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Al Andalus
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Template:Two other uses Template:History of Spain Template:History of Portugal Al-Andalus (Arabic: الأندلس al-andalus) was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims, or Moors, at various times in the period between 711 and 1492.[1] It refers to the Umayyad Caliphate province (711-750), Emirate of Córdoba (c. 750-929) and Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031) and its "taifa" ("successor") kingdoms.
As the Iberian Peninsula was eventually regained by Christians re-expanding southward in the process known as the Reconquista, the name Al-Andalus came to refer to the Muslim-dominated lands of the former Visigothic Hispania.
In 1236, the Reconquista progressed to the last remaining Islamic stronghold, Granada, achieved by the forces of Ferdinand III of Castile. Granada was a vassal state to Castile for the next 256 years, until January 2 1492, when Boabdil surrendered complete control of Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella, Los Reyes Católicos ("The Catholic Monarchs"). The Portuguese Reconquista culminated in 1249 with the conquest of Algarve by Afonso III.
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Etymology of al-Andalus
The etymology of the word al-Andalus is disputed. As a designation for Iberia or its southern portion, the name is first attested by inscriptions on coins minted by the new Muslim government in Iberia circa 715 (the uncertainty in the year is due to the fact that the coins were bilingual in Latin and Arabic and the two inscriptions differ as to the year of minting).[2]
At least three specific etymologies have been proposed in Western scholarship, all presuming that the name arose after the Roman period in the Iberian Peninsula's history. Their originators or defenders have been historians. Recently, linguistics expertise has been brought to bear on the issue. Arguments from toponymy (the study of place names), history, and language structure demonstrate the lack of substance in all preceding proposals, and presented evidence that the name predates the Roman occupation rather than postdates it.[3]
A major objection to all earlier proposals is that the very name Andaluz (the equivalent of Andalus in Spanish spelling) exists in several places in mountainous areas of Castile.[4] Furthermore, the fragment and- is common in Spanish place names, and the fragment -luz also occurs several times across Spain.
Older proposals
In Western scholarly tradition, right up to the present moment, the name has been considered by most commentators to come from "Vandal", the name of the Germanic tribe that colonized parts of Iberia from 407 to 429. However, on the one hand there is in fact no historical (i.e., documentary) attestation of this, and on the other hand there are numerous toponymic, linguistic, and historical reasons why it is untenable. This proposal is sometimes associated with the 19th century historian, Dozy;[5] but it predates him and he recognized certain of its shortcomings. Although he accepted that "al-Andalus" derived from "Vandal", he believed that geographically it referred only to the harbor from which the Vandals departed Iberia for Africa -- the location of which harbor was unknown.[6]
Another proposal is that "Andalus" is an Arabic language for "Atlantis". This idea has recently been defended by the Spanish historian, Vallvé, but purely on the grounds that it is allegedly plausible phonetically and would explain several toponymic facts -- no evidence offered.[7] In fact, phonetically this proposed etymology is poorly motivated: the Arabic language would not likely rearrange the consonant sequence of "Atlantis" to this extreme. (The English word "penalty" as a soccer term has been borrowed into modern Arabic as "bilanti". This fact and other examples of borrowing into Arabic taken together suggest that "Atlantis" would more likely become "Altantis" or "Alantis".) The shift of the 'i' to 'u' would need to be justified too.
Vallvé writes:
Arabic texts offering the first mentions of the island of al-Andalus and the sea of al-Andalus become extraordinarily clear if we substitute this expressions with "Atlántida" or "Atlantic". The same can be said with reference to Hercules and the Amazons whose island, according to Arabic commentaries of these Greek and Latin legends, was located in jauf al-Andalus—that is, to the north or interior of the Atlantic Ocean.
The "Island of al-Andalus" is mentioned in an anonymous Arabic chronicle of the conquest of Iberia composed two to three centuries after the fact.[8] It is identified as the location of the landfall of the advance guard of the Moorish invasion of Iberia. The chronicle also says that "Island of al-Andalus" was subsequently renamed "Island of Tarifa". The preliminary invasion force of a few hundred, led by the Berber chief, Tarif abu Zura, seized the first bit of land that is encountered after crossing the Strait of Gibraltar in 710. The main invasion force led by Tariq ibn Ziyad followed them a year later. The landfall, now known in Spain as either Punta Marroquí or Punta de Tarifa, is in fact the southern tip of an islet, presently known as Isla de Tarifa or Isla de las Palomas, just offshore of the Iberian mainland.[9]
This testimony of the Arab chronicle, the modern name "Isla de Tarifa", and the above mentioned toponymic evidence that "Andaluz" is a name of pre-Roman origin taken together lead to the supposition that the "Island of Andalus" is the present day Isla de Tarifa, which lies just offshore from the modern day Spanish city of Tarifa. The extension of the scope of the designation "Al-Andalus" from a single islet to all of Iberia has several historical precedents. India is named after the Indus River, whose valley constitutes almost the northwest extreme of the Indian subcontinent. The name "Asia" originally denoted just parts of Anatolia. For centuries now, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has been popularly referred to by foreigners as "Holland", which is but one of the regions of the Netherlands.
In the 1980s, the historian Halm, also rejecting the "Vandal" proposal, originated an innovative alternative.[10] Halm, noting that Germanic tribes were reported to have distributed conquered lands by having members draw lots, and that Iberia under the Germanic Visigoths was sometimes known by the Latin name, Gothica Sors, 'lot Gothland', speculated that the Visigoths themselves might have called their new lands "lot lands".[11] He reconstructed what the Gothic language version of this term would be: *landahlauts (the asterisk is the standard linguistic symbol for a form that is merely proposed, not attested). Halm then suggested that the hypothetical Gothic language term gave rise to both the attested Latin term, Gothica Sors, and the Arab name, Al-Andalus. Again, it must be emphasized that this reasoning has no historical evidence to support it.
Template:History of al-Andalus
Conquest and early years
- Main articles: Umayyad conquest of Hispania, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]
The Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula, who ruled between 711 and 1492, are commonly known as the Moors. The territory, which they called "Al Andalus", initially included much of Spain, Portugal and parts of southern France, but in the final period was limited to the Kingdom of Granada.
In France, the Muslims were defeated at the Battle of Tours by Charles Martel in 732 This place is known as 'The Pavement of the Martyrs' and in Muslim chronicles as Balaat ash-Shuhada'. Muslim control of Toulouse, Narbonne, Lyon and nearby territories varied from time to time, This went on until 975.
The word Moors is a word referring to the people who came from Morocco (Mauri). The Christians of the Iberian Peninsula began to use this term exclusively for Muslims when the Muslims lost administrative control of northern parts of Spain and Portugal.Template:Fact Later, other words such as Moriscos and Mudéjar were used for them beginning in the mid-thirteenth century.
When Muslims first arrived in Iberia in 711, they constituted mainly Arabs and Berbers of North Africa. There was also, by 770, significant immigration from North Africa and Arabia. Muslim sources state that the immigrant population intermarried with various nationalities including the native Iberian-Muslim population, and express the view that Iberia had become fairly homogeneous within a few generations. After Abd-ar-Rahman III proclaimed himself caliph of the West in 929 his capital, Córdoba, became the largest and probably the most cultured city in Europe.[12]
Prior to the arrival of the Moors, the Visigothic rivals of King Roderic had gathered along with Jews and Christians fleeing forced conversions at the hands of the Catholic bishops who controlled the Visigothic monarchy. The Egyptian historian Ibn Abd-el-Hakem relates that Roderic's vassal, Julian, count of Ceuta had sent one of his daughters to the Visigothic court at Toledo for education and that Roderic had impregnated her. After learning of this, he made his way to Qayrawan (modern day Tunisia) and requested the assistance of Musa ibn Nusayr, the Muslim governor in North Africa. Personal power politics may have played a larger part, as Julian and other notable families were extremely discontented with the existing status quo in the Visigothic kingdom. In exchange for lands in southern Iberia, Julian promised ships to carry Ibn Nusayr's troops across the Strait of Hercules (Strait of Gibraltar).
Under the command of Tariq ibn-Ziyad, a small force landed at Gibraltar on April 30, 711 . After a decisive victory at the Battle of Guadalete on July 19, 711, Tariq ibn-Ziyad brought most of the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim occupation in a seven-year campaign. They moved northeast across the Pyrenees but were defeated by the Frank Charles Martel at the Battle of Poitiers in 732. The Iberian peninsula, except for the Kingdom of Asturias, became part of the expanding Umayyad empire, under the name of al-Andalus. The earliest attestation of this Arab name is a dinar coin, preserved in the Archaeological Museum in Madrid, dating from five years after the conquest (716). The coin bears the word "al-Andalus" in Arabic script on one side and the Iberian Latin "Span" on the obverse.[13]
At first, al-Andalus was ruled by governors appointed by the Caliph, most ruling for periods of under three years. However, from 740, a series of civil wars between various Muslim groups in Iberia resulted in the breakdown of Caliphal control, with Yūsuf al-Fihri, who emerged as the main winner, effectively becoming an independent ruler.
The Emirate and Caliphate of Córdoba
In 750, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads for control of the great Arab empire. But in 756, the exiled Umayyad prince Abd-ar-Rahman I (later titled Al-Dākhil) ousted Yūsuf al-Fihri to establish himself as the Emir of Córdoba. He refused to submit to the Abbasid caliph, as Abbasid forces had killed most of his family. Over a thirty year reign, he established a tenuous rule over much of al-Andalus, overcoming partisans of both the al-Fihri family and of the Abbasid caliph.
For the next century and a half, his descendants continued as emirs of Córdoba, with nominal control over the rest of al-Andalus and sometimes even parts of western North Africa, but with real control, particularly over the marches along the Christian border, vacillating depending on the competence of the individual emir. Indeed, the power of emir Abdallah ibn Muhammad (circa 900) did not extend beyond Córdoba itself. But his grandson Abd-al-Rahman III, who succeeded him in 912, not only rapidly restored Umayyad power throughout al-Andalus but extended it into western North Africa as well. In 929 he proclaimed himself Caliph, elevating the emirate to a position competing in prestige not only with the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad but also the Shi'ite caliph in Tunis — with whom he was competing for control of North Africa.
The period of the Caliphate is seen by Muslim writers as the golden age of al-Andalus. Crops produced using irrigation, along with food imported from the Middle East, provided the area around Córdoba and some other Andalusī cities with an agricultural economic sector by far the most advanced in Europe. Among European cities, Córdoba under the Caliphate, with a population of perhaps 500,000, eventually overtook Constantinople as the largest and most prosperous city in Europe.[14] Within the Islamic world, Córdoba was one of the leading cultural centres. The work of its most important philosophers and scientists (notably Abulcasis and Averroes) had a major influence on the intellectual life of medieval Europe.
Muslims and non-Muslims often came from abroad to study in the famous libraries and universities of al-Andalus after the reconquista of Toledo in 1085 . The most noted of these was Michael Scot ( c. 1175 to c. 1235 ), who took the works of Ibn Rushd ("Averroes") and Ibn Sina ("Avicenna") to Italy. This transmission was to have a significant impact on the formation of the European Renaissance.
The First Taifa Period
The Córdoba Caliphate effectively collapsed during a ruinous civil war between 1009 and 1013, although it was not finally abolished until 1031. Al-Andalus then broke up into a number of mostly independent states called taifas. These were generally too weak to defend themselves against repeated raids and demands for tribute from the Christian states to the north and west, which had spread from their initial strongholds in Galicia, Asturias, the Basque country and the Carolingian Marca Hispanica to become the Kingdoms of Navarre, León, Portugal, Castile and Aragon and the County of Barcelona. Eventually raids turned into conquests, and in response the taifa kings were forced to request help from the Almoravids, fundamentalist-Islamic rulers of the Maghreb. Their desperate maneuver would eventually fall to their disadvantage, however, as the "barbarians" they had summoned from the south went on to conquer many of the taifa kingdoms after defeating the Castilian King Alfonso VI in the battles of Zallāqah and Uclés.
Almoravids, Almohads and Marinids
In 1086 the Almoravid ruler of Morocco Yusuf ibn Tashfin was invited by the Muslim princes in Iberia to defend them against Alfonso VI, King of Castile and León. In that year, Yusuf ibn Tashfin crossed the straits to Algeciras and inflicted a severe defeat on the Christians at the az-Zallaqah. By 1094, Yusuf ibn Tashfin had removed all Muslim princes in Iberia and annexed their states, except for the one at Zaragoza. He regained Valencia from the Christians.
The Almoravids were succeeded in the 12th century by the Almohads, another Berber dynasty, after the defeat of the Castilian Alfonso VIII at the Battle of Alarcos. In 1212 a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of the Castilian Alfonso VIII defeated the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The Almohads continued to rule Al Andalus for another decade, but with much reduced power and prestige; and the civil wars following the death of Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II rapidly led to the re-establishment of taifas. The taifas, newly independent but now weakened, were quickly conquered by Portugal, Castile and Aragon. After the fall of Murcia (1243) and the Algarve (1249), only the Kingdom of Granada survived as a Muslim state, but only as a tributary of Castile. Most of its tribute was paid in gold from present-day Mali and Burkina Faso that was carried to Iberia through the merchant routes of the Sahara.
The last Muslim threat to the Christian kingdoms was the rise of the Marinids in Morocco during the 14th century, who took Granada into their sphere of influence and occupied some of its cities, like Algeciras. However, they were unable to take Tarifa, which held out until the arrival of the Castilian Army led by Alfonso XI. The Castilian king, helped by Afonso IV of Portugal and Pedro IV of Aragon, decisively defeated the Marinids at the Battle of Salado in 1340 and took Algeciras in 1344. Gibraltar, then under Granadian rule, was besieged in 1349-1350, Alfonso XI along with most of his army perished by the Black Death. His successor, Pedro of Castile, made peace with the Muslims and turned his attention to Christian lands, starting a period of almost 150 years of rebellions and wars between the Christian states that secured the survival of Granada.
The Emirate of Granada
Following the peace treaty made with King Pedro of Castile, Granada survived for nearly 150 years more as a state. Its Muslims were guaranteed virtual self-government, freedom of movement, complete religious freedom and even a three-year exemption from taxes after the surrender. After that they were to pay no more than they had under Nasrid rule.
In 1469 the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile signaled the launching of the final assault on Granada, a campaign carefully planned and well financed. The King and Queen convinced the Pope to declare their war a crusade. The Christians crushed one center of resistance after another and finally, in January 1492, after a long siege, the Moorish king of Gharnatah (Granada), Muhammad abu Abdallah, surrendered the fortress palace, the renowned Alhambra itself. Template:See also
The society of Al-Andalus was made up of three main groups: Christians, Muslims and Jews. The Muslims, though united on the religious level, had several ethnic divisions, the main being the distinction between the Arabs and the Berbers. Mozarabs were Christians that had long lived under Muslim domination and so had adopted many Arabic customs, art and words, while still maintaining their Christian rituals and their own Latin-derived languages. Each of these communities inhabited a separate part of the cities.
The Arabs settled in the south and in the Ebro Valley in the north-east, while the Berbers, who made up the bulk of the invaders, lived in the mountainous regions of what is now the north of Portugal and in the Meseta Central. The Jews worked mainly as tax collectors, in trade or as doctors or ambassadors. At the end of the fifteenth century there were about 50,000 Jews in Granada and roughly 100,000 in the whole of Islamic Iberia.[15]
Non-Muslims under the Caliphate
Treatment of non-Muslims
The treatment of non-Muslims in the Caliphate has been a subject of considerable debate among scholars and commentators, especially those interested in drawing parallels to the coexistence of Muslims and non-Muslims in the modern world. It has been stated that religious minorities were treated significantly better in Muslim-controlled Iberia than in Christian western Europe, living in a unique "golden age" of tolerance, respect and harmony. Though al-Andalus was specifically a key center of Jewish life during the early Middle Ages, producing important scholars and one of the most stable and wealthy Jewish communities, there is no clear scholarly consensus over whether the relationship between Jews and Muslims was truly a paragon of interfaith relations, or whether it was simply similar to the treatment Jews received elsewhere at the same time. Bernard Lewis takes issue with this view, arguing its modern use is ahistorical and apologetic. He argues that Islam traditionally did not offer such equality nor even pretended that it did, arguing that it would be both a "theological as well as a logical absurdity."[16]
María Rosa Menocal, a specialist in Iberian literature at Yale University, has argued that "Tolerance was an inherent aspect of Andalusian society".[17] Menocal's 2003 book, The Ornament of the World, argues that the Jewish and Christian dhimmis living under the Caliphate, while allowed fewer rights than Muslims, were much better off than in other parts of Christian Europe. Jews from other parts of Europe emigrated to al-Andalus, where they were treated with dignity — as were Christians of sects regarded as heretical by various European Christian states.
Overall, it appears that Jews living under Muslim rule in Al-Andalus lived significantly better lives than Jews living in Christian lands, although that changed once the fundamentalist Almoravid Muslims of North Africa took control of the peninsula.
Rise and fall of Muslim power
The Caliphate treated non-Muslims differently at different times. The longest period of tolerance began after 912, with the reign of Abd-ar-Rahman III and his son, Al-Hakam II where the Jews of Al-Andalus prospered, devoting themselves to the service of the Caliphate of Cordoba, to the study of the sciences, and to commerce and industry, especially to trading in silk and slaves, in this way promoting the prosperity of the country. Southern Iberia became an asylum for the oppressed Jews of other countries.[18][19]
Christians, braced by the example of their co-religionists across the borders of al-Andalus, sometimes asserted the claims of Christianity and knowingly courted martyrdom, even during these tolerant periods. For example, forty-eight Christians of Córdoba were decapitated for religious offences against Islam. They became known as the Martyrs of Córdoba. These deaths played out, not in a single spasm of religious unrest, but over an extended period of time; dissenters were fully aware of the fates of their predecessors and chose to protest against Islamic rule.[20]
With the death of al-Hakam III in 976, the situation worsened for non-Muslims in general. The first major persecution occurred on December 30, 1066 when the Jews were expelled from Granada and fifteen hundred families were killed when they did not leave. Under the Almoravids and the Almohads there may have been intermittent persecution of Jews,[21] but sources are extremely scarce and do not give a clear picture, though the situation appears to have deteriorated after 1160.[22]
During these successive waves of violence against non-Muslims, many Jewish and even Muslim scholars left the Muslim-controlled portion of Iberia for the then-still relatively tolerant city of Toledo, which had been reconquered in 1085 by Christian forces. Some Jews joined the armies of the Christians (about 40,000), while others joined the Almoravids in the fight against Alfonso VI of Castile.
The 11th century saw Muslim pogroms against Jews in Spain; those occurred in Cordoba in 1011 and in Granada in 1066.[23][24][25]
The Almohads, who had taken control of the Almoravids' Maghribi and Andalusian territories by 1147,[26] far surpassed the Almoravides in fundamentalist outlook, and they treated the dhimmis harshly. Faced with the choice of either death or conversion, many Jews and Christians emigrated.[27][28] Some, such as the family of Maimonides, fled south and east to more tolerant Muslim lands,[27] while others went northward to settle in the growing Christian kingdoms.[29][30] However, the Almohads also encouraged the arts and letters, especially the falsafah movement that included Ibn Tufail, Ibn al-Arabi and Averroes.[26]
Medieval Spain and Portugal was the scene of almost constant warfare between Muslims and Christians. Periodic raiding expeditions were sent from Al-Andalus to ravage the Christian Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms, bringing back booty and slaves. In raid against Lisbon in 1189, for example, the Almohad caliph Yaqub al-Mansur took 3,000 female and child captives, while his governor of Córdoba, in a subsequent attack upon Silves in 1191, took 3,000 Christian slaves.[31]
C.W. Previte-Orton writes in his Cambridge medieval history,[32]
The brilliant Saracenic civilization of Moslem Spain rendered the Moors, even during their declines under the Reyes de Taifas, the most cultured people of the West.
Many tribes, religions and races co-existed in al-Andalus, each contributing to the intellectual prosperity of Andalusia. Literacy in Islamic Iberia was far more widespread than any other country of the West.[33]
The intellectual history of al-Andalus is distinguished by the output of its Islamic theologians.
From the earliest days, the Umayyads wanted to be seen as intellectual rivals to the Abbasids, and for Córdoba to have libraries and educational institutions to rival Baghdad's. Although there was a clear rivalry between the two powers, freedom to travel between the two Caliphates was allowed, which helped spread new ideas and innovations over time.
In the 10th century, the city of Cordoba had 700 mosques, 60,000 palaces, and 70 libraries, the largest of which had up to 600,000 books. In comparison, the largest library in Christian Europe at the time had no more than 400 manuscripts, while the University of Paris library still had only 2,000 books later in the 14th century. The libraries, copyists, booksellers, paper makers and colleges across al-Andalus are said to have published as many as 60,000 treatises, poems, polemics and compilations each year.[34] In comparison, modern Spain publishes 46,330 books per year on average (according to figures from 1996).[35]
Andalusian Islamic philosophy
The historian Said Al-Andalusi wrote that Caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III had collected libraries of books and granted patronage to scholars of medicine and "ancient sciences". Later, al-Mustansir (Al-Hakam II) went yet further, building a university and libraries in Córdoba. Córdoba became one of the world's leading centres of medicine and philosophical debate.
However, when Al-Hakam's son Hisham II took over, real power was ceded to the hajib, al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir. Al-Mansur was a distinctly religious man and disapproved of the sciences of astronomy, logic and especially astrology, so much so that many books on these subjects, which had been preserved and collected at great expense by Al-Hakam II, were burned publicly. However, with Al-Mansur's death in 1002 interest in philosophy revived. Numerous scholars emerged, including Abu Uthman Ibn Fathun, whose masterwork was the philosophical treatise "Tree of Wisdom". An outstanding scholar in astronomy and astrology was Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti (died 1008), an intrepid traveller who journeyed all over the Islamic world and beyond, and who kept in touch with the Brethren of Purity. Indeed, it is said to have been he who brought the 51 "Epistles of the Brethren of Purity" to al-Andalus and who added the compendium to this work, although it is quite possible that it was added later by another scholar of the name al-Majriti. Another book attributed to al-Majriti is the Ghayat al-Hakim "The Aim of the Sage", a book which explored a synthesis of Platonism with Hermetic philosophy. Its use of incantations led the book to be widely dismissed in later years, although the Sufi communities kept studies of it.
A prominent follower of al-Majriti was the philosopher and geometer Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani. A follower of his in turn was the great Abu Bakr Ibn al-Sayigh, usually known in the Arab world as Ibn Bajjah, "Avempace".
Jewish philosophy and culture
- Main articles: Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]
With the relative tolerance of al-Andalus and the decline of the previous center of Jewish thought in Babylonia, al-Andalus became the center of Jewish intellectual endeavors. Poets and commentators like Judah Halevi (1086-1145) and Dunash ben Labrat (920-990) contributed to the cultural life of al-Andalus, but the area was even more important to the development of Jewish philosophy. A stream of Jewish philosophers, cross-fertilizing with Muslim philosophers, (see joint Jewish and Islamic philosophies) culminated in the most important Jewish thinker of the Middle Ages, Maimonides (1135-1205), though he did not actually do any of his work in al-Andalus, as, when he was 13, his family fled persecution by the Almohads.
- Main articles: Islamic astronomy, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]
- Main articles: Islamic economics in the world, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]
"The Toledo School" was a famous center of medieval linguistics. Members of this school included; Yehudah ibn Tibbon, Herman the German, Adelard of Bath and Gerard of Cremona.
The healing arts came in for considerable respect in medieval Islam, in contrast to the West where they had fallen into destitude. The works of such Greek physicians as Galen and Hippocrates were translated into Arabic. Muslim physicians from al-Andalus contributed significantly to the field of medicine, including the subjects of anatomy and physiology. Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), regarded as the "father of modern surgery",[36] contributed greatly to the discipline of medical surgery with his Kitab al-Tasrif ("Book of Concessions"), a 30-volume medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries.
- Main articles: Early Muslim sociology, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]
- Main articles: Inventions in the Muslim world, and Muslim Agricultural Revolution, and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]
See also
- Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula
- Islamic Golden Age
- Islam in Spain
- History of Islam
- History of Spain
- History of Portugal
- Golden Age of the Jewish Spain
- Antisemitism in Al-Andalus
- Jews of the Bilad el-Sudan (West Africa)
- Jews and Judaism in Africa
- History of the Jews under Muslim rule
- Golden age of Jewish culture in the Iberian Peninsula
- Arab diaspora
- Spaniards
- Berber people
- Andalusia
- Moors
- Dhimmi
- Morisco
- Mozarab
- Kemal Reis
- Barbary pirates
- Ottoman Navy
- List of Moorish writers
- Al-Djazairi, S.E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Bayt Al-Hikma Press. ISBN 0-9551156-1-2
- Bossong, Georg. 2002. Der Name Al-Andalus: Neue Überlegungen zu einem alten Problem. In David Restle and Dietmar Zaefferer, eds, Sounds and systems: studies in structure and change. A festschrift for Theo Vennemann. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 149-164. (In German) Also available online: see External Links below.
- Cohen, Mark (1995). Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01082-X
- Collins, Roger (1989). The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797, Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19405-3
- Frank, Daniel H. and Leaman, Oliver (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Jewish Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521655749
- Halm, Heinz. 1989. Al-Andalus und Gothica Sors. Der Islam 66:252-263.
- Hamilton, Michelle M., Sarah J. Portnoy, and David A. Wacks, eds. Wine, Women, and Song: Hebrew and Arabic Literature in Medieval Iberia. Newark, Del.: Juan de la Cuesta Hispanic Monographs, 2004.
- Harzig, Christiane, Hoerder, Dirk and Shubert, Adrian (2003). The Historical Practice in Diversity. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1571813772
- Kennedy, Hugh (1996).Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus, Longman. ISBN 0-582-49515-6
- Kraemer, Joel (Jul, 1997). Comparing Crescent and Cross. The Journal of Religion, 77(3), pp. 449-454. (Book review)
- Kraemer, Joel (2005). Moses Maimonides: An Intellectual Portrait. In Kenneth Seeskin (Ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521819741
- Lafuente y Alcántara, Emilio, translator. 1867. Ajbar Machmua (colección de tradiciones): crónica anónima del siglo XI / dada a luz por primera vez, traducida y anotada por Emilio Lafuente y Alcántara. Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia y Geografía. In Spanish and Arabic. Also available in the public domain online, see External Links.
- Luscombe, David et al. (Eds.). (2004). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, c.1024-c.1198, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41411-3
- Marín, Manuela et al. (Eds.). (1998). The Formation of Al-Andalus: History and Society. Ashgate. ISBN 0-86078-708-7
- Menocal, Maria Rosa (2002). Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-316-16871-8
- Monroe, James T. Hispano-Arabic Poetry: A Student Anthology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.
- Netanyahu, Benzion (1995). The Origins Of The Inquisition In Fifteenth Century Spain. Random House, Inc. ISBN 0-679-41065-1
- O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). A History of Medieval Spain. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801492645
- Omaar, Rageh, An Islamic History of Europe. video documentary, BBC Four: August 2005.
- Reilly, Bernard F. (1993). The Medieval Spains. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521397413
- Roth, Norman (1994). Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. Brill. ISBN 9004061312
- Sanchez-Albornoz, Claudio (1974) El Islam de España y el Occidente. Madrid.
- Stavans, Ilan (2003). The Scroll and the Cross: 1,000 Years of Jewish-Hispanic Literature. London: Routledge. ISBN 041592930X
- Wasserstein, David J. (1995). Jewish élites in Al-Andalus. In Daniel Frank (Ed.). The Jews of Medieval Islam: Community, Society and Identity. Brill. ISBN 90-04-10404-6
External links
- Paper by Georg Bossong evaluating proposals for the etymology of "al-Andalus". In German.
- Photocopy of the Ajbar Machmu'a, translated by Lafuente 1867
- The routes of al-Andalus (from the UNESCO web site)
- Muslim contributions to Andalus
- History and influences of Andalusian music
- The Library of Iberian Resources Online
- Al-Andalus Chronology and Photos
- [1] — BBC Four documentary on art in Islamic SpainTemplate:Link FA
ar:الأندلس ca:Al-Àndalus cs:Al-Andalus cy:Al-Andalus da:Al-Andalus de:Al-Andalus es:Al-Ándalus eo:Al-Andalus fr:Al-Andalus gd:Al-Andalus gl:Al-Andalus id:Al-Andalus it:Al-Andalus he:אל-אנדלוס ms:Al-Andalus nl:Al-Andalus ja:アンダルス no:Al-Andalus pl:Al-Andalus pt:Al-Andalus ro:Al-Andalus sv:Al-Andalus tr:Endülüs


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Hi. I am growing basil, mesclun and spinach. Is there anything I can do to postpone bolting? Why are the basil plants I buy at the market SOOO much bigger than mine get before they bolt? Can you still use the basil leaves after they bolt? Right before they bolt? Or are they too bitter? How do you pick basil? A leaf at a time? A stalk? The whole plant? Thanks! |
Follow-Up Postings:
Basil doesn't "bolt". The leaves do not turn bitter when the plants flower, they just cease production &/or produce in lesser amounts. All you need do to continue to enjoy fresh quality basil foliage is to continuously pinch the flowers off. That's all. Once lettuces & spinach, etc., bolt, the leaves are pretty much unusable & the plants should be pulled. |
yeah, pinch the basil flowers... you might be giving them too much sun.... the others, heat makes them bolt, spinach and lettuce are solely winter crops for me. |
- Posted by ltcollins1949 z9a Rockport,TX (My Page) on Thu, Jul 7, 05 at 18:01
breezyb Maybe I don't understand your comment regarding Basil doesn't "bolt". I do believe that you are wrong in your belief. Basils do bolt in Texas. In Southern Herb Growing by Madalene Hill (past president of the Herb Society of America) & Gwen Barclay, leading authorities on growing herbs in Texas, they state the following about basils: They will attempt to bolt into bloom almost as soon as they begin to grow, but keep bloom stalks cut off as much as possible. The plants will become woody as they mature and leaves will be sparser. And Waynne Cox, with the San Antonio Herb Society states the following about basil: Be sure not to let it seed and begin to bolt. I have basils that have been growing in the ground as perennials for five years now because I keep them from bolting. According to website If I misunderstood your comment, then I apologize. |
- Posted by Vera_EWASH z5 EasternWA (My Page) on Fri, Jul 15, 05 at 10:19
Looking good :) Vera |
This is just a matter of semantics. Basil doesn't "bolt" in the same manner one considers bolting in other plants. Yes, it does hasten to flowering in extreme heat, but while the foliage decreases in size & quantity, it doesn't become inedible as with lettuce, spinach, & other plants. You could pinch off the flower stalks of spinach &/or lettuce till the cows come home & you still wouldn't end up with edible foliage. With basil, on the other hand, simply keeping the flowers pinched off will continue to give you a good harvest until the plant is felled by frost. Good grief!! |
- Posted by ltcollins1949 z9a Rockport,TX (My Page) on Fri, Jul 15, 05 at 12:29
Like I stated in the other post about "basil" this thread is a means of learning. When I'm teaching about herbs, and the term "bolt" is used, students always want to know what it means. It is nice to be able to answer their question correctly. And by the way, there are parts of the world where frost doesn't happen therefore, basil does not die out. It is not a annual here, but rather a perennial if the plant is kept pruned. If it does die, it is because of heat and not frost. Again Good grief!! is an unnecessary comment for those of us that are still learning about basil. |
Okay - so subtract the "good grief". My opinion still stands. And when I've lectured about herbs or discussed same with an herbal landscaping client, I've also answer the question about "bolting" correctly. That basil flowers & sets seeds like any normal plant. Keep the flowers cut back & you will continue to enjoy a usable harvest. However, when your Cilantro, Dill, Lettuce, Spinach, &/or other culinary plants "bolt" to seed, pull them & sow another crop. |
- Posted by Vera_EWASH z5 EasternWA (My Page) on Sat, Jul 16, 05 at 0:14
that is weird...my post in this thread belonged on another forum (wintersow gallery) and somehow I ended up posting it on this one...I thinks too much sun LOL! Vera |
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subset: commoncrawl


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On Saturday night, Ultimate Fighting Championship returns to pay-per-view with UFC 142 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where London, Ont. lightweight Sam Stout takes on home-country favourite Thiago Tavares. Taking a break from his fight preparations, Stout went 1-on-1 with Postmedia News MMA reporter Dave Deibert, discussing Canadian stereotypes, Twitter and going a while without living up to his nickname …
POSTMEDIA: What's the most hostile crowd you've ever competed in front of?
STOUT: This one will probably be the most. I heard they were chanting 'You're going to die' in Portuguese at the last one there (laughs) … I'm don't think I'm really someone the fans love to hate. If it happens in Brazil, from what I hear most of the negative chants are in Portuguese, anyways, and I don't speak Portuguese.
POSTMEDIA: What stereotype of a Canadian do you most live up to?
STOUT: Beer drinker. Nothing in particular, I just really like a nice cold one.
POSTMEDIA: What is your greatest non-fight related athletic achievement?
STOUT: I had a real good season playing minor lacrosse. That was my favourite sport when I was younger. We had an undefeated season. It was my best season I ever had playing lacrosse. Fighting took off and I had to leave the sport. But that undefeated season, I had around 40 goals, five or six good fights, led the team in penalty minutes (laughs).
POSTMEDIA: I'm 6-foot-5, about 210 pounds. You're 5-foot-9, 155 pounds. I've got the size and reach advantage. How long would I last with you in the cage?
STOUT: Well, I'm a pretty good body puncher so I could chop down your size pretty quick. You might get a minute in there.
POSTMEDIA: You're going cross-country in a minivan. Tell me three famous Canadians, and they can't be from the fight world, that you take along for the ride.
STOUT: First pick: the greatest Canadian of all-time, Terry Fox. Second pick, let's see. No fighters? Second pick, I'd say Rachel McAdams. Third pick … This is a good question. I need someone to liven up the trip a little bit. Maybe I'll bring Drake along.
POSTMEDIA: You've made hundreds of thousands of dollars from fight of the night or knockout bonuses, helping pay for a house and a car, among other things. But what's something really cool you've splurged on just because it was awesome?
STOUT: The thing I like to splurge on is travel. After this fight's over, I've got a trip planned to New York City to go visit my boy, (fellow London, Ont. native) Brandon Prust. He plays for the Rangers. I'm going to go out to Whistler, go snowboarding for a little bit. Gonna go to Mexico for a little bit. And depending on if I get a bonus on this next one, I've got some friends in Hawaii who have been trying to get me out there. I'm a big fan of travelling, especially when it's not a working trip and I can have some fun.
POSTMEDIA: You tweeted that you recently had an eye exam and that the first three letters on the eye test were DTF (an abbreviation of a slang term used, most famously, in Jersey Shore). Did you actually giggle in the examination room?
STOUT: (Laughs) I kind of laughed to myself. There was definitely a smirk on my face. I almost laughed and I almost cracked a joke but I don't think the ophthalmologist's assistant would have got the joke so I didn't bother.
POSTMEDIA: You're coming up on your 10-year high school anniversary. What moment from your high school days would you most love to relive?
STOUT: I meet people that talk about wishing they could go back. I'm living my glory days right now. I'm definitely having more fun right now than I ever did in high school. It was fun and I got to do a lot of cool things but my life is way cooler now.
POSTMEDIA: How often do you Google yourself?
STOUT: (Laughs) Good one. I did that when I first started coming up in the sport. But I haven't really Googled myself in years.
POSTMEDIA: Pick one band or musician you'd pick to play a backyard party at your place?
STOUT: There's a combo I'd like to have. Of all time, Johnny Cash. Still living, in the present, I'd probably go with Chris Cornell, from Soundgarden. He's probably one of my favourites.
POSTMEDIA: You said on your Twitter account, after a great swim at the YMCA, that you were considering switching your nickname to Hands of Flippers. Speaking of nicknames, you recently went seven fights without a knockout win. Before UFC 131, when you got knockout of the night against Yves Edwards, did you ever worry that you might have to give up your moniker 'Hands of Stone'?
STOUT: (Laughs) There were a lot of people chirping me a little bit. I was starting to get a little embarrassed with not knocking anybody out. Now I think I can keep the name for a little bit longer.


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You are hereForums / Mysterious Britain / Hauntings / Ghost cat
Ghost cat
Have meant to post this previously but had an experience last week concerning this 'ghost cat' that I have to share;
All of the family and visitors have seen this cat, at times sitting by the main settee in the living room and quite often it runs up or down the stairs. It is only distinct for a few seconds and then just vanishes. We have all become very used to it and do not take that much notice. We DO have a 'live' cat who does not appear to notice this 'vivitor'.
HOWEVER, last Thursday morning at about 3.30 am, I got up to go to the loo - I never put on the light, as there is plenty from the street lamps and our 'live' cat was asleep on his cushion in my room - I always close the door to stop him coming out of the room anyway, I was just coming out of the bathroom onto the landing when I saw this medium sized cat and thought it was our live one, thinking I had not closed my bedroom door.
As I thought this, the cat brushed against my leg and I realised that it was not our 'live' cat, it was the ghost one. It appeared to be medium sized and a darkish grey in colour. I bent down to touch it and it walked away and just vanished. Our 'live' cat was still fast asleep on his cushion!
I have mentioned before on Mysterious Britain that I am highly psychic but this is the first time that I have actually felt a 'ghost' touch me - I have seen many 'ghosts' and have never been afraid and certainly am not of this one.
I am just intrigued into why it is here and why it showed itself so plainly this time.
The ''ghost cat' has been here since we lived in this house and all the previous occupants did not have cats, so I don't know why it haunts our home. We don't mind anyway.


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Red Sea Coral Substance Shown Effective Against Skin Cancer
Posted: May 21, 2009
page 2 of 3
SDSU researchers found that treating human skin cancer cells with different concentrations of sarcophine-diol for different lengths of time reduced the viability of cancer cells in each case. Related work showed that sarcophine-diol also inhibited the proliferation or uncontrolled growth of cancer cells.
The SDSU study also showed that sarcophine-diol induced apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in cancer cells. The extent of apoptosis observed in different treatments in the study was correlated to the level of sarcophine-diol used, Dwivedi said.
However, sarcophine-diol did not induce what scientists call necrosis, or the premature death of healthy cells. Dwivedi said that is an important finding because it suggests sarcophine-diol could be used in treatments that specifically target cancer cells without damaging nearby healthy cells.
The SDSU experiment also looked at whether sarcophine-diol treatments could increase what is called DNA fragmentation, considered a biochemical hallmark of apoptosis, an indication that the cell is committed to die, in other words. At lower concentrations, sarcophine-diol didn't significantly induce DNA fragmentation in skin tumor cells, but higher levels of sarcophine-diol did.
Finally, the SDSU study found that treatments with higher concentrations of sarcophine-diol induced a higher level of so-called "executioner" proteins that have a role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death compared to a control group.


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Colchester\'s Chariot Race Track to be Destroyed!
The 2nd largest chariot race track outside of Rome and the first chariot race track in England has been discovered in Colchester, England. It is 2000 years old and is rated as being of \'global significance\'. This is an extraordinarily important find, and is yet another marvelous jewel in the crown for Colchester\'s fame as Britain\'s Oldest Recorded Town. What an amazing find!! So, what is Colchester\'s council doing They\'re concreting it over and building a load of faceless flats on it. This is a dispicable act and is clearly a decision based on cash rather than doing the right thing and preserving this incredible find. For more info, read: http://news.bbc.co.uk/ 1/hi/england/essex/4148315.stm http://www.havengateway.org/ resources/viewnews.aspNewsID=120 www.catuk.org/ excavations/circus/index.html (please copy and paste the full URL into your browser) Please sign this petition so we can take your signatures to Colchester council and try to convince them that this historic find should not be vandalised and demolished and that we actually appreciate England\'s amazing history! Thank you in advance for trying to save a remarkable piece of our heritage!!
Recent signatures
arnvuankv, United Arab Emirates
3 years ago Comments: 9T2BCQ dkhelfmpauoz, lxmlylxbevqb, vxmeaepaebrq, http://phzkzhuzllbl.com/
Lauren, United States
5 years ago Comments: This is a great thing for Colchester and the UK.
Christopher Whittell, United Kingdom
7 years ago
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Hell of email applications on iPhone
I've been using Apple's native mail application since the day I bought my first iPhone. Its set up with my gmail using google exchange. Everything seemed perfect, I was able to read emails, reply to them, add pictures, open attachments, it looked complete. So far so good!
Then came Gmail official iPhone application, that made me realize what I have been missing so far. It was having most of the features which I like about its web counterpart. It had great message display, better representation for email thread, above all its search actually worked.
Vertically Responsive Design : Keeping Things Above The Fold
In last couple of years you must have seen countless examples of responsive designs. Most of the websites are either already responsive or are planing for a responsive re-design. As we see more and more devies, this trend is likely to continue in near future as well. Pete Cashmore from Mashable has already declared 2013 as the year of Responsive Designs.
Developers mostly uses Fluid Grid, or Media queries to make the website adaptive. The basic technique is to viewport width and render content according to that.
Quick Hack To Get VerticalAlign Working On KineticJS.Text
In the jungle of Javascript 2D Canvas Libraries we have chosen KineticJS for the development of Polo. As there were so many libraries, It was a tough choice. Each library comes with their own pros and cons. We have selected KineticJS mainly for following reasons:
- Its has got an easy api to let us draw shapes, group them together with layering support
- Collection of rich examples, showcase of each feature give quick understanding
- Currently under active development, so we can assume timely updates and quick issue resolution
Facebook, Twitter, Instapaper Connect Buttons
For one of my project I had to use social connect buttons, with Facebook, Twitter, and Instapaper. I tried searching for any buttons that fits my bill, but that went in vain. Later I created these buttons myself using Photoshop. I am releasing these buttons source, may be it'll save others time.
How to Properly Hide and Show Elements Using Javascript
What is the first solution comes to your mind, when someone asks you
How can I dynamically hide any element using Javascript ?
The obvious solutions to this is to set "display" style to "none". Something like this:
document.getElementById('element').style.display = 'none';
This will surely work, but is it the correct way to do so? May be not, as you would face problems in showing that element again. The problem in showing that element is that you don't know the original display property of that element.
GitHub Setup on Webfaction : How To ?
Git is a very popular distributed revision control system with an emphasis on speed. Recently for my projects I need to setup up a private Git Setup on Webfaction Server. So here is the way to Install and start using Git on Webfaction.
How to Install Git on Webfaction
- Log into your Webfaction Control Panel
- Navigate to Domains/Websites » Applications
- Click Add New
- Enter git as the application name in the Name field
- Select git from the App category menu
- Enter a password for the default user in the Extra Info field
- Click the Create button
The Git application provides a subdirectory, bin, which contains the Git executables.
Facebook Hacker Cup : Studious Student Problem Solution
Photo Credit : Helen Morgan
The Third and final problem of the Facebook Qualification 2011 Round was Studious Student. The problem goes like this:
Studious Student
You've been given a list of words to study and memorize. Being a diligent student of language and the arts, you've decided to not study them at all and instead make up pointless games based on them. One game you've come up with is to see how you can concatenate the words to generate the lexicographically lowest possible string.
Facebook Hacker Cup : Peg Game Problem Solution
Continuing with my earlier solution of the First Problem "Double Squareâ€, here is solution and analysis for Second Problem "Peg Gameâ€
Peg Game
At the arcade, you can play a simple game where a ball is dropped into the top of the game, from a position of your choosing. There are a number of pegs that the ball will bounce off of as it drops through the game. Whenever the ball hits a peg, it will bounce to the left with probability 0.5 and to the right with probability 0.5.
Facebook Hacker Cup : Double Squares Problem Solution
A lot of people have participated and qualified in Qualification Round of Facebook Hacker Cup. Luckily I am also qualified for First Round. Facebook Hacker Cup Qualification Round consisted 3 problems. All of these problems were programmatically easy but tricky. Lots of people made very simple mistakes while solving these problem(including me).
First Problem of the round was:
Double Squares
A double-square number is an integer X which can be expressed as the sum of two perfect squares. For example, 10 is a double-square because 10 = 32+ 12.


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Hello DisneyWorldTrivia Forums!
I'm Jennings and have been lurking around the boards here and there for the past few months. Well, I finally decided that I'd stop hiding in the shadows and would join the DWT community. It looks like it will be a pretty cool place to hang out and post!


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Dealers and Distributors
Posted onOur weekly roundup of dealers and distributors includes news from Clarks Landing, CWR Electronics and First Mate Marine.
Clarks Landing will host a special day for Big Brothers, Big Sisters of Central Maryland June 20 at Shady Oaks Marina in Maryland.
The day will begin at 10 a.m. with a two-hour cruise aboard Clarks Landing's boats, followed by a picnic with games, prizes and giveaways. More than 40 little brothers and sisters ages 7 to 17, along with their Big Brothers and Big Sisters, will participate in the event.
Clarks Landing plans to make this an annual event that will grow over time, with the intention to open it up to local boat owners, community leaders and corporate and individual sponsors.
"Our team is excited to offer our services for this great event. Many of these young people have never experienced what it's like to be out on the water on a boat," said Jeff Truesdale, general manager of Clarks Landing, in a statement. "We are happy to give them this experience. Even if the event is only for a day, the memories will last a lifetime."
* * *
CWR Electronics was named marine distributor of the year by Standard Horizon.
"It is truly a pleasure to conduct business with all of the individuals at CWR Electronics," Standard's Northeast regional sales manager Rich Lauer said in a statement. "They are an organization always on the leading edge of quality distribution throughout the marine electronics industry."
In recognition of the honor, CWR will offer a 5 percent discount on all Standard Horizon products during June.
* * *
First Mate Marine, a division of Marshall Engines of Kearney, Neb., is now an authorized distributor of new GM marine engines.
The new GM marine engines will have a one-year warranty, the company says.
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OpEd–An Insulting Comment
April 1, 2010 by TMO · Leave a Comment
By Geoffrey Cook, MMNS
I was very surprised to find a reference to my work while "googling" to see if a certain academic piece of mine was online, for I wished to make a reference to it, but I discovered, in the internet edition of Outlook India of August 27th 2007 (http://www. outlookindia/article.aspx?23514), I found an unflattering reference to myself. In an interactive comment at the bottom of a travel article on Kashmir, "Eden's Secret" by Parvaz Bukhavi, there was an attack not only on me, but another American academic and three leading progressives in India. To quote the comment by a Mr. Varun Shekkar of Toronto Ontario in Canada:
"Articles like this [it happened to be an apolitical travel piece] should give lie to Kashmiri separatists, but to their supporters across the border [i.e., Pakistan], and their vulgar sympathizers in the international media like Eric Margolis and Geoffrey Cook(!).." The interactive commentator goes on to say because of the comparative peacefulness of the region of Gurais in the (Indian, sic.[!]) State, "…the…Kashmiri movement is not a province-wide struggle against 'Indian rule'…a strong rebuff to the likes of Arundhati Roy, Praful Bidwai and Nandita Haksar."
Thank you, Mr. Shekkar, for including me in such a stellar array of fighters for human rights! I am a great admirer of Mr. Margolis, but the Ms. and Mr. Roy, Bidwai and Haksar are, also, Indian citizens, and they are courageous individuals for speaking criticizing their own country's policies when those procedures are wrong! I am afraid my name should not be listed with these brave and learned individuals, but I am glad at least someone is reading my works – even my critics!
For me this insult is praise! From time to time I receive such "compliments" in the press and listservs. That is one of the drawbacks for "opinion makers," such as journalists politicians and other individuals who expose their necks to the public.
Kashmir, after Palestine, is the most burning political issue within the Islamic world currently, for both sides of the argument are nuclear powers, and they almost came to explosive fisticuffs in 2001-2002 which would have killed and maimed hundreds of millions of human souls if not for the diplomatic skills of Perez Musharaf!
I do not wish to go over the recommendations that I made to the United States State Department through an elected Congressional official with whom I worked with on the conundrum and the United Nations — at their request. Because my scenario depends upon one step following after another, an order which is not the way how negotiations work – which are fraught with compromises, I shall not go into my suggestions as a whole. Kashmir is a resolvable situation, though, but the problem lies within the Government buildings in New Delhi.
The Simla Agreement, where it was agreed that India and Pakistan would work out "outstanding differences bilaterally" without third party interference, has been unworkable! Third parties (major extra-regional powers?) are needed – especially for shuttle diplomacy.
There is a fair enough chance that India's right-wing political party, the BJP, who almost brought the region to catastrophe during the first year of this millennium, might be able to form a coalition after the next general election.
Kashmir can be settled, and it must be! The sooner the better because of the changing political landscape in South Asia (Pakistan, too, is in danger that the struggle in the Northwest Frontier Provinces (N.W.P.)will descend into urban regions and their hinterlands there).
The Arabian Sea area, which borders South Asia, portions of the Middle East and East Africa, does not only have a nuclear threat from Southern Asia but from the United States, France and Israel from their nuclear missiles within their submarines which regularly prowl the vastness of that Sea. The quandary lies not only with the Indo-Pak rivalry over Kashmir, but the other powers as well within that wide maritime territory. The goal should be a nuclear-free zone in the expanse of that ocean and its surrounding nations!
The first step, though, is that Islamabad and New Delhi should begin consultations without preconditions!
An Inspiring Story: Rwanda Turning to Islam
November 26, 2008 by TMO · Leave a Comment
Courtesy Arab News
DUBAI, 30 September 2007 — The life story of Umugwaneza Sulaiman, a contestant for the Dubai International Holy Qur'an Award, is truly inspirational since he has risen from rubble to create a renaissance.
Even though he is only 19, this young man from Rwanda has survived a life of hardship. As a young child he survived the genocide in Rwanda in 1994. He still has horrific memories of hiding in forests from militias that were killing people. The rivers and roads they walked through were littered with bodies. Later on he lost his father and had to lead a harsh life in one of the poorest countries in the world.
Despite all his hardships, Sulaiman was determined to become a hafiz and was rewarded by becoming the first Rwandan to take part in the Dubai International Holy Qur'an Award competition. Sulaiman's quest with the sacred book started when he converted to Islam at the age of 11.
"Even though my family were Catholics I was never interested in the church. The Azan from the mosque in my neighborhood fascinated me and I started attending classes there," he said.
When asked if he faced any resistance from his family, Sulaiman said that his family had no issues with him becoming a Muslim, as Islam is a held in high regard in Rwanda after the 1994 genocide. His whole family followed him a few years later and converted to Islam.
Since the genocide, Rwandans have converted to Islam in huge numbers. Muslims now make up 14 percent of the 8.2 million people in Africa's mostly Catholic nation, twice as many as before the killings began. The reason behind the conversions lies in the fact that Rwandan Muslims did not take part in the genocide and played a key role in the humanitarian efforts that followed.
Muslims have been honored by the national government for their roles in saving the lives regardless of their faith. Many people attribute the recent spread of Islam to these humanitarian acts.
It took years of dedicated work for Sulaiman to memorize the Qur'an. The lack of qualified teachers in Rwanda made him make up his mind to travel to Kenya as there are good Qur'anic schools there.
"I was 15 when my five friends and I decided to travel to Kenya to seek knowledge. Two of my friends were converts like me," he said.
The six young men packed their bags and traveled to the Kenyan capital, Nairobi, to find the school. They enrolled themselves in a free boarding school, which accepts students from all over East Africa. There they studied under the tutelage of Qur'an scholars. It took Sulaiman two years to memorize the whole Qur'an.
Now back home in Rwanda, Sulaiman works as a part time Imam and Qur'an teacher to supplement his income while studying at the only Islamic seminar in Kigali.
Masha Allah, there are so many Muslims now in my country. We are working hard at teaching the Qur'an to the new generation of Muslim children," he said.
After finishing his education, Sulaiman hopes to get a scholarship to study Islam. "We get Muslim scholars coming from Uganda to spread the word of Islam in Rwanda. I hope that through my knowledge of Islam I will be able to help spread peace in my country," he said.


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Our goal is to recruit, hire and develop a diverse workforce of employees who are highly skilled and enthusiastic achievers to meet the challenges of the future. Our products and services are represented worldwide. Our strengths are our highly skilled people and diversity.
BAC is a division of Amsted Industries, a 100% employee-owned company. We offer a very competitive benefit package which includes medical, dental, life, and disability insurance. We also offer two retirement savings programs: (1) an Employee Stock Ownership Program (ESOP) which is fully company paid and (2) a 401(k) plan. Other benefits include 11 paid holidays per year, vacation time ranging from two to five weeks per year, tuition reimbursement, a wellness program featuring a fitness room at our corporate headquarters and much, much more. Baltimore Aircoil Company is an Equal Opportunity Employer M/F/D/V.
To view current openings and to apply online, click here.


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Sun, Jun 10, 12 at 23:18
I have attached a rough sketch of our covered porch. The ultimate goal is to fit a fireplace, a 36" built-in grill and some small patio furnitures in the porch. The difficult part is we have two sets of french doors from living room and dining room. While they give us direct access to the porch, they are taking up much wall space. We will consider changing one pair of the french doors into sliding door to save room if needed.
Need some help and inputs in designing our relatively small covered porch! One option we thought about is to give up the fireplace and put the grill there instead and put a fireplace outside the porch in the backyard somewhere. Before we make our final decision, I thought I can borrow some more brains on the forum! Appreciate any help. Thank you! Uploaded with ImageShack.us |
Follow-Up Postings:
Is the "dining room" a formal space, or is a casual area off the kitchen? If it is the latter...you could change the door to a single glass and move it over to the left, closer to the corner. That would give you more wall space, but I wouldn't do it if removing the French doors makes your dining room look odd. I would say just move the fireplace to the patio...but we have a covered porch with one open side and a fireplace, and we just love having the fireplace there. Our space is a little bigger, but we are actually planning to put a built in grill/cooking area down on the patio and not have cooking on the covered porch at all. Granted, it is a few steps further from the house, but I would rather have the smoke further away. Plus...you are going to have a pool and all that...I think it would be great to have a grill out there for parties! |
Yes, the dining room is a formal dining area so we try not to change the french doors if we can. The smoke from the grill is one concern we have too since we are not going to add a vent hood in the porch. May be we should just put the grill on the patio instead like you did. Thanks! |
Have you checked to see if code in your area allows you to have a built in grill on a covered porch without a vent hood? Even if it does allow you to do that, it is not a good idea. |
Yes dekeoboe, our builder has done quite many houses with built-in grill including his own. The smoke issue is something I am concerned too but it seems like people who have done it in my area didn't have too many issues with it. I would like to hear more opinions on this though! |
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- 1 1/4 cups water
- 1 1/4 cups (packed) dark brown sugar
- 2 cinnamon sticks, broken in half
- 4 whole cloves
- 1 4-inch-long strip orange peel
- 2 750-ml bottles dry red wine
- 1 cup fresh orange juice
- 1/2 cup fresh lemon juice
- 4 cups brandy
- 1 whole nutmeg
Bring first 5 ingredients to boil in large pot, stirring until sugar dissolves. Add wine; stir to heat through. Pour mixture into large heatproof glass, ceramic, or metal punch bowl. Mix in orange juice and lemon juice. Holding ladle over punch bowl, fill ladle with brandy; carefully ignite. Pour into punch bowl and allow flame to burn out. Mix in remaining brandy. Grate some nutmeg over punch.
my notes
recipe at a glance
type: Entertaining, Alcoholic, Punch, Cocktail
main ingredients: Orange, Red Wine, Lemon, Tea, Cinnamon, Clove, Fruit Juice, Brandy
holiday/celebration: Christmas, Cocktail Party, New Year's Eve


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OXM ETboy wrote:I feel embarrassed that it's taken us this long to appoint new mods, frankly. Blame Kernow for doing such a magnificent job.
CunningSmile wrote:Cheers for the vote of confidence guys, I really appreciate it and try not to let the power go to my head
Now who wants banning first? Dark has been disagreeing with me a lot recently now he mentions it...
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Pastor Nadia Bolz-Weber: "Jesus-y while being socially progressive"
Nadia Bolz-Weber is an ordained Lutheran minister and founder of the House for all Sinners and Saints -- but her sleeve tattoos and sailor's mouth are an immediate tip-off that this woman ain't your momma's minister. Beyond these obvious social cues, Bolz-Weber's view of theology also sets her apart: Tapping into a vein of would-be worshippers looking for a place that was both Christo-centric and open to all social views, she created a community through the church she co-founded. (For a detailed explanation of Bolz-Weber's beliefs and her background, check out this House for All Sinners profile and case study.)
But this isn't "the church for the tattooed people," Bolz-Weber stresses in a conversation with the pastor; this is a church for all. In advance of the House for All Sinners and Saints Blessing of the Bicycles happening this Sunday, June 24, at St. Thomas Episcopal Church, she talks about what her congregation really looks like, and why it is important to anoint and thank our two-wheeled transportation.
Westword: Can you talk a little bit about who you are and how the House for All Sinners and Saints formed?
Nadia Bolz-Weber: I started the church in my living room about four years ago with, like, eight people. I'm a Lutheran pastor, but most of the people at my church aren't Lutheran -- we have everyone you can imagine. I wanted to start a church that I would want to go to; I didn't find any churches that I felt I could be myself at. I have sleeve tattoos, I swear like a truck driver -- the sort of piety around being a person of faith never really fit my personality. So I started a church that felt like [a place where] me and my friends didn't have to "culturally commute" to go to, if that makes sense.
Can anyone come to the House for All Sinners and Saints?
To visit? Yeah. In four years, we've had three Sundays where we didn't have visitors -- we usually have between ten and forty visitors. It's like a "destination church," or something (laughs.) It's a very peculiar blend of tradition and innovation; there really isn't anything close to it. We do an a cappella Gregorian chant setting of the liturgy; but it's like informal high church. It's completely in the round, and the liturgy is led by whoever wants to lead different parts of it.
Nobody is deciding who's good enough to do a reading, or who can do the prayers; the people doing the liturgy actually write the prayers themselves. It is super participatory, but it's high church. It's an odd combination. Here's the thing: Most of the people in my church are very suspicious of institutions and presumed authority. Here I am, ordained in the Lutheran church, right? I'm presuming to have authority in an institution, so right there, that's a huge barrier. The fact that, for instance, we're in the round, there's no front for the two "special people" to be standing in. It's a shared experience; we've democratized even the physical space.
I'm still the pastor, I still do a couple of things in the liturgy that are mine to do. Everything else is really up for grabs. One thing that I think is really different, is that we're very socially progressive, but still Christo-centric. It's really Jesus-y while being socially progressive. That's an odd combination.
It seems like often, we have to pick between the two -- being Jesus-y and socially progressive.
Exactly. And I think that's a false dichotomy; honestly, people believe all kinds of stuff. I feel in no way responsible for what the people in my church believe. But I feel responsible for what they hear. But what they believe isn't my job, and subsequently, we have everything from Agnostics to Evangelicals that come to church. It's all good. We have a couple of pagans, a Jewish guy. We have a lot former Catholics because it's totally liturgical and sacramental; that piece is really familiar, but without the other stuff. (Laughs.) It can be meaningful for you in whatever way it is for you. They are a community.
You show up for church on Sunday night and you look around and you go, "I am unclear what all of these people have in common." (Laughs.) It is like a freakshow: we have baby boomers that drive in from the suburbs and aging hipsters, and it just doesn't make any sense. You would think it's a demographic, but it's not. It's not even like "This is for the outcasts"; we have a lot of outcasts, but we have lawyers and bankers. It's not even like, "Oh, this is the church for the tattooed people."
We're just a church that does stuff that makes sense to us -- we're not trying to be anything. I don't know how to make that distinction? It's like, we're not trying to be open and affirming of gay people, it's just that three or four of the people who started the church with me are queer. That's just who we are.
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Bonnie Campbell Hill was a literacy leader from Washington and was known throughout the world. You can learn more about her at Bonnie's Website. Her passion for teaching and learning were contagious and continue to support teachers throughout Washington. Each year two educators are selected recipients of the Bonnie Campbell Hill Washington State Literacy Leader Award supporting their professional development and leadership vision.
Previous recipients include:
Dawn Christiana and Pam Pottle began a district wide renewed focus on literacy including a book study, committee retreat and on-going opportunities to learn together.
David Lowe attended the Literacy Coaching Institute at Teachers College of Columbia in New York to continue developing leadership in literacy capacity.
Colleen DeLorenzo attended professional development, supported a book study and ongoing learning with her colleagues.
Sara Betts is implementing a book study to develop understandings of the CCSS will attend the International Reading Association conference with a colleague.
Melissa Thienes will attend the Literacy Coaching Institute at Teachers College of Columbia in New York to continue learning about leadership and literacy.
2014-2015 Could be you! Visit the Awards page for more information.


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J. Edgar to 8: Dustin Lance Black's artistic triumphs for gay rights
One of the great historians of our time, Dustin Lance Black is responsible for some great dramatic portrayals of our country's past. Whether his subject is Harvey Milk, J. Edgar Hoover or the California State Supreme Court, Black is painstakingly thorough with his research and masterful with his storytelling. While his themes are consistent and his LGBT rights message clear, Black is consistently fair and empathetic to the real-life characters he portrays. Tonight the Denver Center for the Performing Arts will host a reading of Black's recent play 8, which illustrates what happened in the historic Perry vs Schwarzenegger case concerning California's Proposition 8.
Continue reading for other examples of Black's artistic triumphs for gay rights:
See also:
- How to Survive a Plague: an AIDS and GLBTQ activism film primer
- My fake Facebook engagement to a gay guy
- Spike Lee's most beautifully preachy moments
J. Edgar
In the days of J. Edgar Hoover's America, homosexuality was thought to be a symptom of a larger kind of madness. In an earlier scene, Hoover's mother explains to him that she'd rather have a dead son than a "daffodil" for a son, forever cementing in young Hoover the idea that there would always be a side to him that could never be unleashed. Avoiding any overt preachiness, in his screenplay for J. Edgar -- and in this scene in particular -- Dustin Lance Black clearly illustrates that in 1940s America, madness didn't create homosexuality, but rather society's treatment of homosexuals drove them to madness.
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Everyone thinks they can make a superhero movie these days. Catastrophic Comics was a short-lived (2008-2009) publisher that released four Sparks issues out of a planned eight. (The Sparks graphic novel in paperback came out last year, though.) The company was best known for being co-owned by William Katt. Now, that comic story has come to low-budget film, with the DVD release of Sparks.
What sets it apart is that the film is set in the 40s and takes a noir tone. Unfortunately, the storytelling is needlessly convoluted, with most of the movie told as flashback. But first, there's a serial killer prologue combined with fake news articles about a meteor strike creating thirteen radioactively powered people. Cut to a hard-boiled journalist setup, with a guy in fedora and trenchcoat (Chase Williamson) stating he wants to report his own murder. That's Sparks, our hero, who was a teen vigilante due to a childhood accident with a mysterious liquid where he lost his parents. He partners up with Lady Heavenly (Ashley Bell), and they have sex on rooftops.
Soon, a villain (William Katt) who makes movies of his crimes (and then leaves the cameras and film behind) gets the better of the pair. Warning: Heavenly is one of only two major female roles, and her main function is motivating the hero, either through his crush on her or being tortured. The other (Marina Squerciati), a shapeshifter, slinks around in lingerie.
Clearly writer/director Christopher Folino is familiar with D.O.A., Batman, Daredevil, Sin City, and Watchmen. So much of this movie is familiar, from the training sequence to the motivations of revenge and redemption. Much of the structure is based around reveals, where you think you know one thing and then the viewer is told something different, but the "secrets" are predictable, particularly to comic readers. Even though Sparks is telling his own story, he's more acted upon than acting, thrown hither and yon by vow and circumstance instead of making substantial choices.
The dialogue is clunky and cringe-inducing, and the special effects look like layered cut-and-paste over fake green-screen backgrounds. However, Clint Howard is a newspaper editor, Clancy Brown is the trainer/mentor, and Jake Busey is another superhero (Sledge). It was due to those favorite names that I kept sitting through all of this film. It moves quickly, anyway.
The DVD has a three-and-a-half-minute making-of that tells you little beyond what you get watching the movie; a minute of outtakes (two scenes); and commentary by Katt, Folino, and co-director Todd Burrows. (The studio provided a review copy.)


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...it's not over til you win!
Meet Leslie Haskin
- Speaker, Best Selling Author and Humanitarian.
Leslie Haskin is a best selling author, single mother and a highly respected speaker whose message of overcoming is empowering people across the globe to live towards Gods greater vision.
Her straight-from-the-heart approach, honest style and energetic delivery cross denominational lines: engaging audiences and compelling them to take the next step toward living lives that are not constrained by pitfalls or circumstance.
Herself an over-comer, Leslie's life is evidence of Gods redemptive power and infinite human potential. The youngest daughter of 15 children born to a Baptist minister and his choir director wife, Leslie grew up on Chicagos notorious South Side, where despite the financial constraints of a large family, she excelled in school and in her career.
Her determination and persistence to do whatever it took to achieve financial success led her to New York City, where she successfully climbed the corporate ladder and by 2001, Leslie Haskin was leading the corporate operations for one of the largest insurance companies in the country. One of only two African American executives in the company, she was recognized by the national organization for women in leadership. Leslie lived all the privileges that her executive lifestyle afforded.
Then at 8:43 a.m. on September 11, 2001 everything changed.
Leslie was in her office on the 36th floor of The North Tower when a Boeing 747 airplane slammed into her building her friends her life. She barely escaped before the building fell. Diagnosed with severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and committed to a mental hospital, the months that followed brought financial ruin. Leslie became homelessness with her then 12 year old son, Eliot Hill.
Today, Leslies is a testimony of overcoming.
But God is our redeemer, Leslie says. Today, Leslie has triumphed over PTSD, homelessness, a broken engagement, a cancer scare and even her sons involvement with gangs and violence. Hers is the voice of victory.
Leslie says, "I am persuaded that Gods provision is for our wholeness, healing and spiritual prosperity through Him whose shed blood guarantees a life without the chains of cancer and other disease, depression, poverty, addiction and anything else that so easily constrains us. My mission is to get a message out that will help people become uncomfortable in mediocrity. And my prayer is to be the catalyst that helps others see themselves rising above whatever their individual towers are."
Her message takes her across the country where she is crosses racial, denominational and financial lines with the good news that there is hope beyond suffering and life to be lived without limits. She has worked alongside broadcast professionals such as Australias Leigh Hatcher, CNNs Tony Harris and The 700 Clubs Kristi Watts. She has been featured on Joy Behar Show, CNN, Fox News, Dr Drew and other mainstream media.
A successful author with four highly acclaimed books in publication; "Held, "God Has Not forgotten About You," "When Life Doesnt Make Sense" and the best selling, "Between Heaven and Ground Zero," which chronicles her escape from the burning Twin Towers on September 11, 2001, Leslie believes that we are more than conquerors and that
It aint over til you win!
find Leslie on
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So everybody is saying, "seen these before" but I thought they looked so good this morning, might be worth seeing again. Wild Horses is the big surprise, putting up a rebloom scape so late. Beautiful Edgings is still going. On that one scape that is winding down, I have the bud count up to 58, and that should be it, unless BE surprises me by managing more buds. Avedon
Leebea Orange Crush thought the color looked really good this morning. It is cloudy and overcast and starting to drizzle rain. Final Touch still more buds on this one Beautiful Edgings still with beautiful flowers--if the weather stays mild, will have more blooms Wild Horses--can't believe this one having such a late scape==love the flowers, and hope the plant finally does more next year. |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by newyorkrita z6b/7a LI NY (My Page) on Sun, Sep 16, 12 at 12:56
We love to see them again! Lovely! |
- Posted by Blazesally none (My Page) on Sun, Sep 16, 12 at 13:24
Does anyone have any experience with the late bloomer Sun Temple Spirit (Hansen, 1994)? I just ordered it for my garden and was looking for other opinions. |
- Posted by waitforspring z6MA (My Page) on Sun, Sep 16, 12 at 19:51
Nice late bloom. Your Beautiful Edgings is amazing. Val |
- Posted by organic_kitten 7 (My Page) on Sun, Sep 16, 12 at 20:32
All beautiful, but especially like Wild Horses. kay |
They are all gorgeous blooms.Very pretty WILD HORSES, too But BEAUTIFUL EDGINGS is my favorite one.its just always a beauty. jean |
Beautiful Edgings is having a great run in your garden. Wild Horses is lovely. It's never rebloomed for me. The place it's planted gets more and more shade as the summer wears on. Debra |
Wild Horses is not giving up in your garden. I should check mine LOL. Thanks for posting pics. Always good to see blooms still going on. Julia |
- Posted by celestialrose zone 4/5 NH (My Page) on Mon, Sep 17, 12 at 10:03
I'm happy for you that you have rebloom. It is always exciting and they look great. I hope you have good news about your mom. My thoughts are with you. Celeste |
They all look great, and I especially like Wild Horses and Beautiful Edgings. I wish my WH rebloomed :)) BE is still going here too, opened a flower today, but it is SO cold, there is no chance that flower ever opens fully |
Great to see them again, especially Beautiful Edgings, what a great DL. Linda |
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On the leafy streets of Windsor sits Mon's Thai Rarnaharn, one of Brisbane's most popular neighbourhood Thai eateries. Authentic, sumptuous Thai flavours underpin Mon's menu, which diners can enjoy in the restaurant's leafy courtyard or to take away. Better still, learn some of the chef's secrets in one of Mon's regular Thai cooking classes. Mon's Thai Rarnaharn is fully licensed (with the option of BYO bottled wine).
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Retreat: The 6-day intensive is designed to help MQ participants who are starting the program hear call stories from others, ask pressing questions, explore what it means to be called by God and discover the ministry to which God is calling them. At the same time, students finishing the program will consider how they can live out God's call in the context of vocation and be sent out to lead and serve. Two
Two sets of MQ participants take part in the same annual retreat – those beginning the program and those concluding it. So, the "intensive" both opens and closes the program for MQ participants and the interaction between the two groups has amazing potential for growth.


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Take Two for April 1, 2013
Hollywood Report: Industry employment hits a new low
Grant Slater/KPCC
Actress Kayla Carrera and Director Jeff Reyes check the footage between takes on the set of "Can't Get Enough," a video for a song by Peter Jackson.
We learned last week that unemployment in California fell to 9.6 percent. That's still two points above the national average, but it's the lowest rate seen in the Golden State since 2008.
Leading the way in providing new jobs: technology, tourism and construction. Not helping out: Hollywood. Employment in the industry has fallen to the lowest level in more than a decade.
Here with more on that and other Hollywood news, Rebecca Keegan of the LA Times.


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Magneto: Not a Hero is a four part mini series that ran from 2011 to 2012. I enjoyed it but honestly it did seem kind of pointless. Some bad stuff is going down and everyone but the X-Men are blaming Magneto because of his evil past. He claims he's innocent but no one believes him. Anyway Cyclops stalls for time while he lets Magneto try to take care of things. Turns out it's Joseph back from the dead (which really seems to be the whole reason for this thing), Joseph is back and he's real bad. He's taken the place of mutant villain that Magneto left when he changed sides. There are some pretty cool Magneto/Joseph fights in this thing, that's pretty much the highlight of the series. Even though not a lot happens it's still a good read, I never found myself bored with it even when there's a lot of sitting around a table and talking. I can see a lot of people being bored with this but any X-Men fan should be into it.
REVIEW: Magneto: Not a Hero
March 31, 2012
Books, Comics, Reviews Comic Books, comics, magneto, Marvel, marvel comics, review, Reviews Leave a comment


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Zulu's Zoo
Help Zulu`s Zoo win a million dollar grant by making sure the zoo is in tip top shape and impress the judges! Find and feed the animals, clean up the habitats by collecting trash, and explore a wide range of Hidden Object scenes, to succeed. Play fun and exciting minigames, and take challenging Zoo Tests, as you climb your way from lowly Novice, to an expert animal trainer! Make Zulu`s Zoo the best!
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(03-04-2012 04:25 PM)bustin 5 knots Wrote: I disagree with Shezdoni about group breaks being a scam. I don't think they're a scam at all, when done properly.
(03-04-2012 11:10 PM)zmhower2469 Wrote: First of all I've done dozens of group breaks and they're awesome, second you people who jump down this guys throat to tell him he is breaking the rules is unnecessary. If one person posts that rules have been violated then 3 more people don't need to say it as well. This guy could have just been a little naive and just wanted to have a fun group break with fellow baseball collecting enthusiasts. So let's stop hating on everyone who mistakenly breaks the rules and leaving 5 or 6 negative comments.


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We're almost there, people.
In just five weeks, Girl Meets World — Disney Channel's highly ridiculously anticipated Boy Meets World spinoff, which follows the trials and tribulations of Cory (Ben Savage) and Topanga's (Danielle Fishel) 12-year-old daughter Riley (Rowan Blanchard) — will finally make its small screen debut. And we've got a taste of what to expect from the new show: Check below to find the upcoming sitcom's opening credits, set to a bouncy tune called "Take On the World." (Yes, the vocals come from stars Blanchard and Sabrina Carpenter, who plays Riley's Shawn Hunter-esque BFF — but that doesn't mean either character is dying to be famous.)


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