text:
Viral Typing and
Alexander, D.J., W.H. Allan, and G. Parsons (1979). Characterisation
of influenza viruses isolated from turkeys in Great Britain during 1963-1977. Research in Veterinary Science 26(1):
Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: Seven influenza viruses isolated from turkeys
in Great Britain since 1963 were typed by haemagglutination inhibition and
neuraminidase inhibition tests as: A/turkey/England/63 (Hav 1 Nav 3),
A/turkey/England/66 (Hav 6 N2), A/turkey/England/69 (Hav 7 N2),
A/turkey/Scotland/70 (Hav ? Neq 1), A/turkey/England/N28/73 (Hav 5 N2),
A/turkey/England/110/77 (Hav 6 N2), A/turkey/England/647/77 /Hav 1 Neq 1).
A/turkey/Scotland/70 failed to show a haemagglutinin relationship with any of the
representative strains and may possess a hitherto unreported haemagglutinin
subtype. Intravenous pathogenicity tests in six-week-old birds showed only
A/turkey/England/63 to have high virulence for turkeys and chickens.
A/turkey/England/69 produced some signs of disease in chickens and, to a lesser
extent, turkeys but all other isolates were avirulent.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian immunology, antigens,
viral analysis, chickens, fowl plague etiology, Great Britain, hemagglutination
tests, turkeys microbiology.
Barli Maganja, D., U. Krapez, S. Manko, I. Toplak, J.
Grom, P. Hostnik, and O.Z. Rojs (2004). New approaches in diagnosis and
typing of viruses causing diseases in poultry. Praxis Veterinaria
(Zagreb) 52(1/2): 19-26. ISSN:
Abstract: In the last two decades, various molecular
biological methods were introduced in diagnostic virology. They are used for
the rapid detection of viral nucleic acids, genetic characterization of the
pathogens responsible for many viral infections and tracking of the origin and
spread of viruses. In this review, the application of molecular biology
methods, particularly the combined approach of amplifying defined fragments of
viral genomes, using the polymerase chain reaction and subsequent nucleotide sequencing
analysis, is described. Emphasis is placed on some of the few important viruses
causing economically important diseases in poultry, like Newcastle disease
virus, avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease virus and chicken
anaemia virus.
Descriptors: avian infectious bursitis, diagnosis,
diagnostic techniques, DNA sequencing, fowl diseases, genomes, influenza,
methodology, molecular biology, Newcastle disease, polymerase chain reaction,
poultry, reviews, avian influenza virus, chicken anaemia virus, fowls,
infectious bursal disease virus, Newcastle disease virus.
Bean, W.J., Y. Kawaoka, J.M. Wood, J.E. Pearson, and
R.G. Webster (1985). Characterization of virulent and avirulent
A/chicken/Pennsylvania/83 influenza A viruses: potential role of defective
interfering RNAs in nature. Journal of Virology 54(1): 151-60. ISSN: 0022-538X.
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: In April 1983, an influenza virus of low
virulence appeared in chickens in Pennsylvania. Subsequently, in October 1983,
the virus became virulent and caused high mortality in poultry. The causative
agent has been identified as an influenza virus of the H5N2 serotype. The
hemagglutinin is antigenically closely related to tern/South Africa/61 (H5N3)
and the neuraminidase is similar to that from human H2N2 strains (e.g.,
A/Japan/305/57) and from some avian influenza virus strains (e.g.,
A/turkey/Mass/66 [H6N2]). Comparison of the genome RNAs of chicken/Penn with
other influenza virus isolates by RNA-RNA hybridization indicated that all of
the genes of this virus were closely related to those of various other
influenza virus isolates from wild birds. Chickens infected with the virulent
strain shed high concentrations of virus in their feces (10(7) 50% egg
infective dose per g), and the virus was isolated from the albumin and yolk of
eggs layed just before death. Virus was also isolated from house flies in
chicken houses. Serological and virological studies showed that humans are not
susceptible to infection with the virus, but can serve as short-term mechanical
carriers. Analysis of the RNA of the viruses isolated in April and October by
gel migration and RNA-RNA hybridization suggested that these strains were very
closely related. Oligonucleotide mapping of the individual genes of virulent
and avirulent strains showed a limited number of changes in the genome RNAs,
but no consistent differences between the virulent and avirulent strains that
could be correlated with pathogenicity were found. Polyacrylamide gel analysis
of the early (avirulent) isolates demonstrated the presence of
low-molecular-weight RNA bands which is indicative of defective-interfering
particles. These RNAs were not present in the virulent isolates. Experimental
infection of chickens with mixtures of the avirulent and virulent strains
demonstrated that the avirulent virus interferes with the pathogenicity of the
virulent virus. The results suggest that the original avirulent virus was
probably derived from influenza viruses from wild birds and that the virulent
strain was derived from the avirulent strain by selective adaptation rather
than by recombination or the introduction of a new virus into the population.
This adaptation may have involved the loss of defective RNAs, as well as
mutations, and thus provides a possible model for a role of
defective-interfering particles in nature.
Descriptors: chickens microbiology, influenza A virus
avian pathogenicity, RNA viral analysis, antigens, viral analysis, defective
viruses genetics, Diptera microbiology, ducks microbiology, avian
genetics, avian immunology, swine microbiology, viral interference, virus
Bender, C., H. Hall, J. Huang, A. Klimov, N. Cox, A.
Hay, V. Gregory, K. Cameron, W. Lim, and K. Subbarao (1999). Characterization
of the surface proteins of influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in
1997-1998. Virology 254(1):
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
genetics, influenza virology, influenza A virus human genetics, neuraminidase
genetics, adolescent, adult, antigens, viral immunology, base sequence, child,
preschool, DNA, viral, disease outbreaks, genes viral, Hong Kong epidemiology,
infant, influenza epidemiology, human growth and development, human immunology,
human isolation and purification, middle aged, molecular sequence data,
Boudreault, A., J. Lecomte, and V.S. Hinshaw (1980). Caracterisation
antigenique des virus influenza A isoles des oiseaux captures dans l'Ontario,
le Quebec et les provinces maritimes durant la saison 1977. [Antigenic
characterization of influenza A virus isolated from birds captured in Ontario,
Quebec, and the maritime provinces during the 1977 season]. Revue
Canadienne De Biologie Editee Par L'Universite De Montreal 39(2):
Call Number: 442.8 R325
Abstract: A total of 145 influenza A viruses were
isolated from ducks, geese and passerine birds in Ontario, Quebec and the
Maritimes in July-August 1977. Antigenic characterization of these isolates
included five hemagglutinin (Hsw1, Hav4, Hav5, Hav6, Hav7) and five
neuraminidase subtypes (N1, N2, Neq1, Neq2, Nav1) in nine different
combinations; one combination Hav7 Neq1 had not been previously reported. The majority
of these viruses were Hsw1 N1, antigenically related to influenza viruses in
pigs and humans. This large reservoir of influenza A viruses circulating in
ducks may well be involved in the appearance of new viruses in other species,
including humans.
Descriptors: animal population groups microbiology,
animals, wild microbiology, birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, Canada, disease reservoirs, ducks microbiology,
hemagglutinins viral analysis, avian immunology, neuraminidase analysis, viral proteins analysis.
Bowes, V.A., S.J. Ritchie, S. Byrne, K. Sojonky, J.J.
Bidulka, and J.H. Robinson (2004). Virus characterization, clinical
presentation, and pathology associated with H7N3 avian influenza in British
Columbia broiler breeder chickens in 2004. Avian Diseases 48(4):
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI)
subtype H7N3 was diagnosed on a two-age broiler breeder farm in Abbotsford,
British Columbia (BC), in early February 2004. The presenting complaint in the
older index flock was feed refusal, with 0.5% mortality over 72 hr that
resolved over the following week Ten days after the initial complaint in the
index flock, a younger flock in an adjacent barn experienced an abrupt spike in
mortality (25% in 48 hr). The gross lesions of tracheal hyperemia and hilar
pulmonary consolidation were subtle and nonspecific, and the diagnosis of avian
influenza required laboratory confirmation. Two different viruses were isolated
from the index farm: a LPAI (H7N3) was isolated from the older flock and a
high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) (H7N3), which had an additional 21
base insertion at the hemagglutinin-cleavage site, was isolated from the
younger flock. The presence of this insertion sequence and the similarity of
adjacent sequences indicate that the LPAI had mutated into HPAI at some point
between the first and second barn. Despite enhanced on-farm biosecurity
measures, the virus was not contained on the index farm and eventually spread
to over 40 commercial poultry facilities before massive depopulation efforts
enabled its eradication.
Descriptors: chickens virology, influenza A virus, avian
pathogenicity, avian influenza pathology, virology, base sequence, British
Columbia epidemiology, disease outbreaks veterinary, avian genetics, avian
influenza epidemiology, lung pathology, molecular sequence data, pharynx
pathology, phylogeny, RNA, viral, trachea pathology.
Bragstad, K., P.H. Jorgensen, K.J. Handberg, S.
Mellergaard, S. Corbet, and A. Fomsgaard (2005). New avian influenza A virus
subtype combination H5N7 identified in Danish mallard ducks. Virus
Research 109(2): 181-90. ISSN: 0168-1702.
Call Number: QR375.V6
Abstract: During the past years increasing incidences
of influenza A zoonosis have made it of uppermost importance to possess methods
for rapid and precise identification and characterisation of influenza A
viruses. We present here a convenient one-step RT-PCR method that will amplify
full-length haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) directly from clinical
samples and from all known subtypes of influenza A. We applied the method on
samples collected in September 2003 from a Danish flock of mallards with
general health problems and by this a previously undescribed influenza A
subtype combination, H5N7, was identified. The HA gene showed great sequence
similarity to the highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (HPAIV)
A/Chicken/Italy/312/97 (H5N2); however, the cleavage site sequence between HA1
and HA2 had a motif typical for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV).
The full-length NA sequence was most closely related to the HPAIV
A/Chicken/Netherlands/01/03 (H7N7) that infected chickens and humans in the
Netherlands in 2003. Ten persons with direct or indirect contact with the
Danish mallard ducks showed signs of influenza-like illness 2-3 days following
the killing of the ducks, but no evidence of influence infections was detected.
To our knowledge this is the first report of an H5N7 influenza A virus.
Descriptors: new avian influenza A virus, H5N7, mallard
ducks, Danish, subtype, HA1, HA2, zoonosis, identification, gene.
Butterfield, W.K. (1976). Methods for biologic
preparation, isolation, identification and characterization of avian influenza
A viruses. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal
Health Association (80): 274-82.
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian immunology,
hemagglutinins viral analysis, immune sera, neuraminidase immunology, virus
Castro, A.E., H. Lu, D. Senne, and D. Henzler (1998).
Biologic and molecular characteristics of the H7N2 subtype of avian
influenza virus isolated during a 1997 field outbreak in layer flocks. Proceedings
of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 47: 69-71.
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, hens, layer, poultry,
molecular characteristics.
Cattoli, G., R.J. Manvell, E. Tisato, J. Banks, and
I. Capua (2001). Characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in
Italy in 2000. Avian Pathology 30(5): 465-469.
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Thirty-two Newcastle disease virus isolates
from the 2000 Italian epidemic were characterized by monoclonal antibody
binding pattern and nucleotide sequencing of approximately 400 base pairs of
the fusion gene. In addition, the pathogenicity of six of these isolates was
assessed by means of the intracerebral pathogenicity test (ICPI). The strains
tested exhibited an ICPI ranging from 1.6 to 2.0. On the basis of the
monoclonal antibody binding pattern, all isolates could be classified as
belonging to group C1. Both monoclonal antibody and genomic analysis revealed a
very high degree of homology, indicating a common source of infection. On the
basis of the phylogenetic analysis, it appears that the Italian isolates are
closely related to the recent isolates from the UK, Scandinavia and South East
Europe, thus suggesting the circulation of this viral strain in Europe during
the past 5 years.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, molecular genetics,
veterinary medicine, Newcastle disease, viral disease, intracerebral
pathogenicity test analytical method, nucleotide sequencing molecular genetic
method, phylogenetic analysis analytical method, homology.
Chambers, T.M., S. Yamnikova, Y. Kawaoka, D.K. Lvov,
and R.G. Webster (1989). Antigenic and molecular characterization of subtype
H13 hemagglutinin of influenza virus. Virology 172(1): 180-8. ISSN: 0042-6822.
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: Influenza A viruses with subtype H13
hemagglutinin display an unusual host range. Although common in shorebirds,
they are very rare or absent in wild ducks; additionally, H13 viruses have been
isolated from a whale. To study the molecular basis for this host range, we
have determined the complete nucleotide sequences of the hemagglutinin genes of
three H13 influenza viruses from different species or geographical areas:
A/gull/Maryland/77, A/gull/Astrachan (USSR)/84, and A/pilot whale/Maine/84.
Based on the deduced amino acid sequences, H13 hemagglutinin shares the basic
structure of other type A hemagglutinin subtypes such as H3, but has clearly
diverged from other completely sequenced subtypes. Unique features of H13
hemagglutinin include the occurrence, near the receptor binding pocket, of
residues Arg/Lys-227 and Trp-229 (H3 numbering); the significance of these are
unknown. The sequence of the HA1-HA2 cleavage site resembles those of avirulent
avian influenza viruses. The whale H13 hemagglutinin is similar to those from
gulls, supporting the hypothesis that influenza viruses from avian sources can
enter marine mammal populations but are probably not permanently maintained
there. Antigenic analysis using a panel of monoclonal antibodies suggests that,
like other subtypes, H13 viruses are heterogeneous, with different antigenic
variants predominating in the eastern versus the western hemispheres.
Descriptors: hemagglutinins viral immunology, influenza A
virus avian immunology, amino acid sequence, base sequence, genes viral,
hemagglutinins viral classification, hemagglutinins viral genetics, avian
classification, influenza A virus avian genetics, molecular sequence data, RNA
viral genetics.
Chen, H., G. Deng, Z. Li, G. Tian, Y. Li, P. Jiao, L.
Zhang, Z. Liu, R.G. Webster, and K. Yu ( 2004). The evolution of H5N1
influenza viruses in ducks in southern China. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(28):
Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: The pathogenicity of avian H5N1 influenza
viruses to mammals has been evolving since the mid-1980s. Here, we demonstrate
that H5N1 influenza viruses, isolated from apparently healthy domestic ducks in
mainland China from 1999 through 2002, were becoming progressively more
pathogenic for mammals, and we present a hypothesis explaining the mechanism of
this evolutionary direction. Twenty-one viruses isolated from apparently
healthy ducks in southern China from 1999 through 2002 were confirmed to be
H5N1 subtype influenza A viruses. These isolates are antigenically similar to
A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus, which was the source of the 1997 Hong Kong
"bird flu" hemagglutinin gene, and all are highly pathogenic in
chickens. The viruses form four pathotypes on the basis of their replication
and lethality in mice. There is a clear temporal pattern in the progressively
increasing pathogenicity of these isolates in the mammalian model. Five of six
H5N1 isolates tested replicated in inoculated ducks and were shed from trachea
or cloaca, but none caused disease signs or death. Phylogenetic analysis of the
full genome indicated that most of the viruses are reassortants containing the
A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96-like hemagglutinin gene and the other genes from unknown
Eurasian avian influenza viruses. This study is a characterization of the H5N1
avian influenza viruses recently circulating in ducks in mainland China. Our
findings suggest that immediate action is needed to prevent the transmission of
highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from the apparently healthy ducks
into chickens or mammalian hosts.
Descriptors: ducks virology, evolution, molecular,
influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian pathogenicity, influenza, avian
virology, chickens, China, genes, viral genetics, genotype, avian transmission,
mice, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, virulence.
Couceiro, J.N., J.R. Chaves, C.T. Brandao, and R.D.
Machado (1982). Isolamento e caracterizacao de virus influenza A, em aves
ornamentais, no Rio de Janeiro. [Isolation and characterization of influenza
virus type A, in ornamental birds, in Rio de Janeiro]. Anais De
Microbiologia 27: 159-67. ISSN: 0485-1854.
Descriptors: fowl plague microbiology, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, birds, Brazil, feces microbiology, fowl
plague epidemiology, hemagglutination inhibition tests, serotyping.
Couceiro, J.N., R.D. Machado, and J.R. Chaves (1982).
Influenza A, isolamento e caracerizacao de virus isolados de aves de vida
livre. [Influenza A, isolation and characterization of virus isolated from wild
birds]. Anais De Microbiologia 27:
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, antigens, viral analysis, culture media, feces
microbiology, hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutinins viral analysis,
immune sera, avian immunology, virus cultivation.
Di Trani, L., B. Bedini, P. Cordioli, M. Muscillo, E.
Vignolo, A. Moreno, and M. Tollis (2004). Molecular characterization of low
pathogenicity H7N3 avian influenza viruses isolated in Italy. Avian
Diseases 48(2): 376-83. ISSN:
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The complete coding regions of the surface
glycoproteins, nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase 2 (PB2), and matrix (M) of
A/turkey/214845/02 and A/turkey/220158/99 (H7N3) low pathogenicity avian
influenza (LPAI) viruses isolated in October 2002 in Italy were amplified and
sequenced to determine the epidemiologic relationships with an
A/turkey/Italy/4603/99 (H7N1/4603/99) LPAI virus isolated during the 1999-2001
epizootic in Italy. The hemagglutinin (HA) of H7N3 viruses showed 97.8%
nucleotide similarity with A/turkey/Italy/4603/99 (H7N1), and NP, M, and PB2
gene similarities were 93.6%, 98.2%, and 96.2%, respectively. Phylogenetic
analyses of HA, PB2, and M genes showed that H7N3 and H7N1 viruses were closely
related. Sequence analysis revealed a 23 amino acid deletion in the stalk of
the neuraminidase of H7N3 viruses and a unique deletion of amino acid glycine
in position 17 in the NP gene of H7N1 virus.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, genes, viral
genetics, influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian isolation and purification,
avian epidemiology, poultry diseases epidemiology, turkeys virology,
hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, avian pathogenicity,
avian virology, Italy epidemiology, membrane glycoproteins genetics, molecular
biology, neuraminidase, nucleoproteins genetics, open reading frames,
phylogeny, polymerase chain reaction, poultry diseases virology.
Donatelli, I., L. Campitelli, L. Di Trani, S.
Puzelli, L. Selli, A. Fioretti, D.J. Alexander, M. Tollis, S. Krauss, and R.G.
Webster (2001). Characterization of H5N2 influenza viruses from Italian
poultry. Journal of General Virology 82(Pt. 3): 623-30. ISSN: 0022-1317.
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: From October 1997 to January 1998, highly
pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza viruses caused eight outbreaks of avian
influenza in northern Italy. A nonpathogenic H5N9 influenza virus was also
isolated during the outbreaks as a result of virological and epidemiological
surveillance to control the spread of avian influenza to neighbouring regions.
Antigenic analysis showed that the Italian H5N2 isolates were antigenically
similar to, although distinguishable from, A/HK/156/97, a human influenza H5N1
virus isolated in Hong Kong in 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of the
haemagglutinin (HA) genes showed that the highly pathogenic Italian viruses clustered
with the Hong Kong strains, whereas the nonpathogenic H5N9 virus, despite its
epidemiological association with the highly pathogenic Italian isolates, was
most closely related to the highly pathogenic A/Turkey/England/91 (H5N1)
strain. Like the HA phylogenetic tree, the nonstructural (NS) phylogenetic tree
showed that the H5N2 Italian virus genes are clearly separate from those of the
H5N9 strain. In contrast, results of the phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein
(NP) genes indicated a closer genetic relationship between the two Italian
virus groups, a finding suggesting a common progenitor. Comparison of the HA,
NS and NP genes of the Italian H5 strains with those of the H5N1 viruses
simultaneously circulating in Hong Kong revealed that the two groups of viruses
do not share a recent common ancestor. No virological and serological evidence
of bird-to-human transmission of the Italian H5N2 influenza viruses was found.
Descriptors: chickens virology, influenza A virus avian
genetics, poultry diseases virology, base sequence, chick embryo, DNA, viral,
fowl plague epidemiology, fowl plague transmission, fowl plague virology, genes
viral, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus classification,
hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, avian classification,
avian immunology, avian pathogenicity, Italy epidemiology, molecular sequence
data, nucleoproteins classification, nucleoproteins genetics, phylogeny,
poultry, poultry diseases epidemiology, poultry diseases transmission,
sequence analysis, DNA methods, viral core proteins classification, viral core
proteins genetics, viral nonstructural proteins classification, viral
nonstructural proteins genetics.
Edwards, L.E., D.C. Nguyen, X. Lu, H. Hall, A.
Balish, J.E. Mabry, W. Lim, N.J. Cox, A. Klimov, and J.M. Katz (2004). Antigenic
characteristics of recent avian influenza A H5N1 viruses isolated from humans.
International Congress Series 1263: 109-113.
Abstract: Background: In February 2003, highly
pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 viruses reemerged in humans. Despite repeated
outbreaks in domestic poultry in Hong Kong since 1999, this was the first
isolation of H5N1 from humans since the outbreak in Hong Kong in 1997, which
resulted in 18 human cases and 6 deaths. Methods: To better understand the
antigenic relationship between the 2003 H5N1 human virus A/Hong Kong/213/03
(HK/213) and other H5 viruses, post-infection ferret sera or post-infection
human sera were tested for reactivity by hemagglutination-inhibition and
microneutralization assays with H5N1 viruses circulating in Hong Kong or
elsewhere in Asia since 1997. Results: The H5N1 virus isolated from a
9-year-old male in Hong Kong was antigenically distinguishable from recent H5N1
viruses isolated from wild birds in Hong Kong and from the human 1997 H5N1
viruses, using post-infection ferret sera. Likewise, sera from this case
patient, collected 22 days post-symptom onset, reacted to high titers with the
homologous HK/213 virus, but gave eightfold lower titers with A/Hong
Kong/156/97, and other H5 viruses. Conclusion: These results suggest that this
recent human H5N1 virus is antigenically distinguishable from current and
previously circulating H5N1 viruses from Asia, including the viruses previously
isolated from humans.
Descriptors: influenza H5N1, antigenicity, serology.
Fouchier, R.A., V. Munster, A. Wallensten, T.M.
Bestebroer, S. Herfst, D. Smith, G.F. Rimmelzwaan, B. Olsen, and A.D. Osterhaus
(2005). Characterization of a novel influenza A virus hemagglutinin subtype
(H16) obtained from black-headed gulls. Journal of Virology 79(5):
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: In wild aquatic birds and poultry around the
world, influenza A viruses carrying 15 antigenic subtypes of hemagglutinin (HA)
and 9 antigenic subtypes of neuraminidase (NA) have been described. Here we
describe a previously unidentified antigenic subtype of HA (H16), detected in
viruses circulating in black-headed gulls in Sweden. In agreement with
established criteria for the definition of antigenic subtypes, hemagglutination
inhibition assays and immunodiffusion assays failed to detect specific
reactivity between H16 and the previously described subtypes H1 to H15.
Genetically, H16 HA was found to be distantly related to H13 HA, a subtype also
detected exclusively in shorebirds, and the amino acid composition of the
putative receptor-binding site of H13 and H16 HAs was found to be distinct from
that in HA subtypes circulating in ducks and geese. The H16 viruses contained
NA genes that were similar to those of other Eurasian shorebirds but
genetically distinct from N3 genes detected in other birds and geographical
locations. The European gull viruses were further distinguishable from other
influenza A viruses based on their PB2, NP, and NS genes. Gaining information
on the full spectrum of avian influenza A viruses and creating reagents for
their detection and identification will remain an important task for influenza
surveillance, outbreak control, and animal and public health. We propose that
sequence analyses of HA and NA genes of influenza A viruses be used for the
rapid identification of existing and novel HA and NA subtypes.
Descriptors: wild aquatic birds, influenza A virus,
black-headed gulls, Larus ridibundus,
orthomyxoviridae, amino acids, genes, hemagglutinin, neuraminidase,
immunodiffusion, immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques.
Gambaryan, A.S., A.B. Tuzikov, G.V. Pazynina, R.G.
Webster, M.N. Matrosovich, and N.V. Bovin ( 2004). H5N1 chicken influenza
viruses display a high binding affinity for
Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-4(6-HSO3)GlcNAc-containing receptors. Virology 326(2): 310-6.
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: To characterize differences in the
receptor-binding specificity of H5N1 chicken viruses and viruses of aquatic
birds, we used a panel of synthetic polyacrylamide (PAA)-based
sialylglycopolymers that carried identical terminal Neu5Acalpha2-3Gal fragments
but varied by the structure of the next saccharide residues. A majority of duck
viruses irrespective of their HA subtype, bound with the highest affinity to
trisaccharide Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-3GlcNAc, suggesting that these viruses
preferentially recognize sialyloligosaccharide receptors with type 1 core
(Galbeta1-3GlcNAc). Substitution of 6-hydroxyl group of GlcNAc residue of
tested sialylglycopolymers by 6-sulfo group had little effect on receptor
binding by duck viruses. By contrast, H5N1 chicken and human viruses isolated
in 1997 in Hong Kong preferred receptors with type 2 core (Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta)
and bound sulfated trisaccharide Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-4(6-HSO3)GlcNAcbeta
(6-Su-3'SLN) with the extraordinary high affinity. Another chicken virus,
A/FPV/Rostok/34 (H7N1), and several mammalian viruses also displayed an
increased affinity for sulfated sialyloligosaccharide receptor. The binding of
chicken and mammalian viruses to tracheal epithelial cells of green monkey
decreased after treatment of cells with glucosamine-6-sulfatase suggesting the
presence of 6-O-Su-3'SLN determinants in the airway epithelium. It remains to
be seen whether existence of the 6-O-Su-3'SLN groups in the human airway
epithelial cells might facilitate infection of humans with H5N1 chicken
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian metabolism, lactose
analogs and derivatives, lactose metabolism, receptors, virus metabolism,
carbohydrate sequence, cell membrane metabolism, cells, cultured, cercopithecus
aethiops, chickens virology, ducks virology, epithelial cells virology,
gangliosides metabolism, influenza, avian transmission, influenza, avian
virology, lactose chemistry, molecular sequence data, oligosaccharides
chemistry, oligosaccharides metabolism, receptors, virus chemistry,
trisaccharides metabolism, virus replication.
Garcia Garcia, J. and O.M. Mendez (1996). Estudio
sobre algunas caracteristicas de los virus de influenza aviar de baja
patogenicidad aislados en Mexico, de enero a Septiembre de 1994. [A study on
some characteristics of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses isolated in
Mexico from January to September, 1994]. Proceedings of the Western
Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 295-296.
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, pathogenicity, Mexico,
America, biological properties, influenza virus, Latin America, microbial
properties, North America, orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Garcia Garcia, J., A. Mendez M, and E. Rivera C
(1995). Estudio descriptivo de los aislamientos del virus de influenza aviar
de baja patogenicidad de enero a septiembre de 1994. [Descriptive study of
isolations of avian influenza virus from January to September 1994]. Veterinaria
Mexico 26(Suppl. 2): 100. ISSN:
Call Number: SF604.V485
Abstract: El objeto del presente estudio fue determinar
el comportamiento del VIA para conocer variaciones que pudiera indicar un
cambio gradual de patogenicidad. Se realizo una encuesta con los laboratorios
que hicieron aislamientos del virus, de enero a septiembre de 1994, y que
fueron enviados a la Cornision Mexico Americana para la Prevencion de Fiebre
Aftosa y otras enfermedades exoticas, para realizar pruebas de patogenicidad.
De un total de 64 aislamientos se obtuvo la informacion de 55 de ellos. La
distribucion por estados fue que el 27 se aislaron en el Edo. de Mexico, el 25
en Jal., el 22 en Qro., el 7 en Gto., el S en Pue., en Mor. y Gro. El 4 y en
Ags., Hgo. y Ver. El 2. Del total de los aislamientos el 49 se pudieron aislar
al primer pase, el 31 al segundo pase, el 15 se aislaron al 3er pase y el 5 al
4o pase. Los aislamientos al 2o, 3o y 4o pase fueron mas frecuentes a partir de
mayo. Las frecuencias de aislamiento a partir de traquea fueron de un 43, en
pulmon de 38, de tonsilas cecales el 6, de bazo el 5, de encefalo el 4, de
rinon y senos infraorbitarios el 2. La mortalidad embrionaria durante los
aislamientos fue la siguiente: el 15 se presento entre 24 y 48 h, el 42 entre
48 y 72 h, de los cuales el mayor numero se presento en aislamientos al primer
pase, y en 42 no se observo mortalidad. Las lesiones observadas fueron
hemorragias en el embrion en un 24, de los cuales el mayor numero fue al primer
pase, el 25 mostro congestion y en un 51 no se observaron lesiones. Por lo que
se puede concluir que existen variaciones, en cuanto a su capacidad de producir
lesiones y mortalidad, en los virus aislados durante este periodo, por lo que
se requeriran otros estudios para identificar en que consisten esas
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus, diagnosis,
pathogenicity, biological properties, birds, domestic animals, Galliformes,
influenza virus, livestock, microbial properties, orthomyxoviridae, poultry,
useful animals, viruses.
Glass, S.E., D. McGeoch, and R.D. Barry (1975). Characterization
of the mRNA of influenza virus. Journal of Virology 16(6):
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: The kinetics of the appearance of influenza
mRNA, the distribution of mRNA between free and membrane-associated
polyribosomes, its poly(A) content, and the extent to which the genome was
transcribed into mRNA early in infection were determined. Polyribosomes were
prepared from influenza virus-infected cells labeled for 30-min periods at
various times after infection with [3H]uridine. Most of the 3H-labeled RNA
extracted from these polyribosomes sedimented as a heterogeneous 8S to 20S peak
in sucrose gradients, and it was largely complementary to virion RNA. By the
following criteria, the complementary RNA had properties normally ascribed to
mRNA: (i) it labeled rapidly with [3H]uridine; (ii) after glutaraldelyde treatment,
it banded with polyribosomes in CsCl density gradients; and (iii) it contained
poly(A). In chick cells at 37 C, virus mRNA was first detectable at 45 min
postinfection and reached its maximal rate of appearance at 2 to 2.5 h
postinfection. The free and membrane-bound polyribosomes of infected cells were
separated and were found to contain the same classes of mRNA. There was no
absolute segregation of mRNA sequences into either polyribosome class although
each probably contained distinct ratios of the different mRNA's. From 45 min
postinfection onwards, both membrane-bound and free polysomal
poly(A)-containing RNA contained sequences complementary to at least 80% of the
genome RNA, whereas poly(A)-minus RNA contained sequences complementary to 90
to 100% of the genome. There was no evidence for the temporal control of
transcription of influenza mRNA. At 31 C, when virus development was slowed
relative to 37 C,complementary RNA first appeared at 1 h postinfection. At this
time, total polysomal RNA contained sequences complementary to the whole
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian metabolism, RNA
messenger biosynthesis, RNA viral biosynthesis, base sequence, influenza A
virus avian analysis, influenza A virus avian growth and development, poly A analysis,
polyribosomes analysis, polyribosomes metabolism, RNA messenger analysis, RNA
viral analysis, temperature, time
factors, tissue culture, transcription, genetic, virus replication.
Guo, Y., M. Wang, Y. Kawaoka, O. Gorman, T. Ito, T.
Saito, and R.G. Webster (1992). Characterization of a new avian-like
influenza A virus from horses in China. Virology 188(1):
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: In March 1989 a severe outbreak of
respiratory disease occurred in horses in the Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces
of Northeast China that caused up to 20% mortality in some herds. An influenza
virus of the H3N8 subtype was isolated from the infected animals and was
antigenically and molecularly distinguishable from the equine 2 (H3N8) viruses
currently circulating in the world. The reference strain A/Equine/Jilin/1/89
(H3N8) was most closely related to avian H3N8 influenza viruses. Sequence
comparisons of the entire hemagglutinin (HA), nucleoprotein (NP), neuraminidase
(NA), matrix (M), and NS genes along with partial sequences of the three
polymerase (PB1, PB2, PA) genes suggest that six of the eight gene segments
(PA, HA, NP, NA, M, NS) are closely related to avian influenza viruses. Since
direct sequence analysis can only provide a crude measure of relationship,
phylogenetic analysis was done on the sequence information. Phylogenetic
analyses of the entire HA, NP, M, and NS genes and of partial sequences of PB1,
PB2, and PA indicated that these genes are of recent avian origin. The NP gene
segment is closely related to the gene segment found in the newly described H14
subtype isolated from ducks in the USSR. The A/Equine/Jilin/1/89 (H3N8)
influenza virus failed to replicate in ducks, but did replicate and cause
disease in mice on initial inoculation and on subsequent passaging caused 100%
mortality. In ferrets, the virus caused severe influenza symptoms. A second
outbreak of influenza in horses in Northeast China occurred in April 1990 in
the Heilongjiang province with 48% morbidity and no mortality. The viruses
isolated from this outbreak were antigenically indistinguishable from those in
the 1989 outbreak and it is probable that the reduced mortality was due to the
immune status of of the horses in the region. No influenza was detected in
horses in Northern China in the spring, summer, or fall of 1991 and no
influenza has been detected in horses in adjacent areas. Our analysis suggests
that this new equine influenza virus in horses in Northeast China is the latest
influenza virus in mammals to emerge from the avian gene pool in nature and
that it may have spread to horses without reassortment. The appearance of this
new equine virus in China emphasizes the potential for whole avian influenza
viruses to successfully enter mammalian hosts and serves as a model and a
warning for the appearance of new pandemic influenza viruses in
humans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Descriptors: horse diseases microbiology, influenza A
virus isolation and purification, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary,
antigens, viral genetics, antigens, viral immunology, base composition, chick
embryo, China epidemiology, cloning, molecular, genes viral, horse diseases
epidemiology, horses, influenza A virus avian immunology, influenza A virus
genetics, influenza A virus immunology, influenza A virus pathogenicity,
orthomyxoviridae infections epidemiology, orthomyxoviridae infections
microbiology, phylogeny, species specificity, virus replication.
Guo, Y., J. Xie, K. Wu, J. Dong, M. Wang, Y. Zhang,
J. Guo, J. Chen, Z. Chen, and Z. Li (2002). [Characterization of genome of
A/Guangzhou/333/99(H9N2) virus]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du
Xue Za Zhi Zhonghua Shiyan He Linchuang Bingduxue Zazhi [Chinese Journal of
Experimental and Clinical Virology]. 16(2): 142-5. ISSN: 1003-9279.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: To understand the characterization
of genome of a strain of avian influenza A H9N2 virus repeatedly isolated from
a child with influenza illness. Thereafter to reveal the origin of this H9N2
virus. METHODS: Viruses were passed in embryonated hen eggs and virion RNA was
extracted from allantoic fluid and reverse transcribed to synthesize cDNA. cDNA
was amplified by PCR and the PCR product was purified with a purification kit.
Afterwards RNA sequence analysis was performed by dideoxynucleotide chain
termination and a cloning method. Finally, phylogenetic analysis of the
sequencing data was performed with MegAlign (Version 1.03) and Editseg (Version
3.69) softwares. RESULTS: Genome of A/Guangzhou/333/99 (H9N2) virus was closely
related to avian influenza A H9N2 virus, but obvious difference from that of
A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y439/97(H9N2) virus, as well as its genome did not include any
RNA segment derived from human influenza A virus. However, the genes encoding
the HA,NA,NP and NS proteins of A/Guangzhou/333/99 virus were derived from those
of G9 lineage virus, the rest genes encoding the M and three polymerase
(PB2,PB1 and PA) proteins were derived from G1 lineage strain. CONCLUSIONS:
A/Guangzhou/333/99 virus was a reassortant derived from reassortment betweenG9
and G1 lineages of avian influenzaA(H9N2) viruses. Therefore, the most
possibility is that it is derived from avian influenza A virus directly. The
results do not only demonstrate that avian influenza A (H9N2) virus could
infect men, but also firstly prove that the genetic reassortment could be
occurred between different genetic lineages of avian influenza A (H9N2) viruses
in the nature.
Descriptors: genome, viral, influenza virology, influenza
A virus avian genetics, base sequence,
chick embryo, child, phylogeny.
Guo, Y., X. Xu, and X. Wan (1998). [Genetic
characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a sick
goose in China]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi
Zhonghua Shiyan He Linchuang Bingduxue Zazhi [Chinese Journal of Experimental
and Clinical Virology]. 12(4): 322-5.
Abstract: Genetic analysis of viral HA gene showed that
there were 22 nucleotide differences in HA gene between goose and human H5N1
viruses. The sequence analysis of amino acid on viral protein molecules
indicated that there were 7 and 9 position differences between goose and human,
chicken H5N1 viruses, respectively. All the three viruses share multiple basic
amino acids (R-E-R-R-R-K-K-R) at the cleavage site between HA1 and HA2 domain,
that is associated with highly pathogenic H5 avian viruses. Except one more
glycosylation site located at 156 position in the chicken strain, there were 7
glycosylation sites at same positions in three virus HA protein molecules. The
analysis of NA protein molecule indicated that the stalk region which extends
from the viral membrane up to amino acid 85, human and chicken viruses had a 19
amino-acid deletion as compared with that of goose virus, while the goose NA
gene was closely related to A/Parrot/Ulster/73 (H7N1) virus. Therefore, goose
H5N1 virus HA and NA genes were avian in origin and were different from those
of human and chicken H5N1 viruses. In our knowledge, this is the first time
that the avian H5N1 virus was found causing influenza outbreak in goose. Why
was A/Goose/Guangdong/2/96(H5N1) virus virulent for geese? It might be related
to the substitution of amino acid located at 138 position near by RBS on HA
protein molecule and 19 amino acids insertion on NA protein molecule as
compared with those of human and chicken H5N1 viruses.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus avian
genetics, influenza A virus human genetics, poultry diseases virology, amino
acid sequence, chick embryo, geese virology, influenza veterinary, influenza A
virus avian isolation and purification, influenza A virus human isolation and
purification, molecular sequence data, sequence homology, amino acid.
Guo, Y.J., S. Krauss, D.A. Senne, I.P. Mo, K.S. Lo,
X.P. Xiong, M. Norwood, K.F. Shortridge, R.G. Webster, and Y. Guan (2000). Characterization
of the pathogenicity of members of the newly established H9N2 influenza virus
lineages in Asia. Virology 267(2): 279-88. ISSN: 0042-6822.
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: The reported transmission of avian H9N2
influenza viruses to humans and the isolation of these viruses from Hong Kong
poultry markets lend urgency to studies of their ecology and pathogenicity. We
found that H9N2 viruses from North America differ from those of Asia. The North
American viruses, which infect primarily domestic turkeys, replicated poorly in
inoculated chickens. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin and
nucleoprotein genes indicated that the Asian H9N2 influenza viruses could be
divided into three sublineages. Initial biological characterization of at least
one virus from each lineage was done in animals. Early isolates of one lineage
(A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94, H9N2) caused as high as 80% mortality rates in
inoculated chickens, whereas all other strains were nonpathogenic. Sequence
analysis showed that some isolates, including the pathogenic isolate, had one
additional basic amino acid (A-R/K-S-S-R-) at the hemagglutinin cleavage site.
Later isolates of the same lineage (A/Chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97, H9N2) that
contains the PB1 and PB2 genes similar to Hong Kong/97 H5N1 viruses replicated
in chickens, ducks, mice, and pigs but were pathogenic only in mice.
A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (H9N2), from a second lineage that possesses the
replicative complex similar to Hong Kong/97 H5N1 virus, replicated in chickens
and ducks without producing disease signs, was pathogenic in mice, and spread
to the brain without adaptation. Examples of the third Asian H9N2 sublineage
(A/Chicken/Korea/323/96, Duck/Hong Kong/Y439/97) replicated in chickens, ducks,
and mice without producing disease signs. The available evidence supports the
notion of differences in pathogenicity of H9N2 viruses in the different
lineages and suggests that viruses possessing genome segments similar to 1997
H5N1-like viruses are potentially pathogenic in mammals. Copyright 2000
Academic Press.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian genetics, influenza A
virus avian pathogenicity, binding sites genetics, chickens virology, DNA
complementary chemistry, DNA complementary genetics, glycosylation,
hemagglutinins viral genetics, hemagglutinins viral metabolism, Hong Kong
epidemiology, mice, mice inbred BALB c virology, molecular sequence data,
phylogeny, poultry diseases epidemiology, RNA viral genetics, reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, sequence analysis, DNA, virulence
genetics, virus replication.
Guo, Y.J., L.Y. Wen, M. Wang, Y. Zhang, and J.F. Guo
(2004). [Characterization of HA and NA genes of swine influenza A (H9N2)
viruses]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 18(1):
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To understand the origin of HA and
NA genes of swine influenza A (H9N2) viruses isolated from pigs in the mainland
of China and on basis of these to reveal the pathogenecity of them in pigs.
METHODS: The target gene was amplified by PCR, the PCR product was ligated with
PGEM-T Easy Vector (Promega company, USA) at 4 degrees, the recombined plasmid
was transferred into DH-10-beta bacteria; positive colonies were selected and
identified then digested with restriction enzyme. Afterwards,the nucleotide
sequence was determined. Finally,phylogenetic analysis of the sequencing data
was performed with MegAlign (Version 1.03) and Editseg (Version 3.69)
softwares. RESULTS: Two strains of swine influenza A(H9N2) virus isolated in the
mainland had an amino acid residue, leucine (L) at position 226 (H3 numbering)
on HA protein molecule found in H9N2 viruses isolated either in pigs or humans
previously; the amino acid sequence at HA connecting peptide of isolates
possessed R-L-S-R, whereas the other H9N2 viruses with virulence in poultry had
R-S-S-R at HA connecting peptide. The two pig H9N2 isolates shared the same
three-amino-acids deletion in the NA stalk at 62.64 position found in
A/Shaoguan/408/98 and A/Swine/Hong Kong/9/98, as well as A/Duck/Hong Kong
/Y280/97(H9N2) viruses. The analysis of the phylogenetic tree indicated that
the HA and NA genes of new isolates were closely related to those of
A/Chicken/Hong Kong/G23/97 and A/Chickon/Hong Kong/G9/97 and A/Shaoguan/408/98
viruses, respectively. CONCLUSION: The HA and NA genes of swine influenza
A(H9N2) viruses isolated in the mainland of China probably were derived from
those of avian influenza A(H9N2) virus. The occurrence of substitution of amino
acid sequence at HA connecting peptide, could result in the H9N2 virus from non
pathogenic to pathogenic in pigs. However, avian influenza A(H9N2) virus had
deletion in the stalk of the NA that resulted in host range
transmission.Therefore they could infect pigs directly.
Descriptors: HA, NA. genes, swine influenza A, viruses,
H9N2, pigs, China, pathogenecity, amino acids, deletion.
Hay, A.J. and J.J. Skehel (1979). Characterization
of influenza virus RNA transcripts synthesized in vitro. Journal of
General Virology 44(3): 599-608.
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: Polyadenylated transcripts synthesized in
vitro by detergent-disrupted influenza virus resemble virus mRNAs in that they
possess the complement of the 3' terminus of the genome RNAs but lack sequences
corresponding to the same 5' terminal region, including the homologous sequence
of nucleotides 1 to 22. Transcription is initiated at the 3' terminus by both
ApG and GpG as well as in the absence of added primer.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian analysis,
orthomyxoviridae analysis, RNA viral analysis, transcription, genetic, base
sequence, cell free system, avian metabolism, nucleic acid hybridization,
nucleotides analysis, poly A analysis, viral biosynthesis.
Hay, A.J., J.J. Skehel, and J. McCauley (1982). Characterization
of influenza virus RNA complete transcripts. Virology 116(2):
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian genetics, RNA viral
analysis, adenosine metabolism, base sequence, chromatography, DEAE-cellulose,
chromatography, thin layer, phosphorylation, ribonucleases pharmacology,
ribonucleotides analysis, transcription, genetic.
He HouJun, Deng ShunZhou, Wu XiangDong, and Zhu
ZhiXiu (2004). Isolation and identification of the avian influenza Virus
strain in Jiangxi. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, identification,
isolation, strains, hens, Jiangzi, China.
Hinshaw, V.S., W.J. Bean, J. Geraci, P. Fiorelli, G.
Early, and R.G. Webster (1986). Characterization of two influenza A viruses
from a pilot whale. Journal of Virology 58(2): 655-6. ISSN: 0022-538X.
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: Influenza A viruses of the H13N2 and H13N9
subtypes were isolated from the lung and hilar node of a pilot whale.
Serological, molecular, and biological analyses indicate that the whale
isolates are closely related to the H13 influenza viruses from gulls.
Descriptors: cetacea microbiology, influenza A virus
isolation and purification, whales microbiology, antigens, viral immunology,
ferrets microbiology, hemagglutinins viral immunology, influenza A virus avian
analysis, influenza A virus analysis, influenza A virus immunology, influenza A
virus physiology, lung microbiology, lymph nodes microbiology, neuraminidase
immunology, nucleic acid hybridization, RNA viral analysis, virus replication.
Hinshaw, V.S. and R.G. Webster (1979). Characterization
of a new avian influenza virus subtype and proposed designation of this haemagglutinin
as Hav10. Journal of General Virology 45(3): 751-4. ISSN: 0022-1317.
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: The haemagglutinin of A/Dk/alb/60/76, an
influenza A virus isolated from feral ducks in Canada, possesses no antigenic
relatedness to any of the 16 reference haemagglutinin subtypes. Results of
serological tests (HI and double immunodiffusion) with monospecific antisera to
the haemagglutinin of this virus indicate that it represents a new avian
haemagglutinin subtype. We propose that this haemagglutinin be designated as
Hav10 under the current system of nomenclature.
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, hemagglutinins viral
immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology, chickens, cross reactions,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutinins viral classification,
immunodiffusion, avian classification, avian pathogenicity.
Hiromoto, Y., T. Saito, S. Lindstrom, and K. Nerome
(2000). Characterization of low virulent strains of highly pathogenic A/Hong
Kong/156/97 (H5N1) virus in mice after passage in embryonated hens' eggs. Virology
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, ovum
virology, cell line, chick embryo, clone cells, dogs, fowl plague mortality,
avian growth and development, avian isolation and purification, mice, organ
specificity, sequence analysis, DNA, sequence analysis, protein, serial
passage, tropism, virulence, virus replication.
Hoffmann, E., J. Stech, I. Leneva, S. Krauss, C.
Scholtissek, P.S. Chin, M. Peiris, K.F. Shortridge, and R.G. Webster (2000). Characterization
of the influenza A virus gene pool in avian species in southern China: was H6N1
a derivative or a precursor of H5N1? Journal of Virology 74(14):
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: In 1997, an H5N1 influenza virus outbreak
occurred in chickens in Hong Kong, and the virus was transmitted directly to
humans. Because there is limited information about the avian influenza virus reservoir
in that region, we genetically characterized virus strains isolated in Hong
Kong during the 1997 outbreak. We sequenced the gene segments of a
heterogeneous group of viruses of seven different serotypes (H3N8, H4N8, H6N1,
H6N9, H11N1, H11N9, and H11N8) isolated from various bird species. The
phylogenetic relationships divided these viruses into several subgroups. An
H6N1 virus isolated from teal (A/teal/Hong Kong/W312/97 [H6N1]) showed very
high (>98%) nucleotide homology to the human influenza virus A/Hong
Kong/156/97 (H5N1) in the six internal genes. The N1 neuraminidase sequence
showed 97% nucleotide homology to that of the human H5N1 virus, and the N1
protein of both viruses had the same 19-amino-acid deletion in the stalk
region. The deduced hemagglutinin amino acid sequence of the H6N1 virus was
most similar to that of A/shearwater/Australia/1/72 (H6N5). The H6N1 virus is
the first known isolate with seven H5N1-like segments and may have been the
donor of the neuraminidase and the internal genes of the H5N1 viruses. The high
homology between the internal genes of H9N2, H6N1, and the H5N1 isolates
indicates that these subtypes are able to exchange their internal genes and are
therefore a potential source of new pathogenic influenza virus strains. Our
analysis suggests that surveillance for influenza A viruses should be conducted
for wild aquatic birds as well as for poultry, pigs, and humans and that H6
isolates should be further characterized.
Descriptors: genome, viral, influenza A virus avian genetics,
birds, China, fowl plague, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
genetics, avian classification, avian isolation and purification, avian
pathogenicity, human classification, human genetics, human isolation and
purification, human pathogenicity, mice, mice inbred BALB c, neuraminidase
genetics, phylogeny, polymerase chain reaction, sequence analysis, DNA.
Karasin, A.I., I.H. Brown, S. Carman, and C.W. Olsen
(2000). Isolation and characterization of H4N6 avian influenza viruses from
pigs with pneumonia in Canada. Journal of Virology 74(19): 9322-7. ISSN: 0022-538X.
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: In October 1999, H4N6 influenza A viruses
were isolated from pigs with pneumonia on a commercial swine farm in Canada.
Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences of all eight viral RNA segments
demonstrated that these are wholly avian influenza viruses of the North
American lineage. To our knowledge, this is the first report of interspecies
transmission of an avian H4 influenza virus to domestic pigs under natural
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, pneumonia, viral virology, swine diseases virology, Canada
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian genetics, molecular sequence data,
phylogeny, pneumonia, viral epidemiology, swine, swine diseases epidemiology.
Karasin, A.I., K. West, S. Carman, and C.W. Olsen
(2004). Characterization of avian H3N3 and H1N1 influenza A viruses isolated
from pigs in Canada. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42(9):
Call Number: QR46.J6
Abstract: H3N3 and H1N1 influenza A viruses were
isolated from Canadian pigs in 2001 and 2002. These viruses are
phylogenetically related to waterfowl viruses and antigenically distinct from
reference swine influenza viruses. The isolation of these viruses reemphasizes
the potential for interspecies transmission of influenza viruses from waterfowl
to pigs in North America.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian classification,
swine virology, base sequence, birds, Canada, DNA primers, avian isolation and
purification, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, reverse transcriptase
polymerase chain reaction methods.
Klenk, H.D., W. Keil, H. Niemann, R. Geyer, and R.T.
Schwarz (1983). The characterization of influenza A viruses by carbohydrate
analysis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 104:
Call Number: QR1.C8
Descriptors: carbohydrates analysis, hemagglutinins viral
analysis, influenza A virus avian analysis, influenza A virus analysis,
chemistry, glycopeptides analysis, avian immunology, human analysis, porcine
analysis, influenza A virus classification, influenza A virus immunology,
serotyping, species specificity.
Kou, Z., L.J. Tang, F.M. Lei, X.F. An, Z.J. Fan, and
T.X. Li (2004). Isolation and identification of an avian influenza virus of
subtype H5N1 from Hubei Province. Virologica Sinica 19(5):
Call Number: QR355.P5
Descriptors: ELISA, isolation, identification, avian
influenza virus, China.
Laudert, E., V. Sivanandan, D. Halvorson, D. Shaw,
and R.G. Webster (1993). Biological and molecular characterization of H13N2
influenza type A viruses isolated from turkeys and surface water. Avian
Diseases 37(3): 793-9. ISSN:
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The pathogenicity potential of two H13N2
influenza viruses, one isolated from turkeys and the other isolated from
surface water, was evaluated in turkeys, chickens, and mallard ducks (Anas
platyrhynchos ) after intracranial and oculonasal inoculation. Both
isolates replicated in turkey poults, causing depressed weight gain, morbidity
and mortality; both also caused histopathological lesions, such as mild to
severe pancreatitis, hepatitis, and nephritis in turkeys. These isolates
replicated in mallard ducklings but not in chickens. There was depressed weight
gain in ducklings given the H13N2 isolate from water. Neither isolate caused
morbidity or mortality in ducklings or chicks after inoculation.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, turkeys microbiology, water microbiology, antibodies, monoclonal,
chickens, cross reactions, ducks, fowl plague etiology, fowl plague pathology,
avian immunology, avian pathogenicity, species specificity, virulence.
Lee, C.W., D.A. Senne, J.A. Linares, P.R. Woolcock,
D.E. Stallknecht, E. Spackman, D.E. Swayne, and D.L. Suarez (2004). Characterization
of recent H5 subtype avian influenza viruses from US poultry. Avian
Pathology 33(3): 288-97. ISSN:
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: In the US, the isolation of H5 subtype avian
influenza (AI) viruses has been uncommon in commercial chickens and turkeys,
although sporadic isolations have been made from the live bird markets or its
supply chain since 1986. In 2002, two different outbreaks of H5 AI occurred in
commercial chicken or turkey operations. The first occurred in Texas and was
identified as a H5N3 subtype AI virus. The second outbreak was caused by a H5N2
virus isolated from a turkey farm in California. In this study we analyzed
recent H5 subtype AI viruses from different avian species and different sources
in the US. Most recent H5 subtype isolates shared a high sequence identity and
phylogenetically assorted into a separate clade from the Pennsylvania/83
lineage isolates. However, no established lineage was found within this clade
and the recent H5 subtype isolates seemed to be the result of separate
introductions from the wild bird reservoir. The Texas H5N3 isolate shared the
lowest homology with the other recent isolates in the haemagglutinin gene and
had a unique haemagglutinin cleavage site sequence of REKR/G (other recent
isolates have the typical avirulent motif, RETR/G). Furthermore, this isolate
had a 28 amino acid deletion in the stalk region of the neuraminidase protein,
a common characteristic of chicken adapted influenza viruses, and may indicate
that this virus had actually been circulating in poultry for an extended period
of time before it was isolated. In agreement with genetic evidence, the Texas
H5N3 isolate replicated better than other H5 isolates in experimentally
infected chickens. The outbreak in Texas with a more chicken-adapted H5N3 virus
underscores the importance of ongoing surveillance and control efforts
regarding the H5 subtype AI virus in the US.
Descriptors: chickens virology, disease outbreaks
veterinary, influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian epidemiology, poultry
diseases epidemiology, turkeys virology, amino acid sequence, base sequence,
geography, hemagglutinins genetics, avian pathogenicity, avian virology,
molecular sequence data, phylogeny, poultry diseases virology, reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, sequence alignment, sequence analysis,
DNA, sequence homology, species specificity, United States epidemiology.
Lee, C.W., D.L. Suarez, T.M. Tumpey, H.W. Sung, Y.K.
Kwon, Y.J. Lee, J.G. Choi, S.J. Joh, M.C. Kim, E.K. Lee, J.M. Park, X. Lu,
J.M. Katz, E. Spackman, D.E. Swayne, and J.H. Kim (2005). Characterization
of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses isolated from South Korea.
Journal of Virology 79(6): 3692-702.
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: An unprecedented outbreak of H5N1 highly
pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been reported for poultry in eight
different Asian countries, including South Korea, since December 2003. A
phylogenetic analysis of the eight viral genes showed that the H5N1 poultry
isolates from South Korea were of avian origin and contained the hemagglutinin
and neuraminidase genes of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/Gd) lineage. The
current H5N1 strains in Asia, including the Korean isolates, share a gene
constellation similar to that of the Penfold Park, Hong Kong, isolates from
late 2002 and contain some molecular markers that seem to have been fixed in
the Gs/Gd lineage virus since 2001. However, despite genetic similarities among
recent H5N1 isolates, the topology of the phylogenetic tree clearly
differentiates the Korean isolates from the Vietnamese and Thai isolates which
have been reported to infect humans. A representative Korean isolate was
inoculated into mice, with no mortality and no virus being isolated from the
brain, although high titers of virus were observed in the lungs. The same
isolate, however, caused systemic infections in chickens and quail and killed
all of the birds within 2 and 4 days of intranasal inoculation, respectively.
This isolate also replicated in multiple organs and tissues of ducks and caused
some mortality. However, lower virus titers were observed in all corresponding
tissues of ducks than in chicken and quail tissues, and the histological
lesions were restricted to the respiratory tract. This study characterizes the
molecular and biological properties of the H5N1 HPAI viruses from South Korea
and emphasizes the need for comparative analyses of the H5N1 isolates from
different countries to help elucidate the risk of a human pandemic from the
strains of H5N1 HPAI currently circulating in Asia.
Descriptors: avian influenza A virus genetics, avian influenza
A virus pathogenicity, avian influenza A virus epidemiology, avian influenza A
virus virology, adrenal glands pathology, adrenal glands virology, brain
virology, chickens, complementary DNA, DNA viral chemistry, DNA viral isolation
and purification, ducks, viral genes, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza
virus genetics, avian influenza A virus classification, Avian influenza A virus
isolation and purification, avian influenza pathology, avian influenza
transmission, Korea epidemiology, lung pathology, lung virology, mice, mice
inbred BALB-C, molecular sequence data, neuraminidase genetics, pancreas
pathology, pancreas virology, phylogeny, poultry, quail, RNA viral genetics,
RNA viral isolation and purification, DNA sequence analysis, virulence, viral
proteins genetics, virulence.
Lee, M.S., P.C. Chang, J.H. Shien, M.C. Cheng, and
H.K. Shieh (2001). Identification and subtyping of avian influenza viruses
by reverse transcription-PCR. Journal of Virological Methods
Call Number: QR355.J6
Abstract: Avian influenza viruses have 15 different
hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes (H1-H15). We report a procedure for the
identification and HA-subtyping of avian influenza virus by reverse
transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). The avian influenza virus is identified by RT-PCR
using a set of primers specific to the nucleoprotein (NP) gene of avian
influenza virus. The HA-subtypes of avian influenza virus were determined by
running simultaneously 15 RT-PCR reactions, each using a set of primers
specific to one HA-subtype. For a single virus strain or isolate, only one of
the 15 RT-PCR reactions will give a product of expected size, and thus the
HA-subtype of the virus is determined. The result of HA-subtyping was then
confirmed by sequence analysis of the PCR product. A total of 80 strains or
isolates of avian influenza viruses were subtyped by this RT-PCR procedure, and
the result of RT-PCR gave an excellent (100%) correlation with the result of
the conventional serological method. The RT-PCR procedure we developed is rapid
and sensitive, and could be used for the identification and HA-subtyping of
avian influenza virus in organ homogenates.
Descriptors: molecular genetics, infection, veterinary
medicine, methods and techniques, influenza, avian, respiratory system disease,
viral disease, ABI 377 automatic DNA sequencer PE applied biosystems,
equipment, DNA sequencing recombinant DNA technology, analytical method,
sequencing techniques, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
analytical method, applications, polymerase chain reaction, serology
virological methodology.
Li, C., G. Tian, Y. Li, D. Yu, K. Yu, and H. Chen
(2004). Antigenic and genetic analysis of the H9N2 avian influenza viruses
isolated in China. International Congress Series 1263: 762-765.
Abstract: We analyzed the antigenic and genetic
properties of 20 H9N2 viruses that have been isolated from domestic poultry in
China during the last 10 years. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays with
the antisera of five selected viruses showed that 18 of the viruses could
cross-react well with the antisera that were induced by
A/chicken/Shijiazhuang/2/98, A/chicken/Guangxi/10/99 and
A/chicken/Shanghai/10/01, though antigenic variation among these strains were
observed. Two viruses, A/chicken/Shijiazhuang/2/98 and
A/chicken/Heilongjiang/35/00, could react well with the homologous antisera but
poorly with others. The antisera of A/chicken/Shandong/6/96, the current
vaccine strain, and A/Chicken/Heilongjiang/35/00 could not cross-react efficiently
with other viruses. Phylogenic analysis showed that 19 of 20 viruses
genetically were related to the Y-280 sub-lineage of Eurasia lineage, however,
A/Chicken/Heilongjiang/35/00 was closely related to the early H9N2 isolate,
A/Turkey/Wisconsin/66, and went into the North American lineage. These results
are the first report about the antigenic and genetic diversity that existed
among the H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) isolated in Mainland China.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, H9N2 subtype,
antigenic analysis, genetic analysis, poultry, China, antisera.
Lindstrom, S.E., N.J. Cox, and A. Klimov (2004). Evolutionary
analysis of human H2N2 and early H3N2 influenza viruses: evidence for genetic
divergence and multiple reassortment among H2N2 and/or H3N2 viruses. International
Congress Series 1263: 184-190.
Abstract: Pandemic influenza H2N2 viruses emerged in
humans in 1957 and caused widespread morbidity and mortality in humans until
1968 when they were displaced by emerging H3N2 viruses. Although it is known
that both the appearance and disappearance of H2N2 viruses involved
reassortment between human and avian influenza viruses, genetic
characterization of these viruses is limited. In this study, detailed genetic
analysis of all eight gene segments of human H2N2 viruses isolated from 1957
until 1968 from geographically diverse regions was undertaken to establish a
better understanding of the evolutionary nature of this virus. In addition, a
number of human H3N2 viruses isolated from 1968 until 1972 were examined to
investigate genetic events associated with the emergence of pandemic H3N2
viruses in humans. Phylogenic analysis of all gene segments of human H2N2
viruses consistently demonstrated divergent evolution. Genes of late H2N2
isolates were located in either of two distinct clades (I and II). Analysis of
H3N2 viruses of 1968 revealed that all gene segments that were retained from
H2N2 viruses were most similar to H2N2 virus genes of clade I. However, genes
of both lineages were found to cocirculate among H3N2 isolates of 1969-1971.
Furthermore, each gene segment demonstrated unique phylogenic topologies,
indicating multiple reassortment events between late H2N2 and/or H3N2 viruses.
The H3N2 viruses of 1972 analyzed here appeared to possess the genome
constellation that represents the ancestral virus of contemporary H3N2 viruses.
This constellation was first observed among isolates of 1970 and was distinct
from that found among the earliest human H3N2 viruses from 1968. This evidence
demonstrates that establishment of H3N2 viruses in humans was associated with
multiple-reassortment events that contributed to genetic diversity among
Descriptors: influenza, H2N2, H3N2, evolution,
reassortment, hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, influenza virus
Lipkind, M., H. Burger, R. Rott, and C. Scholtissek
(1984). Genetic characterization of influenza A viruses isolated from birds
in Israel. A contribution to the ecology of avian influenza viruses. Zentralblatt
Fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B
Call Number: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
genetics, hemagglutinins viral genetics, porcine genetics, Israel, neuraminidase
genetics, RNA viral genetics.
Lipkind, M., E. Shihmanter, and D. Shoham (1982). Further
characterization of H7N7 avian influenza virus isolated from migrating
starlings wintering in Israel. Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe
B Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B 29(7): 566-72. ISSN: 0514-7166.
Call Number: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: antigens, viral analysis, birds microbiology,
influenza A virus avian classification, neuraminidase immunology, cloaca
microbiology, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary, immunodiffusion
veterinary, Israel, trachea microbiology.
Lipkind, M.A., Y. Weisman, E. Shihmanter, D. Shoham,
A. Douglas, and J.J. Skehel (1980). Characterization of avian influenza
viruses isolated in Israel in 1978-1979. Comparative Immunology,
Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 3(1-2): 185-92. ISSN: 0147-9571.
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, turkeys microbiology, antigens, viral analysis,
hemagglutinins viral analysis, avian classification, avian immunology, Israel,
neuraminidase immunology, serotyping.
Lipkind, M.A., Y. Weisman, E. Shihmanter, D. Shoham,
C. Yuval, and A. Aronovici (1979). Identification of avian influenza virus
isolated from a turkey farm in Israel. Veterinary Record 105(23):
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, turkeys microbiology, virus diseases veterinary, antibodies,
viral analysis, bird diseases immunology, bird diseases microbiology,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, avian immunology, Israel, turkeys
Liu, J.H., K. Okazaki, A. Mweene, W.M. Shi, Q.M. Wu,
J.L. Su, G.Z. Zhang, G.R. Bai, and H.
Kida (2004). Genetic conservation of hemagglutinin gene of H9 influenza
virus in chicken population in Mainland China. Virus Genes 29(3):
Call Number: QH434.V57
Abstract: The hemagglutinin (HA) genes of 12 H9N2
influenza virus strains isolated from chickens in Mainland China during the
period 1995-2002 were genetically analyzed. All the isolates possessed the same
amino acid motif -R-S-S-R/G-L- at the cleavage site of HA. Except for the
conserved amino acids, as is the case in the other avian influenza viruses,
located in the receptor binding site, all of the 12 isolates possessed N at
amino acid position 183; A, T, or V at position 190; K at position 137, whereas
the representative strains of the other lineage (except Dk/HK/Y280/97-like
lineage) virus of H9N2 viruses had H, E, and R at these positions respectively.
These could be considered as the partial molecular markers of the H9 viruses
isolated from chickens in Mainland China. Phylogenetic analyses showed HA genes
of these isolates belonged to that of A/duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97-like virus
lineage. No A/quail/Hong Kong/Gl/97-like virus was found in chicken, population
since the outbreak of H9N2 influenza in Mainland China in 1992. The available
evidence indicates that HA genes of H9 influenza virus circulating in Mainland
China during the past years were well conserved.
Descriptors: chickens virology, hemagglutinin
glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, avian influenza A virus genetics,
avian influenza virology, amino acid sequence, binding sites, China, molecular
evolution, avian Influenza A virus isolation and purification, avian Influenza
A virus classification, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, RNA, viral
isolation and purification, viral metabolism, DNA sequence analysis, sequence
homology, metabolism, virology, genetics.
Lu, J., X. Liu, W. Shao, P. Zhang, and D. Wei (2003). Genetic
characterization of the entire genome of an H9N2 avian influenza virus
A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98. Weishengwu Xuebao 43(4): 434-441. ISSN: 0001-6209.
Call Number: 448.3 Ac83
Descriptors: molecular genetics, RT PCR, reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, avian influenza virus.
Merritt, S.N. and H.F. Maassab (1977). Characteristics
of a live avian influenza virus. Health Laboratory Science 14(2):
Call Number: 449.8 H343
Abstract: Two avian influenza viruses were employed; a
virulent wild-type (WT) parent and the cold variant (CV) which was an
attenuated virus derived by genetic recombination at 25 C. The attenuated virus
grows in embryonated eggs and chicken tracheal organ cultures. Infectious virus
could be recovered from lung and turbinate. Infection with attenuated virus
provided protection against infection with wild virus.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian, chick embryo,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutination, viral, recombination,
genetic, virulence.
Muhammad, K., M.A. Muneer, and T. Yaqub (1997). Isolation
and characterization of avian influenza virus from an outbreak in commercial
poultry in Pakistan. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 17(1): 6-8. ISSN: 0253-8318.
Call Number: SF604.P32
Descriptors: isolation, characterization, outbreaks,
diagnosis, diseases, avian influenza virus, poultry, mortality, Pakistan.
Muneer, M.A., A.M.B.Z. Munir, I. Hussain, K.
Muhammad, Masood Rabbani, S. Akhtar, M. Aleem, Bakht Sultan, M.A. Tariq, and
K. Naeem (2001). Isolation and characterization of avian influenza (H9N2)
virus from an outbreak at poultry farms in Karachi. Pakistan Veterinary
Journal 21(2): 87-91. ISSN:
Call Number: SF604.P32
Descriptors: broilers, poultry farms, isolation, clinical
aspects, mortality, outbreaks, avian influenza virus, characterization,
Nguyen, D.C., T.M. Uyeki, S. Jadhao, T. Maines, M.
Shaw, Y. Matsuoka, C. Smith, T. Rowe, X. Lu, H. Hall, X. Xu, A. Balish, A.
Klimov, T.M. Tumpey, D.E. Swayne, L.P. Huynh, H.K. Nghiem, H.H. Nguyen, L.T.
Hoang, N.J. Cox, and J.M. Katz (2005). Isolation and characterization of
avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic H5N1, from poultry in live
bird markets in Hanoi, Vietnam, in 2001. Journal of Virology 79(7):
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: Since 1997, outbreaks of highly pathogenic
(HP) H5N1 and circulation of H9N2 viruses among domestic poultry in Asia have
posed a threat to public health. To better understand the extent of
transmission of avian influenza viruses (AIV) to humans in Asia, we conducted a
cross-sectional virologic study in live bird markets (LBM) in Hanoi, Vietnam,
in October 2001. Specimens from 189 birds and 18 environmental samples were
collected at 10 LBM. Four influenza A viruses of the H4N6 (n = 1), H5N2 (n =
1), and H9N3 (n = 2) subtypes were isolated from healthy ducks for an isolation
frequency of over 30% from this species. Two H5N1 viruses were isolated from
healthy geese. The hemagglutinin (HA) genes of these H5N1 viruses possessed
multiple basic amino acid motifs at the cleavage site, were HP for
experimentally infected chickens, and were thus characterized as HP AIV. These
HA genes shared high amino acid identities with genes of other H5N1 viruses
isolated in Asia during this period, but they were genetically distinct from
those of H5N1 viruses isolated from poultry and humans in Vietnam during the
early 2004 outbreaks. These viruses were not highly virulent for experimentally
infected ducks, mice, or ferrets. These results establish that HP H5N1 viruses
with properties similar to viruses isolated in Hong Kong and mainland China
circulated in Vietnam as early as 2001, suggest a common source for H5N1
viruses circulating in these Asian countries, and provide a framework to better
understand the recent widespread emergence of HP H5N1 viruses in Asia.
Descriptors: avian influenza A virus classification, avian
influenza A virus isolation and purification, avian influenza virology, poultry
virology, viral antigens, chickens virology, ducks virology, molecular
epidemiology, ferrets, geese virology, avian influenza A virus genetics, avian
influenza A viruspathogenicity, mice, molecular sequence data, neuraminidase
genetics, phylogeny, sequence analysis, serotyping, Vietnam, virulence.
Osterhaus, A.D.M.E., J.C. de Jong, G.F. Rimmelzwaan,
and E.C.J. Claas (2002). H5N1 influenza in Hong Kong: Virus
characterizations. Vaccine 20(Suppl. 2): S82-S83. ISSN: 0264-410X.
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: In 1997, 18 people were infected in Hong Kong
with an avian influenza A(H5N1) virus from chicken. This type of interspecies transmission
was never detected before and could have resulted in the development of a
pandemic strain. The occurrence suggests that the pig is not needed for the
emergence of pandemic influenza virus strains. Characteristics of the strains
involved are discussed in relation to the question why, on the one hand, these
strains were able to infect humans but on the other hand were not able to start
an epidemic.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, influenza,
respiratory system disease, transmission, viral disease.
Ottis, K. and P.A. Bachmann (1983). Isolation and
characterization of ortho- and paramyxoviruses from feral birds in Europe. Zentralblatt
Fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B
30(1): 22-35.
Call Number: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: wild birds, epidemiological surveys, avian
influenza virus, avian paramyxovirus, poultry, Germany, Netherlands, Kenya.
Paoletti, E. (1990). Poxvirus-derived recombinant
veterinary vaccines. In: Risk assessment in agricultural biotechnology.
Proceedings of the international conference, Oakland, California, USA, p.
Descriptors: recombinant veterinary vaccines,
fowl pox virus, influenza virus, rabies virus, risk assessment, agricultural
biotechnology, poultry.
Pasick, J., H. Weingartl, A. Clavijo, J. Riva, H.
Kehler, K. Handel, E. Watkins, and K. Hills (2003). Characterization of
avian influenza virus isolates submitted to the National Centre for Foreign
Animal Disease between 1997 and 2001. Avian Diseases 47(Special
Issue): 1208-1213. ISSN: 0005-2086.
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The National Centre for Foreign Animal
Disease (NCFAD) in Winnipeg, Manitoba, is the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's
(CFIA) newest high biocontainment laboratory. One of the functions of the NCFAD
is to serve as a national reference laboratory for avian influenza. Between
1997 and 2001, 15 avian influenza virus isolates were characterized. These
isolates originated from domestic poultry, imported caged birds held in
quarantine, and wild birds. Diagnostic specimens were submitted to the NCFAD by
CFIA field veterinarians, provincial veterinary diagnostic laboratories, and
veterinary colleges. Characterization of isolates included the determination of
H and N subtypes: H1, H6, H7, and H10 subtypes were isolated from domestic
poultry; H3, H4, and three H13 viruses were isolated from water fowl, and six
H3 viruses were isolated from caged birds being held in import quarantine.
Selected isolates were characterized with respect to their pathogenic potential
by intravenous inoculation of 4-to-6-wk-old chickens. A molecular-based
protocol was used to assess the pathogenicity of one H7 isolate. During this
period, work was also carried out toward validating our molecular pathotyping
protocol for avian influenza viruses with H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtypes.
Descriptors: infection, molecular genetics, veterinary
medicine, virology, avian influenza, diagnosis, infectious disease, respiratory
system disease, viral disease, molecular pathotyping clinical techniques,
diagnostic techniques, genetic techniques, laboratory techniques,
biocontainment laboratory veterinary diagnostic laboratories viral
Peroulis, I. and K. O'Riley (2004). Detection of
avian paramyxoviruses and influenza viruses amongst wild bird populations in
Victoria. Australian Veterinary Journal 82(1-2): 79-82. ISSN: 0005-0423.
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: Australia, avian paramyxoviruses, avian
influenza viruses, isolation and characterization, Aves, wild birds, wild duck,
pigeon, quail.
Puthavathana, P., P. Auewarakul, P.C. Charoenying, K.
Sangsiriwut, P. Pooruk, K. Boonnak, R. Khanyok, P. Thawachsupa, R. Kijphati,
and P. Sawanpanyalert (2005). Molecular characterization of the complete
genome of human influenza H5N1 virus isolates from Thailand. Journal of
General Virology 86(Pt. 2): 423-33.
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: The complete genomes of three human H5N1
influenza isolates were characterized, together with the haemagglutinin (HA)
and neuraminidase (NA) genes from two additional human isolates and one chicken
isolate. These six influenza isolates were obtained from four different
provinces of Thailand during the avian influenza outbreak in Asia from late
2003 to May 2004. All six Thailand isolates contained multiple basic amino
acids at the cleavage site in the HA gene. Amino acid residues at the
receptor-binding site of the five human viruses were similar to those of the
chicken virus and other H5N1 viruses from Hong Kong. The presence of amantadine
resistance in the Thailand viruses isolated during this outbreak was suggested
by a fixed mutation in M2 and confirmed by a phenotypic assay. All genomic
segments of the Thailand viruses clustered with the recently described genotype
Z. The Thailand viruses contained more avian-specific residues than the 1997
Hong Kong H5N1 viruses, suggesting that the virus may have adapted to allow a
more efficient spread in avian species.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology,
influenza A virus, human genetics, RNA, viral genetics, amantadine
pharmacology, antiviral agents pharmacology, chickens virology, drug
resistance, viral, epidemiology, molecular, hemagglutinin glycoproteins,
influenza virus genetics, influenza virology, avian genetics, human drug
effects, human isolation and purification, avian influenza epidemiology,
molecular sequence data, mutation, neuraminidase genetics, phylogeny,
receptors, virus, sequence alignment, species specificity, Thailand
epidemiology, viral matrix proteins genetics.
Saito, T., W. Lim, T. Suzuki, Y. Suzuki, H. Kida,
S.I. Nishimura, and M. Tashiro (2001). Characterization of a human H9N2
influenza virus isolated in Hong Kong. Vaccine 20(1-2): 125-33. ISSN: 0264-410X.
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: Two H9N2 viruses were isolated, for the first
time, from humans in Hong Kong in 1999. Isolation of influenza viruses with a
novel subtype of the hemagglutinin (HA) drew attention of health care
authorities worldwide from the view of pandemic preparedness. Sequence analysis
of the HA genes reveals that HA of A/Hong Kong/1073/99 (H9N2) is most closely
related to that of A/quail/HK/G1/97 (H9N2) that contains the internal genes
similar to those of Hong Kong/97 (H5N1) viruses. Phylogenetic and antigenic
analyses demonstrated the diversity among H9 HA. A/Hong Kong/1073/99 was shown
to cause a respiratory infection in Syrian hamsters, suggesting that the virus
can replicate efficiently in mammalian hosts. We developed a whole virion test
vaccine with a formalin-inactivated egg-grown HK1073. Intraperitoneal
administration of the vaccine twice to hamsters conferred a complete protection
against challenge infection by the MDCK cell-grown homologous virus. Receptor
specificity of HK1073 appeared different from that of other avian influenza
viruses of H9 subtype which recognize preferentially alpha-2,3 linked sialic
acid. Hemagglutination of HK1073 with guinea pig erythrocytes was inhibited by both
alpha-2,3 and alpha-2,6 linked sialic acid containing polymers. These data
suggested that HK1073 had acquired a broader host range, including humans.
Together with data so far available, the present study suggested that isolation
of the H9 influenza viruses from humans requires precaution against the
emergence of a novel human influenza.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus human
isolation and purification, antigens, viral immunology, Asia, cattle, cultured
cells, chick embryo, child, dogs, Europe, glycoconjugates pharmacology, guinea
pigs, hamsters, hemagglutination tests, hemagglutination, viral, hemagglutinin
glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza
virus physiology, Hong Kong, horses, influenza prevention and control,
influenza veterinary, avian classification, avian physiology, human
classification, human genetics, human immunology, human physiology, porcine
classification, porcine physiology, influenza vaccine immunology, lung
virology, mesocricetus, N-acetylneuraminic acid metabolism, North America,
phylogeny, poultry virology, poultry diseases virology, receptors, virus
metabolism, sheep, species specificity, swine, swine diseases virology,
vaccination, vaccines, inactivated, virion immunology, virus cultivation.
Sakoda, Y., T. Ito, K. Okazaki, A. Takada, Y. Ito, K.
Tamai, M. Okamatsu, K.F. Shortridge, R.G. Webster, and H. Kida (2004). Preparation
of a panel of avian influenza viruses of different subtypes for vaccine strains
against future pandemics. International Congress Series 1263:
Abstract: For the prediction of future influenza
pandemics, global surveillance of avian influenza has been continuing since
1991 and carried out in Russia, Mongolia, China and Japan from 2000 to 2003.
Influenza virus isolates of 50 combinations of HA and NA subtypes have been
identified and 3 strains selected from each of those are stocked. In addition,
47 other combinations have been generated by standard genetic reassortment
procedure in the laboratory. Since we have already shown that influenza viruses
have been fully adapted to ducks and cause no disease signs and are in
evolutionary stasis in their natural reservoirs, virus isolates from ducks are
ideal as vaccine strains. Thus, influenza viruses of 97 combinations of HA and
NA subtypes are now available as vaccine strain candidates against emerging
pandemic influenza in humans, domestic animals and poultry.
Descriptors: global surveillance, vaccine, avian influenza
virus, pandemic, prediction.
Scholtissek, C. and A.L. Bowles (1975). Isolation
and characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of fowl plague virus.
Virology 67(2): 576-87. ISSN:
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian isolation and purification,
avian metabolism, mutation, DNA directed RNA polymerases biosynthesis, DNA
directed RNA polymerases metabolism, genes, genetic complementation test,
hemagglutinins viral, neuraminidase biosynthesis, RNA viral biosynthesis,
recombination, genetic, temperature, tissue culture, viral proteins
Selleck, P.W., L.J. Gleeson, P.T. Hooper, H.A.
Westbury, and E. Hansson (1997). Identification and characterisation of an
H7N3 influenza A virus from an outbreak of virulent avian influenza in Victoria.
Australian Veterinary Journal 75(4): 289-92. ISSN: 0005-0423.
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
diagnosis, fowl plague epidemiology, influenza A virus avian classification,
poultry diseases diagnosis, poultry diseases epidemiology, amino acid sequence,
antibodies, viral analysis, antibodies, viral immunology, base sequence,
chickens, cloaca pathology, cloaca virology, DNA, viral analysis, DNA, viral
chemistry, DNA, viral genetics, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay methods,
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay veterinary, fowl plague pathology,
hemagglutinins genetics, avian genetics, avian isolation and purification,
poultry diseases pathology, specific pathogen free organisms, Victoria
Selleck, P.W., P.T. Hooper, D.C. Grix, and C.J.
Morrow (1994). The characterisation of an influenza A virus isolated from
Victorian ducks. Australian Veterinary Journal 71(7): 222-3. ISSN: 0005-0423.
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: ducks virology, fowl plague virology,
influenza A virus avian classification, poultry diseases virology, chick
embryo, chickens, cloaca virology, fowl plague pathology, avian isolation and
purification, avian pathogenicity, kidney pathology, poultry diseases
pathology, specific pathogen free organisms, Victoria.
Senne, D.A., E. Rivera, B. Panigrahy, M. Fraire, Y.
Kawaoka, and R.G. Webster (1996). Characterization of avian influenza H5N2
isolates recovered from chickens in Mexico. Proceedings of the Western
Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 5-8.
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus, Mexico,
America, birds, domestic animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes, influenza
virus, Latin America, livestock, North America, orthomyxoviridae, poultry,
useful animals, viruses.
Shortridge, K.F. and D.J. Alexander (1978). Incidence and preliminary characterisation of
a hitherto unreported, serologically distinct, avian paramyxovirus isolated in
Hong Kong. Research in Veterinary Science 25(1): 128-30. ISSN: 0034-5288.
Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: Twenty-seven apparent paramyxoviruses,
unrelated to known avian paramyxoviruses, were isolated at a Hong Kong dressing
plant from the trachea or cloaca of birds originating from Hong Kong and the
People's Republic of China. A total of 2443 apparently healthy ducks, geese and
fowls was sampled and isolation frequencies were 1.3%, 1.0% and 0.5%
respectively. Twenty of the isolates were from the cloaca; 11 were obtained in
association with Newcastle disease virus and one with an avian influenza virus.
The majority of the isolations were made in the winter months. All 27 isolates
were serologically related although 11 representative isolates differed
slightly in haemagglutinin properties. A representative isolate was not
pathogenic for chickens. A serological survey of poultry indicated a relatively
low incidence of infection.
Descriptors: paramyxoviridae isolation and purification,
cloaca microbiology, Hong Kong, paramyxoviridae immunology, paramyxoviridae
pathogenicity, poultry microbiology, trachea microbiology.
Shortridge, K.F., N.N. Zhou, Y. Guan, P. Gao, T. Ito,
Y. Kawaoka, S. Kodihalli, S. Krauss, D. Markwell, K.G. Murti, M. Norwood, D.
Senne, L. Sims, A. Takada, and R.G. Webster (1998). Characterization of
avian H5N1 influenza viruses from poultry in Hong Kong. Virology
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: fowl plague transmission, fowl plague
virology, influenza A virus avian classification, poultry diseases virology,
zoonoses virology, antibodies, monoclonal, chick embryo, chickens virology,
ducks virology, feces virology, geese virology, Hong Kong, avian isolation and
purification, avian physiology, avian ultrastructure, mice, rats, turkeys
virology, virus replication.
Sinnecker, H., J. Egert, H.J. Eggert, J. Gogolin, S.
Gumpel, C. Schrader, R. Sinnecker, and E. Zilske (1986). Studies of some
biological and molecular characteristics of avian influenza A/H7 (Hav1)
subtypes. Acta Virologica 30(1): 25-34. ISSN: 0001-723X.
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Abstract: Current isolates of the subtypes H7N3 and
H7N7 from 1979 to 1981 were examined and compared with the reference strains
with regard to their antigenic variability and to their pathogenicity for birds
and mammals in order to establish the potentiality of influenza A/H7 virus
(Hav1) transmission from birds to mammals. The analysis of the electrophoretic
mobility of virus-induced polypeptides and of the double-stranded RNA segments
after hybridization revealed equal, similar and deviating patterns. A
substantial drift was determined in the surface antigens, especially in the
neuraminidase. The avian strains replicated also in mammalian cells and were
pathogenic for mammals. All strains examined were reisolated from the infected
mammals; they caused more pronounced inflammatory changes in the trachea and
lungs of infected mammals than in those of birds.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, cell line, chick embryo, DNA replication, fowl plague
microbiology, fowl plague transmission, hamsters, hemagglutination tests, avian
classification, avian genetics, kidney, neuraminidase genetics, nucleic acid
hybridization, RNA viral genetics, species specificity, viral proteins
genetics, virus replication.
Sinnecker, H., H. Eggert, J. Egert, J. Gogolin, S.
Gumpel, C. Schrader, R. Sinnecker, and E. Zilske. (1984). Characteristics of
avian influenza A/H7 virus (HAV1) subtypes. In: Abstracts of the Sixth
International Congress of Virology, September 1-7, 1984, p. 300.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus,
characteristics, subtypes.
Smirnov, Y.A., A.S. Lipatov, R. Van Beek, A.K.
Gitelman, A.D. Osterhaus, and E.C. Claas (2000). Characterization of
adaptation of an avian influenza A (H5N2) virus to a mammalian host. Acta
Virologica 44(1): 1-8. ISSN: 0001-723X.
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Abstract: We have used the mouse model to monitor the acquisition
of virulence of a non-pathogenic influenza A virus upon adaptation to a new
mammalian host. An avian strain, A/Mallard duck/Pennsylvania/10218/84 (H5N2)
(Mld/PA/84) was adapted to mice by 23 serial lung-to-lung passages until a
highly virulent mouse-adapted (MA) variant (Mld/PA/84-MA) emerged. This MA
variant was characterized and compared to the parental strain as well as some
of its intermediate passage variants. MA variant caused bronchopneumonia in
mice with a high mortality rate (the virulence of Mld/PA/84-MA measured as log
(EID50/LD50) was 1.75), while the parental, avirulent strain Mld/PA/84 did not
cause illness and mortality in mice (log (EID50/LD50) was 7.25).
Hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test with a set of hemagglutinin- (HA) specific
monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) revealed antigenic differences between the
parental strain and MA variant. Mld/PA/84-MA reacted with HA-specific MAbs in
higher titers than the parental strain. The HA genes of the parental strain
Mld/PA/84, the 1st, 3rd, 8th, and 15th intermediate passage variants, and
Mld/PA/84-MA were sequenced. Three amino acid changes at positions 203, 273 and
320 were determined in the HA of MA variant. The first of them, Leu-->Pro
(320), appeared in the HA stem region at the 8th passage. Two other in the HA1
globular region (Ser-->Phe (203) and Glu-->Gly (273)) appeared at the
15th passage. All of these substitutions were associated with the increase of
viral infectivity for mouse lungs and changes in the HA antigenicity. The
potential role of these changes in HA with respect to the process of viral
interspecies transmission and acquisition of virulence for new host is
Descriptors: adaptation, physiological genetics,
bronchopneumonia virology, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, amino acid
substitution, antigenic variation, chick embryo, genes viral, hemagglutination
tests, hemagglutinins viral genetics, hemagglutinins viral immunology,
hydrogen-ion concentration, avian genetics, avian immunology, lung immunology,
lung microbiology, mice, molecular sequence data, virulence.
Spackman, E., D.A. Senne, S. Davison, and D.L. Suarez
(2003). Sequence analysis of recent H7 avian influenza viruses associated
with three different outbreaks in commercial poultry in the United States. Journal
of Virology 77(24): 13399-13402.
Call Number: QR360.J6
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, molecular genetics,
sequence analysis, genetic techniques, laboratory techniques, public health.
Subbarao, K., A. Klimov, J. Katz, H. Regnery, W. Lim,
H. Hall, M. Perdue, D. Swayne, C.
Bender, J. Huang, M. Hemphill, T. Rowe, M. Shaw, X. Xu, K. Fukuda, and N. Cox
(1998). Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from
a child with a fatal respiratory illness. Science 279(5349):
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Abstract: An avian H5N1 influenza A virus (A/Hong
Kong/156/97) was isolated from a tracheal aspirate obtained from a 3-year-old
child in Hong Kong with a fatal illness consistent with influenza. Serologic
analysis indicated the presence of an H5 hemagglutinin. All eight RNA segments
were derived from an avian influenza A virus. The hemagglutinin contained
multiple basic amino acids adjacent to the cleavage site, a feature characteristic
of highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses. The virus caused 87.5 to 100
percent mortality in experimentally inoculated White Plymouth Rock and White
Leghorn chickens. These results may have implications for global influenza
surveillance and planning for pandemic influenza.
Descriptors: hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
genetics, influenza virology, influenza A virus avian genetics, avian
pathogenicity, amino acid sequence, cell line, chickens, child, preschool,
disease outbreaks, fatal outcome, fowl plague virology, genes viral,
hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus chemistry, Hong Kong epidemiology,
influenza epidemiology, avian isolation and purification, molecular sequence
data, neuraminidase genetics, phylogeny, virulence, virus replication.
Tang Xiuying, Tian Guobin, and Zhao Chuanshan (1998).
Zhongguo Qinliugan Liuxingzhu de Fenli Jianding. [Isolation and
characterization of prevalent strains of avian influenza viruses in China.].
Chinese Journal of Animal and Poultry Infectious Diseases 20(1): 1-5
Descriptors: China, poultry, avian influenza virus,
pathotypes, microbial properties, Asia, biological properties, biotypes,
domestic animals, East Asia, influenza virus, livestock, orthomyxoviridae,
useful animals, viruses.
Terregino, C., G. Cattoli, B. Grossele, E. Bertoli,
E. Tisato, and I. Capua (2003). Characterization of Newcastle disease virus
isolated obtained from Eurasian collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto)
in Italy. Avian Pathology 32(1): 63-68. ISSN: 0307-9457.
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: Streptopelia decaocto, Columbidae,
Newcastle disease, virus isolates characterization, Italy.
Tumpey, T.M., D.L. Suarez, L.E.L. Perkins, D.A.
Senne, J.G. Lee, Y.J. Lee, I.P. Mo, H.W. Sung, and D.E. Swayne (2002 ). Characterization
of a highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus isolated from duck meat.
Journal of Virology 76(12): 6344-6355.
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: Since the 1997 H5N1 influenza virus outbreak
in humans and poultry in Hong Kong, the emergence of closely related viruses in
poultry has raised concerns that additional zoonotic transmissions of influenza
viruses from poultry to humans may occur. In May 2001, an avian H5N1 influenza
A virus was isolated from duck meat that had been imported to South Korea from
China. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of
A/Duck/Anyang/AVL-1/01 showed that the virus clustered with the H5
Goose/Guandong/1/96 lineage and 1997 Hong Kong human isolates and possessed an
HA cleavage site sequence identical to these isolates. Following intravenous or
intranasal inoculation, this virus was highly pathogenic and replicated to high
titers in chickens. The pathogenesis of DK/Anyang/AVL-1/01 virus in Pekin ducks
was further characterized and compared with a recent H5N1 isolate,
A/Chicken/Hong Kong/317.5/01, and an H5N1 1997 chicken isolate, A/Chicken/Hong
Kong/220/97. Although no clinical signs of disease were observed in H5N1
virus-inoculated ducks, infectious virus could be detected in lung tissue,
cloacal, and oropharyngeal swabs. The DK/Anyang/AVL-1/01 virus was unique among
the H5N1 isolates in that infectious virus and viral antigen could also be
detected in muscle and brain tissue of ducks. The pathogenesis of
DK/Anyang/AVL-1/01 virus was characterized in BALB/c mice and compared with the
other H5N1 isolates. All viruses replicated in mice, but in contrast to the
highly lethal CK/HK/220/97 virus, DK/Anyang/AVL-1/01 and CK/HK/317.5/01 viruses
remained localized to the respiratory tract. DK/Anyang/AVL-1/01 virus caused
weight loss and resulted in 22 to 33% mortality, whereas
CK/HK/317.5/01-infected mice exhibited no morbidity or mortality. The isolation
of a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus from poultry indicates that such
viruses are still circulating in China and may present a risk for transmission
of the virus to humans.
Descriptors: foods, infection, molecular genetics, H5N1
avian influenza A virus infection, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
molecular cloning molecular genetic method, pathogenetic analysis analytical
method, duck meat, meat production.
Viseshakul, N., R. Thanawongnuwech, A. Amonsin, S.
Suradhat, S. Payungporn, J. Keawchareon, K. Oraveerakul, P. Wongyanin, S.
Plitkul, A. Theamboonlers, and Y. Poovorawan (2004). The genome sequence
analysis of H5N1 avian influenza A virus isolated from the outbreak among
poultry populations in Thailand. Virology 328(2): 169-76. ISSN: 0042-6822.
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: In this report, the genome of the Thai avian
influenza virus A (H5N1); A/Chicken/Nakorn-Pathom/Thailand/CU-K2/04, isolated
from the Thai avian influenza A (AI) epidemic during the early of 2004 was
sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses were performed in comparison to AI viruses
from Hong Kong 1997 outbreaks and other AI (H5N1) isolates reported during
2001-2004. Molecular characterization of the Thai AI (H5N1) HA gene revealed a
common characteristic of a highly pathogenic AI (HPAI), a 20-codon deletion in
the neuraminidase gene, a 5-codon deletion in the NS gene and polymorphisms of
the M2 and PB2 genes. Moreover, the HA and NA genes of the Thai AI displayed
high similarity to those of the AI viruses isolated from human cases during the
same epidemic. Finally, our results demonstrated that the Thai AI emerged as a
member of 2000's AI lineage with most of the genetic sequences closely related
to the Influenza A/Duck/China/E319.2/03 (H5N1).
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, genome, viral,
influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian influenza virology, amino acid
sequence, codon, gene deletion, avian influenza A virus isolation and
purification, avian influenza A virus pathogenicity, avian influenza
epidemiology, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, polymorphism, genetic,
poultry, sequence alignment, Thailand epidemiology, viral proteins genetics.
Wang HengAn, Wang ShiQiang, Yan YaXian, Wu ZuLi, and
Hua XiuGuo (1999). Isolation and
characterization of duck derived type A influenza virus. Jiangsu
Agricultural Research 20(4): 57-60.
Descriptors: strains, pathogenicity, viral morphology,
ducks, avian influenza virus, Galliformes.
Webster, R.G., Y. Kawaoka, W.J. Bean, and C.W. Naeve
(1984). Molecular characterization of the A/chicken/Pennsylvania/83 (H5N2)
influenza viruses. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United
States Animal Health Association 88: 447-461.
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: virulence, epidemiology, avian influenza
virus, molecular charcterization, strains.
Webster, R.G., B. Tumova, V.S. Hinshaw, and G. Lang
(1976). Characterization of avian influenza viruses. Designation of a newly
recognized haemagglutinin. Bulletin of the World Health Organization
Call Number: 449.9 W892B
Descriptors: agglutinins, hemagglutinins, orthomyxoviridae
immunology, birds microbiology, turkeys microbiology.
Webster, R.G., M. Yakhno, V.S. Hinshaw, W.J. Bean,
and K.G. Murti (1978). Intestinal influenza: replication and characterization
of influenza viruses in ducks. Virology 84(2): 268-78. ISSN: 0042-6822.
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian growth and
development, intestines microbiology, virus replication, ducks, feces
microbiology, hydrogen-ion concentration, avian ultrastructure, human growth
and development, porcine growth and development, lung microbiology.
Werner, O., E. Starick, and C.H. Grund (2003). Isolation
and characterization of a low-pathogenicity H7N7 influenza virus from a Turkey
in a small mixed free-range poultry flock in Germany. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 1104-1106. ISSN:
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A hemagglutinating virus was isolated from a
dead turkey in a small mixed free-range flock in Southern Germany. It was
identified as influenza virus type A of subtype H7N7. The pathogenicity was
low. An intravenous pathogenicity index of 0.03 was recorded, and the
nucleotide sequencing revealed the amino acid sequence NVPEIPKGR*GLFG at the
cleavage site of the hemagglutinin. Antibodies as well as virus were detected
in the affected flock. Further virus spreading to other flocks was prevented by
stamping out policy. Serological monitoring of contact flocks revealed one
small backyard flock of 18 hens, which was positive. This flock was also
destroyed. The origin of the virus could not be identified.
Descriptors: epidemiology, immune system, infection, avian
influenza, infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
nucleotide sequencing genetic techniques, laboratory techniques, serology
clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, free range poultry flock, viral
Xu, C., W. Fan, R. Wei, and H. Zhao (2004). Isolation
and identification of swine influenza recombinant A/Swine/Shandong/1/2003(H9N2)
virus. Microbes and Infection Institut Pasteur 6(10): 919-25. ISSN: 1286-4579.
Call Number: QR180.M53
Abstract: Ten influenza virus isolates were obtained
from infected pigs from different places in Shandong province showing clinical
symptoms from October 2002 to January 2003. All 10 isolates were identified in
China's National Influenza Research Center as influenza A virus of H9N2 subtype.
The complete genome of one isolate, designated A/Swine/Shandong/1/2003(H9N2),
was sequenced and compared with sequences available in GenBank. The results of
analyses indicated that the sequence of A/Swine/Shandong/1/2003(H9N2) was
similar to those of several chicken influenza viruses and duck influenza
viruses recently prevalent in South China. According to phylogenetic analysis
of the complete gene sequences, A/Swine/Shandong/1/2003(H9N2) possibly
originated from the reassortment of chicken influenza viruses and duck
influenza viruses. It was found that the amino acid sequence at the HA cleavage
site in Sw/SD/1/2003 is R-S-L-R-G, differing clearly from that of other H9N2
subtype isolates of swine influenza and avian influenza, which is R-S-S-R-G.
Descriptors: influenza veterinary, influenza A virus,
porcine genetics, swine diseases virology, amino acid sequence, base sequence,
chick embryo, guinea pigs, influenza virology, porcine chemistry, porcine
isolation and purification, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, RNA, viral
chemistry, viral genetics, rats, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction veterinary, sequence analysis, DNA, sequence homology, nucleic acid,
Xu, X., Subbarao, N.J. Cox, and Y. Guo (1999). Genetic characterization of the pathogenic
influenza A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus: similarity of its hemagglutinin
gene to those of H5N1 viruses from the 1997 outbreaks in Hong Kong. Virology
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: Analysis of the sequences of all eight RNA
segments of the influenza A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus, isolated from a
sick goose during an outbreak in Guangdong province, China, in 1996, revealed
that the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the virus was genetically similar to those
of the H5N1 viruses isolated in Hong Kong in 1997. However, the remaining genes
showed greater similarity to other avian influenza viruses. Notably, the
neuraminidase gene did no have the 19-amino-acid deletion in the stalk region
seen in the H5N1 Hong Kong viruses and the NS gene belonged to allele B, while
that of the H5N1 Hong Kong viruses belonged to allele A. These data suggest
that the H5N1 viruses isolated from the Hong Kong outbreaks derived their HA
genes from a virus similar to the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 virus or shared a
progenitor with this goose pathogen.
Descriptors: geese virology, hemagglutinin glycoproteins,
influenza virus genetics, influenza virology, influenza A virus avian genetics,
human genetics, chickens virology, DNA, viral chemistry, DNA, viral genetics,
disease outbreaks, fowl plague epidemiology, fowl plague virology, genes viral,
Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza epidemiology, avian classification, avian
isolation and purification, human classification, molecular sequence data,
neuraminidase genetics, phylogeny, sequence analysis, DNA, viral nonstructural
proteins genetics.
Yamane, N., T. Odagiri, J. Arikawa, and N. Ishida
(1979). Isolation and characterization of influenza A viruses from wild
ducks in northern Japan: appearance of HSW1 antigens in the Japanese duck
population. Acta Virologica 23(5): 375-84. ISSN: 0001-723X.
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Abstract: Twenty-six influenza A viruses were isolated
from cloacal and tracheal samples of 235 resident and 396 migratory ducks in
Miyagi prefecture, Japan, in 1977--78. Of these, twelve were antigenically
related to the avian-origin HSW1 virus, A/duck/Alberta/35/76 (HSW1N1), but
their neuraminidase antigens were characterized as Nav2-3, Nav4 or N2. These
antigenic configuration have not previously been reported. In addition, one
strain in which the neuraminidase antigen was identified as Nav4, was
demonstrated to be a mixture of two haemagglutinins, HSW1 and Hav7. Two
distinct strains were separated from the mixture and characterized as HSW1Nav4
and Hav7Nav4. The antigenic identification of an additional 13 influenza A
viruses revealed the presence of six haemagglutinin subtypes (Hav1, Hav3, Hav4,
Hav6, Hav7, and Hav8) and five neuaraminidase subtypes (Nav1, Nav2-3, Nav4,
Neq2, and N2) in various combinations. The results suggest that the avian
influenza A viruses among feral ducks may be isolated in various combinations
of haemagglutinins and neuraminidase subtypes in Japan, and that feral ducks
may be the site of genetic recombination occurring as a result of dual
infection with different subtypes of influenza A virus.
Descriptors: antigens, viral classification, ducks
microbiology, influenza A virus immunology, influenza A virus isolation and
purification, cloaca microbiology, hemagglutinins viral classification, Japan,
neuraminidase immunology, trachea microbiology.
Ziegler, A.F., S. Davison, H. Acland, and R.J.
Eckroade (1999). Characteristics of H7N2 (nonpathogenic) avian influenza
virus infections in commercial layers, in Pennsylvania, 1997-98. Avian
Diseases 43(1): 142-149. ISSN:
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Between January 1997 and March 1998, 11 cases
of H7N2 avian influenza (nonpathogenic) were diagnosed at the Laboratory of
Avian Medicine and Pathology, Kenneth Square, PA. These cases involved either
commercial leghorn laying hens or leghorn pullets raised in Pennsylvania.
Grossly and histologically, the most striking lesion associated with disease
was salpingitis, usually with edema and occasionally with oviduct necrosis.
Fluid, fibrinous, and egg yolk material in the peritoneum (egg yolk
peritonitis) as well as pulmonary congestion and pulmonary edema were also
frequently seen. Oviduct lesions have rarely been described in association with
avian influenza infections in previous outbreaks. Mortality in affected houses
was mild to moderate (less than 4% total mortality during the outbreak), with
concurrent mild to moderate egg production declines (2%-4% at the time of
disease onset).
Descriptors: hens, pullets, avian influenza virus,
infections, virulence, pathogenicity, diagnosis, histopathology, clinical
aspects, symptoms, oviducts, necrosis, mortality, egg production, fecundity,
case reports, Pennsylvania.