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Sat, Mar 17, 07 at 5:30
Will be moving to Portland Maine and am looking for insights on apartments / town home rentals near the area. Not in the city but in the surrounding towns. Up to a 40 minute drive is fine to the main part of the city. Any experiences and recommendations would be welcomed. |
Follow-Up Postings:
I'd recomend top floor and a concrete built building. |
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Dynamo the magician has stunned the public once again this week with his amazing bus levitation in London. Dynamo (whose real name is Steven Frayne) was seen levitating 12 foot into the air, and then began hovering onto the side of a double decker bus for several minutes as the bus made it's journey down the road.
When we watch this for the first time everything seems legit, but you have to remember this is a on TV and If Criss Angel's levitation over a building has taught us anything, it's that we shouldn't always believe what we see on TV.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wonderful!! I will be making these often for guests. They were so easy to make. The flavors meld perfectly together. If you like goat cheese, you'll love this recipe. Definitely a keeper.
i liked this as an appetizer :) however, i also tried it as a meal. i boiled up some boneless skinless chicken breasts, cut them in half, put a few of these cheese balls (according to the recipe) inside the halves. then i stuck the chicken in a pan , whipped up some cream of mushroom soup, and when the cheese in the chicken was melted a bit, i served the chicken with some soup on top. My husband and i loved it! something about these appetizers made a perfect stuffing...and a quick meal too! only took about 45 minutes total to do everything, muti-tasking of course :)
YUM! (and oh so easy)! Used almonds instead of pecans, and next time would make the patties a little smaller.


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Substance dependence
Substance dependency | |
Classification and external resources | |
MeSH | D019966 |
Substance dependence also known as drug dependence is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug administration, and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use.[1][2] A drug addiction, a distinct concept from substance dependence, is defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences.[1][2] An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing.[1] ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral addiction and drug addictions.[3][4][5]
Within the framework of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), substance dependence is redefined as a drug addiction, and can be diagnosed accordingly:[6]
Substance dependence can be diagnosed with physiological dependence, evidence of tolerance or withdrawal, or without physiological dependence. The DSM-IV does not use the word "addiction" at all.
DSM classification[edit]
Substance dependence can be diagnosed with physiological dependence, evidence of tolerance or withdrawal, or without physiological dependence. DSM-5 substance dependencies include:
- 303.90 Alcohol dependence
- 304.00 Opioid dependence
- 304.10 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic dependence (including benzodiazepine dependence and barbiturate dependence)
- 304.20 Cocaine dependence
- 304.30 Cannabis dependence
- 304.40 Amphetamine dependence (or amphetamine-like)
- 304.50 Hallucinogen dependence
- 304.60 Inhalant dependence
- 304.80 Polysubstance dependence
- 304.90 Phencyclidine (or phencyclidine-like) dependence
- 304.90 Other (or unknown) substance dependence
- 305.10 Nicotine dependence
Forms of dependence that are not mentioned in DSM-5 include:
- Sugar addiction - sucrose, glucose, fructose, etc.
- Information addiction - television, newspaper, Facebook, Twitter, etc.
- Video game addiction - console games, computer games, Handheld game, etc.
- Sexual addiction - sex or sexual activity
Withdrawal is the body's reaction to abstaining from an addictive substance of which it has become dependant and tolerant. Without the substance, physiological functions that were dependent on the substance will react because of the body's tolerance and dependence of the substance. Chemical and hormonal imbalances may arise if the substance is not introduced. Physiological and psychological stress is to be expected if the substance is not re-introduced.
Risk factors[edit]
Genetic factors[edit]
It has long been established that genetic factors along with social and psychological factors are contributors to addiction. A common theory along these lines is the self-medication hypotheses. Epidemiological studies estimate that genetic factors account for 40–60% of the risk factors for alcoholism. Similar rates of heritability for other types of drug addiction have been indicated by other studies.[9] Knestler hypothesized in 1964 that a gene or group of genes might contribute to predisposition to addiction in several ways. For example, altered levels of a normal protein due to environmental factors could then change the structure or functioning of specific brain neurons during development. These altered brain neurons could change the susceptibility of an individual to an initial drug use experience. In support of this hypothesis, animal studies have shown that environmental factors such as stress can affect an animal's genotype.[9]
Overall, the data implicating specific genes in the development of drug dependence is mixed for most genes. One reason for this may be that the case is due to a focus of current research on common variants. Many addiction studies focus on common variants with an allele frequency of greater than 5% in the general population, however when associated with disease, these only confer a small amount of additional risk with an odds ratio of 1.1–1.3. On the other hand, the rare variant hypothesis states that genes with low frequencies in the population (<1%) confer much greater additional risk in the development of disease.[10]
GWAS studies represent the newest exploration into discovering associations between dependence, addiction, and drug use. These studies employ an unbiased approach to finding genetic associations with specific phenotypes and give equal weight to all regions of DNA, including those with no ostensible relationship to drug metabolism or response. These studies rarely identify genes from proteins previously described via animal knockout models and candidate gene analysis. Instead, large percentages of genes involved in processes such as cell adhesion are commonly identified. This is not to say that previous findings, or the GWAS findings, are erroneous. The important effects of endophenotypes are typically not capable of being captured by these methods. Furthermore, genes identified in GWAS for drug dependence may be involved either in adjusting brain behaviour prior to drug experiences, subsequent to them, or both. [11]
Dependence potential[edit]
The dependence potential of a drug varies from substance to substance, and from individual to individual. Dose, frequency, pharmacokinetics of a particular substance, route of administration, and time are critical factors for developing a drug dependence.
An article in The Lancet compared the harm and addiction of 20 drugs, using a scale from zero to three for physical dependence, psychological dependence, and pleasure to create a mean score for dependence. Selected results can be seen in the chart below.[13]
Drug | Mean | Pleasure | Psychological dependence | Physical dependence |
Heroin | 3.00 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Cocaine | 2.39 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 1.3 |
Tobacco | 2.21 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 1.8 |
Barbiturates | 2.01 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 1.8 |
Alcohol | 1.93 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.6 |
Benzodiazepines | 1.83 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.8 |
Amphetamine | 1.67 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.1 |
Cannabis | 1.51 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 0.8 |
Ecstasy | 1.13 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.7 |
Capture rates[edit]
The percentage of users who reported that they had become dependent to their respective drug at some point.[14][15]
Drug | Average user |
Alcohol | 15.4% |
Cannabis | 9% |
Cocaine | 16.7% |
Heroin | 23.1% |
Tobacco | 31.9% |
Biomolecular mechanisms[edit]
ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, has been identified as playing a critical role in the development of addictive states in both behavioral addictions and drug addictions.[3][4][5] Overexpression of ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens is necessary and sufficient for many of the neural adaptations seen in drug addiction;[3] it has been implicated in addictions to alcohol, cannabinoids, cocaine, nicotine, phenylcyclidine, opiates, and substituted amphetamines[3][16][17][18] as well as addictions to natural rewards such as sex, exercise, and food.[4][5] A recent study also demonstrated a cross-sensitization between drug reward (amphetamine) and a natural reward (sex) that was mediated by ΔFosB.[19]
Form of neural or behavioral plasticity | Type of reinforcer | Sources | |||||
Opiates | Psychostimulants | High fat or sugar food | Sexual reward | Exercise | Environmental enrichment | ||
ΔFosB expression in the nucleus accumbens |
↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | [5] |
Behavioral Plasticity | |||||||
Escalation of intake | Yes | Yes | Yes | [5] | |||
Psychostimulant cross-sensitization |
Yes | Not applicable | Yes | Yes | Attenuated | Attenuated | [5] |
Psychostimulant self-administration |
↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [5] | |
Psychostimulant conditioned place preference |
↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | [5] |
Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | [5] | ||
Neurochemical Plasticity | |||||||
CREB phosphorylation in the nucleus accumbens |
↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [5] | |
Sensitized dopamine response in the nucleus accumbens |
No | Yes | No | Yes | [5] | ||
Altered striatal dopamine signaling | ↓DRD2, ↑DRD3 | ↑DRD1, ↓DRD2, ↑DRD3 | ↑DRD1, ↓DRD2, ↑DRD3 | ↑DRD2 | ↑DRD2 | [5] | |
Altered striatal opioid signaling | ↑μ-opioid receptors | ↑μ-opioid receptors ↑κ-opioid receptors |
↑μ-opioid receptors | ↑μ-opioid receptors | No change | No change | [5] |
Changes in striatal opioid peptides | ↑dynorphin | ↑dynorphin | ↓enkephalin | ↑dynorphin | ↑dynorphin | [5] | |
Mesocorticolimbic Synaptic Plasticity | |||||||
Number of dendrites in the nucleus accumbens | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | [5] | |||
Dendritic spine density in the nucleus accumbens |
↓ | ↑ | No change | ↑ | [5] |
Acute effects[edit]
Different types of drugs produce these effects by different methods. Dopamine (DA) is known to play an important role. Dopamine binds to the D1 receptor, a postsynaptic dopamine receptor (as opposed to D2sh, which is presynaptic), triggering a signaling cascade within the cell. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) phosphorylates cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), a transcription factor, which induces the transcription of certain genes including C-Fos.[20]
Mesocorticolimbic pathway[edit]
Understanding the pathways in which drugs act and how drugs can alter those pathways is key when examining the biological basis of drug addiction. The reward pathway, known as the mesolimbic pathway, or its extension, the mesocorticolimbic pathway, is characterized by the interaction of several areas of the brain.
- The ventral tegmental area (VTA) consists of dopaminergic neurons which respond to glutamate. These cells respond when stimuli indicative of a reward are present. The VTA supports learning and sensitization development and releases DA into the forebrain.[21] These neurons also project and release DA into the nucleus accumbens,[22] through the mesolimbic pathway. Virtually all drugs causing drug addiction increase the dopamine release in the mesolimbic pathway,[23] in addition to their specific effects.
- The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) consists mainly of MSNs, which are GABA neurons.[24] The NAcc is associated with acquiring and eliciting conditioned behaviors, and is involved in the increased sensitivity to drugs as addiction progresses.[21]
- The prefrontal cortex, more specifically the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices,[20] is important for the integration of information which contributes to whether a behavior will be elicited. It appears to be the area in which motivation originates and the salience of stimuli are determined.[25]
- The basolateral amygdala projects into the NAcc and is thought to also be important for motivation.[25]
- More evidence is pointing towards the role of the hippocampus in drug addiction, because of its importance in learning and memory. Much of this evidence stems from investigations showing that manipulating cells in the hippocampus alters dopamine levels in NAcc and firing rates of VTA dopaminergic cells.[22]
Role of dopamine[edit]
Dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter of the reward system in the brain. It plays a role in regulating movement, emotion, cognition, motivation, and feelings of pleasure.[26] Natural rewards, like eating, as well as recreational drug use cause a release of DA, and are associated with the reinforcing nature of these stimuli.[26][27] Nearly all addictive drugs, directly or indirectly, act upon the brain's reward system by heightening dopaminergic activity.[28]
Excessive intake of many types of addictive drugs results in repeated release of high amounts of DA, which in turn affects the reward pathway directly through heightened dopamine receptor activation. Prolonged and abnormally high levels of DA in the synaptic cleft can induce receptor downregulation in along the neural pathway. Downregulation of mesocorticolimbic DA receptors can result in a decrease in the sensitivity to natural reinforcers.[26]
Stress response[edit]
In addition to the reward pathway, it is hypothesized that stress mechanisms play a role in addiction. Boob and Kreek have hypothesized that during drug use, the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and other stress systems in the extended amygdala. This activation influences the dysregulated emotional state associated with drug addiction. They have found that as drug use escalates, so does the presence of CRF in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In rat models, the separate use of CRF antagonists and CRF receptor antagonists both decreased self-administration of the drug of study. Other studies in this review showed a dysregulation in other hormones associated with the HPA axis, including enkephalin which is an endogenous opioid peptide that regulates pain. It also appears that the µ-opioid receptor system, which enkephalin acts on, is influential in the reward system and can regulate the expression of stress hormones.[29]
Understanding how learning and behavior work in the mesolimbic pathway can help understand the action of addictive drugs. Drug addiction is characterized by strong, drug seeking behaviors in which the addict persistently craves and seeks out drugs, despite the knowledge of harmful consequences.[20][29] Addictive drugs produce a reward, which is the euphoric feeling resulting from sustained DA concentrations in the synaptic cleft of neurons in the brain. Operant conditioning is exhibited in drug addicts as well as laboratory mice, rats, and primates; they are able to associate an action or behavior, in this case seeking out the drug, with a reward, which is the effect of the drug.[21] Evidence shows that this behavior is most likely a result of the synaptic changes which have occurred due to repeated drug exposure.[20][21][29] The drug seeking behavior is induced by glutamatergic projections from the prefrontal cortex to the NAc. This idea is supported with data from experiments showing that drug seeking behavior can be prevented following the inhibition of AMPA glutamate receptors and glutamate release in the NAc.[20]
According to authors Trezza, Barrendse, and Vanderschuren,[30] studies have shown that antisocial personality disorder is highly caused by drug and alcohol addiction (p. 1720). Adults who were diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder started their addiction to drugs or alcohol at an early age (p. 1720).
Psychological drug tolerance[edit]
The reward system is partly responsible for the psychological part of drug tolerance.
The CREB protein, a transcription factor activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) immediately after a high, triggers genes that produce proteins such as dynorphin, which cuts off DA release and temporarily inhibits the reward pathway. In chronic drug users, a sustained activation of CREB thus forces a larger dose to be taken to reach the same effect. In addition, it leaves the user feeling generally depressed and dissatisfied, and unable to find pleasure in previously enjoyable activities, often leading to a return to the drug for another dose.[31]
A similar mechanism, interfering also with the DA system, but relying on a different transcription factor, CEBPB, has also been proposed. In this case, DA release onto the nucleus accumbens neurons would trigger the increased synthesis of substance P which, in turn, would increase the DA synthesis in the VTA. The effect of this positive feedback is suggested to be dampened by repeated substance abuse.[32]
Sensitization, or reverse tolerance, is the increase in sensitivity to a drug after repeated use. The protein ΔFosB (Delta-FosB) is known to be involved in drug and behavioral sensitization. The regulator of G-protein signaling 9-2 (RGS9-2) is also thought to be involved.
The ΔFosB transcription factor activates genes that, counter to the effects of CREB, actually increase the user's sensitivity to the effects of the substance. A stable form of ΔFosB slowly builds up with each exposure to the drug and remains activated for 1–2 months after the last exposure—long after the effects of CREB have faded. The hypersensitivity that it causes is thought to be responsible for the intense cravings associated with drug addiction, and is often extended to even the peripheral cues of drug use, such as related behaviors or the sight of drug paraphernalia. There is also very significant evidence that ΔFosB causes behavioral plasticity and structural changes within the nucleus accumbens, which helps to perpetuate cravings and relapses in addicts.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]
Regulator of G-protein Signaling 9-2 (RGS9-2) has recently been the subject of several animal knockout studies. Animals lacking RGS9-2 appear to have increased sensitivity to dopamine receptor agonists such as cocaine and amphetamines; over-expression of RGS9-2 causes a lack of responsiveness to these same agonists. RGS9-2 is believed to catalyze inactivation of the G-protein coupled D2 receptor by enhancing the rate of GTP hydrolysis of the G alpha subunit which transmits signals into the interior of the cell.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]
Addiction is a complex but treatable disease. It is characterized by compulsive drug craving, seeking, and use that persists even if the user is aware of severe adverse consequences. For some people, addiction becomes chronic, with periodic relapses even after long periods of abstinence. As a chronic, relapsing disease, addiction may require continued treatments to increase the intervals between relapses and diminish their intensity. While some with substance issues recover and lead fulfilling lives, others require ongoing additional support. The ultimate goal of addiction treatment is to enable an individual to manage their substance misuse; for some this may mean abstinence. Immediate goals are often to reduce substance abuse, improve the patient's ability to function, and minimize the medical and social complications of substance abuse and their addiction; this is called "harm reduction".
Treatments for addiction vary widely according to the types of drugs involved, amount of drugs used, duration of the drug addiction, medical complications and the social needs of the individual. Determining the best type of recovery program for an addicted person depends on a number of factors, including: personality, drugs of choice, concept of spirituality or religion, mental or physical illness, and local availability and affordability of programs.
Many different ideas circulate regarding what is considered a successful outcome in the recovery from addiction. Programs that emphasize controlled drinking exist for alcohol addiction. Opiate replacement therapy has been a medical standard of treatment for opioid addiction for many years.
Treatments and attitudes toward addiction vary widely among different countries. In the US and developing countries, the goal of commissioners of treatment for drug dependence is generally total abstinence from all drugs. Other countries, particularly in Europe, argue the aims of treatment for drug dependence are more complex, with treatment aims including reduction in use to the point that drug use no longer interferes with normal activities such as work and family commitments; shifting the addict away from more dangerous routes of drug administration such as injecting to safer routes such as oral administration; reduction in crime committed by drug addicts; and treatment of other comorbid conditions such as AIDS, hepatitis and mental health disorders. These kinds of outcomes can be achieved without eliminating drug use completely. Drug treatment programs in Europe often report more favorable outcomes than those in the US because the criteria for measuring success are functional rather than abstinence-based.[54][55][56] The supporters of programs with total abstinence from drugs as a goal believe that enabling further drug use means prolonged drug use and risks an increase in addiction and complications from addiction.[57]
Residential drug treatment can be broadly divided into two camps: 12-step programs and therapeutic communities. Twelve-step programs have the advantage of coming with an instant social support network, though some find the spiritual context not to their taste. In the UK, drug treatment is generally moving towards a more integrated approach with rehabs offering a variety of approaches. These other programs may use a cognitive-behavioral therapy approach, such as SMART recovery, that looks at the relationship between thoughts, feelings and behaviors, recognizing that a change in any of these areas can affect the whole. Cognitive-behavioral therapy treats addiction as a behavior rather than a disease, and so is subsequently curable, or rather, unlearnable. Cognitive-behavioral therapy programs recognize that, for some individuals, controlled use is a more realistic possibility.[58]
One of many recovery methods are 12-step recovery programs, with prominent examples including Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Drug Addicts Anonymous[59] and Pills Anonymous. They are commonly known and used for a variety of addictions for the individual addicted and the family of the individual. Substance-abuse rehabilitation (rehab) centers offer a residential treatment program for some of the more seriously addicted, in order to isolate the patient from drugs and interactions with other users and dealers. Outpatient clinics usually offer a combination of individual counseling and group counseling. Frequently, a physician or psychiatrist will prescribe medications in order to help patients cope with the side effects of their addiction. Medications can help immensely with anxiety and insomnia, can treat underlying mental disorders (cf. self-medication hypothesis, Khantzian 1997) such as depression, and can help reduce or eliminate withdrawal symptomology when withdrawing from physiologically addictive drugs. Some examples are using benzodiazepines for alcohol detoxification, which prevents delirium tremens and complications; using a slow taper of benzodiazepines or a taper of phenobarbital, sometimes including another antiepileptic agent such as gabapentin, pregabalin, or valproate, for withdrawal from barbiturates or benzodiazepines; using drugs such as baclofen to reduce cravings and propensity for relapse amongst addicts to any drug, especially effective in stimulant users, and alcoholics (in which it is nearly as effective as benzodiazepines in preventing complications); using clonidine, an alpha-agonist, and loperamide for opioid detoxification, for first-time users or those who wish to attempt an abstinence-based recovery (90% of opioid users relapse to active addiction within eight months or are multiple relapse patients); or replacing an opioid that is interfering with or destructive to a user's life, such as illicitly-obtained heroin, dilaudid, or oxycodone, with an opioid that can be administered legally, reduces or eliminates drug cravings, and does not produce a high, such as methadone or buprenorphine – opioid replacement therapy – which is the gold standard for treatment of opioid dependence in developed countries, reducing the risk and cost to both user and society more effectively than any other treatment modality (for opioid dependence), and shows the best short-term and long-term gains for the user, with the greatest longevity, least risk of fatality, greatest quality of life, and lowest risk of relapse and legal issues including arrest and incarceration.
In a survey of treatment providers from three separate institutions (the National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors, Rational Recovery Systems and the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors) measuring the treatment provider's responses on the "Spiritual Belief Scale" (a scale measuring belief in the four spiritual characteristics of AA identified by Ernest Kurtz); the scores were found to explain 41% of the variance in the treatment provider's responses on the "Addiction Belief Scale" (a scale measuring adherence to the disease model or the free-will model of addiction).[60]
Anti-addictive drugs[edit]
Other forms of treatment include replacement drugs such as suboxone or subutex (both containing the active ingredient buprenorphine) and methadone; these are used as substitutes for illicit opiate drugs.[61][62] Although these drugs perpetuate physical dependence, the goal of opiate maintenance is to provide a clinically supervised, stable dose of a particular opioid in order to provide a measure of control to both pain and cravings. This provides a chance for the addict to function normally and to reduce the negative consequences associated with obtaining sufficient quantities of controlled substances illicitly, by both reducing opioid cravings and withdrawal symptomology. Once a prescribed dosage is stabilized, treatment enters maintenance or tapering phases. In the United States, opiate replacement therapy is tightly regulated in methadone clinics and under the DATA 2000 legislation. In some countries, other opioid derivatives such as levomethadyl acetate,[63] dihydrocodeine,[64] dihydroetorphine[65] and even heroin[66][67] are used as substitute drugs for illegal street opiates, with different drugs being used depending on the needs of the individual patient. Baclofen has been shown successful in attenuating cravings for most drugs of abuse – stimulants, ethanol, and opioids – and also attenuates the actual withdrawal syndrome of ethanol. Many patients have stated they "became indifferent to alcohol" or "indifferent to cocaine" overnight after starting baclofen therapy.[68] It is possible that one of the best, albeit relatively unexplored, treatment modalities for opioid addiction – notoriously the most difficult addiction to treat (and to recover from), having relapse rates of around 23% at four weeks and 57% at twelve months if not on maintenance therapy with a mu-opioid agonist[68] – would be to combine an opioid maintenance agent, such as methadone or buprenorphine, to block withdrawal symptomology, with baclofen, to attenuate cravings and the desire to use, in people who find that they are still using or still craving drugs while on methadone or buprenorphine maintenance.
Substitute drugs for other forms of drug dependence have historically been less successful than opioid substitute treatment, but some limited success has been seen with drugs such as dextroamphetamine to treat stimulant addiction,[69][70] and clomethiazole to treat alcohol addiction.[71] Bromocriptine and desipramine have been reported to be effective for treatment of cocaine but not amphetamine addiction.[72]
Other pharmacological treatments for alcohol addiction include drugs like naltrexone, disulfiram, acamprosate and topiramate,[73][74] but rather than substituting for alcohol, these drugs are intended to reduce the desire to drink, either by directly reducing cravings as with acamprosate and topiramate, or by producing unpleasant effects when alcohol is consumed, as with disulfiram. These drugs can be effective if treatment is maintained, but compliance can be an issue as alcoholic patients often forget to take their medication, or discontinue use because of excessive side effects.[75][76] Additional drugs acting on glutamate neurotransmission such as modafinil, lamotrigine, gabapentin and memantine have also been proposed for use in treating addiction to alcohol and other drugs.[77]
Opioid antagonists such as naltrexone and nalmefene have also been used successfully in the treatment of alcohol addiction,[78][79] which is often particularly challenging to treat. Some have also attempted to use these drugs for maintenance treatment of former opiate addicts with little success. They cannot be started until the patient has been abstinent for an extended period – unlikely with opioid addicts who are not on maintenance with a full or partial mu-opioid agonist – or they will trigger acute opioid withdrawal symptoms. No study has found them to be efficacious treatments in preventing relapse. They do nothing to block craving, and block endorphin and enkephalin, two natural neurotransmitters that regulate one's sense of well-being. An addict must discontinue the drug for just eighteen hours in order to use again.[80]
Treatment of stimulant addiction can often be difficult, with substitute drugs often being ineffective, although newer drugs such as nocaine, vanoxerine and modafinil may have more promise in this area, as well as the GABAB agonist baclofen.[81][82] Another strategy that has recently been successfully trialled used a combination of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil with hydroxyzine and gabapentin for the treatment of methamphetamine addiction.[83]
Another area in which drug treatment has been widely used is in the treatment of nicotine addiction. Various drugs have been used for this purpose such as bupropion, mecamylamine and the more recently developed varenicline. The cannaboinoid antagonist rimonabant has also been trialled for treatment of nicotine addiction but has not been widely adopted for this purpose.[84][85][86]
Ibogaine is a hallucinogen (psychotomimetic) that some claim interrupts addiction and reduces or eliminates withdrawal syndromes, specifically in regards to opioids.[87] Its mechanism of action is unknown, but likely linked to nAchR α3ß4 antagonism. In one animal trial, it was shown to slightly reduce self-administration of cocaine.[88] Another uncontrolled trial showed it reduced tremor by a mild to moderate degree during morphine withdrawal in rats.[89] These finding can not be extrapolated to human beings with any certainty. Research is complicated by the fact that ibogaine is illegal in many developed countries, and a Schedule I substance in the US, and as a result no controlled human trials have ever been performed. A semi-synthetic analogue of ibogaine, 18-methoxycoronaridine was developed, in an attempt to reduce the toxic (ibogaine is significantly cardiotoxic, and several deaths have been reported from its use; because of its illegal, underground nature, it is impossible to know how toxic the drug is) and psychotomimetic effects of the drug.
Behavioral programming[edit]
Behavioral programming is considered critical in helping those with addictions achieve abstinence. From the applied behavior analysis literature and the behavioral psychology literature, several evidence based intervention programs have emerged: (1) behavioral marital therapy; (2) community reinforcement approach; (3) cue exposure therapy; and (4) contingency management strategies.[90][91] In addition, the same author suggest that Social skills training adjunctive to inpatient treatment of alcohol dependence is probably efficacious. Community reinforcement has both efficacy and effectiveness data.[92] In addition, behavioral treatment such as community reinforcement and family training (CRAFT) have helped family members to get their loved ones into treatment.[93][94] Motivational Intervention has also shown to be an effective treatment for substance dependence.
Alternative therapies[edit]
Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, are used by some practitioners to alleviate the symptoms of drug addiction. In 1997, the American Medical Association (AMA) adopted as policy the following statement after a report on a number of alternative therapies including acupuncture:
There is little evidence to confirm the safety or efficacy of most alternative therapies. Much of the information currently known about these therapies makes it clear that many have not been shown to be efficacious. Well-designed, stringently controlled research should be done to evaluate the efficacy of alternative therapies.[95]
Acupuncture has been shown to be no more effective than control treatments in the treatment of opiate dependence.[96] Acupuncture, acupressure, laser therapy and electrostimulation[disambiguation needed] have no demonstrated efficacy for smoking cessation.[97]
Important phases in treating substance dependence include establishing coping mechanisms to deal with the hardships of withdrawal symptoms. With the correct approaches, the patient can live a healthier life.[98]
Online websites have been a resource to aid in helping people to overcome addictions. These websites act as ways for struggling addicts, family members of addicts, and people who are in the recovery stage to confide in each other (anonymously if they so choose). They provide an alternative way for these people to seek help, support and information. Sites typically include chat rooms, forums, and blogs for members to interact.[citation needed]
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (February 2014) |
The phenomenon of drug addiction has occurred to some degree throughout recorded history (see "Opium").[99] Modern agricultural practices, improvements in access to drugs, advancements in biochemistry, and dramatic increases in the recommendation of drug usage by clinical practitioners have exacerbated the problem significantly in the 20th century. Improved means of active biological agent manufacture and the introduction of synthetic compounds, such as methamphetamine, are also factors contributing to drug addiction.[100][101]
For the entirety of US history, drugs have been used by some members of the population. In the country's early years, most drug use by the settlers was of alcohol or tobacco.[102]
The nineteenth century saw opium usage in the US become much more common and popular. Morphine was isolated in the early nineteenth century, and came to be prescribed commonly by doctors, both as a painkiller and as an intended cure for opium addiction. At the time, the prevailing medical opinion was that the addiction process occurred in the stomach, and thus it was hypothesized that patients would not become addicted to morphine if it was injected into them via a hypodermic needle, and it was further hypothesized that this might potentially be able to cure opium addiction. However, many people did become addicted to morphine. In particular, addiction to opium became widespread among soldiers fighting in the Civil War, who very often required painkillers and thus were very often prescribed morphine. Women were also very frequently prescribed opiates, and opiates were advertised as being able to relieve "female troubles".[102]
During the 1960s, the hippie movement came into being and became a huge influence on US culture. This movement was marked by–among other things–desire for self-discovery, desire for and self-improvement, and desire for a connection to something greater. One of the key ways in which much of the movement sought to satisfy these desires was through experimenting with LSD, which was a legal substance at the time. Laws were later enacted that made LSD illegal, thus making it such that a substantial portion of a large movement were now consuming illicit substances, whereas otherwise most of them were law-abiding citizens. During the same time period, the Vietnam War was underway and creating a lot of mistrust between the US government and its citizens, resulting in some people having a desire to rebel and live outside the laws of their country. Many soldiers in the Vietnam War were introduced to heroin and many developed a dependency to the substance which survived even when they returned to the US. Technological advances in travel meant that this increased demand for heroin in the US could now be met. Furthermore, as technology advanced, more drugs were synthesized and discovered, opening up new avenues to substance dependency.[102]
Society and culture[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (October 2014) |
Depending on the jurisdiction, addictive drugs may be legal, legal only as part of a government sponsored study, illegal to use for any purpose, illegal to sell, or even illegal to merely possess.
Most countries have legislation which brings various drugs and drug-like substances under the control of licensing systems. Typically this legislation covers any or all of the opiates, amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, anesthetics, hallucinogenics, derivatives and a variety of more modern synthetic drugs. Unlicensed production, supply or possession is a criminal offence.
Usually, however, drug classification under such legislation is not related simply to addictiveness. The substances covered often have very different addictive properties. Some are highly prone to cause physical dependency, while others rarely cause any form of compulsive need whatsoever. Also, under legislation specifically about drugs, alcohol and nicotine are not usually included.
Although the legislation may be justifiable on moral or public health grounds, it can make addiction or dependency a much more serious issue for the individual: reliable supplies of a drug become difficult to secure, and the individual becomes vulnerable to both criminal abuse and legal punishment.
It is unclear whether laws against illegal drug use do anything to stem usage and dependency. In jurisdictions where addictive drugs are illegal, they are generally supplied by drug dealers, who are often involved with organized crime. Even though the cost of producing most illegal addictive substances is very low, their illegality combined with the addict's need permits the seller to command a premium price, often hundreds of times the production cost. As a result, addicts sometimes turn to crime to support their habit.
See also[edit]
- Addictive personality
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (journal)
- Physical dependence
- Risk factors in pregnancy
- Self medication
- Stimulant maintenance
- Substance abuse
- Rat Park
- Thomas Latham "Angie Fatino Save the Children from Meth Act"
- ^ a b c Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–368. ISBN 9780071481274.
The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ...
Addictive drugs are both rewarding and reinforcing. ... Familiar pharmacologic terms such as tolerance, dependence, and sensitization are useful in describing some of the time-dependent processes that underlie addiction. ...
Dependence is defined as an adaptive state that develops in response to repeated drug administration, and is unmasked during withdrawal, which occurs when drug taking stops. Dependence from long-term drug use may have both a somatic component, manifested by physical symptoms, and an emotional–motivation component, manifested by dysphoria. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine).
The official diagnosis of drug addiction by the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (2000), which makes distinctions between drug use, abuse, and substance dependence, is flawed. First, diagnosis of drug use versus abuse can be arbitrary and reflect cultural norms, not medical phenomena. Second, the term substance dependence implies that dependence is the primary pharmacologic phenomenon underlying addiction, which is likely not true, as tolerance, sensitization, and learning and memory also play central roles. It is ironic and unfortunate that the Manual avoids use of the term addiction, which provides the best description of the clinical syndrome. - ^ a b "Substance use disorder". Pubmed Health. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Drug dependence means that a person needs a drug to function normally. Abruptly stopping the drug leads to withdrawal symptoms. Drug addiction is the compulsive use of a substance, despite its negative or dangerous effects
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ΔFosB has been linked directly to several addiction-related behaviors ... Importantly, genetic or viral overexpression of ΔJunD, a dominant negative mutant of JunD which antagonizes ΔFosB- and other AP-1-mediated transcriptional activity, in the NAc or OFC blocks these key effects of drug exposure14,22–24. This indicates that ΔFosB is both necessary and sufficient for many of the changes wrought in the brain by chronic drug exposure. ΔFosB is also induced in D1-type NAc MSNs by chronic consumption of several natural rewards, including sucrose, high fat food, sex, wheel running, where it promotes that consumption14,26–30. This implicates ΔFosB in the regulation of natural rewards under normal conditions and perhaps during pathological addictive-like states.
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It has been found that deltaFosB gene in the NAc is critical for reinforcing effects of sexual reward. Pitchers and colleagues (2010) reported that sexual experience was shown to cause DeltaFosB accumulation in several limbic brain regions including the NAc, medial pre-frontal cortex, VTA, caudate, and putamen, but not the medial preoptic nucleus. Next, the induction of c-Fos, a downstream (repressed) target of DeltaFosB, was measured in sexually experienced and naive animals. The number of mating-induced c-Fos-IR cells was significantly decreased in sexually experienced animals compared to sexually naive controls. Finally, DeltaFosB levels and its activity in the NAc were manipulated using viral-mediated gene transfer to study its potential role in mediating sexual experience and experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance. Animals with DeltaFosB overexpression displayed enhanced facilitation of sexual performance with sexual experience relative to controls. In contrast, the expression of DeltaJunD, a dominant-negative binding partner of DeltaFosB, attenuated sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance, and stunted long-term maintenance of facilitation compared to DeltaFosB overexpressing group. Together, these findings support a critical role for DeltaFosB expression in the NAc in the reinforcing effects of sexual behavior and sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance. ... both drug addiction and sexual addiction represent pathological forms of neuroplasticity along with the emergence of aberrant behaviors involving a cascade of neurochemical changes mainly in the brain's rewarding circuitry.
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When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed. Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped. This, along with substance abuse are considered substance use disorders....DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:Substance Dependence
- ^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. ISBN 9780071481274.
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DESPITE THE IMPORTANCE OF NUMEROUS PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS, AT ITS CORE, DRUG ADDICTION INVOLVES A BIOLOGICAL PROCESS: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type NAc neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement
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- ^ Ling W, Rawson R, Shoptaw S, Ling W (2006). "Management of methamphetamine abuse and dependence". Curr Psychiatry Rep 8 (5): 345–54. doi:10.1007/s11920-006-0035-x. PMID 16968614.
- ^ Preti A (2007). "New developments in the pharmacotherapy of cocaine abuse". Addict Biol 12 (2): 133–51. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00061.x. PMID 17508985.
- ^ Urschel HC, Hanselka LL, Gromov I, White L, Baron M (2007). "Open-label study of a proprietary treatment program targeting type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor dysregulation in methamphetamine dependence". Mayo Clin. Proc. 82 (10): 1170–8. doi:10.4065/82.10.1170. PMID 17908523.
- ^ Garwood CL, Potts LA (2007). "Emerging pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation". Am J Health Syst Pharm 64 (16): 1693–8. doi:10.2146/ajhp060427. PMID 17687057.
- ^ Frishman WH (2007). "Smoking cessation pharmacotherapy—nicotine and non-nicotine preparations". Prev Cardiol 10 (2 Suppl 1): 10–22. doi:10.1111/j.1520-037X.2007.05963.x. PMID 17396063.
- ^ Siu EC, Tyndale RF (2007). "Non-nicotinic therapies for smoking cessation". Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 47: 541–64. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105354. PMID 17209799.
- ^ K.R. Alper, H.S. Lotsof, G.M. Frenken, D.J. Luciano, J. Bastiaans (1999). "Treatment of Acute Opioid Withdrawal with Ibogaine". The American Journal on Addictions 8 (3): 234–242. doi:10.1080/105504999305848. PMID 10506904. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
- ^ S.L.T. Cappendijk, M.R. Dzoljic (1993). "Inhibitory effects of ibogaine on cocaine self-administration in rats". European Journal of Pharmacology 241 (2–3): 261–265. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(93)90212-Z. PMID 8243561.
- ^ S.D. Glick, K. Rossman, N.C. Rao, I.M. Maisonneuve and J.N. Carlson (1992). "Effects of ibogaine on acute signs of morphine withdrawal in rats: Independence from tremor". Neuropharmacology 31 (5): 497–500. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(92)90089-8. PMID 1528400.
- ^ O'Donohue, W; K.E. Ferguson (2006). "Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology and Behavior Analysis". The Behavior Analyst Today (Joseph D. Cautilli) 7 (3): 335–350.
- ^ Chambless, D.L. (1998). "An update on empirically validated therapies" (PDF). Clinical Psychology (American Psychological Association) 49: 5–14.
- ^ Dutcher LW, Anderson R, Moore M, Luna-Anderson C, Meyers RJ, Delaney HD, Smith JE (Spring 2009). "Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT): An Effectiveness Study" (PDF). Journal of Behavior Analysis of Sports, Health Fitness and Behavioral Medicine 2 (1): 82–93. ISSN 1946-7079.[unreliable source?]
- ^ Meyers RJ, Smith JE, Lash DN (June 2005). "A Program for Engaging Treatment-Refusing Substance Abusers into Treatment: CRAFT" (PDF). IJBCT 1 (2): 90–100. ISSN 1555-7855.[unreliable source?]
- ^ Smith JE, Milford JL, Meyers RJ (2004). "CRA and CRAFT: Behavioral Approaches to Treating Substance-Abusing Individuals" (PDF). The Behavior Analyst Today 5 (4): 391–403.[unreliable source?]
- ^ http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/21/omss-handbook-final.pdf
- ^ Jordan JB (2006). "Acupuncture treatment for opiate addiction: a systematic review". J Subst Abuse Treat 30 (4): 309–14. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.02.005. PMID 16716845.
- ^ White AR, Rampes H, Campbell JL (2006). White, Adrian R, ed. "Acupuncture and related interventions for smoking cessation". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD000009. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000009.pub2. PMID 16437420.
- ^ "Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction", National Institute of Drug Abuse, 09/12/12
- ^ Lowinson, Joyce H; Ruiz, Pedro; Millman, Robert B; Langrod, John G (eds) (2005). Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-3474-6
- ^ Hillman, D.C.A. (22 July 2008). The chemical muse: drug use and the roots of Western civilization. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-35249-3.
- ^ Rinella, Michael A. (23 November 2011). Pharmakon: Plato, Drug Culture, and Identity in Ancient Athens. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7391-4687-3.
- ^ a b c Casey, Elaine. "History of Drug Use and Drug Users in the United States". www.druglibrary.org. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
External links[edit]
- American Society of Addiction Medicine website
- Health-EU Portal – Drugs
- people, drug addicts
- Trips Beyond Addiction | Living Hero Radio Show and Podcast special. With Dimitri Mobengo Mugianis, Bovenga Na Muduma, Clare S. Wilkins, Brad Burge, Tom Kingsley Brown, Susan Thesenga, Bruce K. Alexander, PhD ~ the voices of ex-addicts, researchers from The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies and Ibogaine/Iboga/Ayahuasca treatment providers sharing their experiences in breaking addiction with native medicines. January 2013
- A social history of America's most popular drugs.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse: "NIDA for Teens: Brain and Addiction".


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Morton (Moughtin)/Carrington/KerUpdated August 22, 2008 |
I am researching my mother's family tree. Her father was Robert Morton born on 1st December 1883 and her mother was Kate Carrington born on the 21st October 1893. I am also researching my father's family tree. His father was William Ker who was born in England and his mother was Alise Faroe who was born in 1880. I would love to hear from anyone who has information on either of these branches of my family. I am also willing to share any information I have. |
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Kansas twins born 39 days apart!
Being the father of twins myself, any time I come across stories like this, they grab my attention! Talking about Carl and David Cowan! Their mom, Elene gave birth to her son, Carl first. Then out came her son David, 39 days later! Both are cute as can be and if you would like the complete story and some very cute pics, click the link and enjoy these miracle twins!


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Sponsored by: Missoula Federal Credit Union
Dec 12, 2012 10:44 AM by KPAX/KAJ Media Center
UPDATE: The Montana Department of Transportation reports that the two accidents on U.S. Highway 93 South near Conner Junction have been cleared.
However, the road remains snow-packed and icy, so drivers should still use caution in the area.
MISSOULA - The Montana Department of Transportation reports that emergency crews are dealing with a pair of rollover accidents on U.S. Highway 93 South in southern Ravalli County.
MDT officials say that at mile marker 23 in Conner Junction there are two single vehicle rollovers.
Part of the northbound lane is blocked with officials cautioning that roads are snowcovered and icy in the area.
- photo courtesy Wendy Davis
56 minutes ago


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The combination of drifting snow and tempertures well below 0 degrees led just about every school district in Tribland to either cancel classes today or have a delayed start.
Thayer Central Superintendent Drew Harris made the decision to cancel school today after testing county roads early this morning in his four-wheel drive Ford Expedition.
"Down toward Hubbell is where I was most worried about," he said. "I went through some really big drifts and a lot of still-blowing snow at that point. When you couple that with windchills of 20 below it does not present good transportation situations to get kids out in it."
According to National Weather Service cooperative observers and volunteers with the Nebraska Rainfall Assessment and Information Network, Hubbell had one of the largest snowfall totals in the area with 8 inches.
To read more, see Wednesday's Hastings Tribune or the Tribune e-edition.>>>


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Vancouver musicians serve up sonic treats for Halloween
So, it's Halloween—bonfires burning bright, pumpkin faces in the night—and you feel like dancing. And you feel like shining, and you feel like letting loose. It's time for games. It's time for fun. Not for just one, but for everyone. Oh, there are witches, goblins, Frankensteins, and zombies. And there are tramps, Cinderellas… Uh, sorry about that. We have obviously been listening to way too many Halloween songs lately. It's just that we get so excited about this time of year. After all, what other night can you dress up like a total freak in public? In theory, you can do that whenever you want around Christmas, Easter, or St. Paddy's Day, but in reality dressing up as an egg-laying leprechaun who's been tacked to Santa's cross is probably going to get your ass kicked if you pull that shit in mid-December.
You're also asking for trouble if you dress up as a bank robber and march into your local credit union in the middle of summer. Or take up residence in the boiler room of the local high school dressed in a striped red-and-black sweater, tan hat, and gloves studded with razor-sharp knives.
Wanna stop the party mid-cocktail? Strap on a white gown, do a backward spider-walk down the stairs, puke up some blood, and then take a huge piss on the floor while announcing "You're going to die up there" to that guy with a thing for mountain climbing. Even better, dress up as Edward Scissorhands and then refuse to acknowledge that you've done anything out of the ordinary when you arrive at Canada Customs for your afternoon shift. Really, the sky is the limit. Just don't blame us when you end up tossed in the clink for a mandatory 30-day psychiatric evaluation.
And if you don't believe us about the dangers of flying one's freak flag all year long, you clearly had a much more pleasant high-school experience than we did. Anyhow, we're happy to report that some of our favourite local musicians enjoy Fright Night just as much as we do. We asked them to recall their all-time best Halloween costume, and to tell us the macabre music that gets them doing the Transylvania Twist.
James Farwell howls like a man possessed as the frontman for the heavy-metal juggernaut known as Bison b.c. On its latest album, Lovelessness, the quartet displays its indisputable mastery of hand-of-doom sludge.
Killer costume: "A couple of years ago I dressed as a Downtown Eastside alley. I wore a black cloak with condoms, needles, cigarette butts, garbage, vomit, hot dogs, used bandages, and the like fastened to it. I even put fake semen in the condoms."
Graveyard smash: " 'Submit to Satan' by Carpathian Forest. 'The heaven shall burn, all humanity dies/I sin, I sodomize, I slaughter, I sacrifice! Submit! Submit to Satan!' "
Hatch Benedict plays the part of human pheromone machine for synth-splattered future-wavers Sex With Strangers. Folks with a thing for mega-danceable, dark-skies pop are currently fucking like rabbits to the band's fourth and latest album, Behaviours.
Killer costume: "This is a tough call, given the public support I've received over the years for my famous 'old-school' ghost costume (sheet, two holes). That said, I would have to go with the time I went as legendary WWF wrestler Mankind. Greeting fellow partygoers with the 'mandible claw' was both exhilarating and perverse. My lady friend at the time went as my manager, Paul Bearer. We were on top of the world."
Graveyard smash: "This is a no-brainer. It would have to be Hall & Oates' 'Italian Girls'. First, you have John Oates on lead vocals, which is a treat in itself. Secondly, he uses the word pasta twice in the song, which is truly terrifying. Have you ever heard pasta used in a song? I'll answer that for you: 'No.' People will be so angry when you drop this nugget at a Halloween party that anything you play afterward will be welcomed with relief and an urge to celebrate."
Miso Stefanac is the snappily attired frontman for We Need Surgery, an unapologetically '80s-indebted outfit that crafts dance-floor-friendly alt-rock aimed at anyone who has ever wondered why stellastarr* never made it big.
Killer costume: "My all-time best Halloween costume was an Ewok. My mom actually made the costume for me when I was six or seven years old. My brothers and I all went as Ewoks that year."
Graveyard smash: "Well, 'Monster Mash', of course. Actually, when I was teaching in Seoul, South Korea, I use to play that song every year for my kids."
Christine Lyon fronts Antiparty, whose shitloads-of-fun EP Part II somehow manages to reference Mr. Bungle, Ministry, Herb Alpert, 45 Grave, and the Dresden Dolls and still sound completely original.
Killer costume: "I live in quirky outfits all year around. However, one of my favourite Halloween costumes was Mother Firefly from House of 1000 Corpses. I dirtied up a pretty white dress, teased my hair, added some cobwebs, and decayed my teeth to the point of making my friends uncomfortable. Of course I also enjoyed running around screaming 'Who's your daddy?' I love a powerful woman who can combine sultry with rotting, murderous anger; you don't get to see enough of those."
Graveyard smash: "So many options, but I would have to say 'Spider Baby' by Fantômas, which is a cover from the movie Spider Baby from 1968. Though Ronald Stein's version is dark and haunting, the bizarre edge of Fantômas adds a bit more seductive evilness. It makes you want to skulk around the neighbourhood, hiding behind bushes and scaring the living bejesus out of small children. I feel like Antiparty has taken inspiration from music like this."
Brittany Westgarth is one half of the lo-fi duo Koban. With her musical partner, Samuel Buss, Westgarth blurs the already fuzzy lines between goth, industrial, and shoegaze. The Broadway to Boundary label will release Koban's first LP, null, in November.
Killer costume: "Last year Sam and I played a show at our house as Walt and Walt Jr. from Breaking Bad. I'll never forget the liberating feeling of being bald. It was magical."
Graveyard smash: "For some reason we have never done a cover as Koban—but if we did, we would do the Misfits' 'Halloween'. A classic. I can hear the sing-along now: 'Dead cats hanging from poles/Little dead are out in droves/I remember Halloween.' How spooky!"
Tobi Glover mans the mike for Those Things, a metal-glazed rock unit that notorious misanthrope Montgomery Burns would love, for no other reason than its songs include "Release the Hounds".
Killer costume: "Uh… Goth Wonder Woman? No, wait, Santa Claus! And no, not a 'sexy' Santa. The real deal, the ultimate symbol of the crass, commercial nightmare Christmas has become, an obese, slave-owning (you think those elves are getting paid?) white man who busts into your house and gives you garbage you've been brainwashed into obsessively drooling over! On a completely unrelated note, our upcoming EP, Beasts, is absolutely what you need to bring happiness into your lives!"
Graveyard smash: "I was going to pick 'Horror Business' by the Misfits, but [Those Things guitarist] Jeff [Speers] would kill me if I didn't pick 'Phantom of the Opera' by Iron Maiden, the live one off of Live After Death. The intro, the falsetto vocals, that insane breakdown in the middle—seven minutes of perfection: 'You haunt me, you taunt me/You torture me back at your lair!' Or, any Forbidden Dimension album in its entirety!"
Matea Sarenac takes care of singing and sampler duties for indie-electro trio Gang Signs, whose take on dance music is as dreamy and haunting as it is booty-moving.
Killer costume: "It would have to be my costume for this year: Sailor Moon! I ordered it online and my boyfriend is being Tuxedo Mask. That, or when I was Ghostface Killah one year. It's a tossup."
Graveyard smash: "Definitely anything by Gatekeeper. Especially the song 'Giza'. Saw them play live this summer at the Waldorf and it was crazy! It was like a techno nightmare."
Jay Brown works banks of synths and plays bass, guitar, and piano in his role of beatmaker/mastermind of industrial-dance deconstructionists Latenite Automatic. Watch for the goth-friendly project's debut album early next year.
Killer costume: "Many moons ago I went as El Guapo, supervillain from the movie ¡Three Amigos!. I wore an old brown tux I found at Value Village, a fake beard, and leather gloves. I also duct-taped a 'plethora of piñatas'—watch the movie, yo!—to my body, lit a cigar, and hit the streets. The piñatas were a bad idea because trick-or-treating children dressed as witches beat the hell out of me with tiny brooms all night. I was not full of candy, kids—shit maybe, but not candy. Don't wear piñatas on Halloween. By the way, El Guapo is Spanish for "the handsome one".
Graveyard smash: "My all-time favourite Halloween song is 'The Exorcist' by the Hellacopters. Technically it's not a Halloween song, but I crank them shits on All Hallow's Eve and I feel possessed by the demons of rock 'n' roll. Sometimes I get so hyped listening to it I projectile vomit all over the party, Linda Blair–style. The second-best Halloween song is 'Ghost Love' by Latenite Automatic."


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I'm interested in buying an ice creme maker, one that can make ice creme, sorbets, and frozen yoghurts. I saw online that some ice creme makers require ice and rock salt and some are 'automatic'. Is there a difference in the quality or taste of ice creme from either of these with or without the ice and rock salt? Has anybody tried the Cuisinart® Automatic Frozen Yogurt, Ice Cream and Sorbet Maker? Or are there other brands you'd suggest? Please advise! Charlie2003 |
Follow-Up Postings:
We use the Cuisinart ice cream maker at home and help make ice cream with one of the ice, rock salt and hand crank ice cream makers at camp every summer. With the same recipe, the results are indistinguishable. |
- Posted by robinkateb (My Page) on Mon, Aug 7, 06 at 21:48
I have the kitchen aid mixer attachment and love it. All of them should be able to make all three items. last summer Gourmet magazine reviewed ice cream makers. See if your library has the issue because it was great. -Robin |
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The University of Kansas' Innovation and Collaboration division, tasked with bringing the institution's research innovation to market, has seen revenue grow 600 percent over the past three years -- thanks to an entrepreneurial, tech-focused approach.
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Reports have already surfaced about Wii Fit calling a young girl fat and the National Obesity Forum calling for children to stay away from Nintendo's questionably heath-minded exercise tool. No matter - we get that Wii Fit's not there to replace actual fitness and that despite the curious inclusion of the Body Mass Index (calculating a percentage based on height and weight, thus giving a readout of how "healthy" you are) we know Wii Fit's primary goal is to promote exercise and health.
Yet, we still wonder how accurate a robotic weight scale could be. And because we love asserting our human brain dominance over a cold calculating machine, we nabbed Sally Coucouvanis, a certified yoga instructor for children with special needs to help us assess whether Nintendo's Wii game was true to the yogi lifestyle.
Sally chooses her Mii and steps on the Balance Board for the initial weigh in Based on her height and age, her BMI calculates to 23.73 or Normal. After some initial balance tests, the game tells Sally her Wii Fit age is 60 years old.
GamesRadar: Do you think these beginning calculations are anything to take seriously for yoga? How about for children?
Sally: Yoga is for everybody - you do not have to be "fit" to do it. Although now, it is very popular to have a faster, more flowing yoga at gyms. And some people do it now to lose weight, but that is not the intention. I think the weigh in and BMI might be good for some, but others might get discouraged. I did like knowing I was placed in the "healthy" category.
It's not important at all for kids - a kid is supposed to be more free flow, like run around, etc. I don't think they'd even be able to stand on that [Balance Board] the whole time, but age could make a difference.
GR: The game just said your Wii Fit age is 60, which is clearly off from your actual age. It suggests you're weaker than you actually are. Any truth in that?
Sally: It seemed "right on" for me, but that wouldn't be good. I do feel it didn't give accuracy for being a disciplined yogi [person who practices yoga] versus a person who never did it.
GR: How does the balance board feel?
Sally: A bit weird. In Yoga, you're grounded on a mat barefoot – close to the Earth and not on a thing you stand on. If you were new to it, then it might not seem so weird.
Sally stands still while the Board calibrates her center of balance.
GR: Wii Fit says your center of balance is towards the back right with more weight on your heels. Seems like the game is calling out your posture. What's up with that?
Sally: I thought my posture was fine. I think it's interesting the game doesn't think I do. When I lean forward to correct it, it feels like I'm tipping over.


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Rookie linebacker Jon Bostic has no choice but to be ready
BY PATRICK FINLEY Staff Reporter October 14, 2013 8:48PM
Article Extras
Updated: November 16, 2013 6:22AM
Before D.J. Williams left the field Thursday night — before he knew for sure he'd be lost for the season with a torn left pectoral tendon — he confided in his backup.
"He came to the sideline," rookie middle linebacker Jon Bostic said, "and he's like, 'Be ready. I don't know what's going on. Something doesn't feel right.' "
Bostic might not be ready.
But given the Bears' depleted defensive depth, he's going to have to be.
Despite Bostic's tantalizing preseason — when Williams was out with a right calf injury — few around the Bears view Bostic's promotion as an immediate upgrade entering the road game Sunday against the Redskins.
Williams was ascending in the defense, coach Marc Trestman said.
And Bostic hadn't appeared on defense all season until the first quarter Thursday; he had been limited to special teams.
"Any action helps," Trestman said. "It's certainly not the same as lining up in the middle and being part of the chaos that goes on up there. . . .
"He doesn't have the experience, certainly, that D.J. has, but he has speed, and he's an explosive young man."
Bostic had his first two defensive tackles, one for loss, in 21 snaps against the Giants but said he still had a lot of stuff to clean up after reviewing film.
"Especially getting thrown in there kind of like that, I really wasn't expecting it, but you've got to be expecting it," said Bostic, a second-round draft pick.
"Just learning from those mistakes I made in the game and cleaning those things up and trying not to make the same mistakes twice. . . .
"It's not one particular thing. It's everything, you know? From my stance, alignment. It's my first step, it's everything."
Considered Brian Urlacher's long-term replacement since the day he was drafted, Bostic said he feels more ready every day.
But it's fair to wonder how if he hasn't played regularly in games?
"Watching," he said. "You can learn a lot by watching."
Bostic said Williams tutored him during the preseason, in which he finished second on the team with 11 tackles and returned an interception 51 yards for a score, and weak-side linebacker Lance Briggs leads by example.
"Some things [Briggs] teaches me, he doesn't even know he teaches me," Bostic said. "I watch a lot of those guys. I watch them more than they think I do.
"I ask them a lot of questions, but at the same time, I watch them."
Bostic has taken turns at strong-side linebacker in practice, though starter James Anderson said Monday his lower back was fine after leaving the game Thursday with the injury.
A skilled cover man, Anderson will stay in the nickel package — though Bostic said he, Briggs and Anderson rotated during practice.
The Bears' base cover-2 is different than the scheme Bostic played in at Florida, where he was second-team All-SEC last season.
"We were a big man-to-man team," he said. "Linebackers were matched up on tight ends, some slot receivers. You're pretty much on an island.
"We were going to bring the house, and here we obviously do some things similar like that, but it's a new scheme — how we play different things, how we play cover-2, how we play cover-3."
The team's extra practice prep time after the game Thursday certainly helps Bostic's transition.
His role doesn't feel as new as it did during the preseason — even if, until Thursday, Bostic's only turns at middle linebacker came during practices.
"He's been with us in the minicamps and training camp, and he had a lot of playing time in the preseason," Trestman said.
"So having been with us and understanding what the NFL is about, six weeks will be a benefit to him."