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LOS ANGELES (AP) - The California Department of Transportation desperately needs fundamental reforms to help a changing state move people and goods more efficiently, according to a report released Thursday.
uMAN LEADS CHP ON 3.5-HOUR CHASE: STOCKTON (AP) - A man driving a stolen big rig truck in Northern California led the state highway patrol on a 3 ½-hour chase early Thursday before being taken into custody.
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) - California consumer protection officials are threatening to close a number of fast-paced, fast-growing computer coding boot camps that train people to work in the technology industry, saying they failed to get licensed as private schools before they started accepting students.
LONG BEACH, Calif. (AP) - California State University's chancellor announced a $50 million plan to increase graduation rates by hiring more advisers and tenure-track faculty and boosting the number of online courses.
SANTA ROSA. (AP) - Investigators have given a Northern California prosecutor their final report on a sheriff deputy fatally shooting a 13-year-old boy carrying a toy rifle.
SOUTH LAKE TAHOE. (AP) - As much as 2 feet of snow is possible atop the Sierra by Thursday as the first significant storm in nearly two months blows in none too soon for a drought-stricken region where wildfire threats are unseasonably high.
SANTA ANA (AP) - A California schoolteacher was arrested Wednesday after hundreds of living and dead pythons in plastic bins were found stacked floor to ceiling inside his stench-filled home in suburban Orange County.
CASTRO VALLEY (AP) - Thousands of police officers, family and loved ones were among the mourners who gathered at the funeral Wednesday of a San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit officer who was shot and killed by a fellow officer.
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) - California on Wednesday banned fishing in some of the state's drought-stricken streams in an effort to protect imperiled salmon and steelhead, which rely on coastal waterways to grow and spawn.
SAN JOSE (AP) - Seventeen rural communities in drought-stricken California are in danger of a severe water shortage within four months, according to a list compiled by state officials.
SAN JOSE . (AP) - A company that sold alleged weight loss and body cleansing products in California will pay about $1.75 million in penalties and restitution for making false advertising claims.
WASHINGTON (AP) - President Barack Obama is telling California's governor that the federal government will do what's necessary to help with a historic drought afflicting the state.
LOS ANGELES (AP) - A woman who drove 2 miles through a Los Angeles suburb with a dying man on her windshield says she can't remember hitting him.
SACRAMENTO (AP) - Assembly Speaker John Perez said Wednesday that the Legislature will try this year to find a way to start paying down California's massive unfunded liability for teacher pensions, which makes up the largest portion of the state's deficit and is estimated as high as $80 billion.
ORANGE . (AP) - Electronic smoking devices will soon be among tobacco products prohibited by Orange Unified School District.
WASHINGTON (AP) - California's congressional delegation will take a double hit when a new Congress convenes in January.
PALO ALTO (AP) - A detective with the Palo Alto Police Department has been disciplined for forwarding an explicit photo of a suspect from a cellphone while the woman was under arrest, an audit report reveals.
OAKLAND (AP) - Protesters who chained themselves to trains Friday stopped service from Oakland to San Francisco and shut down a major station in the Bay Area Rapid Transit system days after a grand jury in Ferguson, Missouri, declined to indict an officer in the shooting death of an 18-year-old.
• Couple robbed, kidnapped at lookout spot: BERKELEY (AP) - Police say a couple sitting in a car at a Berkeley hillside lookout point taking in the view of the San Francisco Bay were robbed and kidnapped. University of California, Berkeley police are looking for three men who tried to rob a 26-year-old woman and a 23-year-old man about 2 a.m. Thursday. No one was injured. Police said the men, armed with at least two guns and two baseball bats, went to the couple's car, parked on Grizzly Peak Boulevard viewpoint behind the UC Berkeley campus, and tried to rob ...


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About Necklaces at Ice.com
Necklaces are extremely popular because they show off your beautiful facial features, enhance your eyes and draw attention to your skin tone. Necklaces also add style to any outfit, no matter the occasion. And guys, what girl doesn't like having a diamond or gemstone necklace put around her neck for the first time?
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2015 Jutras: The Dolan effect
Xavier Dolan looks set to be crowned at this year's awards gala, with 18 nominations – 10 for Mommy, 8 for Tom à la ferme
Seven Days, Seven Nights: Chicago blues to the Habs Hall of Fame, entertainment picks for Jan. 26 – Feb 1
Monday, Jan. 26 Chicago native and old-school tenor/soprano saxman Johnny Beaudine headlines the downtown House of Jazz tonight with his band Deep Blue, featuring pianist Peter Mika, bass player Ben Comeau and drummer Jeffrey Simons. -
Doug Camilli: Disney's doing Star Wars their way, Lucas says
Also today: simple-life advice from a billionaire; Jennifer Garner's diet problem; and Pete Doherty among the pachyderms
Oh the noise! Plateau residents vs. live music venues
It's been a longstanding clash that threatens to dampen the city's thriving nightlife scene. Brendan Kelly reports on what's at stake.
Two Montrealers are bringing virtual reality to Sundance
Montreal studio Félix & Paul shows off its virtual-reality vision at prestigious festival
Talk-show Tango: Regis Philbin and Letterman swaps places on Tuesday.
Regis Philbin, Whitney Cummings and Adam Pally share duties as the countdown continues to the March 23 debut of new host James Corden. Oh, and look at the Tuesday lineup on the Late Late show.


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Dr. Tariq Shakoor, MD
Gastroenterology, Tri Health Digestive Institute
- 10600 Montgomery Rd Ste 200
Cincinnati, OH 45242 - 2 Office Locations
- (513) 794-5600
Dr. Tariq Shakoor graduated from the Dow Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan in 1978. He works in Cincinnati, OH and 1 other location and specializes in Gastroenterology. Dr. Shakoor is affiliated with Fort Hamilton Hospital, Bethesda North Hospital and Good Samaritan Hospital. He speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Male
Years in Practice: 37 Years
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Medical School: Dow Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
Graduation Date: 1978
Hospital Affiliations: Fort Hamilton Hospital, Bethesda North Hospital, Good Samaritan Hospital
Specialties: Gastroenterology
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Appointments for details.


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I love this site very fast updates and hot comics
Posted on August 17, 2013, 8:30 am By IPE-COMIX
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when i click the pages then why it doesnt load. its showing server not found.
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wtf, why the hell are page not opening, it says 'page cannot be displayed'..plz upload images in a better img sharing site.
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Our most up to date information can be found on our website at www.busterschickens.com. Friend us on facebook - buster's chickens.
buster and i have started raising chickens, chicks and eggs. The chickens are free range, penned up only at night for their safety. we have certification from the tvmdl that are flock is clean. Certificate is available upon request.
pasture raised eggs and chickens are our business. for more information on how to buy laying hens, chicks, eggs or farm fresh chicken for cooking, visit our website at www.busterschickens.com or LIKE us on facebook.
Ask us about fresh processed chickens, eggs from pasture raised hens, rabbits, quails and ducks.
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I'm looking for descendants or relatives of Clayborn Montgomery Elder, b. 1827 in TN, d. 1912 in Utah. It appears he had a large family, and is related to gg-g-g-g grandparents of mine. Notify Administrator about this message?
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Hello Carrylee, My German girlfriend from Hessen, Germany has a Grandmother that is a Phillipi and is still alive! She was born 16.03.1913 in Steinbach, Germany. Her name is Katharina, Margaretha Eckert (nee Phillipi). Notify Administrator about this message?
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- Published: New York : Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, c2005.
- Year Published: 2005
- Edition: 1st ed.
- Description: 1 v. (unpaged) : col. ill. ; 23 cm.
- Language: English
- Format: Book
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- 0689858361
- 9780689858369
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A mouse tries many new things when he and his father go out and play in the snow.
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R. S. Thomas
b. 1913 d. 2000
R. S. Thomas (1913-2000) teemed with contradictions: a passionate advocate of Welsh nationalism he wrote in English and sent his son to boarding school in England; an undemonstrative man he composed...Edward Thomas
b. 1878 d. 1917
Edward Thomas wrote all his poetry in less than three years, between 1914, when he wrote his first, and 1917, when he was killed in the Battle of Arras. Most of his poems were published posthumously...Dylan Thomas
b. 1914 d. 1953
Dylan Thomas (1914-1953) remains one of the legendary figures in 20th Century poetry, both for the impact of his visionary, musical verse, and for the notoriety of his private life. Born in Swansea,...D. M. Thomas
b. 1935
Although he is now renowned as a novelist, biographer and translator as well as a poet, D. M. Thomas wrote and published little else but poetry until he was forty, and has said that poetry has always...Anthony Thwaite
b. 1930
Anthony Thwaite (b. 1930) is deeply involved in English literary life; in addition to 15 volumes of his own poetry, he has been a publisher and literary editor of magazines such as The Listener and...Charles Tomlinson
b. 1927
Charles Tomlinson (b. 1927), since his first publication in 1951, has built a career that has seen more notice in the international scene than in his native England; this may explain, and be...Sylvia Townsend Warner
b. 1893 d. 1978
Sylvia Townsend Warner [1893-1978] is best known today as a groundbreaking feminist and lesbian writer who championed the cause of the outsider in novels such as Lolly Willowes. However, this is only...Mark Tredinnick
b. 1962
Mark Tredinnick (b. 1962), though an established Australian writer, is a relatively new poet - The Road South, an audio CD (River Road Press 2008), is his first collection. Tredinnick was raised in...Brian Turner
b. 1944
Brian Turner was born in 1944. An outdoorsman, a mountaineer, a national representative hockey player, a keen cricketer, and an avid senior road cyclist he has made a unique career in New Zealand...Hone Tuwhare
b. 1922 d. 2008
Hone Tuwhare (1922 — 2008) is New Zealand's pre-eminent Maori poet; his tribal affiliations are with Ngā Puhi, Ngāti Korokoro, Ngāti Tautahi, Te Popote and Uri-o-Hau. From a working class background...


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Camden SC Jobs – Jobs in Camden South CarolinaSouth Carolina SC Jobs SC Jobs by City Camden Jobs Need to Refine Your Search?Camden Jobs101) Customer Service - Consider a Career Change to Insurance SalesCustomer Service - Consider a Career Change to Insurance Sales What makes Bankers Life and Casualty different from any other company in our industry is our unparalleled focus on our Agents and continued contribution to their success. Here is what you can count on from us: Opportunity for Six Figure... Read More Published on: 12-29-2014 Published by: Bankers Life and Casualty Company Location: Elgin, SC 102) Seasonal Lumber Customer Service Associate Seasonal Lumber Customer Service Associate Service Associate Position Description Responsible for providing quick, friendly customer service by answering customers questions, providing purchase assistance and keeping shelves stocked. Assigned primarily to one zone on the sales... Read More Published on: 01-23-2015 Published by: Lowe's Location: South Carolina 103) Customer Service Representatives - Direct Hire Customer Service Representatives - Direct Hire Contemporary Staffing Solutions is currently recruiting Customer Service Representatives for Direct Hire positions in Columbia, SC. The ideal candidate should be an organized strong multi-tasker, who is self-motivated with great customer... Read More Published on: 01-23-2015 Published by: Contemporary Staffing Solutions Location: Columbia, SC 104) Customer Service Representative Customer Service Representative Customer Service Rep - Work from homeAfter stuggling to find decent customer service reps in our area, we're opening up the entire United States to find the best of the best. And Great news! We're allowing you to work from home!Every 6... Read More Published on: 01-15-2015 Published by: Sixty-3 Design Location: Columbia, SC 105) Customer Service Rep(05636) - 2307 Reidville Rd Customer Service Rep(05636) - 2307 Reidville Rd ABOUT THE JOB Imagine yourself with a job with flexible hours, competitive pay, a fun environment, did we mention flexible hours? We're already imagining you in that job, right now. We're imagining that because right now we're looking for... Read More Published on: 01-24-2015 Published by: Domino's Pizza Location: South Carolina 106) Customer Service Specialist I Customer Service Specialist I Colonial Life, a member of the Fortune 500 Unum family of businesses and market leader in benefit solutions, specializes in personal insurance products offered to employees at the worksite. At Colonial Life, we know that each individual's... Read More Published on: 01-23-2015 Published by: Unum Group Location: Columbia, SC 107) Customer Service/Deliveries Customer Service/Deliveries Position Purpose: Associates in store Customer Service/Delivery positions are responsible for ensuring an outstanding customer order fulfillment experience. Direct customer interaction is frequently required for these positions, which are... Read More Published on: 01-24-2015 Published by: Homer TLC Location: Columbia, SC 108) Administrative Customer Service Representative Administrative Customer Service Representative Job Details Under general supervision of the Support Services Director, serves as a Customer/Administrative Service Representative for specialized unit. Employee is responsible for answering customer calls and emails, providing procedural... Read More Published on: 01-23-2015 Published by: Wis TV Location: Blythewood, SC 109) Customer Service Customer Service "rovide exceptional customer service and assist the Center Manager in the daily operations which include but are not limited to: collecting, data entry, marketing, sales of alternative products, cash handling, and contributing to the... Read More Published on: 01-14-2015 Published by: Sunnystaffing Location: Columbia, SC 110) Customer Service Representative Customer Service Representative We're Hiring! About Our Agency Our mission is to help people manage the risks of everyday life, recover from the unexpected and realize their dreams. Our office is located in Columbia, SC. Our office is open 9-5 Monday through Friday. We... Read More Published on: 09-12-2014 Published by: State Farm Agent Location: Columbia, SC First Prev « 1 ... 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ... 78 » Next Last |
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You're likely familiar with the difference between a traditional IRA/401(k) and a Roth IRA/401(k). While the traditional account enables you to postpone taxes on both the income invested and its growth until the funds are withdrawn, a Roth account does not provide an initial tax benefit but investment growth is tax free. So which is better?
Let's answer the question with some simple math. Suppose an investor in the 25 percent federal tax bracket invests $1,000 of pre-tax income, obtains an 8 percent annual return over the next 10 years, and is still in the 25 percent tax bracket in the future. Would this investor profit more investing in a traditional or a Roth account?
As the chart below illustrates, the investor in this scenario would end up with the exact same amount in either a traditional or a Roth account.
So does the decision to invest in a traditional or Roth retirement account not matter? Not so fast.
Constant Tax Rate |
Traditional |
Roth |
Initial Tax Bill (25%) |
$0 |
$250 |
Invested Amount (after-tax) |
$1,000 |
$750 |
Future Investment Value |
$2,159 |
$1,619 |
Future Tax Bill (25%) |
$540 |
$0 |
After-Tax Value in 10 Years |
$1,619 |
$1,619 |
Lower Tax Bracket in Future
Let's assume our investor will have a reduced income when she retires in 10 years, causing her to be in the 15 percent tax bracket in the future. Perhaps the worker is in her prime earning years and will have less income during retirement. In this scenario, due to the up-front 25 percent tax bill, investing the funds in a Roth would lead to the same after-tax value of $1,619. But investing the funds in a traditional account would allow the full $1,000 to experience growth for 10 years, with a reduced future tax bill of 15 percent, leaving $1,835 of after-tax value in the account. This investor would benefit from delaying taxes into the future when she would be in a lower tax bracket.
Lower Tax Rate in the Future |
Traditional |
Roth |
Initial Tax Bill (25%) |
$0 |
$250 |
Invested Amount (after-tax) |
$1,000 |
$750 |
Future Investment Value |
$2,159 |
$1,619 |
Future Tax Bill (15%) |
$324 |
$0 |
After-Tax Value in 10 Years Utah Business Social
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Forty Under 40 - 2015
Feb 26, 2015 Utah Business Magazine along with Presenting Sponsors: Kirton McConkie, BIG-D Construction and Ma...
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Mar 20, 2015 Utah Business magazine and Presenting Sponsors: Holland & Hart and Newmark Grubb ACRES, Premier S...
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May 31, 2015 NOMINATIONS NOW OPEN! Visit: www.utahbusiness.com/nomination_items Questions: heather@utahbusi... Community Events View All
CISSP Certified Information Systems Security Professional
Jan 29, 2015 This 5-day course prepares students to take the CISSP certification examination (not included). T...
CISSP Certified Information Systems Security Professional
Jan 29, 2015 This 5-day course prepares students to take the CISSP certification examination (not included). T...
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One Surprising Tactic That Can Boost Your Business This Holiday
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5 Leadership Lessons From the Cuba Negotiations
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Finding Inspiration in Shark Tanks and Bee Hives
A growing number of companies are turning to Mother Nature--or biomimicry--as a source of innovation.
Three Ways to Un-learn Your Worst Social Media Habits
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The Business Case for Flexible Work Options (Infographic)
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5 New Year's Resolutions for Entrepreneurs
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How to Convince Consumers Your Product is Worth Their Money
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Controlling wildlife fungal disease spread: in vitro efficacy of disinfectants against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Mucor amphibiorum.
ABSTRACT Chytridiomycosis in amphibians, and mucormycosis in the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus and amphibians, are serious fungal diseases affecting these aquatic taxa. In Tasmania, Australia, the fungi that cause these diseases overlap in range along with Phytophthora cinnamomi (Pc), an invasive fungal plant pathogen. To identify disinfectants that may be useful to reduce anthropogenic spread of these fungi to uninfected wilderness areas, for example by bush walkers and forestry or fire-fighting operations, we tested 3 disinfectants and a fire-fighting foam against Mucor amphibiorum (Ma) and tested 1 disinfectant and the foam against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Combining the present study with previous work we found Bd was more susceptible to all 4 chemicals than Ma. Phytoclean, a disinfectant used at 2 to 10% for 30 s to control Pc, killed cultures of Bd at 0.075% and Ma at 5%, when also applied for 30 s. The disinfectant F10sc was not effective against Ma at standard exposures, but previous work shows Bd is killed at 0.03% with a 1 min exposure. Path-X is effective against Bd at 0.001% with a 30 s exposure and killed Ma at 1% with a 5 min exposure. Forexpan S, a foam added to water at 0.1 to 1% to control forest fires, killed Bd but not Ma when used at 1% for 2 min. Therefore, Phytoclean and Path-X have broader efficacy, although Path-X has not been trialled against Pc. Interestingly a positive mating strain of Ma (from a platypus) was more resistant to disinfectants than a negative strain (from a frog). Current protocols against Pc that involve high concentrations (10%) of Phytoclean are likely to reduce spread of pathogenic wildlife fungi, which is important for protecting biodiversity.
Article: Parasites in algae mass culture.
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Parasites are now known to be ubiquitous across biological systems and can play an important role in modulating algal populations. However, there is a lack of extensive information on their role in artificial ecosystems such as algal production ponds and photobioreactors. Parasites have been implicated in the demise of algal blooms. Because individual mass culture systems often tend to be unialgal and a select few algal species are in wide scale application, there is an increased potential for parasites to have a devastating effect on commercial scale monoculture. As commercial algal production continues to expand with a widening variety of applications, including biofuel, food and pharmaceuticals, the parasites associated with algae will become of greater interest and potential economic impact. A number of important algal parasites have been identified in algal mass culture systems in the last few years and this number is sure to grow as the number of commercial algae ventures increases. Here, we review the research that has identified and characterized parasites infecting mass cultivated algae, the techniques being proposed and or developed to control them, and the potential impact of parasites on the future of the algal biomass industry.Frontiers in microbiology. 01/2014; 5:278.
Page 1
Dis Aquat Org
Vol. 99: 119–125, 2012
doi: 10.3354/dao02461
Published June 13
Emerging diseases of wildlife are a serious threat
to biodiversity (Daszak et al. 2000) and a number of
fungal diseases have recently had catastrophic ef -
fects on wildlife populations. Chytridiomycosis of
amphibians and mucormycosis of the platypus Orni -
tho rhynchus anatinus and amphibians are 2 impor-
tant fungal diseases that have been selected as prior-
ities for control in Australia (Allan & Gartenstein
2010). Phytophthora cinnamomi (Pc) is an emerging
fungal plant pathogen in native Australian forests.
These 3 pathogens have infectious stages that can
occur outside the host, such as in soil or pond and
stream water. There is concern that these fungi may
be spread by fire-fighting or forestry activities that
involve transporting water and machinery. These
diseases have emerged and spread recently but are
not yet established in all suitable areas (e.g. Murray
et al. 2011); hence, using disinfectants to reduce
© Inter-Research 2012 · www.int-res.com*Email: email@example.com
Controlling wildlife fungal disease spread: in vitro
efficacy of disinfectants against Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis and Mucor amphibiorum
Rebecca Webb1,*, Annie Philips2, Rick Speare1, Joanne Connolly3,4, Lee Berger1
1Amphibian Disease Ecology Group, School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences,
James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
2Biodiversity Conservation Branch, DPIPWE, 134 Macquarie Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
3EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
4School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
ABSTRACT: Chytridiomycosis in amphibians, and mucormycosis in the platypus Ornitho rhynchus
anatinus and amphibians, are serious fungal diseases affecting these aquatic taxa. In Tasmania,
Australia, the fungi that cause these diseases overlap in range along with Phytophthora cinnamomi
(Pc), an invasive fungal plant pathogen. To identify disinfectants that may be useful to reduce an-
thropogenic spread of these fungi to uninfected wilderness areas, for example by bush walkers and
forestry or fire-fighting operations, we tested 3 disinfectants and a fire-fighting foam against
Mucor amphibiorum (Ma) and tested 1 disinfectant and the foam against Batracho chytrium den-
drobatidis (Bd). Combining the present study with previous work we found Bd was more suscepti-
ble to all 4 chemicals than Ma. Phytoclean, a disinfectant used at 2 to 10% for 30 s to control Pc,
killed cultures of Bd at 0.075% and Ma at 5%, when also applied for 30 s. The disinfectant F10sc
was not effective against Ma at standard exposures, but previous work shows Bd is killed at 0.03%
with a 1 min exposure. Path-X is effective against Bd at 0.001% with a 30 s exposure and killed Ma
at 1% with a 5 min exposure. Forexpan S, a foam added to water at 0.1 to 1% to control forest fires,
killed Bd but not Ma when used at 1% for 2 min. Therefore, Phytoclean and Path-X have broader
efficacy, although Path-X has not been trialled against Pc. Interestingly a positive mating strain of
Ma (from a platypus) was more resistant to disinfectants than a negative strain (from a frog). Cur-
rent protocols against Pc that involve high concentrations (10%) of Phytoclean are likely to reduce
spread of pathogenic wildlife fungi, which is important for protecting biodiversity.
KEY WORDS: Chytridiomycosis · Mucormycosis · Pathogenic fungi · Platypus · Amphibian ·
Phytophthora cinnamomi
Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher
Page 2
Dis Aquat Org 99: 119–125, 2012
the risk of further spread is an important control
Mucormycosis, caused by the zygomycete Mucor
amphibiorum (Ma), is the most significant disease
affecting platypus in Tasmania, although it has not
been detected in mainland platypuses (Connolly et
al. 1998). In the platypus, infection causes an ulcera-
tive dermatitis, and the fungus may disseminate to
internal organs (Obendorf et al. 1993). Infected platy-
puses can develop impaired thermoregulation and
mobility and may die. Mucormycosis also occurs in
mainland Australian amphibians but has not been
detected in Tasmanian frogs (Connolly et al. 1998). It
can cause a fatal, systemic infection in captive and
wild frogs and cane toads Bufo marinus (Berger et al.
1997, Speare et al. 1997, Creeper et al. 1998). A
platypus strain of the fungus was able to experimen-
tally infect amphibians (Stewart & Munday 2005).
Ma is heterophallic; positive strains produce resistant
zygospores if mated with a negative strain, but only
positive strains have been found in Tasmania (Schip-
per 1978, Connolly 2009). Ma also reproduces asexu-
ally via infective sporangiospores (Stewart & Mun-
day 2005). Infection experiments in toads suggest
that the positive strains of Ma are more pathogenic. It
grows on soil and may largely be a saprobic organ-
ism that opportunistically infects animals (Speare et
al. 1994). It has been speculated that the spread of
mucormycosis around Tasmania was caused in part
by human activities (Gust & Griffiths 2009). Mucor -
mycosis was initially discovered in Elizabeth River,
central-eastern Tasmania, in 1982. Since then it
appears to have spread across northern Tasmania
and has been found in 11 river catchments, or about
24% of the state (Gust & Griffiths 2009).
Chytridiomycosis, caused by the chytridiomycete
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is an invasive
disease that has caused amphibian declines world-
wide (Skerratt et al. 2007). There are 2 main stages in
the life cycle: the motile, waterborne and infective
zoospore, and the zoosporangium that grows within
epidermal cells. A likely mechanism of spread is via
natural and anthropogenic movement of infected
amphibians, but movement via water and moist soil
is also possible (Berger et al. 2009). Saprobic growth
is suspected but has not been proven. In Tasmania
the large southwestern World Heritage Area, which
contains 3 endemic frog species (Driessen & Mallick
2003), appears to be largely free from Bd, while it
occurs throughout much of the rest of the state
(Obendorf & Dalton 2006, Pauza et al. 2010).
In Australia, the introduced plant disease 'Phytoph-
thora root rot' or 'wildflower die-back' caused by the
zoosporic oomycete Pc, is widespread and is threat-
ening a number of plant species and commu nities
(Rudman 2005). It is of special concern in Tasmanian
heathlands, dry forests and buttongrass moorlands.
Though primarily a soil-inhabiting pathogen, Pc can
also contaminate creeks and water bodies.
There is concern that these 3 diseases could be fur-
ther spread around the state anthropogenically such
as by tourists, forestry machinery or fire-fighting op-
erations. To prevent further spread of Pc within Tas-
mania, the Department of Primary Industries, Parks,
Water and Environment has developed guidelines
that involve washing machinery, vehicles, hiking
boots and equipment. Where risks are significant the
additional use of the disinfectant Phytoclean (Bold-
scape) is recommended. Phytoclean (active ingredi-
ent: benzalkonium chloride, 30% w/w) is designed
for the control of Pc in earth-moving, quarrying, hor-
ticultural and plantation industries. In this study we
tested the effectiveness of Phytoclean against Bd and
Ma to check whether current guidelines designed to
minimise the spread of root rot are simultaneously re-
ducing the spread of these wildlife pathogens.
Effective disinfectants for Bd have been identified
for use in laboratories, in captive husbandry and on
field equipment to reduce human-mediated spread
(Johnson et al. 2003, Webb et al. 2007, Phillott et
al. 2010). Two disinfectants were effective at low
concentrations: F10 super concentrate disinfectant
'F10sc' (active ingredients: benzal konium chloride,
5.4% w/w, and polyhexamethylene biguanide hydro -
chloride, 0.4% w/w; Health and Hygiene) and Path-X
(active ingredient: didecyl dimethyl ammonium chlo-
ride, 12% w/w; Nutri-Tech Solutions) (Johnson et al.
2003, Webb et al. 2007). Hence, we tested the effec-
tiveness of F10sc and Path-X against Ma.
We also tested Forexpan S (Angus Fire) for disin-
fectant activity against Ma and Bd. Forexpan S is a
synthetic fire-fighting foam concentrate, added to
water to control forestry or wildland fires. It contains
hydrocarbon surfactants, glycol solvent and a foam
stabiliser and reduces surface tension, which allows
water to penetrate into burning material (Angus Fire
website: www.angusfire.co.uk, accessed 2009). As
water taken into fire trucks may be sourced from any
convenient water body, fire fighters may uninten-
tionally be spreading aquatic pathogens.
Determining the minimum lethal concentration
(MLC) of a disinfectant is necessary to develop disin-
Page 3
Webb et al.: Disinfectants to control wildlife fungal diseases
fection protocols. The MLC is the lowest concentration
that will prevent the growth of an organism after sub-
culture onto media free from the antimicrobial; it de-
scribes fungicidal effects. Owing to the differences in
growth form between Bd and Ma, different methods
were used for fungicidal tests to determine the MLC.
The methods (Methods 1 and 2) were similar in that
the fungal culture and supporting structure were ex-
posed to a solution of the test compound then rinsed,
returned to culture media, incubated and monitored
for growth. Initially we used concentrations recom-
mended by the manufacturer and if these were effec-
tive, concentrations were decreased until cultures
survived (see Table 1 for concentration and exposure
ranges tested). The minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) is the lowest concentration that will inhibit the
visible growth of a microorganism; it describes fun -
gistatic effects and provides further information on
antimicrobial action (Quinn et al. 2002). Method 3 was
used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentra-
tion (MIC) of Phytoclean for both fungi.
Method 1. Fungicidal effects on
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Fungicidal effects of compounds on Bd were tested
by using a published method (Johnson et al. 2003,
Webb et al. 2007). An active culture of an isolate from
Queensland, 'Tully-Lrheocola-06-LB-1' (Berger et al.
2005), was grown as a monolayer in 96-well plates
(Techo Plastic Products) with tryptone, gelatin hydro -
lysate, lactose (TGhL) broth (Sigma and Oxoid) for
4 d, then exposed to the test product at various con-
centrations and exposure times (see Table 1) with 8
replicate wells. Phytoclean and fire-foam were
diluted with sterile water. Positive growth controls
were treated with water only and remained alive dur-
ing the experiment. After exposure the test product
was removed, and wells were rinsed with TGhL
broth, filled with fresh TGhL broth and incubated
at 23°C. The plates were checked daily for 1 wk to de-
tect the presence of motile zoospores, which indicated
culture survival. A 100% kill of all 8 replicates was
required for the product to be considered effective.
Method 2. Fungicidal effects on Mucor
Fungicidal activities of compounds on Ma were
tested by using a method similar to 'Protocol 2'
described by Alderman (1982), except that the fungi
was grown on glass coverslips rather than filter mem-
branes to enable the fungus to be dipped into the dis-
infectant. This method is similar to routinely used
'carrier tests' (Swart & Hilgren 2001). Two isolates of
Ma were obtained from culture collections: isolate
'40.41', a positive mating strain isolated from an ulcer
on a Tasmanian platypus, and '40.50', a negative
mating strain, isolated in 1977 from a captive frog
(Dendrobates sp.) in Germany. Ma was grown on
Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA) (Oxoid) for several
days at 25°C. Square pieces (approximately 2 cm2) of
fungi and agar were cut and placed on new SDA with
fungus side up and covered with sterile 40 × 24 mm
glass coverslips (Livingstone). Further squares of
fungi were inverted and placed on top of the cover-
slips. These culture plates were then sealed and
incubated at 25°C for 4 d. Hyphae grew on both sides
of the coverslips and remained attached when the
agar squares were peeled off.
The coverslips with attached hyphae and sporan-
giospores were exposed to disinfectants in individual,
sterile, 70 ml specimen containers (Sarstedt) contain-
ing 50 ml of disinfectant or fire-foam solution (see
Table 1 for concentrations). Coverslips were sub-
merged in the liquid by using sterile forceps. After
the exposure period, the coverslip was removed by
using a new pair of sterile forceps, shaken to remove
excess liquid, submerged in sterile water for 10 s and
shaken again before being placed on a clean SDA
plate. The plates were sealed with Parafilm (Pechiney
Plastic Packaging) and incubated at 25°C. Plates
were checked daily for a week for fungal growth
around the coverslip. Surviving fungi quickly col o n -
ised the surrounding agar indicating that the disin-
fectant exposure was ineffective. Each experiment
included a positive control treatment of sterile water.
A negative control treatment of 70% ethanol was also
included in each experiment to check for contamina-
tion by airborne sporangiospores. The results were
only considered valid if the positive controls showed
growth and the negative controls did not. Each exper-
iment had 2 replicates for a particular concentration/
exposure combination, and if the culture was killed
then the test was repeated at least 3 times on different
days. The MLC was the lowest concentration that
killed all replicates of both Ma strains.
Method 3. Fungistatic effects on Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis and Mucor amphibiorum
Method 3 was aimed at determining the MIC of
Phytoclean, since it appeared to be a promising
Page 4
Dis Aquat Org 99: 119–125, 2012
broad spectrum disinfectant. This method was used
on both fungi, although Bd was grown on TGhL
agar and Ma was grown on SDA. Method 3 is simi-
lar to 'Protocol 1' described by Alderman (1982).
Agar was autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min then
allowed to cool for a few hours in hot water. Phyto-
clean was added to the warm liquid agar to produce
various concentrations (ranging from 10% down to
0.001%). Positive growth control plates contained
no Phytoclean. Cultures of Bd and both mating
types of Ma were grown on TGhL and SDA agar at
23°C and 25°C, respectively. After 3 d, 1 cm2pieces
were cut from the growing edge of the cultures and
placed, fungus side down, onto the agar containing
Phytoclean. Plates were checked daily for 1 wk and
each test was replicated 3 times. Uninhibited fungi
colonised the surrounding agar within a few days.
The MIC was the lowest concentration without
With a 30 s exposure, Phytoclean was effective
against Bd at only 0.075%, whereas 5% was required
to kill Ma (Tables 1 & 2). However, the negative Ma
strain 40.50 was more sensitive than the positive
strain 40.41 and was killed by 4% Phytoclean within
30 s.
The MIC testing (Method 3) showed 0.005%
(0.05 ml l−1) Phytoclean inhibited growth of Bd and
0.08% (0.8 ml l−1) inhibited growth of Ma.
Forexpan S
Bd was killed by 1% Forexpan S if the exposure
time was at least 2 min. Ma was not killed by the
maximum concentration and exposure combination
tested, 1% for 5 min. Higher concentrations were not
tested as they are not applicable.
The positive mating strain of Ma 40.41 was more
resistant to F10sc than the negative strain 40.50.
F10sc used at 5% for 10 min was effective against the
negative strain, but only killed 40% of positive strain
replicates (Table 1). To kill fungal spores the manu-
facturers recommend F10sc is used at concentrations
between 0.4 and 0.8% for 30 min, which was ineffec-
tive against Ma.
Path-X at 1% for 5 min was effective against Ma
and killed the fungus in all 6 replicates tested. Path-
X at 0.5% for 10 min only killed the negative strain.
Disinfectant and
target species
time (min)
(% killed)
0.5, 1, 5
0.5, 1
1, 5
0.5, 1, 5
0.5, 1, 5
0/8 (0)
0/8 (0)
8/8 (100)
0/8 (0)
8/8 (100)
8/8 (100)
8/8 (100)
7/8 (87.5)
1/4 (25)
8/8 (100)
8/8 (100)
4/4 (100)
6/6 (100)
Ma, +ve strain
Ma, −ve strain
Forexpan S
0.5, 1, 5
0.5, 1, 5
1, 5
0.5, 5
0.5, 5
0/8 (0)
0/8 (0)
0/8 (0)
8/8 (100)
0/2 (0)
0/2 (0)
0/2 (0)
0/2 (0)
Ma, +ve strain
Ma, −ve strain
Ma, +ve strain
Not tested here; see Webb et al. (2007)
0/6 (0)
2/5 (40)
5/6 (83)
5/6 (83)
1/4 (25)
9/9 (100)
6/6 (100)
Ma, −ve strain
Ma, +ve strain
Ma, −ve strain
Not tested here; see Johnson et al. (2003)
15, 10
15, 10
4/6 (67)
6/6 (100)
6/6 (100)
6/6 (100)
Table 1. Testing schedule for disinifectants used against in
vitro cultures of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and
Mucor amphibiorum (Ma) in the present study. Concentra-
tions refer to diluted commercial disinfectant, not active in-
gredients. Efficacy = replicates killed / replicates tested;
percentage killed is indicated in parentheses
Page 5
Webb et al.: Disinfectants to control wildlife fungal diseases
The disinfectant Phytoclean was effective against
Bd but not against Ma at the lower concentrations
used widely for control of Pc. The manufacturers
recommend 2% Phytoclean is used for >30 s when
washing down machinery and cleaning benches
and tools, and recommend 10% Phytoclean for foot
baths (Phytoclean website: www.phytoclean. com.au/,
accessed 2009). These concentrations are both well
above the level effective against Bd as 0.075% will
kill sporangia within 30 s. However, the lower rec-
ommended exposure (2% for 30 s) is not effective
against cultures of Ma, which re quired at least 5%
for 30 s. If standard recommendations for footbaths
(10% Phytoclean) are followed, all 3 pathogens
will be killed. Phytoclean is already in use in Tas-
mania, particularly for Phytophthora control in
conservation areas. It is non- corrosive and there
have been no reports of it degrading or damaging
equipment (T. Rudman pers. comm.).
Forexpan S fire foam has only minor potential for
controlling Bd. Forexpan S at a concentration of 1%
for at least 1 min killed Bd, but Ma was not affected
by 1% Forexpan S, even after 5 min. The fire foam
is recommended to be used at between 0.1 and
1%, and is typically added to the water once spray-
ing commences (A. Pyrke, DPIPWE, Hobart, pers.
comm.). Therefore, it has a short exposure time
(<30 s) before the water enters the environment.
However, if a helicopter is used to fight fires, the
exposure time was estimated at 5 min, which would
kill Bd if a consistent concentration of 1% was
achieved. The high temperatures associated with a
bush fire would be expected to kill
both fungi, particularly Bd, which dies
at 37°C within 4 h (Johnson et al.
2003). However, while water landing
on the fire would be sterilised, there is
concern regarding run-off of cold
water, which highlights the need for
investigation into fungicides to add to
water used for fire fighting.
F10sc is an effective disinfectant
against Bd at concentrations as low as
0.033% for 1 min (Webb et al. 2007).
Unfortunately F10sc was not as effec-
tive against Ma, and the manufac-
turer's lengthy recommended proto-
cols did not completely kill both Ma
strains. To determine the MLC for Ma
requires further work.
Path-X is an agricultural disinfec-
tant and the active ingredient is a quaternary ammo-
nium compound. Path-X is recommended to be used
at a concentration of 1% for at least 10 min for gen-
eral disinfection of equipment and hands and for use
in foot baths. This protocol is effective against Ma
and Bd (Webb et al. 2007), which were killed at con-
centrations of 1 and 0.0001%, respectively. Path-X
has not yet been tested against Pc, but it is likely to
be effective since other quaternary ammonium com-
pounds were shown to inhibit Pc at low exposures
(Noske & Shearer 1985).
Table 2 summarizes disinfectant protocols effective
against cultured Bd and Ma, using data from the pre-
sent study and previous work. At present, Phytoclean
appears to be the best choice as it is known to be
effective against all 3 fungi, is already used widely,
works rapidly and is non-corrosive (Material Safety
Data Sheet No. 24-7755, Chemwatch CD 2010/1).
Currently established protocols for Pc also kill Bd,
but for them to also be effective against Ma requires
increasing the time required for the washdown and
instrument cleaning. As 5% Phytoclean for 30 s
killed cultures of Ma, we suggest applying 5% Phy-
toclean for 1 min or 10% for 30 s.
The MIC and MLC in this study refer to in vitro test-
ing, using pure fungal cultures and sterile materials.
As soil and organic matter can interfere with disinfec-
tion, higher concentrations and exposure times should
be used in the field, after first washing equipment to
remove dirt. Bd is difficult to culture from non-sterile
substrates, so testing its survival in real-world situa-
tions, such as on used equipment, is problematic.
All 3 disinfectants tested here are human irritants
and as they are toxic to aquatic organisms disposal
(%)(ml l−1)(%)(ml l−1)
Forexpan S
aFrom Webb et al. (2007); bFrom Johnson et al. (2003)
Table 2. Summary of disinfectant protocols effective against cultured Batra-
chochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Mucor amphibiorum (Ma), using data
from the present study and from previous work. Higher exposure concentra-
tions or times should be used in applied situations. Concentrations refer to di-
lutions of the commercial compounds, not active ingredients. MLC: minimum
lethal concentration; ne: not effective (<100% efficacy at maximum concen-
trations and times tested; see Table 1)
Page 6
Dis Aquat Org 99: 119–125, 2012
into the environment, especially water bodies, should
be avoided. Disinfectants can be applied to equip-
ment and then rinsed to reduce environmental cont-
amination. Further work should compare sublethal
effects of low concentrations on tadpoles and other
aquatic organisms. For example Schmidt et al. (2009)
showed that bleach is highly toxic to tadpoles and
zooplankton and recommended Virkon S as a safer
disinfectant for field use. As Virkon S is effective
against Bd (Johnson et al. 2003), it could also be tri-
alled against Ma and Pc.
The susceptibility of Ma to chemical disinfection
differed between the strains. The negative mating
strain 40.50 was more susceptible to Phytoclean,
F10sc and Path-X. Infection experiments using toads
have suggested that the positive strains of Ma are
also more pathogenic and cause more severe infec-
tions. The reason may be that positive strains pro-
duce more spherules containing daughter cells
(Stewart & Munday 2005). The positive mating type
of a plant pathogen, Mucor piriformis, was also more
pathogenic and caused larger lesions than did the
negative mating type (Michailides & Spotts 1986).
Another reason for differences in susceptibility
between the strains of Ma could be related to their
origin (amphibian versus platypus), which is associ-
ated with genetic differences (Connolly et al. 2010).
Our sensitivity trials for Ma only tested the actively
growing hyphae and sporangiospores (asexual re -
production). Zygospores (sexual reproduction) are
assumed to be absent from Tasmania as only the pos-
itive mating strain has been isolated, despite numer-
ous culture attempts from samples including pla -
typus ulcers, frog faeces, soil, water and ticks
(Connolly et al. 1998, Stewart & Munday 2005). How-
ever, both strains do occur in mainland Australia so
further work should test the resistance of zygospores
to chemical disinfectants.
From this study and previous work (Johnson et al.
2003, Webb et al. 2007), we conclude Phytoclean and
Path-X are highly effective against Bd and moderate
levels kill Ma. F10sc was effective against Bd but not
Ma when the manufacturer's directions were fol-
lowed. Forexpan S only killed Bd when the exposure
was higher than is typically used for fire fighting. Out
of the 4 compounds tested, Phytoclean appears the
most useful as it acts rapidly, and current protocols for
Pc are effective against Bd and could be modified to
be effective against Ma. In future, Path-X could be
tested against Pc in case this is an alternative disin-
fectant for all 3 fungi. This knowledge is key to devel-
oping hygiene protocols that will reduce the risk of
spreading pathogens to new wilderness areas, for ex-
ample in washdown stations for bush walkers, field
biologists and forestry or fire-fighting operations.
Acknowledgements. We thank K. Weeks for kindly sending
Ma cultures and A. Thomas for help with identifying Ma. We
are grateful to K. Henning from Nutri-Tech and to A. Pyrke
for providing antifungal compounds. The EH Graham Cen-
tre for Agricultural Innovation is jointly supported by
Charles Sturt University and the NSW Department of Pri-
mary Industries. This work was supported by the Australian
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Stewart NJ, Munday BL (2005) Possible differences in
patho genicity between cane toad-, frog- and platypus-
derived isolates of Mucor amphibiorum, and a platypus-
derived isolate of Mucor circinelloides. Med Mycol 43:
Swart SK, Hilgren JD (2001) Methods of testing fungicides.
In: Block S (ed) Disinfection, sterilization and preser -
vation, 5th edn. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, London,
p 1383−1390
Webb R, Mendez D, Berger L, Speare R (2007) Additional
disinfectants effective against the amphibian chytrid
fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Dis Aquat Org
74: 13−16
Editorial responsibility: David Marcogliese,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Submitted: March 3, 2011; Accepted: March 7, 2012
Proofs received from author(s): May 21, 2012


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Prostejov tennis academy
Which academy did the likes of Tomas berdych and Petra kvitova train at. If you have a specific website it would be much appreciated.
Thanks tennis balla.
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Comfort Inn 1230 Journey's End Cir. Newmarket, ON L3Y 8Z6 Phone: (905) 895-3355 Fax: (905) 895-1176 |
- Pet Friendly
- Smoke Free
- Free Breakfast
- Free Internet
Welcome to the Comfort Inn, a Newmarket hotel near Southlake Regional Health Centre
The Comfort Inn® Newmarket guest rooms include a 32" LCD flat screen television, refrigerator, microwave, free wireless high speed internet, coffee maker, hair dryer, iron and ironing board.
This pet friendly hotel has drive up rooms with patio access door, coin laundry facilities and the hotel is 100% smoke free.
Located at the corner of Highway 404 and Davis Drive, the Comfort Inn® hotel is ideally located minutes from Southlake Regional Health Centre and the York Region government headquarters. Canada's Wonderland theme park is located just 25 minutes from this Newmarket hotel.
Main Street is a unique experience with early 1800s styled historic architecture, streetlights and custom-grown flower barrels. Its proximity to the Holland River Trail System and Fairy Lake allows for recreational, cultural and arts activities. Local businesses provide boutiques, patio eateries, live theatres and a seasonal farmer's market in a vibrant setting. Also located on Main Street is the Elman W. Campbell Museum, which has a collection of Newmarket artifacts.
Upper Canada Mall is another great shopping experience, with more than 1,000,000 square feet and 250 stores, located along the bustling Yonge Street corridor. Newmarket also has more than 800 acres of active parkland and nature trails, four public arenas, two indoor pools and a variety of programs for all ages.
The town of Newmarket offers small town charm with big city conveniences. The close proximity to Toronto makes it attractive to business travelers and visitors to the York Region.
Guests of this Newmarket hotel are invited to enjoy amenities and features like:
- Free wireless high-speed Internet access
- Free full hot breakfast
- Free weekday newspaper
- Free local calls
- Pet-friendly hotel
Your Morning Breakfast is full of hot and delicious options, making breakfast at the Comfort Inn the perfect way to start your day. Enjoy our free hot breakfast featuring eggs, meat, yogurt, fresh fruit, cereal and more, including your choice of hot waffle flavors.
The Comfort Inn hotel is an ideal place to stay while taking part in the many outdoor activities, events and festivals that the Newmarket and greater Toronto areas have to offer. With its convenient location, the Comfort Inn hotel is the place to stay while golfing or doing business in the York Region.


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Wynn Las Vegas Resort and Country Club
While serenity and the Strip tend to be mutually exclusive, the two come together at the Wynn Las Vegas golf course, where the buzz of the boulevard is blocked by tall fences and lush forests. Created in 2005 by world-renowned architect Tom Fazio and hotel chairman Steve Wynn, the 7,042-yard, par-70 course is designed with 18 distinctive holes and sharp elevations that defy the rocky landscape of the Strip. As attractive as it is challenging, the course also features meandering streams and a colossal waterfall beside the 18th hole. A well-stocked pro shop and personable caddies enhance the experience.
Tune in on Wednesdays at 10PM ET for Top Chef: Boston, the 12th season of Bravo's Emmy-Award winning, hit reality series.


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WITTE FLUID BED DRYER, WITY 46" x 24' LONG VIBRATORY BED. UNIT FEATURES STAINLESS STEEL CONTACT PARTS, COMPL WITH REMOVABLE HOOD OVER LENGTH OF DRYER. UNIT HAS MECHANICAL VIBRATOR FOR BED DRIVEN BY 3 HP MOTOR DRIVE. COMPL SYSTEM INCLUDES TWIN STEAM RADIATOR ASSEMBLIES WITH TWIN 40 HP BLOWERS AND SOME DUCTING. FLUID BED IS SLOTTED WEDGE-WIRE WITH .005" OPENING. S/N 3512. |
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Another wonderful stay!
We just came back from another wonderful stay at The House by the Sea. As in prior years, the house was very comfortable for a multi-generational group (grandparents through grandchildren ranging from 2 to 12), providing everything needed to make all ages happy - very clean, comfortable furniture, good wi-fi, upgraded bathrooms (with good water pressure and enough hot water to handle large post-beach groups), new and well-stocked kitchen, and of course the porch swing! The kitchen is fully stocked with a wide range of pots, pans and utensils (including oyster shucking knives and lobster crackers) and more than enough plates, glasses and flatware to handle dinner for a 17-plus person crowd one night. The patio outside the kitchen has both a gas grill and a charcoal grill, for grill purists. The house maintains its charm along with its modern comforts and the long front porch and big windows can't be improved on for catching the ocean breezes and beautiful views, with the added benefit of a screened side porch. We did not need it this year, but the air conditioning is a nice option to have in case of really hot, still weather. We appreciated the well-stocked beach gear, with umbrellas, beach chairs, buckets and shovels for the little children, boogie boards for the older children and a kayak. For people looking at the house with little children, we have been in the house with children as young as 1 and had no problems - even the stairs to the beach are fine, as there are several landings for breaks if you are carrying a young child up and down. The neighborhood is quiet and friendly and lovely for runs and walks. The beach is really wonderful, and similar to the bay-side Cape beaches, has a long shallow stretch at low tide that is perfect for young children, while it is more than deep enough at high tide for tall adults to swim comfortably. There is a farm a short drive away for fresh herbs and vegetables, a good grocery store about a 10 minute drive away in the Pinehills, and lots of local ice cream places a short walk away. We will be back again next year and dreaming about it - the swing, the porch, the beach and everything - until we arrive!


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Gloss Drop is a gorgeously imperfect hand lettered typeface designed by Roland Hörmann of Phospho type foundry.
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Freelance designer's notebook by Deb Pang Davis: words, pictures, paper, pixels, experience, empathy, inspiration, exploration, good stuff
Photojournalist Lynn Johnson's Website Redesign
Last week photojournalist and National Geographic contract photographer's new website was launched. Squarespace was the platform I used to give we online portfolio and presence a complete refresh.
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Presenting my collaboration with Janet Jarman, Kati McCoy and Alex Kendrick on the redesign of JanetJarman.com
Read MoreTypeface Wishlist: Firme, A Geometric Sans Serif by DSType
Over the holidays, I received this newsletter from DSType and it read, "Merry Christmas. Download your xmas gift here." (It's gotta be good when a type foundry offers a free gift!)
Turns out, they were giving away two styles of Firme (Bold and Book) to their email newsletter subscribers. Yesterday they released it to the public.
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The California Sunday Magazine, a digital magazine that launched on October 5, 2014 is interested in seeing work from illustrators and photographers.
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THE Web, the website design industry and your website is ever-evolving. So, at the beginning of the year or even before, it's good practice to review and evaluate your website and marketing strategy.
Read MoreTypeface Wishlist: Playful Sans serif, Oui-FY
Oui-FY by FontYou is a must-have-it on my wishlist and it's on sale for 30% off!
It was designed by Christina Poth and comes in three sizes: Small, Normal and Big. C'est simple! The concept is to mix-n-match so there's so much potential. It can dance.
Unfortunately I've spent my budget for anything at the moment so major sad face but perhaps you can buy Oui-FY and take pleasure in using it for your next project!


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Last year, 399 persons committed suicide in the city, either by consuming poison or hanging to death. In a bid to contain unnatural deaths, the city police plan to rope in health officials, counsellors and teachers to educate the vulnerable in the society.
Inaugurating a meeting in Sellur on Tuesday, Commissioner of Police P. Balasubramanian said that of the 399 persons who had committed suicide in 2009, Sellur alone accounted for 68. In 2008, out of 354 suicide cases, again Sellur topped the list, with 54 persons, including 26 women.
The other areas which were 'suicide-prone' included Karimedu, Jaihindpuram, S.S. Colony and Teppakulam police station limits. Most of the victims were daily wage earners and poor people. They had ended their lives due to poor health or debts. Hence, the police officers held preliminary meeting with the district health authorities on the issue. It was decided to provide counselling to men and women living in these pockets. The Commissioner appreciated the efforts of the Sellur police personnel in taking up such an initiative.
Psychiatrist C. Ramasubramanian; Deputy Commissioner of Police (Law and Order) P.C. Thenmozhi; Joint Director (Health) Panchanathan; District Social Welfare Officer Jayalakshmi; Project Officer (Mahalir Thittam) Thangavelu; and Fatima College Principal Rev. Sr. A. Fatima spoke.
It was proposed to regularly interact with poor people living in thickly populated areas such as Sellur and Karimedu, and identify reasons that led to suicide.
Keywords: suicide, P. Balasubramanian, Madurai


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Dr. Romeo P. Jones, MD
Internal Medicine, Atlantis Medical Associates
- 481 Atlantic Ave
Brooklyn, NY 11217 - 1 Office Location
- (718) 237-4067
Dr. Romeo P. Jones graduated from the New York University School of Medicine in 1977. He works in Brooklyn, NY and specializes in Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease. Dr. Jones speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Male
Years in Practice: 38 Years
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Medical School: New York University School of Medicine
Graduation Date: 1977
Hospital Affiliations: Not Available
Specialties: Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease


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Ancient Italians were renowned for eating every part of the angels they hunted—even the hair. Enjoy divine flavor with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
- $25 for $50 worth of Italian cuisine Tuesday–Thursday
- $30 for $60 worth of Italian cuisine on Friday-Saturday<p>
Diners treat their taste buds to multicourse meals with seasonal dishes that are subject to change such as italian cheese fondue with bread and fruit ($12), pumpkin tortellini ($12), rosemary-rubbed lamb chops ($15), and margherita pizzas with buffalo mozzarella and fresh basil ($12).
Bado's Cucina
Bado's Cucina understands that food is not merely sustenance, but an important part of community and family tradition. That's why his rustic restaurant is warmed by a traditional wood-fired stone hearth, and his pizzas and flatbreads are made with the same recipe for dough that he kneaded as a child in his Italian grandmother's kitchen. Visitors to Bado's Cucina gather amid wrought-iron accents and goldenrod-hued walls, watching chefs in the open kitchen bake toasty flatbreads, whip up homemade bread puddings, or stuff eggplants with a series of increasingly smaller eggplants. These sights and smells send patrons on a culinary tour of the Italian peninsula, featuring a carefully selected lineup of pastas, roasted seasonal veggies, and tender cutlets of pork, wood-fired salmon, and lamb chops.
It is a beautifully decorated, rustic atmosphere and it is a great place for a date night.
IUPbethy, TripAdvisor, 1/28/13
Our server was friendly, the atmosphere is a great escape from reality, and the food was excellent.
Carmen R., Yelp, 8/30/12
86% of 500 customers recommend
"Tapas style, try lots of different dishes! All good! "
"Fantastic tapas food and service:)"
"Excellent food and Service by Torrie! "


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Easter basket ideas for kids
Forget chocolate bunnies and jelly beans. If you are tired of the same old stuff, why not fill this year's Easter baskets with fun, spring-themed toys and books? Here are a few fun suggestions:
-- Compiled by Jennifer Berger
Floral Park vs. Hewlett
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Long Island and New York City's top photos
Puppies from Islip Animal Shelter
LI's car accidents
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Copiague vs. North Babylon
North Babylon vs. Copiague
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"The invites came within a week of ordering them! I was so excited to open the box!! The cards were just like they were on the computer and the added sparkle, i loved it! Sophisticated and such a quick response from the WPD team! I also ordered the antique gold envelopes and they match perfectly!"
"Extremely happy with the service. They specifically put you with one artist to custom design your order and are able to get ahold of easily so that you are not going from person to person. I sent them a picture of the bridesmaids dresses for colour and they matched the invitations perfectly. I honestly believe these are the nicest wedding invitations I have yet to see. Overwhelmed with appreciation for the effort put into these cards. Thank you Wedding Paper Divas. Thank you Janette who worked on my invitations, they are very well done and are very specific to what I was looking for!"
"My fiance and I ordered these invites in the blue and orange as well as response cards and when I got my order( sooner then expected) I opened the box and started crying! These invitations are completely amazing! I will be telling all my friends who are getting married to check out weddingpaperdivas"
"These invitations are perfect for our winery wedding. We were looking for something that was tasteful and classy while also be original and pretty. These absolutely exceeded our expectations! We had them printed on the shimmer paper and are so happy with how they turned out. Personalization was easy and quick. We just sent them out and have already received numerous complements. Completely recommend these!"
"Loved the way this product looked online. Loved the color of the sample I received. I was disappointed with my final product though. The color of my invitations and RSVP cards was off. When I got the sample the color was a rich plum (which is exactly what I wanted), when the order came the color was washed out to a red wine color. It was too late to call, complain and re-order so the invitations went out as is. They are still beautiful but I am very disappointed that the color was faded."


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Sofia Vergara was snapped shooting scenes for Season 4 of "Modern Family" at the Grove in Los Angeles on Tuesday with unmistakable new curves on her famously voluptuous bod: a baby bump!
PHOTOS: Sofia's hottest looks ever
In character as Gloria Delgado-Pritchett, the Colombian actress, 40, sported a teeny, fake baby bump, put on full display thanks to a skimpier-than-usual outfit: a black bra and tight jeans. On the ABC smash sitcom, Vergara's Gloria is married to Jay Pritchett (Ed O'Neil) and has a tween son, Manny (Rico Rodriguez) from her first marriage.
As fans of the show know, Season 3 ended on a cliffhanger, with Sofia telling stepson Mitchell (Jesse Tyler Ferguson) and his partner Cam (Eric Stonestreet) that she's pregnant during a trip to Mexico.
VIDEO: Ack! Sofia sings -- badly!
In real life, Vergara is mom to son Manolo, 19, and recently became engaged to on-again, off-again beau Nick Loeb.
PHOTOS: Behind the scenes with the cast
During a birthday trip to Mexico last month, entrepreneur Loeb, 36, popped the question with a dazzling diamond engagement ring. Another reason for Vergara to celebrate? She just topped the Forbes list of highest-paid TV stars with earnings of $19 million, thanks to her spot on the series, plus roles in films and lucrative endorsement deals.
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Pierre Chaignon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. (May 2014) |
For the American heraldist, see Pierre de Chaignon la Rose.
Pierre Chaignon, S.J. (1791–1883) was a French Jesuit priest and spiritual writer.[1]
Pierre Chaignon was born in Saint-Pierre-la-Cour, Mayenne, France, on October 8, 1791.[1]
He was professed into the Society of Jesus on August 14, 1819 at the age of 27, and spent his life as a priest in the spiritual direction of other priests, giving an estimated three hundred retreats to French clergy over the course of thirty years.[1] He wrote a book of spiritual meditations for priests entitled Méditationes sacerdotales and established a Union of Prayer for Deceased Priests which was canonically erected into a confraternity in 1861.[1]
He died at Angers on September 20, 1883.[1]
- Méditationes Sacerdotales (English: Sacerdotal Meditations or Meditations for the Use of the Secular Clergy)
- Le Salut Facilité aux Pécheurs par la Dévotion au Très Saint et Immaculé Coeur de Marie (English: The Easy Salvation of Sinners by Devotion of the Most Sacred and Immaculate Heart of Mary)
- Les Six Dimanches de St. Louis de Gonzague (English: Six Sundays of St. Aloysius Gonzaga)
- Le Prêtre è l'Autel (English: The Priest and the Altar or The Sacrifice of the Mass Worthily Celebrated)
- Paix de l'Ame (English: Peace of Soul)
External links[edit]
- A 1907 English translation of Meditations for the Use of the Secular Clergy by L. de Goesbriand on Google Books
- An 1897 English translation of The Sacrifice of the Mass Worthily Celebrated by L. de Goesbriand on Google Books
This article about a Roman Catholic clergyman is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |


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"Poona" Top 5 Page for this destination Pune by jivanne96
Pune Travel Guide: 194 reviews and 307 photos
Before coming to India, I asked some Indian friends in Dubai, where I am basically based, to teach me few words of Hindi. And this is the 1st easy word for me, Namaste, is like I greet you with respect. And every morning I always greet the mom of my friend of this word. I called her Auntie and she is very sweet and caring. Funny, she doesnt speak English and I dont speak Hindi but we manage a very good rapport
Reviews (5)
From Pune Airport, we took the cab. The taxi is a vintage car!!! more travel advice
Motorcycle is also another way of roaming around in Pune. more travel advice
I find the bus very very laidback. It is very very old bus and of course very slow. But it is a nice experience because... more travel advice
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Pune is one of the very beautiful cities of India with history of Shivaji. Nice pics but please put some more pics and hisory in your tips.
I once surprised my parents on my coming home too.EI told my sister to pick my friend up from the airport only to find out that it was us. They had the best surprise of their lives!
Very nice pages of Goa and Pune. Enjoyed your pics and tips. I haven't been to India yet :)
I love the vintage taxi cab. :) Very nice little Pune page.
Nice start, hope to see more!
Hi, the sea fort looks very interesting - how often do the boats go over to visit it?
Hi Cecille, I was in Pune years ago...nice place! But now I'm stuck in good old sunny Goa! Namste! Blu
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Jan 28, 2009, 11:28 AM | |
Joined Apr 2001
3,981 Posts
Awesome build. Do you have a scheme in mind? Love the F-86 though not a D fan so much. I live in N. VA and fly my hang glider out at Skyline National Park near Front Royal VA. They have an F-86 E parked sadly out doors at the airport there. I did 2 F-86F''s a few years ago from 3 mm Depron and Fiddlersgreen not so scale paper model plans. They still fly great but are now somewhat beat up. I used the GWS EDF-50's with std. brushed motors. (before brushless motors) At that time the GWS EDF's worked best if 1.5"-2" from the end of the exhaust. I've recently upgraded to EDF-40 with a 12mm brushless Medusa motor. Flys super now. I've also recently done a MiG-17 24"WS and a MiG-21 24" WS the GWS EDF-40's are brusless as well and placed near the end of the exhaust. Your mid fuselage motor location may work fine with a EDF-40 brushless. Just not sure. Be sure to attach the fan on so it won't come off. I used the GWS helicopter tail rotor adapter for the 12mm brushless motors it will fit the GWS fan blade with a tad of enlargement to the hole. Good luck with your build. I love the CNC stuff some of you guys are doing it's pretty cool. Can you post a few pic.'s of your machine? If your an F-86 fan check out Duncan's site at: http://f-86.tripod.com/index.html Pete |
Jan 28, 2009, 03:21 PM | |
Joined Apr 2001
3,981 Posts
Yeah, some of the NG schemes were pretty cool.
I saw a cool scheme at the Duncan site under Excellent Modelling Reference, F-86D #1 a Photo Walk Around of black FU-863, Dennis the Menace. There's also a 1/48 scale decal sheet shown for this bird from Cutting Edge Decals. The more I look at the D the more I like it, and your CNC cut fuselage really got the hard nose section down pat. Any chance you might make a fuselage to sell? You can e-mail me at firstname.lastname@example.com Pete |
Jan 28, 2009, 06:21 PM | ||
I will keep your request in mind when I finish the first good set of flights. There are a couple more people who are interested in it too, one being my oldest son who loves F-86's. One thing I will end up doing is the first 3 sections make the duct for the little F86D and I want to make another set of sections to make an F86 without the D's nose duct configuration. One thing I did not show is the tooling to align all the surfaces to the thrust line, which I know will help make building easier. Pics of my CNC Orlando and I built coming sometime tonight. Look for another thread on my blog about it. Eric B. |
Last edited by AirX; Jan 28, 2009 at 11:34 PM.
Reason: Add picture
Jan 28, 2009, 11:33 PM | |
Hey Eric, sounds like the 'Dog is coming along.
Here's a site I like for paint schemes and general reference: Aircraft Resource Center Lots of F-86s in the Jets gallery. Can't wait for the maiden! -Matt |
Last edited by Esprit440; Jan 28, 2009 at 11:38 PM.
Reason: Time travel experiment successful


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Click here to print the obituary below
James "Jimmy" Barrios
James "Jimmy" Barrios, 41, a native and resident of Thibodaux, died at 1:20 p.m., Thursday, Nov. 29, 2012, at his residence in Thibodaux.
Visitation will be from 8 a.m. until funeral service time Tuesday at Thibodaux Funeral Home. A memorial service will be at 11 a.m. at the funeral home with graveside services to follow at St. Joseph Cemetery.
He is survived by his mother, Brenda A. Barrios; his sister, Garnet B. Lirette and husband, Johnny Lirette; his nieces, Heather Tabor and Ashley Tabor; and his uncle, numerous aunts and cousins that he loved and adored.
He was preceded in death by his father, Raymond Barrios.
In lieu of flowers donations can be made to E.D. White Catholic High School's Music and Athletic Programs.
Thibodaux Funeral Home is in charge of arrangements.
Funeral Home
Thibodaux Funeral Home
104 Saint Patrick Street
Thibodaux, LA 70301
(985) 447-9041
Published in Houma Today & The Daily Comet from Nov. 30 to Dec. 1, 2012


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US 7184137 B1 Abstract One embodiment disclosed relates to an apparatus for inspecting or revieiwing a mask or reticle. The apparatus includes at least an optical system, a converter plate, and an electron system. The optical system projects an optical illumination onto the mask. The optical signal from the mask is received by the converter plate. The converter plate transforms the optical signal to a corresponding electron signal. The electron signal is imaged by the electron system.
Claims(13) 1. An apparatus for inspecting a mask, the apparatus comprising:
an optical system for projecting an optical illumination across a width of the mask while the mask is in linear motion;
a converter plate for receiving a focused optical image from the illuminated width and transforming the optical image to a corresponding electron image;
an electron lens system for focusing the electron image; and
a time-delay integration detector system for receiving the electron image while the mask is in linear motions,
wherein the apparatus is configured for inspecting the mask at a one times (1�) magnification in comparison to eventual patterning on a wafer.
2. The apparatus of
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8. A method of inspecting a reticle, the method comprising:
projecting an optical illumination onto the reticle to produce an optical signal from the reticle while the reticle is in linear motion;
receiving the optical signal and converting the optical signal to a corresponding electron signal; and
imaging the electron signal by a time-delay integration detector system,
wherein the reticle is inspected at a one times (1�) magnification in comparison to eventual patterning on a wafer.
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Description The present application claims the benefit of provisional patent application No. 60/499,156, filed Aug. 29, 2003, entitled �Aerial Reticle Inspection with Particle Beam Conversion�, by inventor David L. Adler, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for inspection or review. More particularly, the invention relates to apparatus and methods for inspection or review of reticles or masks used to manufacture semiconductor devices. 2. Description of the Background Art One of the major sources of yield loss in the manufacture of very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits is random defect in the photomasks. As chip sizes and geometry densities increase more attention must be given to mask quality in order to reduce defects to a level commensurate with acceptable yields. One embodiment of the invention pertains to an apparatus for inspecting or revieiwing a mask or reticle. The apparatus includes at least an optical system, a converter plate, and an electron system. The optical system projects an optical illumination onto the mask. The optical signal from the mask is received by the converter plate. The converter plate transforms the optical signal to a corresponding electron signal. The electron signal is imaged by the electron system. The mask 108 may comprise, for example, a phase shift type mask. The mask 108 transforms the illumination depending upon the patterning thereon. Typically, the patterning on the mask 108 is designed to form a particular pattern on a photoresist layer on the wafer 112. The illumination passing through and transformed by the mask 108 is focused by an objective lens 110 onto the surface of the wafer 112. The image projected on the wafer may be a fraction in scale (for example, one fourth in scale) compared with the scale of the pattern on the mask 108. The upper optical portion of the inspection apparatus in The converter plate 202 comprises a device that converts the optical-based signal into an electron-based signal. For example, the converter plate 202 may be constructed using commercially available photoelectron material. Night vision goggles may also be constructed using such photoelectron material. Such photoelectron material receives photons 203 and emits electrons 205 in response thereto. The electron signal 205 is directed and focused by an electron lens system 206 onto a fluorescent device 208. The fluorescent device 208 may include a phosphor based material which receives the electrons and emits light in response thereto. In other words, while the converter plate 202 converts a light signal to an electron signal, the fluorescent device 208 converts an electron signal back to a light signal. Coupled to the fluorescent device 208 is an optical detector or camera 210. The detector 210 may comprise, for example, an array of detector elements, such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) array. In one embodiment, the detector 210 may comprise a time-delay integration (TDI) detector. Such a TDI detector may be used to efficiently inspect a mask 108 while the mask 108 is in linear motion. In an alternate embodiment, instead of using both a fluorescent device 208 and an array detector 210, a back-thinned array detector may replace both devices. Such a back-thinned array detector may be configured to directly detect electrons, such that the fluorescent conversion of electrons to light is no longer needed. Advantageously, this would eliminate the need for the fluorescent device 208. Disadvantageously, such a back-thinned array detector may be more prone to damage from the electrons and so may not be as robust. In one embodiment, the detected image data may be compared to images taken from other mask regions to detect defects or process variations. In another embodiment, the detected image data may be compared to a rendered database to detect defects or process variations. In the configuration depicted in In contrast, a front-side illumination converter plate 402 is depicted in An alternate embodiment of the invention may utilize a front-side illumination converter plate 402. In such an embodiment, the electron lens system 206 and the electron imaging devices would be configured on the same side of the converter plate 202 as the optical illumination and focusing components. A field (such as a magnetic field) may be utilized to bend the emitted electrons towards the electron lens system 206. In addition, the apparatus would be configured such that the emitted electrons traveled through a volume pumped by a vacuum. The above-described diagrams are not necessarily to scale and are intended be illustrative and not limiting to a particular implementation. The above-described invention may be used in an automatic inspection or review system and applied to the inspection or review of optical or X-ray masks and similar substrates in a production environment. In the above description, numerous specific details are given to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. However, the above description of illustrated embodiments of the invention is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, etc. In other instances, well-known structures or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. These modifications can be made to the invention in light of the above detailed description. The terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be determined by the following claims, which are to be construed in accordance with established doctrines of claim interpretation. Patent Citations
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