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Scipio Africanus : Africa (204 - 201 BCE)
- ...give to me and to the Roman people means to inflict upon the Carthaginian state the sufferings which the Carthaginians have labored to inflict upon us.
- Prayer of Scipio Africanus at the embarkation from Sicily.
- - Livy, The History of Rome from its Foundation XXIX.27
The Arrival
The forces that Scipio embarked for his African campaign were small indeed; his fleet no more than 40 warships and 400 transports. Estimates of the initial size of his army vary; but the lowest number of 16,000 infantry and 1,600 cavalry given in Livy would seem to tally well with the number of transports quoted in the initial invasion. Very likely, additional reinforcements from the garrison in Sicily arrived later in the year.
He arrived to an Africa in turmoil; his carefully laid alliances sabotaged by the activities of the Carthaginians. His Numidian allies, Syphax and Massinissa, had gone to war against each other in the succession struggles after the death of Gala, King of the Maesulii Numidians, and Massinissa's father (Syphax was the King of the Masaesulii tribe). At the same time, Syphax had been turned by Carthaginian diplomacy to abandon his alliance with Scipio, and had married the daughter of Hasdrubal Gisgon, Sophonisba. With Carthaginian help, Syphax had succeeded in decisively defeating Massinissa, and Scipio's sole ally in Africa was now a King without a Kingdom.
As a result of this, Massinissa could bring only a small troop with him to join Scipio when the latter landed at Cap Farina; not far from the city of Utica. His arrival caused widespread panic and great alarm in Carthage, as the population of the country-side fled into the Cities. A small reconnaisance force sent out by the Carthaginians was easily trapped and destroyed by Scipio, and as the Roman army ravaged the country-side, they were able to gather considerable booty and captives.
The Carthaginians now sent a force of 4,000 cavalry to keep a watch on Scipio, while their General Hadsrubal Gisgo assembled an army to oppose the Romans. Scipio ordered Massinissa to attack the Carthaginian force and then lure the enemy into the ambush laid by Scipio. The plan worked perfectly, and the enemy force was destroyed 3,000 men killed and captured, while the rest fled into the countryside.
Unopposed, Scipio's forces ravaged the country-side, and then laid siege to the city of Utica. Utica could provide him with a port, thus easing the supply situation for the Roman army. However, the Punic city defended itself stoutly, and soon help arrived from Carthage in the armies of Hasdrubal Giscon and Syphax. According to Livy, Hasdrubal had 30,000 foot and 3,000 cavalry while Syphax had 50,000 foot and 10,000 cavalry. This is probably an exaggeration. However, given Scipio's unwillingness to engage the Carthaginians, it is probably safe to assume that Scipio's forces were heavily outnumbered. After forty days in front of Utica, Scipio withdrew his army into winter quarters close to Utica.
Castra Cornelia
Scipio chose for his winter camp a small promonotory, well-protected due to a narrow ridge where it joined land. Now Scipio's careful preparations paid off, and his army was kept well-supplied as they wintered in their secure camp, a site which earned the name Castra Cornelia - the Castle of Cornelius (it retained the name for more than 200 years).
Heavily outnumbered and isolated, the Romans were literally under siege. In the standstill in operations during the winter, Syphax attempted to initiate a dialogue with the Romans to attempt to broke an end to the war. After initially refusing the approach, Scipio appeared to change his opinion. His envoys had noticed that the Numidian camp was poorly defended, and almost entirely made of highly combustible wood and thatch, and Scipio now made sure the entire camp was completely scouted by experienced Roman Centurions.
With Syphax lulled into a sense that peace was a possibility, Scipio asked the Carthaginians to offer terms; seemingly anxious to have peace. This led the Carthaginians to make exorbitant demands, and Scipio could then, with clear conscience, break off negotiations.
Scipio's design was now brought to fruition. Sending Laelius and Massinnisa with part of the army to set fire to the Numidian camp, he himself took the other half of the army to the Carthaginian camp. The first half of the plan went perfectly, and soon the badly constructed Numidian camp was blazing lustily. The Carthaginian sentries, thinking that the blaze was accidental, rushed to assist the Numidians. Unprepared, Carthaginians poured out of the camp with buckets and blankets, only to be cut down by the Roman force. Scipio's troop seized the gates of the camp, forced their way into the Carthaginian camp, and set fire to the Carthaginian camp as well.
A scene from apocalypse now presented itself. Intermixed, Numidian, Carthaginian, horses, cattle, and all the other living beings within the two encampments, roused in the deep of night to the horror of the flames. Thousands perished in the flames; many of the survivors escaping the conflagration only to cut down in their flight by the Roman soldiers waiting outside in the darkness.
The Carthaginian losses were severe; 40,000 dead according to Livy, with five thousand prisoners being taken, including 11 Carthaginian senators. Both Hasdrubal and Syphax escaped, with a small number of infantry and foot. In one fell stroke, Scipio had destroyed the combined Carthago-Numidian army.
Free from the worry of the enemy presence, Scipio prepared to resume his objective of securing the all-important port of Utica. Ever cautious, however, he soon learned that Hasdrubal and Syphax had regrouped in the interior, and were assembling and training a new army based around a recently arrived mercenary contigent of Celtiberians. Leaving a token force to garrison the Castra Cornelia and keep up the appearance of a siege against Utica, Scipio immediately marched with the main part of his force against Syphax.
After a few days of skirmishing, Hasdrubal and Syphax accepted battle. The inexperienced Carthaginian and Numidian cavalry (most of the experienced troops had died in the previous battles) were almost immediately routed and soon the entire army was in flight. The Celtiberians alone stood firm, were surrounded and slaughtered to a man.
Scipio now sent Laelius and Massinissa at the head of flying columns, to pursue the fleeing Syphax, while he himself at the head of the major part of the army subjugated the area surrounding Carthage. Many towns surrendered upon his approach, and shortly his army was so impeded by plunder and prisoners that these had to be sent back to the Castra Cornelia. He then occuppied the fortress of Tunis, barely twenty-five kilometers from Carthage.
In an attempt to strike back, the Carthaginians had prepared their navy, and launched it to attempt a surprise attack against the Castra Cornelia, convinced that with Scipio and the majority of the army gone, they would be able to relieve Utica. The Romans at Tunis however, saw the Carthaginian fleet set out, and realizing the vulnerability of the unmanned warships and transports, Scipio immediately ordered his troops back to Utica, while he rode ahead.
Rather than try to man his warships and attempt to fight a superior enemy at sea, Scipio instead drew his ships in as close to the shore as possible (taking care to protect the vitally important warships) and lashed them together. In this way he made a fighting platform for his army, and when the Carthaginians fleet arrived, they found themselves faced by a wall of ships manned by Roman soldiers. Planning to surprise the enemy, the Carthaginians had been too cautious in their approach, and thus allowed Scipio's troops to return in time. Nevertheless, the Carthaginians attacked valiantly, and after a long indecisive fight, managed to cut out and tow off sixty of the empty Roman transports. By his prompt action, Scipio had succeeded in preventing unnecesarry loss of troops, supplies, or the warships that were vital to maintaining his position in Africa.
The Carthaginian force was to suffer a further blow though; for Massinissa and Laelius had caught up with Syphax and forced the latter's hastily reformed army to battle. Syphax had lost once again, fallen from his horse during the rout, and been taken captive by Laelius. Along with Syphax, Massinissa had captured the beautiful Sophonisba, Syphax's wife and (or so Syphax claimed) the reason for the betrayal of his treaty with Scipio. Somehow, she convinced Massinissa to marry her, to prevent her being taken as a prisoner. This act worried Scipio, and he therefore summonned Massinissa and convinced the Numidian prince of the error of his ways. Withdrawing from the audience, Massinissa after long deliberations, sent Sophonisba a gift of poison, which she drank with the sarcastic remark:
- I should have died a better death, if I had not married on the day of my funeral.
- - Livy, The History of Rome from its Foundation XXX.15
The Truce
Scipio, true to his nature, scolded Massinissa for the fatal results of his hasty acts, but at the same time praised both him and Laelius for their achievements in completing the defeat of Syphax. Laelius, he sent with Syphax as prisoner to Rome in order to report on his successes, while Massinissa was acclaimed as King of all Numidia before the army. Without any remaining Carthaginian armies in the field, Scipio's forces could range at will through the African country-side, and Scipio returned with parts of his forces to abandoned fortress of Tunis and thus threatened the City of Carthage with siege.
Although the Carthaginians had sent envoys to the surviving Barca brothers, Hannibal and Mago, to return to Carthage, the latest events had robbed the Carthaginian people of hope. Thus the Council of Thirty (an inner Cabal in the Carthaginian government) went to Scipio and prostrated themselves before him to sue for peace.
Scipio's terms were comparatively lenient; and the Carthaginians immediately agreed to these terms, concluding an armistice with Scipio, and sending envoys to Rome to ratify the treaty. The subsequent events could indicate that the armistice proposed by the Carthaginians was a ruse from the start, intended to buy time until Hannibal and Mago could return from Italy, and the Carthaginians could pit two new armies against Scipio. At the same time, Carthaginian recruiting officers were busy hiring mercenaries in Spain, and a number of these were captured by the Romans near Saguntum.
At the same time, Scipio's political opponents (minus Fabius Maximus, who had died of old age during the year) were putting pressure on the Senate to try and replace him in command of the African army, with the peace so near. The Roman Consul Servilius Caepio, in fact, transferred himself to Sicily with the intention of travelling to Africa and superseding Scipio. Scipio's support, both in the Senate and among the people remained strong, however, and the move was blocked. At the same time, the Roman Senate considered the peace treaty suggested by Scipio; Livy claims the treaty was refused, grounded on the suspicions of the Senate, whereas Polybius claims it was ratified. Regardless of the actual decision, events where taken out of the hands of the diplomats by the act of the Carthaginian people.
A Roman convoy of 200 transports had been caught in a storm, and the ships scattered and driven ashore in the area surrounding Carthage. Excited by this windfall of supplies, the People of Carthage had put pressure on the Senate to take the ships thus offered, and any appeals to stand by the armistice were drowned in the popular outcry. The seizing of the ships constituted a clear breach of the armistice, and subsequently, the Carthaginians allegedly compounded their crimes by attempting to kill the envoys sent by Scipio to request the return of the seized ships.
So with Scipio's army settling into wintercamp in 203 BCE, the war resumed. A renewed attempt in the Roman senate to supersede him in command of the African army was easily foiled, by Scipio's huge popularity among the people. Thus politically, Scipio's position was secure.
On the military front, however, events were significantly more bleak. Hannibal Barca had at last landed at Hadrumentum with the hardened veterans of his Italian army. These men, some of them veterans of 16 years of warfare, provided a formidable core to the new army being formed at Carthage, in every respect equivalent to Scipio's own veterans. To augment these troops, Hannibal could add the well-disciplined troops of Mago's Ligurian army (Mago had died of a wound during the crossing). Finally, Hannibal could supplement these troops with a considerable force of new recruits from the Carthaginian cities and whatever mercenaries the Carthaginian recruiting officers had been able to muster. The crowning achievement of this massive, last-ditch recruiting attempt was the collection of 80 war elephants.
Prelude to Battle
Winter had reduced operations to a low pitch, a pause that Hannibal no doubt appreciated, as it gave him the opportunity to drill his new recruits, and acclimatize his vererans - many of whom would be native Italians - to their new theater of operations. Hannibal's army would now have bulked large with troops; in addition to the 80 war elephants, his army would seem to have numbered somewhere between 40,000 to 50,000 men, at least one third, and possible one half of them might be the elite force of his veterans. His main problem was a lack of quality cavalry, and although he no doubt had a proportion of cavalry among his veterans (who could be provided new horses), the devastating losses suffered by the Carthaginians in the previous years, would have reduced the quantity, and above all the quality of the cavalry he could muster. His position was however significantly strengthened when Tychaeus, a relative of Syphax, joined him with a body of 2,000 Numidian horsemen.
With Massinissa off campaigning in the West to bring all of Numidia to heel, Scipio himself was encamped close to Carthage. The stream of petitions that his activities before Carthage caused to be sent to Hannibal apparently left him unmoved, but when Scipio began a devastating marching west through the African heart-lands, Hannibal at last bestirred himself.
Scipio's action at this point would seem a coldly calculated act of genius, at one stroke, he was drawing his opponent ever closer to the pitched battle that he required, while closing the distance between himself and Massinissa. Because at this point in time, Scipio's forces were without a doubt significantly less than Hannibal. His handling of the situation was masterful, and he not only managed to avoid a battle until Massinissa could arrive, but also succeeded in outmaneouvering the Carthaginian master-general. Placing his camp in a favorable position near Naraggarra, Scipio forced Hannibal to encamp his forces in a position far from water.
During the course of these operations, a couple of Hannibalic spies were captured close to the Roman encampments. Rather than execute them, however, Scipio treated them leniently, and showed them round his camp. This act of confidence so aroused Hannibal's curiousity, that he requested a meeting with Scipio. Though the particulars of this meeting has been doubted, the fact that Polybius (who personally interviewed both Laelius and Massinissa) testifies to its truthfulness are strong arguements for the truth of this occurence.
Hannibal opened the meeting as follows:
- "Would that neither the Romans had ever coveted any possessions outside Italy, nor the Carthaginians any outside Africa; for both these were very fine empires and empires of which it might be said on the whole that Nature herself had fixed their limits. But now that in the first place we went to war with each other for the possession of Sicily and next for that of Spain, now that, finally refusing to listen to the admonition of Fortune, we have gone so far that your native solil was once in imminent danger and our own still is, what remains but to consider by what means we can avert the anger of the gods and compose our present contentino? I myself am ready to do so as I learnt by actual experience how fickle Fortune is, and how by a slight turn of the scale either way she brings about changes of the greatest moment, as if she were sporting with little children. But I fear that you, Publius, both because you are very young and because success has constantly attended you both in Spain and in Africa, and you have never up to now at least fallen into the counter-current of Fortune, will not be convinced by my words, however worthy of credit they may be......If you conquer you will add but little to the fame of your country and your own, but if you suffer defeat you will utterly efface the memory of all that was grand and glorious in your past. What then is the end I would gain by this interview? I propose the all the countries the were formerly a subject of dispute between us, that is Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain, shall belong to Rome and that Carthage shall never make war upon Rome on account of them. Likewise that the other islands lying between Italy and Africa shall belong to Rome. Such terms of peace would, I am convinced, be most secure for the Carthaginians and most honourable to you and to all the Romans.
- -Polybius, The Histories XV.6-7
These terms were unacceptable, as Hannibal must have known, and Scipio wasted no time in turning them down. With the situation thus remaining unresolved, the two commanders returned to their respective camps. Shortly after this, Massinissa arrived at the Roman camp with 6,000 foot and 4,000 horse. The scene was now set for the final show-down.
It is impossible to accurately assess the size of Scipio's army before Zama, but considering that Massinissa had earlier taken with him 10 cohorts of Roman infantry (a Legion), we may conclude that Scipio's army probably did not exceed 24,000 infantry (plus perhaps a small contigent of lightly armed Numidians), while his cavalry would have been no more than 6,400 (the 2,400 cavalry of the Legions plus Massinissa's 4,000). These numbers assume that the Roman army was significantly over it's normal strength strength, and that any losses to the cavalry (who had been very active in the fighting so far) had been replaced up to full strength. Appian's numbers of 23,000 foot, and 1,500 Roman cavalry in additions to Massinissa's 4,000 Numidian horse on the whole seems to be a very reasonable estimate (we note that many commentators mistakenly add to this number the 6,000 infantry brought in by Massinissa, ignoring the clear testimony of Polybius that most -- if not all -- of these would have been the Roman legionaries detached with the Prince).
Against this force, Hannibal could mass a significantly larger army. In the front-line, he deployed his 80 war elephants, a greater number than had been used at any other time during the war. Behind these, he deployed 12,000 mercenaries, Ligurians, Celts, Moors, and Balearics. Many of these would have been from Mago's army; troops that had made a good showing against Roman armies in Liguria. Behind this force was deployed the Carthaginian citizen levy and Libyan infantry; most probably amounting to another 12,000 troops. Far behind these first two lines, Hannibal had stationed his crack force of veterans in reserve. Given the subsequent events during the battle, it is highly likely that this force numbered at least 20,000 troops, and one reason for deploying them so far behind the two other battlelines was no doubt to mask their deployment. On either flank, Hannibal had deployed his cavalry. In addition to the 2,000 Numidians horse brought in by Tychaeus, Hannibal also had at his service the rest of the once-proud Carthaginian citizen cavalry, whatever troopers he had brought with him from Italy, and any Numidian mercenaries that might still be in the service of Carthage. A reasonable estimate would probably place the number of his cavalry between 3,000 to 5,000 horse, with a lower number seeming more probable. In favor of a higher number, is the fact that Hannibal seemingly took no precautions to remedy the disrepancy in cavalry numbers; a role in which elephants were often deployed. On the whole, though, we may conclude that Hannibal must have felt confident in his forces, and his chances of success (as is also demonstrated by his decision to venture a battle at once).
Scipio, with his customary high confidence, did not fear the battle either. Despite their smaller numbers, his army was superbly disciplined, with two years of victories behind them. They probably had an edge in cavalry, and to the troops of Cannae, this would have been a welcome knowledge. Scipio's main worry would have been the large number of elephants in Hannibal's army, and to counter this, he deployed his army in a most unorthodox manner. Rather than the traditional triplex acies (checkerboard formation), he formed up the three lines of his army with the maniples one behind the other, thus forming corridors in the gaps between the maniples.
After some indecisive skirmishing, Hannibal ordered his elephants to charge, but Scipio immediately turned the tables by ordering his trumpeteers and buglers to blow their instruments, while the soldiers let out a loud shout. The cacophony of noise unsettled the beast - most of whom were barely trained - and created a panic. Harassed by the Roman velites, some charged in between the gaps in the Legions, killing many of the light infantry and passing through the Roman lines to escape, while others turned around and in trying to escape collided with their own cavalry. Taking advantage of the confusion, Laelius and Massinissa, stationed on each their wing with the cavalry charged their opponents and drove them off. Hannibal had lost all his cavalry, but the Roman cavalry pursued the enemy, leaving their own infantry unsupported and outnumbered.
Undeterred, the Romans charged the first line of the Carthaginians, and though the mercenaries put up a good fight, they were eventually forced to fall back. The second line, however, was not prepared to permit this, and fighting broke out between some of the mercenaries and the second Carthaginian line, even as the Romans pressed in upon them. The confusion and spirited resistance of the Carthaginians threatened to disrupt the Roman hastati, but by moving the Principes (Roman second line) up to support the fighting, the Carthaginians were eventually broken and fled.
The fighting had been fierce and bloody,and the ground over which the Romans were now moving was littered with bodies and broken weaponry; a slippery, blood-soaked mess. But the Roman's had yet to face Hannibal, and his crack force of veterans, and their front ranks were in wild dissarray as they pursued the carthaginian levy. This was the point when Scipio demonstrated his mastery of the arts of war. Recalling the Hastati from their pursuit, Scipio reformed his battle line. Since Hannibal's reserves were numerous enough to outflank Scipio's men, Scipio extended his lines by moving his second and third lines up on the flanks of his front line to form one single line to match that of Hannibal. That Scipio could achieve such a maneuvre in the face of an enemy formation and during the chaos of a pursuit speaks volumes about the cast-iron discipline that Scipio had instilled in his troops, and his tactical skill.
Finally, the two forces clashed - Hannibal's all-conquoring veterans against the extended Roman lines. The forces were evenly matched, and for a while the battle hung in the balance. Hannibal's tactic to blunt the Roman troops with the first two lines of expendable troops and then crush them with his veterans might yet win the day. But suddenly Massinissa and Laelius returned from their pursuits and fell on the rear of the Carthaginian formation, and it was all over. The Carthaginian formation crumpled under the attack, and by evening the Romans had stormed and plundered the Carthaginian camp. More than half of Hannibal's army lay on the field of battle, along with 1500 Roman dead.
Unlike Hannibal after Cannae, Scipio seized the moment to lay maximal pressure on the beaten Carthaginians by marching on the city. It is unlikely that he intended to besiege it - he did not have the ressources for such a task - but the threat alone was a potent weapon. The Carthaginians caved in; and Scipio set forth his terms: Carthage was no longer to have an independent foreign policy; their navy and elephant corps were to be destroyed (Livy says that more than 500 ships were burned), and for the next 50 years, Carthage would have to pay indemnities to the Romans. The terms were harsh, and left Carthage as little more than yet another Roman vassal.
Some Carthaginians balked at submitting to these terms, but Hannibal - seeing the inevitable - convinced the Carthaginians to accept the terms, even physically dragging a senator from the speaker's podium to shut him up. The war was over.
Scipio spent the rest of the year putting affairs in Africa in order, installing Massinissa as King of all Numidia and a powerful watchdog on the much-reduced Carthaginian state. By 201 BCE, the treaty had been ratified by the Senate, their decisions implemented, and Scipio could at last set sail for the Sicily again. From there he sent the majority of his army by sea to Rome, while he himself made his way through Italy in an extended triumphal progression.
- Everywhere he found rejoicing as much on account of the peace as for victory, when the towns poured out to do him honor and crowds of peasants too held up his progress along the roads. He reached Rome and rode into the city in triumph -- triumph such as had never been seen before. To the treasury he brought 123,000 pounds weight of silver; to his soldiers he distributed 400 asses apiece.
- ...
- As for the surname Africanus, I have not been able to find out how it became current -- through the army's devotion to their general, or from popular favor; or it may have started with the flattery of his close friends, in the way, in our fathers' time, Sulla was called "Fortunate" and Pompey "the Great". What is certain is that Scipio was the first general to be celebrated by the name of the people he conquored, though subsequently there were men fra less renowned for the victorieswho took him as a precedent, and acquired titles of honour for their family portraits and distinguished surnames for their descendants.
- - Livy, The History of Rome from its Foundation XXX.45


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This is a syndicated post from The Daily Register. [Read the original article...]
By BENJAMIN WIKER |
You may have seen the headlines: "U.S. President Undermines Catholic Schools After Vatican Prefect Praised Them." Or "Obama Offends Catholics in U.K.: Says Religious Schools Divisive."
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Fri, Mar 31, 06 at 9:38
Does anyone know of a garage door maker that offers a door within the garage door? We have a single detatched garage, and the only way in is through the garage door. I'd really like to add a standard door but, because of slopes, gardens, etc., it's not feasible to put a door on the side of the building. I know I've seen doors in garage doors before, but I think they were typically in older homes (teens/20s).
Thanks! |
Follow-Up Postings:
I would call the companies listed in the yellow pages and see what they have to offer. |
They are not hard to do, just a nightmare of piano hinge fitting. |
brickeye, why would you use piano hinge? I've seen a few of these but never paid much attention to them. They always seem to be hanging loose and blowing in the wind. Maybe piano hinge would have been the answer. |
The secions of the door are piano hinged together in line with the door joints. I use regular hinges for the actual hanging hardware. I make the doors so the panels are the same size as the garage door panels and there is enough material to attach the hinges. There used to be someone making doors with access openings already in them, but I have not checked on that in about 10 years. |
- Posted by installer01 (My Page) on Sun, Apr 16, 06 at 13:44
Most all Garage Door manf. do make a door-in-a-door garage door. The added expense stops most lookers though. The last time I priced one for a customer, the added cost to the door to me, (a dealer) was $850.00 added over the cost for the door itself. And the door must be the top of the line heavy duty model. Those are the only ones that the manfactures will modify for structural reasons. So the door you must buy is usually expensive to start off. Then the added cost of this "option". The $850 is the dealers cost, we will usually add a mark-up to this price as well. |
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text: PGCC OPEID: 002089Program Code: CRJU.CYBER.CT Program Level: Certificate Program CIP Code: 43.0106CIP Program Description: Cybercrime Investigations CIS 1010 Computer Literacy 3 CIS 1700 Understanding Operating Systems 3 CIS 1620 Computer Security, Security 3 CJT 2510 Criminal Law 3 CJT 2540 Criminal Evidence and Procedure 3 FOS 2500 Forensic Science 3 FOS 2600 Computer Forensics I 3 FOS 2610 Computer Forensics II 3 BMT 2860 Cyber Law 3 Total Required for Certificate 27 Credits Expected Time to and Cost of Certificate Credits: 27 Semesters: 3 Time: 16 Months Total Cost: $4,608 Tuition and Fees: $3,618 Books and Supplies: $990 The expected time to degree is based upon the student being enrolled in 12 credit hours each semester. No summer enrollment is included. The expected cost is based on in-county tuition rates and no developmental course work. Student Completion and Debt Information Number of students completing the program between 7/1/2011 and 6/30/2012: 0Number of students from above who completed the program within the expected time: N/A Number completing with any student loan debt: N/A On-time completion is determined by the time period in which a student is enrolled in the program as indicated by their choice of major. Students graduating in a related degree and certificate program are not included in this calculation for total graduates or on-time graduates. Median Loan Debt: N/A* Federal Student Loan Debt: 0* Private Loan Debt: 0* Institutional Financing Debt Plan: 0* Loan debt is only calculated for students during the time that they were enrolled in this particular program. If there are less than 10 completers, individually identifiable information will be marked with a *. Job Placement: http://www.onetonline.org/crosswalk This web page contains links to third party websites. Prince George's Community College does not endorse or accept responsibility for the content or use of these websites. The college cannot guarantee the quality, availability, or functionality of linked pages. When visiting external websites, review the privacy policy and terms of use to learn how these sites may collect and use personal information.


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Version and / or Patch Used: 1.70.1400
Developer Homepage: http://www.aida64.com
Product Homepage: http://www.AIDA64.com
Replacing Everest in our labs is AIDA64. This new testing suite is from the core development team from Lavalys and continues that tradition. The guys have thrown in better support for multithreaded CPUs as well as full 64 bit support. We use this to test memory and HDDs for now, but may find ourselves opening this up to other areas of the motherboard.
HD Tune Pro
Version and / or Patch Used: 4.61
Developer Homepage: http://www.hdtune.com
Product Homepage: http://www.hdtune.com
HD Tune Pro gives us accurate read, write and access time results and for the last couple of years has been gaining popularity amongst reviewers. It is now considered a must have application for storage device testing.
Checking out SSD performance, you can see the numbers are fairly standard. The Random speed comes in a little behind the UD3H board we looked at recently, but is ahead of the MSI and ASRock offerings.
HD Tune Pro performance is close between the MSI and GIGABYTE offering. You can see the ASRock offering managed a small lead when it came to the maximum number.


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Young at heart
Fresh from the start
Step up into the next generation
The International Formula Master (IFM) was the successor of the F3000 International Masters series. It was held as a supporting series during the European WTCC races from 2007 till 2009. The series was a junior Formula series which was thought as a stepping stone into the GP2 just like the Formula 3 Euro Series. The cars were manufactured by Italian based company Tatuus and were comparable to smaller single seaters like the Formula 3 cars. However they looked more like a small version of a pre-2009 Formula 1 car.
The premiere mod of CTDP for rFactor 2 brings you the complete 2009 season with all cars that competed over the full season.
Physics by the book
We got our hands on the original user manual for the car we have access to so many real life data as never before in our history. That helps us in creating highly realistic physics for IFM 2009 so you can feel like a real race driver.
With rFactor2 into the future
IFM 2009 takes full advantage of the new features that shipped with rFactor 2 to bring you the best driving experience possible. The mod laverages the new advantages rFactor2 offers and is showcase of what can be done in future mods.


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Thanksgiving Book Give Away Contests have started on the Ehell blog! Check it out and enter!
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I'd reply back with something like "I appreciate the Link connect and will be in touch if our company is in need of (type of business) services. Right now, we are all set. Thank you." and hopefully he'll take the hint you aren't interested.


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Dear Student and/or Parent(s)/Guardian(s),
On September 2, 2014, we will begin a new school year at the St. Croix Valley Area Learning Center (ALC). With the start of the new year the ALC will see some changes designed to offer more choices to better serve our students and move towards becoming a more sustainable program for the future. It is important to note that although the model of the school is changing, the ALC will remain a Stillwater Area Public School District program for the 2014-2015 school year. Current and new ALC students will remain students of the district and continue to be taught by Stillwater‐employed teachers using Stillwater resources.
Beginning this fall, the ALC will offer a new model, with a full day schedule, to all new students. As an existing student, you will have the opportunity to continue with the current, Independent Study (IS) morning or afternoon program, as long as you remain successful. To be successful you will need to meet attendance and progress requirements. If you are not meeting the attendance and/or making adequate progress, you will be given a one-term probation to meet the requirements, then be moved to the full-day model if requirements are still not met.
We will be creating fall schedules in August. Prior to this time, please contact Beth Rogers at 651.351.8472 or email@example.com to let us know if you'd like to continue in the current model. If we do not hear from you, you will automatically be enrolled in the new, full-day program.
Also, please contact Beth if you have any questions regarding summer programming. We look forward to a great school year at St. Croix Valley Area Learning Center. Enjoy your summer and we will see you soon!
Malinda Lansfeldt
Executive Director of Learning Services and Elementary Education


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Learn about recent product developments in Infor SyteLine during this free on-air webinar series-10 a.m. ET September 24-28. Sign up for any combination of the daily webinars, each covering different material. All sessions will be recorded and made available following the event.
See the daily program and register here.
The Infor On-Air Summit Week series continues with other Infor ERP products:


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In This Section
AES News
- 137th Audio Engineering Society Convention Breaks Records and Draws Acclaim from Attendees, Exhibitors and Presenters Alike
- Convention reminds West-Coast audio community, "If It's About Audio, It's At AES!"
- AES 2014 Election Results
- The results are in!
- Time to Vote: 2014 AES Elections
- Deadline was Friday, July 11th
- AES Showcases Latest Audio Innovations and Best Practices at 136th International Convention in Berlin
- Successful Technical Program and Exhibition draw high attendance and positive response from attendees and exhibitors alike
AES Citation Award
Umberto Zanghieri
The AES recognizes and honors those who have made outstanding contributions to the field of audio in engineering, technology, service, and the arts through its Awards Program.
In 2013, Umberto Zanghieri was presented with the AES Citation Award in recognition for the great work he has done for the Italian section of the Audio Engineering Society and for his dedication and commitment to the growth of our community.
Other AES Awards
2013: Board of Governors Award


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Wednesday, July 16, 2008
Tonight @ the Shorewood Schwartz Bookshop - 7 p.m.
In Lin Enger's latest novel, Undiscovered Country, a boy's grieving process after his father's death on a hunting trip is complicated by doubts about whether his father's alleged suicide was actually a murder—and a nagging suspicion that the boy's own uncle is the culprit. With the aid of a troubled girl, the boy . . .


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by Marlan Moore | staff editor
Japan's juggernaut giant-fighting franchise Attack on Titan's already colossal world will be getting even bigger when prequel manga Attack on Titan: Before the Fall arrives in Shounen Sirius magazine in Japan on August 26.
Before the Fall adapts the thus far Japan-only light novel series of the same name by Suzukaze Ryo, and focuses on humanity's first encounters with the Titans, and how they developed strategies to face them. The new manga will not be written by Titan creator Hajime Isayama, but by Kamikaze mangaka Satoshi Shiki, with an artist for the series undisclosed at press time.
Kodansha USA has been publishing Attack on Titan in North America, where the anime has proven to be a titan in its own right. As long as Titan keeps up the steam on this side of the Pacific, chances are good we'll get to see the beginnings of humanity's war with the Titans.
[via ComicsAlliance]
Related Posts
Tags: attack on titan before the fall, attack on titan manga, attack on titan prequel, hajime isayama, kodansha usa, satoshi shiki, suzukaze ryo


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Mallory State of the City (Video)
Mayor Mark Mallory gave some ideas for development at his final State of the City address on Tuesday night.
Chris Wetterich | Courier
More Videos
- Play Video January 16: St. Elizabeth Foundation gets new leader
- Play Video January 16: Eastgate Station rebrands, adds new-to-market retailer
- Play Video January 15: This Cincinnati fashionista styles the city's top execs
- Play Video January 15: Get to know some of the region's top business women
- Play Video January 15: Business is booming for this Cincinnati lender
- Play Video January 14: Take a look inside Hyde Park's new upscale pizzeria
- Play Video January 14: Former golf course becomes $75M West Side development
- Play Video January 14: Here's what to expect from interest rates in 2015
- Play Video January 13: Christ Hospital fights whistleblower lawsuit
- Play Video January 13: Should trucks be banned from the Brent Spence Bridge?
- Play Video January 13: Cincinnati Bell's gigabit Internet could transform the city
- Play Video January 9: One of Cincinnati's largest construction firms gets new leader
- Play Video January 9: Former Cincinnati news anchor launches nonprofit
- Play Video January 9: Here's a behind-the-scenes look at the creation of Cincinnati's carousel
- Play Video January 8: REDI Cincinnati created thousands of jobs in 2014, here's what's next
Most Popular
- Most popular
- Emailed
- Mobile
- EXCLUSIVE: Northside church to become brewery, performance space
- Holy Grail owners opening second concept at the Banks
- ANALYSIS: P&G's David Taylor is being groomed for CEO job
- Nike signs major sports deal with Cincinnati university
- Cincinnati restaurant named one of top 100 places to eat in 2015
- Heidelberg dispute includes accusations over salaries and bonuses
- P&G distribution center fetches record sale price
- Gorilla Glue eyes headquarters move
- Mayor: $100 million development planned in Madisonville
- Five things you need to know today, and a truck driving into City Hall


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In this Tuesday, May 3, 2011 file photo FC Barcelona''s Lionel Messi from Argentina, front, and coach Josep Guardiola celebrate during a semi final, 2nd leg Champions League soccer match against Real Madrid at the Camp Nou stadium in Barcelona.
Barcelona's Lionel Mess strikes a free kick during the match against Viktoria Plzen in Prague on Tuesday. Barca won 4-0.
Christophe Lemaitre, right, crosses the finish line ahead of Britain's Christian Malcolm in the men's 200-meter final at the European Athletics Championships in Barcelona.
Pussycat Doll Nicole Scherzinger showed up at the Spanish Formula One Grand Prix Sunday in Barcelona.
She was there to support boyfriend Lewis Hamilton, a British Formula One driver for McLaren Mercedes.


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Since so many folks from McHenry County have crossed the Wisconsin border to participate in election on behalf of and in opposition to Governor Scott Walker, I thought the following We Ask American poll results might be of interest. Treading … Continue reading
Category Archives: Wisconsin
When I heard that Illinois fire departments were helping put out the fire in Burlington, Wisconsin, I figured some would be from our area. (Here's the Chicago Tribune article.) Burlington is one of the places where my father used to … Continue reading
Scott Rasmussen is a pollster best known for doing a daily poll on Presidential approval and disapproval. Yesterday he published an article that points to Wisconsin as the key for a Mitt Romney over Barack Obama. Will Illinois activists on … Continue reading
I went fishing in the Sheriff's Department for assets seized this summer and found a property in Delavan, Wisconsin. The funny thing was, the McHenry County Sheriff's Department refused to supply the address. I appealed to the Public Access Division … Continue reading
Friday's editorial cartoon in the Chicago Sun-Times by Jack Higgins is trenchant. I knew the word worked, but had to look up its meaning: "vigorously effective and articulate." He shows traffic leaving Wisconsin. The sign says, ""Leaving Wisconsin, Scott Walker, … Continue reading
Look what reached by inbox from Wisconsin. It was obvious that feelings were running hot in the recall election in which Republican Governor Scott Walker soundly defeated Tom Barrett. Want to know how high? Take a look at the sign … Continue reading
There must be a dam at the Illinois-Wisconsin border. The water from Wisconsin's boiling tea kettle didn't spill over the state border last Saturday when the McHenry County Republican Party decided no candidate against Jack Franks was better than Tea … Continue reading
Here's the press release from the only polling firm to get the Joe Walsh-Melissa Bean race right: Who Survives? Our final poll in the Wisconsin gubernatorial recall election comes after an impressive debate performance by Democrat Tom Barrett — who … Continue reading


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Common English Bible (CEB) | New International Version (NIV) |
22 Ephraim their father mourned many days, and his brothers came to comfort him. | 22 Their father Ephraim mourned for them many days, and his relatives came to comfort him. |
Copyright © 2011 Common English Bible (Common English Bible) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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Chain of Rocks Bridge
This photo was shot on film. Taken by blue-dog with a Canon AE-1 loaded with Kodak T-Max 400 film in East St. Louis, United States. These tags describe this photo: st-louis, river, missouri, rio, bridge, steel-bridge, route66, hy66, blue-dog, mississippi-river, highway66, chain-of-rocks-bridge, and castle. Date: 2011. This photo can also be found in the albums Chain of Rocks Bridge.Please login to get more out of this site
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2 comments
This is so cool.


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This feature documentary exposes the little-known tragedy of girl soldiers in Uganda. How can they learn to live normal lives again after being abducted and trained to become killing machines? Clinging to their dreams, Grace, Milly and Lucy are trying to restore meaning to their lives and break the silence surrounding the fate of a sacrificed generation.
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Adi Mor opened the first Garden Fresh Market in 1980, selling fresh produce from a 1,000-square-foot lot in Skokie, which he would stock by taking 2 a.m. trips to Chicago's South Water market. Today, Garden Fresh Market sprawls over six suburban locations, where fresh produce from apples to zucchinis is still procured daily.
Grocery items range from fresh meat from Midwest famers to a wide selection of ethnic foods and national brands. The deli slices meats and cheeses both domestic and imported, and house-made seasonal salads and main courses make bringing dinner home easier than stealing it from a neighbor's windowsill. Many of the market's online recipes have even made it onto NBC5, giving its cooks their share of 15 minutes of fame.
Diamond Fresh Seafood Market & Cafe is a gathering place for fresh-caught seafood from the far reaches of the world's oceans. As daily hauls of imported and domestically snagged premium seafood arrive, the knowledgeable staff doles out creative café-style meals that include shrimp alfredo and hearty salmon burgers. Customers who prefer to cart home their catches pick up home cooking tips at cooking demonstrations by pro seafood chef Carol Mackey, who reveals the culinary secrets behind potato-encrusted sea bass and other recipes. At the monthly demos, attendees can also bring their own spirits to sip during the presentation and the resident singing trout's lounge act that follows.
It's amazing what man can do with modern technology. Two or three years ago, people had to walk, drive, or both to pick up groceries—but not anymore. Peapod delivers all your grocery-store needs to your doorstep. Just choose your groceries at Peapod's online store from the comfort of your home, an airport lounge, the library, another grocery store, or any other WiFi-capable location, and await your Peapod delivery your way: on your favorite couch, chair, bed, table, or floor. The days of fighting through narrow aisles or carrying cumbersome heavy items (GMO giant turnips, milk barrels, etc.) are over. Carrying groceries through the rain and then up three flights of stairs? Never again.
Growing up, Barron Perl and his six brothers spent a lot of time helping out with their family's sausage manufacturing company. Barron expanded the Perls' meat-making legacy years later when he opened Deli Direct, a gourmet food distributor specializing in smoked meat and natural Wisconsin cheese. In addition to handcrafted sausages and blocks of cheese, the store also specializes in tangy mustards, gluten-free party dips, and tasty horseradish products—including spicy pickles by the gallon. For the perfect gift, the staff assembles wicker baskets that overflow with edible treats, and you can assemble your own smorgasbord at Deli Direct's outlet store.
So established is Circle K Midwest that even brand-new vehicles recognize what its red-and-white logo stands for—fuel, snacks, and everything else a car might need to keep powering down the road with its driver. Circle K's story starts back in 1951, when Fred Hervey bought three Kay's Food Stores in El Paso, Texas. Under his guidance, these three little shops grew into the more than 3,000 convenience stores that crouch on our nation's street corners today.
After rolling up to a Circle K, drivers can pump their faithful roadsters full of high-octane fuel and send them skipping through a car wash to experience the cleansing touch of Blue Coral Beyond Green and Rain-X products. Then it's time to step inside the air-conditioned shop for a peek at the provisions. Rows of sodas hibernate behind glass doors, and snacks, candy, and their ATM guardians stand boldly out in the open. Some Circle Ks also offer the Take Away Fresh Café, which presents an appetizing lineup of healthy road fare including sandwiches, fruit cups, and fresh-cut vegetables. Drivers can gear up for a long drive with premium coffees or enjoy a cold Polar Pop, whose specially formulated cup keeps drinks colder thanks to the family of tiny snowmen trapped in its foam walls.
Fresh Farms International Market showers its shoppers in grocered greatness, including organic produce, fresh meats and seafood, imported cheeses, and international breads. Tread toward the counter of fresh-caught seafood and reel in one of the market's aquatic edibles, such as wild octopus ($2.99/lb.), fresh flounder fillets ($9.99/lb.), or live lobster ($7.99/lb.). Protein pilgrims can set sail for the meat department, which can help them build a new society based on hand-cut steaks, smoked ham shank ($1.49/lb.), and young duckling ($2.49/lb.). Cheerful cheesemongers cater to customers' fancies for foreign fromage, including selections from cheese-making nations such as Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, and Russia. Sink lactose-longing teeth into a Bulgarian feta ($2.99/lb.) or a block of Mountain Brand Swiss cheese ($3.99/lb.) whose neutrality is betrayed by its clear preference for deliciousness. The market's fresh produce includes California broccoli ($0.79/lb.) and Wisconsin dry yellow onions ($0.19/lb.), and its bustling bakery churns out French baguettes and Italian ciabatta rolls ready to be transformed into sandwiches or whittled into Earl of Sandwich action figures.


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Acer G206HLBbd Monitor, refurbished (UM.DG6AA.B01)
Item#: YYLQ-407453 | Model#: UM.DG6AA.B01 |Currently Out Of Stock!
Acer G206HLBbd Monitor, refurbished (UM. Product Details
The terms refurbished and recertified are used interchangeable to describe products that manufacturers refurbished, inspected, brought back to original manufacturers specification then tested and repackaged for sale. Some manufacturers refurbish products themselves and others use a qualified third party refurbisher. Refurbished products represent a great value and we offer them with confidence knowing that every refurbished product was tested at least twice, once when it was first manufactured and again during the refurbishing process. Refurbished products are warranted by either the original manufacturer or the manufacturers third party refurbisher. Warranty terms applicable to refurbished products may vary; see below for specific warranty information and consider purchasing an extended service plan if you desire even more coverage.
Manufactured by: Acer
Warranty provided by: Acer
Mfg Part No: UM.DG6AA.B01
UPC No: 887401022134
Box Size: ( Length:22, Width:7, Depth:15)
Shipping Weight: 12.0000 pound(s)
Click here for full warranty and support information - Limited Warranty: A full text version of the limited warranty
may be obtained by mailing a self addressed, stamped envelope to the
address below and requesting the warranty for item number: YYLQ-407453
Warranty Information
7795 W. Flagler St. Suite 35
Miami, FL. 33144 - Acer logos are registered trademarks of Acer. All others trademarks and copyrights mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.


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Whether you are starting from scratch or you are an experienced gardener, there is much to learn about growing food in the city. Some useful courses given by SPEC in Vancouver have come to my attention:
The Urban Farmer Field School 2013
Happy Spring!We'd like to introduce you to the 2013 season of the Urban Farmer Field
School, brought to you by the Society Promoting Environmental
Conservation! This spring, get ready for courses in sustainable
agriculture and DIY food systems – everything from starting your seeds
to starting an urban farm business.
We've expanded this year, offering 25 courses in total. This spring get
ready for:
• Growing Food In Small Spaces
• Fruit Tree Canopy Management
• Grassroots Bioremediation
• Organic Soil Management
• Succession Planting
• Seed Starting
• Seed Saving
• MarketSafe Certification
• Urban Farming On A Budget, and
• Medicinal Herbs
… And Much More!
To look at the full course list and to register for classes, check out:


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My sister has 5 children . . .she is a work-at-home-mom (but she only works at night from home, when her children are asleep). She has no paid help. Really, no help at all! She works constantly, and puts all her money into her children, so there is little left for things like a new sofa.
Our local station is having a contest, and if she wins, she can get a new sofa. She and her DH have never had a new one. The sofa looks bad in the picture, but it actually is much worse in real life. You vote by rating the sofa. Click on the stars above the sofa-- the sofa closest to the most "5 star" votes will win. Thank you! |
Here is a link that might be useful: Ugly Sofa Contest
Follow-Up Postings:
Done. :) |
Me too. I rated it a '5'. She does need a new sofa, though I've seen duct tape wallets that were attractive. If she doesn't win, she should invest in a few more rolls and go for it! LOL! |
- Posted by squirrelheaven (My Page) on Mon, Aug 17, 09 at 13:03
Hope she gets it! Still on 4 though. More votes are needed! |
I voted for her and then took a look at the others - she has some stiff competition! Gawd there's some uuuuugly sofas out there! |
- Posted by dilly_dally (My Page) on Mon, Aug 17, 09 at 14:01
When I clicked on the link it went to a pop-up that said I had to install "Silverlight" in order to view. I never heard of "Silverlight" and don't want to risk anything on my computer. |
Thanks, everyone! I told my sister and she is very, very touched!!!! dilly, I had to install the same thing. Silverlight is put out by Microsoft . . .I don't know if it makes you feel better or not! CBS would have plenty of complaints if they made people install something that would infect your computer! |
Here is a link that might be useful: Silverlight Info
I tried voting on 2 different browsers but not sure if it took it as 5 stars because it kept showing 4. I'm on a Mac, so I'm not sure if that has something to do with it. |
- Posted by readerlearner (My Page) on Mon, Aug 17, 09 at 15:17
done again :) |
I downloaded silverstar in order to vote and my computer lived to tell the story. Only took a few moments. I have a Mac and I kept voting 5 and it kept showing 4 too. |
Oh my goodness! Thank you all so much!!!! |
- Posted by lukkiirish (My Page) on Mon, Aug 17, 09 at 16:08
Sounds like your sister not only needs a new sofa, she deserves one! She got my vote, let us know how she makes out! Good luck! |
Your sister got my vote as well. Good luck to her. You are a good sister to post here on her behalf. Hope she wins! |
Oh no, she is no longer ahead. Can we vote more than once? LOL! |
I voted, I hope she wins!! |
Continued thanks to you all!!! I am always amazed by the people on this board!!! |
Come on lurkers/readers! Please vote. This could be fun to try and get anele's sister a new couch. It would really be all of our win! LOL! Keep voting people! This is the home decorating thread. We can't have one of our own having a sofa like that! This is war. See if we can vote again... I know. I'm easily entertained. |
Voted. |
Thanks again, everyone!!! And golddust, you are too funny!!! |
Voted a few more times, again on the Mac plus my windows computer. |
- Posted by bebetokids (My Page) on Tue, Aug 18, 09 at 11:20
Done-you are a great sis anele-just the thing I would do for my 2 sisters-I hope that she wins! We need a pic of the new one! |
Count me in....that takes the tape...uh...I mean cake! ;-) |
Again, you are all the best!!!!! I will definitely post a picture of her new couch if she wins! |
You know what the sad part is? Some of those sofas were probably out in the barn, mancave, garage or whatever. The owners may not even be using them now. But they could knock out someone like your sister who truly needs a sofa. It would be so great if someone like her and her family could benefit from this. I voted too. |
Today, I saw some worse looking sofas so I voted against them (evil grin). I voted one star to try and bring their rating down. LOL! I am so bad but this is war! |
My sister just e-mailed me this for everyone here . . . Dear Home Decorating Forum: Thanks again, |
Well, this is a perfect storm. All lovers of nice looking homes must rise to the occasion! That foam exposed looking couch doesn't even look like anyone ever made a singe attempt to preserve it (read: Doesn't care and won't take care of the new couch). Your sister has made every effort to make necessary repairs, showing me a valiant effort to make her couch last longer than its life expectancy. This trait must be rewarded. Go duck tape! We have to vote 'no' on people who didn't make the same effort! Vote them down by giving them a one star! I may be easily entertained but I try to think things out... So vote and vote often, people! This is war. Her kids might want to have company over. Let us make them proud. |
Voted again and got Hubby to vote, too. |
voted...looks like she's winning! |
Anele, when does the contest end? |
Thanks, everyone, for the enormous support! I talked to my sis today on the phone and she again told me how stunned and amazed she was by the efforts you are all putting out for her! She is one of those people who really puts herself last, last, LAST on the list, so she is very touched that people would do this for her! parma, that is a good question! It is very hard to get info from that site . . .I wonder if they have no end date in mind, but just will keep the contest going until they feel they got enough publicity from it? This is hugely OT, but I feel like an idiot every time I see a Walter Smithe commercial. I used to play the harp professionally, and one day a gentleman came up and said his wife wanted harp lessons. He gave me his card to get things started-- he was THE Walter Smithe! I guess I was too intimidated . . .I never got back to him! DUHHHH!!! |
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Welcome to the Brighton & Hove Taekwon-Do School website!
For the latest club news please visit www.brightonmartialartsnews.co.uk
If you have any photos you would like to see on the site or would like to submit an article (perhaps a write-up on a competition or grading) please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Brighton Martial Arts Reviews
Taekwon-Do Evolution
Brighton Martial Arts News
View Message History


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Property Search
Short breaks in Devon from only £175
Short breaks in Devon
We offer a wide selection of holiday properties ideal for your short breaks in Devon. With prices starting from just £175 why not take that holiday you promised yourself and come and visit us in beautiful East Devon for your next weekend holiday.
Most of our short breaks in Devon holiday cottages are within an easy drive or walk from the fascinating coastline where you are sure to find a beach that suits you and your family, from a traditional sandy beach at Sidmouth or Beer beach which is a sun trap, or the long beach at Branscombe where you can escape the crowds on your break with us. Or alternatively for the more energetic explore the diverse coastline along the many footpaths, green lanes, trails or the southwest coast path.
Devon also has an abundance of rivers and woodlands to explore throughout the region. To make your short breaks Devon experience even more attractive why not have a look at the suggestions for activities and events on our links on this site for inspiration. Why not book your next short stay holiday in Devon with confidence through our website and have the peace of mind that you are covered by our cancellation protection plan. You can then relax and start to plan your Devon break.
Many of our short breaks in Devon holiday cottages are available but are subject to availability and are only available for booking between: 7th January to 25th June. 9th September to 21st October. 28th October to 16th December.
Note: Our breaks in Devon properties are subject to availability:
Three night "Short breaks in Devon" package: Friday to Monday or Saturday to Tuesday.
Four night "Short breaks in Devon" package: Monday to Friday or Tuesday to Saturday.
A booking fee of £10 is applicable.
If you have any questions regarding short breaks in Devon holidays, please do get in contact and we will try our best to accommodate your needs. Note: We also offer an attractive selection of Dorset short break holidays, please see our main Short Breaks in Dorset page for more information.
Lyme coast Holidays offers high quality independently graded holiday cottages and self catering accommodation in Devon. Visit our home page search facility and book your perfect Devon holidays as well as ideas on activities and a weather forecast.
© 2015 Lyme Coast Holidays


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Register | Help
Get your Salvajor Disposer with Sink Assembly at Wasserstrom. The Salvajor Disposer with Sink Assembly are a sanitary and environmentally safe way to eliminate food waste. Find Salvajor Sink Assembly Disposers with manual start and stop buttons or the auto reversing feature. All Salvajor disposers have an exclusive 1 year full replacement warranty. Check out our selection of Salvajor Basic Disposers. For additional Large Equipment information or specifications, please contact our Customer Service department at 1-877-425-8906.
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Order your Salvajor Disposer with Sink Assembly or Salvajor Waste Conveyor Systems today, and have your Salvajor Disposers arrive within a few days. Ordering online is easy and fast, most In-Stock items ship out in 2-3 business days. For exact Shipping Estimates, please contact Customer Service. If you have any questions about our collection of Salvajor Disposers, or would prefer to place your restaurant supplies order by phone, please contact Customer Service.


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Continental Stainless Steel Bottle Cooler CBC64SS - Stainless steel exterior with all stainless steel counter top and slide lids for lifetime durability. Heavy duty, long lasting galvanized steel interior. Front, rear and side venting louvers allow greater condenser air flow for tight fit installations. 64 inches wide, stainless steel top with (2) slide back lids. (25) cases/12 ounce bottles or (37) cases/12 ounce can capacity. Performance Rated Refrigeration System Utilizing Environmentally Safe R-134a Refrigerant.
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Need help? Our experienced staff is available if you need help selecting the best product to suit your needs.


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Fri, Aug 30, 02 at 21:16
Looking for pattern to buy or trade....Please email me at: firstname.lastname@example.com if you have this pattern!!
Thanks! Angela |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by Deb_from_Pa (My Page) on Thu, Oct 3, 02 at 8:15
I've never heard of these, but they sound neat. Do you have a picture you could post? |
- Posted by Red_Confetti (My Page) on Fri, Oct 4, 02 at 16:52
Here's a link to Katie's Homespun Stitches website. The Humpty and Hattie pattern is number KHS-68. |
Here is a link that might be useful: Katie's Homespun Stitches
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> Elderly Couple Kicked Off Luxury Cruise Ship After Refusing to Attend Muster Drill
Date Published: May 16, 2012
Seabourn Cruise Line
Profile and Reviews
Cruise News
Elderly Couple Kicked Off Luxury Cruise Ship After Refusing to Attend Muster Drill
(12:45 p.m. EDT) -- An elderly couple was booted from a luxury ship Saturday after the wife refused to participate in the mandatory safety drill that begins every cruise.
Cruise Critic member
, who's chronicling a sailing on the 450-passenger
Seabourn Sojourn
, offered an account of the incident, which occurred while the ship was docked in Lisbon, Portugal. "[The passengers] in [cabin] 627 did not respond to numerous requests, phone calls and announcements to proceed to the Restaurant for the muster drill, and, much to their chagrin, they are spending the next 12 days somewhere other than Seabourn Sojourn," ST wrote.
Seabourntraveller said the captain announced on the ship's PA that those who refused to participate in the muster drill -- during which passengers gather at assigned lifeboat stations and learn what to do in an emergency -- would be debarked. "He was not bluffing, and they were re-packed, removed and escorted off the gangway."
This is the second reported incident since January's
Costa Concordia disaster
in which a passenger has been booted off a ship for not participating in the drill.
sister line
Holland America
went the same route in February,
debarking a passenger
for muster drill "non-compliance."
Mike Driscoll, publisher of the weekly industry newsletter Cruise Week, reported that the husband, 90, attended the drill, but his wife, 84, said she didn't feel well. "She refused, saying she had done it before," wrote Driscoll, citing Steve Shulem, the California agent who booked the couples' cruise.
Driscoll reports that the two were on the second leg of a three-leg (back-to-back-to-back) cruise, but it is unclear if "done it before" refers to the first leg or some other cruise experience.
Update, May 17, 11:45 a.m.: In a statement, Seabourn confirmed that the couple was debarked after the wife refused to attend the mandatory passenger emergency drill "despite multiple explicit warnings and personal communication by ship's officers." The statement continues: "Mandatory attendance at the emergency drill conducted prior to every voyage is a strict company policy to ensure the safety of everyone onboard. No exceptions are permitted. A guest who is too ill to attend may attend a make-up drill when their health permits. We sincerely regret this unfortunate situation on the Sojourn but strict compliance with this policy is necessary to ensure the safety of all guests and crew."
A spokesman for the line declined to comment on whether or not the passengers will receive a refund for the unused portion of their shortened cruise.
The muster drill is just one of several cruise ship safety protocols that have been scrutinized in the wake of January's Costa Concordia tragedy. Some 700 passengers who had boarded in Civitavecchia on January 13 had not yet participated in the drill when Concordia struck a rock; they were scheduled to attend the drill the next morning.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), a U.N. agency tasked with improving maritime safety, requires via its Safety of Life at Sea conventions (SOLAS) that passenger ships hold a muster drill within 24 hours of embarkation. In February, the Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) announced that its 26 members -- which include every major line -- would hold
muster drills
a ship leaves port. At the time of January's accident, most lines were already holding drills before departing, but there were exceptions. Because Concordia operated on a "triple-homeport" schedule -- passengers could board in Barcelona, Civitavecchia or Savona -- musters were sometimes scheduled for the next day. This was still acceptable per the 24-hour window dictated by SOLAS, the ship safety regulations adopted following the sinking of the Titanic.
What lines do with muster skippers is up to them. "The only enforceable piece is that the ship completes the passenger muster as required," said Lt. Cmdr. Dan Brehm of the U.S. Coast Guard's Cruise Ship National Center of Expertise. "What [officers] do to the passengers who don't show up is a company policy at that point."
As for Saturday's forced debarkation,
Cruise Critic readers
have mostly taken Seabourn's side. "I agree wholeheartedly that the captain made the right call in disembarking cabin 627's passengers, who apparently could not be bothered to follow his rules," wrote
, echoing a common sentiment. Seabourntraveller was baffled that, in light of what happened on Concordia, any cruiser would flout the muster requirement.
Still, some had sympathy for the debarked duo. "The last image I have of them is this very elderly couple standing on the cruise pier in Lisbon all by themselves with their luggage," wrote an unnamed passenger in an e-mail to Cruise Critic. "I hope these poor dear people made it home."
--by Dan Askin, News Editor
Cruise News
Seabourn Cruise Line News
Seabourn Cruise Line Reviews
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Crispy Phyllo Spinach Tartlets
From EatingWell.com
Frilly layers of phyllo dough surround the festive spinach and sun-dried tomato filling in a dressed-up version of Greek spanakopita. Serve these as a main dish for supper and youre sure to please vegetarians and omnivores alike.
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Nutritional Information
(per serving)
Calories | 265 |
Total Fat | 15g |
Saturated Fat | 5g |
Cholesterol | 76mg |
Sodium | 645mg |
Total Carbohydrate | 23g |
Dietary Fiber | 3g |
Sugars | -- |
Protein | 11g |
Calcium | -- |
Ken Burris
Serves: 8
Yields: 8 tartlets
Total Time: 1 hr 40 min
Prep Time: 1 hr
Cook Time: 40 min
Oven Temp: 325
U.S. | Metric | Conversion chart |
- 4 tablespoon(s) extra-virgin olive oil, divided
- 1 medium yellow onion, coarsely chopped
- 3/4 teaspoon(s) (or more, to taste) salt, divided
- 16 cup(s) spinach, tough stems removed, coarsely chopped
- 1 cup(s) low-fat ricotta cheese
- 1/3 cup(s) crumbled feta or goat cheese, divided
- 2 large eggs
- 2 large egg whites
- 2 tablespoon(s) chopped fresh dill or 2 teaspoons dried
- 1/2 teaspoon(s) freshly ground pepper
- 1/4 teaspoon(s) ground nutmeg
- 1/2 cup(s) sun-dried tomatoes, finely chopped (not oil-packed)
- 2 tablespoon(s) butter
- 20 (9-by-14-inch) sheets phyllo dough, thawed according to package directions
- Heat 2 tablespoons oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add onion and 1/4 teaspoon salt and cook, stirring, until brown and tender, about 5 minutes. Add spinach in batches and cook, stirring occasionally, until wilted, 2 to 3 minutes.
- Whisk ricotta, feta and 1/2 teaspoon salt (or goat cheese and 1 teaspoon salt), eggs, egg whites, dill, pepper and nutmeg in a large bowl. Stir in the spinach mixture and sun-dried tomatoes.
- Preheat oven to 325 degrees.
- Melt butter with the remaining 2 tablespoons oil in a small saucepan. Remove from the heat.
- Unroll phyllo sheets onto a clean, dry surface, keeping them in a stack. (To make the tart in an 11-inch round tart pan instead of individual tartlets, see variation below.) Cut the stack in half crosswise (you'll have 40 half-sheets). Cover with a piece of wax paper and then a damp kitchen towel. (Keep the phyllo covered to prevent it from drying out while you work.)
- Lightly brush each tartlet pan with some of the melted butter mixture. Place 1 half-sheet of phyllo in each pan, pressing it into the edges; brush with the butter mixture. Continue adding sheets and brushing with the butter mixture until you have 5 layers in each pan. Trim the phyllo, leaving a 1/2- to 1-inch overhang.
- Place the tartlet pans on a baking sheet. Divide the spinach mixture among the pans. Fold the dough over the filling (it won't cover completely). Brush the edges of the dough with the remaining butter mixture.
- Bake the tartlets until the filling is set and the crust is golden brown, about 35 minutes. Let cool for 5 minutes, then gently turn the tartlets out of the pans. Serve warm.
Tips & Techniques
Variation: This recipe can also be made in an 11-inch round tart pan with a removable bottom. Use 2 overlapping sheets of phyllo per layer, for 10 layers. Brush each layer with the butter mixture. Add the filling. Trim the phyllo to make a 1- to 2-inch overhang; fold the dough over the filling. Bake until set and golden brown, 40 to 45 minutes.
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More from EatingWell.com


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Marina Inn Hosts Cancer Benefit
Posted: April 21, 2014
Posted in: Events, News
Marina Inn hosts Cancer Benefit that raises $16,000.
National St. Bernard Competition Planned at Marina Inn
Posted: September 20, 2013
Posted in: Events, News
The Saint Bernard Club of America 2013 National Specialty Show will take place at the Marina Inn Hotel & Conference on Sunday, September 28.
Marina Inn Receives Certificate of Excellence
Posted: August 16, 2013
Posted in: News
We are excited to announce that the Marina Inn Hotel & Conference Center received TripAdvisor's 2013 Certificate of Excellence.
Kahill's is Home to the Best Burger in America
Posted: June 17, 2013
Posted in: News
America's Best Burger is found at Kahill's Steak, Fish & Chophouse at the Marina Inn & Conference Center.
Kahill's Receives 2012 Wine Spectator Award of Excellence
Posted: August 29, 2012
Posted in: News
We are excited to announce that our very own in-house Kahill's Steak, Fish & Chophouse has been awarded Wine Spectator magazine's 2012 Award of Excellence. This award honors restaurants with the world's best wine lists.
Management Changes at the Marina Inn
Posted: June 1, 2012
Posted in: Hotel Info, News
Our new management team is eager to serve you with the utmost in modern hospitality and elegance at the Marina Inn.
Bob Kerrey to Visit Marina Inn
Posted: May 16, 2012
Posted in: News
At 11:00am on May 16, 2012, Bob Kerrey will hold a Press Conference in the Monterrey Room at the Marina Inn Conference Center. He will share thoughts about winning the US Senate Democratic Nomination and what is to come.


text:
Can a bespectacled fowl save Disney animation from laying another egg? Torpedoed by weak grosses for Atlantis: The Lost Empire and Treasure Planet, the studio shut down its hand-drawn 'toon operations. Now it's tackling its first computer-animated feature (if you discount 2000's Dinosaur, a live-action/CG hybrid) and horning in on territory staked out by Pixar, DreamWorks, and Blue Sky. ''Fear is a great motivator,'' says producer Randy Fullmer. ''If you feel like, 'Boy, if I don't [learn] CG, I'm not gonna have a job,' that's a real kick in the butt to say, 'I'm gonna learn CG.'''
Storywise, Chicken Little pecks at the Shrek formula, retooling familiar characters in a smart-alecky way. To that end, director Mark Dindal (The Emperor's New Groove) and Zach Braff (TV's Scrubs), who voices the title character, have made young master Little a suburban tyke who uncovers what may be an alien invasion; Garry Marshall provides the voice of Little's dad, Joan Cusack is Abby the Ugly Duckling, Amy Sedaris is Foxy Loxy, and Steve Zahn is Runt the pig. ''I'd heard Holly Hunter was going to be Chicken Little,'' says Braff. ''But they decided to make Chicken Little a boy. Someone pointed out to me that technically a chicken has to be a female. You'd be amazed how much people read into these things.''


text:
Santa and Mrs. Claus Talk About Newberry's Festival of Lights
Published December 14th, 2012
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Santa and Mrs. Claus made time in their busy schedule to stop by TV20 to talk about Newberry's Festival of Lights.
The event takes place in downtown Newberry on Saturday, December 15th, from noon until 8 PM.
All downtown shops will remain open during the event.
The festival will also feature an appearance by Santa and Mrs. Claus.
Related Stories
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- Festival of Lights
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- Newberry Watermelon Festival
- Rep. Ted Yoho Talks About Key Issues At A Town Hall Forum
- Newberry's Monte Seabrook Wins High School Football Play of the Year Day 10!
- Newberry's Monte Seabrook Wins High School Play of the Year Day 2
- Newberry's Nations Park Behind Schedule
- Newberry's Nations Park Wants "Wow Factor"
- Enhancements for Newberry's "Nations Park"


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Course Navigator
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Biology 101: Intro to Biology24 chapters | 220 video lessons
Kelly has taught High School Science and Applied Communications. She holds an Education Specialist Degree in Ed. Leadership.
All cells have a cell membrane on the outside of them that acts like a skin. Plant cells go one step further and have a cell wall - a protective outside that provides support and other functions.
We also recommend watching Plant Cell Structures: The Cell Wall and Central Vacuole and Bacterial Cell Walls: Structure, Function & Types
All living things are composed of cells. They are the building blocks of all life. Cells come in many different shapes and have different functions. Plant and animal cells are different too. The main difference between plant and animal cells is that plant cells have a cell wall on the outer layer, whereas animal cells only have a cell membrane.
A plant cell wall has many important jobs. The main two jobs it has are to provide protection and support for the plant. In fact, it is the cell wall that gives the plant its actual shape. It acts as a gate keeper, determining what can come in and out of the cell, in order to keep the cell protected. It is kind of like the outside bricks of a castle, only, as you will learn as you read on, there are holes throughout this castle. Those holes do make the cell vulnerable, but they are important to the function of the cell.
A redwood tree and a dandelion both have cell walls on the outside of all of their cells. The cell walls are there to give the plants their shape and support; however, the cell walls act and are constructed a little different to meet the needs of the particular plant. For instance, a 100-foot redwood tree needs a very strong and rigid plant cell wall so that it can grow to it's great height and not fall over in the wind. On the other hand, a little yellow dandelion out in the field needs to have more plasticity so that it can bend, not break, as the wind blows through the field.
Have you ever forgotten to water the flowers? They may not be able to talk, but they will let you know they're thirsty as they begin to droop over. Their shape is still being maintained by the cell wall so that, as soon as you water the plant, it can pick itself back up again. On the other hand, if you water too much, the cell wall also makes sure that the cell does not burst. It protects the cell from overexpansion.
The cell wall protects the plant and cells from the many insects and pathogens that could harm the plant, but the cell wall still has its vulnerable areas. There are holes all over the cell wall called plasmodesmata. These holes allow for nutrients to enter the cell as well as waste to exit the cell. These small holes can cause the cell to lose water, and this is when the plant will start to droop. But as soon as the plant can get a drink, it will bounce right back up to its proper shape.
Here is a list of the basic plant cell wall functions:
The plant cell wall is composed of cellulose. Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate and is considered a complex sugar because it is used in both protection and structure. The plant cell wall consists of three layers. Each layer has its own unique structure and function. The layers may vary depending on the type of plant and its needs.
The top layer is the strangely-named middle lamella. This outer layer is shared by neighboring cells, and it connects the cells together to form a strong structure. It is also very flexible. The middle lamella is rich in pectins, which help to strengthen the plant and give it the ability to resist compression. They also contain enzymes that help to breakdown the cell wall, allowing the plant to change its structure. This process is important when fruit is ripening.
The primary wall is the next layer. It is composed of cellulose in the form of microfibrils. These cellulose microfibrils weave together with glycans, increasing the strength of the cellulose. Pectins can also be found in the primary cell wall. With all of this strength, you would think nothing could squish a dandelion.
The third and final layer is the secondary wall. This layer is extremely rigid and provides compression strength. It helps stop the plant from getting squished. The secondary wall has a very similar composition as the primary wall, only it has more stuff in it - it contains lignin, which is very hard and has considerable strength. The secondary wall also protects the plant from invading bacteria or fungi.
A plant cell wall is constructed around the outside of the cell to give plants a strong and protective building block. The cell wall can be divided into three layers, each of which is made for strength and protection. These layers and their compositions not only protect the cell but allow for the cell to function. There are passage ways for nutrients to enter and waste to leave. The plant cell wall is unique to plants and plays many vital roles to making plants what they are.
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"This crust is incredible, the second time I made it I used rosemary too and WOW! This is my go to crust for all my pot pies changing herbs to what ever I am feeling at the moment even adding some garlic or onion powder now and then. Thank you, Wildflour, for making me look like a rock star."
"I can't believe I forgot to rate this! The first time I made it my husband went through the roof...he said I nailed it, the second time I made it I used leftover roast and made a rue to add to the chili sauce because I didn't dredge the meat...it came out great again...the next time I used masa flour mixed with the flour, and simmered the onion w..."
"I love this recipe!!! The only thing I do different is not use bullion, instead I use Aujus mix (my preference is Farmers Brothers) but I'm sure any pakaged mix would work great. It is less salty and more beefy flavored. I reserve some of the pan dripping to dip each bite of meat in and the rest I use to make gravy. It can't get any better tha..."
"This is similar to my recipe and I too either use cornstarch or flour to thicken it, I don't use half and half but evaporated milk instead. I also prefer to top it with the cheese as opposed to putting it in during the cooking process, you use less cheese that way and it doesn't get grainy. If you would like a little flavor boost try adding a ta..."
"This recipe is great! I can't believe how easy it was to make, your directions were clear and precise. I didn't think I could roll it without breaking it but it turned out beautifully. It did try to stick a little to my linen towel but I think it's because the towel I used is about 60 years old and well used. My husband thanks you."
"We really like this, I think it's more the method than anything it taste great and nice and crispy. I did do one thing different but I do this to most of my chicken recipes...I marinate the chicken in milk,kosher salt, vinegar, pepper and garlic powder for a couple of hours before cooking. I know my husband will be asking for this again. Thank ..."
"Wow so simple! I used cheese and spinach ravioli, then added a layer of cottage cheese in the center. My husband loved it, even ate it cold the next day for lunch. I then gave some of the leftovers to a friend and she said it was the best lasagna she had eaten in a long time. So thank you Becky for making me look good."
"I really loved the feel of my hair after using this. I used a plastic bag also for about an hour and a half [lost track of time]. I used honey with cinnamon because I have alot of it and nobody will eat it, made my hair smell like cookies...yum! I will use this instead of buy expensive deep conditioners this worked just as well. Thank you for..."
"very good, we also like to add red peppers and refried beans. Thank you for the recipe"
"I have been making this for years, the only thing I do different is adda good splash of cooking sherry, and make a cheese sauce (putting shredded cheddar in with the cream sauce until melted) instead of Velveeta, next time I'll try the Velveeta it might be easier."


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Bill Pennington
Ben Solomon for The New York Times
Bill Pennington writes the On Par column and stars in the related video series on nytimes.com.
Pennington, who covers a number of sports in addition to golf, joined The New York Times in 1997 from the Bergen Record, where he was a sports columnist.
A longtime golfer, Pennington grew up near some of New England's historic golf courses, but hasn't been able to get his handicap below 11.
A six-time winner of the Associated Press Sports Editor's writing award, Pennington is a graduate of Boston University. He lives with his wife, Joyce, and three children in Warwick, N.Y.
Patriots Crush Colts and Advance to Super Bowl Against Seahawks
Tom Brady threw three touchdown passes as he and Coach Bill Belichick earned a trip to their sixth Super Bowl together, with a chance to win their fourth title.
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Spagnuolo, the defensive mastermind behind the Giants' upset of the unbeaten New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII, was reunited with Tom Coughlin.
January 16, 2015, Friday
Receiver's Pass Does Trick for Patriots
In a tense game with frequent grappling and sneering after the whistle, Tom Brady led a rally with help from a receiver's pass in New England's win over Baltimore in the divisional playoff game.
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An Attitude Forecast: Bitter and Nasty
The Patriots-Ravens divisional matchup on Saturday should be a bit of a throwback to an era when the playoffs involved more snarling.
January 10, 2015, Saturday
Giants Start Shake-Up by Firing Perry Fewell, Defense's Leader
Fewell's job seemed safe last week as Coach Tom Coughlin defended him after a 6-10 season, but the Giants were ranked 29th in total defense in the N.F.L.
January 8, 2015, Thursday
As Maestro Directs, the Colts Advance
Andrew Luck threw for one touchdown and 376 yards as the Colts defeated the Bengals. Indianapolis will next face the Broncos in Denver.
January 5, 2015, Monday
Doug Marrone Quits Bills and Is Said to Draw Jets' Interest
Marrone, a Bronx native who opted out of his contract as Buffalo's coach, served as the Jets' offensive line coach for four seasons under Herman Edwards.
January 1, 2015, Thursday
His Job Safe, Tom Coughlin Defends Two Assistants
Coughlin, back after leading the Giants to a 6-10 season, spoke out in support of the embattled defensive coordinator Perry Fewell and the special-teams coach Tom Quinn.
December 31, 2014, Wednesday
Giants Are Said to Hold Steady With Coughlin
Seeing improvement in the latter stages of a second straight losing season, team management granted Coach Tom Coughlin a reprieve.
December 30, 2014, Tuesday
After Giants Display Mistakes of Past, Focus Shifts to Coach Tom Coughlin's Future
A spectacular touchdown by Odell Beckham Jr. was not enough to help the Giants, who finished the season at 6-10, overcome a surging Philadelphia offense.
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Mark Messier guaranteed a victory as the Rangers faced elimination in the Eastern Conference finals. The Times's Bill Pennington, George Vecsey and Jay Schreiber reflect.
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Fri, Nov 17, 06 at 0:29
Eve is a wonderful trader and an exceptionally nice person!
Susanne |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by kywildcat2 z6 KY (My Page) on Fri, Nov 17, 06 at 18:24
Eve is a very generous trader with a heart of gold! Teresa |
Thank you both yall touched my heart... Truly, Eve |
Very friendly, very generous. Judy |
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Thousands of years ago Egyptians built the Pyramids with old fashioned Tools!
Hence, no one could convince me that my "CONCEPT" to save Lives and Forests cannot be done by Americans…
The US Government simply needs to decide which is more important, People's Lives and American Forests or Money?
Aloysius Dalli