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We live in a manufactured home (only 4 yrs old) and We haven't painted (my husband doesn't want to) but I am wondering how you repair the wallpaper like stuff that is on the walls, the wall board that came with the house.
I had something stuck to the wall and went to take it off and some of that wallpaper like stuff, peeled off in about 3 spots and now I see brown that is under that. Is there a way to fix it without painting since he doesn't want to? |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by forboystoo (My Page) on Fri, Jan 29, 10 at 10:10
I don't know what kind of finish you have on your walls....... Mine is that orange peel look ...I changed out a light fixture which left a big round circle .... I sanded lightly then used a can of spray texture over that spot....Let dry a day then put yp new fixture ...Didn't paint...Can't tell.... |
Here is a link that might be useful: http://www.homedepot.com/h_d1/N-5yc1vZ1xr5/R-100684591/h_d2/ProductDisplay?langId=-1&storeId=10051&catalogId=10053
Are you talking about sheetrock? Do you have a patterned wallpaper or are you talking about painted sheetrock? If it's painted sheetrock, get some "mud" and repair the tears in the sheetrock paper. Ask the salesman at the box store what you need to to use to apply the mud and how to do it. Match the existing paint color and paint over the patches after the mud dries. You might be able to use spackle but it would depend on the size tears you are working with. There again, talk to the salesman. You can show him the approximate size and be able to tell him exactly what type wallboard you are working with. I suspect the minimum supplies you will need will be mud, mud knife, sandpaper and paint. Take a small piece of the finished paper showing the color so they can match it. |
- Posted by forboystoo (My Page) on Fri, Jan 29, 10 at 12:42
Can you post a picture ?? |
- Posted by brnincalif (My Page) on Sun, Mar 7, 10 at 8:50
I just bought a 1990 dw and am planning on remodeling and am SOOOOOOOOOO glad I found this site! I used to work in a modular home plant and saw the construction process step-by-step from about 1996 till 2000. At that facility the wallboard was vinyl covered gypsum.I have yet to close on my place. When I do I will have to inspect and see what mine are made of. |
Thats the trouble with trailer walls, doors ect. Everything is non standard, usually not level and expensive if you can find it at all. One thing to keep in mind if you decide to do a paint job on those type walls is to scuff sand lightly if they are that shiny texture they often use. If you paint the walls and they start to peel you will pay hell to get it off again. There may be paints that will stick to that vinylized finish but just make SURE they will before you do the job whereas scuffing a bit with 220 sandpaper will surely work |
- Posted by amandasgramma (My Page) on Tue, Apr 13, 10 at 23:46
My girlfriend has a Manuf home that's over 20 yrs old. She has painted, re-painted, and painted again over those 20 yrs. The walls had a wall paneling and a weird wallpapered paneling. She did as suggested above...she sanded lightly, primed and painted. She even put in chair railing and textured the upper portion!!!! We've put a front door on our house -- one from Lowes. It's not a standard doorway size...so DH CUT the doorway and the door fit perfectly!! you can do ANYTHING you want to a manuf. home...just get in and work it until it works!!! |
- Posted by shades_of_idaho (My Page) on Mon, Apr 19, 10 at 8:32
"you can do ANYTHING you want to a manuf. home...just get in and work it until it works!!!" Really like your attitude. We put a non opening window in wall between laundry and guest bath to let light into guest bath.Ran into a vent pipe. Just had to re-rout it around the window and back to the vent on top. Just get in and work until it works. I like that. Chris |
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text: This piece based on my old living room in my old apartment. I recreated many of the objects that existed in that space, chairs, side tables and other nick nacks out of thread and hung them from the ceiling so that they were layered on top of one another, mimicking the space in my old home. Each of the objects were created on a 1 to 1 scale. The objects act as a trace or record of a space that used to exist. Part shrine or monument, the thread drawings act as tribute to a room that once was. This piece was shown at Come Up to My Room at the Gladstone Hotel in January 2011. I have come to think of my rental apartments as places of temporary stay, which I why I thought the Gladstone was an appropriate place to display the work. Hotel rooms are places that are home for a brief period of time; they have a bed and a night table, things that sort of reference a sense of home but really aren't the real thing. I think that this piece acts the same way as a hotel room does, it references or reminds you of a place like home. |

subset: commoncrawl


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Safari in Kenya without four wheels
Giraffes graze just steps from the Aberdare Country Club's nine-hole golf course in Kenya. (Laura Kiniry)
We were returning from an afternoon safari when the first bell buzzed over the intercom. Having already spent a night at the Ark, a quirky Noah's Ark-like lodge tucked into the thick, verdant forests of Kenya's Aberdare National Park, I was familiar with the drill: one bell meant elephants arriving to the salt lick and watering hole that the back of the lodge overlooks. Two bells signalled a rhino. While I would have jumped at the chance to catch even a glimpse of either a few days back, Kenya's easy proximity to buffalo, giraffe, zebra and other African wildlife has an odd way of dulling your senses. Rather then run to the lodge's triad of decks with camera in tow, I turned down the hall toward my room. But as I reached my door, the bell buzzed a third time – a pattern we had never heard before.
A small group had already formed on the third-floor outdoor deck when I arrived, breathless. Charles Mathenge, the Ark's affable "captain" during my stay, was beckoning us with one hand while motioning to be quiet with the other. Partially hidden in the brush was a leopard, its yellow fur covered in densely packed rose-shaped markings that illuminated it against the dark green backdrop. He was staring intently at a mother warthog, her four tiny piglets foraging nearby.
"You remember Pumbaa, the warthog from [the film] The Lion King?" whispered Mathenge. "Pumbaa means "stupid" in Swahili." At that exact moment the leopard leapt from his perch, bolting toward one of the piglets. The mother warthog ran after him at a surprising speed, grunting and repelling him backward.
"That didn't look dumb to me," I said.
"No", Mathenge said, "but now watch this".
Within seconds the mother warthog had turned her back on the leopard, grazing obliviously as though the entire scene had never taken place.
It is hard to beat Kenya for its unfettered access to wildlife, but visitors often forget that getting up close does not have to mean being confined in a vehicle. For example, while much of your day at the Ark may be spent roaming Aberdare National Park in 4x4 jeeps seeking out playful monkeys, elusive lions and the occasional waterfall, at the lodge you are still sleeping within the animals' hunting grounds. Step into the Ark's ground-level, wildlife-viewing room and you may find yourself within steps of a black rhino, easily photographable through the thick window. Or curl up with a hot water bottle as the temperature drops and listen to the whoop calls of hyena as you drift off to sleep. One evening I stood on the deck and watched more than two dozen elephants – including a mother and baby – grazing on the lick below.
And the Ark is just one of many alternative opportunities within a few hours of Nairobi, Kenya's capital city.
Boat safari on Lake Naivasha
There is no shortage of hippos in Lake Naivasha, a freshwater body lying 1,890m up in the highlands of Kenya's Rift valley, 120km northwest of Nairobi. And most nearby lodges offer boat tours, including Lake Naivasha Sawela Lodge.
As your guide navigates the motorised boat past papyrus stands and fisherman standing waist-deep in the water, it is easy to envision the hippos rising up like sharks at any minute. But once you spot them – their disproportionate ears and widespread eyes hovering just above the water's surface – you almost forget your fears. Huddled together in pods, they seem surprisingly (and wrongly) nonthreatening, their massive bodies gliding around the bottom of the lake.
But hippos are not Lake Naivasha's only wildlife; it is also a bird-lovers paradise. The lake is home to hundreds of bird species, from mohawked pied kingfishers to brightly-coloured brimstone canaries to majestic fish eagles that glide easily through the air. Meanwhile, buffalo meander along nearby swampy banks and beyond them, black and white colobus monkeys dangle lazily on the crooked branches of flat-topped acacia trees.


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Recent comments
- dan
- February 01, 2013 - 12:37
Congrats to all of the winners and inductees, I have known most of them over the years all good people. I guess there will always be sours grapes when it comes to volunteers in Mount Pearl but at least some people are recognized for their dedication and at least they are not trying to get something for nothing like some people are!
- hockey fan
- January 29, 2013 - 08:56
Garrett you are miss informed and probably havent been around hockey very long. Scott Gordon has coached a lot of the players in the NL SENIOR HOCKEY CIRCUIT, A number of players playing in the Q and Junior A on various provincial teams, or the Canada Games. He also has just coached in the WORLD U17 and was a guest coach with Hockey Canadas Junior Team camp when they were in St. John's . He coached my buddies in junior won 2 championships, and has coached High school and Junior hockey for 20 years or more . He is giving back to Minor Hockey in MP and at the Provincial level. can't see how you can dish the guy, who has time for all players and former players A LEADER.
- john
- January 28, 2013 - 15:04
Sorry folks, garett is right. Gordon is concerned about one thiing, scott gordon...that's it. Our senior high team would be much better off without gordon.
- Hockey Fan
- January 29, 2013 - 16:08
John, I guess you are right, Scotty goes to the rink to coach his Atom team, his High School team and then the junior team for hours a week to help these kids get better and learn the game , without any pay , sometimes the odd thank you and he is only in it for himself .....""rational" comment. I was cut from my High School team 2 times but I kept at it. I guess you are a cut player or better than that a parent who watches hockey from your armchair and know everything. ...so making a comment like the one you gave I have to ask whats in it for you? You are to be pityed .
- Wadden's
- January 28, 2013 - 12:24
@ Political Watcher, to answer your question, he won't volunteer. Its $$ or nothing. He won't even play for the Sr team, demanded a trade this year and played for the ceebees. But with Jim Hare pushing buttons with that team, its no wonder. You are bang on with Cranford. Scott is well deserved, not sure why they didn't give him a shot.
- Gordon's Snack Bar
- January 28, 2013 - 15:01
I guess that was the reason why Harry Bartlett wasn't there to present Terry with award. Going to be interesting if the players from the team that folded last year have to go back and play for Brian Cranford. Maybe two out of 25 will.
- Political Watcher
- January 26, 2013 - 15:10
Garrett, winning doesn't mean that Scott Gordon is a bad coach, he is a very good coach and one who puts in a great deal of time and not becuse he has his own child involved like many others coaches. He is always there for the kids and they love and respect him for it. Now, if you look to Mr. Cranford then I would say you have a point; after the stunt he pulled last year and then to hire a lawyer to try and justify what he did the selection committee must be short on candidates. P.S. Considering the Mr. Ryan has had such a good hockey career and that he usually volnteers his time when needed, can you please explain to me why the Mount Pearl Minor Hockey system doesn't use his skills and experience?
- garrett
- January 26, 2013 - 11:23
Nice list. Only poor choice is Scott Gordon for coach of the year. None of his teams listed won or is winning anything. Must be a slow year for coaches.
- kidding me
- January 26, 2013 - 18:07
Obviously some jealousy in your comments. Winning is not everything and from what I hear his teams are competitive. For a man to commit so much time and effort to hundreds of kids in his community, without having a child involved, is a testament to this gentleman. He has done this for years and many kids have benefited from his commitment. We need more Scott Gordons!! I betcha all you do is sit back and criticize others or find something to complain about. I could be wrong but I doubt it as 90% of the people who make similar comments are 'armchair' athletes. Get a life of or volunteer some of your time as it seems like you have too much time on your hands..
- hockeymom
- January 28, 2013 - 08:46
Obviously you have an axe to grind - can't imagine why you have an issue with Scott Gordon - if you can't get along with Scott then you can't get along with anyone! (Perhaps you had a child that never made one of his teams?) Winning has very little to do with being a good coach. For example I could probably coach Team Canada to a medal in the Olympics....does that mean I'm a good coach?? My son played hockey for 14 years, as well as other sports. He had both good (and very well known coaches) and bad coaches, but undoubtedly he would tell you that the best one he ever had was Scott Gordon! Very much deserved - Congrats Scott!


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Gran Turismo 6 Screenshots for PS3
On: PS3Kazunori Yamauchi's latest creation features 1200 cars, 33 tracks and a greater focus on DLC.
Review Verdict Read Review
6Out of 10
Back to game infoLatest Articles for Gran Turismo 6
Gran Turismo 6 update 1.12 includes new cars, a Rally track and game modes
Out now as a free download.
Gran Turismo 7 in development, Yamauchi confirms
But it won't be out this year.
Gran Turismo 6 has four tracks officially certified by the FIA
Unprecedented step by the governing body of motorsports, which brings the real and virtual racing worlds closer than ever.
GT Academy 2014 begins in Gran Turismo 6 on April 21
Fancy your chances at becoming a real life racing driver?


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Unissued / Unused material -
Various shots of Dulles's car arriving at Downing Street, and of John Foster Dulles, American Secretary of State, entering Foreign Office. CU American flag on back of car. Various shots of Dulles walking along Downing Street and entering No 10. Various shots of crowds in Downing Street. LS Dulles and British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan walking towards exit of No.10 Downing Street, they stand on steps and talk. MS Dulles saying goodbye, and making his way towards car and getting into it. LS Car leaving. MS Street sign "Downing Street". CU Door of No.10. Downing Street.
(Dupe.Neg.) Old record suggests material dates from around 29/01/1959.


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I just wanted to let the newbies here know that even if you have had your trees for a couple years and they have not bloomed for you(even when you have done everything you can), please don't throw in the towel! This summer in New York state has been terrible. We just cannot seem to warm up enough for much of anything to do well. None of my figs have produced yet, I have a 5ft tall gardenia that produced one bud, while my other smaller gardenoa produced none, and my plumeria......out of 150+ maybe 6 or 7 have produced inflos!!!!! I expected to have can awesome year for inflos and blooming, especially when I had around 20 that produced inflos over late winter, early spring. The only reason why I had plumeria that produced inflos was because of my 600 watt HPS light. This coming winter, I plan on adding more lights. What I think I will do, is start waking my trees up in January or February. This way they will have more time to grow and hopefully produce inflos. My biggest issue with doing this was spider mites but I now have hope. A friend of mine on Facebook told me to try horticultural oil. He said that it will help keep pests from sticking to the leaves and branches. I just wonder if I will have to spray more than once. I will post my results here. I also know that fans help. If you can keep good air circulation, it will also discourage pests from attacking the plumeria. I am hoping that doing all of this will help me to have more inflos and blooms next summer! Andrew |
Follow-Up Postings:
Andrew, I know many will appreciate this inspiration to persevere! I've never used horticultural oil indoors, but it seems to have a lasting effect when I use it on my sagos outdoors (asian scale problems.) Based on that I can't imagine having to do it more than once indoors? For the Sagos I use 1tsp per gallon (along with 2tsp Malathion to help kill off the scale.) I am not sure what rate of oil would be appropriate for Plumeria but someone here surely has tried it and can say. Good luck! |
- Posted by fancyorchid 10a/San Fran. Mid Pe (firstname.lastname@example.com) on Sun, Aug 18, 13 at 19:20
Thank You, Andrew and "irun5k", yours are very helpful tips about the horticultural oil and adding malathion to prevent pests from attacking the plumerias. I have been bringing, mine,indoors(my living room as south exposure). I usually start waking them up in February. Where can I find the oil in California, especially my area? Does OHS has it or do I have to order online ? Thanks again to both of you. Annamaria |
Thanks for the encouragement for patience. I bought a rooted cutting three or so years ago (maybe longer). It's grown to over 5' tall, didn't put on a second branch until last year and it still hasn't bloomed. Lots of leaves, lots of sun, no flowers. I don't even remember what cultivar is it. I bring it in every winter, take it back out every spring and hope. My husband calls it the Big Green Stick. One day my stick will bloom. ;) Cynthia |
Yep we got some funky weather here as well. So far very mild for August. The only warm spell we had were back in June. So only 25 out of my 80 plants are blooming or will be blooming this summer thus far. I have been inflo spotting but I'm not detecting anything new. So needless to say I'm very disappointed as well. :( |
Nobody gives up on this forum...we just change our tactics. I have a few seedlings that are on "plan Z." Plan AA is give them to Emily. : ) |
- Posted by PlumeJunkie 9a SF Bay Area (My Page) on Mon, Aug 19, 13 at 20:44
Andrew - why wake your plants up at all? You've got the light, why not just keep them growing the whole time? Less chance of disease if they don't go dormant. Side note - HPS great for setting inflows Personally, if your going to get more lights, I'd definately invest in a good led. You'll get a much better spectrum of light, plenty of power, & they're cheaper on the electric bill. Peace & happy growing, |
- Posted by fancyorchid 9/a ? (email@example.com) on Thu, Dec 12, 13 at 14:55
Sorry, again for commenting a Bit Late, what are "HPS" and "metal halide ? Please let me know!!! Also....my plumerias still had "inflos" before I took them indoors, a couple of weeks ago...because of impending frost, into my living room(south exposure)!!! Should I keep watering sparingly even as they are shedding leaves? I usually see growth on my Plumerias by February !!!! Annamaria |
Fancy HPS is short for High Pressure Sodium. The orange colored street lights are HPS Metal Halide is another high intensity discharge type of lighting. It is more of white light that most parking lot light poles use. Some say it is the closest to natural sunlight. Both have specific and different advantages for flowering and leaf growth. Mike |
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Yeah. Not so much now.
{source: chick I used to work with like 10 years ago. I shall be calling the bitch at 3am}
Which one freaked you out the most? For me it was a tie between 5 and 13. And maybe 15. Oh and number 1. Number 18 just makes me sad.
Magnetoboldtoo is sponsored by:


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from A$AP Rocky (Ft. Skrillex) – Wild for the Night Lyrics on Genius
Under the influence of alcohol, everyone thinks they can fight. A$AP Rocky recently proved he could against two amateur paparazzi (and got 3 days of community service and a $250 fine).
To help improve the quality of the lyrics, visit "Wild for the Night" by A$AP Rocky (Ft. Skrillex) Lyrics and leave a suggestion at the bottom of the page


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WASHINGTON, August 17, 2012 —National Domestic Violence Awareness month is October, less than six weeks away. October is also, of course, the month of Halloween. Neighborhood stores are already displaying bags of candy corn, costumes, and treat bags.
The decision of what to "go as" is quickly approaching.
This Halloween, dress up as Red Riding Hood. Who doesn't know the story of Red Riding hood?
While there are numerous interpretations of the story, a modern moral is that no matter how much pain and destruction a victim of domestic violence endures mentally, physically, or sexually, there is someone willing to listen to you and believe you and help you escape and be saved from the clutches of your abuser.
According to the University of Southern Mississippi's Little Red Riding Hood Project (USM Project), there are at least sixteen English versions of the classic fairy tale.
Here's a summary to refresh your memory:
Red Riding Hood, a little girl wearing a red riding hood, sets out on foot to visit her grandmother. At the start of her journey, Red Riding Hood encounters a wolf, The Big Bad Wolf. The wolf wants to eat her but knows there would be too many witnesses and chances for him to get caught if he did it in the open. So, he gets the innocent Red Riding Hood to reveal where she is going: "I'm going to my Grandmother's house." She proceeds to tell the wolf exactly where Grandma lives.
The wolf, in order to buy some time, convinces Red Riding Hood that fresh flowers would be a great gift for Grandma. Red Riding Hood agrees and sets off into the forest to pick flowers, while the wolf makes a beeline for Grandma's house.
As Red Riding Hood is picking flowers, the wolf is eating Grandma alive. By the time Red Riding Hood makes it to Grandma's house, the wolf has already disguised himself as Grandma, dressing up in her clothes. Upon seeing her grandmother (a.k.a. the wolf), Red Riding Hood becomes suspicious but isn't quite sure what's wrong with Grandma. Red Riding Hood notices her bigger nose, eyes, and body. But by the time she realizes it's actually the wolf, she's trapped and she is eaten alive, just like Grandma.
The wolf falls asleep, exhausted from his feast, and a lumberjack, a friend of Grandma and Red Riding Hood, comes to visit. The lumberjack enters and realizes Grandma and Red Riding Hood are missing, sees the sleeping wolf and his bloated belly, and knows in an instant he must have eaten them alive. The lumberjack takes his axe, kills the wolf, and opens the wolf's stomach, setting Grandma and Red Riding Hood free. The wolf is dead; Red Riding Hood and Grandma are safe.
Domestic violence/intimate partner abuse is a growing and often ignored epidemic in the United States. Most victims will never be heard because they are too scared, too ashamed, or already dead at the hands of their abuser. According to a 2000 study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and The National Institute of Justice, one in four women (25%) has experienced domestic violence in her lifetime. A related 2006 study by the Allstate Foundation determined that nearly three out of four (74%) of Americans personally know someone who has been a victim of domestic violence.
If this many people are affected by domestic violence/intimate partner abuse, why isn't anyone talking about it? Are you talking about it? It is not a subject we discuss in the break room at the office or on the sidelines of soccer games. As enormous as the problem is, why not? It could be because most of us consider the subject too personal and intimate to discuss with strangers or casual acquaintances. Or maybe we don't discuss it because we really don't understand what it is.
The website for The National Domestic Violence Hotline provides the following definition of domestic violence:
- Domestic violence can be defined as a pattern of behavior in any relationship that is used to gain or maintain power and control over an intimate partner.
- Abuse is physical, sexual, emotional, economic or psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person. This includes any behaviors that frighten, intimidate, terrorize, manipulate, hurt, humiliate, blame, injure or wound someone.
- Domestic violence can happen to anyone of any race, age, sexual orientation, religion or gender. It can happen to couples who are married, living together or who are dating. Domestic violence affects people of all socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels.
To make a statement and give a visual to the troubling statistics of domestic violence and intimate partner abuse, I challenge anyone who has ever been a victim of or knows a victim of domestic violence/intimate partner abuse to dress up as Red Riding Hood for Halloween.
This is the "The Red Riding Hood Project."
Note this is not the little Red Riding Hood Project, because there is nothing small, diminutive, or weak about Red Riding Hood. Red Riding Hood is strong.
To be clear, since the wolf can be a man or a woman, Red Riding Hood can also be either a man or a woman. This isn't a gender-based challenge. I am a female who has experienced physical and emotional abuse at the hands of an intimate partner. I know my story and share my story as a woman. I also acknowledge that men also suffer greatly at the hands of the female wolves among us. According to a 2010 survey one in seven men experienced severe physical violence by an intimate partner. So, I would like to see some men wearing red capes and hoods this Halloween, too, in support of ending domestic violence/intimate partner abuse.
Domestic violence and intimate partner abuse affects nearly all of us. Like finding a cure for cancer, we must work together alongside the health professionals and researchers to put an end to this silent and deadly disease lurking in our society. Let's make Halloween 2012 one to remember and one that brings strength to those who feel no one cares about their pain and abuse.
More details about the Red Riding Hood Project can be found on Ms. Carrasquillo's blog, Paula's Pontifications.
The Little Red Riding Hood Project, University of Southern Mississippi
The National Domestic Violence Hotline
National Domestic Violence Resource Center, Domestic Violence Statistics
Escaping the Boy: My Life with a Sociopath
This article is the copyrighted property of the writer and Communities @ WashingtonTimes.com. Written permission must be obtained before reprint in online or print media. REPRINTING TWTC CONTENT WITHOUT PERMISSION AND/OR PAYMENT IS THEFT AND PUNISHABLE BY LAW.


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Arbor Academy is a FREE public school academy
offering choice, challenge and success for every child!
At a Glance:
- Established: 1998
- School of Excellence Designation: 2011
- Grades Offered: K-6
- Principal: Melissa Martin
- Small Class Size: 20
- Dress Code: Yes
- Transportation: No
Now Enrolling for Fall 2014
Arbor Academy of Battle Creek, is hiring a certified Kindergarten and Fourth grade teachers. We are hiring immediately. If you are interested in this position please email your resume and three letters of recommendation to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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CODY — Citing what they said was a long string of broken promises by federal wildlife managers, a number of speakers shared their frustrations with the effects of wolves on wildlife populations and small businesses during a rally Saturday in City Park.
Gubernatorial candidate Colin Simpson told a crowd of about 150 that it was "absolutely ridiculous that we have not been able to manage" wolves to curb their predation on elk and moose.
Simpson, who worked as a state legislator to help craft Wyoming's wolf management plan, said that federal wildlife managers have engaged in "grossly negligent mismanagement" of wolves in the area around Yellowstone National Park.
Several other candidates for state and local office, including gubernatorial candidate Ron Micheli, spoke or met with rally attendees, mindful of what a hot-button issue wolf management is among Park County voters.
The rally was organized by the Cody Country Outfitters Association with backing from the Wild Sheep Foundation, the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and additional groups advocating for hunters and sportsmen.
"It's not about getting rid of wolves," said Randy Blackburn, a Sportsmen for Fish and Wildlife board member, adding that organizers wanted to convince federal judges and other decision-makers to accept Wyoming's wolf management plan.
Environmental groups have sued to block state management of wolves, arguing that allowing them to be shot as predators across much of Wyoming could push pack numbers below appropriate thresholds for long-term viability.
Neil Thagard, director of the Wild Sheep Foundation, rejected those claims.
"Wolf population objectives have been far exceeded," he told attendees. "It's time to have management with science, not emotion."
Thagard said the foundation had invested millions of dollars in restoring bighorn sheep across the region, but that management plans allowing too many wolves and grizzly bears put that investment in jeopardy.
Hunters, guides and outfitters said elk and moose numbers across the greater Yellowstone region have plummeted since the reintroduction of wolves, and that guides, outfitters and other small business owners are suffering as a result of management plans that favor wolves above all else.
Some environmentalists and wolf advocates have argued that drought and other factors have played as much or more of a role in the decline of elk as has predation, an argument rejected by most at the rally.
"I'm here because of him right there," attendee Mark Weston said, gesturing at his son, Cooper. "I want him to have an opportunity to enjoy the outdoors."
B.J. Hill, a Jackson area outfitter who attended the rally, said moose hunting in some areas there may be closed this year as a result of wolf predation, and that his clients' success rates in hunting have been cut in half in recent years.
Elk hunting opportunities in the Clarks Fork area have been sharply curtailed as elk calf survival rates there have dropped steeply in recent years.
The wolf issue has united guides, outfitters, ranchers and others who have failed to adequately respond to numerous legal challenges filed by environmentalists, Hill said.
But some speakers said putting Wyoming game managers in charge of the state's wolves depends on making the issue relevant and important to a much broader cross-section of residents.
"We're in a battle for the hearts and minds of the public," speaker Bryce Reese told attendees.
Reece, head of the Wyoming Wool Growers Association, urged listeners to speak to friends and neighbors about the issue.
"We can't do this on our own," he said.


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Royal Road to Card Magic 4 DVD Set
This items sells for as much as $69.00 in magic shops around the country, now is your chance to own it for a very low low price. One of the best references and instruction guides available for learning card tricks that use an ordinary deck. This is considered to be a "bible" of card magic! If you're looking for the best all-around instruction on card magic, this is it. This 4-DVD set contains instructions for sleights, tricks and routines suitable for beginners through experts. Learn about shuffles, flourishes, glimpses, key cards, palming, backslipping, lifts, passes, reverses, forces, top and bottom changes, and more. You'll refer to these DVDs over and over!
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Wendell Pierce sparks new Michael J. Fox sitcom
NEW YORK • "I've always wanted one thing," says Wendell Pierce. "To have a diverse career, to be a journeyman actor."
Mission accomplished this fall. With no fewer than four projects in release, Pierce will meet himself coming.
Earlier this month, he made his latest appearance in a recurring role on the USA law drama "Suits."
He has a new film opening, an edgy indie drama titled "Four" wherein he plays a family man who keeps his homosexuality secret while he hooks up harmfully with a teenage boy through an online dating site.
In December, he returns as fancy-free jazz trombonist Antoine Batiste on HBO's glorious New Orleans series "Treme," airing its final season.
And that's all on top of Pierce's dandy new role on "The Michael J. Fox Show," which premieres on NBC Thursday at 9 p.m. EDT in a special hour-long edition.
"This," Pierce sums up proudly, "is the diversity I always wanted."
On the new comedy, Pierce summons his rascally charm to play Harris Green, news director of a New York TV station and longtime pal of former anchor Mike Henry, played by Fox.
Mirroring Fox's own real-life plight, Mike suffers from Parkinson's disease, but, after several years retired from the anchor desk at home with his family, he is persuaded by Harris to return to work (just as Fox is returning to full-time acting after a dozen years of limited performances).
Even though Harris sees Mike as his meal ticket ("Guaranteed ratings!" he crows when Mike agrees to come back), they are truly friends, and, reflecting that, Pierce and Fox have forged a chemistry that pops on screen.
At one point, Mike needles Harris about his resistance to settling down with a woman and being a dad.
"Thirty years of lovemaking, not even one slip!" boasts Harris. "Not even a scare."
"Maybe you're doing it wrong," Mike offers.
"It's like this — right?" jokes Harris, deadpan, demonstrating with his index finger passing just outside, not within, the circle formed by his other index finger and thumb.
It's a delightful bit of comic business, which Pierce says he and Fox invented on the spot.
"Michael has a really wonderful sense of timing, and he's really authentic," reports Pierce. "We'll do a take and I'll say, 'Ah, I feel like I'm in a vacuum.' And he'll say, 'I like working that way! Stay in the moment and the moment will inform you.'
"Michael has helped remind me of that: You create all those memories that in your real life you take for granted. In your heart and your mind, you create a world for your character so strong that it INDUCES your character's behavior."
Pierce had been filming that morning, but, unexpectedly granted the afternoon off, he has joined a reporter at a sidewalk cafe on Manhattan's Upper West Side where, clad in a polo shirt, chinos and sandals with black socks, he nurses a beer in the late-September chill.


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These FAQs were updated in July 2013.
Why was the TIFIA Program created?
TIFIA was created because state and local governments that sought to finance large-scale transportation projects with tolls and other forms of user-backed revenue often had difficulty obtaining financing at reasonable rates due to the uncertainties associated with these revenue streams. Tolls and other project-based revenues are difficult to predict, particularly for new facilities. Although tolls can become a predictable revenue source over the long-term, it is difficult to estimate how many road users will pay tolls, particularly during the initial "ramp-up" years after construction of a new facility. Similarly, innovative revenue sources, such as proceeds from tax increment financing, are difficult to predict. TIFIA credit assistance is often available on more advantageous terms than in the financial market, making it possible to obtain financing for needed projects when it might not otherwise be possible.
What types of credit assistance does the TIFIA Program provide?
The TIFIA credit program (the TIFIA Program) offers three distinct types of financial assistance designed to address the varying requirements of projects throughout their life cycles:
The TIFIA credit facility, which must have a lien on par with senior creditors in the event of bankruptcy, liquidation or insolvency, can be subordinate as to cash flows absent such an event. 5 The amount of Federal credit assistance may not exceed 49 percent of anticipated eligible project costs for a TIFIA secured loan 6 and 33 percent for a TIFIA standby line of credit. 7
Who is responsible for implementing the TIFIA Program?
Implementation of the TIFIA Program within the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) is the responsibility of the Secretary of Transportation (Secretary). A thirteen-member USDOT Credit Council provides policy direction and makes recommendations to the Secretary regarding the selection of projects for TIFIA credit assistance. USDOT Credit Council members include six representatives from the Office of the Secretary of Transportation (OST): the Deputy Secretary of Transportation (Chair), the Assistant Secretary for Budget and Programs (Vice-Chair); the Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy; the General Counsel; the Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy; and the Director of the Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization. The Administrators of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), and the Maritime Administration (MARAD) also sit on the USDOT Credit Council. Additionally, at-large members to the USDOT Credit Council (USDOT employees designated by the Secretary of Transportation) comprise the other three members.
The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Budget and Programs and Chief Financial Officer oversees the TIFIA Program and the Joint Program Office on behalf of the Secretary, including the evaluation of individual projects, and provides overall policy direction and program decisions for the TIFIA Program. Final approval of TIFIA credit assistance is reserved for the Secretary.
How much funding is available for the TIFIA Program?
The TIFIA Program is governed by the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (FCRA), which requires the USDOT to establish a capital reserve, or "subsidy amount," to cover expected credit losses before it can provide TIFIA credit assistance. Congress places limits on the annual subsidy amount available.
Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) authorizes $750 million in FY 2013 and $1 billion in FY 2014 in TIFIA budget authority from the Highway Trust Fund to pay the subsidy cost of TIFIA credit assistance. Additional funds may also be available from budget authority carried over from previous fiscal years. Any budget authority not obligated in the fiscal year for which it is authorized remains available for obligation in subsequent years. The TIFIA budget authority is subject to an annual obligation limitation that may be established in appropriations law. Like all funds subject to the annual Federal-aid obligation ceiling, the amount of TIFIA budget authority available in a given year may be less than the amount authorized for that fiscal year. After reductions for administrative expenses and application of the annual obligation limitation, TIFIA will have approximately $690 million available in FY 2013 and $920 million in FY 2014 to provide credit subsidy support to projects. Although dependent on the individual risk profile of each credit instrument, collectively, and based on historic subsidy costs, this budget authority could support approximately $6.9 billion in lending capacity in FY 2013 and $9.2 billion in lending capacity in FY 2014. Given statutory changes in the TIFIA Program under MAP-21, and the need to calculate credit subsidies on a project-by-project basis, actual lending capacity could vary.
What is the maximum maturity of a TIFIA credit instrument?
The maximum maturity of all TIFIA credit instruments is the lesser of: (i) 35 years after a project's substantial completion or (ii) the useful life of the project being financed by TIFIA. 8
Is it possible to defer the payment of debt service on TIFIA credit instruments?
Yes, TIFIA repayments can be deferred for up to five years after substantial completion of a project, but such a deferral is at the discretion of the USDOT. 9 The decision as to whether to grant such a deferral will be based on the projected cash flows, nature of the revenue pledge and overall project economics and financing structure. In many cases TIFIA credit instruments are junior ( i.e., subordinate) to the project's capital markets or commercial bank debt in the project's cash flow. However, in the event of bankruptcy, insolvency, or liquidation, the USDOT is required by statute to have a parity lien with respect to senior creditors. 10 The credit agreement will clearly specify the USDOT's interest in the pledged security relative to other creditors.
The figure below shows a typical repayment structure for a TIFIA credit instrument. In this case, the USDOT has granted a deferral of the first TIFIA payment until five years into the operation of the project and after substantial completion. This is midway through the initial 10-year ramp-up period. The figure shows a maximum TIFIA term, with the credit being repaid in full 35 years after the completion of construction.
What eligible project costs can TIFIA credit instruments be used to support?
The TIFIA statute, codified at 23 U.S.C. §601 et seq, defines eligible project costs as those expenses paid in connection with a project, including the cost of:
Capitalized interest on TIFIA credit assistance may not be included as an eligible project cost. Applicants may not include any of the fees described below - or any expenses associated with the application process (such as charges associated with obtaining the required preliminary rating opinion letter) - among eligible project costs for the purpose of calculating the maximum TIFIA credit assistance. 12
What types of projects may receive assistance through the TIFIA Program?
The USDOT has provided TIFIA credit assistance across a broad range of project types, including a variety of transportation modes and the surface transportation components of multifaceted development and redevelopment projects. Generally, eligible projects include highway projects, passenger rail projects, transit and intermodal projects, private rail facilities providing public benefit to highway users, surface transportation infrastructure modifications necessary to facilitate direct intermodal transfer and access into and out of a port terminal, intelligent transportation systems, surface transportation projects eligible for Federal assistance under title 23 or chapter 53 of title 49 of the U.S. Code, international bridges and tunnels, and intercity passenger bus or rail facilities and vehicles.
Additionally, MAP-21 expands eligibility to include related improvement projects grouped together, so long as the individual components are eligible and the related projects are secured by a common pledge. In addition, surface transportation projects principally involving the installation of intelligent transportation systems are eligible for TIFIA credit assistance. 13
What types of entities are eligible to apply for TIFIA credit instruments?
Public or private entities seeking to finance, design, construct, own, or operate an eligible surface transportation project may apply for TIFIA credit assistance. Examples of such entities include state departments of transportation; local governments; transit agencies; special authorities; special districts; railroad companies; and private firms or consortia that may include companies specializing in engineering, construction, materials, and/or the operation of transportation facilities.
In evaluating an applicant's creditworthiness, the USDOT looks for relevant experience, strong qualifications, a sound project approach, and financial stability, as each of these items ultimately has bearing on the project's creditworthiness. Applicants also must meet various Federal standards as well as modal-specific requirements among other factors to receive TIFIA credit assistance. 14
In the context of a public-private partnership, where multiple bidders may be competing for a concession such that the obligor has not yet been identified, the procuring agency must submit the project's Letter of Interest on behalf of the eventual obligor. 15 The USDOT will not consider Letters of Interest from entities that have not obtained rights to develop the project. 16
Are there specific cost threshold requirements for projects receiving TIFIA credit instruments?
Yes, projects must have eligible costs reasonably anticipated to total at least $50 million ($25 million for rural infrastructure projects) to be considered for TIFIA credit instruments, or alternatively, eligible project costs must equal 33â…" percent or more of the state's Federal-aid highway apportionments for the most recently completed fiscal year, whichever is less. 17 The USDOT revisits apportionments to states annually, to determine if any states qualify under the alternative test.
MAP-21 sets a lower threshold for rural infrastructure projects, requiring a project to have reasonably anticipated eligible costs of at least $25 million or 33â…" percent or more of the state's Federal-aid highway apportionments for the most recently completed fiscal year, whichever is less. 18 Rural infrastructure projects are defined in MAP-21 as surface transportation infrastructure projects located in any area other than a city with a population of more than 250,000 inhabitants within the city limits. 19 As much as 10 percent of the TIFIA Program's budget authority can be set aside for rural infrastructure projects 20 at a reduced interest rate of one-half of the Treasury Rate. 21 In reviewing Letters of Interest for rural infrastructure projects, the USDOT may prioritize rural infrastructure projects to receive the reduced rate based on the project's (i) location outside of an urbanized area (as defined in Section 101(a)(34)), (ii) alignment with MAP-21's reduced total minimum eligible project cost requirement of $25 million for rural infrastructure projects, and (iii) readiness to proceed.
For projects that principally involve the installation of an intelligent transportation system (ITS), eligible project costs must be reasonably anticipated to total at least $15 million. 22 This $15 million threshold applies only to projects for which the ITS component is the central component.
In all cases, the principal amount of the requested TIFIA credit assistance must not exceed 49 percent of anticipated eligible project costs for a TIFIA secured loan 23 and 33 percent for a TIFIA standby line of credit. 24 Applicants should calculate and represent all costs, including both eligible project costs and the TIFIA credit assistance request, on a cash (year-of-expenditure) basis. 25
For all projects, the total Federal assistance, including TIFIA credit assistance, provided cannot exceed 80 percent of the total project cost. 26
Are there additional threshold requirements other than project cost that projects must meet before being considered for TIFIA credit assistance?
Yes, there are four other threshold requirements in addition to project cost thresholds that all TIFIA projects must meet to be considered for TIFIA credit assistance.
State transportation plans extend as far as 20 years into the future and are often geared to setting general priorities rather than listing individual projects. Therefore, at the time of submitting an application, each applicant must certify that the proposed project is consistent with the transportation plan(s) of the affected state(s). 29 For projects in metropolitan areas, the applicant must also demonstrate that the project is or can be included in the metropolitan transportation plan. 30
In contrast to the long-range state transportation plan, the STIP focuses on specific projects to be funded in the near term; STIPs typically look ahead from three to five years. The TIFIA statute requires that the project satisfy planning and programming requirements of §134 ("Metropolitan Planning") and §135 ("Statewide Planning") of title 23, at such time as a TIFIA credit agreement is executed. 31 Therefore, the applicant must demonstrate that the proposed project is part of the appropriate STIP(s) before the USDOT will select the project, issue a term sheet, and obligate funds. 32
What environmental requirements must be met for a project to qualify to receive TIFIA credit assistance?
To comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), each proposed TIFIA project must be evaluated to determine its impact on the environment. The USDOT will not obligate funds for a project until it has received a final agency decision, including (if necessary) a Record of Decision (ROD). 36 The three scenarios for addressing NEPA requirements are outlined below.
A variety of agencies and the public at large have the opportunity to comment on the draft EIS. These comments are addressed during the preparation of the final EIS. This second iteration ensures that adequate consideration has been given to public comments and the anticipated effects of the project. Depending on the nature of the project, the FHWA, FRA, FTA, or MARAD issues a ROD to signify Federal approval of the final EIS.
To ensure project readiness 37, the applicant must have circulated a draft EIS at the time it submits an application, unless the project has received either a FONSI or a Categorical Exclusion. The USDOT will not obligate funds for a project before a ROD (if required, or the equivalent final agency decision) has been issued for that project. 38
Are rating opinions required for a project receiving TIFIA credit assistance?
Yes, the TIFIA statute requires each project sponsor to provide a preliminary rating opinion letter from at least one Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (NRSRO), indicating that the project's senior obligations (which may be the TIFIA credit instrument) have the potential to achieve an investment grade rating. 39 The statute also requires a preliminary rating opinion on the TIFIA credit instrument. 40 Before the USDOT completes reviewing a Letter of Interest and rendering a determination of eligibility, the USDOT will request that a project sponsor provide a preliminary rating opinion letter.
Prior to execution of a TIFIA credit instrument, the senior debt obligations for each project receiving TIFIA credit assistance must obtain investment grade ratings from at least two NRSROs, and the TIFIA debt obligations must obtain ratings from at least two NRSROs, unless the total amount of the debt is less than $75 million, in which case only one investment grade rating is required for the senior debt obligations and one rating for the TIFIA debt obligations. 41 The TIFIA debt cannot exceed the amount of the senior obligations unless the TIFIA credit assistance receives two investment grade ratings. 42 If the TIFIA credit instrument is proposed as the senior debt, then it must receive two investment grade ratings, unless the total amount of the debt is less than $75 million, in which case only one investment grade rating is required. 43
According to title 23, "the term 'rating agency' means a credit rating agency registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission as a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (as that term is defined in section 3(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a))).". 44
Throughout the life of the TIFIA credit instrument, the borrower must obtain annually, at no cost to the Federal Government, current credit evaluations of the project, the project obligations, and the Federal credit instrument. 45 The current credit evaluations must be performed by a NRSRO. 46 By "current credit evaluation," the USDOT means: (i) in the case of a project with a published rating, either a current rating or the borrower's certification stating that the rating and outlook are unchanged from the previous year and (ii) in the case of a project without a published rating, a current rating of the project obligations and the Federal credit instrument.
Does the TIFIA Program require reimbursement for certain of its expenses?
Yes, the USDOT currently requires TIFIA participants to reimburse the government for its out-of-pocket costs for its outside legal counsel and financial advisors needed to negotiate and close the credit agreement. Such fees are not considered as eligible project costs. 47
The USDOT announces periodic changes to the types and amounts of fees for the TIFIA Program in the Federal Register. Check to ensure that you are paying the correct fee in the event that this FAQ is not up to date.
What does the TIFIA application process involve?
All projects wishing to apply for TIFIA credit assistance must first submit a Letter of Interest using the most current form. 48 Pursuant to MAP-21, the application process, which includes the submission of Letters of Interest, will be conducted on a rolling basis by the USDOT. 49
Projects that previously submitted Letters of Interest for a prior fiscal year's funding, but have not previously been asked by USDOT to submit an application, must submit a new Letter of Interest. In the context of a public-private partnership, where multiple bidders may be competing for a concession such that the obligor has not yet been identified, the procuring agency must submit the project's Letter of Interest on behalf of the eventual obligor. 50 The USDOT will not consider Letters of Interest from entities that have not obtained the legal rights to develop the project. 51
To be considered for TIFIA credit assistance, projects must submit a Letter of Interest that: (i) describes the project and the location, purpose, and cost of the project, (ii) outlines the proposed financial plan, including the requested TIFIA credit assistance and the proposed obligor, (iii) provides a status of environmental review, and (iv) provides information regarding satisfaction of other eligibility requirements of the TIFIA Program. 52
The USDOT will review each Letter of Interest and may contact project sponsors for clarification of specific information included in the Letter of Interest. The USDOT will notify project sponsors if the USDOT determines that their projects are not eligible, or if the USDOT will not be able to continue reviewing their Letter of Interest until eligibility requirements are addressed. If the USDOT does not determine a project to be ineligible based on its initial review, the USDOT will request additional information to supplement the Letter of Interest and complete its eligibility determination. This information may include, among other things, more detailed descriptions of the project, applicant and its organizational structure, the project's readiness to proceed, the project's financial plan (including financial model), revenue feasibility studies, and financial commitments to the project from sources other than TIFIA. Once the project satisfies the first level of review, the USDOT will also request that the applicant provide a preliminary rating opinion letter at this time and the project sponsor will be required to submit $100,000 to the USDOT to enable it to hire outside financial and, as and when necessary, legal advisors to continue the evaluation process. Once the $100,000 has been received, the USDOT will engage an independent financial advisor to prepare a report and recommendation acceptable in form and substance to the USDOT. The USDOT may also engage an independent legal advisor to help complete its evaluation of a project's eligibility.
The increased demand on TIFIA's resources has led to the discontinuation of the practice of advancing the entire cost of financial and legal advisors engaged to assist the USDOT in determining a project's creditworthiness and overall eligibility and having those costs reimbursed to the USDOT after execution of a credit agreement. As such, upon request, project sponsors must pay the $100,000 before the USDOT hires financial and/or legal advisors as part of the Letter of Interest review process. This amount is due upon request. Additional amounts will be charged after the credit instrument is executed, including additional amounts required to fully cover TIFIA's financial and legal advisory services costs in connection with the evaluation and negotiation of the terms of TIFIA credit assistance for the project. By submitting a Letter of Interest, the applicant certifies that it will pay all required fees.
Following the initial eligibility review of the Letter of Interest and receipt of a preliminary rating opinion letter and the $100,000, the DOT will request that the potential applicant give an oral presentation to the DOT, followed by a question and answer session.
After concluding its review of each Letter of Interest and related information submitted by the project, including a preliminary rating opinion letter, along with the independent financial analysis report from the USDOT's financial advisor, and after receipt of the $100,000 to enable the DOT to hire outside financial and legal advisors, the USDOT will invite sponsors of eligible projects to submit complete applications. The USDOT will conduct a rolling application process where project sponsors may submit Letters of Interest at any time and the USDOT will permit project sponsors to apply once a favorable eligibility determination is made.
Depending on the mode(s) of transportation involved in the project, the USDOT may establish an evaluation team representing several offices and agencies (e.g., FHWA, FRA, FTA, MARAD, and OST) to conduct the review.
All TIFIA credit assistance will be awarded based on a project's merits and its satisfaction of TIFIA statutory requirements. When funding is available, the USDOT will issue a Notice of Funding Availability (NOFA) in the Federal Register. The implementation process generally includes the following steps:
What eligibility requirements are involved in the award of TIFIA credit instruments?
The TIFIA Program assesses the strengths of applications in meeting the following eligibility criteria provided in MAP-21:
What is a TIFIA term sheet?
The term sheet is a contractual agreement between the USDOT and the borrower that sets forth certain business terms and conditions of TIFIA credit assistance for the project. The USDOT's issuance of this document triggers the USDOT's obligation (i.e., legal commitment) of budget authority, but no disbursements are made. 63
What are the contents of a typical term sheet for a TIFIA credit instrument?
Term sheets serve primarily as obligating instruments for TIFIA credit assistance. Therefore, they include only basic terms and conditions related to the USDOT's provision of TIFIA credit assistance. Typically, the following information is included in every TIFIA term sheet:
What is a TIFIA credit agreement?
The TIFIA credit agreement is the definitive agreement between the USDOT and the borrower (and the guaranteed lender, if applicable). It specifies all terms and conditions of the TIFIA credit assistance and authorizes the disbursement of TIFIA credit assistance to the project.
What are the contents of a typical TIFIA credit agreement?
The contents of TIFIA credit agreements include both standard provisions and transaction-specific provisions. The borrower and the USDOT will execute the credit agreement for a secured loan or line of credit; the guaranteed lender, the USDOT, and the borrower will execute the credit agreement for a loan guarantee. Additionally, the guaranteed lender will execute a separate loan agreement with the borrower, and the borrower will execute a borrower's certificate, compliance, and loan agreement with the USDOT. Depending on the nature of the transaction, additional documents, such as an intercreditor agreement, may also be necessary.
MAP-21 expands eligibility to include related improvement projects grouped together, so long as the individual components are eligible and the related projects are secured by a common pledge. 64
The USDOT will also require the borrower to provide copies of the bond documents and other agreement materials to the flow of funds or to USDOT's security for its review of the project's creditworthiness. 65 The USDOT may also review any disclosure regarding the TIFIA transaction that the borrower includes in the offering documents.
Generally, borrowers can expect credit agreements to include the items required for the TIFIA term sheet, as well as the following:
The credit agreement also includes a form of requisition for disbursements and a form of note. Each borrower under a TIFIA secured loan executes a note evidencing the obligation to repay the loan.
Where can I find answers to other questions that I may have regarding the TIFIA Program?
Additional information on the TIFIA Program is available from the following sources:
1. 23 U.S.C. §603(b)(5).
2. 23 U.S.C. §603(c)(2).
3. 23 U.S.C. §603(c)(2), (e)(2).
4. 23 U.S.C. §604(b)(6).
5. 23 U.S.C. §§603(b)(6), (e)(2) and 604(b)(8).
6. 23 U.S.C. §603(b)(2).
7. 23 U.S.C. §604(b)(2).
8. 23 U.S.C. §§603(b)(5), (e)(2) and 604(c)(2)(B).
9. 23 U.S.C. §§603(c)(2), (c)(3), (e)(2) and 604(c)(2).
10. 23 U.S.C. §§603(b)(6), (e)(2) and 604(b)(8).
11. 23 U.S.C. §601(a)(2).
12. 49 C.F.R. §§80.5(b) and 80.17(b).
13. See 23 U.S.C. §603(a)(12) for a list of project eligibility requirements.
14. 23 U.S.C. §602(c).
15. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(1)(A), (a)(8).
16. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(10).
17. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(5)(A).
18. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(5)(A).
19. 23 U.S.C. §601(a)(15).
20. 23 U.S.C. §608(a)(3)(A).
21. 23 U.S.C. §603(b)(4)(B).
22. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(5)(B).
23. 23 U.S.C. §603(b)(2).
24. 23 U.S.C. §604(b)(2).
25. 49 C.F.R. §80.5(a).
26. 23 U.S.C. §603(b)(9).
27. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(1), (a)(4).
28. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(3).
29. 49 C.F.R. §§80.7(b)(1) and 80.13(a)(1).
30. 49 C.F.R. §§80.7(b)(1) and 80.13(a)(1).
31. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(3).
32. 49 C.F.R. §§80.7(b)(1) and 80.13(a)(1).
33. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(6).
34. 49 C.F.R. §80.13(c).
35. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(7).
36. 23 U.S.C. §602(c)(2).
37. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(10).
38. 23 U.S.C. §602(c)(2).
39. 23 U.S.C. §602(b)(3).
40. 23 U.S.C. §602(b)(3).
41. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(2)(A).
42. 23 U.S.C. §603(b)(2).
43. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(2)(B).
44. 23 U.S.C. §601(a)(14). The complete list of nationally recognized statistical rating organizations can be found at http://www.sec.gov/answers/nrsro.htm.
45. 49 C.F.R. §80.11(d).
46. 49 C.F.R. §80.11(d).
47. 49 C.F.R. §80.17(b).
48. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(1)(A).
49. 23 U.S.C. §602(b)(1).
50. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(1)(A), (a)(8).
51. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(10).
52. 23 U.S.C. §601(a)(6).
53. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(1)(A).
54. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(1)(A) and (a)(4).
55. 23 U.S.C. §602(d).
56. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(2).
57. 23 U.S.C. §§603(a), (e)(2) and 604(a)(2).
58. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(2).
59. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(9)(A).
60. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(9)(B).
61. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(9)(C).
62. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(10).
63. 23 U.S.C. §608(b)(1).
64. 23 U.S.C. §601(a)(12)(D)(iv).
65. 23 U.S.C. §602(a)(2).
66. 23 U.S.C. §602(d)(1).


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Town Government
The voters of East Greenwich, through a "Home
Rule Charter" approved in 1972, adopted a Council-Manager
form of government, providing for a five member
legislative body with a professional administrator. The legislative
body is styled after the traditional New England
form of government, with a five member Town Council,
elected at large for two-year terms. The president and vicepresident
are elected by the Council.
Council meetings are held on the second and fourth
Mondays of each month at 7:00 pm in the Town Hall.
The Town Manager is selected by the Town Council and
serves at their discretion. The Manager is charged with the
administrative responsibility of the Town Government.
A Town Moderator is also elected every two years. The
seven members of the School Committee serve staggered
terms, with elections held every four years.
The Town Moderator presides over the Financial Town
Meeting each year in the month of June. The meeting approves
the Town budget and levying of taxes. Town residents
who are qualified electors are eligible to vote.
Town Council
- Michael B. Isaacs, President
- Henry V. Boezi,Vice Pres. Michael S. Kiernan
- Mark Watkins Gee Jeffrey B. Cianciola
Appointed Officials
Appointments to boards and commissions are made by
the town council for set terms. Department head appointments
are made by the Town Manager, subject to Town Council approval.
Town Offices
Most Town offices are located in the historic Kent County
Courthouse at 125 Main Street. Public Works and the
School Department administrative office are located at
111 Peirce Street. The Police Department is located at 176
First Avenue. The Recreation Department is located at
1127 Frenchtown Road.
Boards / Commissions and Committees
Affordable Housing
- Kathleen Gray
- Marie Hennedy
- William Daly
Board of Assessment Review
- Jeffrey Flowers
- Sherry Rupp
- Rob Hamlin
- Richard Huntsman, Alternate
Board of Canvassers
- Frederick J. Holmquist, Chair
- Noreen D. McGeary
- John Laliberty
Coastal Resources Management Council
- Marilyn J. Kiesel
Cove Management Advisory Commission
- David Splaine, Chair
- Robert Laforge
- Richard Friend
- Scott Karn
- Christopher Pearson
East Greenwich Free Library
- Edmond P. Magner-Chairperson
Fire District
- Doug Axelsen -Chair
- William Daly – Vice Chair
- Steve Bartlett
- Dr. Mark Schwager
- Mark Gee
Historic District Commission
- Kim Balkcom, Chair
- Stephen Tyson, Vice-Chair
- Susan Aitcheson
- Kingston Fallon
- Erinn Calise
- Matthew McGeorge
The Commission monitors all changes to buildings within
the Town's historic district. Any exterior remodeling of
buildings within the district is subject to prior approval of
this commission, which also serves as the sign committee.
Housing Authority
- Marcia Sullivan-Executive Director
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Quonset PT Development Corp. board
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- Joseph Russolino, Chair
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- Jennifer Walker Fairbank
- Renu Englehart
- Robert Bolton
- Jodi Gladstone (alternate)
- Richard Land (alternate)
This board hears applications for special use permits, dimensional
variances, and use variances for land development.
It also hears appeals of decisions of the Building Official,
the Planning Board and the Administrative Officer,
and hears Comprehensive Permit Applications under the
requirements of the Rhode Island Affordable Housing Act.
The Board meets on the fourth Tuesday of the month. The
Board consists of five members who serve five year terms
and two alternates who serve one year terms.
U.S. Post Office
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State Officials and Legislators
- Governor Lincoln Chafee(I)
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- Secretary of State Ralph Mollis (D)
- Attorney Peter F. Kilmartin (D)
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U.S. Legislators
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- U.S. Representative David Cicilline (D) Second Congressional District
- U.S. Representative James R. Langevin (D)
Established / Incorporated as a town............................ 1677
Form of Government..............................Council / Manager
Population (2010 Census / April 2010)..................... 13,146
Total Housing Units (2000 Census).............................. 5226
Owner occupied............................................................. 3,739
Renter Occupied............................................................. 1,221
Median Home Value (2000 Census)......................$435,000
Median Family Income (2010 Census)................... $93,636
Median Age.................................................................... 40.5
Student Enrollment......................................................... 2500.
Telephone Area code........................................................ 401
Postal Zip Code............................................................. 02818
Miles to New York City.................................................... 164
Miles to Providence......................................................... 14.2
Miles to Boston................................................................... 64
Homeowners in East Greenwich are subject to the following
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- East Greenwich Real Estate Tax. This tax is based on the
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ri.us. Registrations must take place at least 30 days before an election
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For more information
call 886-8603.


text:
Most of you don't have a home-based business, so most of the stuff that you buy isn't tax-deductible.
Most credit cards issued by stores charge 25 - 28% fees on account balances carried over the end of the billing period. Since the money that we use to pay that bill is almost always after-tax money, if you are in about 25% income tax bracket, it's easy to figure your before-tax amount needed in order to have that after-tax 28% residue that you use to pay the bill. Divide the 28 by three, which gives you slightly more than 9, then add the 9 to the 28 to get 37. If you earn 36%, and have to pay 25% of that in tax, there goes 9%, leaving you with 27% to pay the credit card. And some of you will be in higher than 25% income tax rate. Not many banks that I know offer anything like that rate of interest (which, in Canada, is taxed at top rate). Sorry, this guarantee only extends to amounts owing on store-issued credit (i.e. "debt") cards. Regular credit ("debt") cards usually charge 15 - 18% on balances unpaid in the billing period, so the "guaranteed" rate of return on balances unpaid with them is somewhat lower - but still far above interest earned when you lend out your principal to earn interest through regular savings channels. Just some food for thought. ole joyful |
Follow-Up Postings:
Joyful, I don't get it. Call me a dumb blonde. Could you give an example? |
So when I charge something for say oh $100 I take the $100 and divide that by nine for some reason. When the credit card bill arrives I take the total amount and divide it by nine. For some reason. How much do I pay on the credit card bill ? |
oh, mikie, you divide it by 3 and then add 9! Then you cut up your Visa and just use your Victoria's Secret charge to pay since, even though they will charge you more interest, they'll send you a coupon for some free panties! :-) ole joyful, I know there's a tip in there somewhere but I think we need a better explanation. Help! |
Hi all, If you use a "credit" card issued by a store, if you check the rate of interest/fee/whatever that they charge on balances owing past the date that you must pay the account that they send you, you'll find that you're paying probably 25 - 28% annual rate of interest on that unpaid balance. If the stuff that you bought was deductible for income tax, you'd save 25 - 28% annual rate of interest if you paid that balance off each month, rather than letting it run. However, most of the stuff that most of us buy isn't deductible, so we must pay the store fee with after-tax money. If you, a U.S. resident, are in the 25% income tax bracket, if you earn $4.00, you have to pay $1.00 (25% of that amount) to the I.R.S., if you want to stay out of their bad books. That leaves you with $3.00. If your store-issued card charges 27%, you must earn $36.00 before tax, then pay $9.00 (a quarter of that amount) to the I.R.S., which leaves you with $27.00 in your pocket to pay off your "credit" (really "debt") card bill of $100.00, if you consider the annual rate of interest charge. If you live elsewhere than in the U.S., the situation is the same - the only difference is in the name of the collector of the income tax. If you use a regular credit card, they usually charge about 15 - 18% annual rate on unpaid balances. So if your issuer charges 18%, divide by 3, is 6%, add that to the 18%, to make 24%. You must earn $24.00 before tax, pay $6.00 (25% of that earned amount) to the I.R.S., which leaves $18.00 after-tax income in your pocket to pay off your $100.00 debt to the "credit" card company. Haven't seen any agency that wants me to let them use my money that pays anything like that rate of interestr, have you? And - for most of us, the interest that such an agency, for example, a bank, gives me is before I pay the tax on that income for the year. Clear as mud? Some say that the store makes more on credit card balances unpaid than they do profit on the merchandise. Learning how money works - a great hobby *that pays well*!! Have a great weekend, everyone. ole joyful |
Isn't the simple answer to just buy what you have the cash in your pocket for? If you don't charge anything (I don't--other than rental cars--because it's just simpler that way), then you don't have to worry WHAT the interest rate is. |
joyful you sound like a college professor I had once. He was teaching physics and made everything sound so incomprehensible & complicated I dropped the class which is a real shame because I liked the subject. I could have been a nobel prize winner if it wasn't for him! He eventually got a job writing software manuals. |
oh my, just pay cash and save the credit card for an emergancy like your car blowing up or the furnace exploding!! |
dally 099, It surely is simpler that way, but about half of the people who use "credit" (really "debt" cards) let part of the amount owing go unpaid each moonth. The card companies charge interest and fees at high rates on those unpaid balances: regular cards about 15 - 18% annual rate, usually, and cards that the stores issue about 25 - 28% annual rate. Since most of the stuff that most of us buy isn't tax deductible, we have to pay those fees with after-tax dollars, so the amount that we must earn to pay that after-tax is quite a bit higher. I only have one card ... and seldom use it. Pay cash for most stuff. But I'm a single guy, and rather old, so, like many seniors, don't have a lot of needs. Having been a personal financial advisor for some twenty years, though, I hate to see people letting money dribble away unnecessarily (or, without having thought about it, at least), like sand through their fingers. Once they realize what's happening - if they are comfortable with it, fine ... that's their choice. But they've had a chance to look at it for what it really is. Have yourself a great week. ole joyful |
You know, I use my credit card for everything (even just a McDonald's meal). I usually carry only a small amount of cash for parking garages, tips, etc.. I always pay my credit card off in full every month. I also get 1-3% cash back on purchases. That's a few hundred a year! So, in fact, I make money using it. I do not feel I buy any extra things because I have it at hand. And, I feel it actually saves me some time. I don't have to go to get cash out as often, it is easier to track purchases, helps with budget, and some stores can scan and use it for returns instead of having to dig out receipts. Also, you are not responsible for charges that you don't make, whereas if cash money is lost or stolen, you're just out that amount. Additionally, if used correctly (with not too high of a limit), it can usually help build a good credit rating. I never have understood why people are so against credit cards when they can intelligently use them to their advantage. Is it really just the fact that they may spend more and won't pay it all off every month, or am I missing something? If you have a budget, stick to it, and pay your bills every month, why not just use one? |
Carla, age 35, maybe? You are one of the 50% or so of users who pay in full every month. The points that you make are all valid - but I'm was *not* talking to you. My message was directed entirely to the folks who don't pay in full every month - and pay dearly for that "convenience". Much of my purpose is to help people learn how their money works. It appears that you're doing a good job of it. Sometimes I've complained to store clerks that it takes longer to process credit card purchases than cash ones (though, recently, with those slide-through thingies, less so). By the way, I owned some shares in a company that made that kind of equipment - they were bought out and my shares forcibly redeemed. I've asked the clerk(s) whether they'd prefer to be paid from the money that the store received from the person using a credit card, or my cash purchase. They said it didn't matter (actually, they meant that they didn't care - as long as they got paid). I said that if they were paid from the money that the store got for the credit card purchase ... ... they'd wait a month or six weeks for their money. And - for evey $100.00 that the store owed them ... ... they'd get paid $96.00 - $98.00 (but not the full $100.00). Both of those issues are costs of doing business - which is included in the prices charged (or the store goes broke). That both cash customers and "credit" card users pay for. If you're Canadian, Carla, I hope that you have a happy Thanksgiving weekend. Good wishes to you and yours. ole joyful |
- Posted by sleeperblues (My Page) on Sat, Oct 7, 06 at 19:45
Joyful, my situation is exactly like Carla's, but you bring up some good points that I didn't think of, like how everyone pays extra for the convenience of using credit cards. I won't give up that convenience, because I also make money on my credit cards with a rebate card and I pay the balance every month. I also like having a detailed accounting of where I spent the money, and I admit I dont keep a good checking log. It also saves me from writing checks. |
Carla, if you think that you are not spending extra because of using your credit card, then I would challenge you to leave it at home for a month and see if your spending changes. I suspect it will. Money in your pocket says to you that you can spend up to this amount and no more. A credit card says you can spend up to the limit on the card. Unless your psychological makeup is very different from most people, having easy acess to money via a credit card will tend to make the decisions to purchase much easier. ("Do I want to get a meal at McDonald's? I just have $10 and I have to pay for parking tomorrow. I guess I will just go home and make something out of what I have in the fridge." vs "I'll just put it on the card.") The amount you save by not using the card will quickly make that few hundred a year of your money that is returned to you, seem like pennies on the dollar. Think about why the card company gives you that cash back. It is to encourage you to use the card more so that they will make more money from your spending. If you get 1-3 cents back on every dollar you spend, you can bet that the card company is getting up to ten times that. They can't get interest from you, so they are making their money on your volume of business. Doing business for them in greater volume costs you. |
Sorry sharon, but I guess I must be odd. First off, I hate the mall, it's about a mile away from me and I only go maybe one or twice a year usually to meet a friend for lunch. So, I don't window shop or shop for fun. I buy a lot of my Christmas presents on line throughout the year when items go on clearance and have free shipping. If I have something to get, I go out and buy it. If I don't, I don't. I use shopping lists but if something is very cheap that is not on my list that I would be buying soon anyway I will buy it rather than paying twice as much the next week for it. I think being able to do this actually saves me money in the long run. Almost all my McDonald type stops are planned. If not, it's because someone is in the hospital or something major has happened and I simply can't make dinner that night. Not having the charge card or cash at these times to do this, may lead me to go crazy! The only time lately I can recall having a lot of cash on me was when I went on vacation. I think I actually ended up spending more. I let my son get a few extra souvenirs because I had the cash and the stands didn't take charge cards. I also paid twice the amt. I should have for stamps from a machine because I had the cash (This was really a mistake on my part but would not have been made if I didn't have the cash). And, I know this may sound bad to say, but I tend to give more money away if I have the cash. Just yesterday someone was collecting at the stop light. I went to find my dollars for parking--none there--so didn't give any money. And when I picked up an order at Pasta House (yes, the stop was planned), I usually give a couple dollars...couldn't easily find any (and I was mad at them for forgetting an item) so I didn't give them anything. I'm just not thinking the cash route would save me money. I'm just not the type of person who buys things because I have the money. We have plenty in savings, but I don't dig into it just because I can. Plus, I would never think to buy a outfit I know I couldn't pay off that month. Maybe I am the odd one, or maybe I'm just a little more intelligent than most people in this matter. And you said: Can you explain how I this is specifically costing "me". I just don't see it. |
"I went to find my dollars for parking--none there--so didn't give any money." "I usually give a couple dollars...couldn't easily find any (and I was mad at them for forgetting an item) so I didn't give them anything." That is where the savings come in, you apply it to "gifts" but it can easily apply to purchases as well. You "saved" money because you didn't have the cash with you and you couldn't use credit for those things. I don't know you personally, so I made an assumption, based on your numbers that you put about $2,000 a month on credit. You said that you earn 1-3% on your cards and get several hundred dollars back a year. Assuming $500 a year at 2% that is $25,000 you spend to get that return. Would you still spend that much if you had to carry cash, or write cheques for all those purchases? What if you carried only a $50 dollar bill and $20 in change? How would it change your spending habits? I know you think it wouldn't, and maybe you are right, but from what you say, you really aren't escaping the impulses that seize the rest of us in terms of spending. If only $501 dollars out of the $25,000 that you spend each year are for things you could easily have done without, the card is costing you money. It is probably worth it to you but credit is seductive and we need to go into any seductive relationship with our eyes open, so that we aren't convincing ourselves that every action we take is a free and totally voluntary choice, and that the seductor is acting in our best interests. |
- Posted by western_pa_luann (My Page) on Mon, Oct 9, 06 at 13:50
I use my Discover card a lot, and like carla, pay it in full each month. I do NOT over spend... in fact, the budget is running smoothly! (NO impulse buying, NO recreational shopping....) I don't even eat fast food, yet alone put it on my credit card. There are some of us that play the credit card game well.... (We eat out free, send free gifts... using Cashback Bonus money accumulated through Discover.) |
While some of you may be exercising precisely the same discipline while using the cards as you would if you passed out currency almost always when you shop ... ... the card companies know that you are unusual (I won't say, "peculiar"). And quite a few who don't actually do that ... consider that they do. But the card companies know that many actually don't (whatever their opinion about their control of their spending). They know that a very large percentage of the population doesn't have that discipline. In fact, many don't even pay much attention to what rate of fees they are paying on balances unpaid monthly. Many just ask how much they are required to pay each month. Those are the people to whom this thread was addressed: I wanted to have them understand the price that they are paying for the "convenience". And, since most of the stuff that they buy isn't deductible, an even higher amount before-tax that they must earn in order to pay that quite high rate of interest. I don't think that I discussed the merits of using the cards in my oiginal post. ole joyful |
I know that we spend more with the credit card than we would with cash. We have not paid interest on a card in over 25 years. Even in months where, for business reasons, we charged over $35k in a month, we paid it off when the bill arrived, or even before. We have no debt, no mortgage even, except for a small investment loan that could be paid off in a week if we liquidated one investment. 3 of our 4 children are college or university educated. We have managed to support a farming habit and still remain "in the black." Our spending is modest compared to most, and it is far from out of control. But I still know that carrying the card makes it very easy to make purchases that we could well do without. It makes it easier to get more or more expensive "stuff" for ourselves or to give away. I doesn't happen every time we go into a store, but I know that the convenience of plastic money erodes at our family wealth and at the amount we have to donate. |
I know that I spend more if I have cash on me. I'll stop at Tim Horton's for a coffee. Stop at McDonald's for a snack. Buy a chocolate bar. All these things only cost a buck or two, and that seems like nothing to me if I have that money sitting in my pocket. But it all adds up, and I'm surprised how fast that 20 bucks that I got out of the bank machine gets spent on all those little things that I don't really need. If I don't have cash on me, I don't spend it. And I don't tend to buy bigger things without thinking about it first, so having a credit card doesn't increase my impulse buys. I don't make any impulse buys, except for those small purchases if I have cash. So, for me, using a credit card almost exclusively (and paying it off in full every month) and not carrying any cash around is the way I can save more. |
- Posted by western_pa_luann (My Page) on Fri, Oct 20, 06 at 14:39
Yep - that's exactly how it works with me! |
You guys aren't intended candidates as recipients for my original message. You are using credit cards wisely - as many do. Many do not. Which keeps the credit card companies in business (despite the high cost of fraudulent uses). Have a happy week, everyone. Achieve some of your worthwhile objectives - and set up some new ones. Stretch your imagination (and performance) a bit, O.K? ole joyful |
This message may be of some interest to folks who've come to this forum in recent months. Good wishes for effective management of your money ... making it work harder for you than for the other guys. ole joyful |
Maybe some who might be affected didn't see this on the last go-round. Good wishes for success in getting yourself out of debt, everyone who is. ole joyful |
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text:
September 12, 2001
This meeting of the Council of the Business Law Section of the State Bar of Michigan was held at the Lansing Center, in Lansing, Michigan, on September 12, 2001 at 10:00 a.m., pursuant to notice duly given.
I. Call to Order and Determination of Quorum. Section Chairperson, Daniel H. Minkus, called the meeting to order at 10:00 a.m., and determined with the other officers present that a quorum existed.
II. Approval of Minutes of Meeting of May 19, 2001. Mr. Minkus called for a motion to approve the Minutes of the Council Meeting held on May 19, 2001. Pursuant to motion duly made and seconded, the Minutes were unanimously approved.
III. Nomination of Officers. The following persons were presented for nomination by the Executive Committee: Tracy T. Larsen as Section Chairperson, Timothy R. Damschroder as Vice-Chairperson, G. Ann Baker as Secretary, and David Foltyn as Treasurer.
IV. Election of Officers. Pursuant to motion duly made, no second being required, the nominations of the Officers (as stated above Item III) were unanimously approved.
V. Incoming Chairperson's Report. Mr. Larsen thanked Daniel Minkus for his successful term as Section Chairperson. Mr. Larsen hopes to continue the momentum from Mr. Minkus' term. His priorities for the upcoming year include: (1) continuing to focus on committee activity (educational and legislative programs), and (2) increasing member participation at the committee level.
VI. Council Approval of Committee Chair Appointments. A request was made for a motion to approve the extension of current Committee Chairpersons' terms. Pursuant to a motion duly made and seconded, it was unanimously approved. There were no Directorship appointments or extensions necessary as all current Directors are serving the second of their two-year terms.
VII. Committee/Directorship Reports.
A. Standing Committees:
1. Agricultural Committee
2. Commercial Litigation
3. Corporate Laws
4. Debtor/Creditor Rights
5. Financial Institutions
6. In-House Counsel—No report.
7. Nonprofit Corporations—No report.
8. Regulation of Securities—No report.
9. Uniform Commercial Code
10. Unincorporated Enterprises—No report.
B. Ad Hoc Committees—No reports.
C. Directorship Reports
1. Legislative Review—A written report is attached to these Minutes.
2. Publications—No report.
3. Technology—No report.
4. Programs—A written report is attached to these Minutes. Mr. Larsen directed anyone with suggestions for the Mid-Year Meeting to see either Eric Lark or Mark Aiello. Mr. Larsen thanked Mr. Lark and Mr. Aiello for the tremendous amount of work they do.
5. Section Development—No report.
VIII. Liaison Reports. No reports.
IX. Other Business and Announcements. Justin Klimko reported that the Chief Clerk of the Court of Appeals inquired as to the Section's interest in filing an amicus brief in the case of Estes v Idea Engineering, now under reconsideration by a special panel of the Court of Appeals. He explained that the special panel was convened to determine the correct interpretation of ¤489 of the BCA; and to reconcile the original Estes opinion with the earlier Court of Appeals holding in Baks v Maroun. Discussion followed and it was noted that the Section is required, prior to submitting any such filing, to confirm with the State Bar of Michigan that there is no conflicting stance taken by another section or the Bar itself. It was also noted that the issue of the filing such a brief as Section action had not been noticed in connection with the meeting; Mr. Klimko thereupon requested the council to authorize the Corporate Laws Committee to file such a brief on its own behalf. Upon motion duly made and seconded, it was RESOLVED that the Corporate Laws Committee of the Section be authorized and directed to prepare and file an amicus brief in the Estes case, subject to confirmation by the Chairman that there would be no conflict with any position taken by the Bar or another section. Mr. Klimko will work with Cyril Moscow on the preparation and filing of the brief and will consult with the Chairman prior to filing.
X. Announcement of December Meeting. Notification of the December meeting will be forthcoming. It will most likely be held in the Livonia, Michigan area.
XI. Meeting Adjournment. There being no further business to come before this meeting of the Council of the Business Law Section of the State Bar of Michigan, upon a motion duly made and seconded, and unanimously approved, the meeting was adjourned.
Respectfully submitted, G. Ann Baker Secretary of the Business Law Section
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text:
Hey guys, sorry if this has been discussed before, but I haven't seen this specific question answered yet... I have a starter that I've been building up by using bottle dregs from various sours and adding fresh starter wort. It's about 1/2 gallon now and I plan on building it one more time to a full gallon and adding a few more bottle dregs. My plan is to do a complete fermentation with just the cultivated dregs. (no primary sacc yeast) My question is, should I be aerating this starter? I tried to keep oxygen out as much as possible, even purging the growler with some CO2 before adding the starter wort and its still very active. I know that oxygen is not good for certain organisms like pedio, but good for others. And what about when I pitch this starter to the beer? Should I aerate like usual, or not at all? I really don't want a lot of acetic acid in this beer. I would like a more gentle, lambic like sourness. I plan on aging this for at least a year or two. Any suggestions from experienced wild brewers would be appreciated. Thanks!
I would not aerate but would pitch fresh sacc yeast and the dregs at the same time.
Brute Brew Works Primary: Epic Flemish Brown(15g) waiting to go into a bourbon barrel, Brett C. Blackberry Berliner, lambic waiting for fruit Secondary: Sour Brown Ale from Black IPA second runnings sitting on 2.5lbs. blackberries and 2.5lbs mulberries Bottled: Traditional Mead aged on Maker's 46 soaked oak, Brett Maibock
The aeration question really depends on the dregs and what is in them. You are correct about the lactic acid and Brett don't need oxygen, but you need to make sure that they will be the dominant organisms. It sounds like they would if you are seeing activity. What does it currently taste and smell like? Why don't you want to add Sacc?