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Abstract: | The thesis "Neuronal hypoxia tolerance in diving endotherms" sheds light on mechanisms giving diving animals, such as the hooded seal, impressive dive capabilities of 1 hr duration down to 1000 m depth. In spite of enhanced capacity to store oxygen in their body and an ability to reduce their oxygen-consumption, these animals can resurface with blood oxygen values so low that a human being in the same situation would loose consciousness within seconds. This implies that the brain of diving animals tolerate lack of oxygen much better than the brain of non-diving animals. In the thesis it is demonstrated for the first time that this is actually the case.
Electrophysiological recordings of isolated brain slices were used to investigate how neuronal activity changed in response to hypoxia in brain tissue from hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) (Folkow et al., 2008) and eider ducks (Somateria mollissima) (Ludvigsen & Folkow, 2009). Results showed a significant higher survival of brain tissue from the diving species relative to non-diving controls. Follow-up experiments were performed in order to investigate whether ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP-channels), that previously have been demonstrated to offer short-term protection against oxygen- and energy deprivation in other species, play a role in the neuronal hypoxia tolerance of the diving animals. The KATP-channels were pharmacologically blocked in hypoxic tissue, and comparison of responses to that of un-manipulated tissue indicated that the ion-channels offer some protection, but that they are not solely responsible for the high hypoxia tolerance in brain tissue from the divers. Investigating capillary density in the hooded seal brain, it was found that the hooded seal has a higher, or similar, capillary density compared to much smaller mammals. This is not expected from capillary density scaling laws, and may indicate that the hooded seal benefits from a higher capillary density than more similar sized mammals that may contribute to the hypoxia-tolerance of hooded seals. The electrophysiological investigations also gave new information on how coordinated network activity may arise in the mammalian brain. Earlier investigations have indicated that such rhythms are dependent upon neural connections between different brain regions and therefore can be studied only in the intact brain. Working with thick, isolated brain slices from hooded seals it was discovered that rhythmical activity may also arise within smaller neocortical areas, which may contribute to understanding how intrinsic brain activity is regulated. |
Description: | The papers of the thesis are not available in Munin:
1. L.P. Folkow, J.M. Ramirez, S. Ludvigsen, N. Ramirez, A.S. Blix: "Remarkable neuronal hypoxia tolerance in the deep-diving adult hooded seal (Cystophora cristata)" Neuroscience Letters, vol 446 (2008), 147-150 (Elsevier - publisher's restrictions). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.040 2. J.M. Ramirez, L.P. Folkow, S. Ludvigsen, N. Ramirez, A.S. Blix: "Spontaneous and persistent activity in thick neocortical slices of the deep-diving hooded seal" (manuscript) 3. S. Ludvigsen, L.P. Folkow: "Differences in in vitro cerebellar neuronal responses to hypoxia in eider ducks, chicken and rats", Journal of Comparative Physiology A, Vol 195 (2009), no 11, 1021-1030 (Springer - publisher's restrictions). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-009-0476-x 4. S. Geiseler, S. Ludvigsen, L.P. Folkow: "KATP-channels and their possible contribution to neuronal hypoxia tolerance in the cerebellum of eider ducks (Somateria mollissima)" (manuscript) 5. S. Ludvigsen, L.P. Folkow, E.B. Messelt: "Brain capillary density in the deepdiving hooded seal (Cystophora cristata)" (manuscript) |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2788 |
Abstract: | The aim of this thesis is to analyze what drives Arctic oil and gas activity, and the political effects of the oil and gas industry in the high north. Based on existing political economy theories, four different articles explore these questions by using different methodological approaches. The main findings are that while the potential for a large increase in Arctic oil and gas output is significant, only certain Arctic provinces may become more attractive. An Arctic oil and gas bonanza is unlikely. Further, the Arctic energy resources are to a large extent embedded in the Russian-European energy relationship, which is best characterized by interdependence. Natural gas can be used as a political instrument under specific conditions, but future developments may increase diversification of natural gas and decrease the potential of using natural gas for political purposes. |
Description: | Papers 1, 2 and 3 of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Øistein Harsem, Arne Eide and Knut Heen: 'Factors influencing future oil and gas prospects in the Arctic', Energy Policy (2011), vol. 39(12):8037–8045. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.09.058 2. Øistein Harsem, Knut Heen, Joao Rodrigues and Terje Vassdal: 'Oil exploration and sea ice projections in the Arctic' (manuscript). 3. Dag Harald Claes and Øistein Harsem: 'The interdependence of European-Russian energy relations' (manuscript). |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5161 |
Abstract: | This thesis investigates the structure and function of planktonic food webs at two sites between Greenland and the Svalbard Archipelago, covering a coastal ecosystem influenced by Atlantic water masses (Kongsfjorden, 78º N) and a more oceanic system off the East Greenlandic shelf, influenced by the outflow of Arctic water and sea ice from the Arctic Ocean (northwest Fram Strait, 75 - 80º N). In Kongsfjorden, a seasonal study was conducted with sampling at six occasions between March and December 2006. Logistical constrains prohibited a similar extensive seasonal investigation in the ice-covered waters of northwest Fram Strait. Sampling fell into the onset (April-May 2008) and end (September 2006/2007) of the productive season. All four studies investigated the stocks of pico- to micro-sized autotrophs and heterotrophs, i.e. heterotrophic bacteria, proto- and metazooplankton. Production rates of autotrophs and heterotrophic bacteria were measured in Kongsfjorden. Ratios of heterotrophic and autotrophic biomass (H:A) and of specific bacterial and primary production (µBac:µPhyto) allowed to asses the overall structure and function of the investigated planktonic food webs and to compare them to published data from other Arctic regions. The emerging picture provides three distinct food web modes, where mode A is characterized by H:A < 1 and µBac:µPhyto > 1, new production, and large-celled phytoplankton. Mode B and C are characterized by dominance of heterotrophs (H:A > 1), more regenerated production, and small-celled phytoplankton. The difference between mode B and C is a difference in the specific production ratio, with µBac:µPhyto smaller and larger 1, respectively. According to this scheme, Arctic plankton communities appear to prevail under mode B and C most of the year. In Kongsfjorden, e.g. five of the six months sampled fell under mode B and C, with mode C being typical for light-limited winter communities. From own and literature data, it is suggested that the food web mode controlling physical factors are the amount of incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), ice cover, nutrient concentration, and water column stability. Due to an approximately latitudinal change in these physical settings, the relative prevalence of the three food web modes changes from the marginal seas to the central Arctic Ocean, with mode A most likely being absent from the highest latitude waters. In general, Arctic plankton communities appear to sustain on average a 3-fold higher H:A biomass ratio for a given phytoplankton stock than the world's coastal oceans, which may mainly be due to extensive import of long-lived copepods from sub-Arctic European seas through advection. It is argued that the large stock of heterotrophs plays a crucial role in structuring Arctic plankton communities, with the potential to prohibit phytoplankton bloom formation (mode A) through extensive grazing. |
Description: | Paper 3 and 4 of this thesis are not available in Munin: 3. Seuthe L, Töpper B, Reigstad M, Thyrhaug R and Vaquer-Sunyer R: 'Microbial communities and processes in ice-covered Arctic waters of the northwestern Fram Strait (75 – 80ºN) during the vernal pre-bloom phase', Aquatic Microbial Ecology (2011) 64:253-266. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01525 4. Svensen C, Seuthe L, Vasilyeva Y, Pasternak A and Hansen E: 'Zooplankton communities across Fram Strait in autumn : are small copepods and protozooplankton important? (in press in Progress in Oceanography). |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3777 |
Abstract: | The endosymbiosis-derived organelles within a plant cell, plastids and mitochondria, have to be equipped with a certain set of proteins to be fully functional. This set of proteins is encoded by different genomes: the organellar genomes and the nuclear genomes. This setup poses some interesting challenges for the regulation of gene expression and protein transport. On the one hand, the targeting signals that transport proteins to the organelles have to be highly specific and on the other hand, the communication between the DNA containing compartments to coordinate their gene expression has to be transmitted somehow, not only from the nucleus but also from the organelles back to the nucleus. In this thesis, two prediction programs are introduced. One of them can predict dual targeted proteins to both organelles (ATP, ambiguous targeting predictor) and the other one is species- specific for Physcomitrella patens (GTP_Pp; green targeting predictor – P. patens-specific). The first predictor can help to gain a more complete picture of the proteins potentially present in the organelles. With the help of that predictor, we predicted that the amount of proteins with dual targeting signals is higher than anticipated and that we to date know only a minor part of actually dual targeted proteins. The second predictor can help to answer the question on the evolutionary consistency of targeting signals within the plant kingdom and the importance of having species-specific approaches in analyzing protein targeting. We actually observed a surprisingly big difference in composition and recognition of mitochondrial and dual-targeting protein signals, which led to the conclusion, that species-specific approaches always should be considered as the optimal option for both, in silico and in vivo experiments. The second part of this thesis focuses the mechanisms of communication between nucleus and the organelles, especially the plastid possibly mediated by dual targeting. We chose several plastid RNA-/DNA-binding proteins to analyze their sub-plastidic localization and their potential additional nuclear localization. Those candidates were AtWHY1 (Arabidopsis thaliana Whirly1), four members of the AtcpRNP (chloroplast ribonucleoprotein) family and AtEF-Tu (elongation factor thermo-unstable). The analyzed members of the AtcpRNP family reflect their described multiple functions within the plastid also in a multiple localization pattern. Furthermore, we were able to show interactions of different members of the AtcpRNP family by yeast-two-hybrid interaction assays. The localization pattern of AtEF-Tu was very similar to the one observed for the AtcpRNPs, which indicated, together with a confirmed localization within the transcriptionally active chromosome, a multiple function for AtEF-Tu. The sub-plastidic localization data suggest overlapping networks of activity for the proteins by observed co-localizations. This was also shown with respect to several marker proteins for plastid functions. For AtEF-Tu and the AtcpRNPs, we also showed experimentally that a second localization in the nucleus is possible for the mature protein, which makes them interesting candidates for a possible mediation of plastid signals to the nucleus next to AtWHY1. For AtWHY1, we were able to show an effect of the DNA binding domain on the known localization pattern which seemed to reflect an aberration in transport processes through the envelope. This offers a potential regulatory mechanism that needs to be explored in detail in the future. |
Description: | Papers 1, 3, 4 and 5 are not available in Munin: 1. Mitschke J, Fuss J, Blum T, Hoglund A, Reski R, Kohlbacher O and Rensing SA.: 'Prediction of dual protein targeting to plant organelles', New Phytologist (2009), 183(1): 224-235. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02832.x 3. Herrmann U, Fuss J, Krupinska K and Krause K.: 'Moonlighting in plastids : translation elongation factor EF-Tu is a component of chloroplast transcriptionally active chromosomes' (manuscript I submitted to Current Genetics). 4. Fuss J, Krause K.: 'Co-Localization and interaction of ribonucleoproteins in chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana' (manuscript II). 5. Fuss J, Liegmann O, Krause K and Rensing SA.: 'Can Arabidopsis thaliana read the messages from Physcomitrella patens and vice versa? : an analysis on the conservation of targeting signals' (manuscript III submitted to New Phytologist). 6. Fuss J, Krause K.: 'The DNA binding domain of a Whirly protein from Arabidopsis thaliana is engaged in protein translocation across the plastid envelope membrane' (manuscript IV). |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4154 |
Abstract: | Vaccines are regarded as the safest and most cost-effective strategy to prevent infectious diseases. For some diseases, vaccine improvements are required as protection levels are still inadequate. The key to solving this challenge might lie in the development of more efficacious vaccine delivery systems and adjuvants. Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) is a biodegradable polymer which has an extensive safety record in biological systems and possesses immunological adjuvant properties as injectable particles. In the present work, micro- and nanoparticles of PLGA and PLA were explored as a vaccine delivery system in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The overall objectives were to investigate their adjuvant abilities in provoking innate and adaptive immune responses, forming antigen depots and inducing protective immunity in a challenge test with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Formulation parameters in preparation of polymeric particles were systematically optimized (paper IV) to achieve stable PLGA particle products containing co-entrapped model antigens and β-glucan (paper I and II), or virus particles of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) (paper III). Post immunization potency of nanoparticles (300-400 nm) was demonstrated by their ability to induce early innate responses (day 2, 4 and 8) at transcription levels equal to or higher than the oil-adjuvanted formulation (paper I). Temporal differences in expression levels of innate markers were observed, suggesting rapid systemic distribution of particles (paper I). By tracing of isotope labelled proteins, nanoparticles (˂ 1000 nm) were found to localize antigens in the head kidney while micro-sized (~ 8 µm) particles generally retained antigen at the injection site. Irrespective of size, particles made of polymers with high molecular weight (MW) generally had superior depot capabilities compared to their low MW counterparts (paper II). Adaptive immune responses to immunization were assessed by QPCR and ELISA. T cell markers were not differentially expressed at the selected early time points (paper I), but at day 60 and 75 antibody responses were found to be elevated (paper II and III). In a dose-response study, micro- but not nanoparticles were demonstrated to be equally potent compared to the oil-adjuvanted control group with regard to induction of antibody responses. Long-term antibody responses induced by particles were generally less robust and therefore declined towards the end of the experimental period (120 days), while responses induced by the oil-adjuvanted formulation progressively increased. Following immunization, antibody responses were not related to polymer qualities or the ability of particles to depot or distribute antigens. Scoring of side effects demonstrated excellent safety profiles for the particle formulations (paper II and discussed in paper V). In paper III, vaccine efficacy was tested in a cohabitation challenge with IPN. Survival rates for the nanoparticle vaccinated groups were comparable to the non-vaccinated control fish and demonstrated that their ability to induce protection against IPN was inferior to the oil-adjuvanted vaccines. Virus re-isolation from head kidney and blood during the challenge period did however demonstrate some level of protection as the nanoparticle vaccinated groups were able to delay the IPNV infection. In the presented studies, the principal adjuvant properties of PLGA particles in Atlantic salmon have been demonstrated to include their capacity to induce strong innate responses and provide antigen depots for long-term delivery of antigens. In addition, indication of particle presence in lymphoid organs was an interesting finding that could suggest a certain targeting effect to phagocytic cells. To achieve a better understanding of how PLGA particles may be used to direct immune responses in salmon, more detailed studies on particle qualities-cell interactions/responses are required. |
Description: | Papers 1-4 of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. B.N. Fredriksen, K. Sævareid, L. McAuley, M.E. Lane, J. Bøgwald and R.A. Dalmo.: 'Early immune responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) after immunization with PLGA nanoparticles loaded with a model antigen and β-glucan', Vaccine (2011) 29(46):8338-8349. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.087 2. B.N. Fredriksen and J. Grip.: 'PLGA/PLA micro- and nanoparticle formulations serve as antigen depots and induce elevated humoral responses after immunization of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L)', Vaccine (2012) 30(3):656-667. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.105 3. H.M. Munang"andu, B. N. Fredriksen, S. Mutoloki, B. Brudeseth, T.Y. Kuo, I. S. Marjara, R.A. Dalmo and Ø. Evensen.: 'Comparison of vaccine efficacy for different antigen delivery systems for infectious pancreatic necrosis virus vaccines in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L)' (submitted manuscript). 4. B.N. Fredriksen, L.B. Hølvold, J.Bøgwald and R.A. Dalmo.: 'Optimization of formulation variables to increase antigen entrapment in PLGA particles' (submitted manuscript). |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4153 |
Abstract: | Adjuvanter benyttes for å styrke/bedre immunresponsen ved vaksinering. PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid) er en biologisk nedbrytbar polymer som innehar adjuvantegenskaper når den benyttes i form av partikler. Som vaksinebærere kan partikler beskytte mot nedbryting, stimulere inflammatoriske immunresponser og initiere adaptive immunresponser. Partikler er også vist å gi økt opptak i ulike celletyper. Avhandlingen tar for seg PLGA partikler som bærere/adjuvanter for DNA vaksinering, en vaksineform som har vist potensiale for bekjempelse av virussykdommer blant ulike fiskearter. PLGA partikler med plasmid ble injisert intramuskulært i atlantisk laks. Rent plasmid førte til høyest uttrykk av transgen. Bruk av partikler ga sterke inflammatoriske responser, også sammenlignet med en oljeadjuvant. Partikler med plasmid induserte også antivirale responser. Resultatene tyder på at inkapsulering i PLGA partikler kan bidra til å styrke immunresponser som kan være gunstige ved DNA vaksinering. |
Description: | The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. B. N. Fredriksen, L. B. Hølvold, J. Bøgwald and R. A. Dalmo: 'Optimization of formulation variables to increase antigen entrapment in PLGA particles', Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering (2012), vol.51(14):1468-1473. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2012.715358 2. L. B. Hølvold, B. N. Fredriksen, J. Bøgwald and R. A. Dalmo: 'Transgene and immune gene expression following intramuscular injection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with DNA-releasing PLGA nano- and microparticles' (manuscript) |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5157 |
Abstract: | Polar bears in the Barents Sea population have been protected from hunting in Russia since 1956 and following the signing of the international Polar Bear Agreement in 1973 in Norway. This thesis seeks to summarise current knowledge on key population biology issues four decades after the Norwegian protection and almost six after the Russian. Further, it discusses threats that have developed in the decades following protection against human harvesting. It concludes with a discussion of the effect of multiple stressors on the population, and some thoughts on future research, monitoring and management. Polar bears in Svalbard and the Barents Sea area have been studied during the last 40 years with the aim of gaining knowledge regarding population biology and to evaluate potential sources of impact on the population from anthropogenic activity and changes to their habitat. The initial threat to polar bears in the region was unquestionably overharvest. Polar bear numbers were reduced quite drastically and hunting was clearly not sustainable. After the harvesting was stopped, the population grew in size to an estimated 2650 (1900-3600) in 2004. We believe that population recovery led to a wider distribution of maternity denning in the Svalbard Archipelago, compared to the period just after the protection of the population in 1973. However, during recent decades, the population has faced challenges from a variety of new anthropogenic impacts. The population has been exposed to a range of pollutants and an increasing level of human presence and activity within their range. Contaminants are bioaccumulated through the trophic levels in the marine food web, culminating in this top predator that consumes primarily ringed, bearded and harp seals. Females with small cubs use the land-fast sea ice for hunting, and are vulnerable to human disturbance. Changes in sea ice conditions also affect polar bears in the region, and reduced access to denning areas on the eastern islands of Svalbard is currently a concern. A decrease in spring land-fast ice close to important denning areas could negatively affect the survival of cubs. Research and monitoring provides advice to management bodies both locally and globally. Information on the presence of toxic compounds in High Arctic systems has resulted in progress in recent decades in having better control of harmful substances and in some cases international bans on their production and use. This has resulted in declining contaminant burdens in polar bears. Unfortunately, new harmful substances are finding their way to the Arctic, while others, such as radionuclides, are stored locally (within Russian Territories) in large quantities, representing potential sources of pollution. The protection of important habitats locally with restrictions on motorized traffic may help reduce negative impacts from human activity on polar bears in the region. The fate of polar bears with regard to climate change is uncertain, but significant negative effects have been documented and these impacts are expected to increase in the coming decades. Relevant research and monitoring of polar bears is essential for future management of the species. The arctic environment should be managed in such a way that the combined effects of stressors on polar bear populations are minimized. |
Description: | All but paper 5 of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Aars J, Marques T A, Buckland ST, Andersen M, Belikov S, Boltunov A & Wiig Ø.: 'Estimating the Barents Sea polar bear subpopulation size', Marine Mammal Science (2009), vol. 25(1):35-52. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00228.x 2. Andersen M, Derocher AE, Wiig Ø & Aars J.: 'Movements of two Svalbard polar bears recorded using geographical positioning system satellite transmitters', Polar Biology (2008), vol. 31:501-507. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-008-0428-x 3. Freitas C, Kovacs KM, Andersen M, Aars J, Sandven S, Mauritzen M, Pavlova O & Lydersen C.: 'Importance of fast ice and glacier fronts for female polar bears and their cubs during spring in Svalbard, Norway', Marine Ecology Progress Series (2012), 447:289-304. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09516 4. Andersen M, Derocher AE, Wiig Ø & Aars J.: 'Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternity den distribution in Svalbard, Norway', Polar Biology (2012), vol.35:499-508. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-011-1094-y 6. Andersen M and Aars J.: 'Short-term behavioural responses of polar bears to disturbance by snowmobiles', Polar Biology (2008), vol.31:501-507. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-007-0376-x 7. Derocher AE, Wiig Ø & Andersen M.: 'Diet composition of polar bears in Svalbard and the western Barents Sea', Polar Biology (2002), vol.25:448-452. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-002-0364-0 8. Andersen M, Lie E, Derocher AE, Belikov SE, Bernhoft A, Boltunov AN, Garner GW, Skaare JU & Wiig Ø.: 'Geographic variation of PCB congeners in polar bears (Ursus maritimus), from Svalbard to the Chukchi Sea', Polar Biology (2001), vol. 24:231-238. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000000201 9. Andersen M, Gwynn JP, Dowdall M, Lydersen C & Kovacs KM.: 'Radiocaesium in marine mammals from Svalbard, the Barents Sea and the North Greenland Sea', Science of the Total Environment (2006), vol. 363:87-94. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.06.019 |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5069 |
Abstract: | One of the most important parameters of quality regarding meat both from mammals and fish is texture. The post mortem degradation of muscle and connective tissue proteins during tenderization of meat from warm-blooded animals is unwanted in fish due to a loss of product quality. Soft fillet and gaping are common problems both in wild and farmed cod and have huge impact on the quality and the consumers' perception of the products. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the changes in texture are not known, but endogenous proteolytic enzymes seem to play an important role in the process. A muscle cell contains several proteolytic systems. Among these are the multicatalytic proteasome, lysosomal cathepsins, cytosolic calpains and metalloproteinases. It has been shown that calpains are important in the degradation process resulting in tender meat in warm-blooded animals. In fish, the calpains and cathepsins have been suggested to act in cooperation resulting in the observed post mortem degradation of muscle proteins. Many of the cathepsins and calpains have been shown to be able to degrade myofibrillar proteins in vitro systems. Such systems have traditionally been a main strategy when studying protein degradation post slaughter in fish muscle. A weakness in such systems is that grinding of muscle tissue and isolation of proteins from the homogenate leads to a loss of the internal control system in the muscle. Another problem by using such systems is that the conditions are often highly optimized and therefore very different from normal post mortem muscle. The temperature and pH is often different from normal post mortem muscle. In this thesis cathepsin D, one of the candidate enzymes being responsible for post mortem muscle degradation in cod has been studied. The enzyme was purified from cod liver, and an antibody specific against the enzyme was produced in mouse. The isolated enzyme had lower tolerance towards temperature than a similar commercial available enzyme isolated from bovine. The antibody detected cathepsin D in extracts from several other fish species. Further, the degradation of myosin heavy chain (MHC) was studied. The degradation of MHC in isolated myofibrils occurred at the highest rate at high temperature (20ºC) and low pH (5.5), but degradation occurred even when stored on ice and at relevant muscle-pH. For comparison, intact muscle was stored prior to isolation of myofibrils. The results showed that the MHCdegradation occurred in a similar pattern in intact muscle, however less prominent. It was also shown that cathepsin D was associated with the myofibrils, and the enzyme could not be completely removed even after several washing steps. A model system was established, that made it possible to study how small changes in pH and inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes influence on the MHC-degradation in intact muscle tissue post slaughter. A low muscle-pH (6.05-6.3) did lead to degradation of MHC, while the protein stayed unchanged at pH 6.9. Inhibitors of cysteine and aspartic acid proteinases were obviously more efficient in preventing MHC-degradation than inhibitors of serine and metalloproteinases. A surprising observation was that EDTA, an inhibitor of metalloproteinases, increased the degradation of MHC. The conlusion of this thesis is that lysosomal cathepsins of the cysteine- and aspartic acid-types are responsible for the MHC-degradation in intact muscle. The new model system will be suitable when studying how other muscle proteins are degraded in intact muscle tissue post slaughter, and which enzymes that are involved. |
Description: | The papers in this thesis are not available due to publishers' restrictions: 1. Wang, P.A, Steinvik, J., Larsen, R., Mæhre, H and Olsen, R.L.:'Cathepsin D from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) liver. Isolation and comparative studies', Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B (2007), 147, 504–511. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.03.004 2. Wang, P.A., Martinez, I. and Olsen, R.L.:'Myosin heavy chain degradation during post mortem storage of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)', Food Chemistry (2009), 115, 1228–1233. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.031 3. Wang, P.A., Vang, B., Pedersen, A.M., Martinez, I. and Olsen R.L.: 'Postmortem degradation of myosin heavy chain in intact fish muscle: Effects of pH and enzyme inhibitors', Food Chemistry (2011), 124, 1090–1095. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.093 |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3337 |
Abstract: | The pursuit of a world without poverty is without doubt among the leading global challenges not only for governments but also the poor themselves. This challenge is also in small-scale fishing communities where poverty is persistent and has become a thorny issue to the poor as well as governing actors. Strategies have been formulated and implemented but the results have not been up to the expectations. Why haven't these strategies yielded expected results? This is the central question of this thesis. This study seeks to understand why poverty persists despite the good instruments that have been directed at its alleviation. It examines poverty through studying the underlying factors that determine relationships between and among the many variables that make poverty a multidimensional problem. It argues that the persistent poverty in small-scale fishing communities in Lake Victoria Tanzania finds explanation in the manner in which poverty and its challenges have been understood and addressed. By using Kooiman's and Jentoft's (2009) 'meta-governance' perspective, the study discusses how differences in, what people consider as important (values), what they believe is morally mandatory to do (norms) and what should direct behaviour or action (principles), explain the persistent poverty in fishing communities. The study shows that there is inconsistency in the way poor fishers', riparian to the Lake and governing actors in Tanzania understand poverty in the fishing communities and how to confront it. This inconsistency exists at the meta-governance level i.e. with regards to values, norms and principles. The study proposes that to alleviate poverty, a solution to this difference should be sought from a governance mechanism that addresses the dissimilarity. This must be a process which provides governing actors and the poor opportunities to interact in order to influence policy. |
Description: | Papers 1,3,4 and 5 of the thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Onyango, P. O.: 'Re-configuring Poverty: The Wickedness Perspective', African Journal of Tropical Hydrobiology and Fisheries (2009), 12, 37-46. Available at http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajthf/article/view/58032 3. Onyango, P. O. and S. Jentoft: 'Assessing poverty in small-scale fisheries in Lake Victoria, Tanzania', Fish and Fisheries (2010), 11, 250-263. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00378.x 4. Onyango, P. O.: 'Occupation of last resort? Small-scale fishing in Lake Victoria, Tanzania', In Jentoft S. and A. Eide (Eds.). Poverty Mosaics: Realities and Prospects in Small-Scale Fisheries (2011) Springer Verlag. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1582-0_6 5. Onyango, P. O. and S. Jentoft.: 'Climbing the Hill: Poverty Alleviation, Gender Relationships, and Women's Social Entrepreneurship in Lake Victoria, Tanzania' (accepted paper in Maritime studies) |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3551 |
Abstract: | Mortality of demersal fish eggs caused by predation was investigated in this research project. The selected prey species were the Barents Sea capelin Mallotus villosus and lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus L, while the selected predators were capelin itself by cannibalistic behaviour and the invasive red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus. Both capelin and lumpsucker are commercially important species in the Norwegian fisheries, but capelin is also a very important forage fish for other species. The egg guarding lumpsucker male was not able to protect his eggs from the egg feeding red king crab. Approximately 8% of the analysed red king crab stomachs contained lumpsucker eggs in 2003. In 2005 and 2006, capelin eggs occurred in 10% and 23% of the analysed red king crab stomachs and capelin in 82% and 22% respectively. As post-spawn capelin occurred more frequently in crab stomachs than capelin eggs, they might have served as alternative prey to capelin eggs. Average stomach evacuation time for lumpsucker in red king crabs was higher than for capelin eggs. Consumption estimates of capelin eggs in red king crab accounted for 0.04% and 2.23% of the eggs available in the years of study, while the minimum estimated mortality due to egg cannibalism in capelin accounted for 1-2% of the total egg production in 2003. The uncertainty in stomach data generated most of the uncertainty in the Monte Carlo estimated consumption of fish eggs by the red king crab. This study has established new knowledge about fish egg predation by the invasive red king and egg cannibalism in capelin. Mortality in capelin eggs caused by cannibalism and egg consumption by the red king crab may influence mortality of eggs, but is not considered to hamper capelin recruitment. Recruitment of lumpsucker on the other hand, may be hampered by the red king crab that chase away the egg guarding male, damage and feed on his eggs. |
Description: | Papers 1 and 3 of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. A. Slotte, N. Mikkelsen and H. Gjøsæter: 'Egg cannibalism in Barents Sea capelin in relation to a narrow spawning distribution', Journal of Fish Biology (2006), vol. 69(1):187–202, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01085.x 3. Nina Mikkelsen and Torstein Pedersen: 'Invasive red king crabs feed on both capelin and their eggs' (manuscript) |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5428 |
Abstract: | The Arctic is one of the least studied regions in the world and large changes in marine ecosystem dynamic are expected here because of the increasing air and ocean temperature. The central Arctic Ocean has for a long time been considered as a very low productive ecosystem, but recent estimates of primary production gives relatively high values. The shelves surrounding the Arctic Ocean are highly productive areas, especially the Barents Sea region, and a large part of arctic primary production occurs in these seasonally ice-covered regions. The relevance of small cells in arctic ecosystems has received increased attention the last two decades, and it is now accepted that the microbial food web play an important role also in the Arctic. To increase the knowledge on primary production and the relevance of small autotrophic and heterotrophic cells in the Arctic different field studies were conducted. Spring bloom dynamics (nutrients, phytoplankton, protozoans and in situ primary production) were investigated in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard) in April and May in 2002. During the multidisciplinary CABANERA-project three field campaigns in 2003-2005 to the marginal ice zone of the northern Barents Sea were conducted. Primary production was measured in situ for 24 hours at different stages of ice-edge blooms. Primary production and chlorophyll a measurements were fractionated in small (<10µm) and large cells (>10µm). During an expedition across the Arctic Ocean in August and September 2005 different biological parameters were measured (chlorophyll a, biogenic silica, particulate carbon and nitrogen, few zooplankton samples) together with the distribution of autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial biomass. Bacteria abundance was estimated using flow-cytometry and protists abundance was analyzed by epifluorescence microscopy after staining with DAPI. Protists were divided in different size categorize: < 2µm, 2-5µm, 5-10µm and 10-20µm. A seasonally study (January-September) of bacteria community structure and activity was conducted in a cold high latitude fjord (Balsfjord, northern Norway) in 2009 using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (micro-FISH). In Kongsfjorden we found that the onset of the spring bloom was linked to the hydrographical situation during the sea ice break up. The peak of the spring bloom was found to vary between different years in both timing and intensity but will most probably occur between the middle-end of April and the middle of May. Primary production in 2002 persisted for a long time due to mixing with nutrient rich water masses. The ice edge phytoplankton bloom in the marginal ice zone of the northern Barents Sea was very heterogenic and no patterns in integrated primary production could be assigned to stages or latitudes. Subsurface (20-60m) primary production contributed with 24% to the total integrated primary production during ice edge blooms in the marginal ice zone, illustrating the importance of sampling in subsurface maxima. Small cells contributed with 46% to total primary production during ice edge blooms underlining the important role small cells can play as primary producers. Picoplankton (<2µm) abundance was high in the Arctic Ocean, and in the central part heterotrophic cells dominated (72%). Bacteria abundance was very low in the central part of the Arctic Ocean, but it is unknown whether this was caused by low growth rates or by high predation pressure. Bacteria were found to be highly active during summer in the Balsfjord underlining the important role they play in carbon turnover in the ocean. Bacteria belonging to Roseobacter were very active in assimilating DOM but they were not very abundant. This suggests that species specific predation may regulate the abundance of active bacteria. The main conclusion from the work included in this synthesis is that small cells are an important component of arctic food webs. Small cells need to be considered as important primary producers, also during spring blooms and ice edge blooms. We also found that bacteria need to be studied on single cell level to understand the underlying reasons for the dynamics that are observed on community levels. |
Description: | Papers 2,3 and 4 are not available in Munin: 2. Hodal H and Kristiansen S.: 'The importance of small-celled phytoplankton in spring blooms at the marginal ice zone in the northern Barents Sea', Deep-Sea Research Part II (2008) 55: 2176-2185. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.05.012 3. Kristiansen S, Hodal H and Reigstad M.: 'Autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial biomass across the Arctic Ocean' (manuscript) 4. Hodal H, Kirchman D, Kristiansen S, Straza T.: 'Bacteria diversity and single-cell activity in a cold high latitude fjord (Balsfjord) from winter to late summer 2009' (manuscript) |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3783 |
Abstract: | The seven species of the genus Pseudocalanus (Copepoda: Calanoida) are difficult to identify because of very small interspecific, and comparatively large intraspecific, divergence of morphologic and morphometric traits. Thus, despite the fact that Pseudocalanus spp. are among the most abundant metazoans in the world, our knowledge of them at the species level is limited. The main objective of this thesis was to lay the groundwork for future studies of Pseudocalanus spp. in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and Euro-Arctic by determining which species are present. Through a combined DNA barcoding and traditional identification approach, this work reveals the presence of at least four species of Pseudocalanus, one of which was previously not believed to occur in the East Atlantic Ocean. Furthermore, the thesis reveals differences in environmental preferences and distributions of Pseudocalanus elongatus, P. minutus, P. moultoni and P. acuspes in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and Euro-Arctic, and discusses implications of these differences in relation to rising sea temperatures. Finally, this work examines the phylogeography and demographic history of Pseudocalanus minutus, P. moultoni, P. elongatus, P. acuspes and P. newmani in the North Atlantic Ocean and based on these results suggests an evolutionary hypothesis for the divergence of Pseudocalanus spp. into one oceanic and one coastal clade. Hopefully, this thesis has achieved its main goal of providing a basis from which the biology and ecology of these fascinating copepod species can be further explored. |
Description: | The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Aarbakke, O. N. S., Bucklin, A., Halsband, C. and Norrbin, F.: 'Discovery of Pseudocalanus moultoni Frost 1989 in Northeast Atlantic waters based on mitochondrial COI sequence variation', Journal of Plankton Research (2011), vol. 33(10):1487-1495, availble at http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbr057 2. Aarbakke, O. N. S., Weydmann, A. and Fevolden, S-E.: 'Pseudocalanus (Copepoda: Calanoida) species distribution and relative abundance as indicators of changing sea temperature. Submitted to Journal of Plankton Research' (manuscript) 3. Aarbakke, O., Bucklin, A., Halsband, C. and Norrbin, F.: 'Comparative phylogeography and demographic history of five sibling copepod species in the North Atlantic Ocean' (manuscript) |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5424 |
Abstract: | Megaprosjekter er store investeringsprosjekter med betydelig innflytelse på samfunn, miljø og økonomi. Til tross for grundige utredninger og beregninger i forkant, presterer slike prosjekter sjelden i overenstemmelse med planene: de blir gjerne både forsinket og mye dyrere enn estimatene tilsa. Hva er det som skjer i megaprosjekter som gjør at planer om suksess blir til fortellinger om fiasko? Dette spørsmålet har fått stor oppmerksomhet både i offentlige institusjoner, i media og i faglitteraturen. De skisserte løsningene for å endre på den klassiske utviklingen har ofte dreiet seg om å forbedre bruken av styringsverktøy, med sterkere krav til nøyaktighet i beregninger og gjennomsiktighet i beslutningsprosessene. Denne avhandlingen problematiserer slike resepter, og argumenterer for at fokuset på mer nøyaktighet i megaprosjekter samtidig overser hvilken innvirkning dette kravet i seg selv har på hvordan prosjektene presterer. Studien flytter på denne måten fokuset fra bruken av styringsverktøy til verktøyene selv. Hva er deres rolle i megaprosjektenes dynamikk? Avhandlingen tar for seg utbyggingen av Snøhvit LNG. Prosjektet ble gjennomført i 2002-2007, mer enn 20 år etter at funnene ble gjort i Hammerfestbassenget. Den lange tiden skyldtes at var et nytt og usikkert prosjekt, og det var derfor vanskelig å finne en utbyggingsløsning som ble ansett både som gjennomførbar og lønnsom. Til slutt lyktes arbeidet med dette og Snøhvit ble realisert. Men til tross for omfattende forberedelser sluttet prosjektet seg likevel raskt til rekken av megaprosjekter som ikke presterer som forutsatt, med både forsinkelser og store kostnadsoverskridelser. Det ble anvendt en rekke styringsredskaper for å manøvrere i prosjektets usikre og komplekse omgivelser. Disse verktøyene baserer seg på økonomiske prinsipper: Oppfatningen er at tallene vil gi nøytrale svar. Avhandlingen anvender et STS-perspektiv og studerer bruken av to slike styringsredskaper i prosjektet. Først handler det om hvordan Snøhvit ble konstruert som et lønnsomt prosjekt. Det sentrale verktøyet for å vurdere dette er nettonåverdimodellen. Deretter handler det om hvordan kostnadsoverskridelsene ble håndtert. Det er inntjent verdistyring som hjelper til med dette. Ved å bruke disse instrumentene, kunne prosjektet tilpasses kalkylenes logikk. Dette kalles økonomisering. Ved å oversette usikre momenter til tall, blir kompleks informasjon mulig å sammenligne, håndtere og ta stilling til. Uten denne forenklingen er det vanskelig å ta beslutninger. Det er imidlertid den samme forenklingen som skaper problemer i gjennomføringen fordi de ikke favner kompleksiteten i utbyggingen. Studien gir nye innspill til megaprosjektforskningen. Det er ikke bare menneskelige aktører som spiller en rolle; hvordan prosjektverktøyene virker sier også noe om sammenhengen og dynamikken i et stort prosjekt. Jo mer nøyaktig omgivelsene tallfestes, jo mer sannsynlig er det at ting vil utvikle seg annerledes. Det kan således synes som at det nødvendige valget for megaprosjekter er et kostnadsoverskridende prosjekt eller ingen prosjekt over hode. En aksept for dette innebærer at framtidige forsknings- og samfunnsspørsmål bør stilles på en måte som er mer relevant for dynamikken i megaprosjekter. Hvilken type kunnskap er nødvendig for styring og evaluering av prosjekter, og hvilken type kunnskap koster mer enn den gir fordeler? |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4299 |
Abstract: | Hva påvirker kvaliteten på saltfisk? Saltfiskens lukt, farge, konsistens og smak bestemmer kvaliteten. Dersom torsken blir dødsstiv samtidig med at saltet strømmer inn i fiskekjøttet, oppnår man et lavere vektutbytte, vann- og saltinnhold på sluttproduktet. Fisken bør derfor saltes etter dødsstivheten for å oppnå et høyt vektutbytte. Ønsker man å minimere proteintapet fra salteprosessen og få en høy lyshet på sluttproduktet, bør fisken derimot saltes før dødsstivheten inntrer. Økt kalsium- og magnesiuminnhold samt lav pH i saltet, gir et hvitere og mer fast ferdigprodukt samt et lavere proteintap fra prosessen. Torskefilet har et høyt innhold av flerumettede fettsyrer, og er derfor spesielt utsatt for harskning og fargeendringer ved salting. Det er påvist at torskens muskel-pH (surhet) etter slakting, har betydning for evnen til å motvirke misfarging av ferdigproduktet i nærvær av kopper. Lav muskel-pH ga større misfarging samt lavere vanninnhold i fullsaltet muskel enn høy muskel-pH før salting. Kopper og jern er metaller som naturlig forekommer i fiskekjøtt, salt og drikkevann. Kopper-ioner framskynder harskning i fullsaltet torsk og gir kraftigere gul misfarging av ferdigproduktet sammenlignet med jern. Enverdig kopper er mer harskningsfremmende enn toverdig kopper. For å unngå harskning, er det vanlig å bruke antioksidanter i framstillingsprosessen. Når mer enn 0.1% natriumaskorbat blir tilsatt saltlaken, forhindrer den kopper i å fremme harskning av torskemuskelen. Antioksidantene sitronsyre og EDTA ble også undersøkt, men kun ved lav konsentrasjon sammen med kopper i saltlaken. EDTA var en effektiv antioksidant, mens sitronsyre derimot fremmet harskning i fullsaltet torsk. Doktorgradsarbeidet ble finansiert av næringsmiddelprogrammet ved Norges forskningsråd i perioden 1997-2001. |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/1819 |
Abstract: | Omorganisering i oppdrettsnæringen har ført til større og mer mekaniserte anlegg med høy slaktekapasitet. I dag kontrolleres normalt restblod i fiskefilet ved visuell inspeksjon. Dette er arbeidskrevende og innebærer subjektive evalueringer som muliggjør høy grad av unøyaktighet. Fargen på fiskemuskelen er også et viktig kriterium når kunder vurderer kvalitet, og disse fargeforandringene skyldes ofte restblod. Oppgaven belyser, i første omgang, de ulike enhetsoperasjonene ved slakting av fisk og hvilke effekter de har på selve utblødningen. I tillegg belyser den muligheten for å bruke en objektiv og hurtig målemetode for restblod i fiskemuskel, som er basert på visuell- og nærinfrarød spektroskopi. Restblod fører til store økonomiske tap for fiskeindustrien som følge av nedklassifisering. Området er lite belyst, og denne oppgaven søker å bidra med ny kunnskap rundt hvilke faktorer som påvirker mengden restblod i fiskemuskel. En kjemisk målemetode ble brukt som referanse og sammenlignet opp mot dagens visuelle inspeksjon samt en visuell- og nærinfrarød (VIS/NIR) spektroskopi metode. Sistnevnte innebærer måling av absorbsjon/refleksjon av lys fra bl.a. fargepigmentet hemoglobin, og metoden benyttes allerede i annen næringsmiddelindustri. Oppgaven viser at mengden blod i fiskemuskel påvirkes av stress før slakting, avlivingsmetoder, kjøling og lagring. Spesielt ble det funnet at bedøving ved bruk av slag før bløgging er optimalt med hensyn til restblod. Bruk av karbondioksid anbefales derimot ikke. VIS/NIR metoden anbefales ikke brukt industrielt, men metoden kan forbedres og automatiseres. Det foreslås å anvende avbildende VIS/NIR spektroskopi for å vurdere restblod i fiskefilet, med spektra fra fiske hemoglobin som referanse. |
Description: | The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Olsen, S.H., Sørensen, N.K., Stormo, S.K. and Elvevoll, E.O.: 'Effect of slaughter methods on blood spotting and residual blood in fillets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)', Aquaculture (2006) 258, 462-469. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.047 2. Olsen, S.H., Sørensen, N.K., Larsen, R., Elvevoll, E.O. and Nilsen, H.: 'Impact of pre-slaughter stress on residual blood in fillet portions of farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) - Measured chemically and by Visible and Near-infrared spectroscopy', Aquaculture (2008) 284, 90-97. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.07.042 3. Olsen, S.H. and Elvevoll, E.O.: 'A pH induced shift in the haemoglobin spectra – A spectrophotometeric comparison of fish (Gadus morhua) and mammalian haemoglobin', Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry (2011) 59 (4), pp 1415–1422. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf1036273 |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3590 |
Abstract: | Hvordan forvaltes kystsonen? Denne avhandlingen søker å gi svar på dette spørsmålet ved å følge en kommunal kystsoneplanprosess. Case-området er Alta kommune. Avhandlingen studerer hvilke praksiser de kommunale planmyndighetene har satt i gang for å utarbeide en arealplan for sjøområdet. Hvordan har kommunen organisert planprosessen? Hvordan foretar planmyndighetene avveininger mellom ulike interesser? Men aller først, hvordan blir kystsonen mulig å forvalte? Den må først skapes som forvaltningsobjekt. Hva forvaltningsobjekter er, og hvordan de kommer til, er dermed utgangspunkt for denne avhandlingen. Samtidig blir beretningen om hvordan kystsonen konstitueres som et forvaltingsobjekt, også en beretning om hvordan natur gjøres regjerlig. En regjerlig natur er her forstått som en natur som er håndterlig for forvaltningsmyndighetene, og som forvaltningsmyndighetene kan ta avgjørelser på bakgrunn av. Denne avhandlingen tar for seg én bestemt type natur, nemlig kystsonen, her definert som det kystnære sjøarealet. Dette sjøområdet er det altså kommunene som utarbeider arealplaner for. Samtidig er det en rekke sektormyndigheter som har forvaltnings-ansvar for aktiviteter som foregår i kommunenes sjøareal. Avhandlingen viser at denne ansvarsfordelingen kan gi opphav til forhandlinger om hva som er de ulike forvaltnings-myndighetenes handlingsrom. Studien flytter fokuset fra arealplanen som styringsverktøy, til de praksisene som er nødvendige for å produsere dette verktøyet. Sentralt her står beskrivelser av kartlegginger, både av naturressurser og av mulige arealbruks¬konflikter. Etablering av arbeidsgrupper, og gjennomføring av folkemøter og offentlig ettersyn, er andre praksiser som bringer informasjon inn til planmyndighetene. Avhandlingen anvender et STS-perspektiv (Studies of science, technology and society), og undersøker forvaltnings¬praksiser, styringsteknikker og kunnskapstilgang i kommunal arealplanlegging. Ved hjelp av begrepene koordinasjon, distribusjon, og inklusjon diskuterer avhandlingen hvordan de ulike praksisene former forvaltningsobjektet underveis i planprosessen. Avhandlingen argumenterer for at selve prosessen med å etablere prosedyrer for hvordan arealplanleggingen skal foregå, er vel så viktig som styringsverktøy, som det arealplanen er. Gjennom gode prosesser kan man etablere prosedyrer for forhandlinger og konfliktløsning. Dermed argumenterer avhandlingen også for at kystsoneplanlegging er noe langt mer enn en enkel arealfordelingsprosess. Både kystsonen som forvaltningsobjekt og prosedyrene for å håndtere dette objektet, vokser fram gjennom en omfattende forhandlingsprosess. |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/6304 |
Abstract: | In Vietnam, as in many other countries, the fisheries sector plays an important role in securing food, providing livelihood, and promoting economic development. Vietnamese fisheries are characterized by open access, and the number of fishing vessels has increased tremendously over the past years while the harvest growth has slowed down. This seems to indicate that the fisheries have reached the limit on the growth, and that overfishing in near-shore waters may be imminent. Overfishing has become an important issue for governments and organizations in all coastal states in recent years. Sustainability is now stated as an overriding policy objective. The concept of sustainable development makes clear that environmental, economic and social goals must be met simultaneously. Hence, in the management process, both environmental well-being and human well-being must be taken into consideration. The central topic of this thesis is how and to what extent open-access fisheries may be consistent with or opposed to the goals of sustainable development. It is obvious that open-access fisheries may contradict the goal of environmental well-being. However, it is more unclear what an open-access regime does mean for the goal of human well-being. In the literature, it is generally assumed that the economic rent will disappear because of the common property problem. This thesis questions this assumption and takes a closer look at the processes of rent creation and distribution, and how these may affect environmental sustainability. The main concerns of the three papers are the following: Paper 1 examines if rent can be generated and distributed in open-access fisheries by looking at the way fishermen formulate remuneration contracts. This issue is also discussed in paper 2, but in light of how the fishermen link with downstream markets when fish is traded internationally. Here, the effects of different market structures are highlighted. Both papers 2 and 3 deal with the linkage between the fishermen and the resources, which is an important issue from the point of view of environmental sustainability The analytical framework applied in this thesis is presented in the model of the fishery system. This model emphasizes the relationship between the human system and the environment, and the complex interplay between the various components of the fishery system (resources, fishermen, community, market, and state). The theoretical models employed vary from general economic theories applicable to many different fields (principal-agent theory, expected utility theory, theories of market structures) to theories relating particularly to fisheries (the biological overfishing model, the backward bending supply curve in open-access fisheries. Various methodological techniques are also included (propensity score matching, autoregressive model, weight and constrained least square). In all three papers, theoretical discussions and empirical findings are combined. The data is from Vietnam – mainly related to the inshore anchovy purse seine fishery. In addition, data from the offshore yellow fin tuna longline fishery is used in order to compare how different the results are between offshore and inshore fisheries. This thesis shows that rent creation and distribution can be achieved in open-access fisheries, and that the existence of market power by middlemen to some extent can limit the overfishing problem. Hence, market power is not necessarily a failure. It also turns out that economic data might be applied to measure the problem of overfishing and the health situation of the resource if biological data is lacking. A more interdisciplinary approach, including behavior models and a holistic concept of the fishery system, could allow for an improvement of today's fisheries management. This thesis has particularly pointed out the importance of taking the fishermen's decision-making behavior into account. This is an issue which so far has not received much attention in the literature on fisheries management. |
Description: | The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Pham Thi Thanh Thuy, Ola Flaaten and Nguyen Thi Kim Anh: 'Remuneration Systems and Economic Performance: Theory and Vietnamese Small-scale Purse Seine Fisheries' Marine Resource Economics (2013), vol.28(1):19-41. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.5950/0738-1360-28.1.19 2. Pham Thi Thanh Thuy and Ola Flaaten: 'Middlemen: Good for Resources and Fishermen?' (manuscript) 3. Pham Thi Thanh Thuy and Ola Flaaten: 'The Backward-Bending Supply Curve in Fisheries – Revisited' (manuscript) |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/5176 |
Abstract: | This thesis illuminates several aspects of mate choice and sexual selection in a species with external fertilization and no parental care. At a general level we have contributed to the basic framework within evolutionary biology and ecology and at a more specific level, as the proximate mechanisms controlling the associations between immune response, parasite intensities and traits indicative of sperm quality are not straightforward, we examined the effect of increased immunological activity on sperm traits. Our results have established the significance of male social status, and in the two inter-disciplinary studies, showed that parasitized and infected males seem to invest more in sperm quality, less in ornamental development and adapt to sperm competition (i.e., subordinate mating tactic). Thus, as reproductive decisions in charr seem to be strongly influenced by parasites and antigens, host parasite co-evolution may have been a significant mechanism in the maintenance and evolution of both male sexual behaviour and ornamentation. |
Description: | Papers number 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the thesis are not available in Munin:
1. Figenschou, L., Folstad, I. & Liljedal, S.: «Lek fidelity of male Arctic charr», Canadian Journal of Zoology, 82(2004): 1278-1284 (National Research Council Canada - publisher's restrictions). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-106 3. Rudolfsen, G., Figenschou, L., Folstad, I., Tveiten, H. & Figenschou, M.: «Rapid adjustments of sperm characteristic in relation to social status», Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B-Biological Sciences, 273(2006): 325-332 (publisher's restrictions). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3305 4. Figenschou, L., Rudolfsen, G., & Folstad, I.: «Female Arctic charr do not show apparent benefits from exposing their eggs to sperm from dominant males», Journal of Fish Biology, 71(2007): 284–289 (Wiley - publisher's restrictions). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01477.x 5. Figenschou, L., Skau, P.A., Folstad, I., Rudolfsen, G., Hanssen, S.A., Kortet, R., Killie, J.E., Oskam, I. & Strand, H.: «Parasite intensities and male social status as modifiers of sperm production and sperm swimming speed in the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)» (manuscript) 6. Figenschou, L., Skau, P.A., Folstad, I., Rudolfsen, G., Hanssen, S.A., Kortet, R., Killie, J.E. & Strand, H.: «Immune activation leads to reproductive compensation in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)» (manuscript) |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2639 |
Abstract: | A crucial task in ecology is to quantify trade offs between competing demographic processes for experienced by individuals that inhabit unpredictable environments. Perhaps the most widely studied trade off is that between current reproduction and future survival ('the cost of reproduction'). While experimental studies have been widely used to quantify life history strategies in birds, virtually no experimental studies have been carried out on large and free ranging mammals. This thesis quantifies how female reindeer Rangifer tarandus subject to variability in food availability, trade their resources between reproduction and body mass to ensure own survival. By combining two experiments, one observational study and one theoretical model, this thesis show that: (1) Individuals subject to reduced food availability in one winter feeding promptly reduced their reproductive allocation the following summer to increased their autumn body mass. On the other hand, short-term improved conditions did not result in increased reproductive allocation. (2) Long-term improved winter feeding conditions did, however, result in increased reproductive allocation. (3) Reproduction was costly, especially for smaller females, as occasional harsh winters and high population density resulted in reduced reproduction and lowered female body mass. Moreover, a successfully reproducing female produced a smaller offspring in the coming year relative to a barren one. Reindeer also differ in their intrinsic quality as successfully reproducing females' showed an increased probability of reproducing also in the following year. (4) In harsh and unpredictable winter conditions, the optimal reproductive strategy involved a low reproductive allocation per unit female spring body mass. Under such conditions females increased their autumn body mass to enhance their own survival. Conversely, the optimal reproductive strategy in benign and predictable conditions involved a higher reproductive allocation. (5) Reproductive strategies and environmental conditions had significant effects on population dynamics. Female reindeer do not to jeopardize their own survival and adjust their reproductive allocation in order to buffer periods of low food availability in a risk sensitive manner. |
Description: | Papers number 1 and 2 of the thesis are not available in Munin, due to publishers' restrictions:
1. Bårdsen, B.-J., P. Fauchald, T. Tveraa, K. Langeland, N. G. Yoccoz, and R. A. Ims: "Experimental evidence for a risk sensitive reproductive allocation in a long-lived mammal", Ecology (2008)89:829-837 (Ecological Society of America). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-0414.1 2. Bårdsen, B.-J., P. Fauchald, T. Tveraa, K. Langeland, and M. Nieminen: "Experimental evidence of cost of lactation in a low risk environment for a long-lived mammal", Oikos (2009)118:837-852. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17414.x |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/2807 |
Abstract: | The main objective of this study was to increase our knowledge about the ecology of scavenging amphipods, particularly amphipods within the genera Onisimus and Anonyx. Specifically, the emphasis was to increase the knowledge of ice-associated (sympagic) Onisimus-species, but as these species are rather inaccessible, an approach using benthic congeners as proxies was chosen. By studying the shallow-water scavenging amphipods, a high temporal resolution in sampling could be achieved, resulting in detailed descriptions of life cycles and reproduction parameters of Onisimus caricus and O. litoralis. As seasonal studies on the amphipod scavenging guilds in the Arctic are rare, this study also includes a description of the seasonal variations in the amphipod scavenging guild in two fjords in Svalbard, Norway. Feeding strategies of the scavenging amphipods were studied using fatty acid composition and stable isotopes. Extrapolating the knowledge gained on benthic Onisimus-species to sympagic congeners showed that O. nanseni likely follows a similar life strategy as O. litoralis, being an income breeder. Additionally, the extended parental care by investing in a "start pack" of energy to the offspring is likely similar in these two species. Further, it could be hypothesized that O. nanseni and O. glacialis need a higher reproductive output in order to compensate for the high variation in the extent and loss of their sea ice habitat. However, further studies are needed to confirm this. A first step would be to obtain good winter samples, containing ovigerous females of O. nanseni and O. glacialis, that could give information on reproduction parameters and thus illuminate their life strategies and adaptations towards the sea ice habitat. |
Description: | The papers of the thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Henrik Nygård, Mikko Vihtakari and Jørgen Berge:'Life history of Onisimus caricus (Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea) in a high Arctic fjord', Aquatic Biology (2009) 5:63-74. (Publisher's restriction). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ab00142 2. Henrik Nygård, Jago Wallenschus, Lionel Camus, Øystein Varpe and Jørgen Berge:'Annual routines and life history of the amphipod Onisimus litoralis: seasonal growth, body composition and energy budget',Marine Ecology Progress Series (2010) 417:115-126. (Publisher's restriction) Available at http//dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps08798 3. Marek Zajączkowski, Henrik Nygård, Else Nøst Hegseth and Jørgen Berge:'Vertical flux of particulate matter in an Arctic fjord: the case of lack of the sea-ice cover in Adventfjorden 2006-2007',Polar Biology (2010), 33:223-239. (Publisher's restriction). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-009-0699-x 4. Henrik Nygård, Jørgen Berge, Janne E. Søreide, Mikko Vihtakari and Stig Falk-Petersen:'The amphipod scavenging guild in two Arctic fjords: seasonal variations, abundance and trophic interactions' (manuscript). 5. Henrik Nygård, Jørgen Berge, Bjørn Gulliksen and Lionel Camus:'The occurrence of Eualus gaimardii gibba Krøyer 1841 (Crustacea, Decapoda) in the sympagic habitat: an example of bentho-sympagic coupling', Polar Biology (2007) 30:1351-1354. (Publisher's restriction). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-007-0302-2 |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3382 |
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Director Venkat Prabhu is quite over the moon.
His film Mankatha won quite a few awards at a recently-concluded ceremony in Singapore and he took to his microblogging site to show his happiness and gratitude. The director was ecstatic that his film won top honours in the international awards ceremony and took to thanking his team, especially his lead actor Ajith online for the accolades that the film has fetched him.
The director, who first wrote, "Mankatha dominates!!! Best film, best director, best cinematographer, best supporting actor, best female singer!!!", later took to congratulating his good friend STR for winning the top honours as far as acting was concerned. Kollywood surely is one happy family, eh?
Stay updated on the go with Times of India News App. Click here to download it for your device.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Latest News
January 15, 2013
Certain RNDT personnel have been certified to the coveted European Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23 EC. This credential permits RNDT personnel to provide NDT services to clients that are manufacturing pressure equipment in accordance with the PED. RNDT is one of the few NDT providers in the USA that have been able to obtain this credential.


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Marlow-Mainship 32 debuts with Yanmar diesel engines
Posted onThe Marlow-Mainship 32, the first launch since Marlow acquired the Mainship molds and rights in 2012, is being powered with Yanmar diesel engines.
Many Mainships traditionally were powered by Yanmar, and the companies announced that Marlow-Hunter will work exclusively with Yanmar.
The Marlow-Mainship 32 has twin Yanmar 4JH4-TCE 75 mph sail drives as a standard power choice. Options include a single 220-mph Yanmar 6BY3 inboard or the 260 mph Yanmar 6BY3 as an upgrade.
"The saildrives offer fantastic fuel efficiency while still maintaining control and maneuverability," Marlow-Hunter president John Peterson said in a statement. "The singles deliver more speed, but remain fuel-efficient. With either choice, maintenance and service are readily available through Yanmar distributors and dealers located worldwide."
The 32 has earned CE Offshore Ocean Class A designation.
The next model, the Marlow-Mainship 37, will debut at the 2014 Miami International Boat Show. Power choices will include twin 220-mhp Yanmar 6BY3 diesel engines or a single Yanmar 320-mhp 8LV.
"In the next 12 to 18 months, Mainship's product line will increase to four boats," Peterson said. "We'll also continue to offer new sailing products, like the new Marlow Hunter 37 with Yanmar engines."
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In lieu of usual Friday number/quote/image-of-the-week post, here is a multimedia report from our West Africa correspondent Matthew Green. Navigate the labyrinthine channels of Nigeria's oil-rich delta and watch video reports as Matthew investigates the conflicts caused by oil production in the region.
© The Financial Times Ltd 2015 FT and 'Financial Times' are trademarks of The Financial Times Ltd.


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This Mexican & International Law firm is comprised of corporate lawyers experts in designing and implementing legal structures. Our attorneys are thus in a position to give practical and efficient responses to our clients' problems and questions.
Ernesto Velarde- Danache, Inc. provides legal counsel on matters including:
Company Formation
In order to establish a Mexican Company our attorneys must obtain a denomination permit from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores); in order to file for this permit, it is recommended for you to provide us with at least three (3) options for the corporate name of the Company.
Our attorneys are experts in the drafting and formalization of Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws; the latter done through our in-house Mexican Notary Public. It is necessary to select between the standard corporate form (S.A. de C.V.) and a limited liability company (S. de R.L. de C.V.) which are the two common legal forms adopted, needing by law at least two shareholders or partners, which can be persons or entities. Likewise, it is necessary for the company to decide what type of administration it will have, i.e administration through a board or by a sole individual.
Once the By-Laws are approved by our client, they must be formalized before a Mexican Notary Public; thereafter, recorded before the local Public Registry of Commerce.
We also provide the service of preparing and issuing stock certificates or social parts certificates as the case may be.
Corporate Minutes
Our lawyers will also prepare the corporate ledgers of the company, to record the minutes of the S.A. de C.V. "Corporation", increase and reduction of capital minutes book, shareholders registry minutes book, shareholders meetings minutes book and meetings of the board of directors minutes book (In the event of having a board of directors) or of an S. de R.L. de C.V. "Limited Liability Company", increase and reduction of capital minutes book, partners registry minutes book, partners meetings minutes book and meetings of the board of managers minutes book (In the event of having a board of managers).
Foreign Investments
At Errnesto Velarde-Danache, Inc., our corporate law practice includes services such as corporate and business planning as well as corporate restructuring, designing legal structures to implement corporate governance policies, and dealing with legal representation and granting/revoking powers of attorney in general.
Our firm has a broad client base which includes various types of private companies and individual investors involved in commercial activities, real estate businesses, manufacturing, pharmaceutical and financial operations, as well as several other industries. Our close client relationships enable us to understand their businesses and advise them on their daily needs. Our attorneys are thus in a position to give practical and efficient responses to our clients' problems and questions.
We also provide to our clients legal advice on:
- Registry of ownership of stock by a foreigner in a Mexican Corporation or Limited Liability Company.
By law, there is a requirement to file for registry with the National Registry of Foreign Investment (the "Registry"), by all corporations or limited liability companies that have one or more foreign owner (at the time of incorporation or at any subsequent moment in which the company resolves to allow foreign investment). Also, whenever there is a change to the information provided to the Registry, it is also to be notified to the registry within certain time periods. These companies are to also annually report certain accounting information that shows the annual financial result of its activities.
Ownership Of Stock In a Mexican Corporation Via The Mexican Stock Exchange.
The Mexican stock exchange offers stock for sale to all buyers. However, foreign nationals cannot normally own more than that percentage permitted by the Foreign Investment Law. In order to resolve this problem, some Mexican companies have created the "N" stock or neutral stock, which foreigners may own even if that places the percentage of foreign ownership over the permitted limit. The "N" stock has no voting rights.
Real Estate Ownership By Foreigners Through Trust (Fideicomisos) Agreements.
Foreign individuals or companies (that do not wish to incorporate in Mexico) that desire to purchase real estate property in Mexico can do so. In order to attract foreign investments the Mexican law implemented what is known as Trust Agreements "fideicomisos". This is basically a legal way of allowing foreign individuals to buy real estate property within the restricted zone through the use of a real estate trust agreement which is managed by a Mexican bank. The bank legally owns the property but it is fully controlled by the foreign investor whom has full authority over anything dealing with the real estate property.
In addition with the above, Mexican companies, even those that have up to 100% of foreign participation in their capital can purchase real estate property, even in the border or coast lines without the need of perfecting a Trust Agreement "Fideicomiso" provided the property will be used for commercial or industrial activities.
Commercial Transactions
For more than twenty five years, this Mexican and International Law Firm has been helping businesses successfully bid on, and fulfill, both private and government contracts. If you are a developer, construction professional, contractor, or other service provider involved in fulfilling a contract, we can help you avoid the legal problems which frequently arise.
At Ernesto Velarde-Danache, Inc., we work directly with our clients throughout the entire process because we feel this is the best way to gain an in-depth understanding of their concerns, goals, and legal needs. Furthermore, when a litigation matter requires additional expertise, we can use our vast network of resources to call upon both professional consultants and specialists to help us prepare a winning case for trial.
Our business law experience and diligence will give you the necessary legal foundation upon which your business can rely and may save your company money further down the road.
We also provide to our clients legal advice on:
- Purchase and Sale Agreements
- Mergers and Acquisitions
- Finance and Commercial Lending
- Franchise Purchases
- Licensing Agreements
- Business Investments and Opportunities
- Lease Review and Other Leasing Matters
- Promissory Notes & Guarantees
- Service Supply Agreements
- Shareholder Agreements
- Operating Agreements
International Banking and Finance Law
At Ernesto Velarde Danache, Inc., our attorneys have the experience in order to offer legal advice in all aspects of the financial system, including banking law and securities law.
We are recognized by our experience advising in all kinds of financing, including banking and securities. Our services include legal counsel and assistance in preparing documents on the structuring and restructuring of domestic and international syndicated loans, credit operations with special guarantees, guaranty trusts, bridge loans, letters of credit, bank backing, title retention and others.
Working with our corporate practice group, this Mexican & International Law Firm has counseled and represented a variety of financial groups and intermediaries in their corporate and financial matters.
Our banking area provides counsel on a full range of banking services, from domestic and international lending to a variety of borrowers and securities over a wide range of assets.
We have a team of attorneys experienced in banking and finance, leasing, currency exchanges, customs warehouses, financial factoring and insurance and bonding. We have experience in proceedings with the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit, and all other competent authorities.
Confidentiality Agreements
At Ernesto Velarde Danache, Inc., our corporate practice group has the experience in preparing, negotiating and executing any kind of confidentiality agreements.
This Mexican & International Law Firm has counseled and represented a variety of international businesses as well as national and international developers and contractors in the negotiation and execution of confidentiality agreements in order to protect confidential information.
We also provide to our clients legal advice on:
- Preparing, negotiating and executing Confidentiality Agreements
- Preparing, negotiating and executing Professional Confidentiality Agreements
- Preparing, negotiating and executing Mutual Non-Disclosure Agreements
- Preparing, negotiating and executing Employee Non- Disclosure Agreements
Non-Competition and Trade Secrets Agreements
At Ernesto Velarde - Danache, Inc., our corporate law practice includes services such as protection of key assets, prepare, negotiate and execute non-competition agreements.We are focused on explaining to our clients the importance of protecting their intellectual property and their company from defecting key team members.
Our lawyers have extensive experience litigating non-competition and trade secrets-confidential information cases, in many industries such as: communications, staffing, professional services, and other industries. Our lawyers also regularly counsel clients about drafting executive compensation agreements and purchase agreements.
We cover competition, solicitation, confidentiality, intellectual property and similar obligations in order to prevent the misappropriation of sensitive information for financial gain.
We also provide to our clients legal advice on:
- Drafting protective documentation, including patent assignment and confidentiality agreements.
- Advising about antitrust aspects of non-competition agreements and other restrictive covenants, including non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements as part of licensing arrangements.
- Drafting non-competition agreements and litigating claims concerning them with respect to employees, buyers and sellers of businesses, joint ventures, partners, and franchisees
- Advising and litigating claims concerning usurpation of business opportunities.


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1boxman (09-06-2013)
1boxman (09-06-2013)
Has anyone in Canada received a registered letter toy our knowledge?
bully76 (10-02-2013),sheetmetal (10-03-2013)
dtv came after Canadians for theft of there signal
you can bet your ass they will come after Canadian end users just a matter of time
if you got something out of some ones post please hit the thanks button some times its better then getting paid
bully76 (10-03-2013),sheetmetal (10-07-2013),The Noof (10-03-2013)
Has any one recived a certified mail , letter . Sender name KUSD , i just recived today is the letter have to be a register letter or i could be certified, i nead to pick this at the postal service now i don't now what is this letter ! Should i recived this or just let them send it back!
may as well pick it up, ignoring it will not make the problem go away and for those that already did well it really just made the financial problem worse
OMG I bought a Sat Dud system !
The Noof (10-03-2013)
What is the different in a certified mail and a register mail letter?
Only way to find out from whom it is is to go and pick it up
I did some search on those 4 letters and maybe its from a K--------- Unified School District
if you have any association of some sort or can maybe be a US secure payment company maybe even KUSD Blogs..
that we dont need to know maybe you know and you dont need to post anything info on here thats your private matters
but if you go and pick and is of nothing of major down fall then u can just post say it was money refund from 5 years ago.. lol
Man i went to pick it up and was from my daughter school ! Man i think a **** in my pants , thanks for you're help !
The Noof (10-04-2013)
Seems like people who ignored the letter got taken to the cleaners and some settled before going to court, but it doesn't seem like anyone has managed to settle for a lower amount than that was demanded.
sheetmetal (10-27-2013)


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That doesn't happen to me there, but it does happen when i am in the middle of quests. Have you tried reinstalling shockwave?
ok i havent tried that yet
but i will now thx for the edvice!
i will come back and tell you if it works or not
ok i am reinstalling it right now, i will be in the chat room and if you see shadesofgreen96 then tell her to meet me there
vmk is opening in a half an hour for me so i will be there in a while if it works
For me VMK takes 15~20 minutes to get totally started. If I try at exatly 10:00 I might crash or have a blank friends list (returns to normal once game is fully uploaded).
Where did I go?
it did not work!
but it keeps on saying that it has crashed!


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A ProMash Brewing Session Report -------------------------------- Recipe: Alan's Special Bitter Recipe Specifics ---------------- Batch Size (Gal): 5.25 Wort Size (Gal): 5.25 Total Grain (Lbs): 8.25 Anticipated OG: 1.044 Plato: 11.04 Anticipated SRM: 8.3 Anticipated IBU: 40.3 Brewhouse Efficiency: 75 % Wort Boil Time: 60 Minutes Actual OG: 1.044 Plato: 11.06 Actual FG: 1.008 Plato: 2.05 Alc by Weight: 3.76 by Volume: 4.79 From Measured Gravities. ADF: 81.5 RDF 67.5 Apparent & Real Degree of Fermentation. Actual Mash System Efficiency: 81 % Anticipated Points From Mash: 44.36 Actual Points From Mash: 47.89 Grain/Extract/Sugar % Amount Name Origin Potential SRM ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90.9 7.50 lbs. Maris Otter Great Britain 1.038 3 9.1 0.75 lbs. Crystal 55L Great Britian 1.034 55 Potential represented as SG per pound per gallon. Hops Amount Name Form Alpha IBU Boil Time ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.00 oz. New Zealand Hallertauer Whole 8.60 36.7 60 min. 0.50 oz. Willamette Whole 5.00 3.6 20 min. 0.50 oz. Willamette Whole 5.00 0.0 0 min. Yeast ----- White Labs WLP002 English Ale Mash Schedule ------------- Mash Type: Single Step Heat Type: Infusion Grain Lbs: 8.25 Water Qts: 8.25 - Before Additional Infusions Water Gal: 2.06 - Before Additional Infusions Qts Water Per Lbs Grain: 1.00 - Before Additional Infusions Saccharification Rest Temp: 152 Time: 60 Mash-out Rest Temp: 168 Time: 10 Sparge Temp: 168 Time: 60 Runnings Stopped At: 1.010 SG 2.56 Plato All temperature measurements are degrees Fahrenheit. Kegged straight from primary. No forced carbonation or priming sugar. Ready to drink after 3 weeks at 4 PSI and 57F. Compares very favorably with the Special Bitters served on draft in English pubs.
Englishman living in the States? me too. Nice receipe. Im still trying to create a nice beer that reminds me of the Motherland.
What makes you think I am English? The recipe was designed during the great hop shortage when you couldn't get EKG. I still make it several times each year, but substitute Northern Brewer for the bittering hops, and EKG for the flavor and aroma hops. If it weren't for home-brewing, I don't think I would enjoy the US so much, as I like my daily pint (or two) and it would be a pain to have to go back to England, just to satisfy my cravings. -a.
There are only 10 types of people in this world. Those that understand binary, and those that don't.
Yeah long way to go for a pint. Funny thing is, I didn't get into brewing until a couple of years ago and I didn't even think about a good ol pint of bitter, before. until the brewing thing came along, now all I think about is English ales and how I can make them. Sent from my iPhone using Home Brew


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SPIE Photonics West 2014—Attend the largest and most influential event for the laser and photonics community in North America: 20,000 attendees, two exhibitions, 1,300 exhibiting companies, a wide range of papers on biomedical optics, biophotonics, translational research, industrial lasers, optoelectronics, microfabrication, optical MEMS, and more.
Register today at the website >>
The Ignite conference is an intensive, three-day event. Participants spend one day in the field at leading start-ups and venture capital firms, followed by two-days of workshop sessions.
Participants learn from leading entrepreneurs, both on-site, and in daily workshops. The event runs Thursday, March 6-Saturday, March 8.
We are excited to announce a new resource: our updated website!
Steven C. Currall, dean of the UC Davis Graduate School of Management, writes an op-ed calling for more women at the highest leadership levels in U.S. corporations, citing findings from the school's most recent Study of California Women Business Leaders released earlier this month.
In this article about the legal troubles of Anadarko Petroleum Corp., Amy Myers Jaffe, executive director of energy and sustainability at UC Davis, says that the company is now a more likely target for a takeover.
The article cites Professor Brad Barber's 2001 research "Boys Will Be Boys: Gender, Overconfidence and Common Stock Investment." The research shows evidence that men are more prone to overconfidence than women when making investment decisions.
Click a term to refine your current search.
UPDATE: Andrew Barkett is leaving his post as senior engineer at Facebook to bring his decade of experience in Silicon Valley to become the first-ever chief technology officer for the Republican National Committee.The June 4 announcement has stirred a whirlwind of media coverage, including the Huffington Post and Washington Post.Bark
Agilent Technologies' Electronic Measurement Group is a $3.6 billion business that over the past decade has seen a dramatic shift in its customer base from U.S., and Western European customers to predominantly Asia-based customers. Today, the majority of the division's revenues are generated outside of the U.S., with an increasing concentration in China.
(Davis, CA) — The UC Davis Graduate School of Management's full-time MBA program has been ranked among the top six percent of AACSB International-accredited programs nationwide, according to U.S. News & World Report's latest graduate business school rankings released today.
The secret of Midtown Sacramento's Facebook gaming mogul Mark Otero's success is taking things to the extreme.


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Section 6(1) of the CST Act provides that subject to the other provisions contained in this Act, every dealer shall, with effect from such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint, not being earlier than thirty days from the date of such notification, be liable to pay tax under this Act on all sales of goods other than electrical energy effected by him in the course of interstate trade or commerce during any year on and from the date so notified.
However, a dealer shall not be liable to pay tax under this Act on any sale of goods which, in accordance with the provisions of section 5(3), is a sale in the course of export of those goods out of the territory of India.
Analysis of Section 6(1) :
Section 6(1) is the charging Section. It reveals the following ingredients :
(a) The taxability under this Section is subject to other provisions of the Act.
(b) A sale under this Section shall be taxed only if it comes within the scope of section 3 of the Act, to be determined as Interstate Sale.
(c) An assessee, to become liable to pay tax, should be dealer within the meaning of section 2(b) of the Act.
(d) The liability to tax shall arise in respect of all goods, except electrical energy.
(e) The penultimate sales in the course of export of goods outside the territory of India are exempt from tax liability.
Section 6(1A) provides that a dealer shall be liable to pay tax under the CST Act on sale of any goods effected in the course of interstate trade or commerce notwithstanding that no tax would have been leviable under the Local Sales Tax Act of the appropriate state if such sale had taken place inside that State.
Thus, the absence of levy in intra state sales has no bearing on the levy in respect of interstate sale


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Now I think I see the real issue thats causing the add/drop problem.
Yahoo isnt saving my roster changes.
When I move a player to the DL, it doesnt show up for tomorrows lineup. No matter what I do, the player keeps appearing on my bench for tomorrow rather than in a DL slot.
EDIT - had to manually move the player onto my DL for every day of the week, then I was able to get the claim to submit.


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05 August 2013
|Dear valued visitors, We try to find the Khmer Karaoke which produce by Sunday Karaoke Production to post them in this website, because we have many visitors over the world request us to post more Khmer Karaoke on our site.
Well, we would like to thank to visitors who support us for taking their times to write the comments to us to tell about problem of this website. We want to say that, please feel free to tell us if you want to request Khmer Karaoke. You can post it in the forum. This album has 10 Songs.01. Boom - Sereymun
02. Srey Kboth Chit Hea - Veasna
03. Komdor Bong Trim Cheat Nis - Angie
04. Aob Oun Mdorng Teat Ban Te? - Kola
05. Sopheap Pek Ke Tha Lngung - Many
06. Songsa Kjum Som Tov Churb Songsa Chas - Angie
07. Dai Sdam Aob Oun Dai Chhveng Churt Tik Phnek Klurn Eng - Veasna
08. Kom Bors Bong Ke Prus Te Oun - Angie
09. Het Avey Tort Bong Chaol? - Veasna
10. Bong Chea Songsa Oun Chos Oun Chea Songsa Nak Na? - Many


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Below you will find all of our competitively priced new 2014 -2015 Buick, Chevrolet, GMC, and Hyundai cars. With a wide selection of new cars, hybrid cars and electric vehicles to choose from, we are confident that you will find a vehicle that fits your lifestyle. As a major destination for a new Enclave, LaCrosse, Silverado 1500, Equinox, Cruze, Acadia, Sonata, Elantra and many other Buick, Chevrolet, GMC, and Hyundai vehicles in Chicago, we are ready to assist you in any way that we can. Use our Power Search tool above to filter by make, model, year and body style, or call us to speak to a member of our knowledgeable sales team. If you cannot find a particular Buick, Chevrolet, GMC, or Hyundai vehicle, please try our CarFinder tool and we'll locate it for you!
*Pricing of some vehicles on this web site may not include accessories or options that may have been installed at Rogers Auto Group in Chicago. Prices may change without notice. Pricing may also include current promotions, incentives, and bonus cash. Due to updated incentives or possible pricing errors, please confirm vehicle price and availability with Rogers Auto Group. Price does not include tax, documentary fee, title or license fees but may include all rebates. See us for details.
Our Goal is to offer the lowest prices for New Cars in Chicago. Rogers Auto Group will beat any legitimate competing dealer's price on any new vehicle we carry. Must have a written bill of sale with dealer logo, signature and miles. Must be same vehicle with same equipment, miles and must be in competing dealer's stock. Corvettes excluded. All of our prices include Destination & Delivery (Freight).
Want to learn more about a particular vehicle? Check out our Vehicle Showroom, allowing you to configure your own car, truck, minivan or SUV while also learning the technical specifications and available features for each model.
Now that you have browsed Rogers Auto Group's inventory of new 2014 and 2015 Buick, Chevrolet, GMC, and Hyundai models, please take a minute to view our comprehensive inventory of used cars in Chicago. Every pre-owned vehicle that comes to our Chicago dealership undergoes a detailed inspection to ensure the quality of our Chicago used cars. Come visit us from Oak Lawn, Glenview and Elmhurst at 2720 S Michigan Ave and see for yourself!


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found a new home!
Plenty of my friends are looking
for one too. Find a pet to adopt.
Find a pet to adopt |
My name is Alice!
Facts about Alice
- Breed: Domestic Longhair
- Color: Black & White Or Tuxedo
- Age: Adult
- Sex: Female
- Hair: Long
Alice's Info...
I am already spayed, a special needs pet, and up to date with shots.
Alice is my name. I'm a charming long-haired tuxedo female with big round eyes. I am overflowing with love, and can't get enough petting and attention. I would be more than happy to sit on your lap for hours. I tested positive for FeLeuk, so I can go to a home with other cats like me, or I can be your one and only. I am a very healthy and vibrant cat, please don't let a test change your mind about me. To adopt a cat or kitten from Angelcat Haven, you must submit an application. Adoption applications can be found at www.angelcathaven.com Completed applications can be e-mailed to firstname.lastname@example.com or faxed to 508-643-1999.
Other Pets at Angelcat Haven
Why Adoption is a Great Option
Alice, a Plainville Domestic Longhair cat was adopted! Here's how you can benefit by looking at adoption as an option to buying a Domestic Longhair for sale in Plainville, or seeking a Domestic Longhair cat from a breeder in Plainville.
- Rescues and shelter volunteers in Plainville already know the personality and tendencies of their pets. This means they can match you with the right pet. That will makes it much easier transition to owning a pet for yourself and your new pet.
- On average adoption fees are much less than you'd pay a Plainville breeder, or pet store. Plus most often rescue pets have already been to the veterinarian for a check-up, had a round of vaccinations, and are spayed or neutered. That is a lot of savings!
- You will become a hero, and give a needy dog or cat a loving home. In fact, there are even Domestic Longhair breeders who help with Domestic Longhair rescue. One puppy or kitten adopted in Plainville paves the way for another one to be saved.