
- Muzzle Energy (ft.-lbs.): 1,993
- Rounds: 20
Order ONLINE Today!
- Reviews
Remington .243 Win. 80 Grain PSP 20 Rounds is rated out of 5 by 7.Rated 5 out of 5 by Larry from Whats Going On I've used this ammo for years for deer in AR and have found it to be of excellent quality both for accuracy and muzzle velocity. It's truly a one shot humane kill ammo. I was down to 4 boxes and wanted to order more but found it out of stock here on Sportsman's. I do almost all my ammo buying here. Researching and looking around on hundreds of sites I found it OOS and not even listed on Remington's web site. I found a few sites listing it in stock for over $50.00 per 20. That's an unbelievable rip. I have no idea what's going on but it smells a bit bad. I'll just hope this ammo comes back in stock but I'm not holding my breath. Winchester 243 80gr Winchester is a suitable substitute .Date published: 2014-12-10Rated 1 out of 5 by JOE from my phone 243 round seven not showed up you guys are now telling me that I will not receive them into the end of August beginning of September they were supposed to be in in stock itemDate published: 2013-07-14Rated 5 out of 5 by TOMMY from Glad to get them.Date published: 2013-01-23Rated 5 out of 5 by TOMMY from looking forward to getting them.Date published: 2013-01-23Rated 5 out of 5 by ANDREW from A good round and always has been.Date published: 2013-01-10Rated 5 out of 5 by DENNIS from good ammoDate published: 2012-05-29Rated 5 out of 5 by STEPHEN C from QualityDate published: 2012-02-16
<!--BVSEO|dz:Main_Site-en_US|sdk:v188.8.131.52-n|msg:Error: Request errored out - The remote server returned an error: (403) Forbidden. -->
- Articles & Tips
Don't Forget
Guide Gear Stereo Hearing Protection
Buyer's Club $17.99 Non-Members $19.99 -
Walker's ProMuff Safety Combo Pack
Buyer's Club $17.99 Non-Members $19.99 -
6-Pk. Gun Wipes
Buyer's Club $6.29 Non-Members $6.99
You May Also Like
Remington® .243 Win.® 100 Grain PSP Core - Lokt® 20 Rounds
Buyer's Club $19.28 Non-Members $20.29 -
Fiocchi® 243 Win PSP 70 Grain Rifle Shooting Dynamics Ammo, 20 Rounds
Buyer's Club $20.42 Non-Members $21.49 -
Federal® Power-Shok® .243 Win.® 80 Grain SHCSP 20 rounds
Buyer's Club $18.33 Non-Members $19.29


text:
Jessica Day's Reviews > Death Cloud
Death Cloud (Young Sherlock Holmes, #1)
by Andrew Lane
by Andrew Lane
I bought Death Cloud on my way home from Scotland this summer and I read it on the plane. As a Sherlock junkie, I totally loved it. Death Cloud gives you the perfect glimpse of the life of 14-year-old Sherlock Holmes, before he gets all mental. Not only does the book introduce you to the detective, but it shows the reader the beginning of Sherlock's obsession with bees, and his use of the science of deduction. Disclaimer: I've never actually read ir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes, but I've seen the movie with Robert Downey Jr., and the BBC miniseries Sherlock. Both are fantastic, and this book is great as well. While the cover of Death Cloud did not attract me, I picked it up anyway because I saw the words, "Young Sherlock Holmes". I'm happy I bought it. I'll be sharing this one with plenty of friends and family. It's a great mystery and back story.
Sign into Goodreads to see if any of your friends have read Death Cloud.
sign in »


text:
See a Victorian kitchen renovation including a new marmoleum floor.
Blast off dirt from exterior surfaces with a high pressure washer.
Follow along as Home Energy Savings insulates a home attic, step-by-step.
Josh uses a football and air cannons to simulate an attic animal invasion.
Check out the tricks to taking out a vanity sink from your countertop.
Rid your home of annoying clutter with these storage and organizing tips.
With help from Amy Wynn Pastor, new homeowner Alan takes on renovations.
Save your and use even the tiniest pieces to highlight your designs.
Give any kitchen a hip, metro look by updating cabinets with laminate.


text:
Staff Reporter
KRISHNAGIRI: As many as 4, 314 students will appear for the matriculation examinations which begins in Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri districts on Wednesday.
In Hosur and Krishnagiri education districts, 2, 483 regular students will appear for the examination in 51 centres. In Dharmapuri district, 1,775 regular students- 960 boys and 815 girls- will write their examination in 36 centres.
Flying squads have been formed under the Chief Educational Officers and District Education Officers in these two districts to monitor and prevent malpractices in the examination centres.
More In: TAMIL NADU | NATIONAL


text:
And I'll have the grilled chicken titty sandwich, please. See also Birds, Body, Sophomoric.
When two slices of bread just aren't enough. See also Old-Timey.
Another fine snacking product from our friends at ConAgra. See also Snacks.
Kind sir, might you lend a hand and add a funny food?
Per Yoni Brenner of the New Yorker, mock tofu is made from chicken fat, pureed pork loin, and five cups of piping-hot tallow. See also Made Up, Vegetarian.
Actually sold by McDonalds in more northern-oriented countries like Norway. See also Fast Food.
Only because in the advertisement they point out that it's "garnished with PICKLES!" See also Fast Food.
For when you want to give your burger the white glove treatment.
A sickeningly sweet almond past often shaped into barely edible creatures. See also Dessert.


text:
Thieves punched out the trunk lock of a Carlton man's car while it was parked at United Technologies, 700 Olympic Drive, between 5 a.m. and 4 p.m. Thursday and stole an amplifier and speakers valued at $1,100, Athens-Clarke police said.
The company's surveillance system caught the theft on videotape, according to police.
Athens, GA • Athens Banner-Herald ©2015. All Rights Reserved.


text:
WASHINGTON — The Obama administration on Tuesday outlined a politically fraught plan for allowing oil and gas drilling offshore along parts of the Atlantic coast while imposing new restrictions on environmentally fragile waters off northern Alaska.
Steve Hicks, a University of Texas System regent who has been a vocal opponent of regents who have criticized the system's flagship campus in Austin, was reappointed to the board by Gov. Greg Abbott on Thursday.
Fifteen years ago if someone had shot a cannon from Fort Worth's world-renowned museum district, nobody would have noticed, joked Lori Eklund, senior deputy director of the Amon Carter Museum of American Art. But that has changed.
Energy Transfer Partners LP of Dallas and Regency Energy Partners LP have entered into a definitive merger agreement.
American is preparing the plane to begin service sometime in the second quarter.
This building at 3500 S. Cooper St. will become a retail development.
A. Lee Graham
A former Furniture Warehouse has been acquired for a retail development along South Arlington's Cooper Street.
A retailer has been confirmed to occupy part of the 35,417-square-foot building, with another business negotiating for the balance of the 3500 S. Cooper St. space, according to developer Vaquero Ventures of Fort Worth.
Selling the property was EKIM Partners of Fort Worth, with Bradford Commercial Real Estates Services of Dallas brokering the sale.
"During the feasibility phase, Vaquero asked me to market the balance of the space. I was surprised at the velocity of activity for the listing and the future redeveloped space," said Nick Talley of Bradford Commercial in a news release.
The 4.06-acre property, with fenced yard and storage buildings, drew at least a dozen tours and four offers, primarily sparking interest from the industrial sector. The property is located near Interstate 20 and Texas 360. The closing was held within 120 days of the property becoming available.
< back


text:
Quiz! How Well Do You Know The Lyrics To Blink 182's Biggest Songs?
Test your skills!
Juno Award News: Magic! Leads In Nominations And Justin Bieber Gets Shutout
See the full list of nominees!
Go Behind The Scenes On Charli XCX And Rita Ora's Amazing David LaChapelle-Inspired Video
See how they did it!
Video Premiere: Dream Of Summer With Lights In 'Running With The Boys'
We miss summer
November 14th, 2012
On tonight's episode of The Wedge, Damian takes a stroll along Ossington Avenue, the formerly dangerous stretch in Toronto that he was once warned not to visit (by his mom). Along the way, he does a bit of shopping and runs into Matt Delong of Yacht Club, gets a slice from Pizza Libretto and ends up getting robbed. Oops!
Plus we have videos by Yacht Club, A Place To Bury Strangers, TOPS and The xx (above), as well as a golden oldie by Ween.
The Wedge airs every Wednesday at 11:30 PM EST. Follow us on Twitter at @MUCHTheWedge.
Tags: Blog, Damian Abraham, The Wedge
Posted on Wednesday, November 14th, 2012 at 5:19 pm by Cam and is filed under Blog, The Wedge.


text:
If you're new to Tracker, or are considering trying it out but haven't signed up yet, check out the Tracker 101 screencast. Thanks to Ian McFarland for recording it.
Explore Blog posts about everything we are up to, Tech Talk videos covering a huge range of timely topics and Event listings to keep you current on happenings at the Labs.
Better View Testing with Elementor
We've got a few mantras at Pivotal. One of them has to do with testing all the time. It's a Good Thing, for sure. Until recently though, I had always inserted a tacit "except for views" to the end of it. The reason for my reservations wasn't the fact that view tests can be brittle. Any test can be brittle. I didn't like testing views because it seemed like the test I was writing never really described the code I was writing. Let's look at a typical view test to see what I mean:
describe "/posts/index.html.erb" do
def render_view
render "/posts/index.html.erb"
before(:each) do
assigns[:posts] = [
stub_model(Post, :name => "First!", :body => "first body."),
stub_model(Post, :name => "Second!", :body => "second body.")
describe "assertions using have_tag" do
it "renders posts" do
response.should have_tag(".post", 2)
it "renders post headers" do
response.should have_tag(".post .post-name", "First!", 1)
response.should have_tag(".post .post-name", "Second!", 1)
it "renders post bodies" do
response.should have_tag(".post .post-body", "first body.", 1)
response.should have_tag(".post .post-body", "second body.", 1)
This snippet uses the have_tag
helper. It's somewhat slow, and to my eyes, expresses intent about as well as an apple floating in a top-hat filled with perfume. The "tag" is a selector? The content filter is just the second argument? And the last argument is the amount of "tag" the response should have? You can test like this, but why would you?
I've also seen a more manual pattern, using a library like Hpricot or Nokogiri to parse the response body, then asserting on the results of that:
describe "assertions using Nokogiri" do
def doc
@doc ||= Nokogiri(render_view)
it "renders posts" do
doc.search('.post').should have(2).nodes
it "renders post headers" do
headers = doc.search('.post .post-name')
headers.should have(2).elements
headers.detect { |element| element.text == "First!" }.should_not be_nil
headers.detect { |element| element.text == "Second!" }.should_not be_nil
it "renders post bodies" do
bodies = doc.search('.post .post-name')
bodies.should have(2).elements
bodies.detect { |element| element.text == "first body." }.should_not be_nil
bodies.detect { |element| element.text == "second body." }.should_not be_nil
It's faster, since it's not using have_tag
, but still not very expressive. CSS selectors are still littered across the it
statements, but at least it's only once per test. Still, using detect
to find content is no good. And I don't think CSS selectors have any business in it
statements at all. That seems like asserting on the name of a method being called, not its behavior.
The solution!
Given my problems with the above approaches, I created a gem that allows the following assertion syntax:
it "renders posts" do
result.should have(2).posts
it "renders post headers" do
result.should have(2).post_headers
result.should have(1).post_header.with_text("First!")
result.should have(1).post_header.with_text("Second!")
it "renders post bodies" do
result.should have(2).post_bodies
result.should have(1).post_body.with_text("first body.")
result.should have(1).post_body.with_text("second body.")
What's a result
? And how does it know how many posts
, post_headers
, and post_bodies
it has? The result is defined in a before
block like so:
require 'elementor'
require 'elementor/spec'
include Elementor
attr_reader :result
before(:each) do
@result = elements(:from => :render_view) do |tag|
tag.posts ".post"
tag.post_headers ".post .post-name"
tag.post_bodies ".post .post-body"
The elements
method allows you to name your CSS selectors using the tag
block argument. The tag
object uses method_missing
to register your names. The :from
option specifies a method to be called that will return some raw markup.
Naming selectors alone was a huge win for me, but there are a few other cool bits about the @result
object. First, you get to use the with_text
helper for filtering content. You'll also get a with_attrs
helper for filtering based on a hash of attribute values.
The project is called Elementor, and you can install it like so:
[sudo] gem install elementor
The code is on the GitHub here: github.com/nakajima/elementor (and you can see the CI build here). Take a look at the specs for all of the examples of what you can do. Hopefully, you'll find it as useful as I have. If not, please share your reasons in the comments!
Hide .svn files in changes view of RubyMine
You have probably noticed that the changes view is unusable in RubyMine because of all the .svn files showing.
Well if you refresh ( ) the changes view they go away…Hurray!
Standup 11/24/2008: Changes to GC in Ruby 1.8.6?
Ask for Help
"Does anyone know about recent changes to Ruby 1.8.6 garbage collection?"
We're seeing a strange test failure on one of our CI boxes:
[BUG] object allocation during garbage collection phase ruby 1.8.6 (2008-08-11) [i686-linux]
ruby -v gives this:
ruby 1.8.6 (2008-08-11 patchlevel 287) [i686-linux]
On the developer's OSX machine, which doesn't experience this bug, ruby -v gives:
ruby 1.8.6 (2008-03-03 patchlevel 114) [universal-darwin9.0]
There have apparently been changes to garbage collection in 1.8.7 and
1.9 — does anyone know if these have been backported to 1.8.6
somewhere between patchlevels 114 and 287?
New York Standup 11/24/2008
Rails 2.2.2 is released!
Even Rails 2.2.2 isn't always threadsafe. I found this out by running a script with JRuby from the command line. The script loaded the Rails environment and then launched two threads that simply tried to resolve an ActiveRecord class constant. Fireworks (in the form of LoadError) ensued deep inside of const_missing. I'll post the full example later today.
Tsearch2 is now built into Postgres (as of 8.3). This means you must remove the metadata from your tables, since Postgres now stores it in a separate place.
Unicode Transliteration to Ascii
Matthew O'Connor and I recently worked on a project that sent SMS messages to mobile customers. Unfortunately the SMS aggregator we used on the project rejected messages with non-ascii characters.
One approach we considered was to strip our messages of any characters that were not ascii and send them as is. After looking through some of the rejected messages we realized most of the problems occurred with unicode punctuation. Instead of simple deleting the characters we tried transliterating them to their ascii equivalent.
Our first approach used IConv:
require 'iconv'
module SmsEncoder
def self.convert(utf8_text)
text = Iconv.iconv("US-ASCII//TRANSLIT", "UTF-8", utf8_text).first
text.gsub(/`/, "'")
rescue Iconv::Failure
For some reason the backtick ` also caused problems so we converted that after using Iconv.
This approach worked perfectly on OS X but as soon as we moved to the Linux servers the libiconv characteristics changed and most untranslatable characters became question marks instead of empty strings.
Instead of wrestling with libiconv we looked for a solution entirely in ruby. We found
unidecode which got us most of the way there. Unidecode did a little more than we wanted though and translated Chinese and Japanese characters to their approximate sounds. e.g. 今年1月 gets transliterated to Jin Nian 1Yue
We decided to only transliterate extended latin charaters, punctuation and money symbols.
Here is the final code with the unidecode monkey patch:
require 'set'
require 'unidecode'
module SmsEncoder
def self.convert(utf8_text)
Unidecoder.decode(utf8_text.to_s).gsub("[?]", "").gsub(/`/, "'").strip
module Unidecoder
class << self
def decode(string)
string.gsub(/[^x20-x7e]/u) do |character|
codepoint = character.unpack("U").first
if should_transliterate?(codepoint)
CODEPOINTS[code_group(character)][grouped_point(character)] rescue ""
# c.f. http://unicode.org/roadmaps/bmp/
:basic_latin => Set.new(32 .. 126),
:latin1_supplement => Set.new(160 .. 255),
:latin1_extended_a => Set.new(256 .. 383),
:latin1_extended_b => Set.new(384 .. 591),
:general_punctuation => Set.new(8192 .. 8303),
:currency_symbols => Set.new(8352 .. 8399),
def should_transliterate?(codepoint)
@all_ranges ||= CODE_POINT_RANGES.values.sum
@all_ranges.include? codepoint
and tests:
class SmsEncoderTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
def test_transliteration_of_blank
assert_equal "", SmsEncoder.convert(nil)
assert_equal "", SmsEncoder.convert("")
def test_transliteration_of_whitespace
assert_equal "", SmsEncoder.convert(" tn")
def test_transliteration_of_text_surrounded_by_space
assert_equal "abc", SmsEncoder.convert(" abc ")
def test_transliteration_of_ascii
orig_text = "!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~"
conv_text = SmsEncoder.convert(orig_text)
assert_equal orig_text.gsub(/`/, "'"), conv_text
def test_transliteration_of_unicode_punctuation
utf8_text = ""foo" ‹foo› 'foo' ,foo, –foo— {foo} (foo) `foo`"
ascii_text = SmsEncoder.convert(utf8_text)
assert_equal ""foo" <foo> 'foo' ,foo, foo-- {foo} (foo) 'foo'", ascii_text
def test_transliteration_of_common_latin1_characters
utf8_text = "ñ ò ^ ¡ ¿ Æ æ ß Ç §"
ascii_text = SmsEncoder.convert(utf8_text)
assert_equal "n o ^ ! ? AE ae ss C SS", ascii_text
def test_transliteration_of_money_characters
utf8_text = "€ £ $ ¥"
ascii_text = SmsEncoder.convert(utf8_text)
assert_equal "EU PS $ Y=", ascii_text
def test_untransliterable_characters
utf8_text = "ɏ x1f x01 x00 Ʌ x7f"
ascii_text = SmsEncoder.convert(utf8_text)
assert_equal "", ascii_text
def test_transliteration_of_chinese_characters
utf8_text = "ウェブ全体から検索"
ascii_text = SmsEncoder.convert(utf8_text)
assert_equal "", ascii_text
Standup 11/21/2008: Pro Bono Airwaves
Interesting Things
- Rails reminder:
flash[:notice] = "Good Job"
will survive a redirect, whileflash.now[:notice] = "Good Job"
will not. In general,flash.now
is used when you render a template without a redirect, such as when a form submit has validation errors. - Good Books: Several folks have recommended JavaScript: The Good Parts.
- Pro bono: Would anyone like to help out KUSF for free? Their new website project has been stalled for a year.
Ask for Help
"How do you get Selenium to work with Firefox 3?"
If you know how, pull the jar files out of a later release and use those. Good luck!
Project Startup: Early Adopters and Beyond
Hosted by Pivotal Labs and VentureArchetypes.
Moderated panel discussion: Generating an early base of passionate adopters and evangelists, Ramping up and expanding your business into the broader market, Defining "what you stand for" and building a defensible brand without jumping the shark, Creative marketing tactics for a Web and social media-rich world
Why I test.
This is a cross post from my personal blog, because I'd like to hear from other Pivots about why they test.
First about unit and integration tests.
- I write unit tests for focused feedback; i.e. tell me exactly what broke. To keep them focused I try to keep them orthogonal which usually means using fakes of any collaborators.
- I write integration tests where I need more safety than a unit test will offer. They seem even more important when I'm stubbing and mocking a lot in a dynamically typed language like Ruby.
- I write both types of tests to help convey intent and understand the problem better. I TDD with either a unit test or integration test, whichever feels natural.
Then about interaction and state based testing.
- I pick the approach that feels natural at the time, favouring neither by default. I struggle with rules about when to use which.
- I dislike interaction tests that look suspiciously similar/symmetrical/coupled to the code they refer to. I expect a test to earn its right to exist, and therefore add to the size of the codebase and build's time, by either conveying intent that is difficult to express in the code itself (which is why I love the term 'example') or addressing some other consciously identified risk.
So, now it's your turn – why do you test?
Standup 11/20/2008: Engine Yard ssh key changes
Interesting Things
Engine Yard has made some changes to their ssh-key setup:
…any non-approved keys will be removed from the root user's
authorized_keys file. It should be noted that customers should not log
in directly as root but rather should log in as their user and use
sudo for any commands that need super user privilege. If you are
currently using the root user to log in and have your key in roots
authorized_keys file it will be removed when this change is made.If you are having any ssh problems, contact them.
Standup 11/19/2008: Team Strength, Fixtures, and Pivot Pong
Interesting Things
Pivotal Tracker tip: as the Holiday Season approaches, you can edit your Team Strength to account for vacationing team members. For example, if you are missing 1 out of a team of 4 next week, set next week's Team Strength to 75%
Rescuing inside a transaction: ActiveRecord relies on catching a Rollback error in order to perform transaction rollbacks. If you are performing a
block within a transaction, make sure you either (a) specify the Exception or Errors you want to catch, or (b) re-raise the Rollback error if caught. -
Bring it! The Pivot Pong Tournament of Champions is on! Games will be played on the Pivotal breakfast tables/ping pong table.
Ask for Help
"What is the life-cycle of test fixtures when using transactional fixtures?"
- The testing framework clears the database of all data within tables that have fixtures files defined.
- A test/spec file is loaded and all fixtures declared within it (or all if
fixtures :all
is declared) are loaded into the database. - A transaction is started.
- The test/spec runs.
- The transaction is rolled-back.
- Repeat!
Standup 11/18/2008: Unbelievable has_many :through Gotcha
One team discovered a jaw-dropping issue with has_many :through. Given the following:
class User < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :user_photos has_many :photos, :through => :user_photos
will create and persist both a Photo object and the UserPhoto join objectphoto = a_user.photos.build
followed byphoto.save
will create and persist the Photo object only, and will not persist an appropriate UserPhoto join object.
Rails 2.2:
extentions have been removed from Rails Core and are now inActiveSupport::TestCase
. As stated in the Groups Thread about this, useActiveSupport::TestCase
instead ofTest::Unit::TestCase
in test/test_helper.rb.
Notes on Google Chrome Compatiblity
Pivot Jonathan and I were recently working on support for Google Chrome in Pivotal Tracker. Tracker's extensive JsUnit test suite made this a lot easier.
Here's some quick notes I took on the issues we ran into.
Don't try to directly mock the 'reset' method on a Form Element
This was the original mocking code in one of our JsUnit tests:
var resetCalled = false;
widget._uploadForm.reset = function() { resetCalled = true; };
This permanently blew away the "reset" method, so it was undefined when called in a subsequent. To fix it, we did this in our form builder method:
var element = Element.create("form");
element.nativeReset = element.reset;
element.reset = function() { element.nativeReset() };
Hash keys sort differently
We had a testHash.keys() being compared to a hardcoded array. Chrome sorted the keys differently (apparently non-deterministically, so we had to do an explicit sort:
assertArrayEquals(['10001', '10002', '10003', 'endOfList'].sort(), $H(itemListWidget.draggables).keys().sort());
It wasn't good to depend on the keys order in the first place, but it worked under IE, Firefox, and Safari.
The same hash sorting bug bit us in a much more obscure way. There was some threading test code that simulated timeouts/concurrency using a mock clock. Previously, the test code was dependent on the order in which the functions were added to a hash the mock "clock". This broke with a different hash sorting order. We had to simulate some additional "ticks" to make the test pass.
Mozilla, but not Gecko
The browser string returned for Chrome by one of our utility functions, BrowserDetect.browser(), is "Mozilla". However, for some of our simulated keypress events in tests, the "Gecko" version did not work.
Specifically, we had to use "KeyboardEvent" instead of "KeyEvents", and "initKeyboardEvent" instead of "initKeyEvent". See the table in this mozilla doc page.
Here's the code we used to handle both cases:
evt = document.createEvent('KeyboardEvent');
if (typeof(evt.initKeyboardEvent) != 'undefined') {
evt.initKeyboardEvent(eventName, true, true, window, false, false, false, false, options.keyCode, options.keyCode);
} else {
evt.initKeyEvent(eventName, true, true, window, false, false, false, false, options.keyCode, options.keyCode);
The UserAgent (request.user_agent) returns
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/525.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/0.3.154.9 Safari/525.19
The 'sort' function does not preserve order of equivalent elements
The following page outputs 'ACBD' under Chrome:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
Sort


text:
cmbeahan's Mom Answers Activity
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Domestic orders placed Monday - Friday by 6 p.m. Eastern Time will be packed and shipped the same day, pending verification of billing information and the shipping method selected. International orders and orders containing gift cards, out-of-stock items or refrigerated items will be processed as quickly as possible, but won't necessarily be shipped out the same day.
Excludes all orders placed on major US holidays (Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and New Year's Day).
Product Label
Our convenient, single capsule serving delivers 1000 mg of glucosamine sulfate, a nutrient derived from seashells and a building block needed for the synthesis and repair of joint cartilage. Numerous clinical trials have demonstrated the ability of glucosamine to significantly improve joint support.
About this product
As a dietary supplement, take one (1) to two (2) capsules daily, preferably witha meal.
Do not use if you are allergic to shellfish or sulfur. Consult your physician prior to use if you are diabetic. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.
Does Not Contain:
Added Yeast, Corn, Wheat, Sugar, Salt, Soy, Starch, Dairy, Citrus, Preservatives, Artificial Colors or Flavors.
Other Ingredients:Gelatin, magnesium stearate, water.
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