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PROVIDENCE –– For 10 weeks this spring, high school senior Bryan Norato spent Mondays and Wednesdays after school honing his debate skills in a class taught by a Brown University student mentor.
In return, Bryan earned a half-credit toward graduation, and the organization that arranges extracurricular courses for teens, the Providence After School Alliance, awarded him the latest in 21st-century learning credentials: a "digital badge" of achievement.
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The virtual badge appears on Bryan's personal webpage as a teal-colored square with a white mortar board in the center. Anyone can access the public portion of his webpage and click on the icon to review the requirements he met to earn the debate badge. They include proper attendance, required weekly blog posts about what he was learning and an oral presentation before a panel of teachers and community members.
The concept of merit badges has been around for about as long as Boy and Girl Scouts have donned sashes. But the virtual badges that Bryan and some 50 other Providence high school students are earning this spring are emblematic of how technology is redefining the way learning is recognized –– and marketed –– in the digital age.
The Providence After School Alliance (PASA) is at the forefront of the high school badge trend. (The University of Rhode Island and Providence College are using digital badges to recognize students who make the dean's list or attain similar achievements, and two dozen other colleges and universities, including Harvard and MIT, are now also using digital merit awards to acknowledge those who pass online courses.
The alliance, in partnership with the Providence school department, administers extracurricular programs taught by such organizations as Save the Bay, CVS, college mentors and social service groups. Students can earn elective school credit by choosing one or more of a dozen classes ranging from designing their own Android mobile applications and writing business plans to pitch to investors, to studying aeronautic engineering, photography, film or debate.
Last year, PASA was among the first of its kind in the country to win a MacArthur Foundation grant (worth $75,000) to implement a digital badge system to recognize non-traditional ways of learning.
The foundation, in partnership with the software maker Mozilla (creator of the free web browser Firefox) held a grant competition challenging applicants to propose ways that digital badges could be used as educational incentives; particularly since with advances in technology so much learning now happens outside of traditional classrooms.
Because anyone of any age can, for example, learn to speak a language, write computer code or tackle physics through online courses, the foundation and Mozilla contend that traditional measures of achievement such as high school diplomas and college degrees no longer adequately convey the full range of knowledge and skill studens and workers can master.
PASA was one of 30 grant winners. Other winners offering proposals on how to reward learning through digital badges included NASA's robotics and science team, The Young Adult Library Services Association and The Disney-Pixar Wilderness Explorers, which will grant badges for wildlife understanding.
"We believe digital badges have the power to unlock the full educational potential of the web," said Mark Surman, executive director of Mozilla, in announcing the grant winners last year. "Our goal is to provide a free and open infrastructure that today's award winners, and any organization or learning community in the world, can use to easily issue and share badges across the web."
To support the creation of a "badge ecosystem," Mozilla developed a free web platform that offers a place where badge earners can collect and display their awards in their own "digital badge backpack."
On a recent Thursday afternoon, Bryan joined two dozen other students in the computer lab at the Juanita Sanchez Educational Complex, in Providence, for a low-key yet high-tech awarding of digital badges.
Alliance program coordinators arrived with T-shirts, apples, snacks and a tray of beans and rice.
"Today is about celebrating your work," said Lisa Sampson, one of PASA's coordinators. (The pilot program began in two of the city's eight high schools but is expected to expand to four high schools next year, provided PASA receives other grants.)
Three weeks earlier, during "Demo Day," the students had to demonstrate before teachers, community representatives and peers what they had learned during their 10-week course.
Michael Braithwaite, who wrote PASA's proposal for the MacArthur grant, says verifying the student work is more thorough and credible than most achievements noted on a résumé.
"If résumés are claims, badges are proof of the claims," she says.
A résumé might show, for instance, that a student took a photography class as an elective, but it probably doesn't show what level of work that student performed, she says. "With badges you can click on that photography badge, see a portfolio of the pictures they took, you can see what they said about what they were learning, and you can see the standards and requirements they actually had to meet to get the credit."
In comparison with Demo Day, the Thursday badge awards ceremony seemed anti-climatic –– the technological equivalent of flipping a mortar board tassel from one side to the other.
When the moment of truth came, each student, stationed at a computer, took the mouse in hand and with a simple click moved the badge icon that had appeared on his or her Mozilla-sponsored webpage to the far right of the screen –– into the "digital badge backpack." There the badges appeared in a vertical display.
Bryan's blue debate badge joined the yellow badge he also earned this spring for photography and three orange badges he earned in 2012 for game design, art and design lab, and an earlier debate class.
"They're pretty cool," Bryan, 17, said of his badges. "I plan to show them off [on his Facebook and other social media pages] and hopefully use them to get into a better college for my photography interest."
Bryan hopes to attend URI in the fall then eventually transfer to the Rhode Island School of Design. His badges will be his "proof of achievement" that, he says, will allow him to stand out in the crowd of applicants.
While the badges earned are for electives and not core educational classes, they can be currency in the eyes of college admissions officers.
Steven J. Maurano, a spokesman for Providence College, suggested in an e-mail that students "who earn these kinds of badges might want to share this information in the extracurricular/accomplishments section of their admission application. Sharing this activity in this section supports our holistic application review philosophy and contributes to our message about our interest in learning about students' achievements beyond academics to provide a sense of skills and experiences they can bring to the PC community."
Similarly, officials at URI and Rhode Island College said digital badges could help applicants promote their achievements.
"Clearly it can help a student with their college enrollment, particularly if they are looking for an essay topic," said Holly Shadoian, assistant vice president for academic affairs at Rhode Island College.
Too often college essays can be predictable, describing students' community service or after-school jobs. "A college essay would be an ideal place where a student could explain how they earned a digital badge" and demonstrate "a different type of learning."
As for borderline college applicants, Shadoian said showing that they earned digital badges in practical skills, such as critical thinking and communication, "could give them a competitive edge" over others.
PASA's executive director, Hillary Salmons, says digital badges have been used for years in the gaming world to reward players who reach new levels of play, and in Silicon Valley tech companies to reward workers who develop new computer programs or skills.
She predicts that as the "badge economy" becomes better understood in other business and academic circles, these virtual tokens of achievement and learning will proliferate.
"I actually think that in the future these alternative credentials are going to be valid in the workplace because, quite frankly, our economy is so entrepreneurially based and so quickly shifting," she says.
Technology is changing so fast, she says, that colleges can't build traditional curriculums fast enough to teach it before it becomes old.
The "stuff that you can learn online and learn in multiple [non-traditional] places may be a faster way for you to stay on top of current knowledge and skills," says Salmons.
And the recognition you get for that learning, Salmons says, may likely be a digital badge you post to your online résumé.


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Welcome to all new members!
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When it comes to your health, remember: "Today Decides Tomorrow!"
Scriptsense is committed to assisting all participants in achieving and maintaining good health. This process begins with the development of knowledge about health and disease conditions you may have. The more you know about your condition(s), the better prepared you will be to take care of yourself appropriately.
To assist participants in learning about diseases, Scriptsense has identified several websites that provide educational information about disease states. To access these sites select the disease from the drop-down menu below.
When you select a site you will leave the Scriptsense website. Scriptsense and its subsidiary companies and affiliates are not responsible nor liable for the accuracy, content, or privacy practices of the websites. Scriptsense assumes no responsibility for any circumstances arising from the use, misuse, application or interpretation of any material, information, or products provided on these websites.


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Ubi: Beyond Good & Evil 2 More "Casual"
Ubisoft plans to make the sequel to Beyond Good & Evil more "accessible" than its predecessor, in order to avoid the commercial shortcomings endured by the original.
2003's Beyond Good & Evil garnered strong critical reception and found a loyal fanbase made up of core gamers, but it didn't exactly light up the sales charts.
Ubisoft chief exec Yves Guillemot told Next-Gen at its Ubidays event in Paris that this time around, the company will try to leave little to chance.
"We saw with Beyond Good & Evil that so many customers were extremely happy with the game," said Guillemot. "We had a different audience at that time. We had more core gamers than casual gamers than we have today.
"We think the game was probably a little too difficult for the general gamers at that time. We're going to make it more accessible and make sure that it's really done for the new generation that's come into videogames."
Ubisoft announced the sequel to Beyond Good & Evil this week by offering up a trailer. No solid game details have been revealed, although we know it's being designed by Michel Ancel, the brains behind the original.
A release date has yet to be determined.
The original revolved around a photographer named Jade who finds herself knee-deep in conspiracy on planet Hillys.


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Friday, August 20, 2004
A dedicated Athletics volunteer has been named USI's 2004 Volunteer of the Year
A dedicated Athletics volunteer has been named USI's 2004 Volunteer of the Year, the highest volunteer honor awarded by the University. For 16 years Mark J. Altstadt has given outstanding service to the USI community. He served as the 2000-01 chairman of the Varsity Club Board of Directors, has been a board member for nine years, and donates endless hours of service to the club's committees and events. "Mark is one of the first to volunteer for the Varsity Club, whatever the event or activity, said Rick Herdes, USI men's basketball coach. "His exceptional dedication is obvious to all the coaches and athletic staff as well as the Varsity Club membership." Altstadt serves as chair of the Varsity Club Golf Scramble. He also volunteers his time to support the club's Steak Fry 'n Auction, Fall Festival booth, Appreciation Night, and the Varsity Club Room. With 256 accumulated volunteer hours since July 1, 1996, Altstadt is the University's eighth Volunteer of the Year. He and his wife Brenda '82 own Altstadt Office City. They reside in Evansville, are the parents of five children including two USI graduates, and have one grandchild. The Volunteer of the Year Award was presented August 19 at the Volunteer USI Recognition Dinner. Nearly 430 individuals who donated 20 or more hours of service to the University last year also were honored. Sandi L. Lawrence received the University's first Volunteer Inspiration Award. Volunteers donated a combined 96,563 hours of service to USI in 2003-04. In the eight years USI has formally tracked volunteer service, the total has reached 654,860, which calculated at the national volunteer wage, totals $10.8 million in volunteer service donated to USI since 1996. The Volunteer USI Recognition Dinner is an annual event sponsored by the Office of Alumni and Volunteer Services. |


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The new oStylus DOT was designed by a jeweler as a drawing and writing stylus for the iPad as an alternative to the original oStylus. We have plenty of feedback from artists that it is their primary drawing tool. This stylus has the smallest possible contact pad, 6 mm or 1/4", and is also hinged so that it lies flat against the screen no matter how the pen is held. The handle of the latest oStylus DOT has now been shortened by one inch so that the overall length is 5 3/8" or 13.5 cm.
More images and video of the oStylus DOT are here. More technical details are here.
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About | Projects | Docs | Forums | Lists | Bugs | Get Gentoo! | Support | Planet | Wiki
Ernst de Haan wrote: > Hi all, > > > While new to writing Ebuilds, I'm creating one for 'xmlenc', a > Java-based XML output library. I'm using the information I find in the > Gentoo Java Developer Guide ( > http://www.gentoo.org/proj/en/java/java-devel.xml ) > > In the section "Directory Names" it says: > "Javadoc documentation is installed in /usr/share/doc/${PF}/html/api/" > > Then further down it says: > "If the program provides documentation, in particular API > documentation, make certain your ebuild runs javadoc and installs the > documentation using java-pkg_dohtml." > > However, I find that java-pkg_dohtml rather installs in > /usr/share/doc/${PF}/html/ without the "api/" suffix. > > Is this correct behaviour? Is there a flag that will install the > Javadoc in a subdirectory of the "html" directory? > > As you have pointed out, currently java-pkg_dohtml does not automatically put the javadocs into the api/ directory. Instead, what you need to do is make sure that the javadocs somehow get into a directory named 'api', and then call 'java-pkg_dohtml -r ' on that directory. If the package uses ant, sometimes the destination of javadocs is controlled by a property, so you could redefine that to be 'api'. But the simplest way would be to simply rename the directory where the javadocs live to 'api'. I've mentioned this before somewhere, but maybe we should have a dojavadoc function in the eclass, or more generically doapidoc? It could be something like: doapidoc() { local orig_dir=${1} local api_dir=${orig_dir} if [[ $(basename ${orig_dir}) != api ]]; then api_dir=${T}/api cp -r ${orig_dir} ${api_dir} fi dohtml -r ${api_dir} } (Sorry if its a little rough, just wanted to get the idea out). > Note that I plan to write another Ebuild for a Java-based framework > (XINS) that would come with both Javadoc API documentation and log > documentation, so in that case I wonder which function I should use > for the latter. Should it be java-pkg_dohtml or just dohtml ? > It probably doesn't matter which you use for installing the log documentation, although I would personally use java-pkg_dohtml to be on the safe side. I also suggest you create a new bug over at bugs.gentoo.org, so that others can contribute, provide feedback, and monitor the progress. Additionally, you may want to lurk around #gentoo-java on irc.freenode.net for ebuild pointers. -- Josh -- firstname.lastname@example.com mailing list
Updated Jun 17, 2009
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Bible Verses About Acquiring Too Much
Bible verses related to Acquiring Too Much from the King James Version (KJV) by Relevance
Luke 18:22 - Now when Jesus heard these things, he said unto him, Yet lackest thou one thing: sell all that thou hast, and distribute unto the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, follow me.
Luke 12:33 - Sell that ye have, and give alms; provide yourselves bags which wax not old, a treasure in the heavens that faileth not, where no thief approacheth, neither moth corrupteth.
Mark 10:21 - Then Jesus beholding him loved him, and said unto him, One thing thou lackest: go thy way, sell whatsoever thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, take up the cross, and follow me.
Matthew 19:21 - Jesus said unto him, If thou wilt be perfect, go [and] sell that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come [and] follow me.
Amos 1:1-15 - The words of Amos, who was among the herdmen of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the earthquake. (Read More...)
Numbers 2:1-34 - And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, (Read More...)
Numbers 1:1-54 - And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the tabernacle of the congregation, on the first [day] of the second month, in the second year after they were come out of the land of Egypt, saying, (Read More...)
Some scripture references/categories courtesy of Open Bible .info under CC BY 3.0
Related Bible Dictionary Terms:
Search the King James Version (KJV) for more references about Acquiring Too Much...


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Fbxw7α is a member of the F-box family of proteins, which function as the substrate-targeting subunits of SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complexes. Using differential purifications and mass spectrometry, we identified p100, an inhibitor of NF-κB signalling, as an interactor of Fbxw7α. p100 is constitutively targeted in the nucleus for proteasomal degradation by Fbxw7α, which recognizes a conserved motif phosphorylated by GSK3. Efficient activation of non-canonical NF-κB signalling is dependent on the elimination of nuclear p100 through either degradation by Fbxw7α or exclusion by a newly identified nuclear export signal in the carboxy terminus of p100. Expression of a stable p100 mutant, expression of a constitutively nuclear p100 mutant, Fbxw7α silencing or inhibition of GSK3 in multiple myeloma cells with constitutive non-canonical NF-κB activity results in apoptosis both in cell systems and xenotransplant models. Thus, in multiple myeloma, Fbxw7α and GSK3 function as pro-survival factors through the control of p100 degradation.
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Common ground for spatial cognition ? A behavioral and fMRI study of sex differences in mental rotation and spatial working memory
The state of the art in Linked Data
The Role of BCG Vaccine in the Prevention and Control of ...
The Fusion of Technology Lies in 3D Rendering and 3D Modeling
Development of Environment Statistics in DMCs: Issues and Problems
Value of Technical Publications in the PC and Server Industry
The Significance of Green IT in the Data Center
The role of personality traits in the choice and use of the compensation category of English language learning strategies
Evolution of Gender Stereotypes in Spain: Traits and Roles
Value of Technical Publications in the Semiconductor and SoC Industry
When compared to classical sciences such as math, with roots in prehistory, and physics, with roots in antiquity, geographical information science (GISci) is the new kid on the block. Its theoretical foundations are therefore still developing and data quality and uncertainty modeling for spatial data and spatial analysis is an important branch of that theory. Principles of Modeling Uncertainties in Spatial Data and Spatial Analyses outlines the foundational principles and supplies a firm grasp of the disciplines' theoretical underpinnings.
Comprehensive, Systematic Review of Methods for Handling Uncertainties
The book summarizes the principles of modeling uncertainty of spatial data and spatial analysis, and then introduces the developed methods for handling uncertainties in spatial data and modeling uncertainties in spatial models. Building on this foundation, the book goes on to explore modeling uncertainties in spatial analyses and describe methods for presentation of data as quality information. Progressing from basic to advanced topics, the organization of the contents reflects the four major theoretical breakthroughs in uncertainty modeling: advances in spatial object representation, uncertainty modeling for static spatial data to dynamic spatial analyses, uncertainty modeling for spatial data to spatial models, and error description of spatial data to spatial data quality control.
Determine Fitness-of-Use for Your Applications
Modeling uncertainties is essential for the development of geographic information science. Uncertainties always exist in GIS and are then propagated in the results of any spatial analysis. The book delineates how GIS can be a better tool for decision-making and demonstrates how the methods covered can be used to control the data quality of GIS products.
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Drawing on a series of EC policy areas that possess a cultural component, this book offers analysis of the integration of cultural considerations in EC law and action, assessing the impact of Article ...
Nurse and Spy is a record of events which transpired in the experience of military life in camp, field and hospital during the Civil War. The author participated in numerous battles, including Bull ...
This edited book highlights the central players in the Bionanotechnology field - which are the nanostructures and biomolecules. It provides broad examples of current developments in Bionanotechnology ...
Does globalization menace our cities? Are cities able to exercise democratic rule and strategic choice when international competition increasingly limits the importance of place? Cities in the ...
This is an OCR edition without illustrations or index. It may have numerous typos or missing text. However, purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original rare book from GeneralBooksClub ...
Quality of Life Impairment in Schizophrenia, Mood and Anxiety Disorders
This book is an epitome of the development of chemistry in the 20th century and onwards. The book is a collection of brief autobiographies and selected papers of the Wolf Prize in Chemistry laureates ...
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The principles of engineering metrology applied to the micro- and nanoscale: essential reading for all scientists and engineers involved in the commercialisation of nanotechnology and measurement ...
This book focuses on safer sex discussion and practice in close, personal relationships, emphasizing research on individuals in personal relationship types that are experiencing a rise in HIV ...


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I was wondering the same thing, everything I have seen recently has pointed to later in the year, unfortunately
I was wondering the same thing, everything I have seen recently has pointed to later in the year, unfortunately
"Here you leave today and enter the world of yesterday, tomorrow and fantasy"
I just checked the Disney site and is has HOP down until at least June.
You can dream, create, design and build the most wonderful place in the world, but it requires people to make the dream a reality" - Walt Disney
Not sure where you heard Lou say January, but on the Oct. 19th WDW Radio Show he said July 1. http://www.disneyworldtrivia.com/Dis...r-19-2008.html
-Pat (Disneydame2004)
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Help make a child smile! Dream Team Project Firstgiving Page
I had heard a reopending for 4th of July.
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I heard the same thing.
I also heard that they won't have the current president speak anymore. I wonder if Disney will change their mind with the election of Obama now. I understand that part of the reason for only having Lincoln speak was because people were booing Bush when he would start speaking.
Yeah, when I went on the HoP, when the announcer said "...and the current president of the United States, George W. Bush" everyone seemed to erupt in a coughing/sneezing fit at the sound of his name. No matter what people think of him, they should try and be respectful. Okay, my rant is done
Have a Great, Big, Beautiful Today!
Toad's Buddy
"No more Laserdiscs for you, Grandpa!"
The last time I saw the show, I was sort of expecting the behavior from the crowd, and was pleasantly surprised at the stoicism of my fellow countrymen.
Now, what's truly unsettling is that in another half century, Americans will be looking nostalgically back to an era when we had real leaders; like William Jefferson Clinton and George W. Bush...........
In the October 26 podcast at 33:28 Lou advises that he heard from a very knowledgable CM from the HOP that the attraction would be closed until January.
Just wondering if this is new information and the expected rehab will be quicker than originally planned. (I hope so, because I am visiting in March and would love to see it).
I'm really looking forward to the re-opening of the HOP with President Elect Obama!!!
There's a thread about the refurb and what all it entails over here..
Sometimes all you need is a reminder that out there lies a better place... a better world... a Walt Disney World.Visited In: 1983, 1988, 1989 x2, 1991, 1992, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 (passholder), 2007 (x2 x3), 2008, 2009 (x2), 2010, 2011 (x2)
Detail is there to make you believe in the reality of the story youre immersed in. - Joe Rohde


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found a new home!
Plenty of my friends are looking
for one too. Find a pet to adopt.
Find a pet to adopt |
My name is Rita!
Facts about Rita
- Breed: Collie Mix
- Color: Brown/Chocolate - With White
- Age: Adult
- Size: Med. 26-60 lbs (12-27 kg)
- Sex: Female
Rita's Info...
I am already spayed, housetrained, and up to date with shots.
This cute Collie mix girl came out of a shelter in San Diego County. She was just vaccinated and spayed and will be available soon. We will post information about her as soon as we know more. She is most likely a collie or sheltie mix, short and fairly stocky, and cute as a button. She weighs about 55#.
Other Pets at Southland Collie Rescue - San Diego County
Why Adoption is a Great Option
Rita, a San Diego Collie dog was adopted! Here's how you can benefit by looking at adoption as an option to buying a Collie for sale in San Diego, or seeking a Collie dog from a breeder in San Diego.
- Rescues and shelter volunteers in San Diego already know the personality and tendencies of their pets. This means they can match you with the right pet. That will makes it much easier transition to owning a pet for yourself and your new pet.
- On average adoption fees are much less than you'd pay a San Diego breeder, or pet store. Plus most often rescue pets have already been to the veterinarian for a check-up, had a round of vaccinations, and are spayed or neutered. That is a lot of savings!
- You will become a hero, and give a needy dog or cat a loving home. In fact, there are even Collie breeders who help with Collie rescue. One puppy or kitten adopted in San Diego paves the way for another one to be saved.


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With the HTPC market gaining more momentum than anyone ever thought possible, many manufacturers have stepped up to the plate to offer their new product lines. With so many choices available, everyone is doing their best to show a product line that has something unique to offer.
Enter nMedia with an HTPC enclosure solution that has a lot in common with many stereo components. nMedia is a company that was founded in 2004 with the express purpose of feeding a new niche user group with entertainment related components, namely the HTPC. Though a newer face in the marketplace, nMedia has been making a name for themselves by supplying a variety of products specifically for this enthusiast group.
Relax as we delve deeper into the nMedia HTPC 288-BA with an optional digital display included and we'll see if this new kid on the block has what it takes to be worthy of your HTPC dollars.


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Showing All "Gabe Delahaye" Posts
Jun 26th, 2014 Comment
Hey, look! It's our friends! Gabe Delahaye spent years of his life running Videogum; he is Stereogum fam for life. His friend Max Silvestri was also a frequent contributor, and, too, has…   Read Story »
Jun 11th, 2014 2 Comments
Here's the final video from our adventures at Napa Valley's BottleRock Festival. You saw Stereogum's wine and music correspondent Gabe Delahaye chat with a wide assortment of artists like No Age,…   Read Story »
Jun 9th, 2014 Comment
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Nepal, since 1996
By Tom Cooper, with Dr. Sanjay Badri-Maharaj
Aug 10, 2005, 04:52
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Nepal is a relatively small country in central Asia, landlocked between India and China, with population of some 23 million and some of the most rugged topography on Earth. Nepal was never colonized but remained totally isolated from the outside influence until 1951, when the country began a remarkable transition from a medieval kingdom without the most rudimentary infrastructure, to a modern nation.
After a short period in which this nation attempted to develop into a constitutional monarchy, in 1961, King Mahendra overthrew NepalÆs first-ever elected government and banned political parties. MahendraÆs rule began to shake only in 1990, when illegally-established political parties pressed the king and the government for change, after three decades of absolute monarchy. When the king refused, leftist parties united into the ōUnited Left Frontö, and joined forces with the Nepali Congress Party to launch strikes and demonstrations in all major cities. The authorities reacted with terror, killing more than 50. Nevertheless, the king capitulated, and ¢ in April 1990 ¢ he lifted the ban on political parties. An interim government was sworn in already in the same month, headed by Krishna Prasad Bhattarai as prime minister. Parliamentary elections in May 1991, were characterized as free and fair, and the Nepali Congress won 110 seats out of 205 to form the government.
The transition to democracy produced an array of leftist political parties, including the United Marxist and Leninist Party, and these defeated the Nepali Congress during elections in 1994, resulting in Nepal becoming the first communist monarchy. Nevertheless, one of Maoist parties, officially designated the ōCommunist Party of Nepal ¢ Maoistö (CPN-M) ¢ based in Rolpa district and led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal and Baburam Bhattarai ¢ was excluded from the political process. Apparently in response ¢ modelling itself loosely on the teachings of ChinaÆs former leader, Mao Zedong ¢ the CPN-M launched an armed insurgency, the ōPeopleÆs Warö, on 10 September 1995. The administration in Kathmandu was taken completely by surprise and the threat was not recognized as such until 19 February 1996, when Maoists launched a series of attacks against police stations, that culminated with a large clash, eight days later, that left a number of policemen dead.
According to unconfirmed reports in the Indian media, the insurgency was actually prepared since years, and was originally based on the same source claimed to be behind the notorious Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, the New PeopleÆs Army of the Philippines, the Japanese Red Army, and the Shining Path movement in Peru: China. China regards Nepal as a lost territory, and is definitely interested in decreasing the Indian influence in the country. Surely enough, the rebels proved almost as well-organized then the Nepalese police, and almost equal to the Royal Nepalese Army ¢ despite having only a very few pieces of heavy weapons: obviously, there must be a specific source for their equipment and ideology.
Other sources, however, see the background of insurgency in Nepal foremost in the Naxalite movement active in Indian federal states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. This emerged already in the 1960s, but began an armed insurrection only in the 1990s, when the Indian government reduced subsidies for agriculture, public health, education and poverty-eradication, supposedly exposing large sections of the population in some of the poorest and most populous Indian states to diseases, debt, hunger and starvation. In fact, starvation on any meaningful scale has not taken place, even if there have been isolated instances, mainly caused by circumstances peculiar to an individual ¢ like depression or alcoholism. Uttar Pradesh is actually producing food surpluses ¢ even in drought years, and starvation was always politically unacceptable, especially since ¢ despite strong division of the population along the line of castes (and political mobilisation in this and surrounding Indian states takes place along caste lines) ¢ the interest of the ōlowestö Dalit castes and the ōhighestö Brahmin castes were usually the same.
Finally, of all the states in northern India, only Bihar has any significant Maoist movement and this is a direct result of abysmal mismanagement and a caste warfare. While other northern states are very poor, they were managed significantly better and the Maoists have no local support at all. Still, due to scarcely populated and policed borders between these states, the Maoists have always had it easy to smuggle weapons and supplies ¢ most of which come from other terrorist groups in India, and are purchased with help of income from the Golden Triangle and base camps in Burma and Bangladesh.
Regardless if ōimportedö from China or India, the fact remains that the insurgency in Nepal was provoked by the neglect and discrimination of the small rural communities, and failure of successive governments to change the situation of impoverished. This created a situation where the lower casts with their great numbers of unemployed and adrift youngsters, were attracted to violent, extra-parliamentary groups.
Gurkha Traditions
The history of Nepalese military is based on its fierce Gurkha manpower, which for more than a century was prominent in the British Indian Army. In 1947, upon the partitition of British India into India and Pakistan and the division of the army between the two new countries, India retained six Gurkha regiments while the British kept four as the Brigade of Gurkhas, thus perpetuating a great military tradition. Ever since both countries are permitted to recruit Gurkhas in Nepal, which established a collective security agreement with India, in exchange for supply of arms and training.
In 1952, an Indian Military Mission was set up in Kathmandu, at request of King Tribhuvan, with the main task of reorganizing and modernizing the RNA. The Indians established three infantry brigades and Army Headquarters, but in 1969, Nepal cancelled the mutual security agreement and Indian troops were withdrawn. Nepal subsequently turned elsewhere for arms and aid, but Indian training of officers and men of the Royal Nepalese Army (RNA) was still accepted. At the time the RNA had some 25.000 men (mostly Gurkhas), organized in two understrength divisions, and some 30.000 militia reserve of trained military veterans.
An air wing of the RNA was established in the 1960s. It grew to about 500 men in the early 1970s, equipped with about 45 miscellaneous British, American, and Soviet aircraft. This arm became a foundation for the Royal Nepal Air Force (RNAF), established in 1979, and mainly equipped with Indian-made HAL SA.316B Chetak helicopters (Aķrospatiale SA.316B Alouette III helicopters, licence-built in India, as well as British-made Short Skyvan 3M transports. The number of Chetaks was usually reported as ōbetween two and fourö, but was in fact always higher than officially admitted. Like Skyvans, Chetaks were suited to operations to and from high-altitude runways, while rugged Skyvans proved also particularly valuable due to their short-take off and landing (STOL) performance.
In the 1980s, two Aķrospatiale SA.330C Puma medium-lift helicopters were acquired, replacing worn out DHC-6 Twin-Otter 300s. They entered service with the Air Battalion of the 11th RNA Brigade, based ¢ like the rest of the RNAF ¢ at KathmanduÆs Tribhuvan international airport (IAP).
Tasked primarily with flying VIP transport operations, in the 1990s the Royal Flight of the RNAF operated one BAe 748-2A (or Srs 275) transport, and two Aķrospatiale AS.332L/L1 Super Puma VIP-transport helicopters. The later two were operated in civilian livery and markings, just like two Bell 206L-3/4 Long Ranger III/IVs, also acquired for VIP-transport duties.
RNAFÆs main mission was providing reconnaissance and logistical support for the RNA, particularly for internal security, and to undertake border patrols. While Nepalese aircrews always received flying training at Indian Air Force establishments, and the maintenance support was mainly provided by contracted Indian (civilian) personnel, in the 1980s, China ¢ which shared a treaty of friendship with Nepal ¢ made an offer of Shenyang J-6 fighters (ASCC-Code ōFarmerö). This was not taken up, and the RNAF had no combat element until very recently.
The sole BAe-748-2A Andover (formerly Hawker-Siddeley HS.748) is flown by the Royal Flight of the RNAF and deployed exclusively for VIP-transport. (Artwork by Tom Cooper)
The No-War Period
Except what little is reported in mainstream media, very few reliable information about the flow of this war is available. The Government and RNA are keeping strict control over information given to the press, and news reports in the local media are inconsistent and unreliable. Certain is only that from 1996 until 2001, the Royal Nepalese Army was precluded from officially taking part in fighting, because the countryÆs constitution permits this only in if the king declared a state of emergency. Given that King Birendra refused to declare emergency and unleash the RNA (which was under his own control) because he considered that the Army should not be used against its own people, the RNA was out of battle for the first five years.
After first fire-fights and for the next five years, the insurrection has been waged through torture, killings, bombings, and intimidation against civilians and public officials. Later on, the insurgents began launching attacks on Nepalese Government facilities and commercial transport vehicles, and assassination attempts against Nepalese officials. Limited government finances ¢ additionally hit through negative influence of insurgent activity on NepalÆs main income of foreign currency: tourism. Poor security infrastructure, insufficient communications, and a number of relatively soft targets made the country an attractive site for terrorist operations. Over the time, the Maoists established their governments in five of NepalÆs 75 districts, and then began expanding their operations over much of the rural countryside. They also forged cooperative links with extremist groups across southern Asia, including the LTTE on Sri Lanka.
The police lacked equipment and training to tackle the insurgents. With their strongholds well hidden in the inaccessible Midwestern hills ¢ an ideal terrain for guerrilla warfare ¢ the CPN therefore had little problems in spreading the war into two-thirds of NepalÆs 75 districts, establishing ōpeopleÆs governmentsö in 22 districts and threatening to even encircle Kathmandu. The great Maoist offensive of 1998, for example, is known to have swept over large parts of Nepal, forcing the RNA to vacate a number of bases almost without fighting, and withdraw towards Kathmandu as the rebels captured a number of towns. With the army also thousands of refugees fled. In the areas under their control, the Maoists forcibly recruited thousands of young men and women into the ōPeopleÆs Militiaö, and killed everybody who refused to join. Immense taxes were imposed to every family known to have relatives in Ghurka units of the British, Indian and Nepalese Army as well.
Maoist Offensive of 2001
For the rest of the 1990s, the war was characterized by vicious rebel attacks that were causing even increasing problems for Nepalese authorities, especially the poorly-equipped police. Police fatalities in 1999 totalled 206 by mid-September, and two times as many Maoist attacks were reported than in the same period of 1998. Most of casualties occurred in small-scale attacks and due to mines.
Rivalries within the royal family caused additional problems. On 1 June 2001, drunk and outraged because of royal opposition to his choice of bride, Crown Prince Dipendra shot and killed his father, King Birendra, his mother, brother, sister and fatherÆs younger brother, Prince Dhirendra, as well as several aunts, before turning the gun on himself. Two days later, the late KingÆs surviving brother Gyanendra was proclaimed king.
On 23 July 2001, the Government and Maoists declared a ceasefire. Three subsequent rounds of negotiations failed, however, and on 21 November, Maoist leader Prachandra unilaterally ended the ceasefire, declaring that under cover of the peace talks, the RNA was building up the barracks and military depot in Dang district as the centre of a planned military offensive against ōrevolutionary basesö.
The RNA was indeed exploiting the truce for reorganization and acquisition of new equipment, establishing a number of units capable of COIN operations. During the cease-fire, India ¢ extremely sensitive about the security of its northern borders and caught off guard by the violence in Nepal ¢ scrambled to supply dozens of truck-loads with arms, ammunition and advanced detection equipment, enabling the RNA to establish several new counterinsurgency units. The Government in Kathmandu reported that the Army was now reinforced to 54.000 troops, but this was questionable, even if by November 2001 the presence of Army units deployed in support of police forces became very obvious.
Already two days after PrachandraÆs announcement, on 23 November 2001, Maoist units went into action, launching a surprising offensive, aimed at a number of police, army and other government facilities in several districts. This time, In Dang district, they overran an army base ¢ killing the company commander and eleven soldiers ¢ as well as two police stations, where nine policemen were killed. Major assault took place in Syangja District, where an estimated 1.000 rebels raided a police post, killed 14 policemen in a single attack and destroyed a RNA helicopter of unknown type. In additional raid in Salieri and Soukhumbu districts 27 policemen, four soldiers and two government officials were killed. Through the rest of November 2001, a number of ambushes was set up for Army convoys rushing to the aid of embattled garrisons, and additional casualties incurred. According to Government reports, while between 23 November and 27 December 2001, over 3.386 rebels surrendered, while 561 were killed, the Army lost 33 soldiers, while 64 policemen, 13 political activists, and 27 Nepalese civilians died in rebel attacks. Out of no less but 1.135 police stations in whole Nepal, only 110 were reported operational by late December.
The situation ¢ and especially the rebel attack against RNA base in Dang District ¢ eventually forced King Gyanendra to approve the state of emergency and mobilize the Army. The later was totally unprepared for the task of fighting a counterinsurgency war and had no operational experience ¢ except for UN peacekeeping operations; but, from now on it was to bear the brunt of the war against CPN-M.
The RNA has very few heavy weapons, including 25 Ferret scout cars, delivered from the UK - one of which can be seen here. In addition to Ferrets, during the 1990s the RNA purchased some 135 BTR-70s, and few artillery pieces. (via Tom Cooper)
Initially during its deployment in war, the Army COIN operations remained limited in scope and scale ¢ and especially in results. Through December 2001 and into January 2002, the RNA was carrying out ōcordon and searchö operations in several areas, using helicopters to haul supplies.
In January 2002, the first two Mil Mi-171MTV-5s, purchased at a price of $2.5 million each from Russia, arrived. These are known to have been equipped with night-vision goggles and GPS-navigation system (additionally, one of them is reportedly equipped with a FLIR-turret, manufactured in Israel), and were used for the first time already few days after delivery, in defence of Jumla and Kalikot districts where up to 200 Maoists were active.
In mid-January 2002, Mi-171s and SA.330s are known to have been deployed during the RNA counteroffensive in response to Maoist attacks against repetitor tower connecting Rolpa, Rukum and Jajarkot, which was destroyed, thus disrupting communication in these three districts. Armed with unguided rockets and machine-guns, the Mi-171s were soon flying vicious air strikes, even if their main role remained that of hauling supplies, as well as reconnaissance. Learning that the only possibility to move forward and operate directly against rebel strongholds was by air, the RNA began deploying Mi-171s and SA.330s for troop transport as well, but one of helicopters was damaged by ground fire during fighting in Rolpa District.
Obviously recognizing the significance of the new threat, in late January 2002, the Maoists attacked the Tumlingtar airport, in the eastern district of Sankhuwasabha, but appear not to have caused any major damage. In return, the new Mi-171s have been involved in a successful attack against a Maoist base in Rolpa, during which one of rebel military leaders, ōComradeö Badal, was killed.
In February 2002, the rebels stepped up their attacks, killing about 170 police and RNA officers, and shutting down the whole country when they called for a two-day strike. The RNA was meanwhile reported to be using excessive force in destroying Maoist strongholds in the forests of central Nepal, using artillery, mortars and bombs dropped from helicopters. A number of terrorist training camps and bases were claimed as destroyed, but reports about indiscriminate attacks and massive suffering of civilians surfaced as well.
The RNA meanwhile reported that its units had been capable of conducting ōjoint operationsö at a level of battalion on temporary basis, and at a level of company at permanent basis. Facing increasing sophistication of Government forces, the Maoists have sought to engineer an immediate and massive mobilization in response. At the time, their strength was estimated at around 5.000 fighters in ōregularö units, and thousands in the ōPeopleÆs Militiaö.
In early 2001, the flying component of the Royal Nepalese Army - the Air Battalion of the 11th Brigade - is operating a total of four Mi-171MTV-5 helicopters for transport, reconnaissance and - increasingly - attack purposes. Videos showing the helicopters attacking Maoist positions with bombs and unguided rockets were released, as well as soldiers firing light-machine guns out of the windows. At least two Mi-171s should also be equipped with FLIR-turrets of unknown origin, and are increasingly deployed for night operations. (Artwork by Tom Cooper)
The King in Action
In May 2002, the Army claimed to have routed a major rebel assault on a RNA/police garrison in the remote, rebel-controlled western Rukum district, killing 150 guerrillas in exchange for five soldiers. In fact, on 27 May, Maoists launched a big attack against the RNA base at Khara. This eventually resulted in a debacle for the rebels, but only after very heavy RNA losses in men and equipment ¢ and another crisis of the Nepalese government.
Namely, during the same month no less but 1.023 fatalities were reported within government forces and civilians, and it became obvious that the RNA could not put down the rebellion. The fact was that formidable hills and lack of ground communications made large-scale military RNA operations against the rebels almost impossible. The Government lacked transport- and reconnaissance capabilities and the RNA was actually completely dependent on local population to act as porters and guides.
Even in places where the RNA successfully suppressed Maoists, the situation could not be improved. While Libant and Tebang ¢ two original Maoist strongholds, were retaken in the course of 2002, both had to be turned into fortresses in order to remain under control. Movement of Army troops or policemen outside these places was almost impossible. This tactics ¢ holding key towns, communication centres and district headquarters and keeping lines of communication open by mounting limited seek and destroy operations ¢ proved the be most of what RNA was able to do.
Disappointed by his governmentÆs performance and all the time in touch with the rebels in an attempt to stop the war (a fact never acknowledged by the Palace) on 4 October 2002, King Gyanendra finally dismissed the government, and put off general elections. Sensing that ¢ despite constitutional provisions ¢ the RNA was not under civilian control any more, the new Government of Nepal announced a cease-fire, in late January 2003, resulting in cessation of armed hostilities to permit a new round of peace-talks. Thus ended the most intensive period of this war, during which some 2.000 Maoists, 1.200 security forces and up to 3.000 civilians had been killed (these are unofficial estimates from various sources: according to Government, 4.648 rebels, 245 RNA soldiers and 544 policemen were killed between November 2001 and January 2003).
Even if the cease-fire stopped bombings and kidnappings, the Maoists have not disarmed. On the contrary; seven additional rounds of negotiations, in April and May 2002, resulted only in another change of government in Kathmandu, with the royalist Prime Minister, Surya Bahadur Thapa, being appointed by the king. During the peace-talks, the Maoists issued a very comprehensive list of demands, including a new constitution and a series of national- and socio-economic reforms. They demanded the state of emergency to be recalled, the RNA to return to its barracks and put under civilian control, and then a new national army to be created by merging the Royal Army with PeopleÆs Army. Furthermore, they demanded Nepal to be made a secular state and unequal treaties ¢ like the one with India from 1950 ¢ to be repealed, and foreign troops on Nepalese soil withdrawn.
Considering their past experiences with different political formations of Nepal, the Maoists also demanded to talk directly with the King, rather than the government.
These demands were turned down ¢ partially in the light of new rebel attacks against public buses, Government vehicles, school- and private vehicles with firebombs and explosive devices, launched by the Maoists in an effort to terrorize the population into observing a strike for which they called. Another reason for the failure of negotiations was new activity of special RNA COIN-units, which launched a number of clandestine operations to bottle up the Maoist leaders in several sectors. On 17 August 2002, for example, 19 rebels were ambushed and killed in Doramba and Ramechhap. Barely over a week later, on 28 August 2002, the cease-fire broke-down when the Maoists established a self-proclaimed ōblockadeö of Kathmandu and had brought their war to the capital by attacking soft targets and executing a number of political assassinations in the run-up to elections: within only a month, no less but 2.120 fatalities were reported on all sides. The string of deadly attacks was continued in September, October, and November 2002, and subsequently the war went into a new period of high-intensity fighting:
A new cease-fire was declared in January 2003. This time the new Government introduced an Integrated Security and Development Programme in districts that saw main Maoist activity, including Dailekh, Dang, Dolakha, Gorkha, Jajarkot, Kalikot, Lamjung, Pyuthan, Ramechhap, Salyan, Surkhet, Rolpa and Rukum, the rebels remained in effective control of seven out of 75 district centres. Certainly, their initial pro-people approach, that gained them much sympathy between the locals, transformed meanwhile into a campaign of violence, lawlessness, intimidation, and destruction. Simultaneously, the RNA went into a clandestine offensive, rebuilding intelligence on the Maoists and carrying out additional special operations well inside the areas considered under rebel control, killing and capturing several senior leaders.
Too Little, too Late: Indian and US Involvement
India, with a long history of dominating Nepal economically and politically, has been watching the PeopleÆs War in Nepal with growing concern. Concerned that violence unleashed by Maoists could spill over the border, in the recent years the Indian security authorities and Army gradually stepped up the military control of the border, while New Delhi is now playing a more direct role in this war. This help, however, has been a classic case of ōtoo little, too lateö. Kathmandu had long been pressing India for a significant replenishment and augmentation of arms, ammunition and military equipment, demanding at least 5.000 machine guns, 1.000 mortars, 40 mine-protected vehicles, and 800 troop-carrying vehicles, bullet-proof jackets and headgear, night vision devices, as well as helicopters.
India reacted to such calls for the first time in November 2001, and again in 2003: between June of that year and September 2004, India supplied at least two HAL Lancer light attack helicopters (based on HAL Cheetah, which in turn is licence-built SNIA SA.315B Lama), and several unarmed HAL Cheetahs. The Lancers are optimized for COIN-operations, and known to be compatible with jettisonable combination gun-cum-rocket pods, carrying 70mm rocket and 12.7mm machine-guns. The Lances became operational in early 2004, and were sighted on a number of occasions in attacks against Maoist rebels ever since.
The fighting erupted again in August 2003, and ¢ reinforced with Indian arms ¢ the RNA launched a major offensive in Rolpa District, in September, deploying a full battalion supported by helicopters. Some 100 suspected Maoists ¢ and dozens of innocent civilians ¢ were killed, and ever since the Royal Army is considered to be on offensive. During the following series of aggressive operations, RNAF helicopters were used again to attack rebels in support of Army offensives, and for armed reconnaissance missions. By March 2004 over 1.700 people were killed according to the government ¢ most of them rebels. The RNA and the police continued suffering painful blows time and again, however, like on 1 March 2004, when at least 21 security personnel have been killed in a night Maoist attack on a telecommunications station in Bhojpur. Three days later, the RNAF helicopters conducted a massive series of attacks that left 50 suspected Maoists dead ¢ along with a number of civilians.
The extension of US support for Nepalese government remains unclear. In accordance with the new policy of the ōWar on Terrorismö, in late 2001, Washington announced that Nepal would be supplied several ōfully armed helicoptersö to, ōfight terrorismö in the country, but so far only deliveries of M16 rifles are known. After the visit by Secretary of State, Colin Powell, in Kathmandu ¢ in 2002 ¢ a military office was established at the US Embassy, and in 2003 up to 25 US military trainers are known to have been periodically deployed as defence advisors. The US ambassador to Nepal is Michael Malinowski, a veteran of the CIA-sponsored anti-Soviet ōjihadö in Afghanistan. Correspondingly, in 2002 the FBI put the CPN-M to its list of terrorist organizations. Otherwise, however, Nepal appears to be only receiving economic assistance from the USA.
Understrength RNA
The RNA has meanwhile an authorized strength of 74.000 men, but keeps only some 68.000 soldiers under arms, while another 5.000 are under training at any time. The Army is organized in three divisions, Eastern, Central and Western. There is a total of 37 battalions in 18 infantry brigades (numbered 1 to 19; the 8 and 12 Brigades do not exist) and the Royal Palace Brigade, while there are also 47 independent companies. The Western Division has HQs at Nepalganj and controls 4, 5, and 18 Brigades, while the Central Division is based in Pokhara with 3, 6, and 7 Brigades. The Eastern Division has HQs at Itahari and commands 2, 9, and 19 Brigades. One additional Infantry Brigade is located in Kathmandu, together with the Palace Brigade and several smaller units, committed to holding the city centre, district headquarters and other key installations and facilities.
The RNA now includes also a significant number of specialized units, including the 10 Special Forces Brigade, 11 Air Assault Brigade, 13 Artillery Brigade, 14 Engineer Brigade, 15 Brigade, 16 Logistics and 17 Electric and Mechanical Engineer Brigades. The Royal Nepalese Army troops are now mainly equipped with US-made M16 rifles, as well as Indian-made SLRs and INSAS rifles. The RNA is known to have requested delivery of 10.000 additional INSAS rifles and two helicopters from India, in addition to sizeable quantities of defence stores (like mines, wire and protective gear) that were already delivered. A number of 105mm light guns and mortars calibre 120mm were delivered from China and Pakistan, but the Nepalese are now demanding India to deliver its 105mm artillery pieces.
Out of this force, only some 36.000 RNA troops are deployed in areas where there is Maoist activity, and the forces capable of launching offensive missions are limited to only two battalions. Besides, even if the Army is said to consider the helicopter a solution for all its problems, and to be employing them boldly (reports surfaced about each RNA helicopter being crewed by two pilots, to ensure that none is lost if one of pilots is hit), and despite all the recently acquired airframes, the Air Battalion of the 11th Brigade remains rather symbolic in size than a truly effective combat force, capable of providing close air support or flying interdiction strikes. Thus, the actual war-fighting capabilities of the RNA remain limited, even if it meanwhile plays a highly important role as a transport arm.
Neither the RNAF nor the RNA are known to have suffered any aircraft losses in combat this far, but the number of airframes known to have been delivered in the 1980s decreased in the recent years, while other ¢ completely new airframes appeared on the surface. For example, out of three Skyvans, only one remains operational, and one of SA.330 Pumas is not operational any more, but their serials indicate that additional examples were delivered in the meantime. As of 2002, at least two Britten Norman BN-2s were still operational (and heavily used), together with two HAL Druvs. Remaining Skyvan was meanwhile replaced by two PZL M28.05 Skytrucks (both are camouflaged in dark green; see bellow for details about their serials), delivered in 2002. Two additional M-28s should have been delivered ever since, and the type has not only seen very intensive service, but was also modified to carry two 250kg bombs.
The sole BAe 748 is still frequently seen ¢ most usually while hauling troops and cargo ¢ together with (meanwhile) four Mi-17s and Mi-171MTV-5s, two Lancer gunships, two French-made AS.365 Ecureuils, two Chetaks, five Cheetahs, five Alevators, and at least one Eurocopter AS.350 Ecureuil. One of Mi-171s was grounded for some time after being hit by ground fire, in 2004, while negotiations with Russia for delivery of two Mi-24s were cancelled due to high operating costs. Russians have since lowered their prices and are pushing for delivery nevertheless. The RNAF is said to have a requirement for 18 additional helicopters: deliveries of two additional Mi-171s are expected by the end of 2005, and two additional helicopters were requested from India as well. Except for one helicopter reported to have been damaged during the fighting in early 2004, in October 2004 also a report surfaced that the co-pilot of a helicopter operated by the Karnali Airways was injured by ground fire while underway between Surkhet and Dolpha.
According to Polish sources (see bellow for details), a number of new, small airfields was developed meanwhile, and in addition to its permanent bases the RNAF is currently operating from airfields at Dolpa (475m long runway, inclined at 7 degrees, and 2.500m above the sea level), Doti (640m above the sea level and with 427m long runway), Kukla (2.590m above the sea level, with 490m long runway), Rumjatar (at 1.370m above the sea, with 500m long runway), and Saley (540m long runway, at no less but 1551m above the sea level).
On the contrary, the whole helicopter force of the 11th Brigade was deployed in support of the next Government offensive, launched in western Nepal, in mid-November 2004, apparently in response to media reports that the rebels were ōpreparing for their final offensiveö and there was a concentration of 1.400 Maoists. Headed by Brig.Gen. Rajendra Thapa, CO Western Division RNA, the operation was undertaken in Kailali, Dedeldhura and Doti districts and was considered a success. However, after a full week of fighting, the Government reported only 22 rebels killed, in exchange for ten dead soldiers. The RNAF helicopters were noted while flying armed patrols, searching the areas where the rebels were holding various posts under siege.
On the other side, the MaoistsÆ strength was as of 2004 estimated at anywhere between 5.000 and 8.000 well-trained fighters in the Lal Sena (Red Army), with additional 20.000-25.000 of PeopleÆs Militia. The Lal Sena was believed to be organised in between six and eight battalions, each with some 400 active fighters: three or four of these were active in the west ¢ foremost in Aacham, Rolpa and Dhor-Patan ¢ and the remaining two or three in the east. Their main weapons are AK-47-, SLR and .303 rifles, but they have also few light machine-guns, recoilless rifles, and mortars ¢ most of which were looted from captured police stations and RNA bases. Nearly 30% of Maoist fighters are females, some are former Indian Army deserters and discharged personnel, but their main strength is drawn from ethnic Magars, Tharus, Janjatis, Gurungs, Rais, Limbus, Tamangs, Dalits, Brahmins and Chhetries ¢ of which the last two provide most of political- and military leadership. Nevertheless, reports surfaced recently about tall ōMuslim-lookingö people ¢ presumably Kashmiris and Taliban ¢ to have been seen in villages in the west, and among the Maoist dead.
Nepal is usually said to have received only two HAL SA.316B Chetak helicopters - which is an Indian licence-built Aķrospatiale (now Eurocopter) SA.316B Alouette III. The actual number of delivered examples should be slightly higher, i.e. between three and four. Only one example was clearly identified so far, serialled RAN-30, as depicted here. The type is operated by the Air Battalion of the 11th Brigade RAN, and mainly used for liaison and reconnaissance. (Artwork by Tom Cooper)
Recent Developments
During January 2005, military operations of varying intensity have been carried out in at least 30 of the countyÆs 75 districts, concentrating particularly in the western districts of Baitadi, Achham and Dailekh, as well as in the east, in Sankhuwasabha and Morang. Maoist operations have been registered in at least 14 districts over the same period, with total reported fatalities including 93 rebels, 15 soliders and policemen, and nine civilians. The helicopter activity was reported only two times. In mid-January, helicopters were used to deploy security forces into an operation in Saptari district, that ended with the local rebel leader being gunned down.
On 1 February 2005, King Gyanendra seized power, dismissing the government and parliament, effectively ending the period of 14 years of democracy. Immediately, the Army and Police were sent out to arrest hundreds of students, journalists and human-right activists, while all senior politicians were placed under house arrest. The right to assemble and the use of mobile telephones has been suspended, and the Nepalese media put under tight government control: it is now not even permitted to mention the Maoists. Human rights organisations reported an immense number of extrajudicial killings and thousands of people who went missing ever since. Within days, there was vivid activity of the RNA against rebels as well: due to the snow, the Army units were largely immobilized in their bases, many of which ¢ together with adjacent cities and markets ¢ came under a siege over the winter. The RNAF helicopter gunships therefore strafed and bombed Maoists positions in several districts, foremost in Dailekh.
In mid-April 2005, after the end of winter, the rebels were celebrating the night anniversary of the armed revolution, when RNAF helicopters attacked several of their strongholds, killing and injuring dozens. Apparently in response, the insurgents attacked an Army base in Rolpa district, but their onslaught was stopped and then thrown back, resulting in at least 150 rebels killed. Within a week, on 23 April 2005, the RNA launched an offensive. This began with helicopters deploying troops along advance routes, and then attacking rebel camps with bombs and machine-gun fire as at least four battalions of ground troops began searching villages ruled by the Communists. In the course of just a few days, deaths of 22 rebels and three soldiers were reported in Rolpa alone.
Obviously, the new offensive once again had only limited results, then already in May massive rebel attacks against security force bases in Siraha district were reported. According to RNA, the rebels launched a three-prong attack on two bases and one police post in Bandipur, Chorahawa and Mirchaiya, taking the RNA by surprise. In order to block the arrival of Army reinforcements, the Maoists felled trees, blocking all roads in the area, but the RNAF then deployed helicopters from Kathmandu to counter the attack. Pitched battles continued through the following night and day, with media reporting that up to 30 soliders and policeofficers were missing. The government denied such reports, claiming that 32 Maoists and only four security personnel were killed.
By May, various human-rights organizations claimed that the war in Nepal is the most brutal one in whole Asia, and that the government is now cracking down to gut the countryÆs civil society. Against the background of multiple RNA offensives, the Rebel leader Prachanda was announcing that his revolution entered the final phase, that his forces have already pushed the RNA into defensive, and confined it to the capital and district headquarters. The few reports that came out of Nepal ever since indicated precarious state of ArmyÆs ammunition stocks ¢ especially for its standard issue INSAS 5.56mm and 7.62mm rifles. An urgent appeal for supply of arms and ammunition was sent to New Delhi ¢ which suspended military aid after the coup by king Gyanendra ¢ and also to Jakarta, in Indonesia. While the later country was slightly faster, India resumed supply of non-lethal military air do Nepal only in early July ¢ at the same time when the RNA announced it is planning to buy not only small arms, ammunition and explosives, but also tanks, aircraft and communication and security equipment.
Sporadic fighting was reported through the rest of spring, with the RNA repeatedly staging operations across wide areas of the country without achieving a breakthrough. By early May some 1.200 RNA troops were concentrated in the Kalikot district to search for insurgents. The Maoists reacted with an attack against the district headquarters, in Pakha village, on 8 August, and the nearby construction site of a key road that should connect Karnali ¢ the most backward region in Nepal ¢ with Kathmandu, held by some 200 Army troops and police officers. According to Maoist reports, 159 troops were killed and 59 captured during this action, in exchange for 26 insurgents; the government first admitted a loss of 40, but subsequently the casualty figures rose well beyond 70 troops missing. Deploying over 1.000 additional troops in the area, the RNA brought Karnali, Parkha and Pili under control, but its defeat was more than obvious: subsequent search for the missing troops produced no other results but a Government report that some 40 soldiers were ōlined up and executedö upon their capture by the rebels. Sarcastically, the government media ¢ the same that was publishing calls for help from India only a month earlier ¢ now began criticising INSAS rifles for the defeat at Karnali, RNA spokesman Brig.Gen. Dipak Gurung stating that the Army lost 43 soldiers because their rifles heated after a couple of hours and had to be allowed to cool before they could be fired again. This report came as a surprise to Indian Army, which is quite pleased with the weapon that became a standard issue in the recent year, after passing some of most gruelling trials ever inflicted on a rifle or a machine gun. The problems of the Nepalese Army with its INSAS are most likely caused by poor training, -fire discipline and poor maintenance.
Namely, the standard of training and leadership within the Nepalese military remain appalling: Indian officers training local soldiers have several times expressed disgust at the cowardice shown by local soldiers and poor leadership of their officers ¢ regardless the rank.
In early September, seven major Nepalese political parties joined into an alliance that offered to meet with the rebels and discuss joining forces against King Gyanendra. This was a severe blow to the king, then even the Nepali Congress announced that it would give up its traditional support for a constitutional monarchy. Despite their obvious success on the battlefield, on 3 September 2005, the rebels declared a unilateral cease-fire to last for three months ¢ while simultaneously ruling out peace talks with the monarchist administration: this was an obvious gesture to political parties. The Government dismissed the truce, and on 13 September announced that the RNA was to recruit 7.000 additional soldiers to form new units in the eastern and western regions.
Amid indirect negotiations, the RNA continued small-scale COIN operations. During one of these, a Puma helicopter transporting supplies from Kathmandu to RNAÆs Bhawani Prasad Company, crashed at Namche airport, in Solukhumbu district, some 300km east of Kathmandu. There were not fatalities or serious injuries, however, and the damage the helicopter suffered was minimal.
As of October 2005, the Government in Kathmandu is under increasing pressure to reciprote the rebel cease-fire. Nevertheless, small-scale Army operations continue. Although the Government held the initiative, the Battle of Kalikot clearly showed that the war in Nepal is actually in a state of a bloody stalemate. The RNA is still too small and poorly equipped to defeat the Maoists. The situation was not improved through attempts to arm upper-caste villagers and incite them to take action against rebels either.
Some 12.000 people are said to have been killed since the start of rebellion, and over 1.200 are missing.
The RNAF and RAN received at least three SA.330 Pumas. One is operated by the Royal Flight, painted white overall and wears civilian registration "9N-RAJ". Two others are camouflaged in dark olive green and wearing serials RAN-18 and RAN-28. The RAN-18 used to have a parts of nose and boom painted in day-glo orange after delivery, but was seen without these in the late 1990s. Repeated reports about the loss of one of Pumas (one should have been written off in August 1995, another two years ago) were never confirmed so far. (Artwork by Tom Cooper)
Serials of RNAF and RNA aircraft and helicopters
* Air Battalion, 11th Brigade RNA
- SA.330C/G Puma: RAN-18, RAN-19, RAN-28, RAN-29
- SA.316B Chetak: RAN-17, RAN-29, RAN-30, RAN-31, RN-RAN
- Mi-171MTV-5: RAN-3?
- Mi-17MTV: RAN-36, RAN-37
* RNAF, Royal Flight
- HS.748Srs 275: RAN-20
- AS.332L Super Puma: 9N-RAJ
- AS.332L1 Super Puma:
* RNAF, unknown units
- SC-7 Skyvan: RA-N14, RAN-19,
- BN-2 Islander (white overall, blue cheat line and black nose): serial unknown
Asian Airlines is known to have operated three Mi-17MTVs in Nepal of the early 1990s, together with at least two MBB Bo.105s and one Bell 206 JetRanger. It is unknown if these helicopters were taken up by the Nepalese military. All three Mi-17s were painted in civilian shemes and wore civilian registrations on boom:
- 9N-ACU, white overall, with dark blue cheat lines
- 9N-AFG, day-glo orange overall, dark blue cheat line along the fuselage
- 9N-A?: white overall, drak blue and red cheat line down the fuselage and boom
Sources & Bibliography
There are no printed sources about this war known to ACIG.org team. Therefore, this feature is almost entirely based on media reports released by BBC, CNN, Globalsecurity.org, Times of India and similar sources. The two exceptions were articles ōRok w Nepaluö (Skyrzdlata Polska, 10/2003), and ōSkytrucki na Dachu Swiataö (unknown magazine, 10/2004), both by Grzegorz Holdanowicz.
© Copyright 2002-3 by ACIG.org
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Afghanistan, 1979-2001; Part 3
Afghanistan, 1979-2001; Part 1
Sri Lanka, since 1971
MiG-21 in Indian Service, Part 2
MiG-21 in Indian Service, Part 1
Shenyang F-6 in PAF Service
India - Pakistan War, 1971; Western Front, Part I
India - Pakistan War, 1971; Introduction
Indian Air-to-Air Victories since 1948
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The Kashmir War, 1965: Raid on Badin
I Indo-Pakistani War, 1947-1949


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Dewey Decimal Classification
The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system is the world's most widely used library classification system. It was created by librarian Melville Dewey in the 1872s and has been owned by OCLC since 1988.
It is a system of classifying books and other works which divides human knowledge into ten basic categories, with subdivisions indicated by decimal notation. Dewey Decimal call numbers begin with Arabic numerals.
- Sample call number: 996.902 H75c
In the United States, most school and public libraries use Dewey Decimal classification, but most research and academic libraries use Library of Congress classification.
As of this writing, the DDC is in its 22nd edition, commonly abbreviated DDC22. The complete DDC schedule is published in hardcopy, normally in four complete volumes, but with DDC22, it is also available online through the web-based utility known as WebDewey, which is also owned and licensed by OCLC.


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Porto Heli House Rentals(6)
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The perfect escape
Nikos has designed and built a delightful house for those wishing to escape the hustle and bustle of everyday life and the typical tourist hubs.
The house has been tastefully furnished with interesting artifacts everywhere you turn and was extremely clean. A true highlight was the evenings spent on the balcony listening to the sound of silence and looking out a sky full of stars.
Just a 2 min drive away (or a 15 min walk) from the nearest beach makes it an ideal location.
Nikos provided us with numerous recommendations of things to do and see in and around Porto Heli - including a delightful Taverna worth visiting in the nearby town of Koilada.
As there is no internet access (which we were thrilled about), for those in need of the occasional glance, one of the tavernas at a nearby beach had free wifi.
We would most certainly love the opportunity to go back and highly recommend this property.
Naomi and Guy Spigelman


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| Email | Full Article (TrendHunter.com/id/32753) |
The bold contrast between black and hot pink has been a popular one this year, from a stunning black chest of hot pink lined drawers and a beautiful romance-inspired Italian lamp, to Dolce & Gabbana's paler pink cruise collection fashion.
The cluster below demonstrates how the starkness of black can add a new punch to the already electric shade of hot pink. As the image of Victoria Beckham demonstrates above, this can be be done as easily as by pairing fashion and accessories of each color, or as simply as buying a piece of black furniture with bold bursts of hot pink.


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Unknown Might Bring Prince of Darkness to Life for Ozzy Biopic
In Development By Scott Beggs on April 27, 2010 | (2) CommentsHell yes. So far, all the reactions to this news that I've read have mocked Ozzy Osbourne and made a joke out of the possibility of seeing his life on the big screen. These reactions are incorrect.
The prospect of displaying the early burglary, imprisonment, pioneering heavy metal, intense alcohol and drug abuse, Mario Bava fandom, and oral bat decapitation on film is genius. If done seriously, if attacked with artistic merit, it could be an intensely personal story told with a bitchin' soundtrack.
According to Digital Spy, Sharon Osbourne has announced that there will be an announcement soon regarding the project moving forward.
She also mentioned that it would most likely be an unknown actor to take on the role.
This seems like the best possible option considering the usual baggage that comes with a name talent trying to slip into a famous person's shoes. Or, this might be a great time for a progressive producer to cast an Asian leading actor in the part to counterbalance Mickey Rourke playing Genghis Khan.
What do you think, stunt rockers?
Neil Miller
Scott Beggs
Rob Hunter
Kate Erbland
Christopher Campbell


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Grimm Tales
Northumberland Theatre Company is renowned for highly inventive theatre. The cast of four plays many parts as they retell eight less well known Grimm Tales, each one gripping in its own way. That being said Act I is far stronger that Act II, although the latter is still entertaining.
While this is an ensemble piece, you cannot help but be drawn to Louis Roberts. No matter what character he is playing, his every movement, word, expression and look is something to savour. He immediately connects with the audience and holds their focus throughout.
The company is facing severe funding cuts but this does not affect the performance. On the evidence of this tour, playing village halls in the north of England, audiences - highly appreciative of Grimm Tales - would really be missing out if NTC wasn't around this time next year.


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We've all taken field trips to museums as kids and, sure, seeing the size of a T-Rex was impressive, but you found out that museum tours can get kind of depressing. A million bones and a lot of personal belongings of people who have long since died don't exactly scream happy.
There has to be some way to spice these things up a bit. Maybe throw in a live concert or bar, since we're now grown ups, and how about a cool place to eat while surrounded by the memorabilia from your favorite rock band or singer? Now that sounds like a place we could spend a few hours without feeling like we just stepped out of a wake.
The Hard Rock Café has been paying homage to music since it opened its doors in 1971 and since that time it has expanded worldwide including the Hard Rock Hotel located off the Strip. But the iconic brand was missing a presence on the Strip until 2009 when it opened a cafe near the Showcase Mall.
The Strip location has given music fans another stopping point as they walk past the giant guitar that overlooks Las Vegas Boulevard. As they step inside they find items like a neon sign Aerosmith used on tour and a gold-plated microphone that Frank Sinatra used.
And while Hard Rock may be known for the more than 70,000 memorabilia items it has worldwide, the Strip location has given fans a venue for concerts, a nightclub complete with DJ-spun music and a patio that overlooks the nearby Monte Carlo and New York-New York.
Additionally, you can get married or hold your reception in a room deemed "The Chapel," that features memorabilia from famous couples. With a bit of irony involved, one of the mementos comes from the infamous pairing of Ike and Tina Turner.
While you're on a trip down music memory lane and you don't see what you're looking for, stop by one of the interactive touch screens. On the 72-square- foot screens you can see that Beatles metal lunch box you wanted as a kid and a Guns 'N Roses drum set among other things. But unlike those boring field trips, this is one museum you don't want to leave.


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Bible in Basic English (BBE) | New International Version (NIV) |
3 And the Lord, in answer to the voice of Israel, gave the Canaanites up to them; and they put them and their towns completely to destruction: and that place was named Hormah. | 3 The LORD listened to Israel's plea and gave the Canaanites over to them. They completely destroyed them and their towns; so the place was named Hormah. |
The Bible in Basic English is in the public domain. (The Bible in Basic English Version Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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Wed, May 9, 12 at 23:42
Anyone grow these? I'm trying them this year.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oca I'm growing the red and yellow ones. Can't wait! |
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I think they look pretty interesting, but I have never even heard of them before. Good luck with them and let us know how they turn out. Cat |
- Posted by Bob_In_Colorado none (My Page) on Wed, Aug 22, 12 at 22:31
The foliage has done very well. Everything on track.... We'll see how the harvest goes around turkey day. |
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Volume 1 Issue 1 ISSN: 2210-3155
The reactions between (+)-catechin and malvidin-3-glucoside were investigated in the presence of furfuraldehyde and vanillin in model solution using LC/DAD and LC/MS analysis. New oligomeric colored pigments involving both (+)-catechin and anthocyanin moieties were detected, showing thus that the two polyphenols competed in the condensation process. Among the obtained colored pigment adducts, dimeric compounds in which the flavanol and aldehyde were bridged to the anthocyanin were observed. The kinetic study of the formation of these new compounds was also presented.
Their UV-Visible spectra were similar to the spectrum of malvidin-3-glucoside, but the maximum in the visible region was bathochromically shifted. The formation of these condensed products can play an important role in the taste evolution and in the colour of wines ageing in oak wood barrels.


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A Guide to Understanding Adult Guardianship and Guardianship Alternatives in Maine
You may download an Adobe PDF version of this guide (Note: this file is 3 MB in size)
Understanding Adult GuardianshipandGuardianship Alternatives in Maine - Poster (pdf*)(free viewer)
Learn how to:
- Help preserve an individual's right to make decisions about his or her life.
- Find the least restrictive way(s) to provide an individual with the care, supervision, and support he or she needs.
Read this Guide if you are seeking information about guardianship for someone you know or work with. Share this guide with everyone involved in this decision.
We would like to thank the stakeholders involved in Maine's Guardianship Project for their passion and commitment to preserving the rights of adults in Maine.
Please note that this guide is not intended as legal advice, particularly since the laws change from time to time and because there might be other factors involved which go beyond the scope of this guide. If you have any questions about how the law applies to a specific situation, you should consult a lawyer or Register of Probate.
Photographs include models and are used for illustrative purposes only.
A joint publication of the Office of Elder Services and Office of Adults with Cognitive and Physical Disabilities Services within Maine's Department of Health and Human Services.
This guide was developed under CA-AD-06-213, a cooperative agreement between the University of Southern Maine and the Maine Department of Health and Human Services. This cooperative agreement was funded under grant CFDA 93.779 from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.
The contents and opinions expressed in this guide are the authors and no endorsement by the University of Southern Maine or the funding sources is intended or should be inferred.


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Droid4ever.com |
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9]Now in Odin click on a PDA button and select the file CF-Auto-Root-espressorf-espressorfxx-gtp3100.tar.md5 which we extracted before.
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