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Microbial Problems in Buildings and Homes
Microbes in indoor environments can cause all of the following problems:
Building Problems: • Odours • Corrosion • Staining • Deterioration Business Problems: • Higher insurance costs • Lost tenants • Lost productivity • Shorter renovation intervals • Higher maintenance costs Human Problems: • Irritation • Infectious disease • Sensitisation • Toxic responses • Discomfort
Section 1 - An Overview of Microbes Bacteria and fungi are an integral part of our environment. Other than a very few highly controlled environments such as computer clean rooms and high-risk procedure medical facilities, we are surrounded by microbes. The Fuzzy Gray Stuff By definition, in their smallest form they are microscopic or too small to see with the naked eye. By the time they are large enough to see, you aren't looking at one micro-organism, you are looking at hundreds or millions. At that point the question isn't whether or not you have microbial contamination. You do! The appropriate questions are: How bad? And how dangerous are the organisms? In indoor environments, microbes are found on all environmental surfaces, in the air and in water associated with both normal and catastrophic situations. They may be growing there (called amplification) or may simply have been deposited there from elsewhere. The few highly publicised outbreaks of Legionnaires Disease and the more complex indoor issues of today such as Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and Building Related Illness (BRI) have begun to put microbiologists and microbiological sciences in the headlines and on the line. BRI Defined Technically, BRI is defined as the clinical manifestation of occupant exposure to excessive airborne pollutants in a building. The array of typical symptoms includes headaches, burning eyes, fatigue, dizziness, flu-like maladies and upper respiratory complaints. Although these symptoms can by generated by many different things, all can be caused by microorganisms, and more and more frequently these microbes, especially fungi, are being implicated as primary and contributory factors.
BUILDING BIOSPHERE Changes: Humidity, Chemicals, Surfaces, & Nutrients Genetic Adaptation Microbial Amplification The buildings in which these organisms thrive are not simple environments. They are complex ecosystems that are made even more complex by the constant change a building undergoes throughout its life cycle. Microbial contamination, in varied but inevitable ways, will occur at different stages of this life cycle and will be manifested in many ways. The Building Biosphere A building can be thought of as a biosphere with the organisms in a constant flux. Nutrient and humidity changes and alteration of life-limiting (toxic) surfaces allow microbes to adjust and often adapt to the ever-changing conditions in their environment. Associated with buildings and their inhabitants are the full range of microorganisms: bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoans and algae. Each of these groups of organisms has its own niche and each fills a natural role in the microcosms of a building. No absolute methods exist for retrieval, identification or linkage of microbes found in buildings to many of the human symptoms that are presented. Microbes are not as simple as the whole intact organisms we test, but, in fact, their somatic parts, reproductive parts and metabolites are all implicated as causative or potential human or building antagonists. Microorganisms are the only source that presents all forms of pollutants - particulates, gases and infectious biologicals. They are particularly potent in that they can amplify and cause the full breadth of discomfort, irritation, sensitisation, toxic reaction and disease that we associate with indoor environmental quality. What Causes Microbial Growth? The microorganisms represented in a building are complex. Every element of a building, its furnishings and its people, offers a home for microorganisms. Microorganisms need moisture and nutrients and more than 95% of them need to be associated with a surface.
Sick Building Syndrome A Scenario Natural Resistance - low numbers, high diversity Microbial Colonisation - increasing numbers, Sick Building Syndrome - high numbers, low diversity Time Microbes decreasing diversity Moisture can come from catastrophic or normal events - a leaking roof, a sweating pipe, a leaking radiator, condensation on windows, condensation on more subtle surfaces where dew points are reached, humidified air from the HVAC system or any of hundreds of other sources. A hotel or condominium facility compounds the problem with the moisture from pools, spas, individual air conditioners and literally hundreds of bathrooms. This, coupled with wall to wall carpeting, draperies, wall coverings, furniture, bedding and ceiling tiles, creates ideal habitats for microorganisms. During the life cycle of every building, conditions will change - such as by flooding - that will favour the growth or amplification of microbes. Nutrients utilised by microorganisms can be organic material, inorganic material and/or living tissue. For example, bacteria play an important role as part of the body's micro flora and, alone and with skin, are shed continuously. Given acceptable growth conditions, some types can multiply from one organism to more than one billion in just 18 hours. A building may be infested during construction and after catastrophic events (particularly with fungi), but more commonly the organisms are routinely brought into the building by its occupants or air infiltration routes.
Fungi (typically outdoor organisms known as mould, mildew, and yeasts) enter the building on clothing, are wafted in through open doors or are pulled in as make up air by the HVAC system. Bacteria follow these same routes but are primarily associated with human carriers and with very wet areas such as drain pans and places with constant or standing water.
Airborne Pollution Although most organisms grow on receptive building surfaces, they and their spores become airborne through normal occupant traffic and activities such as vacuuming. Once airborne, the HVAC systems, chases and elevator shafts efficiently transport the microorganisms throughout the building. They settle on other receptive surfaces and quickly begin to reproduce. One good growth source for a particular organism can quickly result in outbreaks in every part of a building. Also, with the almost universal use of air conditioning, recycling air to improve energy efficiencies takes place. Yet, that recycling tends to concentrate indoor air pollutants including microorganisms and their annoying, irritating, sensitising and toxic by products.
Additive or Synergistic Effects Partially because of the common failure to find definitive causes for sick buildings, the additive or synergistic effects of particulates, gases and microorganisms have come under increasing scrutiny. The short-term symptomatic relief achieved by control of microbial growth sources is strong evidence that most building health problems are not created by a single pollutant. Numerous case histories show that reports of human SBS symptoms have dropped dramatically or ceased in buildings where levels of airborne microbial contamination have been significantly reduced. This is true even where no single species of organism has been identified as dominant and, indeed, even in buildings where testing could not confirm that microbes were even a problem. Pollution problems and their effects on energy efficiency and human health are clearly generated from the complexity of our buildings, occupant habits and practices and the potency of individual and combined pollutants.
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly The number of types of microbes that can be found in building environments is overwhelming. Nonetheless, the practical list can be reduced in scope to include these commonly found types, most of which are fungi. Aspergillus species • A. versicolor • A. ustus • A. niger • A. flavus • A. fumigatus • A. sydowii Penicillium species • P. chrysogenum • P. crustosum • P. brevicompactum • P. aurantiogriseum Cladosporium species • C. cladosporioides • C. sphaerospermum Alternaria alternata Ulocladium chartarum Fusarium species Aureobasidium pullulans Stachybotrys chartarum Epicoccum nigrum Rhizopus species Mucor species Chaetomium globosum Chrysonilia sitophila Phoma glomerata Various sterile isolates Various types of yeasts Legionella pneumophila This list is not complete - it is not even a major part of a total list.
However, if routine samples are collected in problem and non-problem buildings, these sorts of organisms occur in samples over and over again. Some of these organisms, such as Cladosporium cladosporioides and sterile isolates (often from mushroom spores), are common in air samples collected in outdoor air as they grow easily on leaves, grass and other vegetation surfaces. In summer, numbers of spores in outdoor air can easily exceed 1000 colony forming units per cubic metre of air (cfu/m3, see sidebar). Other species less common in outdoor air samples can become common in indoor environments, particularly if the environment presents suitable surfaces for colonisation. For example, Stachybotrys chartarum is seldom collected in outdoor reference samples but can, in certain circumstances associated with flood conditions, easily colonise wet cellulose (ie paper) surfaces such as drywall and become a significant and serious component of samples collected indoors.
Section 2 - Causes of Microbial Contamination The presence of excessive microbial growth in a building (with excessive being sometimes simply a synonym for unwanted) is the result of any one or combination of three separate causes: Disasters - flooding, leakage, pipe breakage, etc Poor Environmental Control - excessive relative humidity, poor building maintenance and construction practices Normal Conditions - dampness in shower areas, garbage bins, dampness in ventilation equipment. In reality, all microbial contamination in buildings is ultimately derived from microbes brought in from outside.
There is no such thing as spontaneous generation. However, many building materials - such as drywall and other manufactured products - come "pre- inoculated" with viable spores, meaning that microbial growth can be initiated immediately upon the addition of moisture. Disasters Disaster conditions can result in uncontrolled microbial growth. Frequently, the types of species that dominate such environments include both highly toxigenic and pathogenic varieties - Stachybotrys chartarum, for example, commonly grows on wet drywall paper following flood conditions. All receptive surfaces in the building that are subject to direct wetting will become colonised if they remain wet for long enough and, after a short time, other surfaces in the building that have been exposed to the humid conditions that follow the disaster will also be colonised, normally by an at least partially different group of organisms. Some of these are as equally unacceptable in indoor environments as those that grow in the areas of direct wetting. Immediate control of the disaster conditions is required to prevent microbial destruction of the environment.
Restoration firms are well aware that drying must be implemented within 48 hours and be completed within 96 hours or else major restoration, done under carefully controlled conditions, will be necessary. Typically, disaster restoration involves removal and replacement of flooring, wall coverings and most furnishings. Workers and surrounding uncontaminated areas must be protected from exposure to spores, body parts and chemical metabolites of the many types of fungi and bacteria that thrive in such conditions. Given the ability of water to penetrate into all available areas, microbial contamination is often discovered after the restoration was thought to be complete. This creates the ideal environment for litigation, a compelling reason to prevent microbial contamination if at all possible. In the past, insurance firms typically provided insurance coverage for disaster restoration, including the cost of cleaning up mould growth.
However, on the down side, the firms doing the cleanup seldom had any education in doing this, often consisting of little more than general untrained labourers with a few skilled trades persons. More recently, insurance firms require restoration contractors to have significant training in microbial remediation but, unfortunately, they now generally explicitly exclude all forms of mould growth from coverage. In short, they cover only the water loss component of disasters. Mould growth that results from water loss is not covered, mostly due to the seemingly simple fact that microbial growth can be prevented if water is cleaned up quickly. Generally, this is academically correct although it often happens differently in the real world of "Murphy's Law". This clearly puts an onus on the building owner to implement programs such that microbial growth is minimised. However, building science has not generally changed the construction methods appreciably to provide much help. If it gets wet, it will generally support growth.
Poor Environmental Control Microbial growth does not require flooding or even direct wetting of surfaces to initiate. Simply allowing the relative humidity to remain above 65% for extended periods of time will initiate growth. Every basement in every house that smells like dirty socks when you walk down the stairs is evidence of this.
Common situations that permit mould growth include: • Lack of meaningful dehumidification in below grade environments
• Carpeting laid directly on concrete slabs-on-ground (on- and below-grade)
• Construction during humid summer conditions without sufficient ventilation
• Installation of gib board before buildings is water-tight
• Inadequate drying and control of relative humidity in non-water damaged areas of buildings following flooding
Many building materials, including drywall and fabricated wood products, are very hydrophilic and will readily absorb water from the air when the relative humidity is suitably high. In most buildings with insufficient ventilation, the highest humidity will be near the floor and cold exterior walls. These conditions are exacerbated by storage of materials and placement of furniture near these walls, which reduces air flow and allows even cooler conditions and higher humidity to develop. Unfortunately, basements are often used for storage, have limited ventilation, are prone to leakage and are seldom dehumidified. This is a recipe for mould growth, especially in residential environments. The choice of building materials is also a factor. The increased use of manufactured wood products and use of paper-surfaced drywall creates environments perfect to support mould growth. Efforts to control heat loss by reducing the amount of fresh air further compound the problem. Remediation of these conditions, like disaster restoration, generally involves disruptive practices and substrate removal, all under conditions to contain dust and protect workers. Composting facilities provide perfect incubation for pure cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus, causing airborne spore concentrations to exceed 2500 per m3 Normal Conditions Certain conditions in buildings are normally conducive to microbial growth.
Some of these environments include:
• Garbage storage areas and composting containers
• Foyers and other entranceways that receive foot traffic
• Spas, showers, locker rooms and pools where moisture is simply inevitable
• Bathrooms, especially in hospitality buildings
• Interior surfaces of air conditioners
• Processing machinery that uses water
• Evisceration plants and similar areas where daily wash downs are required
• Greenhouses
• Composting and recycling facilities.
In these areas, dealing with water may be essentially impossible. At the very best, extreme diligence is required to remove excess water immediately. Yeast like organisms thrive in such environments. In composting facilities, risk control is essentially an exercise in worker protection, as the elevated temperatures and continuous supply of organic matter permits unrestricted (and intended) microbial growth.
Section 3 - Remediation Traditional Solutions Mould and mildew have been recognised for years as a major cause of problems in buildings, although most of the recognition has focused more on odours, rot and unsightly growth rather than on human health problems. Management has struggled valiantly (but with minimal success) against mould and mildew in an effort to provide a clean, pleasant and safe environment. There has been an unending array of products, cleaners, chemicals, devices, strategies, and methods available to combat microbial problems from mildew to pathogenic bacteria. Some have offered limited success and some are simply dangerous.
Housekeeping procedures: Housekeeping professionals regularly scrutinise building spaces and remove any visible growth. Detergent/sanitizer products are effective short term tools against visible mould and mildew, but some areas require harsh bleach or mildew removers. All are short-term solutions and many of the products present their own toxicity problems. When musty odours develop, cleaning personnel frequently use perfumes and fragrances to mask or disguise the problem (and the often-offensive odours of the sanitizers). These can create more of a problem than they solve for allergic and sensitive individuals. The hospitality industry deals with this daily.
Engineering procedures: Most tactics in this category include selection, operation, modification, and maintenance of HVAC systems to permit better temperature and humidity control and better filtration. This does not address microbial infestation or eliminate growth sources, but it can reduce the rate of growth of mildew. However, it may result in dramatic increases in microbial growth within the air handling equipment itself. The air handling and engineering specialists have worked with filtration and extraction of pollutants but have generally concentrated on dilution.
Recognising that the severity of virtually all human toxic response is based on a combination of toxicity and dosage, the theory is that dilution of an environment with massive amounts of fresh air lowers the dosage level below the human response threshold and eliminates the problem. The initial modern attempt was ASHRAE's (The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers) Standard 62-1981. That standard established an optimum ventilation rate of .15 cubic metre of air per minute per person (cmm/person). Since this significantly diluted the concentration of pollutants in the air, immediate human health benefits were usually noticed. Unfortunately, since pollutant sources were not being addressed, the health problems frequently returned. This was particularly true where the primary pollutant was microbiological.
Chemical pollutant sources tend to be static or reducing over time, but microbial sources continue to grow and increase in output of toxins. The answer to the deficiencies of ASHRAE 62-1981 was ASHRAE 62-1989 and then ASHRAE 62-1999. These moved the Standard to a range of .45 cmm/person to .60 cmm/person in general office spaces. They also assume a maximum occupancy of seven persons per 100 square metres. As before, implementation of the standard produced immediate health and comfort benefits for occupants, but continuing problems in our modern buildings show that this dilution strategy does not address the real problems of indoor environmental quality.
A secondary problem is that the added energy costs associated with dilution strategies, when combined with their failure to address pollution sources, raise serious cost/benefit questions. Industrial hygiene procedures: Most industrial hygienists schooled in chemistry, testing and toxicology and reinforced by the public's chemo-phobia, have challenged the importance of added fresh air and have concentrated on identifying and removing and/or containing sources of pollutants (chemicals) and routes of pollutant transmission. This focus has created an army of consultants and a very lucrative testing industry.
Unfortunately, most authorities concede that the batteries of sophisticated tests and voluminous reports have been able to identify a specific cause in less than twenty percent of acknowledged sick buildings. In plain English, this means that, at the time of testing, no substance was identified that exceeded the generally accepted limits for the chemicals tested. Although the presence of fungi or bacteria is commonly noted in reports, it seldom receives more than very general recommendations. The great majority of industrial hygienists do not have formal training in microbiology or mycology and they tend to ignore or downplay the possibility of microbial causation. The above comments are not in any way meant as a criticism of industrial hygienists. It is simply recognition of the fact that people focus on areas where they are comfortable.
Faced with literally thousands of different bacteria and fungi that range from beneficial to deadly, test methods that (when compared to chemical tests) have questionable reliability and reproducibility, a total lack of accepted standards, and today's fear of litigation, it is not surprising that industrial hygienists seldom venture into the complex world of microbiology. After these methods have been tried, and microbial growth is clearly winning the battle, the next step is often serious remediation efforts.
Unfortunately, few of these protocols seriously acknowledge that microbial growth is opportunistic - if we create the perfect environment Controlled Cleanup In recognition of the newly emerging concerns about environmentally-induced illnesses, a number of science-based protocols focussing on remediation methods have been developed over the past half-decade. The most commonly used of these include those prepared by: The New York City Department of Health The United States Protection Agency The Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification The Canadian Construction Association The Canadian Standards Association Of these, the New York City protocol is the most widely referenced. All of them are variations of the same theme - is a function of the amount of growth present.
The CSA standard, prepared for health care facilities, also factors in risk associated with the nature of the work, the occupants and the types of microbial contamination that might be present. The most stringent of the methods cannot be done routinely by building maintenance personnel. Trained contractors must be used instead. Unfortunately for some building owners, the training can be sadly lacking and may not be discovered until it is too late. These protocols represent real progress in terms of trying to focus consultants, contractors, owners, tenants and the legal community to think in terms of a unified method. Unfortunately, few of these protocols seriously understand that microbial growth is opportunistic - create the environment and bacteria will grow. It is of little good to simply state emphatically that control of moisture is all that is needed to control microbial growth. Floods, pipe breaks, washing machine overflows, water heater bursts, broken windows, failed roofs and other similar events occur daily. What is needed is a means to prevent or reduce the rate of growth even in the face of unavoidable occurrences.
Prevention and reduction of growth has the advantages of:
• Less exposure of people and belongings to microbes and volatile chemicals
• Less disruption to work environments • Less expensive to prevent than remediate
• Less construction waste at landfills
• Better building performance
• Consistent with insurance industry exclusion policies regarding mould growth.
Amplification will not occur if all aspects of the building envelope can be controlled and maintained within ranges that do not support microbial activity. This can – at least in theory – be accomplished. In practice it cannot or, at least, has not - if it could be done it would have been done already. The important question to ask is this - if these methods that we use now are so good, then why haven't they solved the problem? Einstein once said that methods used to solve and prevent problems must be better than those used to create them. The following sections describe methods that meet this criterion. Section 4 - The Germacide Solution A Non-Traditional Solution In 1969, researchers at Dow Corning Corporation discovered a unique way to attach biocidal agents permanently and directly to a wide variety of surfaces. The resulting non-volatile polymer is unique among antimicrobials in that it does not create a zone of inhibition and does not dissipate over time. This extraordinary technology now Germ Solutions permits the continuous, durable activity against mildew that is required to prevent infestation. Also, because the material does not lose effectiveness through absorption or dissipation, microorganisms have never been shown to develop immunity against it. For the very first time, Dow Corning's new technology made it possible to actually control the growth and development of mildew and other microorganisms – including those with human health implications - on any treated surface, even after repeated cleanings and extended use.
This unique technology, now the Germacide, has been widely used and is well reported on for its long-term effectiveness in the control of microbial contamination in indoor environments. Case histories and peer review publications show how this material, as part of a total program, provides relief and protection from indoor microbial problems. Defensive Strategies Dealing with pollutant problems begins in the building design stage. Environmental elements, construction materials and techniques and building systems must be integrated to minimise microbial habitats and sources for particulates and volatile chemicals.
Once commissioned and operating, proper maintenance of the air handling systems, other buildings systems and structural elements are critical. At this stage of a building's life, housekeeping and space design professionals must be in concert with facilities management so that, as staffing or work functions change, appropriate air and environmental control tactics can be implemented. The simplistic solution to pollution is dilution mentality is outdated. A clear understanding of building use and practices plus careful selection of furnishings and operating equipment can greatly reduce pollutants in the indoor environment. There are also technological choices that make business and energy sense. Microbiological control has moved from daily cleaners and disinfectants to non-volatilising, chemically bonded technology that durably modifies surfaces to prevent microbial growth. Proper targeting of surfaces will mitigate existing problems, greatly lower the odds of future contamination and stretch renovation schedules.
Chemistry and Mode of Action The Germacide Program and its cornerstone chemistry Germacide is registered in with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) are in force in the USA for similar usages. Germacide is approved for use in Canada as a material preservative to be applied on-site to all indoor non-food contact porous and non-porous surfaces. Germacide is a permanent antimicrobial that, when applied properly, becomes part of a new surface, a surface that is highly resistant to microbial attack. Unlike all other conventional antimicrobials, Germacide does not off gas, leach, diffuse, migrate, volatilise, or otherwise leave the surface to which it has been applied. The result is an extraordinary safety and efficacy profile unmatched by other products.
Antimicrobials can be divided into two major categories; bound and unbound. These terms refer to whether or not the antimicrobial has the capacity to molecularly bond to the surface on which it is applied. An UNBOUND must diffuse or leach from the treated surface and be consumed by the micro-organism to be effective. Most conventional antimicrobials are intended to act quickly and dissipate quickly to minimise the danger to humans, animals and treated objects. Others use the time release capsule approach and obtain a longer working life by burying the antimicrobial in a paint, glue, binder or other coating and counting on slow migration to the surface.
Conventional antimicrobials, even those applied in a carrier, must diffuse and create a zone of inhibition@ in order to function properly. Once inside the organism, the chemical agent will act like a poison, interrupting some key metabolic, or life sustaining process of the cell and causing it to die. Once the antimicrobial is depleted or washed away during regular maintenance, protection vanishes. After application, an unbound antimicrobial continues to diffuse or leach from the treated surface. As this diffusion continues, the concentration of the active ingredient eventually becomes diluted below effective levels. Under these conditions, microorganisms have the ability to adapt or build up a tolerance to these particular antimicrobials. Highly resistant strains can develop which are immune to what was once an effective dose.
A BOUND ANTIMICROBIAL agent, like Germacide, remains chemically attached to the surface on which it is applied. It functions by interrupting the organism's delicate cell membrane. This prevents microorganisms from carrying on vital life processes. This antimicrobial acts on contact with organisms and can do so again and again. One can think of the bound antimicrobial like a sword that is capable of repeated use. In comparison, a conventional antimicrobial treatment is more like a gun with limited ammunition. Since a bound@ antimicrobial is fixed to the surface it continually operates at full strength. The natural genetic adaptation process, problematic with conventional antimicrobials, cannot and does not occur with the Germacide. The chemistry of the product is unique. A conventional quaternary ammonium salt is chemically spliced to an organe silano molecule, resulting in a highly active molecule (3-trimethoxysilylpropyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride) that has both tenacious bonding capabilities as well as excellent antimicrobial properties.
Once applied to a target surface it initially bonds to the surface on all available receptor sites (principally H+). Afterward, stable bonds between remaining OH sites on the molecule and the positive charge on the nitrogen atoms (N+) form, resulting in the creation of a large co-polymer involving the target and Germacide. Since there is no unused residue once the water evaporates, there is no dis-lodgeable residue and no odour, leaching, off-gassing, migration or diffusion of the molecule can occur. All other conventional antimicrobials work on the basis of diffusion away from the treated surface. This promotes adaptation, loss of activity, leaching, diffusion, and creation of zones of inhibition.
GS Anti Mould is essentially permanent, and these problems associated with conventional chemicals are not of concern. Features The Germacide is a broad spectrum antimicrobial that works effectively against the full array of microbes in buildings.
Its features can be summarised as follows:
• Odourless and colourless
• Does not off gas
• Does not promote genetic adaptation or encourage natural selection Does not create super resistant bugs
• Contains no heavy metals, phenols, arsenic, etc
• Effective against all fungal and bacterial microbes found in buildings
• Permanently bonds to target surfaces
• Non-leaching and no zone of inhibition
• Can be applied to almost all interior surfaces
Durability The GS Anti Mould works by forming ionic and covalent associations or bonds between itself and the target surface. These bonds are durable and firmly attach the molecule to the target surface and to each other, creating a co-polymer. This copolymer has strong positive charges associated with the nitrogen atom that disrupt the cell membrane of the microbe, causing physical disruption similar to electrocution. The long chain aliphatic component then acts like a sword, disrupting vital life processes. The organism is killed but the Germacide molecule does not leave the treated surface. It remains firmly bonded to the target surface, available to destroy the next microbe with which it comes in contact. Because it does not kill the organisms by toxicity or poisoning, the organisms cannot adapt to it.
Even with the natural variability in viability and resistance that exists in natural populations, all of the microbes will be destroyed because the process is physical rather than chemical. The strength does not diminish with time or contact, eliminating the natural selection processes that all life forms undergo as they respond to changing environments. The result is an antimicrobial that cannot diminish in strength, cannot leave the surface to which it is applied and cannot encourage the organisms that it targets to become used to it. Verification Consumers need to know that products used to control microbial growth can meet the performance claims that are offered.
The Germacide can be detected on surfaces by staining the treated surfaces with a 0.04% solution of bromophenol blue. This organic dye bonds to the nitrogen in the molecules, permanently staining the treated surface a royal blue. Without the nitrogen present, the stain remains purple and is easily washed off the surface.
Applications The Germacide can be applied in almost any environment where control of microbial growth or viability is needed.
After Disasters and Disaster Prevention:
• Carpets
• Wall board
• Furnishings
• Framing timber
• New construction Environmental Modification: Shower stalls and bathroom components Pool decks HVAC system components (insulation, coils, fans, walls, frames, etc) Toilets and urinals Gymnasiums and health clubs Food surface areas
Customer contact areas Key touch points Hypoallergenic Environments:
• Bedding
• "touch" objects - doorknobs, railings, similar surfaces, lift buttons, key customer touch points.
• Hospital surfaces Remember, the first and best defence is a good offence.
The importance of having a microbial pollutant control and prevention component as part of your contingency plan and having a baseline of knowledge about the microbial habitats in your building is critical. The usefulness of a proven, long-lasting, effective antimicrobial treatment that offers protection from the re-growth of microorganisms is essential.
Germ Solutions has the answer to all your Mould Issues


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Don't miss important information and updates about lipodystrophy.
Sign up to get started.Lipodystrophy is a group of rare syndromes often associated with metabolic complications. The severity of these complications may vary depending on the type of lipodystrophy.
So what causes these complications to happen in lipodystrophy? One of the known causes is related to fat tissue in the body. Fat tissue is important because it creates the necessary hormones required to keep the body healthy. Since people with lipodystrophy experience a loss of fat tissue, specifically fat tissue just under the skin, the amount of hormones produced is not enough to keep their bodies functioning properly.
Whether the lipodystrophy is something that you are born with or something that has developed over time, all types of lipodystrophy share this loss of fat tissue. The difference is how each type loses the fat tissue. Fat loss that happens from all over the body is known as "generalized" lipodystrophy.
Lipodystrophy is a complex disease that may take a while to understand. Don't give up! Knowing more about your health will help you feel more in control and can help you better communicate with your healthcare providers. You can always ask your healthcare team for more details about anything you don't understand.
Lipodystrophy is a group of rare syndromes often associated with metabolic complications.
Your friends, family, and healthcare providers may not know a lot about lipodystrophy due to the rarity of the disease. And not being able to find information can be frustrating.
Luckily there are organizations dedicated to providing information about diseases like lipodystrophy. These groups often have ways for people affected by rare diseases (people living with the condition and their loved ones) to connect with one another to share experiences and tips.
A list of these organizations is provided below.
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)
The National Human Genome Research Institute and the Office of Rare Diseases Research —2 agencies at the National Institutes of Health (NIH)—created GARD in 2002 to help people find useful information about genetic and rare diseases like lipodystrophy. GARD provides access to experienced information specialists who can furnish current and accurate information—in both English and Spanish—about genetic and rare diseases.
Provides information about genetic diseases to patients and families.
Lipodystrophy United is an organization of committed individuals living with lipodystrophy.
NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR)
Provides information for people with rare diseases, like lipodystrophy.
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
Dedicated to helping Americans with rare diseases like lipodystrophy and the organizations that serve them, through programs of education, advocacy, research, and patient services.
RARE Project exists to raise rare disease awareness, unify, equip, and empower a vibrant global rare disease community, and fund innovative programs.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tuesday, Jan. 29, 2013: This year your focus remains on your self-image and how others see you in the community and/or professional circle. You could find that you have to work very hard, as additional responsibility has been tossed into your daily routine. If you do not like your work, be smart and find another job. If you are single, others will think that you are far more serious than you are. Be as authentic as possible when relating. If you are attached, you might not enjoy going out so much; cozy times at home will have far more appeal. Share more with your significant other. VIRGO can be a real pusher.
The Stars Show the Kind of Day You'll Have: 5-Dynamic; 4-Positive; 3-Average; 2-So-so; 1-Difficult
ARIES (March 21-April 19)
★ ★ ★ ★: Extremes dominate your thoughts, as you keep switching from one perspective to the next. A discussion evolves into a brainstorming session. As a result, you come up with solutions quickly and efficiently. A partner makes an effort to help.
TAURUS (April 20-May 20)
★ ★ ★ ★ ★: Your creativity energizes others. You could gain in some form from a conversation that could cause you to see the big picture. Detach in order to see what is really going on. Listen to your inner voice dealing with an associate or partner.
GEMINI (May 21-June 20)
★ ★ ★ ★: You could be dealing with a difficult situation, like it or not. The good news is that you will make it successfully past any encumbrances. A partner or loved one could point to the right path. Follow this person's lead.
CANCER (June 21-July 22)
★ ★ ★: Your instincts lead you, and the wise will follow. You recognize your own limitations better than many people. How you handle a personal matter could change as the result of a conversation. A creative effort falls flat with a loved one or child.
LEO (July 23-Aug. 22)
★ ★ ★: Curb spending if possible. You might be revamping a project or other undertaking, which could create an endless pit in your finances. Think this over again. Your efforts to get others to agree with you might not work. Schedule a check-up with the dentist.
VIRGO (Aug. 23-Sept. 22)
★ ★ ★ ★: You are full of get-up-and-go, and you know what works. Start visualizing your goals and desires. Be sure to look for support from others, but be aware that they could be afraid of your independence and willingness to head in a chosen direction.
LIBRA (Sept. 23-Oct. 22)
★ ★: Know that it serves you well to slow down and approach a situation differently. You might not be happy with what you are seeing, but you also haven't chosen a new course yet. Talk to a trusted adviser before you make a decision or take any action.
SCORPIO (Oct. 23-Nov. 21)
★ ★ ★ ★ ★: Know what it is that you want from a situation. With this goal in mind, you can create just that. You might not be as receptive as before. As a result, some people distance themselves. Open up conversations -- you will like what occurs.
SAGITTARIUS (Nov. 22-Dec. 21)
★ ★ ★ ★: Others come forward with a lot of information to share. You might wonder where it all begins. Your sixth sense doesn't seem to be working for you in a financial sense. Play it conservatively for now. Your instincts will guide you well.
CAPRICORN (Dec. 22-Jan. 19)
★ ★ ★ ★: You are wise for how you are looking at a difficult situation. Your sense of humor emerges when dealing with those you care about. You might want to seek out a respected friend or adviser. Others wonder as they watch you handle this issue.
AQUARIUS (Jan. 20-Feb. 18)
★ ★ ★ ★: Deal with each person in your life without being distracted. You desire to follow through on a certain path, yet there are other options that need to be explored. A boss or an authority figure is difficult; do not kid yourself about that fact.
PISCES (Feb. 19-March 20)
★ ★ ★ ★: Defer to others, and make sure you know what needs to happen. A fine-tuned sense of humor separates you from others in a trying situation. A meeting points to many alternatives. You might be tempted to walk the other way.


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Elisabeth Frink British, 1980 Bronze 1068 x 1248 x 89 in., 1223 lb. 2005.106.1
This life-size horse conveys the strength, speed, and vitality of a racehorse. Robust, rounded joints compliment its solid, muscular body. With its long neck extended, head turned to one side, its ears pointed forward, and confident stride, the animal appears alert to its surroundings. But the marked divots, incisions and striations covering the form's surface remind the viewer that this impressive horse is cast in heavy bronze. Elisabeth Frink's affection for horses stemmed from her country childhood in Sussex, England. Her father was a skilled horseman and an amateur jockey, which added to an enthusiasm that continued throughout her life. But it was only when she moved to France in the late 1960s that Frink began creating sculptures of horses. She would continue to explore this subject for many years often representing a horse and male rider. This sculpture was made from a plaster cast created in 1980. The form was originally commissioned for a Sussex racecourse. Frink claimed that her sculptures of horses were about "the ancient spirit of the horse and its evolution in relation to man."


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Retro Fun
Tucked inside a wooded lot, newlyweds create a home that reflects their love of nature, color and good times
Amy Gilliland soaks in the playful colors in her new home. See more photos of the home in the slideshow below.
After her three children grew up and moved out of her old house in the Vilas neighborhood, Amy Gilliland realized she had a problem: Her once-necessary family-sized home started to feel like a mausoleum.
So she took stock of the rooms and spaces she utilized the most and kept those priorities in mind when she renovated a new space—a 1960s home in a quiet west-side neighborhood surrounded by trees.
"Space should fit your lifestyle," says Gilliland. "This is definitely an empty-nester home."
According to Gilliland, designing the home was the perfect relationship test for her and then-boyfriend Al Benrud. A mental health therapist at the VA, Benrud lived in the home as it was being remodeled while Gilliland, a certified doula trainer and human sexuality instructor at Madison College, temporary lived in California to take care of her mother.
The process required lots of phone calls from the west coast and check-ins with designers including Bella Domicile, who helped design the home's kitchen and bathroom, as well as a few changes when Gilliland returned to Madison.
Still, the past challenges prove worth it daily as the couple rediscovers how each custom design aspect, from the breakfast nook (designed for "tall people") to the extra-produce fridge built into the kitchen's island, is a perfect fit.
As for that relationship test? Gilliland and Benrud were married this February.
"The house really brought us together," says Gilliland.
Gilliland's California roots had an influence on many aspects of the remodel. A grand total of twenty-eight paint shades, from brilliant orange to shimmering gold to funky purple, add a bright, fresh feel to each room. "I'm not scared of color anymore," laughs Gilliland.
An assortment of antiques passed down from Gilliland's family, such as a set of Asian stacking tables once beloved by her grandmother, blend with new pieces—like a geometry-inspired jeweled light fixture that hangs above the dining table.
"People that I loved loved this," says Gilliland of one of the heirlooms. "I want to see it."
Additional thrift store finds—including a collection of vintage matchbooks—make for a quirky, eclectic vibe that's carried throughout the house.
Outdoor elements are also incorporated. The foyer's floor is an extension of the front porch, while Gilliland's expansive rock and mineral collection, as well as photos of Devil's Lake taken by a Baraboo artist, are on display.
Upstairs, strategically placed windows maximize natural light while a copper-hued epoxy floor with gold bursts makes a bold statement. The floor, created by Chad Grote of HGS, is also suitable for the couple's cats, Ethel, Diva and Mei Mei.
"Fun and functional is good for us," says Gilliland.
Hannah Kiddoo is a Madison-based freelance writer.
Photos by Beth Skogen


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Welcome to Amusement-Park-Deals.com. No more annoying webpages to go through, you found the right spot for Knott's Berry Farm online codes and 2 for 1 deals. Please look at some of the history about the park, areas around it, and stops while you're there, or click our convenient links to get the best discount passes around. Either way, you're sure to have fun at this one of a kind theme park.
2012 Admission Prices Adult 1 day pass $57.99 Jr. 1 day pass $28.99 Season pass $139.99 Discount tickets All available here
About Owned by "Cedar Fair Entertainment Co." Knott's Berry Farm is an amusement park in Buena Park, CA. It was also a cheap line of jellies, jams, and preservatives, part of the "Smucker Comapny" based out of Placentia, CA. The park opened its doors first in 1920 by a man named "Walter Knott" in hopes that he could turn his land into a tourist attraction, and by giving out discount tickets to all who bought product from him; it was a big success. The park started out as a restaurant of sorts (It was more of a road side stand), selling home-made pies, berries, and an assortment of delicious tarts for inexpensive prices. The actual restaurant opened in the 1930s, along with shops, and stores in the area to grow as an attraction. Great deals given out now, so you can enjoy Knott's Berry Farms treats for yourself.
In 1940, Knott graduated in making this park in what it is now, a ghost town, transforming it from a way-point into a western themed area. World class rides were then built and coupons were given out for free entertainment to draw the crowd. Eventually even the close by Disney Land in Anaheim gave its congratulations to Knott, teamed together soon the whole Orange County was one giant tourist hot spot. As time went on both parks started giving out discount passes for each other, making them a team to be reckoned with. Now in the 2000s online codes are hard to come by, but we have plenty for you and your family.
Testimonial I think I gained about 20 lbs. while I visited. It's hard to imagine that this theme park all started out as a road side berry stand, I've seen a million of those in my life. Back on subject; I really hope that everyone who goes really enjoys what someone did 100 years ago. The staff is friendly, always have a smile on their face, and give out the best deals for classy treats in at least 50 miles. I vote this park a 10/10. Everyone should go at least once. -Tasha Moala-


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Run Canada Line 24 Hours
Petition to: TransLink and Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority and Coast Mountain Bus Company Ltd. and British Columbia Rapid Transit Company(aka: Canada Line) to run the Canada Line system for 24 (twenty four) hours per day 7 (seven) days per week. On Translinks Annual Report, it states: -"Translinks transportation plan recognizes the importance of providing attractive transit service that provide a viable alternative to single occupant vehicle use and improve the efficiency of the road network for the movement of goods and people." - 5 consecutive years of annual operating surpluses based on 165 million "revenue passengers." - Spending went DOWN because of lower bus fuel and vehicle costs, lower contract costs for lease of commuter rail track, and federal gas tax funding help offset new vehicle costs. - Made $863,564,000 in revenue in 2006 Expenses were only $635,089,000 -------------------------------------------------------------- It would cost very little to keep the Canada Line running 24 hours (only 4.5 hours more per night) Even if they ran the trains every 20-30 minutes between 1am and 5:30am. Keeping the train running 24 hours would keep more vehicles out of the downtown core at night and would likely cut drinking and driving by a substantial amount because people could take Canada Line home for $2.25 instead of a $50+ cab ride home (if the cabs want to drive you that far in the first place) or driving home intoxicated in their cars.
Recent signatures
Mr. Kelly Reaburn, Canada
5 years ago Comments: I would like to see the Canada Line & SkyTrain run 24 hrs.
Melissa Aston, Canada
5 years ago -
gary margolus, Canada
5 years ago
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Common English Bible (CEB) | New International Version (NIV) |
1 The proverbs of Solomon, King David's son, from Israel: | 1 The proverbs of Solomon son of David, king of Israel: |
2 Their purpose is to teach wisdom and discipline, to help one understand wise sayings. | 2 for attaining wisdom and discipline; for understanding words of insight; |
3 They provide insightful instruction, which is righteous, just, and full of integrity. | 3 for acquiring a disciplined and prudent life, doing what is right and just and fair; |
4 They make the naive mature, the young knowledgeable and discreet. | 4 for giving prudence to the simple, knowledge and discretion to the young-- |
5 The wise hear them and grow in wisdom; those with understanding gain guidance. | 5 let the wise listen and add to their learning, and let the discerning get guidance-- |
6 They help one understand proverbs and difficult sayings, the words of the wise, and their puzzles. | 6 for understanding proverbs and parables, the sayings and riddles of the wise. |
7 Wisdom begins with the fear of the LORD, but fools despise wisdom and instruction. | 7 The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge, but fools despise wisdom and discipline. |
8 Listen, my son, to your father's instruction; don't neglect your mother's teaching; | 8 Listen, my son, to your father's instruction and do not forsake your mother's teaching. |
9 for they are a graceful wreath on your head, and beads for your neck. | 9 They will be a garland to grace your head and a chain to adorn your neck. |
10 My son, don't let sinners entice you. Don't go | 10 My son, if sinners entice you, do not give in to them. |
11 when they say: "Come with us. Let's set up a deadly ambush. Let's secretly wait for the innocent just for fun. | 11 If they say, "Come along with us; let's lie in wait for someone's blood, let's waylay some harmless soul; |
12 Let's swallow up the living like the grave— whole, like those who go down into the pit. | 12 let's swallow them alive, like the grave, and whole, like those who go down to the pit; |
13 We'll find all sorts of precious wealth; we'll fill our houses with plunder. | 13 we will get all sorts of valuable things and fill our houses with plunder; |
14 Throw in your lot with us; we'll share our money." | 14 throw in your lot with us, and we will share a common purse"-- |
15 My son, don't go on the path with them; keep your feet from their way, | 15 my son, do not go along with them, do not set foot on their paths; |
16 because their feet run to evil; they hurry to spill blood. | 16 for their feet rush into sin, they are swift to shed blood. |
17 It's useless to cast a net in the sight of a bird. | 17 How useless to spread a net in full view of all the birds! |
18 But these sinners set up a deadly ambush; they lie in wait for their own lives. | 18 These men lie in wait for their own blood; they waylay only themselves! |
19 These are the ways of all who seek unjust gain; it costs them their lives. | 19 Such is the end of all who go after ill-gotten gain; it takes away the lives of those who get it. |
20 Wisdom shouts in the street; in the public square she raises her voice. | 20 Wisdom calls aloud in the street, she raises her voice in the public squares; |
21 Above the noisy crowd, she calls out. At the entrances of the city gates, she has her say: | 21 at the head of the noisy streets she cries out, in the gateways of the city she makes her speech: |
22 "How long will you clueless people love your naïveté, mockers hold their mocking dear, and fools hate knowledge? | 22 "How long will you simple ones love your simple ways? How long will mockers delight in mockery and fools hate knowledge? |
23 You should respond when I correct you. Look, I'll pour out my spirit on you. I'll reveal my words to you. | 23 If you had responded to my rebuke, I would have poured out my heart to you and made my thoughts known to you. |
24 I invited you, but you rejected me; I stretched out my hand to you, but you paid no attention. | 24 But since you rejected me when I called and no one gave heed when I stretched out my hand, |
25 You ignored all my advice, and you didn't want me to correct you. | 25 since you ignored all my advice and would not accept my rebuke, |
26 So I'll laugh at your disaster; I'll make fun of you when dread comes over you, | 26 I in turn will laugh at your disaster; I will mock when calamity overtakes you-- |
27 when terror hits you like a hurricane, and your disaster comes in like a tornado, when distress and oppression overcome you. | 27 when calamity overtakes you like a storm, when disaster sweeps over you like a whirlwind, when distress and trouble overwhelm you. |
28 Then they will call me, but I won't answer; they will seek me, but won't find me | 28 "Then they will call to me but I will not answer; they will look for me but will not find me. |
29 because they hated knowledge and didn't choose the fear of the LORD. | 29 Since they hated knowledge and did not choose to fear the LORD, |
30 They didn't want my advice; they rejected all my corrections. | 30 since they would not accept my advice and spurned my rebuke, |
31 They will eat from the fruit of their way, and they'll be full of their own schemes. | 31 they will eat the fruit of their ways and be filled with the fruit of their schemes. |
32 The immature will die because they turn away; smugness will destroy fools. | 32 For the waywardness of the simple will kill them, and the complacency of fools will destroy them; |
33 Those who obey me will dwell securely, untroubled by the dread of harm." | 33 but whoever listens to me will live in safety and be at ease, without fear of harm." |
Copyright © 2011 Common English Bible (Common English Bible) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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Free Shipping on Orders over $99*
Plus Free Shipping on Shoes & Apparel Every Day**
Click on the product image to zoom-in
Due to manufacturer restrictions, this product is excluded from price promotions. See Promotion Restrictions for complete details.
Golf GPS, Time and Fitness - you get it all with the SkyCaddie WATCH Golf GPS Rangefinder. This one-of-a-kind lightweight, flexible and comfortable everyday sport watch is perfect for on and off the course. Offering all of the great golf features you've come to expect from SkyCaddie plus fitness monitoring. The built-in odometer will track your location, distance, time, laps, speed, pace and calories burned during a run, walk or bike ride. This information can then be uploaded to a fitness website - no other golf watch offers that kind of functionality.
Unmatched Accuracy Begins With High-Precision, Ground-Corrected Course Maps - Only From SkyCaddie!
No Tour Player uses yardage books derived from satellite images or flyovers - neither should you. Other GPS rangefinders use second and third generation maps derived from aerial imagery known to contain errors.
SkyGolf takes no such shortcuts when it comes to your game. Only SkyGolf walks every course with professional grade survey equipment to create original course maps, accurate within 1 yard. SkyGolf provides the most complete, most reliable and most precise course maps in the game. You can trust your SkyCaddie, just like Tour Players trust their caddie.
SkyCaddie's Sport Series of products use CGT to provide a more economical distance solution by substituting conventional GPS technology found in competitive devices in lieu of SkyCaddie's unmatched, but more costly, TruePoint® GPS Precision Positioning Technology. Accuracy and reliability remain superior to other brands by combining conventional GPS with SkyCaddie's proprietary, high-precision, ground corrected course maps to eliminate errors known to be inherent in maps provided by others. So, when it comes to distance, nothing beats SkyCaddie, unless it's another SkyCaddie... trusted by more serious golfers than all other rangefinders combined.
GolfGalaxy.com offers simple, flat-rate shipping to destinations in the continguous U.S. via UPS. Our policy is to strive for the best possible combination of price and service for your shipment.
This Product's Shipping Information Shipping Locations Ground 2nd Day Next Day Shipped within the contiguous 48 states*: $5.99 $10.99 $20.99 Shipped to Alaska, Hawaii or Puerto Rico**: not available $15.99 $25.99 In order to better serve our guests, we will occasionally offer discounted shipping promotions. Any shipping discounts will be applied in your shopping cart.
In order to better serve our guests, we will occasionally offer discounted shipping promotions. Any shipping discounts will be applied in your shopping cart.
*Due to package size restrictions from UPS, some large or bulky items (such as cart bags, travel cases, and hitting nets) may have an oversize package handling charge applied. Items with oversize handling charges will be clearly indicated in the product description at the product purchase page. The additional charge for oversized items will vary depending on the size and will be combined with the regular shipping fee in the shipping charge box at checkout.
**Orders to Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico ship via UPS 2nd Day or Next Day service. If Ground service is selected in the shipping charge box at checkout, your order will be shipped via UPS 2nd Day service with the applicable charges. 2nd Day and Next Day services for oversized items are only available by contacting a Golf Galaxy customer service representative. Additional charges will apply.
"Overnight" shipments will arrive the next business day (excluding weekends and holidays) after departing GolfGalaxy. "2-Day Air" shipments arrive in two business days after departing GolfGalaxy. On-time delivery for both methods is guaranteed by UPS. Shipping delays may occur during busy Holidays or in the spring -- we will do our best to accommodate last minute and expedited orders placed during these times.
Most orders are shipped within 48 hours of online placement. Orders must be placed by 11:30 AM (ET) Monday-Friday in order to be eligible for that day's "Overnight" or "2-Day Air" shipments. Orders for residential delivery placed on Sunday or Monday will not be shipped until Tuesday and orders for business delivery placed on weekends will not ship until Monday, so please take this into consideration when specifying expedited shipping requests.
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Golfwatcher from Paramus, NJ | 9/25/2014 6:11 AM
Plugged it into the USB port, but charge, completely blank watchface, no download. Called SkyCaddie customer support, who said that yeah, probably needed to trade it in and try another one. So I bought a Bushnell instead, no problems with that one.
KK from Scottsdale, AZ | 9/2/2014 11:44 PM
The look is great, it finds all courses even small ones. Battery life is the poor thing about this product.
Jolene Economy from Granite City, IL | 4/11/2014 2:42 PM
Once golf course is load I'm happy with my Skycaddie
Ben cundiff from Louisville, KY | 4/3/2014 8:48 AM
After returning the first one. I got one that worked properly.
Haven't used it yet! Had a lot of trouble setting it up.
Holiday Hours:


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Saturday, Jan. 5, 2008
Tonight @ Jokerz Comedy Club - 8:00 PM & 10:30 PM
Twenty-something comedian Steve Hofstetter began his stand-up career modestly as a college-themed act, touring campuses behind predictable dorm and frat jokes, but has since carved out a more interesting niche in sports humor. He's written a column for Sports Illustrated, founded the Web site "Hofstetter�s Jerk of the Week" . . .


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I'll make it real simple: Sound the word out--the e makes it a long a sound--LAYTH, rather than LAHTH....Buy a dictionary cheap at a used book store and look the d**n words up...If you can't use a brain for a simple task, how can you possibly think that a truly idiotic spell-checker is going to work? It is written for people who know what the proper word will look like and can sound it out...don't just let it choose your word on its own!! |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by circuspeanut 5 (My Page) on Tue, Feb 12, 13 at 8:04
This post was edited by circuspeanut on Tue, Feb 12, 13 at 8:05
- Posted by sombreuil_mongrel (My Page) on Tue, Feb 12, 13 at 8:09
Someone is having a bad morning. Don't get worked up into a lather. Casey |
Yikes, I assume you have directed that at me, Columbusguy1, and I just want to let you know how very sorry I am that I spelled that word wrong. Very, very sorry. Let me explain what happened. I try not to post a question here unless I can't find the answer elsewhere. So I searched google using the incorrect spelling - lathe and plaster - which I promise will be the last time I ever type it incorrectly. I found lots of references with that spelling, so I didn't look further - or is it farther? - for another spelling. And since I thought it was pronounced with a long A, the spelling seemed correct. Again, I am horribly embarrassed at my spelling mistake as it is clear how strongly it has bothered you, and I certainly didn't want to do that. I hope I have humbled myself sufficiently that you can forgive me. In fact, I think that every time I see your name from now on anywhere on Gardenweb, I will type in the word lath just to show you how well I have learned. I know I will be bringing joy to your life each time you see it. And I am going to save this thread as one of the Gardenweb classics. |
- Posted by circuspeanut (My Page) on Tue, Feb 12, 13 at 12:22
LOL Graywings! One must assume a Very Wrong Side of Bed this morning for poor ColumbusGuy. |
- Posted by mama_goose 6/Southern Ohio (My Page) on Tue, Feb 12, 13 at 13:14
Dere graywings, don't fell bad. Somtimes we all have truoble with are speling and tyeping. And somtimes grammer, to. Dere columbusguy, I'm from Ohio, to. Southern Ohio, but one of my DDs happens to be in Columbus today, and what a beeeuuutiful day it is--not one cloud in a baby-blue sky. Hope your day has improved. ;) |
This post was edited by mama_goose on Tue, Feb 12, 13 at 13:31
I knew what you meant, GW. :) |
- Posted by liriodendron (My Page) on Tue, Feb 12, 13 at 19:21
Hey, if it makes you feel better think of this. If you have installed lath on the your wall studs then you had have lathEd it. |
- Posted by columbusguy1 (My Page) on Tue, Feb 12, 13 at 23:07
Hey All... I wasn't directing it specifically at graywings...but I have seen it so often here that something just finally got to me. I do fiction writing at an ancient history site, and understand that misspellings do occur...a lot of my stuff is written spur-of-the moment at 2A.M., but there I do catch most of mine which are mainly due to speed and keyboard layout. Many, many people here are quite knowledgeable about restoration, so I guess I expect higher standards--earlier that day, I was at a professional restoration site, and saw so many errors that I thought 'there is no way I'd use these people'. The other thing which gets to me is computer-speak and technology--and the fact that a lot of people just assume that since it is high-tech, it is going to function perfectly. Well, that is not true with things like spell-checkers; they are only as good as the person who uses it: it will offer suggested spellings which it thinks are alternates to your typed word, but it also was created by people who assume that if you see the proper word, you will know which one to pick. With our current educational system, the time will soon come when they will likely give up any pretence to grammar or spelling at all and give in to text usages. Finding out that cursive writing is no longer taught in public schools also contributed to my despair--when I heard that, my mouth literally dropped open in shock and it took a bit for me to collect myself. I already knew our math skills were woefully behind the rest of the world, but the fact that we won't even be able to read something not printed was truly astounding. My mother saved a couple of my penmanship books from elementary school as I found out going through her effects, but I should have known back in '98 when I wrote something out at work and one of the other people couldn't figure out even from context that the letter I used to start one sentence was a capital 'Q'. |
lath |
- Posted by mama_goose (My Page) on Wed, Feb 13, 13 at 8:55
Two of former President Lyndon Johnson's grandchildren were featured on last evening's NBC news, reading excerpts from his and Lady Bird's early love letters. The love letters have just been made public by the Johnson Presidential Library. LBJ's granddaughter, Katherine Robb, said that she felt that with today's technology, handwritten declarations of love would become less likely. (My paraphrasing.) I have a difficult time imagining a world without cursive writing, but I was shocked when our local high school dropped 'shop' and 'home ec.' I know I'm dating myself with those terms, I think by that time they were called industrial arts and family/consumer science. The world is changing too fast for me; that's another reason I appreciate my old house. (Which has no lath and plaster, so maybe it's not all that old.) |
- Posted by energy_rater_la (My Page) on Sat, Feb 16, 13 at 11:16
ok then. glad to see that this isn't one of those threads gone so horribly wrong! I done seen nuf of dat rond hear. haf a gud day evrone bes o luk. |
People who are knowledgable about restoration and willing to put down their tools and come to a forum - uncompensated - just to share their extensive knowledge with others are a delight to me. I'll happily take their tips, experience, know how, humor and whatever else they would like to share with whatever spelling and structures they choose to share it. If I can figure out what they're saying, it's clear enough for me. What's that saying about looking a gift horse in the mouth? |
- Posted by party_music50 (My Page) on Sat, Feb 16, 13 at 14:05
Wow. I strongly encourage graywings and everyone else here to give ColumbusGuy whatever he wants!
Just to be extra geeky, Lethe, the mythical river, is pronounced with two syllables (lay-thuh), unlike all the other examples. |
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By Raptors.com, Posted on February 7, 2014 |
By Raptors.com, Posted on February 1, 2014 |
Box Score | Photo Gallery | Video Highlights
DENVER (CP) – Toronto coach Dwane Casey wasn't ready to celebrate after the Raptors ended a decade-long drought in Denver. He was too upset about his team's lacklustre finish.
DeMar DeRozan scored 19 points, Terrence Ross had 18 and Toronto, after opening a 25-point lead, settled for a 100-90 victory over the Nuggets on Friday night.
"We will take the 'W,' but it was not a quality finish," Casey said. "I let the players know I was disappointed in the close. You can't come in and […]
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Vision for space exploration
Julian Portelli
December 8, 2013
I feel that the next big steps in human exploration of space are in the making as other countries like China and India join the race to the Moon and Mars. While the US will continue with its ambitious Mars programe, it seems to be relying more and more on private enterprise to explore the Moon. Better equipped telescopes will further push exoplanetary science forward. It will allow us to study exoplanetary atmospheres from Earth and help identify chemical make up of atmospheres and hence explore possibilities of life elsewhere in the universe.
Our Curiosity Knows No Bounds!
Become a member of The Planetary Society and together we will create the future of space exploration.
LightSail - Flight by Light
Support LightSail!
In 2016, The Planetary Society's LightSail program will take the technology a step further.


text:
OWENSBORO, Ky. (3/6/14) — United Steelworkers Local 9443 will host a free public seminar on the subject of Social Security Disability from 7 to 9 p.m. on Monday, March 17.
The seminar will be held at the newly-completed Hampton Inn & Suites Downtown Owensboro/Waterfront in the Riverwalk Meeting Room located at 401 West 2nd Street in Owensboro, Kentucky.
Attorneys from the law firm of Rhoads & Rhoads will be on hand to give an overview of eligibility requirements, the benefits of the plan, and how to avoid typical stumbling blocks you might encounter. There will also be time allowed for questions from the audience.
For more information contact Rick Taylor at (270) 316-4924.SurfKY News
Information provided by Rick Taylor
© Copyright 2015 SurfKY News Group, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, or rewritten without permission. SurfKY News encourages you to share this story by using one of the social media links below.
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Luxurious Pool Villa
- Bangtao, North Phuket
- 3
- 3
- Ref No. 861
A stunning well-maintained pool villa in one of Phuket's most successful residential developments, the villa is designed by combination of the modern house and elegance of Thai architecture, occupying a prime location on the island's northwest coast close to the Laguna complex and only few minutes away to Bangtao Beach.
The villa comprises three bedrooms, all with en-suite bathrooms. The master bedroom suite boasts a high vaulted ceiling, walk-in wardrobe, raised sleeping area and offering pool and mountain views. Large sliding doors open wide out to the pool deck and its only a short hop, skip and jump from the bed into the inviting swimming pool.
This villa comes fully-furnished with large living and dining room, also with vaulted timber ceiling, leads onto a fully-equipped kitchen, a utility room with washer/drier, and maid's room. The villa's living areas open onto the central 5×10 metre swimming pool and jacuzzi, all surrounded by a sand-wash patio with outdoor dining furniture and sunbeds.
View full map
Property Details
- Bedrooms3
- Bathrooms3
- ViewGarden View
- TypeVilla
- ParkingPrivate
- Swimming PoolPrivate
- Land Area985 sqm
- Ownership StructureLeasehold
- FeaturesCompleted Property, Fully-furnished, Outdoor Jacuzzi, Private Swimming Pool
- Community Features24-hour Security, Gated Community
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In May 1844, Asenath Nicholson left New York aboard the Brooklyn to "personally investigate the condition of the Irish poor." She had been a schoolteacher in Vermont and in New York, a proprietor of a vegetarian boarding house and a reformer who championed the causes of abolitionism and temperance. From her boarding house on the edge of New York's notorious Five Points, she worked among Irish immigrants. She later recalled those years saying, "It was in the garrets and cellars of New York that I first became acquainted with the Irish peasantry, and it was there I saw that they were a suffering people." She was determined to learn more about their suffering by walking through the country on her self-appointed mission to bring the Bible to the Irish poor. It was an ambitious adventure for an arthritic widow of fifty-two. She would distribute copies of the Bible to those who could read, and she would read the Bible to those who could not.
Dressed in her polka coat, bonnet and India rubber boots and carrying an enormous black bearskin muff from which she produced tracts and Bibles, Nicholson must have been an extraordinary sight. She complained that people stared at her. Her mission was not as straightforward as it might appear. Catholics regarded Bible readers as proselytes, and Protestant missionaries rejected her democratic ideas. From July 1844 to August 1845, she walked through Ireland visiting every county but Cavan.
She left for Scotland in August 1845, shortly before the first signs of the potato failure appeared. While Nicholson had not anticipated the failure of the harvest, as she traveled around the Irish countryside she frequently observed that the Irish poor depended on a single food crop. She had heard the libel that the Irish poor were lazy; however, based on her experience visiting the Irish in their cabins, she concluded that they were not lazy; they lacked work. When she saw the poor employed, she made note of it. The sight of a woman and her daughters carding and knitting gave her pause. "This was an unusual sight for seldom had I seen, in Ireland, a whole family employed among the peasantry. Ages of poverty have taken everything out of their hands but preparing and eating the potato and then sit listlessly on a stool, lie in their straw or saunter upon the street because no one hires them."
A crop failure combined with chronic unemployment would turn a natural disaster into a calamity. When the blight came a second year, Nicholson returned in the winter of 1846 to do what she could do to help. She stayed two years, spending much of that time in the Famine-stricken west. As soon as she arrived in Dublin on December 7, 1846, Nicholson wrote to the readers of Horace Greeley's New York Tribune and Joshua Leavitt's abolitionist Emancipator describing conditions in the city and asking for help for the Irish poor. She did not have the means to finance her relief efforts and she despaired that she was brought to witness a Famine without the means to relieve the hungry. When a letter arrived from Greeley with money from his Tribune readers, she regarded it not only as the answer to her prayers but also a sign of divine intervention. Other friends sent food, money and clothes to distribute or to send to trusted friends to administer. In July 1847, New Yorkers sent Nicholson five barrels of Indian corn aboard the United States frigate Macedonia. (There were fifty barrels aboard for Maria Edgeworth who provided the Central Relief Committee with information about Famine conditions in Co. Longford and who asked for shoes for her tenants working on a draining project to wear.)
While she admired the work of the Central Relief Committee of the Society of Friends (Quakers) who had established a soup kitchen in Charles Street behind Upper Ormond Quay in January 1847, Nicholson preferred to operate individually as she had in the Five Points and in her earlier trip to Ireland. She described herself walking through Dublin each morning distributing slices of bread from a large basket. She worked out of her own soup kitchen in the Liberties, an area she selected for its extreme poverty. The Quakers sold their soup for a penny a quart. Nicholson's food was gratis; however, she operated on a triage system. She decided that £10 divided among 100 people helped no one, so she committed herself to a particular group of families for whom she cooked Indian meal daily. Nicholson stayed in Dublin until July 1847 when she left for Belfast. By then she had finished Ireland's Welcome to the Stranger, her account of her earlier visit written to encourage readers to respond to Ireland's crisis. By then the Temporary Relief Act (the "Soup Kitchen" Act) had become effective, and the Quakers closed their kitchen.
Nicholson may have followed their example. In any case, she left Dublin and went for the west of Ireland in July 1847 where she visited Donegal and then went on to Newport, Co. Mayo. She had visited Newport earlier and was returning to stay with her friend, the postmistress Mrs. Margaret Arthur. There she found "misery without mask." She went further into the misery when she went west from Belmullet to spend the winter of 1847-8 in the Erris peninsula. She set to work bearing witness to the suffering, visiting the poor and encouraging relief workers. She not only recorded their names, but she also gave a glimpse of those selfless people who died working among the poor: Rev. Patrick Pounden, the Rector of Westport and his wife, and Rev. Francis Kinkaid, the Church of Ireland curate of Ballina who died on the 28th of January 1847. Catholics as well as Protestants contributed to the memorial tablet on the wall of the church.
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Jeffrey's Optical Homepage
Who am I and why this website?
Who: I graduated from the Opthalmic Technician Program at Seattle Central Community College in 1990. I next completed a Bachelor of Arts degree at The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington in 1992. I have worked since then as an optician in Washington and California. Mostly in dispensing clinics, but a litte in lens labs. My greatest joy comes from assisting Doctors create a workable prescription for very low level sight patients, particularly children, and witnessing the delight of the client when I fit the final perscription and vision has returned. My greatest frustration is the dayin dayout repetitive routine. But I have found even the most underwhelming appearing clients, who present at first blush very routine needs, often benefit from unanticipated assistance when I listen and look beyond our surface conversation. This occurs frequently enough, that it occurs to me to be the norm of our profession, not the exception.
Why: These pages I devote to the looking and the listening, the upgrading of the skill level of our profession, and a place for helping new opticians find success. These pages address the unique specifics of the required skills of our profession. One page is specifically devoted to a review of the topics covered in the training classes I present. One page contains links to relevant webpages. But additionally I look forward to hearing your successes, and your thoughts, and including those with my own on these pages.
I may be contacted at: email@example.com
So Jeffrey, here is a beginning template. You will see each of the links still works. The titles would have to appropriately changed. But notice there are 6 linked pages ready to fill in. subpages & additional pages could be created if I can remember how. And some of the pages have a background theme I haven't been able to make consistant yet. Always a mountain to climb. Some are big. Some are little.


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This is the first time in my life somebody's released a preorder incentive that actually incentivises me to preorder. Snap up Bioshock Infinite ahead of release day (26th March), and you'll get a free copy of the ebook Mind in Revolt, a short story which sheds a little more light on the game's airborne, wartorn setting.
The ebook is the work of Bioshock Infinite writer Joe Fielder, with assistance from creative director Ken Levine. You can also buy it separately for $2.99 (UK pricing is TBC) from 12th February.
"Since we first announced BioShock Infinite, our fans have asked for more information about Columbia and the complex cast of characters that inhabit the floating city," Fielder comments over on Irrational's blog.
"After reading the e-book, players will have a better understanding of BioShock Infinite's world, the struggle between its factions, and the motivations of key characters, like rebel leader Daisy Fitzroy, without spoiling the mysteries of BioShock Infinite."
As you'll know if you've watched the game's first few minutes, below, Columbia is an extraordinary feat - a chunk of hyper-political early 20th century Americana cut adrift and left for the winds to pick at. The opportunity to dig a little deeper beneath its skin is an opportunity worth seizing.
If you're more interested in the gunplay, however, you might find the Industrial Revolution Pack more compelling - also free to preordering players, it grants exclusive (for the moment, anyway) access to three combat boosting items, a fat wodge of in-game cash, five lock picks, and the Industrial Revolution puzzle game "which unlocks stories of Columbia and allows players to pledge their allegiance to the Vox Populi or Founders through Facebook."
According to level designer Shawn Elliott, "the sky's the limit" for future Bioshock games after Infinite. Slightly poor choice of words, perhaps. Read more about it in our three-hour hands-on.


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Blog | Comments |
WoW | 5 Comments |
Recent Comments:
Totem Talk: Totems and heroics in Cataclysm {WoW}
Sep 28th 2010 3:56PM Will there be a change in the functionality of spirit? As it stands now spirit is useless to us for a reason. Come cata, should we wait 5 seconds, then cast mana tide so it actually restores mana?
Know Your Lore, Tin Foil Hat Edition: The final boss of Cataclysm, page 2 {WoW}
Sep 26th 2010 8:14PM I'm curious what the tribunal meant by referring to the old gods as "necrophotic." While playing through myself I overlooked that particular word, probably assuming it said "necrophilic." Necrophilic would seem to make more sense for the old gods, since it translates to something like "death loving." Photic on the other hand refers to light. Necrophotic would translate to something like death light, or perhaps death of light. which to me makes no sense at all. Is it possible that the death gods are somehow connected to the light, either in the sense of being made of it or in the sense of being antagonists to it? Or is that perhaps a typo on the part of the developers?
The Queue: Getting ready for heroics edition {WoW}
Sep 22nd 2010 3:26PM Will we ever see a system, be it a channel or a queue or something else altogether, that allows people to leave a capital city while looking for a raid pug? Standing around waiting for someone to say they're looking for more is boring, and there are flowers I could be picking!
The Queue: Officially on notice {WoW}
Mar 12th 2010 12:51PM I'm thinking of upgrading from XP to Windows 7, if backup my WoW folder, then stick it back in my program files once I've upgraded, will WoW still work? If not, what's the best (see:fastest) way to go from not having WoW at all to having the most recently patched version?
Arcane Brilliance: What Cataclysm will mean to Mages, part 2 {WoW}
Aug 30th 2009 6:22PM true character customization is a pipe dream. as long as the worth of a dps class is dependent on how big that number is at the end of the fight, there will always be a best spec. the only exception is if they placed a hard cap on how high dps can go, and made all three specs capable of hitting it. players would hate that of course, but it would be the price they pay for being able to play their own way. they have to do that now, actually. you're welcome to spec frost in ulduar if that's your play style, just dont expect to be top dps. basically, you will always have to choose between customization and dps, end of story.


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Stanley Cup Playoffs – Game #3 Preview – Florida Panthers vs. New Jersey Devils
Posted by cj225devs
Stanley Cup Playoffs
New Jersey Devils vs. Florida Panthers
TV: MSG Plus (HD), NHLN-US, TSN, RDS, SUN (HD)
Radio: Bloomberg 1130 AM or SiriusXM 92
With the best of 7 series tied 1-1, the Devils will host their first playoff game in over two years tonight as they take on the Florida Panthers in Game 3 of the Eastern Conference Quarter Finals. To say fans are ecstatic about this game is an understatement. Forums have been blowing up, Facebook and Twitter are going crazy, and at 7pm tonight, chaos will consume the Prudential Center in Newark in the form of 17,625 red, swinging towels! If you don't already have tickets, you should move quickly because once the puck drops, this game will be sold out and you don't want to be on the outside looking in.
For those of you attending the game tonight, there's a Fan Fest outside Championship Plaza that begins at 5pm. Once inside, the Devils will be handing out Red Rally Towels and noisemakers, but feel free to bring your own!
Getting down to business, despite a Game 1 victory, the Devils have looked sloppy in the first two games of the series thus far. Game 2 was particularly frustrating as they fell behind quickly and never recovered, waiting until the 3rd period before finally waking up and playing with a sense of urgency. And as you all know, a lackluster performances in the NHL playoffs can quickly put you in a hole, and the Panthers took full advantage of that. With the Devils trailing 3-0 heading into the 3rd period, Travis Zajac and Ilya Kovalchuk scored goals for what would have been an impressive comeback, but New Jersey came up short and lost 4-2.
Speaking of Ilya Kovalchuk, he has looked lost in the series so far and in order for the Devils to regain momentum and win games, he needs to get on the score sheet early. However, he isn't the only one who needs to wake up: paging Zach Parise…has anyone seen him? For someone who is fighting for a contract at the end of this season, the Captain hasn't been seen or heard from so far. Hopefully with the Devils playing at home for the next two games, both Kovalchuk and Parise can dig deep and pop some goals in the back of the net.
The Panthers took advantage of an early power play in Game 2 and Stephen Weiss scored 23 seconds into the game, making it the fastest goal in Florida's playoff history and the fastest power-play goal in the NHL playoffs since 1987. Aside from Weiss, Marcel Goc has also been hot for the Panthers. He scored a goal on Saturday and added to his total of 3 points so far in the playoffs, and leading his team.
So to summarize what the Devils need to do: If they play 60 minutes of DEVILS hockey, there should be some changes on the score-sheet tonight! Game 3 is always the pivotal game in a series as it shifts the momentum to the team that comes out on top. Let's get this done and win this game!
Line Combinations (Subject to Change):
New Jersey Devils:
Zach Parise – Travis Zajac – Ilya Kovalchuk
Petr Sykora – Patrik Elias – Dainius Zubrus
Alexei Ponikarovsky – Adam Henrique – David Clarkson
Ryan Carter – Stephen Gionta – Steve Bernier
Bryce Salvador – Marek Zidlicky
Andy Greene – Mark Fayne
Anton Volchenkov – Peter Harrold
Martin Brodeur
Johan Hedberg
Florida Panthers:
Tomas Fleischmann – Stephen Weiss – Kris Versteeg
Sean Bergenheim – Marcel Goc – Mikael Samuelsson
Wojtek Wolski – Shawn Matthias – Scottie Upshall
Krys Barch – John Madden – Tomas Kopecky
Jason Garrison – Brian Campbell
Dmitry Kulikov – Mike Weaver
Ed Jovanovski – Erik Gudbranson
Jose Theodore
Scott Clemmensen
Posted on April 17, 2012, in Devils Army, Devils Army Generals, Fan Fest, Game Preview, New Jersey Devils, New Jersey Devils Fans, NHL, NHL Playoffs, Prudential Center, Season Tickets, Social Media and tagged Devils Army, Fan Fest, Florida Panthers, New Jersey Devils, Prudential Center, Stanley Cup Playoffs, The Rock. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.


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Viking Archeology — Excavations and Hoard Findings
Old Norse word víking means 'expedition overseas.' In the sagas 'to go viking' (fara í víking) implies raiding or piracy. During the Viking Age, warriors from Scandinavia looted coastal cities all across Europe. Their booty included coins, silver and golden items. Norsemen often tore away precious ornaments from church books, reliquaries and garments and then chopped them up with their axes in order to divide the treasure between the warriors. Vikings often hid the spoil to keep it safe. Several such hiding-places were never recovered by those who originally buried the hoards. Amateur metal detectorists endeavor to recover them. In UK, The British Museum runs the Portable Antiquities Scheme, which helps to report the finds as required by the Treasure Act.
Photo: Viking hoard, 10th century. Courtesy Mararie. Used under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 2.0 Generic Licence.