text:
Document - Mongolia: Prison inmates starve to death
"My brother was a bit of a hooligan. He first got sent to prison in 1978 or 1979, and after that he was in prison five or six times, sentenced for two or three years each time. The last time he was arrested was in August 1993. He had got drunk and stole a carpet and other household stuff from a friend. He was put in Gants Hudag prison here in Ulaanbaatar.
"In December we got a telegram from him saying: `Health bad. Come'. It was not clear where he had sent it from. We went to Gants Hudag, but he was not there. We found his name on a list of prisoners who had been transferred - it turned out that he had been tried and sentenced at the beginning of the month, and sent to the prison at Maant, about 100 kilometres from Ulaanbaatar.
"At the end of February we received another telegram saying: `Health worse. Come quickly'. We managed to get permission for some of the family to go and visit him at Maant for two days - there is a special place at the prison where families can go and stay with the prisoner. When my brother came in to see us he could barely walk and he was just skin and bone. He showed me how much weight he had lost -there was no fat on him anywhere, and his arms were so thin he could circle his upper arm with his thumb and forefinger. He was a walking skeleton...
"We fed him, but it was as if he didn't even have the stomach acid left to digest anything. On the first day he had diarrhoea and the food went straight through him. On the second day he vomited everything back up. At the end of those two days we left him, promising to send medicines.
"About 10 days later we got a telephone call from one of the staff at Gants Hudag. My brother's health had got worse, so they had transferred him back there to the central prison clinic. We went there the next day. First we spoke to the doctor looking after him. He said that they would do what they could for him, but my brother had been brought there too late and they would not be able to save him. When I saw my brother he already looked like a dead man, and he was so weak he could not speak. I sat with him and held his hand and prayed with him, and I know that he could hear me because after I prayed I could see that he had tears in his eyes...
"We left him that day and went home. They tell me my brother died about an hour later. His death certificate said he died of starvation."
Davaadelger, the man described above, was a common criminal and repeat offender. He was 36 years old when he died in a prison hospital on 25 March 1994.
@Prison inmates starve to death
Prisoners in Mongolia are dying of starvation. The cause is gross neglect on the part of the authorities, and in some cases deliberate abuse. In current conditions in Mongolia every prison sentence is a potential death sentence. This report highlights the causes of the problem - to which the Mongolian authorities freely admit - and makes recommendations for how it might be solved.
Additionally, this report details Mongolia's continuing use of the death penalty. It comments on the practice, possibly amounting to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, of placing a prisoner granted clemency from the death penalty in indefinite solitary confinement.
Two aspects to the problem of starvation in prisons
Starvation is not a new problem in Mongolia's prison system: it has been reported in the Mongolian media since at least 1992. The problem has two aspects:
●Failure to provide adequate food supplies to prisoners serving sentences in penitentiaries, for lack of money;
●Deliberate starvation to force confessions from people in pre-trial detention, treatment which amounts to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, and possibly torture.
These two aspects are linked, since deliberate starvation in pre-trial detention makes it more likely that the gross neglect in the penitentiaries where people are sent by the courts to serve custodial sentences will lead to death. Both official and unofficial sources stated to Amnesty International that people arriving in penitentiaries can be severely malnourished from their period in pre-trial detention. In some cases their condition cannot be reversed and they die.
Inadequate food supplies in the penitentiaries
Ninety inmates died in prison in the period from autumn 1993 to autumn 1994. This is the most recent period for which official statistics have been made available to Amnesty International. Out of these 90 deaths the number caused by starvation was put variously at 15 or 30, depending on which official was describing the problem, and the other deaths were attributed to illness or work accidents. Amnesty International takes the view that neither of the figures given by officials may accurately reflect the extent of the problem of deaths caused by starvation. Given that malnutrition can cause suppression of the immune system and weaken resistance to illness, many of the deaths among prisoners officially attributed to illness may be indirectly the result of starvation.
The problem of inadequate food supplies stems directly from the provision in the Law on the Prison Service and Custodial Sentencing that "Prisoners... will be responsible, through labour, for the cost of food, clothing, bedding, and for power and heating in living quarters" (Article 11.3). In other words, prison rations are not paid for directly from the state budget, but instead the law requires that prisoners must work for their food, which is paid for from the money they earn; only juveniles and certified disabled prisoners are exempt from this requirement and have their food costs covered from the state budget.
Not only is Article 11.3 of the Law on the Prison Service and Custodial Sentencing a violation of international standards,1but it is also patently unworkable. This law came into effect only at the beginning of 1994, but the concept of linking prisoners' subsistence with their labour contribution has been left unchanged from previous legislation. In the past, prisoners worked in factories or other economic enterprises attached to the penitentiaries, and when Mongolia had a command economy production targets from these penitentiary economic enterprises were incorporated into centralized state economic planning. In the new conditions of a market economy the prison economic enterprises are not always viable, and the responsible authorities are struggling to provide some prisoners with work. The idea of breaking the link in the law between work and food and having the state take on the obligation of feeding prisoners regardless of their labour contribution was reportedly included in the draft of the law but was rejected by parliament on the grounds of cost. The Corrective Labour Department is badly under-funded: its allocation from the state budget for 1995 is 500 million togrogs (US$1,250,000), only half of the sum requested.
Officials claim that despite these problems they are able to provide prisoners with adequate rations. In discussions with Amnesty International in December 1994 the Head of the Corrective Labour Department explained what the regulation rations were for prisoners and implied that these regulations were being met. He listed the regulation daily calorie intake for different categories of prisoners.2 He also listed the full range of foods that regulations provide in the prison diet,3commenting that the only item on the list that the Department was not able to provide currently was sugar.
These claims for food allowances are not borne out by the level of reported deaths from starvation, and have been flatly contradicted by unofficial sources who have told Amnesty International that the prison administrations cannot guarantee an adequate minimum ration to prisoners. These sources reported that the only food generally available is horse meat, rice and poor quality bread. Low calorie intake, particularly combined with nutritional imbalance, would greatly increase the risk of prisoners developing nutritional disorders, depressed immunological response and infections. A medical professional in Mongolia told Amnesty International that deaths in the prison system occurred mostly from illnesses resulting from immune system suppression to which starvation or malnutrition appeared to be the major contributory factor. A high proportion of the patients in the central prison clinic are reported to be suffering from sudden weight loss which is consistent with illness resulting from depressed immunological response.
Nor are the official claims borne out by the testimony of unofficial sources and reports in the Mongolian media. These describe desperate behaviour by starving prisoners. In one incident, described by a former prisoner to a family member and subsequently recounted to Amnesty International, prisoners at Maant are said to have caught and killed a cat which was hanging around the penitentiary complex and to have eaten its flesh raw. The government newspaper Ardyn Erk on 21 December 1994, in a report about prison conditions, quoted another former inmate at Maant who described how prisoners ate potato peelings taken from the penitentiary's garbage. The same report described how a prisoner in Baganuur killed, cooked and ate a puppy.
Additional problems of poor sanitation and medical care
Officials freely admitted to Amnesty International that the general standard of prison conditions is unacceptably low. There is overcrowding, a shortage of clothing and medical supplies, and poor sanitation. This was corroborated by descriptions of conditions in the penitentiaries given by unofficial sources. These conditions, which fail to satisfy international standards,4may contribute to the deaths of prisoners through illness.
According to regulations prisoners should be able to wash completely once a week. The reality as described to Amnesty International is that even where penitentiaries have a shower room these are mostly not working, so the prisoners cannot wash properly. Furthermore, the regulation change of clothing once a week cannot be supplied because of financial constraints (like food, clothing is meant to be paid for from the revenues generated by prisoners' work). Consequently there are cases of skin disease.
Amnesty International also heard complaints about a lack of clean drinking water in most penitentiaries. Some do not even have a direct water supply either from the mains or from a well, so drinking water has to be brought by truck. In summer especially this creates health problems such as outbreaks of diarrhoea.
Amnesty International was told that clinics at penitentiaries suffer from a shortage of medical supplies. These have to be bought from the Ministry of Health, and the budget provided by the state to the Corrective Labour Department is not enough to cover the cost of everything that is needed.
Deliberate starvation in pre-trial detention
A medical professional in Mongolia told Amnesty International in December 1994 that the majority of those who die in penitentiaries are already starving when they come from pre-trial custody. The Head of the Corrective Labour Department also stressed that many of the people arriving at the penitentiaries are already sick or malnourished, and that often despite efforts to feed them properly once they reach the penitentiary their condition proves irreversible.
Starvation of prisoners while they are remanded in custody pending investigation and trial was reported to be a consequence both of inadequate rations and the deliberate withholding of food to force confessions from people detained on suspicion of committing a crime. It is important to stress that deliberate starvation of remand prisoners is not a practice condoned by the responsible authorities at the highest level. The fact that cases have occurred was freely admitted to Amnesty International by the First Deputy Minister of Justice, but he declared that these were the result of misconduct by individual officers who have been punished when found out.
A local human rights activist who has researched this practice described to Amnesty International how a prisoner who failed to confess under interrogation would be returned to his cell and put on a reduced ration, or no ration at all, for several days before being brought back for further interrogation. The source cited the case of one victim who had been left for two weeks on a tiny ration between interrogations. A survey carried out by the office of the State Prosecutor and cited by the English-language newspaper Mongol Messenger in December 1994 noted that 274 out of 700 remand prisoners who had been detained at Gants Hudag prison since the previous April were suffering from malnutrition, and seven had died.
Making complaints against ill-treatment
Although the problems outlined above, and others such as alleged beatings and other ill-treatment by police during arrest or by investigators during interrogation have been widely discussed in the Mongolian media, Amnesty International has heard comments from official and unofficial sources alike about the general reluctance of individuals to make formal complaints against people in authority. The First Deputy Minister of Justice told Amnesty International in December 1994 that people are not well informed or confident about the possibilities open to them to lodge appeals with a procurator and the courts, or to initiate legal proceedings against state authorities who abuse their position.
International instruments, however, oblige the authorities not only to ensure that the right of all persons, including those in detention, to a remedy for human rights violations is respected, but also to ensure that they know how to exercise it so that the right can be effectively implemented.5
Amnesty International's recommendations for confronting the problem of starvation and other ill-treatment of prisoners
Amnesty International acknowledges the efforts being made by the Department of Corrective Labour to solve the problem of starvation in the penitentiaries. The Department is cooperating with humanitarian aid organizations and is developing self-help projects to grow crops, rear livestock and dig wells. In a statement at the end of January 1995 addressed to UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros Ghali, President Puntsalmaagiyn Ochirbat declared that Mongolia would be seeking "financial and other assistance" from the United Nations to improve conditions in remand prisons and penitentiaries. Nevertheless, Amnesty International regrets that the authorities continue to view the absence of income-generating work for prisoners as the crux of the problem. Amnesty International is instead making the following recommendations:
●The Law on the Prison Service and Custodial Sentencing should be amended to break the explicit link between prisoners' labour and the provision of food and other services to them. The Mongolian authorities should acknowledge that they are obliged by international standards to protect the right to life of prisoners guaranteed by Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which Mongolia ratified in 1974. As a means of doing so, they should implement their obligations under the Standard Minimum Rules and the UN Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (the Body of Principles) to provide all prisoners with adequate food and medical care.
In addition, Amnesty International is seeking through this report to interest humanitarian aid and prison reform organizations in the problem and to encourage such organizations to work with the Mongolian authorities to tackle starvation and other aspects of poor prison conditions in Mongolia.
Amnesty International also acknowledges the assurance given by the First Deputy Minister of Justice that deliberate starvation in pre-trial detention is not an officially condoned practice but is the result of misconduct by individuals. Nevertheless, to safeguard detainees against such practices Amnesty International recommends that the authorities in Mongolia do the following, in line with international standards:6
●Inform all detainees of their rights, including the right to complain to the authorities against ill-treatment (Rule 35 of the Standard Minimum Rules; Procedure 4 of Procedures for the Effective Implementation of the Standard Minimum Rules);
●Establish an effective and impartial complaints procedure with powers to implement decisions (Rule 36 of the Standard Minimum Rules; Principle 33 of the Body of Principles);
●Establish an effective system of independent inspections of all places of detention (Rule 55 of the Standard Minimum Rules);
●Consider as a matter of priority ratification or accession to the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment;
●Bring those responsible for ill-treatment to justice (Human Rights Committee General Comment 20, paragraph 13);
●Make provision in the Mongolian Constitution for the establishment of an Ombudsman, as previously recommended in the 1992 Amnesty International report Mongolia - Continuing legislative reform (AI Index: ASA 30/01/92). The duties of the Ombudsman would normally include the power to investigate alleged or apparent instances of violations of fundamental rights and freedoms, abuse of power, unlawful, oppressive or unfair treatment of citizens by government officials, and to assist victims of such violations, abuse or unfair treatment to obtain redress. To ensure the protection of those detained or imprisoned, an Ombudsman should be empowered to gain access at any time, without prior notice, to any place of confinement. An Ombudsman should also have the power to take appropriate action to call for the remedying, correction and reversal of abuses including bringing proceedings in a competent court and making recommendations to the appropriate authorities for the reform of legislation or existing practices.
Mongolia retains the death penalty in law, and death sentences are regularly passed and carried out. Positive steps represented by a recent reduction in the number of capital offences and a statement by President Ochirbat that abolition of capital punishment is under consideration are outweighed by statistics showing increasing use of this punishment. This increase is in reaction to a crime rate growing by 13-15 per cent a year, the consequence of economic and social crisis precipitated by the drastic contraction of Mongolia's economy after massive grants and subsidies from the former USSR were withdrawn in 1990-91. At the same time Mongolia embarked on the difficult transition to an open society with a market economy after almost seven decades as a one-party Communist state with a command economy including guaranteed full employment and a state welfare system.
Capital crimes and prospects for abolition
Changes to the Criminal Code effective from 1 July 1993 reduced the number of capital offences in Mongolia from eight to five:
♦Political murder (Article 62)
♦Political murder of a representative of a foreign state (Article 63)
♦Wrecking (Article 64)
♦Premeditated murder under aggravating circumstances (Article 86)
♦Aggravated rape (Article 112 part 3)
The death penalty is an optional punishment for all five offences, and according to government officials the death penalty is applied in practice only for the last two, premeditated aggravated murder and aggravated rape. The First Deputy Minister of Justice told Amnesty International that the death penalty was retained for the other three offences to satisfy public opinion, and contrary to original proposals put before parliament, even though in practice there have been no cases in recent years.
In the view of officials who discussed the subject with Amnesty International's delegation to Mongolia in December 1994, total abolition of the death penalty through amendment of the Constitution or further amendment of the Criminal Code is unlikely for the foreseeable future, principally because abolition is not supported by a majority of members of parliament. Public opinion remains strongly in favour of the death penalty. A proposal for total abolition put forward by the parliamentary sub-committee on human rights was rejected by parliament when the 1993 Criminal Code amendments were debated. Nevertheless, in his message addressed to the UN Secretary General at the end of January 1995 President Ochirbat stated that while conditions were not yet suitable for abolition of the death penalty, this would be considered in the context of work currently in hand to produce a new Criminal Code.
During crime waves there is often much public support for executions because people believe the death penalty helps stop crime. In its contacts with Mongolia's government, parliamentarians and the media Amnesty International has consistently pointed out that this is not true - there is no evidence that the death penalty prevents serious crimes any more than other punishments. It is Amnesty International's view also that the wrong message is given when a government itself violates human rights in the process of seeking to enforce law and order. In Amnesty International's view the death penalty violates the right to life and is the ultimate cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment.
Amnesty International has stated the hope that the people of Mongolia and their leaders will decide that a commitment to human rights and to finding genuine solutions to crime will be furthered by an end to the death penalty.
Sentencing, appeals and clemency
The latest official statistics made available to Amnesty International, covering the period from 1 January to 1 November 1994, show that 26 death sentences were passed. No precise information was available on the number of executions carried out in that period, but officials told Amnesty International that around half of the death sentences passed by the courts are ultimately carried out. The last set of official figures available, for 1992, showed that 22 people were sentenced to death and 11 were executed. These figures compare with 19 death sentences and 10 executions in 1991, and only five executions in 1990. Execution is by shooting.
Death sentences can be passed at first instance by the courts of the 21 provinces or by Ulaanbaatar city court. A death sentence may not be passed on a woman, nor on a man aged under 18 at the time of the crime, or aged 60 and over. A person sentenced to death has the right to appeal against the conviction and sentence to the Supreme Court. As explained to Amnesty International by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in December 1994, under a new procedure which came into effect in 1993 an appeal is considered by a panel of three Supreme Court judges, who have the right to overturn the decision of the provincial or city court. If they decide to leave the sentence unchanged, however, their decision is reviewed and can be overturned by the full composition of the Supreme Court (17 judges in total), minus the three judges who made up the original panel.
In addition, all Supreme Court judges have the right to rule as admissible for judicial review a case heard in a first instance court, including a capital case, on the basis of a complaint lodged by any of the parties to the original court proceedings.
A decision by the Supreme Court acting as a review court is final except where one third of the full membership of the court decides to reconsider it. The Supreme Court's original verdict can be overturned if two thirds of the judges decide to do this.
If after the Supreme Court appeal and review process is exhausted a death sentence is still left unchanged, a petition for clemency can be submitted to the President. Since 1 July 1993, under amendments to the Criminal Code, the President has had the option when granting clemency in capital cases to substitute a sentence of "indefinite" imprisonment. Amnesty International has been informed that the government has proposed a further amendment to allow the President to commute a death sentence to a maximum prison sentence of 25 years, rather than "indefinite" imprisonment, to make it consistent with the maximum prison term that can be handed down by a court.
Amnesty International's recommendations on the death penalty
Amnesty International continues to call on the Mongolian authorities not to carry out executions, and to abolish the death penalty by amendment to the Constitution or by omitting capital penalties from the Criminal Code. Noting the recent statement by President Ochirbat that Mongolia is committed to abolishing the death penalty but is not yet ready to do so, Amnesty International calls on the authorities at least to do the following:
●Create an official commission on the death penalty. The experience in other countries has shown that where it is difficult to proceed immediately to a decision on abolition, creating a commission of inquiry may be a useful way of obtaining the facts on which a decision can be based. An official commission can serve to remove the issue of the death penalty from the political and emotional climate which so often surrounds it. The findings of a commission can provide officials, legislators and the public with an objective body of information to guide decisions on the issue.
●Pending the outcome of the work of an official commission on the death penalty, impose a moratorium on executions.
According to the Head of the Department of Corrective Labour at the Ministry of Justice sentences of indefinite imprisonment which are substituted for death sentences as a result of clemency by the President are served in a "special section" at the special regime penitentiary at Avdarant. As detailed in the Law on the Prison Service and Custodial Sentencing, regulations require that such sentences are served entirely in solitary confinement, beginning with five years under conditions allowing the prisoner only one hour each day in the open air, one brief visit from family members each year, and the right to send letters every two months. After five years the rights to visits and correspondence are extended.
There is said to be only one person serving indefinite imprisonment, a man identified to Amnesty International by the Head of the Corrective Labour Department as Bayarkhuu Altanhuyag. No further information is available about this prisoner.
Amnesty International is calling on the Mongolian authorities to clarify the exact nature of the solitary confinement regime for prisoners serving indefinite imprisonment. The organization notes that prolonged isolation may have serious effects on the physical and mental health of prisoners and may constitute cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Prisoners held in other countries in total isolation for prolonged periods have suffered both psychological and physical disorders including emotional disturbances, impaired concentration and ability to think, neuroses, sleep disturbances, headaches, dizziness, low blood pressure and circulation and digestive problems.
Prolonged solitary confinement which causes mental suffering violates international law. The United Nations Human Rights Committee in its General Comment No. 20 (44) has made clear that the prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in Article 7 of the ICCPR includes "acts that cause mental suffering to the victim" (paragraph 5), and that "prolonged solitary confinement of the detained or imprisoned person may amount to acts prohibited by Article 7" (paragraph 6).
1. Food supplies
"Every prisoner shall be provided by the administration at the usual hours with food of nutritional value adequate for health and strength, of wholesome quality and well prepared and served."
UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, Rule 20(1)
2. Sanitation and Medical Care
"Adequate bathing and shower installations shall be provided so that every prisoner may be enabled and required to have a bath or shower, at a temperature suitable to the climate, as frequently as necessary for general hygiene according to the season and geographical region, but at least once a week in a temperate climate."
UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, Rule 13.
"Prisoners shall be required to keep their persons clean, and to this end they shall be provided with water and with such toilet articles as are necessary for health and cleanliness."
UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, Rule 15.
"All clothing shall be clean and kept in proper condition. Underclothing shall be changed and washed as often as necessary for the maintenance of hygiene."
UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, Rule 17(2).
"Sick prisoners who require specialist treatment shall be transferred to specialized institutions or to civil hospitals. Where hospital facilities are provided in an institution, their equipment, furnishings and pharmaceutical supplies shall be proper for the medical care and treatment of sick prisoners, and there shall be staff of suitably trained officers."
UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, Rule 22(2).
"A proper medical examination shall be offered to a detained or imprisoned person as promptly as possible after his admission to the place of detention or imprisonment, and thereafter medical care and treatment shall be provided whenever necessary. This care and treatment shall be provided free of charge."
UN Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, Principle 24.
3. Making complaints
"Each state party to the present Covenant undertakes:
(a) To ensure that any person whose rights or freedoms as herein recognized are violated shall have an effective remedy, notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity;
(b) To ensure that any person claiming such a remedy shall have his right thereto determined by competent judicial, administrative or legislative authorities, or by any other competent authority provided for by the legal system of the State, and to develop the possibilities of judicial remedy;
(c) To ensure that the competent authorities shall enforce such remedies when granted."
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 2(3).
"Anyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings before a court, in order that that court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his detention and order his release if the detention is not lawful."
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 9(4)
"Every prisoner on admission shall be provided with written information about the regulations governing the treatment of prisoners of his category, the disciplinary requirements of the institution, the authorized methods of seeking information and making complaints, and all such other matters as are necessary to enable him to understand both his rights and his obligations and to adapt himself to the life of the institution."
UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, Rule 35(1).
"The Standard Minimum Rules, as embodied in national legislation and other regulations, shall also be made available and understandable to all prisoners and all persons under detention, on their admission and during their confinement."
Procedures for the Effective Implementation of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, Procedure 4.
"Every Prisoner shall have the opportunity each week day of making requests or complaints to the director of the institution or the officer authorized to represent him.
"It shall be possible to make requests or complaints to the inspector of prisons during his inspection. The prisoner shall have the opportunity to talk to the inspector or to any other inspecting officer without the director or other members of the staff being present.
"Every prisoner shall be allowed to make a request or complaint, without censorship as to substance but in proper form, to the central prison administration, the judicial authority or other proper authorities through approved channels.
"Unless it is evidently frivolous or groundless, every request or complaint shall be promptly dealt with and replied to without undue delay."
UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, Rule 36.
"A detained or imprisoned person or his counsel shall have the right to make a request or complaint regarding his treatment, in particular in case of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, to the authorities responsible for the administration of the place of detention and to higher authorities and, when necessary, to appropriate authorities vested with reviewing or remedial powers."
UN Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, Principle 33(1).
"There shall be a regular inspection of penal institutions and services by qualified and experienced inspectors appointed by a competent authority. Their task shall be in particular to ensure that these institutions are administered in accordance with existing laws and regulations and with a view to bringing about the objectives of penal and correctional services."
UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, Rule 55.
"States parties should indicate when presenting their reports the provisions of their criminal law which penalize torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, specifying the penalties applicable to such acts, whether committed by public officials or other persons acting on behalf of the State, or by private persons. Those who violate article 7 [of the ICCPR, prohibiting torture and ill-treatment], whether by encouraging, ordering, tolerating or perpetrating prohibited acts, must be held responsible. Consequently, those who have refused to obey orders must not be punished or subjected to any adverse treatment."
Human Rights Committee General Comment 20, Paragraph 13.
1Rule 20(1) of the United Nations (UN) Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Standard Minimum Rules) states: "Every prisoner shall be provided by the administration at the usual hours with food of nutritional value adequate for health and strength, of wholesome quality and well prepared and served."
2As described, the regulation daily calorie intakes for prisoners, by regime are: solitary confinement - 2,900; special regime - 3,400; strict regime - 3,500; ordinary regime - 3,600. Certain types of prisoners get greater allowances: juveniles - 3,900; hospital patients - 3,900; tuberculosis patients - 4,000. There are additional allowances in certain cases: pregnant women -1,500 extra per day; people already malnourished on admission to prison - 2,100 extra per day. Amnesty International notes the discrepancy between these allowances and the intake of around 2,700 calories per day for the average adult male in the developed world.
3Bread, cereals, sugar, meat, tea, salt, potatoes, vegetables, animal fats, vegetable oil, dairy products, liver.
4See Appendix.
5See Appendix.
6The relevant extracts from international standards are quoted in full in the Appendix.


text:
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by purpleinopp 8b AL (My Page) on Fri, Jan 11, 13 at 14:20
- Posted by purpleinopp 8b AL (My Page) on Fri, Jan 11, 13 at 14:23
- Posted by purpleinopp 8b AL (My Page) on Fri, Jan 11, 13 at 14:24
- Posted by purpleinopp 8b AL (My Page) on Fri, Jan 11, 13 at 14:26
- Posted by pirate_girl Zone7 NYC (My Page) on Fri, Jan 11, 13 at 14:44
Hi Marg, Nice plants. I think it's a question of personal preference if you pot them back up all together, or separate them into a few different pots. I'm guessing either way, they'll look quite nice. The interior growth you mention as being lighter in color may be a function of the leaves being young, it's likely they'll darken up as they age. The mix you mention sounds fine; it's great that you've already learned not to add peat to this. I'd pot up however you decide & then wait 2-3 days before watering, just to let any bits of broken roots heal before watering. You sound like you're already on the right track w/ these; good luck & enjoy! |
- Posted by teengardener1888 5a (My Page) on Fri, Jan 11, 13 at 14:48
those look healthy. i wish my plant would make babies. mines is stubborn. i dont want to take leaf cutting due to the lost of the golden edging |
Thanks pirate_girl! Good to know I'm on the right track. Teengardener, it took mine 2 years to really start growing. Patience is not my strong virtue! |
- Posted by theficuswrangler 9/10 (firstname.lastname@example.com) on Fri, Jan 11, 13 at 15:19
Your sansie(s) look great. The lighter leaves look to be all new, and in the interior of the plant, as you suspected - all good. Your mix sounds good, too. As for how you repot, it's up to what you want to see. Do you want a bunch of plants? They can look really neat in a row, in matching containers; or in a group, like under the bathroom sink. Or would you like to see 1 or 2 big plants - then put your pieces together into a couple of BIG pots, and keep on doing what you've been doing; the longer they grow, the taller the leaves get. Just a little story, take it for what you will. One of my customers had a sanseveria on his office desk, not by a window or anything, just the office illumination, but it was the most beautiful sansie I ever saw, all dark green, about 4' tall. Did he have a secret? He said all he did was give it a cup of black coffee every couple of weeks. Not recommending anything, just sayin'. |
I have a friend who gives her plants leftover coffee, not sure what it's supposed to do. My sans is already 4' tall, wonder how tall it would get if I fed it coffee? As long as it doesn't get jittery on me! Marg |
- Posted by theficuswrangler 9/10 (firstname.lastname@example.com) on Sat, Jan 12, 13 at 19:46
Yeah, well, they sit around all quiet and nice during the day, but do you know what they're up to at night??????? |
- Posted by purpleinopp 8b AL (My Page) on Sun, Jan 13, 13 at 10:29
Ha!! Too funny! |
marric, you must've planted yours already, so this is for next time: when you pull all the stems out - you'll see that some of them are connected. the younger offshoots are usually connected to mother plant. and then as they grow, they make their own offshots. if you leave several in a cluster connected, they will bloom for you sooner. of course, the bloom is not that special (a little fragrant and sticky! when it fades) - but some people like to see their sansi bloom. when you split all the stolons (i think that's what they are called)- that will set back the flowering considerably. i usually nest a few clusters together: some doubles and triples. |
Petrushka - I'd avoid giving my plants either leftover coffee or tea. They're not a tonic, as is commonly suggested, and I'd avoid including spent coffee grinds as a soil amendment or a fraction of my container soils. Something I wrote a while back about coffee/tea: Forum discussions frequently center on the question of adding dilute coffee/tea or grounds to plants as a 'tonic', but Arabica (coffee) and Camellia (tea) are known for their toxic alkaloid (caffeine) content and their allelopathic affect on plants as well as autotoxic (poison to their own seedlings) effects on future generations. Caffeine interferes with root development by impairing protein metabolism. This affects activity of an important bio-compound (PPO) and lignification (the process of becoming woody), crucial steps for root formation. We also know that the tannins in both coffee and tea are known allelopaths (growth inhibitors). There are ongoing experiments to develop herbicides using extracts from both coffee and tea that cause me to want to say they might serve better as a nonselective herbicide than as a tonic. I would not use either (stale coffee or tea) by applying directly to my plants - especially containerized plants; nor would I add tea bags/coffee grinds to my container soils. |
This post was edited by tapla on Tue, Jan 29, 13 at 16:03
- Posted by theficuswrangler 9/10 (email@example.com) on Tue, Jan 29, 13 at 19:40
Al - I'm sure all that you say is true - it's science, after all, right? And I can personally attest to caffeine's interference with root formation, my hair started going gray when I was in my 30's. Har-har, just joshin' wit' ya Al. But seriously, how then do you account for all the admittedly anecdotal evidence of folks' success with watering with tea or coffee? I personally remember an aunt who had windows full of beautiful African Violets, and she watered them with tea poured into the saucers under the plants. One thing that occurred to me is that the toxic elements might be affected by varying the dilution involved. I don't use coffee or tea in my plants either, although I do put tea bags and coffee grounds into my compost,but do you think all the people who've used the stuff, like my aunt, were mistaken, or what? |
The world abounds with anecdotes that have no basis in reality. It wasn't that long ago that we were exorcising demons to cure diseases. In many cases, people believe that if something can't be seen to be a bane, it must then be a benefaction. Goodness knows there is a plethora of horticultural products known by science to be the equivalent of snake oil that still enjoy brisk sales. I guess I would say that if someone uses coffee or tea, thinking it's some sort of tonic, and has lovely plants - the plants are far more likely to be lovely in spite of the infusion than because of it. I just talked about lost potential over on the container forum today. In many cases, we can have what appears to be a perfectly healthy plant in which we can detect no sign of lost potential. I used the example of having made a batch of 5:1:1 mix using CHCs in lieu of pine bark. I grew several different plants in the mix, and grew examples of the same genetic material in the mix I normally use with pine bark in it. The plants in the CHC mix were somewhere around half the size of the plants in the bark mix. In those plants that appeared healthy in the CHC mix, I would have had no idea that there was lost potential, other than what I knew to expect from experience or by comparing the plants in the CHCs to the plants in bark. If you do some sleuthing, you'll discover the reasons why this occurred. Possibilities are a high salt content, a very high inherent K content, a high starting pH ..... There are many people growing in CHCs and coir who will heartily recommend those products to others, even though study after study turns up these unfavorable issues. Perhaps the reason goes back to what I mentioned in the opening paragraph. If it isn't an obvious bane, then it must be a benefaction ..... but all banes are not immediately obvious, the results of less than ideal practices isn't always correctly attributed to the practice, and lost potential isn't always easily measurable. Al |
- Posted by theficuswrangler 9/10 (firstname.lastname@example.com) on Tue, Jan 29, 13 at 21:11
Small question...what is (are)CHCs? |
- Posted by purpleinopp 8b AL (My Page) on Wed, Jan 30, 13 at 10:31
I confess, I'm guilty of giving plants tea too, (never tried coffee, I always finish that "to the last drop.") I may be way off base, but suspect the effects could be vastly different when considering what mix is in a pot to begin with, and if there are any benefits, they would be almost exclusively confined to mixes with a predominance of organic ingredients. And FWIW, I make tea with very little sugar compared to what most southerners would call "sweet tea" (which would most often be more accurately described as syrup by me.) But the point is a question, does the sugar come into play? If so, is it speeding the decomposition process? When it doesn't look as green as it should, tea made/makes my parlor palm much more dark green. I suspect it's because my home-made soil mix can vary a lot, (with some mulch and compost from yard pile, a little yard dirt or bagged topsoil if I think it will need help holding water) and may sometimes still be decomposing and doing that nitrogen-robbing thing, causing chlorosis. I suspect this because when it happens, it seems to be on plants that were recently repotted, about 1-2 months before. Or maybe tea helps alter a wrong PH? I think what I make has a tendency to be too high PH. Maybe it's something to do with battling the effects of tap water while inside vs. mostly rain water while outside. It's not something that affects a lot of my plants, and since I don't do any measuring, and often don't have the exact same stuff around, there are probably vast differences in what is in the various pots... There's probably something else I could use to help plants that aren't as green as I think they should be, but from what I can see, an occasional dose of very diluted tea is doing something positive (and I love the price.) Would a fertilizer that was 0-something-0 be an appropriate treatment? I quit doing it after being encouraged to do so on here, but admit I've given some too-yellow looking plants some heavily diluted tea occasionally while plants have been inside this winter. It really helped a recently propagated Dracaena fragrans top look so much better. I thought the lower 5-6 leaves were going to be lost from turning yellow but they're back to green. The parlor palms are flowering more heavily than ever before. This may be controversial, but I'm sitting here wondering what I prefer if a choice must be made. That my plants possibly grow faster by spending more money on store-bought ingredients, soil tests, fertilizers, or to continue with my currently very satisfied (and very inexpensive) conditions? If I was trying to harvest a food crop, it would be a major hardship if the plants didn't reach their potential at the correct time. But as long as potted ornamentals are healthy, flowering if they're supposed to, are pleasing me, get complimented on their fantastic appearance, the fastest possible growth isn't a priority for me. I know I could start with a confidently better mix every time, but do I want to spend more money just so the plants would likely grow faster as well as look great? If a choice must be made, I don't. Almost all of the plants are growing and otherwise "performing" at a more than satisfactory rate to me. Knowing/understanding a thing and putting it into practice are two different things. Although I might not do the latter, I'd love to get a better handle on the former. (Like, I know how to have a perfectly clean house at all times, but no desire to do so.) I might even use the info to stunt/slow down plants on purpose, you never know with me! Petrushka, that's cool that you've observed how repotting/separating can affect blooming. I have suspected similar, but don't yet have enough experience doing it to draw any conclusions. Glad to read a testimonial that matches my suspicions. I have seen enough to be sure these plants do NOT like to be trapped/confined in a tiny pot, no doubt. |
Tiff - sugar is a hydrocarbon chain made up of C, H, and O, all elements the plant normally gets fro water and the air surrounding the plant. Indirectly, sugar would feed the organisms that live in soil and add the potential of increasing their numbers (if cultural conditions allow), which in turn would increase the rate at which the hydrocarbon chains making up the soil particles would be broken down. The question then becomes, 'Is this something I want?' On it's face, it sounds like a good idea to make more nutrients available for uptake, but that's what fertilizers are for. The downside is, it comes at the expense of soil breakdown that occurs as a result in the increased in soil organisms. Certainly too, if you wanted to add sugar to your soil for some reason, you could do that w/o it being in a coffee/tea solution; but when you think about it in light of the fact that sugar has the same effect on plant roots as salts, adding to the TDS/EC of the soil solution just the same as fertilizers do, only w/o adding anything in the way of usable nutrition. Finally, if you do some research on the negative effects of alkaloids and tannin on plant growth, you'll see that neither coffee or tea, even with sugar added, would have anything to offer that would even mitigate the potential downside. Unless there is something in coffee or tea that plants actually NEED, there is no way they can be a plus. ********************************************************** CHCs and coir are products derived from coconut husks. The CHC's are chunky, like pine bark, and coir is sold processed to roughly the same size as sphagnum peat. Al |
- Posted by purpleinopp 8b AL (My Page) on Thu, Jan 31, 13 at 9:36
Hey Al, thanks! I mentioned the sugar because I don't make tea without it, so it's a factor when there's tea - for me. Your point that if I wouldn't create a weird issue in the first place... is valid. I wouldn't recommend this tea thing to anyone, the one time I mentioned it regarding this same palm clump, the info you provided convinced me to stop doing it and I have referred other people to that post, until those 2 plants I mentioned above. I don't even recommend my soil thing, it's too complicated, you're in no danger of vicariously recommending anything unorthodox. Just wondering what I'm doing that's causing a couple plants to respond well to this, haven't seen any cause to include any other plants in tea treatment. There are tons of oak leaves in my compost, probably not all fully composted, and often new ones blow into the baby pool where I mix stuff up, which I'm not real anal about removing, so I probably have tannin issues anyway, and definite organic activity from the organic ingredients. With stuff like this in pots, it definitely does break down quickly, and it's been a bit of an issue inside with about 15 saucer-less hanging plants around the house, sediment comes out of the holes. The roots really seem to like it though, as long as I repot before it completely becomes mud. I'll take a lot more roots pics when I start repotting soon. It may sound strange, but I have a blast doing all of this...! I started messing with getting away from bagged potting soil about a decade ago, and this is where the journey has led, thus far... Knowing more about why something goes kind of wonky sometimes is cool, even if I go do what I was doing again anyway... |
Please Note: Only registered members are able to post messages to this forum. If you are a member, please log in. If you aren't yet a member, join now!
Return to the House Plants Forum
Information about Posting
- You must be logged in to post a message. Once you are logged in, a posting window will appear at the bottom of the messages. If you are not a member, please register for an account.
- Please review our Rules of Play before posting.
- Posting is a two-step process. Once you have composed your message, you will be taken to the preview page. You will then have a chance to review your post, make changes and upload photos.
- After posting your message, you may need to refresh the forum page in order to see it.
- Before posting copyrighted material, please read about Copyright and Fair Use.
- We have a strict no-advertising policy!
- If you would like to practice posting or uploading photos, please visit our Test forum.
- If you need assistance, please Contact Us and we will be happy to help.
Learn more about in-text links on this page here

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Click here to go to the older version of the website.
Stand strong with the Indian government against US bullying and protect access to life-saving medicines for millions across the world. Thanks to India's progressive intellectual property system medicines are affordable for millions of poor patients across the world.
"My school is my safe place. It gives me safety. It keeps me away from gossips and help me learn new things" --- Roshini, a resident of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh.
Help us build a global movement for change.


text:
| Email | Full Article (TrendHunter.com/id/98288) |
After seeing numerous sleazy print ads from this clothing company, it shouldn't be a surprise that it's back to its usual ways. Starting the new year with some fresh American Apparel 2011 ads, the company takes another crack at more butt-baring spreads.
Another bizarre set of images have now surfaced, presenting real college students being hung from trees, climbing ladders and hanging out with naked mannequins. In scantily-clad basics, these students show off their wild side rather than their academic side in these new American Apparel 2011 ads.


text:
Measuring Internal Communications
Staff Survey - Pop up Notification
Staff Survey - Message Window
"We needed something that was flexible, easy to use, that could target the whole organization, parts of it or individuals."
"It's a very good tool. For me it's a complete no-brainer."
"The SnapComms tools can cut-through and proactively push information to where it is needed. This is also an important factor for us."


text: Japan Previous: #24 Austria Next: #26 Czech Republic overall score72.4 world rank25 Rule of Law Property Rights80.0 Freedom From Corruption77.8 Limited Government Government Spending47.1 Fiscal Freedom69.2 Regulatory Efficiency Business Freedom80.0 Labor Freedom79.8 Monetary Freedom87.5 Open Markets Trade Freedom82.4 Investment Freedom70.0 Financial Freedom50.0 Embed This Data Create a Comparison Chart See how Japan compares to another country using any of the measures in the Index. vs Read more about Japan Economy. See more from the 2014 Index. Close Download PDF Quick Facts Population: 127.6 million GDP (PPP): $4.6 trillion 2.0% growth -0.2% 5-year compound annual growth $36,266 per capita Unemployment: 4.4% Inflation (CPI): 0.0% FDI Inflow: $1.7 billion Embed This Data Japan's economic freedom score is 72.4, making its economy the 25th freest in the 2014 Index. Its score is 0.6 point higher than last year, reflecting improvements in trade freedom, investment freedom, and control of government spending that outweigh deteriorations in freedom from corruption, monetary freedom, and business freedom. Japan is ranked 6th out of 41 countries in the Asia–Pacific region.Over the 20-year history of the Index, Japan's economic freedom has regressed, with its score falling by nearly 3 points. Declines have been recorded in six of the 10 economic freedoms, with double-digit declines in financial freedom, property rights, freedom from corruption, and control of government spending. The decline of Japan's overall economic freedom score over the past two decades is the third worst among advanced economies.Japan continues to be one of the "mostly free" economies. However, as reflected in the lack of progress toward greater economic freedom over the history of the Index, it continues to fall behind other countries in pursuing and implementing critical reform measures. A large and growing public debt has taken a toll on private-sector economic activity, preventing more dynamic growth. Disparities in productivity between different segments of the economy have continued to widen. Japan has lagged behind other countries in pursuing free trade agreements. Read more about Japan Economy. Close Background The Liberal Democratic Party retook control of the lower house of parliament in 2012, returning Prime Minister Shinzo Abe to office. The LDP's resurgence was due in large part to the electorate's rejection of the Democratic Party of Japan for its ineptitude and corruption scandals. Voters also view Abe as more likely to stand up to an increasingly aggressive China, which claims sovereignty over Japan's Senkaku Islands. Although Abe has proposed pragmatic changes in Japan's defense forces, his revisionist comments about its wartime actions have angered others in the region. The LDP won another landslide victory in the July 2013 election for the upper house, largely on popular hopes that "Abenomics" would rejuvenate the economy. Rule of LawView Methodology Property Rights 80.0 Create a Graph using this measurement Freedom From Corruption 77.8 Create a Graph using this measurement Significant efforts have been made to fight Japan's relatively modest level of corruption by reforming the "iron triangle" system, mostly by loosening ties between the government and big business. The judiciary is independent, and its solid multi-level institutional framework, although at times inefficient, provides secure protection of real and intellectual property. Obtaining and protecting patents and trademarks can be time-consuming and costly. Limited GovernmentView Methodology Government Spending 47.1 Create a Graph using this measurement Fiscal Freedom 69.2 Create a Graph using this measurement The top individual income tax rate has been raised to 40.8 percent, and the top corporate tax rate has been lowered to 25.5 percent. A fiscal surtax exists for the next three fiscal years, bringing the effective tax rate to 28.05 percent. Local and enterprise taxes can also raise rates significantly. The overall tax burden is 27.6 percent of GDP. Government spending is 42 percent of GDP, and public debt amounts to well over twice the size of the economy. Regulatory EfficiencyView Methodology Business Freedom 80.0 Create a Graph using this measurement Labor Freedom 79.8 Create a Graph using this measurement Monetary Freedom 87.5 Create a Graph using this measurement With no minimum capital required, business formation takes less than 10 procedures, but burdensome licensing requirements discourage dynamic entrepreneurial growth. A tendency to grant lifetime employment guarantees hurts productivity and impedes the development of a more flexible labor market. Prices are generally set by market forces, but the government subsidizes numerous industries and sectors. Open MarketsView Methodology Trade Freedom 82.4 Create a Graph using this measurement Investment Freedom 70.0 Create a Graph using this measurement Financial Freedom 50.0 Create a Graph using this measurement Japan has a relatively low 1.3 percent average tariff rate, but significant non-tariff barriers restrict many agricultural imports. Investment in several sectors of the economy may be screened by the government. The financial sector is subject to political influence and lacks dynamic growth. Reform of the state-owned postal savings system has been largely derailed since late 2009. Country's Score Over Time Country Comparisons Regional Ranking rank country overall change 1Hong Kong90.10.8 2Singapore89.41.4 3Australia82-0.6 4New Zealand81.2-0.2 5Taiwan73.91.2 6Japan72.40.6 7Macau71.3-0.4 8South Korea71.20.9 9Malaysia 69.63.5 10Kazakhstan63.70.7 11Thailand 63.3-0.8 12Azerbaijan61.31.6 13Samoa61.14.0 14Kyrgyz Republic 61.11.5 15The Philippines60.11.9 16Sri Lanka60-0.7 17Vanuatu59.52.9 18Mongolia58.9-2.8 19Fiji58.71.5 20Indonesia58.51.6 21Tonga58.22.2 22Cambodia57.4-1.1 23Bhutan56.71.7 24India55.70.5 25Pakistan 55.20.1 26Bangladesh 54.11.5 27Papua New Guinea53.90.3 28China52.50.6 29Tajikistan52-1.4 30Laos51.21.1 31Maldives512.0 32Vietnam50.8-0.2 33Nepal50.1-0.3 34Micronesia49.8-0.3 35Burma46.57.3 36Uzbekistan46.50.5 37Kiribati46.30.4 38Solomon Islands46.21.2 39Timor-Leste43.2-0.5 40Turkmenistan42.2-0.4 41North Korea1-0.5 See Entire Region List › View all countries ›


text:
2012 Volvo 670 Gulfport, MS
2015 Chevrolet 3500HD New Hampton, IA
2014 Dodge RAM 1500 PROMASTER Orlando, FL
2007 International 9400i Lake Butler, FL
2009 Freightliner CST120 Des Moines , IA
Trailer for 2015 Dorsey 60 Ton Steel Drop Decks Voorhees, NJ
2011 Freightliner CA11342DC - CASCADIA Healdsburg, CA
2006 Mack GRANITE CV713 Ocala, FL
2011 Freightliner CASCADIA Elizabeth (Newark), NJ
Description: original heavy duty double frame tandem dump truck chassis, plenty of room for a tri-axle, 370hp Mack power, Eaton Fuller 8LL transmission, Cruise, cold a/c, power steering, diff lock, 16ft OX dump body with electric tarp, air tailgate, asphalt apron, cabshield, runs & works great. (OR $72,500. as a TRI-AXLE.)More Information
Didn't find what you were looking for? Click here to request availability from our dealer network.
Kevin Jones has an enthusiastic fascination with the supply chain. As editor of American Trucker, he focuses on the critical role owner-ops and small fleets play in the economy, both local and global. And he plays with big trucks.


text:
Robin Griffiths See's Silver going to $450 and Gold to $12,000
(May 12th, 2011)
- Robin see's $50 silver a sure thing but see's consolidation for about 2 months
- Robin see's a 10 bagger in silver from the current prices!
- He notes, 'If you adjust the old all-time high for inflation…that gives you $450 for silver'
- For gold he see's the run up continuing till 2015, $3000 minimum, $5,000 likely and $12,000 possible. (Sounds a lot like Martin Armstrong's number and timeframe)
- The highest numbers are definitely possible if Bernanke keeps on his current path
- We're moving away from a US dollar reserve to mixes of renmenbi, rupees, likely weighted by gold
See full article from kingworldnews here.


text:
Countdown to Twilight: 1 Day!
Vampires may live forever, but that doesn't mean you have to wait forever! Help us count down the days till Twilight's premiere with exclusive interviews, pictures, giveaways, quizzes, and more!
ONE MORE DAY! And if you're lucky, Mom and Dad are letting you attend tonight's midnight screening so you can brag to all your friends at school tomorrow that you've already seen it!
But until then, we'll leave you with the smoking-hot cast at Tuesday
night's world premiere in Los Angeles, where it's rumored that Robert
Pattinson lost his hearing from all the screaming fans! Check out pics
of hotties Jackson, Kellan, and Taylor below, and then see what they
have to say straight from the carpet itself (that's right, we were
there to bring you guys all the action!). You do not want to miss this
video. It's the perfect way to get pumped up for tomorrow!
And don't forget to come back after you've seen the movie to let us know what you think. We're even going to set up a special chat room where Twilight fans can chat about the film. Just check out seventeen.com/twilightchat!


text:
Fan Ring
A ring crafted to wear well so you can remember the win forever. Delivers the feel of a Championship Ring for the fan who cheered their team all season.
Style: BRS034
- blue buff stone
- red enamel
- total precious stone weight of eight 2pt stones for .16 carats
- custom sides tell the story of Fenway park and the franchise championships
- features name personalization
- ring top measures .75" x .9"
Style: BRS034
Starting at


text:
Sequencing is important. The order in which events happen has an incredible impact on the way we perceive them. As Parkes pointed out yesterday, many people around the Cardinals believe trading Colby Rasmus for Edwin Jackson, Marc Rzepczynski and Octavio Dotel pushed the Cards over the edge into the playoffs.
Parkes convincingly argued this is not the case and I tend to agree. I don't think the Cardinals made the playoffs because they traded Rasmus; the Cardinals traded Rasmus and then they made the playoffs.
Just because one event happened before another doesn't mean they're directly related. What I will argue is the move to acquire Dotel and Rzepczynski solidified the Cards bullpen, independent of their individual regular season performance. A little something we like to call "addition by subtraction."
The idea behind bullpen chaining is why, in my mind, Wins Above Replacement isn't a great measure of a relief pitcher's worth. The basic premise is any given reliever isn't replaced by a "freely-available" player since their job is defined by roles.
If the closer goes down, he isn't replaced by the minor leaguer called-up to take his spot on the roster. The 8th inning guy becomes the 9th inning guy and so on. When Parkes suggests the Cardinals bullpen cavalry posted rather modest fWAR numbers, he's absolutely correct.
The value in acquiring Rzepczynski and Dotel isn't in their immediate on-field performance, it is in their ability to take over roles previously held by much, much worse pitchers. Consider the below graph, which is rather confusing, I admit.
This chart displays the average Game Leverage for Cardinal relievers by month. The higher the leverage index, the more important the moment in the game. The important thing to notice is the effect of RZep and Dotel on the remaining relievers.
By removing Trevor Miller and Brian Tallet from the equation, the Cardinals are already ahead in the exchange. The addition of right-handed specialist Octavio Dotel relegates Kyle McClellan and Mitchell Boggs to strictly mop-up duty. The introduction of Rzepczynski allows the Cards to release Raul Valdes and refuse pile pick-up Ron Mahay. Dotel's ongoing success moved Fernando Salas into a more liquid role as Jason Motte moved up into the non-closer closer's role.
In a perverse, "being chased by a bear" way, the new guys don't have to be good. They just need to be better than the bums they're replacing.
Even during the regular season when the former Jays didn't pitch nearly as well as they have this post-season, the impact of their arrival reverberated across the Cardinals bullpen. Once the Cardinals arrived in Baseball's Second Season, the value of their entire group, as a collective, cannot be overstated.
One very, very, important note: this is not to suggest the Cardinals "won" the Rasmus trade. The Cardinals could have bolstered their bullpen in a very similar fashion without paying so a steep price as a 24 year-old five tool center fielder. But that's the price they paid and here they are, ahead in the World Series.
Trading Rasmus while strengthening their bullpen are two small parts in a very complex series of events, culminating in the Cardinals unlikely run to the World Series (and, it should be noted, makes them one very good player poorer.) Could the Cardinals have made these playoffs without making this trade? Maybe. But the acquisitions of Dotel and Rzepczynski did make their team better for the pennant run and certainly contributed greatly to their post-season success, for that they deserve credit.


text:
Please select a Home Design that you would like to view options for:
Photo Gallery
Driving Directions
Request Information
Luxurious Executive Homes
Fall in love with one of the most prestigious new communities in the highly desirable location of West Frisco. Park Place Estates appeals to the most exquisite of tastes. Our large floor plans boast gourmet kitchens and indulgent master retreats. Special touches include mud rooms, wine bars, huge covered patios and balconies.
K. Hovnanian Homes' Goodman Series in Park Place Estates provides elegant and spacious home designs from 3,700 5,000 square feet, priced from the mid $500s! Oversized homesites average 80' x 140' and provide larger backyards for entertaining and relaxation. This enclave of executive homes allows you to live in the best of worlds. The peace and tranquility of your backyard is enhanced by the proximity to fabulous shopping, dining, sports and entertainment just minutes away. Park Place Estates is adjacent to the location of Frisco's much anticipated Grand Park. Children living in Park Place Estates attend Nichols Elementary School, Pioneer Heritage Middle School and Frisco High School, all in the highly esteemed Frisco Independent School District.
D Magazine recently rated Frisco
as one of the top 20 best suburbs in DFW!
Click here to view a tour of our Park Place Estates' model!
Starting from $589,900
View Home Design
View Floor Plan
View Exteriors
Starting from $611,900
Starting from $616,900
Starting from $618,900
Starting from $629,900
Starting from $638,900
View Interior Photos
View Virtual Tour
Starting from $644,900
Starting from $646,900
Room dimensions may vary. Prices, availability, and specifications may change without notice.
About Us | Investor Relations | Careers | Mortgage | Terms & Conditions | Site Map | Contact Us | Equal Housing Opportunity© 2015 K. Hovnanian Companies, LLC.Back to Mobile Site
Page Generated in: 2.519531 - Seconds


text:
Ludwig Bemelmans
Hansi, the first of Bemelmans' fifteen books for children, beguiled most reviewers with its simple watercolor illustrations and nostalgic story of two children and their dog in the Austrian Tyrol. His greatest success, however, was Madeline, a rhymed picture book about a Parisian schoolgirl who becomes the envy of her classmates when her appendix is removed. Indeed, the Madeline books, of which there were five, remain the work that Bemelmans is primarily remembered for. The inspired amateurishness of the illustrations and the sophisticated doggerel verses have been an influence on later juvenile literature. Madeline's Rescue, the second book in the series, was awarded the Caldecott Medal in 1953.
Bemelmans's first book for adults, My War with the United States, was actually his translation of the diary he had kept during his World War I service. As most of his books did, it struck critics as fresh, witty, and irreverent, although it was not without intimations of cruelty and madness (notably in the scenes touching on the horrors of military hospitals). "Bemelmans writes of his extraordinary adventures with a child's eye, a lyric detachment and a certain naive curiosity that appropriately accompanies his personal story," wrote a reviewer in the New York Herald Tribune. "His book is unconventional but wiser than his light mood suggests at first sight."
Bemelmans claimed to have no imagination, and all his books were the more or less direct product of his experience. He described his life as a restaurateur in Life Class and Hotel Splendide, his travels to Ecuador and Italy in The Donkey Inside and Italian Holiday, and his stint as a Hollywood screenwriter in the novel Dirty Eddie. At the time of his death he was working on the story of his childhood. Bemelmans was a genial satirist and lover of life, but a serious intent often underlay his humor, especially in his novels. A case in point is Blue Danube, a fanciful story set on an island of the Danube, the comedy of which is very much clouded by the appearance of a band of odious Nazis. Blue Danube was not Bemelmans at his best–"the sentimental Bemelmans," wrote A. J. Liebling in the New Yorker, "is in the ascendant again"–but it did demonstrate his awareness of the proximity of comedy and tragedy. A somewhat more successful novel was Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep, concerning the unusual journey of an elderly Ecuadoran general from his villa in Biarritz to his home in South America. It too had a point to make, but did so with a more characteristic deftness. It was, wrote another New Yorker critic, "a satire which manages to be not only brashly funny but a subtle statement about human behavior in its more futile aspects."
From the time of his marriage to Madeline Freund in 1935 (they had one daughter, Barbara) until his death in New York of pancreatic cancer, Bemelmans traveled, painted, dined in the elegant restaurants that he loved, and generally wrote a book or two a year. He was a contributor to Town and Country, Horizon, and the New Yorker, for the last of which he did many cover illustrations. In later years Bemelmans considered himself a painter first and a writer second, and his work was shown in several New York galleries. Reviewing his posthumous novel, the comic love story The Street Where the Heart Lies, Burling Lowrey in Saturday Review called Bemelmans "a superb craftsman with a sure eye for atmospheric detail and a supremely accurate ear for the speech of Adult Innocents madly in love with the unattainable.. . .He was a complete original, with an absolutely unique temperament and view toward the world."
Selected Works:
General nonfiction–My War with the United States, 1937; Life Class 1938; Small Beer, 1939; Hotel Splendide, 1941; I Love You, I Love You, I Love You, 1942; Hotel Bemelmans, 1946; My Life in Art, 1958.
Travel–The Donkey Inside, 1941; The Best of Times: An Account of Europe Revisited, 1948; How to Travel Incognito, 1952; Italian Holiday, 1961; On Board Noah's Ark, 1962.
Novels–Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep, 1943; The Blue Danube, 1945; Dirty Eddie, 1947; The Eye of God, 1949; The Woman of My Life, 1957; Are You Hungry, Are You Cold, 1960; The Street Where the Heart Lies, 1963.
Biography–To the One I Love the Best, 1955.
Juvenile–Hansi, 1934; The Golden Basket, 1936; The Castle Number Nine, 1937; Quito Express, 1938; Madeline, 1939; Fifi, 1940; Rosebud, 1942; Sunshine: A Story about the City of New York, 1950; The Happy Place, 1952; Madeline's Rescue, 1953; The High World, 1954; Parsley, 1955; Madeline and the Bad Hat, 1956; Madeline and the Gypsies, 1959; Madeline in London, 1961.


text:
We have been in july/august and April...
July/August was good on one hand because we could fit three weeks in round my job (Im teacher so got to go in school hols) but bad because of the high humidity and the parks were busy.
For April we went for Easter so the parks were really busy but we planned well and didnt have a problem with queues and the whether was just right. Plus we got our picture with the Easter Bunny!
Next year... well we trying end of August - when kids in the US have gone back to school so hoping its a bit quieter but also we will use touring plans to help plan which park to visit on which day :-)


text:
Summer memories
A neighbor's away on vacation this week and has told several of us to help ourselves to whatever is ripe in their garden while they're gone–I walked over this morning to check for a couple of tomatoes and possible a cantaloupe.
I waited too long to check, the cantaloupes were gone and the tomatoes looked picked over. I did find, hidden under a fallen vine, a couple of ripe tomatoes.
While growing up my family always had a large (huge) garden and lived off its produce most of the year–fresh vegetables in the late spring, summer and fall with canned and frozen ones during the winter months.
Then, I didn't appreciate fresh vegetables as much as I do now. To get me to eat tomatoes Mom would place a thick slice in a homemade biscuit. There was no getting around it, I had to eat it before I was allowed to leave the table (that was the age of parents actually disciplining and making their children do stuff.) At the time it seemed to me I had to eat a tomato biscuit almost every summer meal.
They must have had a delayed reaction–these days a fresh slice of tomato on a good biscuit is one of my favorite things in the summer. Go figure?
Summer memories.


text:
Contact Us
Top 50
Find a drug:
Health Forum
Health Discussion Forum
Alternative Medicine
Diet & Fitness
Diseases & Conditions
Heart Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Respiratory Diseases
Skin Conditions
Other - Diseases
General Health Care
First Aid
Pain & Pain Management
Other - General Health Care
Men's Health
Mental Health
Women's Health
Other - Health
I can't stop losing weight, what is wrong with me?
People around me are extremely concerned. Every time I go to the shops, I catch people staring at me. My friends and family tell me i'm far too skinny. This would all be fine and uncontrollable ...
what are some signs of people having diabetes?
plz tell me some signz for diabetes ??...
How does the body control sugar level to stop us becoming diabetes?
Does a diabetic person get pregnant?
Please spell it out for me.......?
Does taking lots of insulin cause weight gain Even if you are eating healthily and exercising?My insulin has gone up by 12-14 units and my glucose levels are way better but Ive put on so much weight.I...
what can people taking coumadin eat without any side effects?
My father just started taking the medication....he received a list of "What he can't eat" what I need is a list of "What he can eat"....so that it will easier for me to cook ...
cant somebody explain to me what is elevated lerilouvin?
Additional Details
a FRIEND asked me this and i too can find in the net.. he said this is what the doctor told him when he had a medical test before going abroad..
maybe this ...
Am i at risk for diabetes? I have hypoglycemia?
ok i have hypoglycemia. i went to the doc last tuesday and my blood sugar was .69
i dont know if i am at risk for type 1 diabetes or not
i also have only had 1 near faint attack
( i ...
what are the cares to be taken while traveling a diabetic person?
i am having 164 in random check . i am using 2 glucovance one in morning and other in afternoon. . doctor says now take one only.
and i am feeling dizziness sometimes whats the reason. and ...
Which is better Freestyle Freedom Lite or just freestyle lite?
I am looking for one to keep at school. Which is better...the light blue freestyle Lite or the dk. blue freestyle Freedom lite?? Why is one better than the other? Thanks so much!...
what are the symptoms of diabetes?
Where can i find Insulin Resistance pills?
I'm just wondering where i could find them. Do i need to purchase them online?...
Pls. advice. glucose-118, HBA1C-6.8, BUN 6 cholestrol 203, HDL 33 CHOL ratio 6.2 Triglycerides 300?
I have no symptoms NO high BP I am non smoker
My dad had a stroke at age 52 and had diabetes. He is now 78.
My age now is 38 years. The higher glucose and cholestrol was ...
I have type one diabeties (take 4 daily injections) and have recently had the following symtoms:
Very bloated
Quite gassy and if i hold it in extreme pain in my stomach
Sore pains in ...
My first blood test showed 117 , the second one showed 93, both after 8 hours of no food?
Please tell me what happened? My glucose was high in one of the test and then low in the other one, is this normal?
Additional Details
that means that i have diabetes?...
Can all Type 2 diabetes be cured?
Ok well for overweight T2's I know that you can reverse it by eating healthy and doing all that stuff. But what about the T2's that aren't overweight? I've heard of T2's that ...
I am a diabetic, who doesn't eat dairy or eat eggs ( it has always been a texture problem)?
What websites that you know of are good for diabetics who can't eat dairy or eggs. Websites would be better so I can see the makeup of it. Thanks
Additional Details
I didn't ...
how long does one live after discovering chronic kidney failure?
64 year old male. already has pancretitis, liver disease, gallballder trouble, and renal failure. has been treated medically to try and reverse kidney failure, and now does not wish to have dialysis, ...
are there any bad side effects to taiking omega 3.6.9?
my daughter is 8 and has autism. started taking it on monday and on wednesday started vomiting in her sleep and she would not wake up when she did it. is there any way that there are connected???? ...
What are non-diabetic reasons for high blood sugar?
I've recently been experiencing a loss of appetite and irregular sleeping patterns. I went to the clinic yesterday to get checked out, and they ran some blood tests. Today they called me back ...
Does diabetes make you tired and sleepy allot?
Ive been starting to get really sleepy during the day and its messing me up with school. i had to start to go to sleep at 900am but im still really tired. im diabetic and my blood sugar isn't controlled very well (very high) is this because of my diabetes?
Reason for Reporting
No Spam
Not English
Place your ad here
Place your ad here
john e russo md facm faafp
A comment which I make repeatedly is that in this forum people simply do not provide enough specific information to answer a given question. There is no question that elevated glucose is 'toxic' to the body and that it may cause you to be tired. It is also true that profound rest deprivation may elevate glucose. Thus the question is what do you mean but 'my blood sugar isn't controlled very well' and what do you mean when you say that your blood glucose is 'very high'. People typically feel tired and in general do not feel well when their average glucose readings during the course of the day are above 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L for those not in the US). Obviously the higher the average glucose the worse people feel. It would also be helpful to know whether you are a type 1 or a type 2 diabetic, and your age, gender, height, and weight. If you would like more specific information please email me at email@example.com. There is no disease in medicine today where patient education and patient responsibility is more important than with diabetes. You must be in control of your diabetes rather than your physician. Unfortunately, physicians are not 'paid' to educate and sadly the communication skills of physicians over time has deteriorated. Please make certain that when you schedule your next visit with your physician that they set aside sufficient time for a very long talk. I wish you the very best of health and may God Bless.
Yes, high blood sugar can make you tired. If it is running high consistently you need to see the Dr. about insulin or some different meds or you need to drastically cut your carbs. If you have blood sugar so high it is making you tired, it is damaging your body. My whole family except for myself are diabetic, so I've seen it. You can go to sleep and never wake up. You have to get this under control.
high blood sugar can cause increased thirst, more frequent urination, and yes, sleepiness. The best advice I can give to any diabetic is to check your blood sugar regularly and keep good records of it. Some glucose meters even come with computer software that will track it for you. This information will be helpful to your doctor in helping find the right doses of your insulin or other meds.
Mr. Peachy®
More than likely.
Sure, high blood sugar will make you tired. Though if you get used to it being that high it will start feeling normal.
But if your blood sugar is high during the day that much, you have more important things to worry about than being tired. Just do what you need to to bring down those blood sugars, then you'll know.
if your blood sugar is very high. your common findings will be polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. increased urination, thirst and increased hunger. being tired is a sign of uncontrolled diabetes as well. so the answer is yes.. it is because of your diabetes. having diabetes is a serious matter and you should not take it lightly. i am not trying to scare you but if you continue with this bad habit, things will get a lot worst..
just a note.. if someone notices that your breathes is fruity smelling.. see a doctor immediately.. it is a sign of ketoacidosis and needs medical intervention..
you can get this under control...
Enter Your Message or Comment
User Name:
User Email:
Post a comment:
Related Questions
Questions List
Help i'm constantly thirsty, what should i do?
My fasting blood sugar was 6.2 aka 111, i get really thirsty all the time, and physically weak all day.....?
Should I be concerned?
who first discovered that insulin had a positive effect on diabetes?
How does not changing the code affect readings in a onetouch ultra 2 glucometer?
Help please - Diabetes?
Does type 1 diabetes qualify you for SSD or SSI?
What is wrong with me?
Where do you inject insulin?
my daughter needs sum honest answers about the pump :)?
Large Text
All drugs
Medical Topics
Drug3k does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. 0.064
Copyright (c) 2013
Wednesday, January 28, 2015
Terms of use
Privacy Policy


text:
Every Mercedes S320 Water Pump part you could ever ask for can be found in our online store. Our talented experts are always ready to help you place a Mercedes S320 Water Pump order. Every Mercedes S320 Water Pump parts order over $75 ships free via UPS Ground. AutohausAZ.com brings wholesale pricing to the masses. You can literally save thousands of dollars by buying Mercedes S320 Water Pump parts from us versus the dealer. Give us a jingle on the telephone if any problems arise placing your order. Our order system uses the absolute latest in ssl encryption technology.
William P. - Phoenix, AZ: It is always a pleasure doing business with Autohaus.
Chris R. - Tempe, AZ: I am very happy with the speed of the order and the convenience to be able to pick up. You were also the lowest price I found for that part. I will be shopping with you guys again soon. Thanks a lot.


text:
Urgell Apartment |
Friday 17 Jan 2014
Anna and Eugeni Bach of Bach Arquitectes have renovated the top two floors of an apartment block in Barcelona's Eixample, turning a pair of apartments into a single one with two floors for a young family. This has been named Urgell Apartment.
Naturally the organisation of the apartment orbits around the staircase which becomes something more than just a communication device between the two floors. It is the space for visual relationship between the two floors, via an inner window and a large opening on the upper studio which allows visual contact from the upper floor to the kitchen downstairs. This easy visual contact allows for the flat to be understood as whole and not just as the juxtaposition of two different floors.
Given the surface of each floor, Anna and Eugeni understood that they had to organise the lower one as the main floor, which accommodates the entrance, living room, dining room, kitchen, a room for children and a bathroom; while the upper floor is a more intimate place for the parents, with their bedroom, bathroom and a study room.
On the outer spaces, a folding ladder gives the lower terrace extra room, leaving the top terrace as a space for occasional events. A shade on the top terrace offers shadow to all these spaces and closes the space which gives a feeling of being somewhere between the inside and outside of the apartment.
The existing hydraulic floor tiles had been removed in earlier refurbishments and there were only enough pieces for half of the lower floor surface, but luckily at the same time that the architects started the works, there was an other refurbishment in the same block who were going to throw all of their floor tiles away. Using those tiles together with the existing ones in the apartment, they checked the possibilities for different patterns on the lower floor. The final solution was to place the different tiles in stripes, despite the walls and partitions, giving a feeling of continuity that looks at the floor plan as a continuous space.
On the lower floor, all the woodwork, both doors and windows, were preserved, maintaining the spirit of the Barcelona Eixample that this flat once had. Upstairs, where there were no elements worth preserving, both floor and windows were replaced by new items giving a more contemporary feel.
Bach Arquitectes


text:
Most Recent Articles In People
Latest People Articles
- Claudia Kim Named Face of Bobbi Brown in Asia
- Elle Macpherson's Outlook on Wellness
- Smashbox Studios Reopens
More Articles By
Eaux de parfum in three sizes will be offered. The 100-ml. — which Gaga refers to as the Ultimate Masterpiece (these words are also printed on the bottle) — retails for $79, while the 50-ml. is priced at $55 and the 30-ml. will cost $42. A 10-ml. rollerball version will sell for $19.
The Ultimate Masterpiece is Gaga's "pure vision" for her scent brand, complete with a heavy, clear glass, egg-shaped bottle and a weighty gold-claw-inspired cap, and a number of doors will be carrying that size exclusively, said Mormoris. The smaller sizes are said to be intended to make the collection financially accessible to all of Gaga's fans. Gaga worked with Nick Knight to design the bottle. "Lady Gaga conceived this egg idea back at the Grammy Awards where she came out of an egg, so it's symbolic," said Mormoris, adding that the gold-toned cap with extended metal pieces is intended to resemble the points of a claw. "The [bottle] design is simple and elegant and has a prestige feel and look, but it has symbols that are disruptive and [so] her. It's not of the moment and trying to shock you, but a very eternal, timeless classic fragrance message because Gaga saw this as part of her artistic legacy."
The collection will also include three ancillaries. Black Soap, $15, will be out in August in limited distribution, while a black shower gel, $25 for 200 ml., and a black body lotion, $30 for 200 ml., will be on counter in November.
The ad campaign, which will begin running in September fashion, beauty and lifestyle magazines including Vogue, Harper's Bazaar and Elle, was shot by Steven Klein and includes double-page spreads and single pages. TV is in the plans, and Klein also worked with Gaga to create a three-minute feature film promoting the scent, which will appear online in the U.S. While executives declined to comment on advertising and promotional spending, industry sources estimated the warchest at about $30 million globally in the scent's first year. Gaga is also scheduled to make personal appearances in promotion of the scent globally, with retailers and timing still being planned. Gaga will also host a party Sept. 13 at the Guggenheim Museum in New York to introduce the scent to the media. While keeping mum on specifics, Semerari quipped, "There will be theater...she's not the kind of person who just shows up and says hello."
Lady Gaga Fame will be carried in about 3,000 department and specialty stores in the U.S. — including Macy's, Bloomingdale's, Saks Fifth Avenue and Sephora — and in about 30,000 doors in total globally in 84 markets. In the U.S., the scent will enter what Mormoris calls tier one department stores (such as Macy's) first, followed six months later by tier two doors such as Ulta and Sephora in J.C. Penney locations. Mormoris emphasized that the scent "will never be a mass-market fragrance."
While Gaga and executives declined to comment on projected sales, industry sources estimated that the scent would achieve net sales globally of $100 million in its first year on counter, with at least 30 percent expected to come from U.S. sales. While Coty declined comment on Gaga's compensation, industry sources estimated that Gaga has been guaranteed a minimum of $15 million in royalties in a three- to five-year deal.
When asked whether Gaga's new fragrance could anniversary the huge numbers ($39 million at retail) racked up last year by Justin Bieber's women's fragrance, Muriel Gonzalez replied, "we think so." The executive vice president and general merchandise manager of cosmetics, fragrances and shoes at Macy's Inc., continued, "We think that Lady Gaga has got a huge following. She's been so personally involved, which the Coty people will tell you, in every aspect of the fragrance from its color, to the bottle to the material's use. It is going to be a huge advantage, because she is so involved with the project that she will be tweeting her fans, her Little Monsters. I think they are going to be very curious about it. The project is very, very well done. All of these celebrity fragrances have been very successful for us in bringing in customers to Macy's. Some of them are new customers — new to fragrance, new to Macy's — and we think this will be no exception. We think it will be very big."


text:
Timothy Jason and Teaa Liner of Cleveland, along with Summer and Gavin, announce the birth of Addison Grace, their 19-inch, 7-pound, 2-ounce daughter, on July 13, 2012, at SkyRidge Medical Center. Grandparents are Nancy Mowery and Jerry and Kathi Mowery, all of Cleveland, and David and Connie Bolden of Benton.
Anja and Wolfgang Pruecklmeier of Cleveland, along with Marlene, announce the birth of Anton Maximilian, their 21-inch, 8-pound, 11-ounce son, on July 3, 2012, at SkyRidge Medical Center. Grandparents are Renate and Horst Kalchschmid of Puchheim, Germany, and Jutta and Walter Pruecklmeier of Toeging, Germany.
Christopher and Ashlyn Thompson of Cleveland announce the birth of Adrihanna Elaine Michelle, their 19 1/2-inch, 6-pound, 9-ounce daughter, on July 14, 2012, at Cleveland. Grandparents are Angela Key and Shane Key and Victoria Wyatt, all of Cleveland, Chris Mason of California and Tim Thompson of Charleston.
BANNER POLICY: Birth announcements can no longer be accepted by email or fax due to legal considerations Submitted information must be on an official form and accompanied by photo ID. There will be a $10 charge to include additional information such as deceased grandparents or family members other than siblings. (Announcements including a photo must go through paid advertising.) Call the Banner for more information at 472-5041.


text:
Scientific discipline concerned with the waters of the Earth, including their occurrence, distribution, circulation via the hydrologic cycle, and interactions with living things. It also deals with the chemical and physical properties of water in all its phases.
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise.
For the full entry on hydrology, visit Britannica.com.
Learn More About
Ask The Editor Videos
Seen & Heard
What made you look up hydrology? Please tell us what you were reading, watching or discussing that led you here.


text:
About: Tim Rattray
- Profile
- A dedicated member of the iPhone gaming community, Tim has gained plenty of acclaim from other fans of the platform. With a history in gaming that dates back to the SNES and original Game Boy, he has a great amount of background knowledge on the topic. Ever since the release of the App Store, Tim has turned his interest to iPhone gaming, which he believes is a revolutionary handheld console due to its exceptional graphics, intuitive touch controls, well implemented accelerometer, and easy-to-use SDK. He hopes to bring readers of Slide To Play quality reviews of both high-end titles and hidden gems. His favorite game is Chrono Trigger, which he prides himself on beating over 50 times!
Posts by Tim Rattray:
Windosill iPad Review
20 Jan 2012 in review -
Gua-Le-Ni iPad Review
17 Jan 2012 in review -
Super Crate Box Review
12 Jan 2012 in review -
Swingworm Review
26 Dec 2011 in review -
Paper Toss 2.0 Review
22 Dec 2011 in review -
Dungeon Hunter 3 Review
21 Dec 2011 in review -
Sleepy Jack Review
20 Dec 2011 in review -
Battle Bears Royale Review
19 Dec 2011 in review -
Bejeweled Blitz Review
14 Dec 2011 in review -
Extraction: Project Outbreak Review
13 Dec 2011 in review -
Chrono Trigger Review
12 Dec 2011 in review -
Ravenmark: Scourge of Estellion Review
25 Nov 2011 in review


text:
The current framework for wireless policy in the United States is under pressure on several fronts:
It continues to rely heavily on service-specific allocations and assignments that are made primarily by frequency band and geographic location and does not embrace all of the spectrum management approaches possible with today's technologies and expected to be available with tomorrow's technologies.
Despite revisions aimed at creating greater flexibility, it continues to rely significantly on centrally managed allocation and assignment, with government regulators deciding how and by whom wireless communications are to be used despite growing agreement that central management by regulators is inefficient and insufficiently flexible.
It will not be able to satisfy the increasing and broadening demand for wireless communications that is spurred by interest in richer media, seemingly insatiable demand for mobile and untethered access to the Internet and the public telephone network, and growing communication among devices as well as people.
It does not fully reflect changes in how radios are being built and deployed now or in how they could be built and deployed in the future in response to different regulations, given that technological innovation has expanded the range of potential wireless services and the range of technical means for providing those services and at the same time has dramatically lowered the cost of including wireless functionality in devices.
Today, the complexity and density of existing allocations, assignments, and uses, and the competing demands for new uses, all make policy change difficult. Decisions will necessarily involve (1) addressing the costs and benefits of proposed changes that are (often unevenly) distributed over multiple parties, (2) resolving conflicting claims about costs and benefits, and (3) addressing coordination issues, which are especially challenging if achieving a particular change requires actions by a large number of parties. Moreover, some parties stand to gain by changing—or advocating for change—while others stand to gain by delay or retaining the status quo.
The Committee on Wireless Technology Prospects and Policy Options believes that, moving forward, the unambiguous goal for spectrum policy