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Has anyone ever used it for a greenhouse covering? If so, what were the downfalls? Thanks for all replies!
Follow-Up Postings:
Don't use it. If you want to know what happens to it after a few months. Go buy a roll, unroll it in the front yard and run over it with the lawn mower until it is all chopped up. Yes it is cheaper than greenhouse grade plastic, but that is the only plus side. After 3-4 months it starts to get brittle and breaks. It rips easy and has to be replaced. It doesn't have the UV protection that greenhouse grade plastic does. Also, the greenhouse plastic has a 4 year minimum life span. Also it resists ripping. The stuff is tuff! But this is only my experience. You do the math, replace your plastic every year or every 4 years? |
- Posted by engineeredgarden 7, nw Alabama (My Page) on Thu, Nov 5, 09 at 16:28
jrslick - thanks for your reply. Based on the info you provided, I think it will work for my application - and here are the reasons: 1. The "greenhouse" is only 4x4, with a peak height What's your thoughts? EG |
It would probably work for that but over time, I would think that it would break down and start to get brittle. If you get a small piece I am sure it would work and it would be cheap. Although, if you are buying plastic every year, how much would you save by buying the greenhouse plastic and reusing it every year? Another problem is with the PVC and plastic. Some people say they interact, I haven't seen this problem. I guess the PVC I have used is fairly old. I have spoke to others who also use PVC and Poly and they haven't had any problems and they say they get 5-6 years out of the poly. If there is an interaction it can be prevented by painting the PVC with latex paint. I have 3 hightunnels with pvc and poly covering and I haven't seen any problems. Jay |
- Posted by engineeredgarden 7, nw Alabama (My Page) on Thu, Nov 5, 09 at 17:01
Jay - I can skin it each year with this stuff for about $13, and really don't know how I would store the special stuff anyway. It's gonna be a hybrid version of a greenhouse/hoop tunnel that is anchored to my raised bed. You can see a picture of it in the thread below. EG |
Here is a link that might be useful: Thread in sfg forum
EG, I use clear six mil plastic on some windows during winter. This past spring, I got busy, planted a flower garden and forgot to take down a piece of it on a front window. This is a south-facing one that gets beat down by sun, wind, rain - all the things that should destroy anything. But a year later, it is almost perfect. A 4'x25' roll costs $17. The person who talked my wife into buying it said he usually gets about four years from his, though he removes once the weather warms up. Mike |
- Posted by engineeredgarden 7, nw Alabama (My Page) on Thu, Nov 5, 09 at 22:58
Mike - that's good to know! I feel that for my intended use, it will work just fine. I'll get some and try it, because I have some broccoli in swc's that I can trial for now. Since i'll place 200-300 heirloom tomato seedlings in it next spring ( by using a multi-level shelf system ), I feel that $13 for each use is a minimal cost. EG |
- Posted by eaglesgarden 6b - se PA (My Page) on Fri, Nov 6, 09 at 13:19
Mike, Wasn't your plastic protected by glass? EG, as I'm sure you are aware, glass is considered almost completely opaque to UV radiation (partial transmission of UVa, but blocks all UVb). Therefore, his plastic did not degrade from UV light, as yours would. That is a completely different application than what you would be using it for. I think that it will be fine for the limited amount of time you are talking about, but be forewarned that Mike's experience may not be applicable to your application. Best of luck, and keep us posted on your results. Personally, I am looking for an easier solution to my tomato seedling problem (indoor space, artificial light, air currents, etc.) If your project works, I think that I will be replicating it for Summer 2011! |
eagles, Mine is on the outside of the glass, in the weather. But it isn't the construction grade - I've seen it and it in not 100 percent clear. This is vinyl plastic and I have not seen it in rolls wider than 4'. Mike |
- Posted by eaglesgarden 6b - se PA (My Page) on Fri, Nov 6, 09 at 15:00
Mike, In that case, it is quite impressive that it has stood up that well!!! |
- Posted by engineeredgarden 7, nw Alabama (My Page) on Fri, Nov 6, 09 at 16:44
eaglesgarden - this will hopefully address the problems I had last year, once the tomato transplants got pretty big. They quickly became overcrowded in the homemade propagation chamber, and I didn't have anywhere else to put them. My propagation chamber is kept in the shed out back, because let's face it - there's no way my wife will let me have it in the house, and there's really no room for it anyway. This miniature gh will hopefully perform well, especially under the circumstances. I bought a roll of the plastic from Lowes yesterday, and will skin it before the outdoor temps get below 22 degrees. (That's pretty much the borderline for broccoli) Keep a close eye on my blog, because that's where i'll document everything. EG |
Here is a link that might be useful: EG's Blog
- Posted by eaglesgarden 6b - se PA (My Page) on Fri, Nov 6, 09 at 20:29
thanks! |
i used the 6ml from lowes on my front porch to keep out the cold, had it there all winter and all summer(sucked for the heat, but it did keep all the wind out!), it didn't get all brittle, i have had some on my dinningroom window for the past 2 yrs, its just fine. i like using that stuff. i am going to go buy another roll of it for a mini green house or something like it LOL. south side of the house i want one!! **big smile** ~medo |
- Posted by engineeredgarden 7, nw Alabama (My Page) on Mon, Nov 9, 09 at 10:12
Medo - thanks for your input. Did you ever get your GH up and running? EG |
EG; I am using clear vinyl like wordwiz does. It comes in 4x25 & 3x25 at the local fleet and farm. the name on mine is Wrap's vinyl-pane It is clear like glass with a few waves in it maybe too clear for plants.It is a lot like the vinyl in a tent or camper window, I have no idea how long it will last as storm windows. Oh ya I think it is 4 mil. I also really like it and am planing on using it for hoops or cold frames. Curt:-) |
- Posted by engineeredgarden 7, nw Alabama (My Page) on Tue, Nov 10, 09 at 8:19
Curt - that's good to know.I'll give this 6 mil stuff a try, and see how it performs in the early spring. EG |
- Posted by mrs.b_in_wy 5a WY (My Page) on Sat, Nov 14, 09 at 12:35
EG I covered two melon trellises (arches made from 16' cattle panels) this spring with the 6 mil plastic the big box stores stock in the painting/drop cloth section. I found out what other posters pointed out, the stuff isn't UV stable. However, the covering lasted long enough in the spring to get us through to warm weather, which, by the way, didn't come along until July this year. In the fall, we put a new covering over the trellises and extended the season another four weeks or so. I plan to reuse the stuff we folded up this fall when spring comes. I haven't decided if I'll buy another roll, but the bottom line is it helped us get melons in our very windy, borderline 5A (maybe closer to 4B) climate at an elevation of +6,000'. Almost forgot ... the couple extra tomato plants I put under the trellises grew like crazy :) Good luck! |
mrs. b, There's a large difference between the construction grade plastic and the vinyl plastic. I have the latter (it's actually four mil, not six) and it looks and feels far different than the six mil construction plastic I saw at a Painter's Supply shop. Mike |
- Posted by engineeredgarden 7, nw Alabama (My Page) on Sat, Nov 14, 09 at 16:51
mrs. b - thanks for your input. I might construct a greenhouse made from cattle panels for my wife, later. I'd love to see pics! EG |
- Posted by coconut_palm Borderline 9A (firstname.lastname@example.com) on Sat, Nov 14, 09 at 22:05
Hi everyone. Last fall, I constructed a homemade greenhouse for my coconut palms and other tropicals in the backyard. I made it out of 1" Schedule 40 PVC, with door frames out of red cedar, and I covered it with two layers of the contractor's grade 6mil plastic. It worked great and kept the inside of my greenhouse plenty warm over the winter. The coldest it got down to inside the greenhouse was 40F on a morning that the outside temp dropped to 26F. All I had for a heater was a small electric heater bought at a garage sale for $7. I connected it to an outlet in the garage with an outdoor electric cord. I built it to be 8ft. x 15ft. x 9ft. and it has worked great and stood up to several severe thunderstorms. I ran two lines of PVC down the length of the inside connected to the door frames and covered the whole floor with about 2 inches of pea gravel to help hold it down in the wind and to retain warmth. All the base PVC was anchored to the ground with metal C clips and nailed with large 4 inch galvanized nails to the ground before the pea gravel was added. I also used black landscape fabric underneath the frame. The contractor's plastic does have to be replaced each year though, since as stated it only lasts about one season. |
- Posted by mrs.b_in_wy 5a WY (My Page) on Sun, Nov 15, 09 at 12:20
You're welcome EG. I'm afraid there isn't much to see. Mostly our half-finished painting projects. The first picture was taken July 4 (2009). The chimney is to our neighbor's garage - not the cold frame :) I took the second picture this morning. There are 12-18" of leaves piled in there, so the clearance might look less than it really is. The trellises are ~6 1/2' tall at the highest point. Plenty of headroom for me, of course, but a little low for others. The bases are ~4' wide. I knotted strips of material over the welds to keep them from tearing up the plastic in the wind. I know they aren't beautiful. I had a lot of fun with them, though. And, actually, there were kind of pretty with the vines covering the wire and melons hanging down. Having the fruit up in the air had an unexpected benefit. Those were the only ones we got for ourselves. Our corgi nabbed every melon within short-dog reach. Yup, he got all the low-hanging fruit :) |
- Posted by engineeredgarden 7, nw Alabama (My Page) on Sun, Nov 15, 09 at 13:55
Ok, thanks! I'll put some thought into how to keep the rough edges from tearing the plastic - it shouldn't be too difficult to deal with. EG |
EG: I built a greenhouse out of cattle panels. I used the smallest foam pipe insulation I could find. Since it is slit down the middle, I just put it over the panel and wrapped some black tape every few feet. Worked great. |
Construction 6 mil works fine for an overwintering--at least in my zone--and the major drawback I have encountered is that it does block more light than the dedicated greenhouse film. It is stiff enough to hold it's shape after installation and IMO it's a good start to see if you would benefit from a permanent structure, or if you only need it for a couple of months as you say. |
- Posted by moms_helper_2008 (My Page) on Mon, Nov 16, 09 at 1:15
engineeredgarden Here's what I used for a small greenhouse... Scroll half way down the page. I went to Walmat to the arts and crafts section. They carry three different thinkness of plastic in rolls. This plastic is mostly used for kitchen table tops. I used the thickest they had. The guage is not marked but I would guess 20mil. If I remember right the rolls are 54 inches wide and was around $3/running yd. it worked great for what I was doing. That plastic has been on going on since early 2008 and is holding up well so far but You said, Same here with ours. For what you are doing, 6 mil would work fine since your GH is small and you disassemble it each year. You would have to use a new plastic every year. ZIP ties would be good fasteners with the PVC pipe. What I did was build sections and cover each one. I have a plywood floor on wheels, four sides and a roof that just sits on top..I take it apart and store when not using it. I used 3 100w light bulbs on a thermostat set at 60 and threw an old quilt on the top at night to save the heat. You can also use a hair dryer for heat. The quilt made a big difference. My idea was for the GH to hold a large number of plants with easy access without taking up a lot of space. |
Here is a link that might be useful: Fran's Garden
- Posted by sfallen2002 z5 IA (My Page) on Sun, Dec 6, 09 at 10:09
That is an EXCELLENT set-up :) Thanks for sharing! |
I have been using a 4mm Twinwall panel removable green house for a few years. The GH is constructed with packing tape and Velcro so that it can be taken apart and re-installed quickly. This is to eliminate multiple transplanting and hardening needs for seedlings. My plant get a very good head start every year. It had gone thru many windstorms with no problem. http://www.youtube.com/user/dcarch7#p/u/9/MzDqDBw_F54 dcarch |
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| Email | Full Article (TrendHunter.com/id/169258) |
Golden Moon is a spectacularly large circular ball close to the water that allows visitors the pleasure of going inside and looking around.
The structure is 18-meters tall and made of bamboo wood and steel that is covered with stretch fabric that clings to the rods like flaky reptilian scales. The scaly sphere is able to glow due to the numerous amount of LED lights that trail down the sides of each piece of fabric and criss-cross the rods inside of the structure. Inside of the sphere are suspended Chinese lanterns that further add to the awe-inspiring nature of the effervescent orb.
Golden Moon was created as a centerpiece for the Lee Kum Kee Lantern Wonderland festival that is held in Hong Kong in Autumn.

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Light meals and lunches
(7 Recipes) Created by SARA090222
Recipes in this Collection
Very Good 4.5/5
(4 ratings)
Submitted by DELORES204 Carbs: 8.1g | Fat: 15.3g | Fiber: 0.2g | Protein: 3.4g | Calories: 180.5
This recipe has been marked private.
Good as a light lunch or add beef to make a hearty stew. Submitted by GLASSGIRL Carbs: 11.4g | Fat: 2g | Fiber: 2.2g | Protein: 2.5g | Calories: 76.7
Spinach and mozzarella cheese are baked together to make irresistable savory appetizer treats! Submitted by ERUPERTO Carbs: 5.2g | Fat: 5.3g | Fiber: 0.3g | Protein: 2.6g | Calories: 79
Fried, battered, dripping sauce--hot wings are calorie bombs! But not these. Submitted by CHEF_MEG Carbs: 16g | Fat: 4.3g | Fiber: 1.6g | Protein: 28.8g | Calories: 223.2
A tasty variation on the traditional popper. My hubby likes these for superbowl sunday. You can also vary the recipe by adding 2 -4 T fat free sharp cheddar shreds to the cream cheese mixture. Also you can use panko crumbs for a crispier coating. Make these at least once before serving to company, as it takes a knack to get them to come out nice looking. Submitted by KEEYAHWE Carbs: 5g | Fat: 0.4g | Fiber: 0.6g | Protein: 3.2g | Calories: 36.6
Very Good 4.7/5
(9 ratings)
Miss going out for wings? These nuggets should help! Submitted by ELAINEHN Carbs: 10.8g | Fat: 1.8g | Fiber: 3.7g | Protein: 28.3g | Calories: 167


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Officials from Acadian Ambulance have finalized their preparations for Sunday's Super Bowl.
The company, which is the official EMS provider to the Mercedes Benz Superdome, will have 68 medics on duty for the game as well as Dr. Chuck Burnell, Acadian's medical director. Acadian usually provides 24 medics for most New Orleans Saints games.
Along with the medics, Ochsner physicians will staff the first-aid stations, providing as much on-site treatment as possible.
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The Global Intelligence Files,
files released so far...
Index pages
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The Global Intelligence Files
On Monday February 27th, 2012, WikiLeaks began publishing The Global Intelligence Files, over five million e-mails from the Texas headquartered "global intelligence" company Stratfor. The e-mails date between July 2004 and late December 2011. They reveal the inner workings of a company that fronts as an intelligence publisher, but provides confidential intelligence services to large corporations, such as Bhopal's Dow Chemical Co., Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon and government agencies, including the US Department of Homeland Security, the US Marines and the US Defence Intelligence Agency. The emails show Stratfor's web of informers, pay-off structure, payment laundering techniques and psychological methods.
Re: INSIGHT - AFGHANISTAN - Obama speech
Released on 2012-10-17 17:00 GMT
Email-ID | 3724700 |
Date | 2011-06-22 23:55:59 |
From | firstname.lastname@example.com |
To | firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com |
List-Name | email@example.com |
this is not Iraq, people!
From: "Kamran Bokhari" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
To: "Analysts List" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Sent: Wednesday, June 22, 2011 4:19:23 PM
Subject: INSIGHT - AFGHANISTAN - Obama speech
Just got a call from a very senior Pak official that Obama will announce
10k cut by Dec and 23k by Sept 12. No plans to fully pullout by 2014 and
talks ongoing with Afghans on a SOFA agreement for limited presence for 10
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Another one of Jessica Simpson's exes is gettin' married: Football star Tony Romo!
Romo popped the question to "Gossip Girl" star Chace Crawford's sister, Candice Crawford, a reporter for the CW station in Dallas, TX.
Her station, KDAF, posted a pic of the engagement ring on their site -- and it's impressive!
The website says the couple was celebrating Candice's 24th birthday with her family when Romo proposed.
tn: 1504 days ago
well it looks like he wanted to marry someone he could take home to mom without the baggage.
Dee Dee: 1504 days ago
oh please..in 2 years they'll be hitting the divorce circuit. Athletes and marriage = bad combination.
Jason: 1504 days ago
She's gorgeous. He's just gross. Beauty and the beast, for sure.
Oh, and he's the most overrated QB in NFL history. Even his peers voted him the #1 most overrated QB.
Gail Charles: 1504 days ago
HURRAY!!! Enjoy your special day. Just LOVE the ring is Wild & Beautiful as you are as a couple of LOVEBIRDS. Be good, Play nice! Best regards, Gail O:)
Isabella: 1503 days ago
My response to "Jason": "RIGHT ON!!! Even I'M a Dallas Cowboys fan and I agree with you...Tony Romo is SO overrated! I think he needs to go already. Never liked him.Never will. I wish we could keep his backup QB...HE seems to be doing a MUCH better job than Romo ever will! =)
Isabella: 1503 days ago
Oh and "Hurray for the NFL"...who I'm sure just footed the bill for an expensive piece of bling.
janie7029: 1503 days ago
I do not like him , I feel bad for all the raging going on for the movie stars and athletes.... she is pretty close.
I think the celebrities got tired of being cheated on by each other, the celeb 'pool' is getting 'smaller'... so they are going for athletes, ugly ones. should of went for the guys behind the scenes, look at all the happy ladies who have done that.
Carolyn: 1502 days ago
I think Romo needs to go but hopes his marriage will
work and be happy ever after..
Jessica : 1501 days ago
Yikes - Run Candice RUN!!! & take that gorgeous rock with you. Haha.
J: 1501 days ago
Hmmmm, I wonder if she will still marry, or stay with him once he no longer plays for the Cowboys, and if No other team picks him up??? Which is soon! Sorry, but I give them 2 years tops. At least she gets to keep a nice ring!
Cyn: 1501 days ago
I unfortunately am from the same town in WI at this douche bag luckily I am a bit older and did not have to suffer school with him. I hope this girl can change him and can deal with his hard partying ways when he goes home to visit. Its sad his family is really nice too but he has had his ego stroked all of his life which well has resulted in this.. I say Dallas,TX can keep him Burlington,WI doesn't need him.
J: 1500 days ago
Romo over-rater? Please, that's an understatement! He's a legend in his own mind!
The Cowboys are doing really well now. Tony who?
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From the category archives:
FLC's President Thomas to join executive committee for premier public liberal arts organization Monday, June 13, 2011
Fort Lewis College President Dene Thomas has been chosen to become the treasurer for the Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges (COPLAC) Executive Committee. She will officially take this position at COPLAC's June 21 meeting.
Outstanding Staff Award: Ms. Dian Jenkins Friday, April 15, 2011
Achievement Award: Mr. Conrad Chavez Friday, April 15, 2011
Local food, Fort Lewis style Friday, April 01, 2011
Meet the herd Friday, April 01, 2011


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CHENNAI: People who have been at the receiving end of airlines defaulting on payments due to them now have a happy precedent.
On a complaint filed by D Anand, a resident of Coimbatore, who was not given refund as per his entitlement, the State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission has ordered that his ticket money of Rs 7,495, be refunded along with Rs 5,000 as compensation.
Anand, who had booked five tickets online to fly from Goa to Bangalore by Kingfisher Airlines in February, 2007, cancelled them a week before the journey. The system failed to open when he tried logging the information online. After speaking to representatives of the airline, he sent them a telegram. Since there was no response, he sent a legal notice to the airline. There was no reply to this though the acknowledgment was signed by representatives of the airline, the complaint said.
Ruling on the matter in January, 2008, the district consumer disputes redressal forum had said the firm had committed negligence and deficiency in service in not refunding the air fare. The forum ordered that the fare be repaid along with a compensation of Rs 15,000. The airline filed an appeal in the state commission against the forum's order.
The matter came up for hearing before a bench of commission president Justice M Thanikachalam and members A K Annamalai and Vasugi Ramanan. In the course of the hearing, A Palaniappan, counsel for the airline, said it was willing to refund the ticket fare. Advocate V Thillai Samy appeared for the complainant.
Passing orders, the bench said neither the telegram nor the legal notice had induced responsibility in the staff of the airline. "They failed to respond promptly or even belatedly, thereby showing deficiency in service, causing anxiety, mental agony and suffering to some extent of the complainant for which he should be paid some compensation," the order said.
Considering the value of the ticket and other attending circumstances, the bench directed that an amount of Rs 5,000 be paid as compensation.
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Fast-Track Firms : The Reinvented Printer
December 2012 By Erik Cagle, Senior EditorWhen it comes to the economy and the state of the graphic arts industry, there are two safe blanket assessments that can be made. Most experts agree that recovery from the crippling 2008-2009 recession has been quite disappointing, lacking in any measurable bounce-back attributes in relation to growth.
Moreover, any printer that is able to experience modest growth, let alone to a significant degree, certainly stands out in a sea of red ink, closures, bankruptcies and liquidations that marked 2012. However, there is a small cadre of performers that were able to do more than just survive. They were able to experience explosive growth through M&A activity, new equipment, inroads to new technologies and offerings, not to mention plain-old organic growth. This was accomplished against an economic backdrop encouraging the tightening of purse strings, not loosening.
We have three examples of printing companies that bucked the trend toward pat hands and instead went all in with their bets on a successful 2012. Suffice to say, and continuing the poker analogy, these firms are betting on running the table again in 2013. It's time to see what cards they are holding.
IBS Direct
King of Prussia, PA
Most Recent Fiscal Year Sales: $31.40 million
Previous Fiscal Year Sales: $18 million
Change: 74 Percent
Founded as a business forms manufacturer, IBS Direct subsisted on unit sets work until well into the 1980s when it transformed into a direct mail provider. Then, two years ago, CEO George Schnyder undertook a period of deep introspection. Schnyder calls it his "ah-hah" moment.
"There was no reason to believe that over the next five years, I was going to be able to do what I had not done in the past five years, which was grow the company significantly," he recalls. So Schnyder found his own replacement in Ted Sherwin, who took over the role of company president. That led to an entire management makeover that established what Schnyder calls his A-Team (minus B.A. Baracus). Instead of being soldiers of fortune, IBS Direct's A-Team became mavens of M&A.
In October of 2011, the printer acquired Mars Graphics of Westville, NJ. A few months later, IBS added Deptford, NJ-based Intek. The IBS Direct headquarters in King of Prussia, PA, swelled to 90 employees from 48, and the 71,000-square-foot facility soon bulged with the addition of two commercial web offset presses, both Harris M110s, courtesy of Mars. That deal alone added $10 million to IBS' sales coffers.
The Intek deal didn't add much gear of significance, but did net IBS a major contract with AAA to produce trip maps and TripTik travel planners for 350 AAA locations around the United States, Canada and Mexico. AAA was Intek's sole client. IBS will also use the press it picked up in this deal, a Harris M90, to generate rolls and sheets of envelopes for a manufacturer.
Other gear came aboard as part of the tuck-ins, including folders, sheeters, cutters and binders, but by far the bread-and-butter aspects of the acquisitions are the three web presses and the relationships that emerged from bringing on Intek. The company also ratcheted up its platemaking capabilities, switching from a system that produced four or five plates an hour to one that generates 40 to 50 an hour.
More excitement is in store for IBS Direct in 2013, with two acquisitions and two more press additions planned, though Schnyder didn't divulge any details. He had to lease 15,000 square feet of extra storage space for paper and finished goods, and he doesn't envision being able to accommodate anything beyond two more presses.
"My sense is that by the end of 2013, not taking into consideration any additional sales from acquisitions, we'll be close to $40 million in sales," Schnyder notes.
New York
Most Recent Fiscal Year Sales: $82.22 million
Previous Fiscal Year Sales: $66.96 million
Change: 23 Percent
The founding fathers at Mimeo.com have always believed in improving processes via technology. While the company is generally known for being one of the first concerns to offer digital printing exclusively through the Internet (debuting in 1998) via its Printing-as-a-Service, cloud-based model, it has enjoyed international success, particularly in Europe.
Mimeo.com's offerings fall into three buckets: documents (including marketing collateral, manuals and training materials); a photo publishing (cards, calendars and books) fulfillment partner for brands such as Snapfish; and specialty publications (a boon providing school planners in the United Kingdom, Austria and Germany, yearbooks in the UK and funeral stationery).
"We're bringing some of those products to other geographies and see growth potential across the board," notes Charlie Corr, Mimeo.com's vice president of corporate strategy. "The use of digital color is growing. We've made significant investments in color, added four HP Indigos, a couple of Xeikons, upgraded many of our (Kodak) NexPresses, and increased our black-and-white capacity.
"We've invested a great deal in binding and finishing, not only to produce school planners, but also hardcover, case-bound books with jackets for our photo partners. Our company has invested aggressively in R&D and increased capacity."
Part of building upon market share is leading the way, courtesy of "a better mousetrap"—a.k.a, the customer experience. Price and ease of use may rule the Internet, but Mimeo.com has found its 24/7 customer service and support to be a difference maker. From an internal standpoint, the race will always be on to find a more efficient and effective way of translating online orders into satisfied customers.
"We're always looking at new growth opportunities," Corr says. "We're very interested in automation and improvements in binding technology—from perfect binding to case and mechanical. And, we're always looking for improvements in productivity, throughput and cost on color. Much of what we do is aggregating volume, so we can look at higher-end equipment because of that."
While 23 percent year-over-year growth is somewhat amazing, the brain trust at Mimeo.com views it as a manifestation of the company's game-plan execution. Corr sees more opportunities to be had than the company is able to engage.
"It's a balancing act between the resources that you have from development through sales through production, and your ability to engage those opportunities," he adds. "One of our biggest challenges is finding that right balance."
SG360°, A Segerdahl Co.
Wheeling, IL
Most Recent Fiscal Year Sales: $178 million
Previous Fiscal Year Sales: $160 million
Change: 11 Percent
The artist formerly known as The Segerdahl Corp. may not have come full circle as their new moniker indicates, but perhaps the name change represents an about-face (or a 180°) in its strategy. The employee-owned firm, which now offers the "full arc" of empirical direct marketing solutions, reaps nearly half of its clients from the national retail space—clothing, big-box food, electronic and home/hardware stores.
The company is built on three pillars: BRANDIRECTions, a research process that lays the groundwork for success; IMPRESSions, the realization and transformation of a strategic vision; and EXPRESSions, where an impression is shaped, crafted and placed in the hands of the consumer. Completing the transformation was the acquisition of RT Associates.
"What's truly unique to SG360°, and what makes us a leader in our industry is our BRANDIRECTions pillar," notes Rick Joutras, CEO. "This is the data science pillar of our company that includes analytics to guide and optimize direct marketing solutions. One specific area allows our clients to utilize online, demographically specific panelists to test the effectiveness of their campaigns before spending a single dime on production. This method of pre-testing is called Empirical Testing and provides a scientific means to present the high probable design to ultimately test against a known control piece.
"We are giving our customers a brand new way to plan their client communications based on real and objective feedback."
In 2012, the company added a pair of new, six-color Komori Lithrone G40 sheetfed offset presses. The machines complement a press fleet that includes a Goss Sunday 4000 in-line twin web press, as well as HP Indigo and Canon digital output devices.
Moving forward, Joutras says the company is looking to integrate digital printing with the evolving software-as-a-solution (SaaS) industry. "And how can we utilize BRANDIRECTions to incorporate programs that include and rely on both direct mail printing and e-mail as integral parts of the solution," he adds. "There are a number of programs already in place where this combination has clearly proven to be very successful and positively impacting the return on marketing investment." PI


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Hi. I'm a consumption artist.
I play in the intersection of culture and consumption, seeking to understand how consumer behavior drives large-scale transformational change across society.
It may sound fancy, but what I really do is specialize in strategy: brand-driven innovation; reimagining established brands, creating new to the world brands, and bringing brands to life through experiential marketing, new product and pipeline development. All work is grounded in deep cultural and consumer insights, established through creative and traditional research methodologies.
Currently I'm VP of Strategy at Hill Holliday. In previous lives I was a Strategic Director at Modernista!, for Sears, Food Should Taste Good and Tom's Shoes. In previous previous lives, I ran global consumer planning for Dell and provided strategic leadership on Bacardi at Y&R NYC. Prior to that I cut my innovation teeth at Redscout on a range of businesses and projects, including Nike, PepsiCo, ESPN, Gatorade, Diageo, Johnson& Johnson and Nickelodeon.
In the name of good work I have driven an ice cream truck across New England, planned a New Year's party that appeared in tabloids, created a coveted custom sneaker, gone to trapeze school, built a sensory lab, been attacked by a kung fu master, and had photography featured in a global travel guide. Occasionally I have time to surf.
I hold a bachelors degree from the University of North Carolina and am a diehard Tarheel hoops junkie. Some of my thoughts have appeared in LVHRD, Marketing Magazine & Murketing. I've recieved a few awards for my work from Cannes, the International Food & Beverage awards, the Advertising Research Federation and was designated one of Advertising's Young Minds.
I'm currently creating a piece of technology, developing a photography book on my former life in NYC, and attempting to be a good husband.
Veronica Belmont - about.me user since 2010
"First, customize your page. It's easy and fun to design!"
Hi! I'm currently living in (City), where I work at (Work Place) doing (Job Title). When I'm not working I like to (Hobby), (Interest) and (Passion). Connect with me!
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text:
For most recent final grade information, you must login to the UI-Integrate Self-Service website.
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Usablenet Assistive is a UsableNet product. Usablenet Assistive Main Page.


text:
On 13/06/2011 4:43 PM, Chemo the Clown wrote:
> Just sayin'
I can't say that you're wrong because it is a matter of taste. I like
Shredded Wheat and have it almost every day. I like it with cold milk,
but it can also go qiwth hot milk, or you can soften it up by pouring
some boiling water over it and then draining it. You can have it with
honey, demerra sugar, dark or light brown sugar, just about any kind of
fruit. It is IMNSHO the perfect breakfast cereal.


text:
An advanced programmers editor designed to streamline your work flow.
Perl Express
Develop Perl programs in an integrated development environment.
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An advanced programme editor to streamline your work flow.
Powerful find and replace utility for Visual Basic and SourceSafe.
CAMCTO - Rapid application development tool for engineering.


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Keep your office organized and fully supplied with these essential office supplies, such as paper, writing utensils, calendars and labels. Reduce work-related stress by ensuring you have all the materials you need to do your work efficiently and effective
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text: My Profile lydianncox_6155547 Glen Ivy, California Member since Sep 2006 Flag This ProfileFlag as Inappropriate All Activity | Comments & Reviews | Uploads Flag This Profile? Please provide the reason why you think this profile is inappropriate. Flag Profileor Cancel Reviewed Deen Burger Jun 24, 2012 in Food Network Community Toolbox on FoodNetwork.com "Yummy!"" Load More


text: I do remember hearing that, but I think It's still in the planning stages. It has something to do with making your time at Disney more interactive. With all the information we can get now on cell phones, Disney is trying to incorporate that into your Disney experience. And one of the ideas was to be able to schedule meet and greets before you left home.


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Is Her Parking Ticket My Responsibility?
When are you obligated to chip in to help a friend? "Recently, a friend drove me and two other pals to an event. Afterwards we returned to find a parking ticket on the car's windshield," wrote a reader named Cynthia.
"One person said that she would help pay for the parking ticket. I, too, said I would chip in," Cynthia wrote. "Our other friend remained silent. What is appropriate here? Should we have chipped in to help pay for the parking ticket, or would it have been acceptable to just offer sympathy?"
This is one of those situations where no good deed goes unpunished. It was nice of your friend to drive you all to the event—did you three passengers pay for gas or tolls, by the way?—and now she's stuck with a big bill for her efforts. Of course, it's not your fault she parked illegally. You aren't obligated to pay for your friend's mistake any more than you would be obligated to pay the damages if she drove her car into someone else's. She's the owner of the car and has responsibility for following all laws when operating it.
However, it would be nice of the three of you to offer to defray the unanticipated cost of her kindness. A parking ticket split four ways is far less painful to pay. If she doesn't accept the offer? Then a nice gesture would be for you to pick up her dinner tab after the event.
(image via RealSimple.com)


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Bad news for fans of outfield defense played at its absolute apex: Mariners centerfielder (who also happens to be the best defensive outfielder in the game) Franklin Gutierrez is still experiencing health issues and hasn't played or participated in full workouts in more than a week. The start of Death to Flying Thing's season is officially in doubt as doctors struggle to diagnosis the source of his issues.
Larry LaRue of the Tacoma News Tribune reports these stomach ailments began bothering Gutierrez more than a year ago, with a recent (and vague) diagnosis claiming he suffers from a "slow digestive system." At the risk of speculating, I'm going to assume everything about this situation is pretty gross.
Whenever I see "mystery ailments" in the same sentence as a baseball player's name, I can't help but think of poor Rocco Baldelli. Not to say this situation is similar, but an inability to eat and process food properly doesn't bode well for a high-level athlete like Gutierrez.
Luckily the Mariners are working with D.T.F.T on a whole new diet, hopefully eliminating the troublesome foodstuffs that jam him up. God help him if he must switch to a liquid diet, as that would be disgusting.


text:
Select () or exclude () categories to narrow your recipe search.
As you select categories, the number of matching recipes will update.
Find exactly what you're looking for with the web's most powerful recipe filtering tool.
Food should always be fun. I'm always looking for new and interesting things to try. I'm always willing to try anything once. You never know what you may or may not like until you do!


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2008 Nissan Altima Coupe
roadrunner70 Posts: 241my 03 murano needed a new gas cap at about 35000 miles. my new altima's gas cap seems to loosen on its own, sometimes i can tighten it and the light goes off, sometimes i can't and it stays on.
anyone else having issues with nissan gas caps.
the dealer is taking its time replacing the altima's cap.
thanks, rr70 -
wsbkp08 Posts: 1I bought 08 altima coupe 3.5se recently, a used one.
It runs great and I abs. love it.
however, i noticed one small problem, yet annoying.
Whenever I go on a bumpy road, from my bose stereo (rear right back) I hear this not rattling noise, but lil static, squeaking noise. I dont know how to explain it, but it sounds like a fly buzzing or a rock or a plastic running around inside of my stereo. Thats what it sounds like...
It is really annoying and I want to fix it.
I tried everything, I super glued the bose logo, bc i heard some ppl said it was that
I know it isnt from the rear seat, bc I heard when I put rear seat down..
I really dont wanna go to a dealership, but wanna to fix it by myself.
Anyone has any idea???
This discussion has been closed.


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Results 1 to 5 of 5
Thread: What do you guys think about...
May 23rd, 2013 11:01 PM #1
What do you guys think about...
What do you guys think about the name Margaux. Yes spelled that way.
I have always hated Margaret, Margot, Margo, Marguerite, etc. If it started with Marg, I hated it. I have a best friend named Margaret and I still hated it. But then I read "All Summer In A Day" by Ray Bradbury (which I was surprised that I loved because I hated Fahrenheit 451) and the main character's name was Margot. I fell in love with it. But every time I see Margot, it looks to me like Mar-got(like forgot), and I just can't do it, so I was really happy to find the Margaux spelling.
Anyway... What do you think about Margaux spelling? Any combos? Any suggestions that match my naming style (see signature), sibsets?
Are there any other names that you love the alternative spelling for, but other people hate? ex Twila vs Twyla, Sylvia vs Silvia, Kayley vs Kaylee...
Thanks!Just another teenberry and writer, a lover of names
Current Favorites:| Zoe | Jane | Emma | Natalia | Thalia | Isabel | Helen | Alice | Calliope | Elizabeth |
| Dimitri | Linus | Augustus | Jude | Thomas | Basil | Samuel | Jasper | Gus | Jonas |
Pondering: | Cecily |
Have a fabulous day!
May 23rd, 2013 11:06 PM #3
I've always liked this spelling, but one day I showed a friend my list and she saw my one combo, Amaryllis Jade Margaux, and was like "how do you say THAT?" and I told her and she was like "Oh!". So pronunciation might get dicey. But I think it's edgier and pretty neat. It does complicate the name, though.
Elodie * Violet * Story * Indigo * Blaire * Aurora * Mazarine * Cordelia * Rhiannon * Snow * Jolie
Rowan * Ozias * Fisher * Darwin * Gideon * Jasper * Malcolm * Silas * Caspian * Thatcher * Ezekiel
May 23rd, 2013 11:26 PM #5Senior Member
- Join Date
- Feb 2013
- Location
- North Carolina
- Posts
- 201
Current crushes:
Girls: Adelaide, Fiona, Nora, Molly
Boys: Benjamin, Levi, Miles/Milo, Sebastian, Theodore, James, Remi/Remy
May 23rd, 2013 11:37 PM #7
I love the spelling of Margeaux!! I think it's a lot more fun than plain Margot and- this might be weird- but it makes me happy to look at. I always think of the German countryside when I hear Margeaux. Note: Anne Frank's sister who also died in a camp was named Margot, so it's a different spelling but sounds the same, just for you to be aware of the negative connotations that go with the 'Margeaux' sound. Margeaux spelling reminds me of Beatrix vs. Beatrice, which makes a huge difference in the name and person, as I think Margeaux does. Anyway, I love it and it sounds brilliant with most of your names, which I also love. I'm always happy to find a fellow teenberry on here
"I feel like a little bit, like, I'm the Braveheart of creativity."
~ Kanye West
May 24th, 2013 03:28 AM #9Call me Cynthia, Angie, or Luna. 22. INFJ. Name nerd.
Seraphina Juliette Audrey | Evangeline Laetitia | Catalina Ariadne
Violetta Leonora Catherine | Isabelle Faustina Clare | Peregrine Cedric
Gavriel Alexander Callum | James Lucias Auberon | Caspian Felix
Clemency | Clementine | Helena | Annabelle | Rosalind | Vanessa
Callista | Belphoebe | Bellatrix | Lyra | Valencia | Valentina | Caroline | Talitha
Damien | Orion | Altair | Cadmus | Jason | Perseus | Stellan | Amias


text:
EEYORE Stroller Toy
Hang out with your favorite friend from the Hundred Acre Wood when you're on-the-go. This plush stroller toy, featuring Eeyore, is perfect for hanging from a stroller during an on-the-go adventure. Eeyore will delight your little hunny with the crinkle in his ears, jingle bell sounds and bright vibrant colors sure to inspire Baby's imagination.
Available at Babies"R"Us,Kmart (In store only)
Suggested Retail Price: 8.99


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David and Michael Sanderson are brothers, inseparable since childhood from each other and from their neighbor Kay Richards, a complicated young woman involved in a passionate and obsessive love affair with David. One spring night, while at home on a break from college, the threesome embarks on a night of adventure and experimentation, driving recklessly through the Connecticut Valley. Stopping at the French King Bridge, David -- full of hubris and hallucinogens --… (more)
Publisher: HarperCollins (November 20, 2012)
Collection: Harper Perennial
Format: EPUB
Page count: 288 pages
File size: 565 KB
Protection: DRM
Language: English


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Step 3: Soffit and Fascia
Because the soffit pieces come in 12-ft. lengths, you'll need to custom-cut each piece to fit the span. With the diagonal corner pieces installed, cut the remaining lengths of soffit material 1/4 in. short of the maximum span, and press them into the channel. Either bend the soffit pieces to fit or carefully pry the channel back to gain the needed access.


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Comedy is probably the most subjective genre of all, and what makes one person shoot milk from their nose in laughter may make another person yawn. To that end I'm happy to point out that two of the year's funniest movies are hitting DVD today. They're both perfectly cast and filled with plenty of laugh out loud moments, and that's a guarantee. Whether or not you respond appropriately to them is your business… but I recommend soy milk as the nasal spurting liquid of choice. As always, if you see something you like, click on the image to buy it. Erik the Viking (UK) Erik (Tim Robbins) is a really nice guy, but he's a pretty shitty viking. Weary of looting and pillaging, and having never really discovered a taste for rape, Erik convinces his fellow vikings to head to sea in search of the legendary Rainbow Bridge. In addition to featuring the funniest "rape" scene ever filmed, Terry Jones' mash-up of ridiculous comedy and adventure is a lot of fun. It sits comfortably somewhere between Jabberwocky and Time Bandits, and fans of the Monty Python boys should give it a chance if they haven't yet. Arrow Video's new (re)release includes both the original theatrical cut and a much faster moving director's son's cut plus tons of extras. **NOTE – This is a region2 DVD which requires either a region-free player or the willingness to watch on your PC.**
I knew very little about this film, or the subject of the film. Needless to say, I had no expectations. When I walked away from the film however, I didn't have to think long to know that it was one of the more enjoyable biographical films that I have seen in quite a while.
SXSW 2010: Official Line-Up Kicks Ass with MacGruber and More!
Movie News By Neil Miller on February 3, 2010 | Be the First To CommentI've never been this excited about South by Southwest (SXSW) this early in the year. Usually it takes at least a week of being back from Sundance to get intensely jazzed for the first of the big three film festivals here in Austin, but this year is different.
Neil Miller
Scott Beggs
Rob Hunter
Kate Erbland
Christopher Campbell


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Mac man leads referendum drive
Sep 30, 2013 | 1 Comment
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In the Spring 2012 report of the Southern Poverty Law Center, OIR is identified as a Nativist Extremist group. OIR is well known as an anti-immigrant group of which Mr. Ludwick has been a leader for many years. In the last several years, OIR has attempted to disguise itself in language of "environmental sustainability."
OIR has strong links to the Center for Immigration Studies and NumbersUSA which are anti-immigration organizations that can be traced back to John Tanton, who has had close ties with the white supremacy movement over the decades. For more info, www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/john-tanton
The Driver's Card law was passed by the legislature following public hearings in which Mr. Ludwick and others who opposed the bill were able to present their points of view.
I am very much in favor of the Driver's Card (valid for 4 years) which is scheduled to take effect in January 2014. Our county's economy is dependent on the hard work of immigrants in fields, vineyards, nurseries, hotels, construction sites, and restaurants. It's important that they be able to drive themselves and their families to work and school. The Driver's card requires that the holder take a driving test. It also enables the driver to buy insurance.
The Driver's Card is essential for the economy of our state, and for the safety of all its residents. I want my community members employed and driving safely.
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Book your room at Regal Park Hotel
Standard Double or Twin Room
Max Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 infants)Triple Room
Max Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 2 infants)Junior Suite
Max Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 infants)Family Room
Max Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 infants)Single Room
Max Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 infant)4-star Rome hotel in Cassia with free breakfast
Located in Cassia, this hotel is within 6 mi (10 km) of Parco di Roma Golf Club, MAXXI - National Museum of the 21st Century, and Olympic Stadium. National Gallery of Modern Art and Ospedale San Filippo Neri are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Hotel Features
Along with a restaurant, this hotel has a bar/lounge and a coffee shop/café. Free buffet breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, coffee/tea in the lobby, conference rooms, and a 24-hour front desk are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 62 rooms offer free WiFi and free wired Internet, plus room service and LCD TVs with digital channels. Other amenities available to guests include hair dryers, laptop-compatible safes, and phones.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!


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IntroductionRights at StakeInternational and Regional Instruments of Protection and PromotionNational Protection and Service AgenciesAdvocacy, Educational and Training MaterialsOther Resources
Everyone shares the right to a decent standard of living. Essential to the achievement of this standard and therefore to the fulfillment of human life beyond simple survival is access to adequate housing. Housing fulfills physical needs by providing security and shelter from weather and climate. It fulfills psychological needs by providing a sense of personal space and privacy. It fulfills social needs by providing a gathering area and communal space for the human family, the basic unit of society. In many societies, it also fulfills economic needs by functioning as a center for commercial production.
The human right to adequate housing is the right of every woman, man, youth and child to acquire and sustain a secure home and community in which to live in peace and dignity. The right to housing is codified as a human right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
"Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control." (article 25(1))
Population growth, migration to urban areas, conflicting needs for existing land, and insufficient financial and natural resources have resulted in widespread homelessness and habitation in inadequate housing. In every country children, men and women sleep on sidewalks, under bridges, in cars, subway stations, and public parks, live in ghettos and slums, or "squat" in buildings other people have abandoned. The United Nations estimates that there are over 100 million homeless people and over 1 billion people worldwide inadequately housed.
These statistics are evidence for the difficulty governments have in guaranteeing access to housing for their citizens, but they also raise complicated questions about the extent of the obligations of governments to do so. The fact of shelter as a human need does not imply that governments must provide each one of their citizens with land, four walls and a roof. Controversy can therefore emerge over exactly what governments should do to help people exercise their rights and obtain housing. Government action is usually country-specific, and is dependent on a variety of economic, cultural, and social factors. In some cases, increasing access to education or to the labor market is the best way to ensure the right to housing, because the realizations of those rights mostly lead to greater access to housing. In other cases, it is necessary for governments to provide physical shelter directly to people. But regardless of past government action, in all countries there exist people who, because of personal issues such as physical or emotion incapacity, environmental issues such as natural disasters or famine, or social issues such as war or political instability, are unable to obtain housing for themselves. In those situations, governments are obligated to help make housing accessible. Governments are obligated to function as fair and stable systems through which their citizens can achieve the satisfaction of their rights, and to provide the means for the realization of the right to a decent standard of living which their citizens may utilize through their own free initiative.
[Back to Top]
Rights at Stake
The right to housing is included in several international legally-binding documents. Among the most significant of these is the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (article 11.1), which determines that
"The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions."
In order to clarify the meaning and scope of the right to housing as expressed in the Covenant, in 1991 the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (CESCR), the body that monitors the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, issued its General Comment 4.
The right to adequate housing applies to everyone. The phrase "himself and his family" does not refer to any limitation in the right to housing to individuals, female-headed households, or other groups. Furthermore, individuals, as well as families, are entitled to adequate housing regardless of age, economic status, group or other affiliation or status, and enjoyment of this right must not be subject to any form of discrimination. (paragraph 6)
The right to housing should be interpreted in a broad and inclusive sense as the right to live in "security, peace and dignity" rather than a narrow or restrictive sense. The right to housing is inextricably linked to other fundamental human rights and should been seen as referring to not only housing by adequate housing (paragraph 7). The right to adequate housing must be viewed in conjunction with other human rights included in the two International Covenants and other international instruments (paragraph 9).
While the definition of "adequacy" with regard to housing is influenced by social, economic, cultural, climatic, ecological, and other factors, certain aspects of the right are applicable in any context. These are:
Legal security of tenure. Security of tenure means that all people in any living arrangement possess a degree of security against forced eviction, harassment, or other threats. States are obliged to confer this security legally.
Availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure. To ensure the health, security, comfort, and nutrition of its occupants, an adequate house should have sustainable access to natural and common resources, safe drinking water, energy for cooking, heating and lighting, sanitation and washing facilities, means of food storage, refuse disposal, site drainage and emergency services.
Affordability. Affordable housing is housing for which the associated financial costs are at a level that does not threaten other basic needs. States should take steps to ensure that housing costs are proportionate to overall income levels, establish subsidies for those unable to acquire affordable housing, and protect tenants against unreasonable rent levels or increases. In societies where housing is built chiefly out of natural materials, states should help ensure the availability of those materials.
Habitability. Habitable housing provides the occupants with adequate space, physical security, shelter from weather, and protection from threats to health like structural hazards and disease.
Accessibility. Adequate housing must be accessible to those entitled to it. This includes all disadvantaged groups of society, who may have special housing needs that require extra consideration.
Location. The location of adequate housing, whether urban or rural, must permit access to employment opportunities, health care, schools, child care and other social facilities. To protect the right to health of the occupants, housing must also be separated from polluted sites or pollution sources.
Cultural adequacy. The way housing is built, the materials used, and the policies supporting these must facilitate cultural expression and housing diversity. The development and modernization of housing in general should maintain the cultural dimensions of housing while still ensuring modern technological facilities, among other things (paragraph 8).
The Commission on Human Settlements' Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 (1998) provides another definition of adequacy:
"Adequate shelter means ... adequate privacy, adequate space, adequate security, adequate lighting and ventilation, adequate basic infrastructure and adequate location with regard to work and basic facilities - all at a reasonable cost."
The additional human rights referred to in the CESCR's General Comment 4 are rights without the enjoyment of which the fulfillment of the right to housing is threatened or impossible. They include:
- the principle of non-discrimination;- the right to freedom of expression;- the right to freedom of association (such as for tenants and other community-based groups); - the right to freedom of residence (and the right to freedom of movement);- the right to participate in public decision-making; - the right to security of person (in the case of forced or arbitrary evictions or other forms of harassment);- the right not to be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with one's privacy, family, home or correspondence.
In addition, the right to housing provides a foundation that increases the likelihood of the achievement of other human rights. For example:
- the right to family;- the right to participate in government;- the right to work;- the right to rest and leisure;- the right to food and water;- the right to the highest attainable level of physical and mental health; - the right to education; - the right to participate in the cultural life of the community.
Key assistance agencies
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)The United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN-Habitat, was instituted in 1978 after a world summit in Vancouver, known as Habitat I, for the purpose of coordinating United Nations activities related to housing and human settlements. A second conference in 1996, Habitat II, produced the Habitat Agenda, which directs UN-Habitat's promotion of socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all. In 2002 the UN General Assembly gthened the agency's mandate and elevated its status to a full-fledged program of the UN system. In this role UN-Habitat partners with governments, local authorities, and non-governmental organizations. The strategic vision of UN-Habitat has five main components: knowledge management and reporting; advocacy of norms for sustainable urbanization and urban poverty reduction; technical cooperation in linking these norms to urban poverty reduction activities in the field; innovative financing for urbanization and specific shelter needs of the urban poor; and strategic partnerships. UN-Habitat's achieves this vision through two major campaigns: the Global Campaign on Urban Governance and the Global Campaign for Secure Tenure. Under these campaigns, UN-Habitat operates or supports a wide range of programmes related to housing, from international programmes such as the Cities Alliance to local organizational capacity-building in specific countries.
Fundamental to the fulfillment of UN-Habitat's mandate is the monitoring of global conditions in the shelter sector and the assessment of progress in implementing the Habitat Agenda. Monitoring is accomplished though the agency's Statistics Programme, Urban Indicator Programme, and Best Practices Programme. Together, these programmes regularly document the housing situation at international, regional, national, and local levels. They are assisted in this process by Governments who submit reports every two years to the United Nations Commission on Human Settlements based on indicators developed by Habitat. Governments include information about the availability, quantity, quality, and affordability of housing in their countries, as well as action taken and progress made towards the fulfillment of the Habitat Agenda and other international agreements and commitments. Additionally, UN-Habitat tracks the advancement of the Millennium Declaration Goal No. 7, Target 11, to improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by the year 2020 taking into account the percentage of people with access to sanitation, the percentage of people with access to safe water, the percentage of people with secure tenure, and the percentage of people in permanent housing.
United Nations Housing Rights Programme (UNHRP)Launched in 2001 as a joint initiative by UN-Habitat and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the United Nations Housing Rights Programme works to help states to follow through on the commitments made in the Habitat Agenda to guarantee the realization of the right to adequate housing. The UNHRP has five focus areas, all of which aim to promote understanding and awareness of housing rights and build on the ongoing activities in the area of housing rights of its two founding United nations agencies. These focus areas are: 1) advocacy, outreach, and learning from partners; 2) support for United Nations human rights mechanisms on housing rights; 3) monitoring and evaluation of the progress of the realization of housing rights; 4) research and analysis on housing rights; and 5) capacity-building and technical cooperation.
International Union of Tenants (IUT)The International Union of Tenants is an NGO that seeks to represent, safeguard, and promote the interests of tenants. Founded in 1926 in Zurich (Switzerland), IUT now has 48 member organizations in 42 countries, 30 of which are in Europe. IUT's priorities include the realization of the right to housing in a safe residential environment for affordable and fair rent; cooperation between tenants and the realization of their rights to participate and organize; the elimination of discrimination with regard to housing; and the spread of secure tenure. It furthers these objectives through its consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, partnerships with UN agencies, the European Union, and NGOs, and information dissemination through its website, the Global Tenant.
Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE)The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions is an international NGO that works to promote and protect the right to housing through its programme areas involving housing rights training, research and publications, monitoring, preventing and documenting forced evictions, fact-finding missions, housing and property restitution, women's housing rights, and active participation and advocacy within the United Nations and regional human rights bodies. On a national and local level, COHRE assists other NGOs and government agencies in their own capacity-building, giving particular focus to the satisfaction of the housing rights of traditionally disadvantaged groups. COHRE maintains regional programs in the Asia and Pacific region, in Africa and in the Americas.
International and Regional Instruments for Protection and Promotion
International legal instruments take the form of a treaty (also called agreement, convention, or protocol) that binds the contracting states to the negotiated terms. When negotiations are completed, the text of a treaty is established as authentic and definitive and is "signed" by the representatives of states. A state can agree to be bound to a treaty in various ways. The most common are ratification or accession. A new treaty is ratified by those states that have negotiated the instrument. A state that has not participated in the negotiations may, at a later stage, accede to the treaty. The treaty enters into force, or becomes valid, when a pre-determined number of states have ratified or acceded to the treaty.
When a state ratifies or accedes to a treaty, that state may make reservations to one or more articles of the treaty, unless reservations are prohibited by the treaty. Reservations may normally be withdrawn at any time. In some countries, international treaties take precedence over national law; in others a specific law may be required to give a ratified international treaty the force of a national law. Practically all states that have ratified or acceded to an international treaty must issue decrees, change existing laws, or introduce new legislation in order for the treaty to be fully effective on the national territory.
The binding treaties can be used to force governments to respect the treaty provisions that are relevant for the human right to adequate food and water. The non-binding instruments, such as declarations and resolutions, can be used in relevant situations to embarrass governments by negative public exposure; governments who care about their international image may consequently adapt their policies.
The following are the international treaties, declarations and commitments that address the human right to adequate food and water:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) (article 1, 2, 25)The Universal Declaration asserts the fundamental equality and dignity of each human being in its first article. Its second article, known as the principle of non-discrimination, means in the context of the right to housing that every individual and group in society has the same entitlement to housing, regardless of gender, age, race, ethnicity, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, etc. This article especially supports the equality with regard to housing of traditionally disadvantaged groups, such as racial minorities and women. Additionally, in article 25(1), the Universal Declaration also states the right of each person to an adequate standard of living. This standard includes the right to housing.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) (article 2,3, 11)The International Covenant compels all contracting states to takes steps towards the full realization of the listed economic, social, and cultural rights. It also affirms the equal right of men and women to enjoy these rights, specifically stating the right to an adequate standard of living, including housing.
The United Nations Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) has elaborated on the rights contained in the International Covenant in documents known as General Comments. In general, the content of the general comments reflects a movement toward an interpretation of the right to housing with a broader and deeper reach. The most significant General Comments are::
General Comment No. 4 (1991)This General Comment expands on the provisions of article 11(1), and includes a holistic conception of the right to housing and more specific standards for the definition of adequacy.
General Comment 7 (1997)This General Comment addresses the issue of forced evictions; it defines the term, provides clarification of the terms of the Covenant for determining the circumstances under which forced evictions are permissible, and spells out the types of protection required to ensure respect for the relevant provisions of the Covenant.
The right to housing is also cross-referenced in other General Comments by the Committee. For example:
General Comment 5 (1994) (paragraphs 15, 22 and 33)Addressing the rights of persons with disabilities, this General Comment refers to the effects of disability-based discrimination on housing (paragraph 15). It is necessary to ensure that persons with disabilities have access to adequate food, accessible housing and other basic material needs (paragraph 22), as well as support services to assist those people in increasing their independence in daily life and exercising their rights (paragraph 33).
General Comment 6 (1995) (paragraph 33) This General Comment on the economic, social and cultural rights of older persons recalls the International Plan on Ageing's emphasis on the psychological and social importance of housing for the elderly in addition to its physical significance as shelter (paragraph 33).
General Comment 14 (2000) (paragraphs 11 and 43)This General Comment concerns the right to the highest standard of health and emphasizes the interdependence of this right and other human rights. The right to health includes not only sufficient and timely health care, but also underlying determinants of health, such as access to safe and potable water, adequate sanitation, an adequate supply of safe food, nutrition and housing, and healthy occupational and environmental conditions (paragraph 11). It follows that state obligations relating to the right to health include ensuring access to basic shelter, housing and sanitation and an adequate supply of drinking water (paragraph 43).
The following documents also contribute to international and regional standards for the right to housing:
International Labour Organization Convention No. 97 on Migration for Employment (1949) (article 6iii)The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations specialized agency that articulates international labour standards in the form of binding Conventions and non-binding Recommendations. This convention guarantees the equal treatment of lawful immigrants to a member state and that states own nationals with regard to accommodation. In total, some 37 ILO conventions and recommendations mention in one respect or another, the subject of housing.
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) (article 21)This convention requires ratifying states to accord refugees treatment as favourable as possible, and not less favourable than that accorded to aliens generally in the same circumstances, with regard to housing.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965) (article 5e)This convention compels States to prohibit and eliminate racial discrimination in all forms and ensure the right of everyone to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to housing.
Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons (1975) (article 9)This declaration asserts the right of disabled persons to live with their families or with foster parents, subjected to no unnecessary differential treatment or living conditions.
ILO Recommendation No. 162 concerning Older Workers (1980) (section II, paragraph 5(g))This recommendation states that older workers must enjoy equality of opportunity and treatment with other workers without age discrimination, including access to housing, social services and health institutions, particularly when this access is related to occupational activity or employment.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979) (article 14)This convention guarantees the right of rural women to adequate living conditions, particularly housing.
Declaration on the Right to Development (1986) (article 8.1)This declaration urged states to undertake necessary measures at the national level for the realization of the right to development and ensure equality of opportunity with regard to access to social resources and other needs, including housing.
Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) (article 27)This convention requires governments to take appropriate measures to assist parents and others responsible for the child to implement the right to an adequate standard of living, particularly with regard to housing
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (1990) (article 43)The right of migrant workers to access to housing, including social housing systems, and to protection against exploitation with respect to rents is guaranteed in this convention.
United Nations Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1994) (article 22)Though not yet adopted, this declaration mentions housing rights three times. Indigenous peoples have the right to special measures for improvement of their economic and social conditions, including in the area of housing. Indigenous peoples also have the right to determine, plan and administer housing and other programmes affecting them. Similarly, indigenous peoples also have the right to autonomy in matters relating to their own internal and local affairs, including housing, as well as ways and means for financing those affairs.
Governments has made international commitments specific to the right to housing, yet which are non-binding:
ILO Recommendation No. 115 on Workers Housing (1961)This recommendation is the longest international legal text concerning housing, and states that national housing policy should aim to ensure that adequate housing is available for all workers and their families, with a degree of priority given to those with most urgent needs.
Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements (1976) (section I (8))This declaration was the outcome of the first United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat I), which concerned the organization of human settlements and the national and international actions needed to accommodate the population growth in both urban and rural communities. The Conference established the concept of human settlements as consisting of several elements that had been previously considered separately from one another - housing, building, planning and the relationship of these and such other activities as environmental change and national and international development. The declaration describes the obligations of governments with regard to housing, especially those relating to the creation of socially and racially integrated communities.
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action of the Fourth World Conference on Women (1995) (articles 49, 60(n), 94, and 255(k))This comprehensive declaration on the advancement of the rights of women includes a description of poverty as a particular barrier to the realization of human rights, mentioning specifically homelessness and inadequate housing (article 49). In its strategic objectives, the platform includes actions to be taken by governments to ensure access to housing (article 60(n)), and good health (article 94), as well as actions to be taken by non-governmental organizations and the private sector (article 255(k)).
Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development and Programme of Action (1995) (articles 19, 34(c), 34(e), 35(b), 39(h), 59(b)) This outcome of the World Summit for Social Development includes ten commitments made by the signing states expressing their goals of eradicating poverty and promoting social development. The right to housing is addressed specifically in the Programme of Action. Chapter 2: Eradication of Poverty articulates a basis for action against poverty (article 19) and suggests ways to address urban poverty, mentioning housing programs in articles 34(c) and (e). Articles in this chapter also describe actions governments should take to raise public awareness about housing needs (article 35(b)) and highlight the need to improve the social condition of single parents by providing housing and child care support (article 39(h)). In Chapter 3 of the Programme of Action, which concerns the reduction of unemployment, improvements in housing are cited as measures conducive to improving the employability of disadvantaged groups (article 59(b)).
Habitat Agenda and Plan of Action (1996)This document is an outcome of the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), a City Summit whose stated purpose was to address the themes of adequate shelter for all and sustainable human settlements in an urbanizing world. The global action plan reconfirms the legal status of the human right to adequate housing and in this context sets out over 100 commitments and 600 recommendations for cooperation and unified action toward the realization of the right to housing.
Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements (1996)This declaration expresses the commitments of governments at the Habitat II conference to the objectives, principles, and recommendations of the Habitat Agenda.
Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium (2001)This declaration, adopted at a special session of the General Assembly, reviewed the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements and the Habitat Agenda set out in 1996, and prescribed new initiatives for meeting the commitments of those documents. In the spirit of the United Nations Millennium Declaration, it also endorsed the specific Millennium Declaration target of making a significant improvement in the lives of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020.
The position of the UN Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing was established in 2000 by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolution 2000/9 and mandated to report on the status of the realization of housing rights, promote cooperation among and assistance to governments, UN agencies, and international and national NGOs, apply a gender perspective, identify possible types and sources of funding for housing activities, and facilitate the inclusion of housing issues in relevant UN missions and national offices. In addition to briefing the sessions of various United Nations agencies and bodies on specific issues and regions, the Special Rapporteur reports annually to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights on progress made, emerging issues and challenges, and recommendation for future activities. Appointed in 2000 for a term of three years, the first and current Special Rapporteur is Miloon Kothari of India.
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2000) (article 16)This treaty explicitly describes womens right to equal access to housing and acceptable living conditions.
European Social Charter (1961) (Part I: article 31; Part II: articles 15(3), 16, 19(4)(b), 23, 30, 31)Part I of the Charter lists its policy aims of promoting the conditions conducive to human rights, including the right to housing (article 31). Part II lists the obligations the states agree to be bound by. Article 31 compels states to promote access to housing of an adequate standard, to prevent and reduce homelessness with a view to its gradual elimination, and to make the price of housing accessible to those without adequate resources. The obligations of states concerning the realization of the right to housing are also referenced in related articles concerning other rights. According to article 15(3), states must ensure the right of persons with disabilities to independence, social integration and community participation by enabling access to housing. States must promote the satisfaction of the right of the family to social, legal and economic protection through the provision of family housing (article 16). They must guarantee this and other rights to migrant workers and their families, who are entitled to comparable treatment with respect to accommodation (article 19(4)(b)), and to the elderly (article 23). Additionally, states are obliged to offer particular housing assistance to persons who live or risk living in situations of poverty or social exclusion (article 30).
European Convention on Establishment (1965) (article 2)Under this convention, each contracting state guarantees to nationals of the other contracting states the facilitation of prolonged or permanent residence in its territory.
European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers (1977) (articles 6(1), 13)Contracting states are obliged to provide appropriate information to prospective migrant workers on, among other things, their residence, housing, and living conditions. Once employed, migrant workers are entitled to access to housing equivalent to the access enjoyed by the nationals of the state in which they are working, and national authorities must undertake inspections to ensure this condition (article 13). Before migrant workers set out to return home, their states of origin shall communicate to the receiving state information on the conditions of their resettlement and steps to be taken to facilitate the finding of accommodation.
Charter of the Organization of American States (1948) (article 34k)The Organization of American States is a multilateral political organization made up of independent countries from North, Central, and South America. Its Charter expresses the agreement of the member states on basic goals for equality of opportunity, elimination of extreme poverty, equitable distribution of wealth and income and the full participation of their peoples in decisions relating to their own development. Among the conditions for the achievement of these goals is adequate housing for all sectors of the population.
Helsinki Final Act (1975)In this treaty governments agree to cooperate to ensure that migrant workers enjoy satisfactory living conditions, especially housing conditions.
National Protection and Service Agencies
Although most states do not stipulate a clear right to housing, most do have legislation and national programs related to housing. In fact, UN-Habitat reports that 75% of the worlds countries have constitutions or national laws that promote the full and progressive realization of the right to adequate housing. Legal protections of the right to housing at the national level often involve arbitrary eviction, safety and health regulations, or equal protection and non-discrimination issues. In the United States, for example, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, as amended by the Fair Housing Act of 1988; Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, Section 109, Title I of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, as amended; the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990; and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended, all address housing. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is charged with carrying out programmes to institute this legislation. The activities of its Office of Fair housing and Equal Opportunity (FHEO) involve the fulfillment of the right to access to housing in practice, but are not framed in a rights-based context by the U.S. Government.
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights requires States to submit reports to the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights every five years detailing the measures they have taken to promote the realization of the right to housing of their citizens. Through these reports the Committee is able to monitor the progress of the right to housing. This monitoring function is impeded, however, by the fact that few States systematically collect the housing statistics and indicators necessary for a full appraisal, including the number of homeless persons, the number of inadequately housed persons, the number of persons arbitrarily evicted in the previous five-year period, legislation affecting the right to housing and land use, and measures taken to ensure that international assistance for housing is used to satisfy the needs of the most disadvantaged groups. In some cases, the State does not have the capacity to obtain this information; in others, the State chooses to devote its resources to other issues.
States, specialized UN agencies, and NGOs may raise specific issues related to the right to housing in several United Nations forums, and States may raise concerns about housing rights situation in another State if they feel the State is not fulfilling its legal obligations and commitments. To date, violations of housing rights have generally been limited to the context of forced evictions carried out or tolerated by the State. In the future, however, a general decline in housing conditions as a direct result of legislative and policy decisions by States parties to international conventions and in the absence of appropriate compensation will be considered a violation of those conventions. States committing these violations would therefore be subject to disciplinary or retributive measure by the United Nations. While the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights outlines no formal mechanisms by which individuals can submit complaints alleging the non-compliance of their Governments with their housing rights commitments, individuals may work with NGOs at the annual sessions of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to draw attention to the actions and legislation of States parties to the Covenant. In addition, individuals asserting certain types of housing violations could arguably utilize the complaint mechanisms of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Optional Protocol to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Economic and Social Council resolution 1503 procedure and the enforcement mechanisms of the International Labour Organization.
Individuals who wish to promote and protect their right to housing through their own Governments achieve varying degrees of success depending on their country of residence. International and regional treaties that specifically address the right to housing are widely ratified, but few states specify this right in their own constitutions and laws. Only since the 1990s has a rights-based perspective of access to adequate housing become widely articulated. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996) is a notable illustration of this new perspective, as it explicitly guarantees the right to adequate housing and compels the state to take reasonable steps to achieve its progressive realization. It also prohibits the practice of forced eviction.
In many countries housing policy is oriented around securing the affordability of housing, which is an issue for both potential homeowners and renters. According to UN-Habitats State of the Worlds Cities (2001), households in cities of developing countries need an average of 12.5 times their annual income to buy a house. The highest rents exist in the Middle East, where a household spends an average of 45% of its monthly income on rent. The creation of affordable housing generally involves Governments subsidizing the cost of building new housing, stabilizing rent, or offering loans or credit at a low-interest rate. Eligibility for public or subsidized housing is usually determined by a low income, and demand is especially high in urban areas.
Citizens who feel the satisfaction of their right to housing is in jeopardy may pursue a variety of legal and non-legal strategies to assert their rights. Legal strategies include legal appeals to prevent planned evictions or demolitions through court-ordered injunctions, legal procedures to obtain compensation following an illegal eviction, complaints against illegal actions carried out by landlords in relation to rent levels, maintenance, or discrimination, allegations of discrimination in the allocation or availability of housing, complaints about unhealthy or inadequate housing and class action suits related to significantly increased levels of homelessness. Non-legal strategies include research, education, monitoring, mobilization, participation in neighborhood networks, negotiation, constituency-building, intersectoral collaboration, development of model national housing plans, and budget analysis.
Most states have programs designed to address the immediate issues of homelessness, although these programs are usually operated on a local level. Homeless shelters and temporary housing provide shelter for those in need as well as other services such as counseling, job training, and advocacy to help people move towards a position from which they can obtain and maintain their own housing. Most governments also have plans and programs for aid to victims of natural disasters who have lost their homes.
Advocacy, Educational and Training Materials
For advocates
Learning, Reflecting and Acting for a Human Rights Future: A Training Manual for the Education of the Human Right to Housing in Urban Communities (by Teresita V. Barramed and Lea L. Espallardo, Quezon City, 1996)The purpose of this text is to help readers understand the meaning of economic, social and cultural rights through study of the human right to food and nutrition. The text can be used for self-directed learning, in a training or classroom.
The Right to Adequate Housing (in: Circle of Rights. Economic, Social & Cultural Rights Activism A Training Resource, International Human Rights Internship Program/Forum-Asia).The purpose of this module is to clarify the content and scope of the right to housing. The module presents international, regional and national standards guaranteeing the right to housing; enumerates the states obligations; elaborates on the guarantees provided under article 11 of the ICESCR as contained in General Comments 4 and 7 by the CESCR; and considers strategies for ensuring the enjoyment of the right to housing.
For facilitators/teachers
Our Homes, Our Lives, Ourselves: A Fun Book to Help Young People Get the Issues Right Concerning Women in Human Settlements Development (United Nations Centre for Human Settlement).A booklet intended to help teenagers get an idea what it is like to be a woman. They do this by reading, thinking and investigating the role of women in various ways. The booklet includes a board game ('The Game of Life') and sections on finance, land, information, networking, environment.
Other Resources
Courses and training opportunities
Organisations advocating for and educating about housing rights
World Habitat Day (first Monday of October)
Housing Rights are Human Rights
Adequate housing - housing that conforms to basic standards with regard to security of tenure, availability of services, materials, facilities, and infrastructure, affordability, habitability, accessibility, location, and cultural adequacy.
Affordable housing - housing for which the associated financial costs are at a level that does not threaten other basic needs and represents a reasonable proportion of an individuals overall income
Forced eviction - the permanent or temporary removal against their will of individuals, families and/or communities from the homes and/or land which they occupy, without the provision of, and access to, appropriate forms of legal or other protection
Homeless - a description of a person or family lacking a fixed, regular, and adequate nightly residence or a person or family whose primary nightly residence is a shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodation
Household - a person or groups of persons occupying a single dwelling
Housing discrimination - acts or policies that do not provide for or inhibit equal access to housing. Not selling or renting to a person or not lending financial support to purchase housing on the basis of race, render, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, disability, etc. are forms of housing discrimination.
Human settlement - the entirety of a human community, whether city, town or village, and the social, material, organizational, spiritual and cultural elements that sustain it. The fabric of a human settlement consists of physical elements and services to which these elements provide the material support.
Migrant worker - someone who undertakes work for pay in a state where he or she is not a national. Documented migrant workers are entitled to the same rights as the nationals of the state in which they are working with regard to housing.
Public housing/social housing - housing financed, constructed, or allocated by the state, usually for persons with low income. Sometimes known as affordable housing, public housing is generally kept at affordable rent levels or financed with low-interest loans or credit.
Squatter - a person residing in a dwelling or on land without legally owning it. For example, persons who live in unused or abandoned buildings are squatters.
Tenant - a person possessing the right to occupy land or housing but who does not own it. Generally, a tenant rents the land or housing from its owner.
1944 - The ILO's Philadelphia Declaration concerning its founding aims and purposes includes the obligation to advance programmes that provide housing.
1948 - The Universal Declaration of Human Rights includes the right to adequate housing.
1976 - First United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat I)
1978 - United Nations Human Settlements Programme established
1987 - International Year of Shelter for the Homeless
1996 - Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II)
2000 - First UN Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing appointed
This guide was developed by Caroline Buddenhagen.Copyright © Human Rights Education Associates (HREA), 2003. All rights reserved.