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Toro Toro
Toro Toro, a new upscale Latin Restaurant/ Lounge will impress you with: delicious Latin Cuisine, a reasonably priced happy hour menu, diverse selections of Latin beers and spirits, refreshing nightlife DJ sets and a genuine VIP feel.
Mari Vanna
Tweet Venue Type: Restaurant/Lounge Amenities: Full menu, full bar, house-infused vodka, DJ, bottle service, private events, brunch, happy hour Hours: Monday – Friday: 11:30am – 1:30am, Saturday: 12:00pm – 2:00am, Sunday: 11:30am – 1:00am Dress Code: Casual Age Requirement: 21+ after 9:00pm Location: Farragut North/Dupont Circle Address: 1141 Connecticut Ave NW Contact: 202-783-7777 Website: www.marivanna.ru/washington Venue Overview: Located close to the Farragut North […]
With an attentive staff and impressive decor, Kabin is a neighborhood hotspot that caters to everyone.
Ink. is a new lounge on K. Street in Northwest D.C. Located beneath Tattoo Bar, Ink. plays EDM all night in an intimate setting.
Flash is a new dance venue located in the Shaw District. When you first walk in, the ground floor is a trendy, modern bar with a food menu (currently being updated), and a patio area out front.
POV at The W Hotel
POV is The W Hotel's rooftop terrace/lounge in Washington, DC! It's a destination DC lounge that offers stunning views of the National Mall and more!
Vita Lounge / Penthouse 9
The fresh-face Vita Lounge / PH9 provide two different atmospheres under one roof. A sleek, clubby lounge and a deep-house hookah bar.
The Howard Theater
Reopened in April 2012 after nearly 30 years of being dark, The Howard Theater has rejuvenated the Washington, DC concert experience
The Huxley DC
Tweet Venue Type: Lounge Estimated Size: 280 people Amenities: Bottle Service, 2 Rooms & DJs Cover Charge: Varies Hours: F/S: 10 – 3 & Select Times Dress Code: Dress to impress, strict dress code enforced. Age Requirement: 21+ Location: Midtown Address: 1730 M Street NW, Washington, DC Contact: 202-737-3783 | email@example.com Website: www.huxleydc.com Atmosphere: Sophisticated debauchery is the […]
DC9 nightclub and bar in Washington DC features rock bands, DJs, an eclectic crowd and some stiff drinks!


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NEW YORK, April 3, 2013 /PRNewswire via COMTEX/ --JetBlue Airways (Nasdaq: JBLU) today announces the newest addition to its growing network, Worcester, Massachusetts. Service to the airline's 80th city will take flight on Thursday, November 7, 2013 with daily service to Fort Lauderdale and Orlando, Florida.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20110404/NY76997LOGO )
To celebrate the airline's newest destination, today through April 10, flights from Worcester to Orlando are on sale from $60 one way and to Fort Lauderdale from $70 one way for travel between November 8 and December 17, 2013 (blackout dates apply) (a). A special video announcement is available at blog.jetblue.com.
"The enthusiasm of the Worcester community and the warm reception with which we've been met has been tremendous," said Dave Barger, JetBlue's President and CEO. "The addition of Worcester to our growing network speaks to our commitment to serve the great people of New England and we look forward to a long relationship with the city of Worcester and to future growth in this region."
"I am proud to welcome JetBlue to Worcester, and thank the Lieutenant Governor, our partners in Worcester and at Massport for helping to make this happen,'' said Governor Deval Patrick. "Airports and airlines grow jobs and spur economic opportunity in our cities. This is a good day for the Commonwealth and for central Massachusetts."
JetBlue's schedule between Worcester and Fort Lauderdale:
ORH to FLL:
FLL to ORH:
Depart - Arrive
4:05 p.m. - 7:31 p.m.
7:15 p.m. - 10:17 p.m.
- Flights operate daily beginning Nov. 7 , 2013 –- All times local -
JetBlue's schedule between Worcester and Orlando:
ORH to MCO:
MCO to ORH:
7:20 a.m. - 10:37 a.m.
12:35 p.m. - 3:22 p.m.
- First flight operates daily beginning Nov. 7 , 2013 -- All times local -
"Central Massachusetts and the Commonwealth are thrilled to welcome JetBlue to Worcester Regional Airport," said Lieutenant Governor Murray. "It has been a pleasure working with Dave Barger and his team over the last year to not only highlight the many assets this region and the airport have to offer but also engage them with the business community and residents. We look forward to launching service in November and continuing a strong working relationship with JetBlue."
"JetBlue's commitment to the Worcester market demonstrates that Worcester Regional Airport is a wise investment that can and will be a vibrant facility for years to come," said Congressman Jim McGovern. "This announcement is good for JetBlue, it's good for the Worcester region, and it's good for the Commonwealth."
JetBlue's Presence in New England
JetBlue's focus on growing service in the New England region is testament to the support of its communities. Serving the most destinations in the history of Boston's Logan, JetBlue offers more than 100 daily flights to 49 nonstop destinations throughout the U.S., Caribbean and Latin America, and plans to increase service to 150 flights over the next two years.
In the past year alone, JetBlue has been proud to invest in New England with a new maintenance hangar at Logan International Airport, the launch of service from Providence, Rhode Island with daily flights to Fort Lauderdale and Orlando and new nonstop service from Boston to:
With the addition of Worcester to the airline's growing route map, JetBlue will serve eight cities in the New England region, including:
"The Massachusetts Port Authority, working with the Patrick-Murray Administration, is committed to giving travel options to residents,'' said Transportation Secretary Richard A. Davey, who chairs the Massport Board. "This new service will provide the best alternative for residents of the I-495 corridor and west heading to Florida, as well as the most direct way for Floridians to enjoy all the heart of this state has to offer. Like Central Massachusetts itself, this airport is on the move."
"Massport means business in Worcester and we believe Worcester Regional Airport is an important asset that must be maintained as a commercial airport to provide Central Massachusetts with easy, convenient and safe access to the national airspace system," said Massport CEO Thomas P. Glynn. "Massport has worked closely with our Worcester partners to bring JetBlue here and to encourage corporate and general aviation – and the jobs these businesses create – to the heart of New England."
"It's always exciting to welcome a new airline and today's announcement is especially satisfying because the community came together and rallied behind this effort," said Massport's Aviation Director Edward C. Freni. "JetBlue's decision to come to Worcester adds a vote of confidence about the future that awaits this airport and air service in Central Massachusetts."
JetBlue's flights from Worcester will be operated with its 100-seat Embraer E190 fleet complete with award-winning service; convenient, assigned, comfy leather seating (with no middle seat); a first-checked bag free (b); more than 140 channels of complimentary live television and radio on personal seatback screens (c); and more legroom than any other carrier in coach (d). The airline, well-known for its superior and personable customer service, also offers a free and unlimited assortment of name brand snacks and drinks for the ride.
About JetBlue Airways JetBlue is New York's Hometown Airline™ with other focus cities in Boston, Fort Lauderdale, Los Angeles (Long Beach), San Juan and Orlando. Known for its award-winning service and free inflight entertainment as much as its low fares JetBlue offers the most legroom in coach of any U.S. airline (based on average fleet-wide seat pitch) as well as super-spacious Even More Space seats. JetBlue is also America's first and only airline to offer its own Customer Bill of Rights, with meaningful and specific compensation for customers inconvenienced by service disruptions within JetBlue's control. Visit www.jetblue.com/promise for details. JetBlue serves 76 cities with 800 daily flights and plans to launch service to Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 2013, as well as Medellin, Colombia. With JetBlue, all seats are assigned, all fares are one-way, and an overnight stay is never required. For information call 1-800-538-2583 (TTY/TDD 1-800-336-5530), or visit www.jetblue.com.
(a) Fares include government taxes/fees and must be purchased by 4/10/13 (the earlier of 11:59 PM ET or local) for flights between Worcester, MA (ORH) and Orlando, FL (MCO) and or Worcester, MA (ORH) and Fort Lauderdale, FL (FLL) on Tuesday and Wednesday only between 11/8/13 – 12/17/13 (blackout dates 11/26/13 – 11/27/13 &, 12/3/13). 21-day advance purchase required. Fares vary by route; Fares are subject to availability; may not be available on all flights; may change without notice; are valid for new bookings only ; must be purchased at time of reservation; and are one-way, nonstop, nonrefundable and nontransferable. Reservations made one week or more prior to a flight's scheduled departure may be canceled without penalty up to 24 hours after the reservation is made. First checked bag is free (weight and size limits and exceptions for itineraries including flights marked or operated by other airlines apply). Fares do not include fees for oversized/overweight/extra baggage or other fees for products/services sold separately. To view baggage fees and other optional services and fees, click here. $20 fee per person applies to fares (not Award flights) purchased by phone or at an airport or ticket office. Cancellations/changes must be made prior to scheduled departure (otherwise all money for fare is forfeited); $100 change/cancel fee per person will apply, and for changes, there may be a fare adjustment. Cancellations receive JetBlue travel credit, valid for one year. Proper documentation required for boarding. Other restrictions apply.
(b) Weight and size limits apply. Bag fee may apply to itineraries including flights operated or marketed by other airlines.
(c) Live satellite TV and radio programming is not available on flights outside the continental U.S.
(d) JetBlue offers the most legroom in coach, based on average fleet-wide seat pitch for U.S. airlines.
SOURCE JetBlue Airways

subset: commoncrawl


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Sunday April 10 The Ultima experience: His novel Bless Me Ultima has been touted as the definitive depiction of coming of age in New Mexico, so it's no surprise that a visit by Chicano literary giant Rudolfo Anaya is a big event in this Latino-flavored town. Anaya's play about midlife and males, Ay Compadre, will be staged at El Centro su Teatro, 4725 High St., Thursday, Friday and Saturday evenings at 8:05 p.m., through April 30 (tickets $7). A special performance tonight includes a dinner reception for Anaya at 6:30 p.m., followed by the play at 7:30; the ticket package is $25 ($40 per couple)--call 296-0219. The author also will stick around a few days to sign a new illustrated hardcover edition of Bless Me Ultima at various bookstores in the area; catch him on Monday at the Tattered Cover (322-7727) and Tuesday at Cultural Legacy (964-9049) and the Boulder Book Store (447-2074).
Monday April 11 In the flesh: The Chicken Lips Comedy Theater has been a mainstay of the local comedy scene for a hell of a long time--its comic mystery Murder Most Fowl has been running now for over five years, complemented by a series of topical improv shows, including the current LipService. The theater, housed on the lower level at 1360 17th St., abandons the comedy ensemble format for one night only when it presents Born Naked, a one-man show about growing up in a small Colorado town, written and performed by local humorist Dale Stewart. Showtime is 8 p.m.; for tickets ($10), call 534-4440.
Tuesday April 12 Working-class hero: Yet another chronicler of the Latin American experience will appear tonight at the Tattered Cover for a reading and book signing. Luis Alberto Urrea, who gained recognition for his nonfiction work Across the Wire: Life and Hard Times on the Mexican Border, will introduce his latest tome, a quixotic novel set in mid-Fifties Arizona called In Search of Snow. Drop in for a listen around 7:30 p.m.; Urrea is said to be a spellbinder. For details call the bookstore, located at 2955 E. 1st Ave., at 322-7727.


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This year may or may not be the "Year of Mobile." The media mavens have been making the prediction every year for, well, we forget. But does the annual decree really matter, anymore? Mobile marketing is on a steady trajectory upward and, however gradually, is fundamentally changing consumer behavior. In 2011 mobile usage grew 30%, compared with 2010, to more than an hour-per-day compared with just 44 minutes for magazine and newspaper reading, which fell a combined 12%, according to eMarketer. Christina "CK" Kerley, who specializes in B2B mobile marketing, spoke with BMA Buzz about where mobile goes from here.
BMA Buzz: Why is it so important for B2B marketers to understand that, in order to execute on mobile, it's not necessarily about changing technologies but recognizing how technology is changing us, as a culture. Can you elaborate?
Christina "CK" Kerley: The mobile revolution is not about how we are changing technology in favor of mobile; it's how mobile technology is changing us. It's changing everything — how we live, work, learn, communicate, research and purchase.
And it's not the devices; those are just the screens. It's anytime-anywhere-always-on media. Now that we can get any information at any time, our habits, preferences, expectations and thresholds have dramatically (and permanently) changed. So, B2B companies that don't understand how mobile technology is changing us (not Vice versa) are failing to align their marketing and communications with the biggest shift in behavior that we've ever witnessed.
BMA Buzz: Why do you think B2B companies have been slow to move into mobile and what's the danger among companies that procrastinate?
Kerley: Given all the B2C coverage on mobile, B2B marketers have not yet connected the dots on how mobile uniquely applies to their audiences — but the opportunities are no less powerful with executive audiences who have been mobile far longer than consumer audiences.
The danger of not integrating mobile into the B2B marketing mix is twofold, spanning ROI and relevance. Think of it this way: Currently there are 5.3 billion mobile subscriptions worldwide (that's more than the number of TVs, landlines and PCs combined) with mobile set to be 'first-screen' for all Web activity by 2013. Since mobile is the one device that is always with our audiences — when was the last time you saw an executive sans a smartphone? — and the one device that's always connected to the Web, why would any company, B2B, B2C, B2G or otherwise, not look to leverage mobile in order to deepen experiences, provide value and develop relationships with their target audiences.
BMA Buzz: For B2B marketers, what should be the top priorities for developing a legitimate mobile strategy?
Kerley: B2B companies need to (1) identify how to extend their brands' core value proposition to the anytime-anywhere world, (2) pinpoint how the robust array of mobile tools — across SMS, MMS, apps, augmented reality, mobile image recognition, QR codes and more — could make the work activities of their executive audiences better, faster and easier and, just as with all their other marketing efforts, they must (3) determine how to differentiate themselves from the mobile efforts of their competitors.
Christina "CK" Kerley runs http://www.B2Bmobilerevolution.com and produced the report, "The Mobile Revolution & B2B." She can be reached at email@example.com.
Here you can find a speaker, or make yourself available to speak on your areas of expertise. |
Get the latest BMA and B-to-B related insights from the BMA Buzz, the official BMA e-newsletter or daily updates from the BMA SmartBrief. |
BMA offers a wide variety of marketing opportunities for you to reach this very influential, highly specialized audience of B-to-B marketers. |


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Photos: More work ahead in Alabama for Scottsboro Boys' pardons
Though the Alabama Legislature has cleared the way for posthumous pardons of the Scottsboro Boys, much work — from legal documents to public hearings — remains before the names of the nine black teens wrongly convicted more than 80 years ago are officially cleared.
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Automobile Racing
News about Automobile Racing, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Chronology of Coverage
Jan. 28, 2015
Nascar will allow Kurt Busch to continue racing as it waits to see whether he is charged with domestic assault following investigation into confrontation with his ex-girlfriend Patricia Driscoll. MORE
Jan. 23, 2015
Champion Nascar driver Jeff Gordon announces that he will retire after 2015 season, partly due to chronic back injury. MORE
Jan. 15, 2015
Rashid al-Dhaheri, 6-year-old who found his calling after attending Formula One race with his father, is seen as future of auto racing in United Arab Emirates; is already a winner with a growing following on go-kart circuit. MORE
Dec. 21, 2014
ChumpCar World Series offers amateur car racing enthusiasts a chance to participate on the track with whatever car they can field; competition requires no special training or licensing. MORE
Dec. 17, 2014
Sprint will not extend title sponsorship of Nascar's Sprint Cup Series beyond its current contract, which expires after 2016 season. MORE
Selected Articles About Auto Racing
Lodz Journal
Where Racing Is Fast and Police Aren't Furious
Police officers in Lodz, Poland, have tried to deal with illegal street races by helping to organize them.
July 21, 2008 worldNewsARTICLES ABOUT AUTOMOBILE RACING
Kurt Busch Sticks With Business Plan Amid Domestic Assault Case
Busch, sponsors, officials and fans are all awaiting word regarding whether he will be charged, but Nascar is allowing him to continue racing without penalty in the meantime.
January 28, 2015, Wednesday
MORE ON AUTOMOBILE RACING AND: Automobile Racing
Busch, Kurt
Domestic Violence
Driscoll, Patricia Pauline (1977- )
National Assn of Stock Car Auto Racing
Scott Dixon Keys Win at Rolex 24
Dixon drove a gritty and long final leg to lead Chip Ganassi Racing to a record sixth victory in the Rolex 24 at Daytona International Speedway in Florida.
January 26, 2015, Monday
MORE ON AUTOMOBILE RACING AND: Automobile Racing
Daytona International Speedway (Daytona Beach, Fla)
Dixon, Scott
Ganassi, Chip
Larson, Kyle
McMurray, Jamie
Adaptability Aids in a Driver's Evolution
Scott Pruett has driven modified Mustangs and Mazdas and prototypes from Jaguar and Ford that go 200 miles per hour, but he has found his niche in endurance racing and will seek a record sixth victory in this weekend's Rolex 24.
January 24, 2015, Saturday
MORE ON AUTOMOBILE RACING AND: Automobile Racing
Pruett, Scott
4-Time Champ Jeff Gordon Will Exit Cup Series After 2015
Gordon, 43, who had 23 top-10 finishes in the Sprint Cup Series in 2014, said it was possible he would compete in select events after 2015, although he had no plans to do that.
January 23, 2015, Friday
MORE ON AUTOMOBILE RACING AND: Automobile Racing
Gordon, Jeff
National Assn of Stock Car Auto Racing
Far Ahead of Curve, a 6-Year-Old Thrills a Nation
Rashid al-Dhaheri, who became enamored of motorsports after attending a Formula One race with his father, has been winning youth go-kart races and building a following in the United Arab Emirates.
January 15, 2015, Thursday
MORE ON AUTOMOBILE RACING AND: Automobile Racing
Dhaheri, Rashid al- (2008- )
United Arab Emirates
Go-Karts (Automobiles)
Formula One
Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)
Former Nascar Driver Pleads Guilty to Two Felonies
Tyler Walker, who led the police on a 150-mile-per-hour chase through three states last year, pleaded guilty to failure to stop for an officer and possession of a controlled substance.
December 24, 2014, Wednesday
MORE ON AUTOMOBILE RACING AND: Automobile Racing
Destined for the Junkyard, but Not Until the Race Is Over
ChumpCar positions itself as a back-to -the-roots racing series, recalling an era when shade-tree mechanics could take their everyday Pontiacs and MGs, in whatever condition, to a track.
December 21, 2014, Sunday
MORE ON AUTOMOBILE RACING AND: Automobile Racing
Sprint Won't Renew Title Sponsorship
Sprint will not extend title sponsorship of Nascar's Sprint Cup Series beyond its current contract, which expires after the 2016 season.
December 17, 2014, Wednesday
MORE ON AUTOMOBILE RACING AND: Automobile Racing
National Assn of Stock Car Auto Racing
Sprint Nextel Corporation
Monday Motorsports: Buemi Wins Formula E Race
Sébastien Buemi won the third Formula E race, in Punta del Este, Uruguay, on Sunday; David Coulthard won the Race of Champions in Barbados.
December 16, 2014, Tuesday
MORE ON AUTOMOBILE RACING AND: Motorcycle Racing
Barcelona (Spain)
Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
Automobile Racing
Marquez, Marc (1993- )
Coulthard, David
Kristensen, Tom
Di Grassi, Lucas (1984- )
Punta del Este (Uruguay)
Nascar Driver Brian Vickers Has Surgery
Vickers, 31, had surgery to repair a hole in his heart for a second time.
December 16, 2014, Tuesday
MORE ON AUTOMOBILE RACING AND: Automobile Racing
Vickers, Brian
Speed Costs Money? We'll See About That
For most competitors at a ChumpCar World Series event, winning is second to getting as much track time as possible while spending as little money as possible.
ChumpCar's Amateur Andrettis
ChumpCar racing requires no special training, just a cheap car, some safety equipment and a regular driver's license.
Just Call Them Winners
While a significant number of women have won championships at the top levels of drag racing before, this year's group is a sizable emerging contingent of female drivers.
Formula E, Carbon Free
The first carbon free, fully-electric racing championship is held in Beijing.
Jimmie Johnson on Nascar's New Rules
The six-time champion stopped by The New York Times to explain the new elimination-style Sprint Cup format.
Rss Feeds On Automobile Racing
Subscribe to an RSS feed on this topic. What is RSS?
Get Alerts On Automobile Racing
Receive My Alerts e-mails on topics covered on this page.
More Alerts >>


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Vinegar Hill-Indian Rock Scenic AreaLocated in the northeast part of the Forest, this high elevation area provides spectacular vistas of the North Fork John Day Wilderness, the Middle and North Fork drainages of the John Day River, and ...[more] DirectionsTo reach this wonderous area follow Highway 26 for approximately 26 miles, turn left onto Highway 7, follow Highway 7 for about 1 mile, turn left onto County Rd. 20, continue on for about 11 miles, then turn onto Forest Service Road 45, continue for approximately 4 miles where you will reach the boundary of this scenic area. Activities
Additional InformationOregon State Tourism>Oregon State Road Conditions>Weather InformationNational Weather Service (NOAA) |


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Technically Incorrect: Conceived to combat cyberbullying, a new law in Illinois may result in schools demanding social media passwords, even if the posting was not done at school or on school computers.
The decision marks the first time a court has said the state law forcing Illinois-based marketing affiliates to collect sales tax violates federal rules.
The social network admits the hour-long problem was caused by its own engineers.
After a slew of alleged assaults by drivers for taxi companies and ride-hailing services, firms like AsterRide and Shuddle are looking to increase passenger safety.
Technically Incorrect: As part of publicizing his support for the Omniprocessor, which takes sewer sludge and turns it into clean water and energy, Gates offers the comedian the ultimate "taste test."
The alleged miscreants in Houston, Texas, also upload to Facebook a video of themselves boasting about money gained "from a good night's hustle."
Technically Incorrect: CEO Satya Nadella now says Microsoft's aspiration is for Windows to be loved. Here's the underlying reality of Microsoft's relationship with the world. In, well, romantic terms.
Technically Incorrect: The U-Wake's creators say it prevents drivers from falling asleep at the wheel. A slight problem is that you have to wear it on your forehead when you drive.
In "Unfriended," an anonymous Skype user seeks revenge on those who drove a friend to kill herself by posting a video to YouTube. It's scary because it's easy to imagine the scenario really playing out.
An entity called Google Compare Auto Insurance Services is now licensed to do business in more than half the US, an analyst finds.


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Lisa Palmer, Future Food 2050
Greener Pastures for Cattle Ranching
›November 26, 2014 // By Wilson Center StaffImagine an overgrown perennial garden. Impenetrable, shrubby bushes knit themselves together in long rows. Grasses reach chest high. Native hardwood trees hog the perimeter.
Book Review: 'Oil Sparks in the Amazon: Local Conflicts, Indigenous Populations, and Natural Resources'
›August 18, 2014 // By Roger-Mark De SouzaSince the early 1990s, the rising price of crude oil and other key natural resources – and the resulting drive by governments and private companies to extract those resources – has led to sharp conflicts in Latin America. At the core of these disputes is the clash between national economic interest and the rights of indigenous people inhabiting the land where most natural resources are located.
Nick Snow, Oil and Gas Journal
Analyst Urges Broader Look at Amazon Oil's Local Impacts
›March 27, 2014 // By Wilson Center StaffIncreasingly disruptive protests are likely if oil, gas, and mining companies and national governments don't pay closer attention to indigenous populations' needs as Western Amazon basin resources are developed, an expert warned.
First "Nexus Dialogue" on Water, Energy, and Food Kicks Off in Nairobi
›Water, energy, and food – this "nexus" of interrelated resource issues continues to garner attention from analysts, policymakers, and the media. Over the next four decades global population is projected to increase to about 9.6 billion and, worldwide, demand for water is projected to increase 55 percent; energy, 80 percent; and food, 60 percent. In a new video about the first of a series of workshops on this nexus, the International Union for Conservation on Nature and the International Water Association explain how they are working to bring together private and public sector water infrastructure experts from across Africa and the world to build partnerships and create some consensus on a "nexus-based approach" to managing scarce resources.
Autumn Spanne, The Daily Climate
Colombia's Unexplored Cloud Forests Besieged by Climate Change, Development
›December 13, 2012 // By Wilson Center StaffThe original version of this article, by Autumn Spanne, appeared on The Daily Climate.
Five hours by truck and mule from the nearest town, a rumbling generator cuts through the silent night to power large spotlights as botanists crouch and kneel on large blue tarps spread across a cow pasture. It's nearly midnight, and the team works urgently to describe every detail of the dozens of colorful orchids, ferns, and other exotic plants they have collected that day in Las Orquídeas National Park, one of the single most biologically diverse places on the planet.
Social Interaction Key to Urban Resilience, Says Harvard's Diane Davis
›November 7, 2012 // By Payal Chandiramani"Resilience is the capacity of individuals and institutions to cope and adapt in the stress of chronic violence in ways that allow them room for maneuver and hope for the future," said Diane Davis, Harvard professor of urbanism and development, in an interview at the Wilson Center.
Urban Resilience: What Is It and How Can We Promote It?
›A new study on the intersection of violence and economic development in cities breaks new ground by examining how communities respond to and cope with extant violence, rather than focusing on the root causes of violence in a given area. Authors Diane Davis, Harvard professor of urbanism and development, and John Tirman, executive director of MIT's Center for International Studies, spoke at length about the origins, methodology, and findings of the report, Urban Resilience in Situations of Chronic Conflict, at the Wilson Center on July 12. The report was supported by USAID's Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation.
"We made the decision that we weren't going to produce yet another research project or study on the root causes of violence, because there is a lot of incredibly good work on that [already]," said Davis. "We wanted to take a totally different angle…to try to think about taking a more pragmatic approach that builds on how everyday people, who live with violence, respond."
To do this, Davis and Tirman focused their research on seven cities around the world with histories of chronic violence, creating a case study for each and then comparing results. (An eighth city, Karachi, was jettisoned because it was deemed too unsafe for research.) The comparative process allowed Davis and Tirman to develop a basic theoretical framework for how different factors increase or decrease a community's resilience to violence.
Defining Resilience
The term "resilience" lies at the heart of the new study. "The idea of 'bouncing back,' or returning to normalcy, is [generally] the measurement standard for looking at resilience," Davis said.
However, she was quick to point out the problems with such a simplistic definition. "[In] cities of the developing world…things are in flux. So it's really hard to know what a 'bouncing back' is if things are constantly changing."
"Also," she added, "in many of the environments we were looking at, violence is a consequence of the way things were under normal conditions. So you don't necessarily want to bounce back to those conditions that were producing the violence in the first place."
Davis and Tirman sidestepped these problems by letting their research define successful resilience, rather than trying to fit their results to a prefabricated definition of the word. In doing so, they were able to identify several important commonalities in the cities and communities that displayed the most positive resilience to violence.
"Our findings suggest that resilience appears at the interface of civilian and state action," Davis writes in the report. She underscored the significance of civilians as facilitators in both developing and implementing better security policies: "People who live in violence know more than academics or policymakers about what they can and can't do to deal with the problem of violence," she said.
Focus on Community
Davis and Tirman pointed out that the most successfully resilient cities they studied – Mexico City, Managua, and especially Medellín – seemed to have a number of civilian/state relationships defined "from below," rather than the more problematic "top down" approach. This means that civilians and communities were participating on their own terms, collaborating with city planners and with law enforcement agencies to get their needs met rather than simply being what Davis called "yes men" to higher authorities.
Physical space – what Davis referred to as "the weight of the spatial" – also played a very significant role in Urban Resilience. She and Tirman made the conscious decision to incorporate physical planning and design into their research, eschewing the more typical sectoral approach to violence and security.
This methodological break from the existing literature was particularly useful in demonstrating that violence-plagued communities are often themselves the most important agents of resilience. "Citizens have to be able to make real decisions on their own," Davis stressed in the Q&A; session that followed her and Tirman's presentation. "[They] have to feel that ownership, that autonomy of the decisions in their neighborhood, even if they're bad [decisions], because that's what ties them to each other."
"We think the starting point for generating resilience is really supporting and enabling communities to make dense horizontal relationships with others in their neighborhood, across sectors, that allow them to push back against perpetrators of violence."
In other words, while the state can play a significant role in helping communities to mitigate violence, successful resilience ultimately requires the commitment and participation of the communities in question.
"The state might have a security program, it might have a planning program, but every decision has to be made with an understanding of what's good for that particular neighborhood," Davis said.
Places People Want to Protect
Davis was very succinct in offering recommendations based on the study. For policymakers and urban planners, she said resilience is formed by "a combination of good governance, security reform, and…inclusive urban planning." Citing examples from Mexico City, Medellín, and elsewhere, Davis pointed to planning policies like mixed land use, greater pedestrian accessibility, and more parks and public spaces as ways that authorities could engender the kind of community pride so crucial to the development of positive urban resilience.
"[Focus on] generating vibrant public areas where people feel invested in protecting [them] and making them better," she advised.
While many scholars have tended to look either at the state or local communities in isolation when considering violence and resilience, Davis argued that reducing violence was "a shared objective." She thus stressed the importance of "co-production of security," reiterating the overall notion that state and community actors need to work side-by-side in a form of what Davis and Tirman called "cooperative autonomy."
In addition to Urban Resilience in Situations of Chronic Violence, Davis also authored the supplementary Toolkit for Urban Resilience in Situations of Chronic Violence. Both documents can be found on the MIT's website. Davis and Tirman hope to add the seven individual case studies to the site soon.
Event Resources:Photo Credit: "Bogota at night," courtesy of flickr user WanderingtheWorld (Christopher Schoenbohm); charts courtesy of Davis and Tirman. -
In Colombia, Rural Communities Face Uphill Battle for Land Rights
›November 14, 2011 // By Kayly Ober"The only risk is wanting to stay," beams a Colombian tourism ad, eager to forget decades of brutal internal conflict; however, the risk of violence remains for many rural communities, particularly as the traditional fight over drugs turns to other high-value goods: natural resource rights.
La Toma: Small Town, Big Threats
In the vacuum left by Colombia's war on drugs, re-armed paramilitary groups remain a threat to many rural civilians. Organized groups hold footholds, particularly in the northeast and west, where they've traditionally hidden and exploited weak governance. Over the past five years, their presence has increased while their aims have changed.
A recent PBS documentary, The War We Are Living (watch below), profiles the struggles of two Afro-Colombian women, Francia Marquez and Clemencia Carabali, in the tiny town of La Toma confronting the paramilitary group Las Aguilas Negras, La Nueva Generacion. The Afro-Colombian communities the women represent – long persecuted for their mixed heritage – are traditional artisanal miners, but the Aguilas Negras claim that these communities impede economic growth by refusing to deal with multinationals interested in mining gold on a more industrial scale in their town.
For over seven years, the Aguilas Negras have sent frequent death threats and have indiscriminately killed residents, throwing their bodies over the main bridge in town. At the height of tensions in 2010, they murdered eight gold miners to incite fear. Community leaders know that violence and intimidation by the paramilitary group is part of their plan to scare and displace residents, but they refuse to give in: "The community of La Toma will have to be dragged out dead. Otherwise we're not going to leave," admits community leader Francia Marquez to PBS.
La Toma's predicament is further complicated by corruption and general disinterest from Bogota. Laws that explicitly require the consent of Afro-Colombian communities to mine their land have not always been followed. In 2010, the Department of the Interior and the Institute of Geology and Minerals awarded a contract, without consultation, to Hector Sarria to extract gold around La Toma and ordered 1,300 families to leave their ancestral lands. Tension exploded between the local government and residents.
The community – spurred in part by Marquez and Carabali – geared into action; residents called community meetings, marched on the town, and set up road blocks. As a result, the eviction order was suspended multiple times, and in December 2010, La Toma officially won their case with Colombia's Constitutional Court. Hector Sarria's mining license as well as up to 30 other illegal mining permits were suspended permanently. But, as disillusioned residents are quick to point out, the decision could change at any time.
"Wayuu Gold"
Much like the people of La Toma, the indigenous Wayuu people who make their home in northeast Colombia have also found themselves the target of paramilitary wrath. Wayuu ancestral land is rich in coal and salt, and their main port, Bahia Portete, is ideally situated for drug trafficking, making them an enticing target. In 2004, armed men ravaged the village for nearly 12 hours, killing 12, accounting for 30 disappearances, and displacing thousands. Even now, seven years later, those brave enough to lobby for peace face threats.
Now, other natural resource pressures have emerged. In 2011, growing towns nearby started siphoning water from Wayuu lands, and climate change is expected to exacerbate the situation. A 2007 IPCC report wrote that "under severe dry conditions, inappropriate agricultural practices (deforestation, soil erosion, and excessive use of agrochemicals) will deteriorate surface and groundwater quantity and quality," particularly in the Magdalena river basin where the Wayuu live. Glacial melt will also stress water supplies in other parts of Colombia. The threat is very real for indigenous peoples like the Wayuu, who call water "Wayuu gold."
"Without water, we have no future," says Griselda Polanco, a Wayuu woman, in a video produced by UN Women.
The basic right to water has always been a contentious issue for indigenous peoples in Latin America – perhaps most famously in Cochabomba, Bolivia – and Colombia is no different: most recently 10,000 protestors took to the streets in Bogota to lobby for the right to water.
Post-Conflict Land Tenure Tensions
Perhaps the Wayuu and people of La Toma's best hope is in a new Victims' Law, ratified in June 2011, but in the short term, tensions look set to increase as Colombia works to implement it. The law will offer financial compensation to victims or surviving close relatives. It also aims to restore the rights of millions of people forced off their land, including many Afro-Colombian and indigenous peoples.
But "some armed groups – which still occupy much of the stolen land – have already tried to undermine the process," reports the BBC. "There are fears that they will respond violently to attempts by the rightful owners or the state to repossess the land."
Rhodri Williams of TerraNullius, a blog that focuses on housing, land, and property rights in conflict, disaster, and displacement contexts, wrote in an email to New Security Beat that there are many hurdles in the way of the law being successful, including ecological changes that have already occurred:Perhaps the biggest obstacle is the fact that many usurped indigenous and Afro-Colombian territories have been fundamentally transformed through mono-culture cultivation. Previously mixed ecosystems are now palm oil deserts and no one seems to have a sense of how restitution could meaningfully proceed under these circumstances. Compensation or alternative land are the most readily feasible options, but this flies in the face of the particular bond that indigenous peoples typically have with their own homeland. Such bonds are not only economic, in the sense that indigenous livelihoods may be adapted to the particular ecosystem they inhabit, but also spiritual, with land forming a significant element of collective identity. Colombia has recognized these links in their constitution, which sets out special protections for indigenous and Afro-Colombian groups, but has failed to apply these rules in practice. For many groups, it may now be too late.
As National Geographic explorer Wade Davis said at the Wilson Center in April, climate change can represent as much a psychological and spiritual problem for indigenous people as a technical problem. Unfortunately, as land-use issues such as those faced by Afro-Columbian communities, the Wayuu, and many other indigenous groups around the world demonstrate, there is a legal dimension to be overcome as well.
Sources: BBC News, Colombia Reports, International Displacement Monitoring Centre, PBS, Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, UN Women. The War We Are Living, part of the PBS series Women, War, and Peace, was instrumental to the framing of this piece.
Image and Video Credit: "Countryside Near Manizales, Colombia," courtesy of flickr user philipbouchard; The War We Are Living video, courtesy of PBS.
Showing posts from category Colombia.


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Can someone help me identify this little shrub/tree? It's deciduous and gave a small show of white blossom a week or so ago. It has fairly large thorns. We're located in Northern California. Thank you! |
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A Prunus of some sort. I don't know what would be likely in your region. Is it wild or in a cultivated setting? |
Pacific crab apple? |
Here is a link that might be useful: Malus fusca
This post was edited by saltcedar on Thu, Feb 27, 14 at 17:10
Don't feel that I'm seeing an apple, Salt. |
- Posted by Mountainmole none (My Page) on Thu, Feb 27, 14 at 18:46
Thank you! Yes, it's in my yard but we are right up against wilderness. I will investigate the varieties of Prunus - seems most likely. I've a couple of other unidentified shrubs that I shall post. Thanks for your help! |
I was thinking that it was Prunus spinosa too, but I checked the USDA plants site, and it is not found here. |
White flowering quince? |
Probably Prunus cerasifera - a hallmark of this one is the sepals reflexing after the flower has been open for a time, something that cannot be seen one way or the other (reflexing or not reflexing) in your picture. So far I have never seen sloe in North America. I have been in Britain during the time of year it was in bloom there. It does not look like plum trees - more like a sort of deciduous Pyracantha in general aspect. Otherwise what is seen coming up around here (and where I have been in California) is orchard plum (P. domestica and other names). But by far the dominant one is P. cerasifera, as that is used as rootstock for the very frequently planted purple-leaved plums and is also able to come up from seed, on its own. |
It isn't a sloe - I can be pretty sure of that. They are all over the place here and as bboy says they don't look much like plums. Plus they flower before they leaf out. |
I think it may be Prunus subcordata, Klamath plum, Sierra plum. It is common in mountainous regions of California. |
Here is a link that might be useful: Prunus subcordata, Klamath plum
This post was edited by susanc on Fri, Feb 28, 14 at 20:17
Petals and leaves look different. |
I'm picking Chaenomeles, 'Jet Trail'. That fits what would have been blooming a few weeks ago in Northern California and would have the thorns. Elaine |
It isn't a Chaenomeles imo. The flowers are very unalike and the leaves are also fairly dissimilar. It could be a seedling Prunus of some sort or a Prunus stockwhere the grafted cultivar has perished. Here it would probably be P cerasifera, as bboy suggests, but in CA I don't know the candidates. |
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Holiday Inn Express GROVE CITY (OUTLET CENTER)
Description provided by Holiday Inn Express GROVE CITY (OUTLET CENTER)
Grove City, PA Hotel's Guests are near Outlets At the Holiday Inn Express Grove City (Outlet Center) hotel, we welcome you with open arms and shopping tips. Grove City Premium Outlets are located right across the street from the hotel. Because of our convenient location in Mercer, guests can use I-79 and I-80 to visit some of the most extensive shopping available in the region. Travelers who stay at the hotel for business in Grove City, PA also find the multitude of highways and interstates invaluable. These routes place businesses like General Electric, the US Office of Personnel Management and USIS within easy reach. And with complimentary W-Fi access, it's easy to keep up with work back home. Of course, if you are staying at our hotel in Grove City, PA, you are more than likely here to take advantage of the shopping opportunities nearby. But you can also find gently rolling hills covered in lush vegetation at Moraine State Park, as well as handmade metal giftware at the Wendell August Forge in Grove City. Our hotel's western Pennsylvania location also provides easy access to Amish country. After a long day of meetings, sightseeing and shopping, our guests have a comfortable and contemporary hotel waiting. An indoor pool, whirlpool and sauna provide plenty of relaxation. In Grove City, our hotel's Pennsylvania visitors enjoy an experience as rewarding as finding fantastic deals while shopping, so make your reservation today.
List of Amenities for Holiday Inn Express GROVE CITY (OUTLET CENTER)
· Accessible facilities · Air conditioning individually controlled in room · Bathtub · Buffet breakfast · Car rental desk · Coffee/Tea maker · Color television · Complimentary breakfast · Cribs · Desk with lamp · Direct dial telephone · Dry cleaning · Free newspaper · Free parking · Golf · Hairdryer · High speed internet access for laptop in public areas · High speed internet connection · Housekeeping - daily · Housekeeping - weekly · Ice machine · Indoor pool · Interior corridors · Internet access · Ironing board · Meal included - continental breakfast · Meal included - continental breakfast · Meeting rooms · Microwave · Mini-refrigerator · Non-smoking · On-Site parking · Onsite laundry · Parking · Pay per view movies on TV · Premium movie channels · Private bathroom · Public area air conditioned · Rollaway bed · Safe deposit box · Satellite television · Separate closet · Shops and commercial services · Spare electrical outlet available at desk · Speaker phone · Stereo · Tennis court · Two-line phone · Video games · Voice mail · Wireless internet connection · Wireless internet connection in public areas |
Meeting Facility
Executive Boardroom Full Meeting Room Meeting room A Or BRecreation Information
Indoor pool
Fitness center on-site
Fitness center off-site
Area Attractions
Kraynak'sA place for all seasons. You see Christmasland, Bunnyland and much more. Decorations, toys, collectables and gifts galore. A must see in the area.
Avenue of Flags
Flags for every day the hostages were held and tributes to many war activities. Pet and human cementary and a area to drive around and see all.
Daffin's Candies
Chocolateland and homemade chocolate at it's best. Many types of gifts and candy. See huge figures and toys made out of chocolate.
Mercer County Courthouse
The County seat and a beatiful courthouse and lawns. The town is Victorian design and many antique stores surround the courthouse square. The inside is beatifully designed dome and wood.
Pittsburgh International Airport
Cleveland International Airport
WaterFire Sharon
A multi-sensory performance event where custom built floating braziers are anchored in the Shenango River. The baskets are filled with wood and set ablaze at night. Each day-long event offers music, food and interactive arts experiences; all free of charg
Living Treasures Animal Park
A train or walk around a petting zoo and small animal park with gift shop.
Volant Shoppes and Amish Countryside
Follow Rt 208 west into Volant and shop and look around and then go further on 208 w to New Wilmington area and past furniture, produce and many other amish homes and products. You pass a amish school and can continue to a Cheese factory.
Slippery Rock University
Well known Pa State University known for it's teacher's school, sports medicine, hospitality and business fields. Many men and women's sports and entertainment activities for locals and visitors.
Grove City College
A beautiful Presbyterian College know for it's academics nationwide. Best known for it's business courses. Has many series of entertainment and sport functions also.
Wendell August Forge
All new Forge, Flagship Store and History Center featuring Handmade Metal giftware, trays, ornaments and jewelery with beautiful detail. All unigue designs and collectors items.
Thiel College
Small college located north and has many theater productions. Known for it liberal arts and othe studies.
McConnell's Mill
An old grist mill that runs on water and has many walking and climbing areas. There are picnic areas and history signs to see.Located on a fast moving river and is full of nature and plants.
Westminister College
Small town Norman Rockwell type college. Known for their academics in many studies. Set in the middle of an amish area.
Moraine State Park
Beaches and swimming areas. Bike trails and bike rentals. You can rent a paddleboat or picnic at the many picnic tables. There is a boat tour and you can get the food cruise. Nature trails to walk.
Philadelphia Candies, Inc
Many candy gifts and products for the chocolate lover.
David Lawerence Convention
Grove City Premium Outlets
Over 130 brand name outlets stores, featuring Gap, Coach, Brooks Brothers, Carters, Polo Ralph Lauren, White House Black Market, Juicy Couture, Nike, Harry and David, LeCruest, American Eagle Outfitters and many more. The mall also has a full Food Court,
Miscellaneous Information provided by Holiday Inn Express GROVE CITY (OUTLET CENTER)
· American Dollars is the native currency.
· Check in time is 3:00 PM
· Check out time is 12:00 PM
· Time Zone is GMT
· Opened in 2001
· Renovated in 01/01/2011
· 74 rooms.
· 13 suites.
· 3 floors.


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Freeman finds support of community events a key success
By Chantilly Post
By Annemarie Brissenden
Tags: Annex · General · News · Sports
Unique Parent-Child Cafe' Provides a Safe Harbour
Photo By Brian Burchell/Gleaner News
An inside view of a space welcome to child and parent alike, a very well executed renovation of the site of the former Toronto Women's Bookstore.
By Erika Murray
Community and officers welcome the modern police facility
By Andrew Russell
Police officers, political dignitaries and community members packed the entrance of the new home of Toronto's 14 Division at 350 Dovercourt Road.
$6.2 million renovation to make Carnegie Library performing arts centre
By Ryan Saundercook
After 33 years of a somewhat unstable nomadic existence, the Theatre Centre has broken ground on the renovation of its first permanent home – the Carnegie Library, a 104-year-old heritage property located at 1115 Queen St. West.
The Annex and Harbord Village considered for expansion
By Jessica Lemieux
It's early on a Tuesday but already the hot sun is casting long shadows from the greenhouse over the field. The earlier in the day the better and the more tender the herbs will be. That way they will look and smell great to our customers.


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Quick question: Did Texas Rangers third base coach Dave Anderson advise Josh Hamilton to do this during Friday night's rain delay in Baltimore:
I listened to my third-base coach. That's a little too aggressive. The whole time I was watching the play I was listening. [He said] 'Nobody's at home, nobody's at home.' I was like, 'Dude, I don't want to do this. Something's going to happen.' But I listened to my coach. And how do you avoid a tag the best? By going in headfirst and get out of the way and get in there. That's what I did.


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Creating an account with Tribecafilm.com gives you access to more features and services, like our weekly newsletter and other special features just for the film community.
With The Fitzgerald Family Christmas, Burns returns to the working-class, Irish-American roots of The Brothers McMullen. Reuniting with McMullen co-stars Connie Britton (Nashville, Friday Night Lights), and Mike McGlone, along with Noah Emmerich (Little Children, Beautiful Girls) and Kerry Bishé (Newlyweds), Burns seamlessly weaves an ensemble story of adult siblings dealing with the desire of their estranged father (Ed Lauter, The Artist, The Longest Yard) to return home for Christmas for the first time since he walked out on his family 20 years ago. Family rifts emerge, and like with any family, Christmas brings a mixed bag of complicated emotions and dynamics. Alliances form, old wounds are reopened or glossed over, and the possibility for a new hope and forgiveness emerges.


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Tag Archives: Nike Vapor VII
Rugby Boot Spotting – RWC Round 4
With the group stages of this years Rugby World Cup almost over, the quarter final fixtures are beginning to take shape. With New Zealand, England, Ireland & South Africa all winning their respective groups, they are seen to be getting the easier draws. France, Argentina, Australia and Wales … Continue reading
Lovell Rugby Reviews – Nike Vapor VII Boots
Lovell Rugby was pleased this week to review the Brand New Nike Vapor 7 Boot which was Recently launched. A very highly anticipated boot release, The next generation Vapor boots have arrived and are one of the most unique yet. The vapour which before the Superfly was … Continue reading


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97031: Renewable Energy: Key to Sustainable Energy Supply
Fred Sissine Resources, Science, and Industry Division
May 27, 1999
Debate in the 106th Congress over the funding and direction of renewable energy programs will likely focus on the FY2000 spending request, the Administration's Climate Change Technology Initiative (CCTI), and proposals for restructuring the electricity industry. Energy security, a major driver of federal energy efficiency programs in the past, is now somewhat less of an issue. Although the Persian Gulf remains volatile and oil imports make up one-fifth of the balance of trade deficit, low oil prices and uninterrupted supply have dampened concern about the potential for import disruptions.
On the other hand, worldwide emphasis on environmental problems of air and water pollution and global climate change, and the related development of clean energy technologies in western Europe and Japan especially, have emerged as important influences on energy efficiency policymaking.
The Clinton Administration views renewable energy as the key part of its energy supply policy, both for environmental and technology competitiveness reasons. Accompanying the FY1999 budget request, CCTI sought $6.3 billion of tax incentives over the next 5 years to "encourage energy efficiency and the use of cleaner energy sources," plus a number of renewable energy programs, notably through the Department of Energy (DOE).
For FY2000 request for request for DOE's Renewable Energy Programs is $398.9 million, which is $62.9 million, or 19% more than the FY1999 appropriation. This includes $21.1 million more for Photovoltaics, $19.2 million more for Biomass, $10.8 million more for Wind, and $10 million more for Solar Program Support. (See Table 1 at the end of this brief.)
At the 1998 Fourth Conference of Parties (COP-4) to the United Nations' Framework Convention on Climate Change in Buenos Aires, the Administration signed the United Nations' Kyoto Protocol on climate change. It calls upon the United States to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 7% below the 1990 level during the period between 2008 and 2012. If the agreement is ratified, the Administration projects that renewable energy could play a significant role in achieving emissions reduction.
The electricity production tax credit for wind and certain biomass systems is scheduled to expire on July 1, 1999. The Administration's CCTI proposed a five-year extension of this credit, as does H.R. 750 and S. 414. Debate over credit extension is expected to intensify as the expiration date approaches.
Several electricity industry restructuring bills propose to eliminate the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), which has been key to the growth of renewable power facilities. To ensure a role for renewables' in this industry, the Administration-proposed restructuring legislation includes a renewable energy portfolio standard (RPS), public benefits fund (PBF), and an information disclosure requirement that supports "green" pricing and marketing of renewable power. Some states and electric utility companies have already instituted such measures. Debate is likely to focus on whether there should be a federal role in restructuring generally and in creating measures for renewables specifically.
On July 1, 1999, the energy production tax credit for wind and certain biomass equipment will expire. H.R. 750 and S. 414 would extend this credit. On March 26, 1999, the Department of Energy (DOE) proposed a bill to restructure the electric power industry, "Comprehensive Electricity Competition Plan," that includes three policies to support renewable energy. On February 1, DOE released its FY2000 budget request, which seeks $398.9 million for renewable energy, which is $62.9 million, or 19% more than the FY1999 appropriation. This includes $21.1 million more for Photovoltaics, $19.2 million more for Biomass, $10.8 million more for Wind, and $10 million more for Solar Program Support. (The budget request documents are available on DOE's web site.)
Renewable Energy Concept
Renewable energy is derived from resources that are generally not depleted by human use, such as the sun, wind, and water movement. These sources of natural energy can be converted into heat, electricity and mechanical energy in several ways. There are some mature technologies for conversion of renewable energy such as hydropower, biomass, and waste combustion. Other conversion technologies, such as wind turbines and photovoltaics, are already well-developed, but have not achieved the technological efficiency and market penetration of which they are expected to be ultimately capable. Although geothermal energy is produced from geological rather than solar sources, it is often included as a renewable energy resource and this brief treats it as one. Commercial nuclear power is not considered to be a renewable energy resource. (For further definitions of renewable energy, see the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's web site information on "Clean Energy 101" http://www.nrel.gov/ceb.html.)
Contribution to National Energy Supply
Renewable energy contributes a significant share of national energy supply. According to the Energy Information Administration's (EIA's) Short-Term Energy Outlook, April 1999, renewable energy resources supplied about 6.7 Q (quadrillion Btu's or quads) of the 94.4 Q the nation used in 1998, or about 7.2% of national demand. Declining hydroelectric availability led to a 5% drop in 1998 and is projected to result in a further 2% drop in 1999. Electricity production supplies more than half of renewable energy use. Of this, most is provided by utility hydropower, but a growing share is provided by nonutility generators. Industry accounts for most of the other use, supplied primarily by biofuels. EIA's 1999 Annual Energy Outlook projects that current policies would yield a 0.8% average annual increase through 2020, resulting in a 22% total increase in renewable energy production. This would amount to about 6.8% of the projected 119 Q total demand in 2020. (Detailed breakdowns of renewable energy use appear in EIA's Renewable Energy Annual 1998 and Renewable Energy Issues and Trends 1998.)
Role in Long-Term Energy Supply
Our Common Future, the 1987 report of the World Commission on Environment and Development found that "Energy efficiency can only buy time for the world to develop 'low-energy paths' based on renewable sources, which should form the foundation of the global energy structure during the 21st century." Although many renewable energy systems are in a relatively early stage of development, they offer the world "a potentially huge primary energy source, sustainable in perpetuity and available in various forms to every nation on Earth." It suggests that an R,D&D program of renewable energy projects is required to attain the same level of primary energy that is now obtained from a mix of fossil, nuclear, and renewable energy resources.
The Agenda 21 adopted at the 1992 United Nation's Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) concludes that mitigating urban air pollution and the adverse impacts of energy use on the atmosphere -- such as acid rain, global warming, and climate change -- requires an emphasis on "clean and renewable energy sources." A 1996 report by the President's Council on Sustainable Development, Energy and Transportation, calls for increasing the share of renewable energy in total U.S. energy supply to 12% in 2010 and 25% in 2025.
The oil embargo of 1973 sparked a quadrupling of energy prices, massive economic shock, and the establishment of a comprehensive federal energy program to help with the nation's immediate and long-term energy needs. During the 1970s, the federal renewable energy program grew rapidly to include not only basic and applied R&D, but also joint federal participation with the private sector in demonstration projects, commercialization, and information dissemination. In addition, the federal government instituted market incentives, such as business and residential tax credits, and created a utility market for non-utility produced electric power through the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (P.L. 95-617).
The subsequent failure of the oil cartel and the return of low oil and gas prices in the early 1980s brought much of the federal program down but, from 1972 through 1993, Congress consistently supported a broader, more aggressive renewable energy program than any Administration in office. Lacking a sustained, long-range policy from the Administration, Congress first took a major initiative in 1974. Until 1994, Congress led policy development and funding through legislative initiatives and close reviews of annual budget submissions. FY1995 marked a noteworthy shift, with the 103rd Congress, for the first time, approving less funding than the Administration had requested. Driven by budget deficit concerns and a distrust of federal interventions in market processes, this shift was accelerated by the 104th Congress which approved 23% less than the Administration request for FY1996 and 8% less for FY1997. However, funding turned upward again during the 105th Congress. (A detailed description of DOE programs appears in DOE's FY2000 Congressional Budget Request, DOE/CR-0061, v. 2, February 1999.)
From FY1973 through FY1998, the federal government spent about $11.7 billion (in 1999 constant dollars) for renewable energy R&D. Renewable energy R&D funding grew from less than $1 million per year in the early 1970s to over $1.3 billion in FY1979 and FY1980, then declined steadily to $136 million in FY1990. Spending rose from FY1991 to FY1995, declined in FY1996 and FY1997, then rose again in FY1998, reaching $275 million in 1999 constant dollars.
This spending history can be viewed within the context of DOE spending for the three other major energy R&D programs: nuclear, fossil, and energy efficiency R&D. From FY1948 through FY1972, in real 1997 dollars, the federal government spent about $22.4 billion for nuclear (fission and fusion) energy R&D and about $5.1 billion for fossil energy R&D. From FY1973 through FY1996, in 1999 constant dollars, the federal government spent $43.2 billion for nuclear, $21.1 billion for fossil, $11.7 billion for renewables, and $8 billion for energy efficiency. Total energy R&D spending from FY1948-FY1998 reached $111.5 billion, including $66 billion, or 59% for nuclear, $26 billion, or 23%, for fossil, $12 billion, or 11%, for renewables, and $8 billion, or 7%, for energy efficiency.
Tax Credits
Residential solar credits and the residential and business credits for wind energy installations expired on December 31, 1985. However, business investment credits were extended repeatedly through the 1980s. Section 1916 of the Energy Policy Act (EPACT, P.L. 102-486) extends the 10% business tax credits for solar and geothermal equipment indefinitely. Also, EPACT section 1914 created an income tax "production" credit of 1.5 cents/kwh for electricity produced by wind and closed-loop biomass systems. This credit expires on July 1, 1999.
Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
The Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (P.L. 96-917) requires electric utilities to purchase power produced by renewable power facilities. Under PURPA, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) established rules requiring that electric utilities purchase power from windfarms and other small power producers at an "avoided cost" price based on energy and capacity costs that the utility would otherwise incur by generating the power itself or purchasing it elsewhere. However, to receive avoided cost payments, each facility must file for, and obtain, qualifying facility (QF) status from FERC. EIA's Renewable Energy 1998: Issues and Trends (p. 4-5) reports that, by the end of 1996, nonutility renewable power capacity reached 17,200 MW, of which 12,600 MW came from QFs. These renewable power facilities generated nearly 90 billion kwh, of which 69 billion kwh was produced by QFs. Thus, in 1996, QFs accounted for about 73% of nonutility renewable power capacity and about 76% of nonutility renewable power generation. QFs provided about 1.8% of national electric capacity and about 2.2% of national electricity generation.
DOE's Strategic and Performance Goals
DOE delivered its final Strategic Plan to the Committee on September 30, 1997. Renewable energy objectives and strategies appear under strategic goal #1, "Energy Resources." In the DOE Annual Performance Plan for FY2000, objective ER-1, regarding energy supply disruption vulnerability, includes a goal (ER1-4, p. 10-12) to "develop alternative transportation fuels to reduce projected oil imports. It lays out two performance goals and measures for FY2000 that involve converting agricultural wastes to ethanol and demonstrating alternative fuel vehicles in selected applications. Also, objective ER-2, regarding competitive electricity, includes a goal (ER2-3, p. 15-17) to "develop renewable energy technologies and supporting policies capable of doubling non-hydroelectric renewable energy generating capacity by 2010." Further, it lays out seven specific performance measures and goals for FY2000 that involve solar roofs, distributed concentrating solar, biomass co-firing with coal, wind testing and design, and solar super energy saving performance contracts (Super-ESPCs).
Production Tax Credit
EPACT Section 1914 established an income tax "production" credit of 1.5 cents/kwh to be paid to businesses for electricity produced by wind and closed-loop biomass systems. The credit applies to energy produced from new facilities for the first 10 years. This credit expires on July 1, 1999. The Administration's CCTI proposed a five-year extension of this credit, as does H.R. 750 and S. 414. Supporters of the credit extension contend, for example, that expiration of the credit, combined with uncertainty created by electric utility restructuring, may dampen wind energy facility installation. In contrast, a 1997 Cato Institute report, Renewable Energy: Not Cheap, Not Green, finds that:
...new government subsidies for favored renewable technologies are likely to create few environmental benefits; increase electricity-generation overcapacity in most regions of the United States; raise electricity rates; and create new "environmental pressures" ...
Debate over legislation to extend the credit is likely to intensify as the expiration date approaches.
Also, it should be noted that the Renewable Energy Production Incentive (REPI) funded by DOE is a different incentive that was created with the parallel purpose of encouraging renewable energy use by state and local governments and by non-profit electric cooperatives.
FY2000 DOE Budget
The Appendix to the Budget of the United States' Government FY2000 (Chapter on "Department of Energy," p. 397) says the FY2000 budget for the Renewable Energy Program " ... will contribute to strengthening the Nation's energy security, providing a cleaner environment, enhancing global sales of U.S. energy products, and increasing industrial competitiveness and federal technology transfer. The solar and renewable energy program is a major component of the Administration's activities to address global climate change."
DOE's FY2000 budget request seeks $398.9 million for renewable energy (including $41 million for electric/storage programs), which is $62.9 million, or 19% more than the FY1999 appropriation. This includes $21.1 million more for Photovoltaics, $19.2 million more for Biomass, $10.8 million more for Wind, and $10 million more for Solar Program Support. (The budget request documents are available on DOE's web site.) In the State of the Union address, President Clinton emphasized concern about global warming and proposed a new "clean air fund to help communities reduce greenhouse and other pollutants, and tax incentives and investment to spur clean energy technologies ... "
In DOE's request, Photovoltaics would grow by $21 million, including $9 million more for research and $12 million more for collector development. Biopower would increase by $7.5 million and Biofuels would increase by $12 million. Under Biofuels, a new Integrated R&D Program would be funded at $6 million. This Program aims to develop technologies that integrate feedstocks, equipment and end products to support the creation of a "broad-based bioenergy industry." An $11 million increase for Wind Programs would support the "Wind Partnerships for Advanced Component Technologies" and other research and testing efforts. A key motivation is to increase U.S. competitiveness with European nations in growing global markets for wind energy.
A new $2 million Electricity Restructuring Program would provide technical assessments of policy concepts and programs such as renewable portfolio standards (RPS), public benefits funds, consumer information and disclosure provisions, green marking programs, and distributed generation concepts. Also, a new Competitive Solicitation Program would support cost-shared field verification projects, including data on generation and system outages, to address market barriers arising from a lack of cost and operational information. This Program would combine and re-focus funding from two programs: Renewable Indian Energy Resources and Federal Buildings/Remote Power. (Details of the FY2000 DOE request appear in Table 1, at the end of this brief.)
For FY1999 renewable energy programs, the Omnibus Appropriations bill raised the final appropriation to $336 million, a $66 million increase. However, $24 million of this increase reflects a decrease in use of prior year balances. Of the remaining $42 million actual increase in budget authority, Biofuels programs grew by $15 million, Photovoltaics increased by $8 million, International programs were boosted by $5 million, and Biopower programs grew by $4 million.
Climate Change
The Administration has identified renewable energy as a significant part of the strategy for curbing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. This is reflected in its CCTI proposals for increased renewable energy R&D spending, tax credits, and other policy mechanisms at DOE and other agencies. On March 25, the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources held a hearing on Economic Impacts of the Kyoto Protocol. It focused on contending views of potential costs to implement the 7% reduction in U.S. greenhouse emissions called for in the Protocol. Also, EPA, DOE, and EIA testified at the April 14 House Science Committee hearing, Fiscal Year 2000 Climate Change Budget Authorization Request. EIA contended that the CCTI provisions would provide a minimal impact on greenhouse emissions. In contrast, EPA and DOE stressed the urgency of action, noting that CCTI provisions would provide immediate savings in energy, costs, and emissions.
S. 882, introduced April 27, 1999, proposes R&D funding increases for renewable energy and other energy technologies as an alternative to the CCTI. It would provide $200 million per year over 10 years to accelerate development of energy efficiency, fossil energy, nuclear energy, and renewable energy R&D. Through this means, the bill focuses on a long-term strategy for curbing greenhouse gas emissions.
Energy Use Impact on Climate
Except for biofuels and biopower, wherever renewable energy equipment displaces fossil fuel use, it will also reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, as well as pollutants that contribute to water pollution, acid rain, and urban smog. In general, the combustion of biomass for fuel and power production releases CO2 at an intensity that may rival or exceed that for natural gas. However, the growth of biomass material offsets this release. Hence, net emissions occur only when combustion is based on deforestation. Where the biomass combustion is based on rotating energy crops, there is no net release, and its displacement of any fossil fuel, including natural gas, reduces CO2 emissions.
Human activities, particularly burning of fossil fuels, have increased atmospheric CO2 and other trace gases, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, and nitrous oxide. If these gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere at current rates, global warming might occur through intensification of the natural "greenhouse effect," moderating Earth's climate. Excess CO2 is the major contributor to this effect. (For more information, see CRS Issue Brief 89005, Global Climate Change.)
U.S. fossil energy (coal, oil, natural gas) use currently produces about one-fourth of the world's CO2 emissions. Since 1988, the federal government has accelerated programs that study the science of global climate change and created programs aimed at mitigating fossil fuel-generated carbon dioxide (CO2) and other human-generated emissions. The federal government funds programs for renewable energy as a mitigation measure at DOE, EPA, the Agency for International Development (AID) and the World Bank. The latter two agencies have received funding for renewable energy-related climate actions through Foreign Operations appropriations bills.
Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions accelerated after the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) concluded with the signing of the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21 (an action program), and the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC). Agenda 21 promotes the development, transfer, and use of renewable energy technologies, the application of economic and regulatory means that raise prices to reflect environmental and other social costs, and other renewable energy- related measures. The FCCC calls for each nation to develop a strategy for emissions reduction, inventory emissions, and to promote energy and other technologies that reduce emissions.
Electric Industry Restructuring
In response to rising powerplant construction costs and environmental concerns of the 1980s, many states and electric utility companies created incentives and other programs to promote renewable energy as a "clean" or environmentally friendly ("green") alternative for producing electric power. Combined with PURPA provisions for "small power facilities," a new industry of non-utility generators emerged, providing a small but growing share of electric power production. However, after California issued its first proposal for electric industry restructuring in 1994, concerns arose that lower power prices could dampen demand for renewables.
Environmental groups and some energy producers raise concerns that federal efforts to restructure the electric industry could lead to reduced use of "clean" energy resources and increased pollution. They cite the recent decline in state and utility incentives for renewable energy in anticipation of state-based retail competition and other restructuring policies. In Federal Research: Changes in Electricity-Related R&D Funding, GAO reports that spending on renewable energy R&D by states and utilities has dropped rapidly. It also observes that the environmental costs of pollution from supply sources are not fully included in the price of electric power.
The system of mandatory utility purchase requirements and avoided cost payments that evolved under PURPA Section 210 is unlikely to be appropriate in the new industry structures emerging under industry restructuring. As a result, debate has become focused on three policy support mechanisms for renewables: (1) the renewable energy portfolio standard (RPS), (2) use of a distribution charge to create a public benefits fund (PBF) that supports renewable energy and other programs, and (3) voluntary renewable energy purchases by electricity customers through "green pricing" and green power marketing programs.
(1) An RPS sets a minimum purchase requirement (as a percent of energy sales) on retail suppliers that sell power to end-users. Several states have adopted an RPS as part of their restructuring processes, including Arizona, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Nevada. At the federal level, to add flexibility in meeting the requirement, individual obligations could be tradeable through a system of renewable energy credits. Some say this tradeable credits system would be similar to the one for marketable sulfur dioxide permits adopted by EPA under the Clean Air Act. RPS proponents include most of the renewable energy trade associations and a limited number of environmental groups. They argue that the policy offers a market-based and administratively simple mechanism. Opponents contend that RPS lacks a cost control; would largely benefit existing, low-cost renewables; and is poorly suited for promoting less mature, higher-cost technologies.
(2) The PBF is based on an electric service distribution surcharge; it is a way to collect funds from customers to support a variety of policies with public benefits, including renewable energy programs. Once collected, a method of distributing the fund must be devised. California was the first state to create an PBF. California's law (A.B. 1890, Article 7) places a charge on all electricity bills from 1998 through 2001 that would provide $540 million for "new and emerging" renewable energy technologies. In early 1998, the Energy Commission adopted final rules for expending the $540 million.
Similar funds have been adopted in Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. Proponents of PBF include several environmental organizations as well as some electric utilities, industrial customers, and power marketers. They argue that the PBF includes an explicit cost containment, is pragmatic, and if linked to an auction could promote competition. Opponents contend that PBF could be seen as a tax, may be administratively complex and, thus, may not hold onto political acceptability.
(3) Green pricing draws from customers' willingness to pay a premium for renewable energy products due to their environmental benefits. More than 40 utilities have implemented green pricing programs. Also, green power marketing -- the selling of green power in the competitive marketplace -- is underway in the newly competitive markets of
California, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) says that the spread of competition in the electric industry will lead to growth in the market for green power services. It estimates that, by the end of 1999, nearly one-fourth of all U.S. electricity consumers will have the option to purchase "green power."
A requirement for fuel source disclosure on customer bills is a key aspect of green pricing and green marketing. Proponents argue that this option focuses on enhancing information and customer choice with a minimum of regulation. Further, it allows suppliers to encourage renewables development at no competitive cost to themselves or to customers uninterested in renewable. Opponents say green pricing transfers the costs for environmental benefits from the general public to a select group, thereby enabling utilities to avoid responsibility and perpetuating a key market failure.
Some argue that the three policies should be viewed as complementary, rather than competitive. In particular, some contend that the PBF is best-suited to funding the pre-competitive early stages of renewable energy technology products -- research, development, and prototype testing -- while the RPS is best-suited to the initial and mature phases of market competition for these products.
Several bills in the 105th Congress included one or more of the three renewable energy policies noted above. So far, none of the restructuring bills introduced in this Congress incorporates policies for renewable energy.
However, the Administration's March 26 proposed bill, "Comprehensive Electricity Competition Plan," includes elements of all three policies described above. The proposal includes four provisions that could help encourage renewable energy use: (1) an RPS that would guarantee a minimum level of generation, rising to 7.5% of total generation by 2010, (2) a PBF-type public benefit fund that would provide matching funds to states for renewable energy and other purposes, (3) a net metering provision that would assure interconnection availability and allow production from very small renewable energy projects to reduce utility bills, and (4) a consumer information disclosure requirement that would show the renewable energy share of the utility fuel mix.
Some representatives of states with a restructuring policy in place prefer that their policy remain in place, and hope that Congress will not set any federal policy requirements.
Some in Congress believe that state policy actions would create an uneven patchwork and other inequities that justify a federal policy role. However, in 1996, the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) issued a resolution which resolved that congressional action on restructuring should support public benefits in electricity markets. It specifically calls for retaining states' authority to impose non-bypassable charges to fund programs that promote renewable energy and other measures and to implement such programs.
In contrast to all three policies described above, a 1997 report by the Heritage Foundation, Energizing America: A Blueprint for Deregulating the Electricity Market, suggests that restructuring the industry by itself will help the environment because "deregulation forces power companies to meet higher standards of efficiency and cleanliness to ensure that local communities are provided the power they want without increased pollution." Further, some are opposed to an RPS in congressional legislation and to set asides to support renewable energy, arguing that they are unnecessary subsidies and that solutions should be pursued that can survive in the market without special protections that cost all Americans. For example, a 1997 report by the Cato Institute, Renewable Energy: Not Cheap, Not Green, argues that federal, state and other sources of spending and incentives for renewables constitute unneeded subsidies that "needlessly increase electric rates in return for phantom environmental benefits." Further, the Natural Gas Supply Association, which represents natural gas suppliers, has attacked renewable energy sources as costly and environmentally harmful, in an effort to stop RPS provisions in congressional electricity restructuring legislation.
(For a discussion of broader issues, see CRS Electronic Briefing Book on Electricity Restructuring at http://www.congress.gov/brbk/html/ebeletop.html and CRS Issue Brief IB10006, Electricity: The Road to Restructuring.)
Funding levels for DOE's renewable energy programs are considered in the FY2000 Energy and Water Development appropriation bill. Similarly, funding for GEF's renewable energy programs is considered in FY2000 appropriation bill for Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs.
H.R. 750 (Thomas)/S. 414 (Grassley)
Amends the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide a 5-year extension of the credit for producing electricity from wind, and for other purposes. House bill introduced, February 11, 1999; referred to Committee on Ways and Means. Senate bill introduced February 11, 1999; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 882 (Murkowski)
Energy and Climate Policy Act of 1999. Establishes new Office of Global Climate Change at DOE and authorizes $2 billion over 10 years to fund renewable energy and other energy technology programs. Introduced April 27, 1999; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 815 (Roth)
Poultry Electric Energy Power (PEEP) Act. Amends the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to extend the credit for producing electricity from poultry waste. Introduced April 15, 1999; referred to Committee on Finance.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform and Oversight. Subcommittee on National Economic Growth, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs. Economic Costs of Kyoto Protocol. Hearing held September 16, 1998.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water. FY1999 budget request: DOE Science and Renewable Energy Programs. Hearing held March 11, 1998.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology Committee. Subcommittee on Energy and Environment. Kyoto and the Administration's Fiscal Year 1999 Budget Request. Hearing held February 12, 1998.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water. FY1999 budget request: DOE Renewable Energy Programs. Hearing held March 10, 1998.
Tables showing DOE Renewable Energy R&D Funding (current and constant), FY1974-FY1992; and the DOE Defense, Science and Energy Funding, FY1973-FY1992 are available from the author of this issue brief.
Alliance to Save Energy. Energy innovations: a prosperous path to a clean environment. June 1997. 171 p.
California Energy Commission. Electricity report. August 1997. [P300-97-001]
Edison Electric Institute. Renewable resources and electricity generation: a report on utility involvement and outlook. June 1995.
Electric Power Research Institute. Renewable power industry status overview. EPRI December 1998. 1 vol. (EPRI TR-111893).
---- Utility customers go for the green. EPRI Journal, v. 22, March/April 1997: 6-15.
---- Renewable energy technology characterizations. Dec. 1997. 266 p.
Holt, Edward A. Disclosure and certification: truth and labeling for electric power. Renewable Energy Policy Project. January 1997. 12 p.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. International Energy Agency (IEA). Renewable energy Policy in IEA Countries, Volume II: Country Reports. OECD/IEA, Paris, 1998. 253 p.
---- Benign energy? The environmental implications of renewables. 1998. 122 p.
U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Renewable energy 1998: issues and trends. (DOE/EIA-0628(98)) March 1999. 89 p.
---- Energy Information Administration. Renewable energy annual 1998. (DOE/EIA-0603(98)) December 1998. 85 p.
---- Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Program plan for renewable energy generation of electricity. (DOE/GO-10095-019). December 1994. 24 p.
---- Secretary of Energy Advisory Board. Final report of the task force on strategic energy research and development. [Annex 1: Technology Profiles] June 1995.
---- Comprehensive national energy strategy. (National Energy Policy Plan, DOE/S-0124) April 1998. 60 p.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. Energy efficiency and renewable energy: Opportunities from title IV of the Clean Air Act (EPA 430 R-94-001). February 1994.
U.S. Executive Office of the President. Federal energy research and development for the challenges of the twenty-first century. November 5, 1997. 200 p.
U.S. General Accounting Office. Solar and renewable resources technologies program. (GAO/RCED-97-188). July 1997.
U.S. Office of Technology Assessment. Renewing our energy future. OTA-ETI-614. September 1995. 269 p.
U.S. Department of State. Office of Global Change. Climate action report: 1997 submission of the United States of America under the framework convention on climate change. July 1997. 256 p.
Wise, Ryan et al. Renewable energy policy and electricity restructuring: a California case study. Energy Policy, v. 26, 1998. p. 465-475.
CRS Reports
CRS Report 97-195. The tax treatment of alternative transportation fuels, by Salvatore Lazzari.
CRS Report 98-615. Electricity restructuring: The Implications for Air Quality, by Larry Parker.
CRS Report 97-416. Federal tax incentives for alcohol fuels, by Salvatore Lazzari.
Web Sites
CRS electronic briefing book on Electricity Restructuring. http://www.congress.gov/brbk/html/ebeletop.html
CRS electronic briefing book on Global Climate Change. http://www.congress.gov/brbk/html/ebgcctop.html
American Solar Energy Society. http://www.ases.org/index.html
American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). http://www.awea.org/
California Energy Commission. http://www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/index.html
Center for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technology (CREST). http://solstice.crest.org/index.shtml
International Solar Energy Society (ISES). http://www.electricnet.com/orgs/intsolar.htm
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners. http://www.naruc.org/
National Association of State Energy Offices. http://www.naseo.org/
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). International Energy. Agency. Renewable Energy Newsletter. http://www.caddet-re.org
Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA). http://www.seia.org/maincont.htm
The Buenos Aires Climate Change Conference. Fact Sheet released by the U.S. Department of State, December 1998. http://www.state.gov/www/global/gl.../climate/fs-cop4_final_981200.html
U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network. http://www.eren.doe.gov/
U.S. Department of Energy. FY2000 Congressional Budget Request. http://www.cfo.doe.gov/budget/00budget/index.htm
U.S. Department of Energy. Green Power Network Clearinghouse. http://www.eren.doe.gov/greenpower/g99final.html
U.S. Department of Energy. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.nrel.gov/
U.S. Department of Energy. Alternative Fuels Data Center. http://www.afdc.nrel.gov/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Solar Site. http://www.epa.gov/solar/
Table 1. DOE Renewable Energy Budget* for FY1998-FY2000 ($ millions)
Source: DOE FY2000 Cong. Budget Request, v. 2; Feb. 1999.
Return to CONTENTS section of this issue brief.


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Harry Redknapp hopes QPR can stay in the Premier League
QPR boss Harry Redknapp says his side's win over Chelsea showed they have what it takes to stay in the Premier League.
Rangers ended a three-game losing run with Wednesday's shock victory at Stamford Bridge, but remain bottom of the table, five points from safety.
"After Sunday's defeat by Liverpool it was difficult to convince anyone we could survive," said Redknapp.
"But the players have set the standard with this win and to get out of this mess they have to do it every week."
QPR had put up little resistance as they were well beaten by the Reds at Loftus Road, conceding three goals in the first 30 minutes.
QPR end long wait for derby win on the road
QPR's victory was their first in a Premier League London derby away from home since Les Ferdinand scored twice in a 3-1 win over Wimbledon in March 1995, with Ian Holloway getting Rangers' other goal that day.
It was also their first top-flight win at Stamford Bridge since March 1979, when Paul Goddard, Glenn Roeder and Martyn Busby scored in another 3-1 win. Both Rangers and Chelsea were relegated from the old First Division that season.
But they responded by producing a battling defensive performance to frustrate in-form Chelsea before snatching the points through a late Shaun Wright-Phillips winner.
"That was our first away win in the league since October 2011 and let's hope we can build on it. There's still a long way to go but that was encouraging," added Redknapp.
"The players worked their socks off and they got their rewards. We deserved it and it was a fantastic performance.
"We had a good meeting after the Liverpool match and I convinced the players we can stay up.
"Everybody else thought I was mad but I do genuinely believe it. We're not doomed, we can turn it around."
Things do not get any easier for QPR, who face Tottenham (home), West Ham (away) and Manchester City (home) in their next three League games.
But Redknapp hopes victory over their west London rivals, only his second win in eight games in charge of Rangers, will act as a springboard for their survival bid.
"If we keep working hard for the rest of the season we'll win games away and at home," he explained. "We have to make the most of that.
"The atmosphere in the changing room after the Chelsea win was fantastic, it's the first time I've really experienced that here.
"I said to [coach] Joe Jordan after the game, 'I cant remember having many better games than this one'. Chelsea were absolutely flying and we did it on the back of that Liverpool defeat."
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Comment number 141.
3rd January 2013 - 22:58Best of luck to harry and QPR,The only ones that can keep them up now is the players and it will now need a huge amount of commitment from them.
Do they have that commitment?, well this remains to be seen.
Dig in and win or draw the money and run??
Best of luck from the potteries. -
Comment number 140.
3rd January 2013 - 19:49If Harry can rescue QPR from relegation it will be down to good team management, nothing more nothing less.
A manager needs to be able to get the best from his players or better, and like Warnock/Ollie Harry can do that.
Hughes on the other hand was very good at getting money out of the chairman. It was sad to see him arrive and sadder that it took so long to dump him. -
Comment number 139.
Owain ap Gruffudd
3rd January 2013 - 18:34Good win for QPR, but it won't stop them from being relegated. It will take a miracle to get out of it from there.
Sorry, QPR still to go down for me......... -
Comment number 138.
3rd January 2013 - 17:06I'm rooting for 'Arry to pull a Houdini. Escape from relegation @ the last shot of the PL season would be Bollywood entertainment. What's not good about it?
Comment number 137.
3rd January 2013 - 15:42With hinsight we can all claim 20:20 vision but to be honest, I never did understand why Mark Hughes was appointed Manager. He hsn't got a CV as long as your arm and QPR aren't exactly the mainstay of the Premier League, not winning anything but always around mid table. New kids on the block needed someone to stabilise them. Is Harry too late? I'd like to think not. Just don't like to see yo yo's
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