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NeoPhoto 2.0.1
Instantly create attractive Photo Websites. Resize, rotate, crop, remove red-eye and organize all of your digital photos into albums. Add captions. Email entire photo albums, automatically resized with captions included. Create a professional looking photo website in a single click. Upload your new site or update an existing one using the built in FTP/SFTP clients.
See also: album, photo, redeye reduction, camera, digital, image, web page, resize, rotate, gallery, email, post, publish, organize, screen shot, thumbnail, caption
Framing Station 2.15
The Framing Station is a combination of digital photo software with 930 pre-illustrated frames. There?s no drawing or assembling of clip-art required. The user simply selects their photo, selects a frame, and clicks on print or save. The 930 frames are illustrated in four formats (4x6, 6x4, 8x10, and 10x8) in categories like: magazine covers, personalized sports trading cards, greeting cards, awards, joke frames, and scrapbook templates.
See also: digital photos, digital scrapbooking, web gallery, borders, trading cards, calendars, photo prints, email
World's Greatest Frame Pack 2.15
The World's Greatest Frame Pack comes with the Framing Station digital photo software and pre-illustrated World's Greatest frames. There is no drawing or assembling of clip-art required. The user simply selects their photo, selects a frame, and clicks on print or save. The Framing Station works with digital images from any source. Version 2.15 is a major upgrade to the Digi-Press rapid response technology to include AccuPosition, which enables
Christmas and Holiday Card Frame Pack 4.22
The Christmas and Holiday Card Frame Pack comes with the Framing Station digital photo software which to date has recieved the highest rating from 45 reviewers. Once framed, images are ideal for display, presentation, or scrapbooking and can be printed, e-mailed and shared over the Internet. Featuring the company's exclusive Digi-Press rapid response breakthrough, the Framing Station excels at ease of use.
See also: christmas cards, christmas photo cards, holiday cards, christmas photos, holiday scrapbooking, digital photos, digital scrapbooking, web gallery, borders, photo prints, email
Picture To Go 1.5
Picture To Go is a free graphics utility that will save you both time and effort. Search for pictures quickly on your computer. Find just the right shot using the high quality viewer. Rotate your pictures with easy to use controls. Automatically resize and send your pictures by Email in a single step.
See also: resize, photo, image, email, search, missing, screenshot, share, publish, one-step, find, picture
CoffeeCup Free Image Viewer Plus 2.6
CoffeeCup Free Image Viewer Plus is a fast, powerful, and easy-to-use image viewer, but it's even more than that. It offers many intuitive features, such as built-in e-mail, FTP support, and compression functions. These features allow you to select a group of images and e-mail them to a friend, upload them to your Website, or create a ZIP file, all from inside the program.
See also: images, gif, jpg, bmp, viewer, ftp, email, zip, photo, camera, album, picture, organize
ACFile Server 0.6
ACFile Server is a file sharing program designed for ease of use and rapid configuration. Browse your files on your home network or from the office. Share them with colleagues and friends. Control what you share and who you are sharing with. Your computer is behind a firewall/router? ACFile Server gives its best to make it work. Your email attachments are too big? In a minute, set up a server and let recipients download directly your files.
See also: sharing, share, file, FTP, web, server, deamon, P2P, document, music, photo, film, transfer, attachment, email
Get Paid Tool 1.0
A free software used to get paid online to survey, surf, email, write, shop, drive, travel, submit photo and drawings. Tens of sites are provided. A free software used to get paid online to survey, surf, email, write, shop, drive, travel, submit photo and drawings. Tens of sites are provided.
See also: get paid, get paid to, get paid to survey, get paid to surf, get paid to email, get paid to write, get paid to shop, get paid to submit photo, get paid to drive
Amazifier 184.108.40.206
Powerful photo editing made simple. From basic photo editing to doing the coolest things with your photos, Amazifier makes it simple, fun and easy. Adorn your photos with stickers, text and customized seals. Create masterpieces with photo effects, that can be artistically brushed as you please. Transform how you look with our touch up suite. Email a photo post card, print a photo calendar or greeting card or publish it to your facebook wall!
See also: photo editor, greeting cards, photo calendar, email photo, photo sharing, photo effects, easy, cool, image, photo print, amazing
CloudScan 3.0
Key features: Scan documents, pictures, photos and edit them in online editor; Work with any Twain compatible scanner (more than 1600 are available on market); Work inside web browser (Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, and Google Chrome); Very easy to use. One click for scan, one more to save a multipage PDF or TIFF; One click to export to GoogleDocs or send by fax; Create hard copy of your document printing it from CloudScan
See also: scanner, scan, twain, pdf, tif, fax, email, print, photo


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Locally owned and operated by Randy Benson since 1999. Benson Builders is a licensed and insured establishment within the Billings community providing excellent customer service to his clients. Benson Builders holds an A+ rating with the Better Business Bureau.
Benson Builders specializes in the following services:
* Vinyl and fiber glass windows
* Hardie siding
* Construction
* Window installation
* Retro Fit
* Decking
* Soffit / fascia
* Garage framing
* Home inspections
* Blower door testing and energy audits
Contact Benson Builders to schedule a free estimate today.
Contact us at 406-702-1889 or drop us an email on the contact page
visit our website to view our project gallery at http://bensonbuilders-mt.com
Benson Builders
Serving Billings and surrounding areas

subset: commoncrawl


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Characteristics Shared by Great Coaches
If you aspire to be a great youth basketball coach, you must have passion, a love to compete, and a willingness to give of your time. Greatness is not defined by how many wins you have, but the impact that you have made on the youth that have come in contact with. Great coaches develop their players talent, and get the most out of every player they are involved with. They teach life lessons so that their players are able to function and be successful, both on the court and off the court. Most importantly great coaches are admired and appreciated by their former players.
Hear from some of the top college coaches below from FilmRoomTV.
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It's a WRaP!
Sadly, the Rivers and People project has come to an end. On Sunday (7th July 2013), visitors came to help us celebrate the end of this fantastic project with a WRaP party organised by Lewisham Council, Creekside Discovery Centre and Thames 21. The event took place at the Discovery Centre, Deptford and had several attractions including a coconut shy, wildflower bingo, crab races, food and drink, a BBQ and cake! The star attraction was a puppet theatre performance of Monkey Biz, enjoyed as much by the adults as the children!
A big thank you to all who helped or took part in the project over the past few years and to all who helped make the final event a success.
If you would like to continue with exploring and having fun on the river, please contact Creekside for their ongoing programme of events and activities.
Creekside Discovery Centre: 07870 736 793 or 0208 692 9922
Rivers and People Legacy Project
If you are interested in schools environmental education, the Rivers and People legacy project will continue to run into February 2014. This project is focused on teacher training to help teachers deliver their own outdoor sessions whilst using our equipment. This project is to ensure that the benefits of the Rivers and People project will be sustained long term.
For further information regarding schools environmental education, walks and wades, please contact Jordan, or visit R&P resources for a wealth of educational resources and information about Lewisham's rivers or to book a session.
The Ravensbourne Catchment Improvement Plan
The Catchment Improvement Plan is an initiative being led by Thames 21 and supported by several partners, including Lewisham Council, to encourage those with an interest in their local rivers to express their views and have a say about the future of the River Pool, the River Quaggy and the River Ravensbourne. The project has a focus on getting local people more involved in their environment and help them to understand more about the rivers in their backyard.
We want to hear your thoughts about your local stretch of the river – what you like about it, what you don't like, what would help you love it more and finally what you can suggest be done to improve it. (Even if you don't live near to the river, we'd still like to hear from you if you have comments to make about it!)
Please help us by filling out the questionnaire, so together we can make the entire catchment a better place for both people and wildlife. The information that you provide will be incorporated into the Ravensbourne Catchment Plan.
If you would like more information about this initiative, please visit the Thames 21 website.
Discover the birds of the Waterlink Way
Click on the water rail below, print (double-sided), fold and take it with you on your next walk along the Pool or Ravensbourne.
Taken part in an event? Got an idea for a future activity? Let us know what you think!
Click the link and add a comment to the Rivers and People Feedback wall. All comments are very welcome.
Many thanks for getting involved!
The Rivers & People Project was funded through Natural England and Big Lottery's Access to Nature Fund.


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Your search "arydwiaji" resulted in 2 Articles
Long Exposure Tips: Things I Usually Do in the Night With My Camera
Golden Rule #2 - Use it any time – day and night. So let's apply it. Especially in the night. Let see, things I usually do in the night with my camera... -
New Year Celebrations on Film: Jakarta City View and Tidung Island Beach
I spend new year differently this year, and not like the previous one. Read about how I celebrated the coming of this new year!


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Flash Back Fridays
A story by David Boulding
Michael Rewald was Jim's favourite. He was so respected that some years after Mike left, and was running a development project in Papua New Guinea, Jim phoned in desperation because he could not fix the water system without Mike's advice. Jim bellowed over the radiophone all the way to the South Pacific: "Mike? You know that line you put in from 14 over past the tee joint that runs down hill? Yeah. Yeah. That one. Where does the line go? Over to Nancy's or straight down to one or over to Gurney's?"
For some minutes they chatted, catching up. I cannot guess the cost of the phone call. To Jim it must have been worth it. All he learned was that Mike did not know as much about the water system as Jim believed Michael knew.
Mike went to Fordham University. An unusual choice for a chubby Jew- ish boy, but Mike made the most of his Jesuit education. After two years, he transferred to New York Ranger School, for one year, and did his last year of uni- versity at Friends World College at Strathcona in 1972. His first degree was then from Fordham and later he got a Master's in International Development from York University. His first develop- ment job was in Mexico and then quickly transferred to running a logging/ community development program in New Guinea. Later, he was selected by C.A.R.E. to run the distribution of for- eign food aid in Ethiopia for 15 years. He was again promoted to be in charge of all Foreign Aid distribution in Bangla- desh. Today, he is the Vice President of C.A.R.E. living in Atlanta, Georgia. He married an Ethiopian beauty and has three children.
The fame and stories about Rewaldo are endless. Always pleasant and practical, never corrosive or even mildly upsetting: everyone loved Mike, including a list of the most delicious women ever to set foot on the property. Mike was an instructor, maintenance god, sage advisor, and good friend to everyone. He ran a marathon just to show he could do it. He was the main driver in the kayak trip up to Glacier Bay from Campbell River. In the grim dark days, Mike was a source of smiles and energy.


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Makes 6 servings
- 1/4 cup olive oil
- 1 teaspoon ground cumin
- 1 teaspoon ground black pepper
- 3/4 teaspoon salt
- 1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1 3 1/2-pound sirloin half leg of lamb, bone removed, fat trimmed, meat cut into 1 1/4- to 1 1/2-inch pieces
- 6 12-inch metal skewers
Whisk oil, cumin, pepper, salt and cinnamon in 13x9x2-inch glass baking dish. Add lamb to dish and toss to coat well with oil mixture. Let marinate at room temperature 1 hour or refrigerate 1 1/2 to 4 hours, tossing occasionally.
Prepare barbecue (medium heat) or preheat broiler. Thread lamb pieces onto skewers, dividing equally (about 5 pieces per skewer). Grill or broil lamb to desired doneness, turning occasionally, about 6 minutes for medium-rare.
my notes
recipe at a glance
main ingredients: Lamb, Cinnamon
cuisine: Middle Eastern
dietary considerations: Low Carb
holiday/celebration: Summer


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Boston, MA Omni Parker House September 3, 2014
Chicago, IL Four Seasons Hotel August 28, 2014
Dallas, TX Omni Dallas Hotel at Park West September 5, 2014
Denver, CO Ritz-Carlton Denver September 18, 2014
Los Angeles, CA Omni Los Angeles Hotel September 16, 2014
San Francisco, CA Parc 55 Wyndham Union Square August 26, 2014
Seattle, WA Motif Seattle (formerly Red Lion on Fifth Ave) September 10, 2014
Washington, DC Ritz-Carlton Pentagon City September 22, 2014
The brochure that is now available is from the 2014 program and is representative of the type of agenda that will be covered in 2015. The 2015 brochure will be available in June. 2015 locations and dates will be finalized in April.
In this one-day limited enrollment interactive Workshop, hear from ADA expert David Fram, as he focuses on critical ADA workplace developments, including significant court cases, EEOC's latest policies, and the latest developments flowing from the EEOC's 2011 Final Regulations on the ADA Amendments Act.July 14, 2014 - New EEOC Enforcement Guidance on the ADA and Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) released. We will be covering EEOC's expansive position on when pregnancy-related conditions will be considered ADA "disabilities," and the ADA's "reasonable accommodation" obligation relative to the PDA for many non-disabled pregnant employees.
Topics covered include who is a "qualified" individual with a "disability," conduct rules, "reasonable accommodation" requirements, and developments concerning medical examinations of applicants and incumbents, with an opening session highlighting the most common questions from human resources professionals and lawyers and "checklists" for analyzing and documenting ADA and Rehabilitation Act issues.
The past year was filled with dramatic ADA developments. Importantly, employers have been operating under the ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA), which vastly expanded the definition of what is a "disability" under federal law and greatly expanded those situations when an employer has "regarded" an individual as disabled.
Over the past year, courts have also refined, clarified, and, in some cases, provided entirely new and different approaches on the ADA's definitions and obligations in connection with the meaning of "qualified" and "reasonable accommodation." At this year's Workshop, we will be discussing hundreds of practical workplace issues, such as:
How supervisors and managers should be trained to avoid "regarding" an employee as disabled under the ADAAA; How employers should handle an employee request for an irritant-free or stress-free environment; Whether getting along with others is an essential function of jobs; How employers should deal with situations involving conflicting doctors' notes; How to deal with employees who have unreliable or unpredictable attendance, or who continually request extensions of leave; Practical issues concerning employees covered under both the ADA and the FMLA; Whether employers can safely give "accommodations" to employees who don't technically have disabilities or whether this sets up a "regarded as" case; Whether employers really must give accommodations such as non-competitive reassignment or work-at-home; and Whether conduct rules can be enforced if the employee allegedly broke the rule because of a disability. Participants will receive the 35th Edition of "Resolving ADA Workplace Questions," an unparalleled research and reference workbook. This Workshop will provide between 6.5-7.8 CLE / HRCI / CEU credit hours, depending upon the jurisdiction.
Early Registration Fee: $495.00 (Available until approximately 3 weeks prior to the seminar date; please consult brochure for exact date.)
Registration Fee: $545.00
The use of this seal is not an endorsement by HRCI of the quality of the program. It means that this
program has met HRCI's criteria to be pre-approved for recertification credit.


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[853] Re-Visiting the Use of Common Biomarkers in Cytogenetically Confirmed Subtypes of Renal Epithelial Neoplasia
Trevor Flood, Paola Dal Cin, Michelle S Hirsch. Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
Background: There is great variability in the reported protein expression patterns in renal epithelial neoplasms (RENs). One explanation is that newer REN subtypes, such as clear cell tubulopapillary renal cell carcinoma (CCTPRCC) and mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma (MTSCC), were misclassified as clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) and/or papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC), affecting the data. The goal of this study was to revisit the diagnostic utility of common antibodies in cytogenetically confirmed RENs to determine more accurate specificity, sensitivity, and clinical use of these markers.
Design: IHC with CK7, AMACR, and CD117 (cKIT) was performed on 100 RENs with classic confirmatory karyotypes, including 53 CCRCC with loss of chromosome 3p, 22 PRCC with trisomies 7 and 17, 9 chromophobe carcinomas (ChRCCs) with multiple monosomies, 5 oncocytomas (RO) with loss of chromosome 1, and 5 MTSCCs with specific monosomies. Additionally, 6 CCTPRCCs with classic morphologic features were evaluated. IHC staining of tumors were assessed independently and semi-quantitatively by 2 pathologists: 0 no reactivity; 1+ <10%; 2+ 11–25%; 3+ 26-50%; and 4+ >50%; a score of ≥2+ was considered a positive result.
Results: Rare cases of CCRCCs were positive for CK7 (6/53, two 3+, four 4+) and CD117 (1/53); whereas AMACR staining was present in 64% (34/53) of cases. Of the 6 CK7+ CCRCCs, 3 were AMACR positive and 3 were negative. Most PRCCs showed strong staining for CK7 (18/22) and AMACR (21/22) with few cases expressing CD117 (2/22). All CK7 negative PRCCs were of the 'type II' variant, were positive for AMACR, and negative for CD117. Approximately half of the ChRCCs were positive for CK7 (5/9) and CD117 (4/9) with AMACR usually absent (1/9 positive). All 5 ROs were negative for both CK7 and AMACR, but positive for CD117. CK7 and AMACR were positive in 2/5 and 4/5 MTSCCs, respectively; none were positive for CD117. All 6 CCTPRCCs were diffusely positive for CK7 and completely negative for AMACR.
Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first study that has determined the diagnostic value of certain IHC markers on cytogenetically confirmed subtypes of RENs. Overall the data shows that when morphologic findings in RENs overlap, variable expression patterns of CK7, AMACR and CD117 can be useful adjuncts. A CK7+/AMACR- finding is sensitive and specific for CCTPRCC (6/6, 100%) and argues against CCRCC (3/53, 6%) and PRCC (1/22). Additionally, the presence of CD117 can reliably help distinguish RO from PRCC and MTSCC, both of which can demonstrate onco1ytic features, but not from ChRCC.
Category: Genitourinary (including renal tumors)
Monday, March 19, 2012 9:15 AM
Platform Session: Section A, Monday Morning


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Corn Nuts is probably trademarked, but that's a great idea.
Printable View
or maybe "Mickey says Deck 6 is a magic place to be"
Or how about "Deck 6 Crew Rules" ?
Deck 6 is NOT in the mix!! :lol:
Bad pirate- no cookie
Get your kicks on Deck 6 or Deck 6 Magic Makers
I just read the following on the Deck 7 thread:
"In case you completed the on-line check-in prior to Feb 2, you may want to review it/edit it. I read a report on Passporter.com (Disney Begins Assigning Port Arrival Times - Disney Cruise Line News Bulletin from PassPorter.com) that DCL is now assigning a Port Arrival Time, and that you reserve it after completing on-line check-in. I had completed the on-line check-in, but couldn't find any reference on the DCL website about a Port Arrival Time.
I went back to the DCL on-line check-in website. Even though I had already completed the on-line check-in (and printed out the signature form), I thought I'd review it. Needless to say, all of a sudden I hadn't completed on-line check-in. I had to edit some of the data, and voila, there was the port arrival time selection. I had to print out the signature form again, and it has the Port Arrival Time on it. I was able to get 10:30-11:00 port arrival time. Everything else was after that."
I went into the online check-in and had the same experience, except that all the 10:30-11 spots have been snapped up. Everything after that was still open
Menus from the Platinum Castaway Club site
Royal Palace: Disney Cruise Line
Enchanted Garden: Disney Cruise Line
Animator's Palate: Disney Cruise Line
Pirate Night: Disney Cruise Line
Still looking for kids menus...


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Aphasia | |
Classification and external resources | |
DiseasesDB | 4024 |
MedlinePlus | 003204 |
eMedicine | neuro/437 |
MeSH | D001037 |
Dysphasia | |
Classification and external resources | |
Aphasia (/əˈfeɪʒə/, /əˈfeɪziə/ or /eɪˈfeɪziə/; from Greek a- ("without") + phásis (φάσις, "speech")) is an acquired language disorder caused by damage to the brain.[1][2] This class of language disorder ranges from having difficulty remembering words to losing the ability to speak, read, or write, but does not affect intelligence.[1] This also affects visual language such as sign language.[2]
Aphasia is usually caused by brain damage, most commonly caused by stroke.[3] Brain damage linked to aphasia can also be caused by other brain diseases, including cancer, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease.[4]
Acute aphasia disorders usually develop quickly as a result of head injury or stroke, and progressive forms of aphasia develop slowly from a brain tumor, infection, or dementia.[1][5][6] The area and extent of brain damage or atrophy will determine the type of aphasia and its symptoms. Aphasia types include expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, conduction aphasia, anomic aphasia, global aphasia, primary progressive aphasias and many others. Medical evaluations for the disorder range from clinical screenings by a neurologist to extensive tests by a speech-language pathologist or neuropsychologist.[1][5] Most acute aphasia patients can recover some or most skills by working with a speech-language pathologist. This rehabilitation can take two or more years and is most effective when begun quickly. Only a small minority will recover without therapy, such as those suffering a transient ischemic attack. Improvement varies widely, depending on the aphasia's cause, type, and severity. Recovery also depends on the patient's age, health, motivation, handedness, and educational level.[5] Therapy for aphasia ranges from increasing functional communication to improving speech accuracy, depending on the person's severity, needs and support of family and friends.[7]
The Third International Webster's Dictionary defines aphasia as: "The loss or impairment of the power to use words as symbols or ideas that results from a brain lesion." The word aphasia comes from the word ἀφασία aphasia, in Ancient Greek, which means[8] "speechlessness",[9] derived from ἄφατος aphatos, "speechless"[10] from ἀ- a-, "not, un" and φημί phemi, "I speak".
Classifying the various and differing subtypes of aphasia is difficult and has led to disagreements among experts. The localizationist model is the original model, but modern anatomical techniques and analyses have shown that precise connections between brain regions and symptom classification do not exist. The neural organization of language is complicated; language is a comprehensive and complex behavior and it makes sense that it is not the product of some small, circumscribed region of the brain.
No classification of patients in subtypes and groups of subtypes has proven fully adequate. Only about 60% of patients will fit in a classification scheme such as fluent/nonfluent/pure aphasias. There is a huge variation among patients with the same diagnosis, and aphasias can be highly selective. For instance, patients with naming deficits (anomic aphasia) might show an inability only for naming buildings, or people, or colors.[11]
Localizationist model[edit]
The localizationist model attempts to classify the aphasia by major characteristics and then link these to areas of the brain in which the damage has been caused.[12] The initial two categories here were devised by early neurologists working in the field, namely Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke. Other researchers have added to the model, resulting in it often being referred to as the "Boston-Neoclassical Model".
- Individuals with expressive aphasia (also called Broca's aphasia) were once thought to have frontal lobe damage, though more recent work by Nina Dronkers using imaging and 'lesion analysis' has revealed that patients with Expressive aphasia may be affected by having lesions in the medial insular cortex. Broca analysis did not study these lesions because his studies did not dissect the brains of diseased patients, and therefore only the more temporal damage was visible. In a somewhat informative and somewhat anecdotal imaging study, Dronkers and Odile Plaisant scanned the preserved brains of Broca's original patients' non-living brains using a non-invasive MRI scanner to re-examine the precise location of the brain injury being studied.[13] Damage to a region of the motor association cortex in the left frontal lobe (Broca's area) is associated with disruption to the ability to speak.[14] Individuals with Expressive aphasia often have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and leg, because the frontal lobe is also important for body movement.
- In contrast to Expressive aphasia, damage to the temporal lobe may result in a fluent aphasia that is called receptive aphasia (also known as Sensory aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia). Patients suffering from receptive aphasia, unlike Broca's aphasia patients, produce speech without any grammatical problem. However, because the Wernicke's area, which is responsible for language comprehension, is damaged, receptive aphasia patients cannot convey the meaning. These individuals usually have no body weakness, because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement. Both expressive aphasia and/or receptive aphasia may be accompanied by alexia (see also dyslexia), which is the acquired inability to produce (expressive aphasia) and/or comprehend (receptive aphasia) spoken language. Alexia can also co-occur with agraphia, the specific loss of the ability to produce written language even when the necessary motor skills seem to be intact.
- Working from Wernicke's model of aphasia, Ludwig Lichtheim proposed five other types of aphasia, but these were not tested against real patients until modern imaging made more in-depth studies available. Five other types of aphasia in the localizationist model can be identified as:
- Auditory verbal agnosia (also known as Pure Word Deafness)
- Conduction aphasia
- Apraxia of speech (now considered a separate disorder in itself)
- Transcortical motor aphasia (also known as Adynamic aphasia and Extrasylvian motor aphasia)
- Transcortical sensory aphasia
- Anomic aphasia, also known as anomia or dysnomia, is another type of aphasia proposed under what is commonly known as the Boston-Neoclassical model, which, in essence, is a difficulty with naming. Its important to remember that some level of anomia is seen in all off the aphasias. A person with anomic aphasia knows what they want to communicate but cannot find the appropriate words to do so.
- Global aphasia, results from damage to extensive portions of the perisylvian region of the brain. An individual with global aphasia will have difficulty understanding both spoken and written language and will also have difficulty speaking. This is a severe type of aphasia that makes it quite difficult when communicating with the individual.[15] More often times than not, the individual who has global aphasia can say only a few words or perseverate one familiar word. This means that the client repeatedly says the same word no matter the question or context. < Manasco, Hunter M. 2014. Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Chapter 4 The Aphasias. pg 73.>
- Isolation aphasia, sometimes known as mixed transcortical aphasia or semantic transcortical aphasia,[16] is a type of disturbance in language skill that causes the inability to comprehend what is being said to you or the difficulty in creating speech with meaning without affecting the ability to recite what has been said and to acquire newly presented words. This type of aphasia is caused by brain damage that isolates the parts of the brain from other parts of the brain that are in charge of speech.[17] The brain damages are caused to left temporal/parietal cortex that spares the Wernicke's area. Isolation aphasia patients can repeat what other people say, thus they do recognize words, but they can't comprehend the meaning of what they are hearing and repeating, and cannot produce meaningful speech of their own.[17]
Progressive aphasias[edit]
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is associated with progressive illnesses or dementia, such as frontotemporal dementia / Pick Complex Motor neuron disease, Progressive supranuclear palsy, and Alzheimer's disease, which is the gradual process of progressively losing the ability to think. It is characterized by the gradual loss of the ability to name objects. People suffering from PPA may have difficulties comprehending what others are saying. They can also have difficulty trying to find the right words to make a sentence.[18][19][20] There are three classifications of Primary Progressive Aphasia : Progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA), Semantic Dementia (SD), and Logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA)[20][21]
Progressive Jargon Aphasia is a fluent or receptive aphasia in which the patient's speech is incomprehensible, but appears to make sense to them. Speech is fluent and effortless with intact syntax and grammar, but the patient has problems with the selection of nouns. Either they will replace the desired word with another that sounds or looks like the original one or has some other connection or they will replace it with sounds. As such, patients with jargon aphasia often use neologisms, and may perseverate if they try to replace the words they cannot find with sounds. Substitutions commonly involve picking another (actual) word starting with the same sound (e.g., clocktower - colander), picking another semantically related to the first (e.g., letter - scroll), or picking one phonetically similar to the intended one (e.g., lane - late).
Tripartite classification[edit]
The different types of aphasia can be divided into three categories: fluent, non-fluent, and "pure" aphasias.[22]
- Receptive aphasias, also called fluent aphasias, are impairments related mostly to the input or reception of language, with difficulties either in auditory verbal comprehension or in the repetition of words, phrases, or sentences spoken by others. Speech is easy and fluent, but there are difficulties related to the output of language as well, such as paraphasia. Examples of fluent aphasias are: Receptive aphasia, Transcortical sensory aphasia, Conduction aphasia, Anomic aphasia[22]
- Expressive aphasias, also called nonfluent aphasias, are difficulties in articulating, but in most cases there is relatively good auditory verbal comprehension. Examples of nonfluent aphasias are: Expressive aphasia, Transcortical motor aphasia, Global aphasia[22]
- "Pure" aphasias are selective impairments in reading, writing, or the recognition of words. These disorders may be quite selective. For example, a person is able to read but not write, or is able to write but not read. Examples of pure aphasias are: Pure alexia, Agraphia, Auditory verbal agnosia[22] In some occurrences, an individual with receptive aphasia will also have problems with understanding written text.[23]
Primary and secondary cognitive processes[edit]
Aphasias can be divided into primary and secondary cognitive processes.
- Primary aphasia is due to problems with cognitive language-processing mechanisms, which can include: Transcortical sensory aphasia, Semantic Dementia, Apraxia of speech, Progressive nonfluent aphasia, and Expressive aphasia
- Secondary aphasia is the result of other problems, like memory impairments, attention disorders, or perceptual problems, which can include: Transcortical motor aphasia, Dynamic aphasia, Anomic aphasia, Receptive aphasia, Progressive jargon aphasia, Conduction aphasia, and Dysarthria.[24]
Cognitive neuropsychological model[edit]
Several neuropsychological models of aphasia have been introduced since Alexander Luria's seminal book in the 1960s titled Higher Cortical Functions in Man. The cognitive neuropsychological model of Max Coltheart builds on cognitive neuropsychology. It assumes that language processing can be broken down into a number of modules, each of which with a specific function.[25] Hence, there is a module that recognises phonemes as they are spoken and a module that stores formulated phonemes before they are spoken. In the clinical setting, use of this model involves conducting a battery of assessments (usually from the PALPA, the "psycholinguistic assessment of language processing in adult acquired aphasia ... that can be tailored to the investigation of an individual patient's impaired and intact abilities" [26]), each of which tests one or a number of these modules. Once a diagnosis is reached as to where the impairment lies, therapy can proceed to treat the individual module.
Deaf aphasia[edit]
There have been many instances showing that there is a form of aphasia among deaf individuals. Sign language is, after all, a form of communication that has been shown to use the same areas of the brain as verbal forms of communication. Mirror neurons become activated when an animal is acting in a particular way or watching another individual act in the same manner. These mirror neurons are important in giving an individual the ability to mimic movements of hands. Broca's area of speech production has been shown to contain several of these mirror neurons resulting in significant similarities of brain activity between sign language and vocal speech communication. Facial communication is a significant portion of how animals interact with each other. Humans use facial movements to create, what other humans perceive, to be faces of emotions. While combining these facials movements with speech, a more full form of language is created which enables the species to interact with a much more complex and detailed form of communication. Sign language also uses these facial movements and emotions along with the primary hand movement way of communicating. These facial movement forms of communication come from the same areas of the brain. When dealing with damages to certain areas of the brain, vocal forms of communication are in jeopardy of severe forms of aphasia. Since these same areas of the brain are being used for sign language, these same, at least very similar, forms of aphasia can show in the Deaf community. Individuals can show a form of Wernicke's aphasia with sign language and they show deficits in their abilities in being able to produce any form of expressions. Broca's aphasia shows up in some patients, as well. These individuals find tremendous difficulty in being able to actually sign the linguistic concepts they are trying to express.[27]
Signs and symptoms[edit]
People with aphasia may experience any of the following behaviors due to an acquired brain injury, although some of these symptoms may be due to related or concomitant problems such as dysarthria or apraxia and not primarily due to aphasia. Aphasia symptoms can vary based on the location of damage in the brain. Signs and symptoms may or may not be present in individuals with aphasia and may vary in severity and level of disruption to communication.[28] Often those with aphasia will try to hide their inability to name objects by using words like thing. So when asked to name a pencil they may say its a thing used to write.[29]
- inability to comprehend language
- inability to pronounce, not due to muscle paralysis or weakness
- inability to speak spontaneously
- inability to form words
- inability to name objects (anomia)
- poor enunciation
- excessive creation and use of personal neologisms
- inability to repeat a phrase
- persistent repetition of one syllable, word, or phrase (stereotypies)
- paraphasia (substituting letters, syllables or words)
- agrammatism (inability to speak in a grammatically correct fashion)
- dysprosody (alterations in inflexion, stress, and rhythm)
- incomplete sentences
- inability to read
- inability to write
- limited verbal output
- difficulty in naming
- speech disorder
- Speaking gibberish
- inability to follow or understand simple requests
Acute aphasias
The following table summarizes some major characteristics of different acute aphasias:
Type of aphasia | Repetition | Naming | Auditory comprehension | Fluency |
Receptive aphasia | mild–mod | mild–severe | defective | fluent paraphasic |
Transcortical sensory aphasia | good | mod–severe | poor | fluent |
Conduction aphasia | poor | mild | relatively good | fluent |
Anomic aphasia | mild | mod–severe | mild | fluent |
Expressive aphasia | mod–severe | mod–severe | mild difficulty | non-fluent, effortful, slow |
Transcortical motor aphasia | good | mild–severe | relatively good | non-fluent |
Global aphasia | poor | poor | poor | non-fluent |
Mixed transcortical aphasia | moderate | poor | poor | non-fluent |
- Individuals with Receptive aphasia may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new "words" (neologisms). For example, someone with Receptive aphasia may say, "You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before", meaning "The dog needs to go out so I will take him for a walk". They have poor auditory and reading comprehension, and fluent, but nonsensical, oral and written expression. Individuals with Receptive aphasia usually have great difficulty understanding the speech of both themselves and others and are, therefore, often unaware of their mistakes. Receptive language deficits usually arise form lesions in the posterior portion of the left hemisphere at or near Wernicke's area.[30]
- Individuals with Transcortical sensory aphasia, in principle the most general and potentially among the most complex forms of aphasia, may have similar deficits as in Receptive aphasia, but their repetition ability may remain intact.
- Individuals with Conduction aphasia have deficits in the connections between the speech-comprehension and speech-production areas. This might be caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus, the structure that transmits information between Wernicke's area and Broca's area. Similar symptoms, however, can be present after damage to the insula or to the auditory cortex. Auditory comprehension is near normal, and oral expression is fluent with occasional paraphasic errors. Repetition ability is poor.
- Individuals with Anomic aphasia have difficulty with naming. The patients may have difficulties naming certain words, linked by their grammatical type (e.g., difficulty naming verbs and not nouns) or by their semantic category (e.g., difficulty naming words relating to photography but nothing else) or a more general naming difficulty. Patients tend to produce grammatic, yet empty, speech. Auditory comprehension tends to be preserved.[citation needed] Anomic aphasia is the aphasia presentation of tumors in the language zone; it is the aphasia presentation of Alzheimer's disease.[31]
- Individuals with Expressive aphasia frequently speak short, meaningful phrases that are produced with great effort. Expressive aphasia is thus characterized as a nonfluent aphasia. Affected people often omit small words such as "is", "and", and "the". For example, a person with Expressive aphasia may say, "Walk dog," which could mean "I will take the dog for a walk", "You take the dog for a walk" or even "The dog walked out of the yard". Individuals with Expressive aphasia are able to understand the speech of others to varying degrees. Because of this, they are often aware of their difficulties and can become easily frustrated by their speaking problems.
- Individuals with Transcortical motor aphasia have similar deficits as Expressive aphasia, except repetition ability remains intact. Auditory comprehension is generally fine for simple conversations, but declines rapidly for more complex conversations. It is associated with right hemiparesis, meaning that there can be paralysis of the patient's right face and arm.
- Individuals with Global aphasia have severe communication difficulties and will be extremely limited in their ability to speak or comprehend language. They may be totally nonverbal, and/or use only facial expressions and gestures to communicate. It is associated with right hemiparesis, meaning that there can be paralysis of the patient's right face and arm.
- Individuals with Mixed transcortical aphasia have similar deficits as in global aphasia, but repetition ability remains intact.
Subcortical aphasias
- Subcortical aphasias Characteristics and symptoms depend upon the site and size of subcortical lesion. Possible sites of lesions include the thalamus, internal capsule, and basal ganglia.
Aphasia usually results from lesions to the language-relevant areas of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes of the brain, such as Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and the neural pathways between them. These areas are almost always located in the left hemisphere, and in most people this is where the ability to produce and comprehend language is found. However, in a very small number of people, language ability is found in the right hemisphere. In either case, damage to these language areas can be caused by a stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other brain injury.
Aphasia may also develop slowly, as in the case of a brain tumor or progressive neurological disease, e.g., Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. It may also be caused by a sudden hemorrhagic event within the brain. Certain chronic neurological disorders, such as epilepsy or migraine, can also include transient aphasia as a prodromal or episodic symptom.[32]
Aphasia can result from herpesviral encephalitis.[33] The herpes simplex virus affects the frontal and temporal lobes, subcortical structures, and the hippocampal tissue, which can trigger aphasia.[34]
Aphasia is also listed as a rare side-effect of the fentanyl patch, an opioid used to control chronic pain.[35][36] Adverse side effects including chronic aphasia can be caused by cortico-steroids.[citation needed]
There is no one treatment proven to be effective for all types of aphasias. The reason that there is no universal treatment for aphasia is because of the nature of the disorder and the various ways it is presented, as explained in the above sections. Aphasia is rarely exhibited identically, implying that treatment needs to be catered specifically to the individual. Studies have shown that, although there is no consistency on treatment methodology in literature, there is a strong indication that treatment in general has positive outcomes.[37]
After the onset of Aphasia, there is approximately a six-month period of spontaneous recovery. During this time, the brain is attempting to recover and repair the damaged neurons. Therapy for Aphasia during this time facilitates an even greater level of recovery than if no intervention was given at this time.[38]
A multi-disciplinary team, including doctors (often a physician is involved, but more likely a clinical neuropsychologist will head the treatment team), physiotherapist, occupational therapist, speech-language pathologist, and social worker, works together in treating aphasia. For the most part, treatment relies heavily on repetition and aims to address language performance by working on task-specific skills. The primary goal is to help the individual and those closest to them adjust to changes and limitations in communication.[37]
Treatment techniques mostly fall under two approaches:
- Substitute Skill Model - an approach that uses an aid to help with spoken language, i.e. a writing board
- Direct Treatment Model - an approach that targets deficits with specific exercises[37]
Several treatment techniques include the following:
- Visual Communication Therapy (VIC) - the use of index cards with symbols to represent various components of speech
- Visual Action Therapy (VAT) - involves training individuals to assign specific gestures for certain objects
- Functional Communication Treatment (FCT) - focuses on improving activities specific to functional tasks, social interaction, and self-expression
- Promoting Aphasic's Communicative Effectiveness (PACE) - a means of encouraging normal interaction between patients and clinicians. In this kind of therapy the focus is on pragmatic communication rather than treatment itself. Patients are asked to communicate a given message to their therapists by means of drawing, making hand gestures or even pointing to an object.[39]
- Melodic intonation therapy (MIT) - uses the intact melodic/prosodic processing skills of the right hemisphere to help cue retrieval of words and expressive language [40]
- Other - i.e. drawing as a way of communicating, trained conversation partners[37]
More recently, computer technology has been incorporated into treatment options. A key indication for good prognosis is treatment intensity. A minimum of two–three hours per week has been specified to produce positive results.[41] The main advantage of using computers is that it can greatly increase intensity of therapy. These programs consist of a large variety of exercises and can be done at home in addition to face-to-face treatment with a therapist. However, since aphasia presents differently among individuals, these programs must be dynamic and flexible in order to adapt to the variability in impairments. Another barrier is the capability of computer programs to imitate normal speech and keep up with the speed of regular conversation. Therefore, computer technology seems to be limited in a communicative setting, however is effective in producing improvements in communication training.[41]
Several examples of programs used are StepByStep, Lingraphica, Computer-Based Visual Communication (C-VIC), TouchSpeak (TS), and Sentence Shaper.[41]
Melodic intonation therapy is often used to treat non-fluent aphasia and has proved to be very effective in some cases.[42] MIT is used to help people with aphasia vocalize themselves through speech song which is then transferred as a spoken word. Good candidates for this therapy include left hemisphere stroke patients, non-fluent aphasias such as Broca's, good auditory comprehension, poor repetition and articulation, and good emotional stability and memory.[43] It has been hypothesized that MIT is effective because prosody and singing is located within the right hemisphere; it is these right hemisphere language areas that are recruited for normal speech production.[44]
The first recorded case of aphasia is from an Egyptian papyrus, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, which details speech problems in a person with a traumatic brain injury to the temporal lobe.[45] During the second half of the 19th century, Aphasia was a major focus for scientists and philosophers who were working in the beginning stages in the field of psychology.[2]
Following are some precautions that should be taken to avoid aphasia, by decreasing the risk of stroke, the main cause of aphasia:
- Exercising regularly
- Eating a healthy diet
- Keeping alcohol consumption low and avoiding tobacco use
- Controlling blood pressure[8]
Notable cases[edit]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b c d "American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA):- Aphasia".
- ^ a b c Damasio, A.R. (February 1992). "Aphasia.". N Engl J Med 326 (8): 531–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199202203260806. PMID 1732792.
- ^ Manasco, M.H. (2014). Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
- ^ Carenotes, "General Information: Aphasia", Truven Health Analytics Inc., 2012 (subscription required)
- ^ a b c "Aphasia". MedicineNet.com. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
- ^ Budd, M.A.; Kortte, K.; Cloutman, L.; et al. (September 2010). "The nature of naming errors in primary progressive aphasia versus acute post-stroke aphasia". Neuropsychology 24 (5): 581–9. doi:10.1037/a0020287. PMC 3085899. PMID 20804246.
- ^ http://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589934663§ion=Treatment
- ^ a b What Is Aphasia? What Causes Aphasia?
- ^ ἀφασία, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus.
- ^ ἄφατος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus.
- ^ Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (2003). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. [New York]: Worth. pp. 502, 505, 511. ISBN 0-7167-5300-6. OCLC 464808209.
- ^ Kennison, Shelia (2013). Introduction to language development. Los Angeles: Sage.
- ^ Dronkers NF, Plaisant O, Iba-Zizen MT, Cabanis EA (May 2007). "Paul Broca's historic cases: high resolution MR imaging of the brains of Leborgne and Lelong". Brain 130 (Pt 5): 1432–41. doi:10.1093/brain/awm042. PMID 17405763.
- ^ Masdeu, Joseph (June 2000). "Aphasia". Archives of Neurology 57 (6). doi:10.1001/archneur.57.6.892.
- ^ Sarno, Martha Taylor (2007). "Neurogenic disorders of speech and language.". In Thomas J Schmitz, Susan B. O'Sullivan,. Neurogenic disorders of speech and language. Physical rehabilitation (5 ed.) (Philadelphia: F.A. Davis). ISBN 0-8036-1247-8. OCLC 70119705.
- ^ Neurolinguistic Aphasia, Alexander Luria, Wlater de Gruyet Press, reprinted 2010.
- ^ a b Carlson, Neil (2007). Psychology the Science of Behaviour. Toronto: Pearson. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-205-64524-4.
- ^ Mesulam MM (April 2001). "Primary progressive aphasia". Ann. Neurol. 49 (4): 425–32. doi:10.1002/ana.91. PMID 11310619.
- ^ Wilson SM, Henry ML, Besbris M, et al. (July 2010). "Connected speech production in three variants of primary progressive aphasia". Brain 133 (Pt 7): 2069–88. doi:10.1093/brain/awq129. PMC 2892940. PMID 20542982.
- ^ a b Harciarek M, Kertesz A (September 2011). "Primary progressive aphasias and their contribution to the contemporary knowledge about the brain-language relationship". Neuropsychol Rev 21 (3): 271–87. doi:10.1007/s11065-011-9175-9. PMC 3158975. PMID 21809067.
- ^ Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, et al. (March 2011). "Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants". Neurology 76 (11): 1006–14. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821103e6. PMC 3059138. PMID 21325651.
- ^ a b c d Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (2003). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. [New York]: Worth. pp. 502–504. ISBN 0-7167-5300-6. OCLC 464808209.
- ^ "Manasco 2014">Manasco, M. Hunter (2014). Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1-4496-5244-9.
- ^ Rohrer JD, Knight WD, Warren JE, Fox NC, Rossor MN, Warren JD (January 2008). "Word-finding difficulty: a clinical analysis of the progressive aphasias". Brain 131 (Pt 1): 8–38. doi:10.1093/brain/awm251. PMC 2373641. PMID 17947337.
- ^ Luria's Areas of the Human Cortex Involved in Language Illustrated summary of Luria's book Traumatic Aphasia
- ^ Coltheart, Max; Kay, Janice; Lesser, Ruth (1992). PALPA psycholinguistic assessments of language processing in aphasia. Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-86377-166-1.
- ^ Carlson, Neil (2013). Physiology of Behavior. New York: Pearson. pp. 494–496.
- ^ American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (1997-2014)
- ^ Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2014). Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders. In Abnormal Psychology (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
- ^ Manasco, Hunter (2014). Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 71.
- ^ Alexander, Michael P; Hillis, Argye E. (2008). Georg Goldenberg; Bruce L Miller; Michael J Aminoff; Francois Boller; D F Swaab, ed. Aphasia. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 88 (1 ed.). pp. 287–310. doi:10.1016/S0072-9752(07)88014-6. ISBN 9780444518972. OCLC 733092630.
- ^ Quigg M, Fountain NB (March 1999). "Conduction aphasia elicited by stimulation of the left posterior superior temporal gyrus". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 66 (3): 393–6. doi:10.1136/jnnp.66.3.393. PMC 1736266. PMID 10084542.
- ^ Soares-Ishigaki, EC.; Cera, ML.; Pieri, A.; Ortiz, KZ. (2012). "Aphasia and herpes virus encephalitis: a case study". Sao Paulo Med J 130 (5): 336–41. doi:10.1590/S1516-31802012000500011. PMID 23174874.
- ^ Naudé, H; Pretorius, E. (3 Jun 2010). "Can herpes simplex virus encephalitis cause aphasia?". Early Child Development and Care 173 (6): 669–679. doi:10.1080/0300443032000088285. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
- ^ "Fentanyl Transdermal Official FDA information, side effects and uses". Drug Information Online.
- ^ "FENTANYL TRANSDERMAL SYSTEM patch, extended release". DailyMed. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
- ^ a b c d Schmitz, Thomas J.; O'Sullivan, Susan B. (2007). Physical rehabilitation. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. ISBN 0-8036-1247-8. OCLC 70119705.
- ^ Manasco, M. Hunter (2014). Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1-4496-5244-9.
- ^ Alexander, Michael P; Hillis, Argye E (2008). "Aphasia". In Georg Goldenberg; Bruce L Miller; Michael J Aminoff; Francois Boller; D F Swaab. Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology: Handbook of Clinical Neurology 88. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 287–310. ISBN 978-0-444-51897-2. OCLC 733092630.
- ^ Manasco, Hunter. "The Aphasias". Introduction to Neurogenic Communcation Disorders. p. 93.
- ^ a b c van de Sandt-Koenderman WM (February 2011). "Aphasia rehabilitation and the role of computer technology: can we keep up with modern times?". Int J Speech Lang Pathol 13 (1): 21–7. doi:10.3109/17549507.2010.502973. PMID 21329407.
- ^ Norton A, Zipse L, Marchina S, Schlaug G (July 2009). "Melodic intonation therapy: shared insights on how it is done and why it might help". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1169: 431–6. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04859.x. PMC 2780359. PMID 19673819.
- ^ van der Meulen, I; van de Sandt-Koenderman, ME; Ribbers, GM (January 2012). "Melodic Intonation Therapy: present controversies and future opportunities.". Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 93 (1 Suppl): S46–52. PMID 22202191.
- ^ http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00903266
- ^ McCrory PR, Berkovic SF (December 2001). "Concussion: the history of clinical and pathophysiological concepts and misconceptions". Neurology 57 (12): 2283–9. doi:10.1212/WNL.57.12.2283. PMID 11756611.
- ^ Richardson, Robert G. (1995). Emerson: the mind on fire: a biography. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08808-5. OCLC 31206668.
- McGowan, Jennifer (February 2012). "Aphasia". American Journal of Nursing 112: 49.
External links[edit]
Look up aphasia or aphemia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Aphasia at DMOZ
- Luria's Areas of the Human Cortex Involved in Language Illustrated summary of Luria's book Traumatic Aphasia
- Video clips showing patients with Expressive-type aphasia
- A video clip with a patient exhibiting Receptive aphasia


text:
Summary: Updated and substantially revised, the Second Edition of Aging and Older Adulthood reflects the most current scientific research and theoretical foundations that contribute to our understanding of aging and older adulthood. Updated content and references include recent neurological findings on brain structure and functioning as well as factors that influence cognitive functioning, health care, decision making, and social relationships Chapter opening vignettes engage students with r ...show moreeal world illustrations of older adults, which relate to the concepts to come Applying Research Boxes offer examples of current research findings that can be applied to the everyday lives of older adults Understanding Aging boxes highlight phenomena such as ''sundown syndrome'' and ''end-of-life desires,'' which provide a deeper insight into the aging process Integrated themes of diversity, environmental influences on aging, and applications to everyday life relate the story of aging more directly to key concepts New Chapter 13 explores what older adulthood may look like in the future and ties together the author's theoretical framework with views on positive aging New Questions to Consider at the end of each chapter stimulate readers to think about how the information in the chapter relates to them personally ...show less
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100 Swagstakes Winner – 12/13
by TSG on Sun, December 13th, 2009 at 6:01 pm
Sundays are great to unwind, relax, go out with friends or family, catch up on things or you know…search…and win Swag Bucks. Every Sunday around here, one Swaggernaut wins 100 Swag Bucks. You can have your shot to win 100 Swag Bucks by entering the 100 Swagstakes at entries starting at just 1 Swag Buck.
James G. of Columbus, MS is this week's winner of 100 Swag Bucks! James entered the 100 Swagstakes and because of that, he's got 100 more Swag Bucks than he did at the start of today. THAT COULD BE YOU!
For your chance at this, enter here. TSG announces the winner on this blog every Sunday.
You never know…next Sunday could be your lucky day…


text:
In his roles as COO/Principal at Webimax, Kevin is responsible for the company's overall operation including staff management, financial growth and business development.
In addition to his roles at WebiMax, Kevin is a principal and co-founder of Kalimex Inc. a general construction company based in Ocean View, New Jersey. Kevin began Kalimex as a startup and grew it to revenues of $20 million annually. Kalimex has successfully executed several high profile projects including the project to reopen the Statue of Liberty for the first time since 9/11.
Based primarily for his work on the Statue, Kalimex was awarded the prestigious honor of the Small Business Administration's 2010 National Prime Contractor of the Year, and had the outstanding privilege of meeting President Barrack Obama upon receiving the award.
Kalimex recently completed renovations on the Vanderbilt Mansion in New York for the National Park Service and many other notable projects for various agencies serving both our Armed Forces and our citizens.
Kevin received a bachelor's degree in Aerospace Engineering from Boston University. Kevin was previous employed by Corrpro Companies as a research engineer.


text:
NEW YORK, January 13, 2013 — Kermit the Frog was correct: "It's not easy being green…"
An investor group including Albert Arnold Gore, Jr. has sold cable channel Current TV to Al-Jazeera, a media company funded by the nation of Qatar that has been ruled by the Al-Thani family since 1825.
At first glance, Al Gore's sudden leap up the economic food chain into rarefied air reeks merely of hypocrisy and shameless opportunism. Not that the former Vice President of the United States has never even flirted with joining the underclass, but now he can live large like a pasha on his sprawling Santa Barbara estate.
Is the sale of an unremarkable media property for an estimated $ 500 million a simple case of "greed trumps green"?
Or, is there a much more disturbing and dangerous side to this story?
Why has a man perched so securely on the moral high ground of environmental purity taken blood money from a world scale polluter?
Why has a foreign news organization sunk hundreds of millions into a black hole start-up based in the United States, when storied competitors such as The New York Times, the major television networks and even News Corp. are struggling to wring cash returns from suites of better-positioned media properties?
Inconvenient questions like these are grist for the business sections of newspapers and magazines. Meanwhile, pundits and comics are rightfully roasting Al Gore for putting a price on environmental sanctimony. Salons are atwitter. Fellow Nobel Laureates are aghast. Michael Moore should be baying at the moon.
Doing the Right Thing?
On January 10, 2013, Jon Stewart was quick to skewer Al Gore (video). Stewart was more than willing to call out the manifest hypocrisy involved in preaching against man-made environmental damage while accepting filthy lucre from tycoons whose fortunes are soaked in oil and smell of clean-burning natural gas.
In fairness to Sheikh Al, few moths who flit with power in Washington, D.C. resist the temptation to profit from their political experience after leaving office.
Public servants in both parties have figured out the newest "Great Game"—spend time losing money in a senior government position and the world later opens up its oysters.
Ronald Reagan unwisely accepted $2 million to speak to Japanese audiences in 1989, when Japan still was rising and seemed to pose a threat to "the business of America".
George H.W. Bush and some of his political advisors were instrumental in spawning The Carlyle Group, an immensely successful investment firm that is peopled with an intoxifying mixture of government-trained folk and investment wizards and closely tied to Saudi Arabia.
Bill and Hillary Clinton arrived in Washington, DC in 2001 with little to show for their service to the state of Arkansas. Now these remarkable public servants divide their time between two mansions and sit atop a vast fortune.
George W. Bush had a checkered career in business before his time in elective politics. The mainstream media sniffed around the edges of his time with Harken Energy, but did not look closely enough at the terms he received for selling Spectrum 7. They did not find out his role in sourcing investors with Middle Eastern connections or identify the true origin of their funds. Most important, the mainstream media failed to look carefully enough at how George W. Bush funded his fortunate investment in the Texas Rangers.
President Obama is already financially set for life at the tender age of 51. Media barons and public demand for his written, spoken and visual offerings explain the bulk of his financial success.
What is wrong with politicians achieving commercial success after they leave public office?
Some American politicians refrain from trafficking in their public service. Say what you want about Jimmy Carter, but you cannot fairly accuse him of trying to profit personally in his post-Presidential career. There is no "Rabbit Repellent" with his name on it sold in the wee hours and "not available in any store". Carter builds homes, monitors elections, and works tirelessly at his Institute.
The business of America is no longer "business"—instead, the business of America has evolved to become "government". In 2013, our Federal government is a vast enterprise that contracts with entities almost everywhere. Contacts, information, and access gained in government service have immense commercial and strategic value.
Since 2007 when the Federal government acquired control and greater influence over a raft of businesses, the potential for unprincipled domestic interests and competing foreign powers to "purchase" politicians has only magnified.
How does one separate honorable behavior from conduct unbecoming a holder of high political office? The answer is simple: distinguish "right" from "wrong".
Secular Nation-States in the Balance
Though Al Gore and his fellow investors may choose to ignore it, many Americans are still dying in service to our country.
In its English language offering, Al-Jazeera has taken steps to approach noteworthy standards of professionalism. However, the most popular among its core Arabic language shows seems to feature delusional ravings of Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi. On January 28, 2009, al-Qaradawi had this to say:
"Throughout history, Allah has imposed upon the Jews people who would punish them for their corruption…the last punishment was carried out by [Adolf] Hitler, by means of all the things he did to them—even though they exaggerated this issue—he managed to put them in their place. This was divine punishment for them. Allah willing, the next time will be at the hand of the believers."
Glenn Beck is beyond the pale but al-Qaradawi and his cohorts are fine, upstanding business partners?
Al-Jazeera is not News Corporation. Al-Jazeera is funded by a Government and has celebrated vile acts of our avowed enemies. Al Gore and his colleagues should know much better.
Lost in Translation
Sun Tzu noted in The Art of War:
"If you know your enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the results of a hundred battles".
In January 2013, only a brave, informed person would suggest that America truly knows herself. This country is divided in profound ways on numerous domestic issues. Almost 12 years into a War against "Terror", most Americans have trouble identifying the "Enemy" and even more trouble defining what ultimately will constitute "Victory" and "Peace".
For centuries, city-states and nation-states have struggled to reconcile practical local governance realities with religious tenets that can conflict. In America, we created a nation of laws, under God, where each of us remains free to worship as we each choose. There are numerous other governance approaches, some of which should chill the blood of the vast majority of Americans.
Great classics offer profound inspiration. Is it possible that a scene from Caddyshack may suggest a way to tamp down the brutal, ongoing conflict centered in the Middle East and involving extreme religious views?
If you cannot howl with laughter when Bill Murray thinks head greens keeper McVittish wants him to "kill all the golfers" at Bushwood Country Club to solve a vexing varmint problem, you are beyond hope.
Those of us who understand English start with a major disadvantage when we try to appreciate the religious teachings of Islam. One reference source is N.J. Dawood's translation of The Koran, published in 1989 by Penguin Books. A representative of the Council on American Islamic Relations assured me that Dawood's translation is "authentic", but it is certainly possible that important meanings are muddled somewhere between the original Arabic and modern English.
The Dawood translation begins by stating "This book is not to be doubted". Allah is described in terms that richly define the concept of being "all powerful". As in other religious texts, rules are made plain for all humans to heed or flout and then suffer grievous punishment. In many places, the English translation appears to exhort followers of Islam to kill "Unbelievers".
Why would an all-powerful God imbue humans with freedom of choice and then empower one group of humans to execute those who fail to follow instructions that are set down in only one language of the many available?
The Old and New Testaments are filled with violent exhortations. Time, civilization, and appreciation for wisdom found in surprising places has tempered much over centuries.
Nothing touched by man approaches perfection. This truth was well known by natives here in America, long before first visitors arrived from Europe. Perhaps peace can only come once all major religions and their followers reject the use of force to settle most differences.
National leaders will say and carry out crazy things.
One could hope that Nobel Peace Laureate Al Gore would appreciate inconvenient truths concerning Al-Jazeera and the glorification of militant Islam.
This article is the copyrighted property of the writer and Communities @ WashingtonTimes.com. Written permission must be obtained before reprint in online or print media. REPRINTING TWTC CONTENT WITHOUT PERMISSION AND/OR PAYMENT IS THEFT AND PUNISHABLE BY LAW.


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Tue, May 21, 13 at 2:18
I have ordered rare varieties of apples last fall for custom grafting, it was a huge disappointment not to get Abbondanza, Hokuto, Sinta, Pinata (Sonata), Tsugaru, Hawaii, My Jewel, Zuccalmaglio's Reinette, Howgate Wonder and Senshu. If someone has any wood left or budwood coming of the listed varieties, please contact me eagle3 at bresnan dot net I have over 400 varieties of fruit and nut trees. |
Follow-Up Postings:
Several of those are on my list too. I did graft Abbondanza this spring, and may have some available if it does well. I'm going to try to organize a scion exchange in the Denver area next year if you (or anyone) is interested. Andy |
- Posted by milehighgirl CO USDA 5B/Sunset 2B (My Page) on Fri, May 24, 13 at 1:45
Count me in. |
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text:
found a new home!
Plenty of my friends are looking
for one too. Find a pet to adopt.
Find a pet to adopt |
My name is Chevy - PENDING, in Maine!
Facts about Chevy - PENDING, in Maine
- Breed: Labrador Retriever/Terrier (Unknown Type, Medium) Mix
- Color: Red/Golden/Orange/Chestnut - With White
- Age: Young
- Size: Med. 26-60 lbs (12-27 kg)
- Sex: Male
Chevy - PENDING, in Maine's Info...
I am already neutered, up to date with shots, good with kids, good with dogs, and good with cats.
Chevy is a 37 lb mixed breed dog. Our best guess is lab/terrier - those long legs might be collie or coonhound too!
Poor babe Chevy has been through so much in his 1.5 years of life! He was taken in a cruelty case by one of our southern partner shelters and they got him fattened up, socialized and happy. He was adopted out but got hurt by another dog and the owners couldn't afford to take him to the vet so the shelter took him back and got him healthy. He was then adopted by a wonderful mom who is being deployed and can't keep him.
He is total doll - he is loving, playful and likes to frolic outside. He is great with kids, other dogs, and cats. He LOVES the water. Will you give Chevy his FOURTH chance at a wonderful forever family?
To apply to adopt this dog, please visit our web site to access our application and learn more about adoption through Lucky Pup Rescue, www.luckypuprescue.org.
Please note, we do not have a physical location, but we are supported by a network of wonderful foster homes that are spread throughout New England. A dog will need to be visited by a prospective adopter in the foster home where they are feeling safe and comfortable.
Thank you for considering rescue!
Other Pets at Lucky Pup Rescue
Why Adoption is a Great Option
Chevy - PENDING, in Maine, a kennebunkport Labrador Retriever/Terrier (Unknown Type, Medium) dog was adopted! Here's how you can benefit by looking at adoption as an option to buying a Labrador Retriever/Terrier (Unknown Type, Medium) for sale in kennebunkport, or seeking a Labrador Retriever/Terrier (Unknown Type, Medium) dog from a breeder in kennebunkport.
- Rescues and shelter volunteers in kennebunkport already know the personality and tendencies of their pets. This means they can match you with the right pet. That will makes it much easier transition to owning a pet for yourself and your new pet.
- On average adoption fees are much less than you'd pay a kennebunkport breeder, or pet store. Plus most often rescue pets have already been to the veterinarian for a check-up, had a round of vaccinations, and are spayed or neutered. That is a lot of savings!
- You will become a hero, and give a needy dog or cat a loving home. In fact, there are even Labrador Retriever/Terrier (Unknown Type, Medium) breeders who help with Labrador Retriever/Terrier (Unknown Type, Medium) rescue. One puppy or kitten adopted in kennebunkport paves the way for another one to be saved.


text:
There's often nothing more isolating than being told to "cheer up" or "it's not so bad" when in the throes of a rough patch. Even when it's clear that a shift in perspective or a perkier outlook could make a situation seem better, it's not always possible to just flip an internal switch and suddenly decide to feel better. A new study in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology reminds us of what psychologists have been saying for years — that these "positive reframing" phrases, which we use in an attempt to create perspective, are sometimes anything but helpful. Keep reading »
Zergnet: Simply Irresistible
- Popular


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Sat, Sep 17, 05 at 21:46
Please help me find a useful purpose for these! A neighbor who builds fences brought these home and made a small wishing well from just a few of them, then put about a hundred or more on the curb - leftover from fencing. Said customer changed mind about height of fence. Of course, I hauled them to my back yard. Am looking for birdhouse plans, but what else can I do with them? Thanks, Linda |
Follow-Up Postings:
You can use them for flower bed edging! |
How about overlapping them like cedar shingles to artistically cover some area?? Laura |
Not sure whether you mean these are one foot lengths of cedar, or one foot wide boards. However, I've seen garden paths made from wood. For the life of me I can't find the link, but I recall seeing something like this in a Gardeners' Supply catalog awhile back. They can be aligned in a decorative pattern, somewhat like what is done with brick. |
If you like grilled salmon, then soak a cedar plank for several hours in water. Place a layer of rock salt on the plank and lay your salmon skin side down on top of the salt. Salt and pepper to taste. Place on a medium to medium hot grill, gas or charcoal, for about 18 - 20 minutes, or until the fish flakes easily. Serve! Use a new cedar plank for each cook-out. Note that the size of the plank simply must accomodate how much salmon you wish to grill. John |
Hey, What about making a few flower boxes,that would sit on the porch. Also maybe some for the windows. Apply hooks and hang your keys. Maybe even make picture frames. |
I make garden signs from pieces of wood that size, mounted to stakes. Then I use black paint and caligraphy letters to say things like "herbs" or "Robin sanctuary" or "garden tour>" etc. When done, I spray it with clear coat. Now I am thinking a wood burning tool would last longer. Now the local garden club wants me to make some for them, so I'd better get crackin. |
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GRANTS PASS, Ore. — Veteran students at Rogue Community College's Redwood Campus have a new place study and do research.
Monday, a brand new Veteran's Resource Center opened on the Redwood Campus and officials say RCC is now the second community college in Oregon to offer a VRC. The center will serve as a site for tutoring, mentoring and RCC Veterans Club events.
Materials, including some furniture, were donated by the Home Depot and organizers say the resource center will have a big impact.
"I think the biggest impact is for them to start to relax a little bit in getting back into the educational field," comments RCC Veterans Advisor, Nikki Johnson. For them to come from an environment that they're so used to and then being switched and coming into a new environment, I mean education isn't easy."
Officials say there are more than 15 hundred veterans who attend Rogue Community College.


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Whether it's stretching, signing autographs or talking game strategy with teammates, the pregame show on the field on the Mercedes-Benz Superdome is always something to see. This Sunday, it was a chance to watch the New Orleans Saints and the San Francisco 49ers out of uniform but fully in game mode. David Grunfeld, NOLA.com | The Times-Picayune, captured the action.


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Results 1 to 19 of 19
- 12-26-2012, 03:33 PM Thread Author #1
- 12-26-2012, 04:00 PM #2Thanked by:
Re: Is the Nexus 10 worth it?
I bought a Nexus 10 as my first tablet... didn't really need a tablet, but you now how it goes. Anyway I love it. I'm tightly tied into Google products, and when I logged in, all my gmail, Calendar, etc were all there. It also automatically downloaded all my Android apps from my phone (which I didn't necessarily want, and not sure if they always sync between devices or if I can prevent some by device, still figuring that out).
Anyway, I'm still learning what it can do, but so far, I love it.Thanked by: - 12-26-2012, 04:48 PM #4
Re: Is the Nexus 10 worth it?
This is my first tablet as well and I've only had my S3 for a few months. I've got my nexus 10 to do all my main web surfing on and am loving it so far. I'm just getting used to the swipe keyboard, which I'm even finding a bit quicker than on my phone.
Loving it so far. - 12-26-2012, 04:53 PM #5
Re: Is the Nexus 10 worth it?
I just got mine yesterday for Christmas and I'm in love with it. I've tried several android tablets and the iPads and this is by far the best one available IMO.
Sent from my Nexus 10 using Android Central Forums - 12-26-2012, 04:55 PM #6
Re: Is the Nexus 10 worth it?
The Nexus 10 is good. I just got it and the experience isn't as smooth as the 7 nor is the app ecosystem there like the 7. I use the ten for media consumption (movies look AMAZING on it) and Web browsing. The app ecosystem is getting better, for example they just released tapatalk hd for tablets and it looks great on it.
Sent from my Nexus 10 using Tapatalk HD - 12-26-2012, 05:13 PM #7
Re: Is the Nexus 10 worth it?
I love it. best tablet and its well worth the money i paid for it.
Re: Is the Nexus 10 worth it?
i bought one today at WalMart. i was looking on Amazon and for some crazy reason, they are selling the 16 Gig version for $599?? WTF!! somebody on there said try walmart and i'm glad i did. all of the Wichita walmarts were sold out but the Derby store said limited stock. Went there and they must have had 5 in the case, 32 Gigs for $499. sweet deal. only been playing with it for a while but the screen is nice! i only wish that the 3rd party applications would start to make hardware for them. I was so close to buying an iPad just so i could get a Mackie DL1608. i'll keep hounding them (Mackie) to show Android some love....i really wish there were more Music and recording apps available. Microphone etc. i'll keep wishing and looking....but, the Nexus 10 is definately worth it I think.
Re: Is the Nexus 10 worth it?
just got mine for christmas too. Already have the 10.1 note and had 7 inchers in the past but never a Nexus device so this will be my first. To be hones if any one other that Sammy made it i may not have asked for it. I am a Sammy fan. So far I like it just need to get use to stock but I might just root it and see if theres something like TWZ for it lol Got the 32GB one so i don't have to worry about space. Love my wife for this gift more now lol. Things is wish I was able to use and do with it is All Share Cast. I read some where that a MIMO Router is better for this tablet so I went and picked one up today. I'll test the speeds before and after to see how it does. All of our phones and tablets run 2.4 & 5 Ghz so i wanted a new router anyway. Hopefully they come out wit ha keyboard dock for this think. I do find that the speakers don't sound as loud as my 10.1 note does. Anyone else find them low or is there a setting im missing?
Re: Is the Nexus 10 worth it?
Coming from a Motorola Xoom 4GLTE, I can honestly say that this is a HUGE upgrade. The most noticeable upgrades are the display, depth, and weight. Google and Samsung definitely got this unit right. But I have to admit I am very curious to see what Motorola has coming down the pipe on their next full sized tablet.
I miss my friend Matt McQuinn he touched so many lives, and in the end gave his life to protect someone that he loved. I am proud to have known him, and of the choices he made when it mattered. You were a true hero.
"You would not fear my weapon unless your intentions were to provoke my using it" - 12-26-2012, 06:05 PM #11
Re: Is the Nexus 10 worth it?
So I just got my Nexus 10 32Gb tablet and currently don't have a smartphone. Buuuuut, this tablet now has made me want to go purchase an Android smartphone! If I do go buy an Android smartphone with a Verizon data plan, does the nexus 10 have a free app so I can get wifi from my smartphone and allow the use of my Nexus 10 in my vehicle? I apologize for this very noob question, smartphones/apps are a complete new thing for me. I've been living in the dark ages!
Re: Is the Nexus 10 worth it?
If you like the pure Google experience then yes I think it is the best. I had a galaxy tab 10.1 and I found it to be laggy and slow. Next came the nexus 7 and although it was good for the price the screen was just too sub par for me. I traded up to the nexus 10 and it was well worth the money. Everyone has a different perspective on such things but I can't imagine anyone looking for a great tablet and not liking this one. Unless of course you prefer an iPad which is great too. Personally I've always preferred android.
On a side note it's a shame wall mart doesn't display these because once you get this baby in your hands you'll be sold :thumbup:
Sent from my Nexus 10 using Tapatalk HDLG G3
Moto 360
Nexus 10 - 12-26-2012, 07:50 PM #13
- 12-27-2012, 09:10 AM Thread Author #15
Re: Is the Nexus 10 worth it?
You will be able to use the wifi on your N10 to connect to the internet using your phone if your phone has hotspot capability. Some phones/cell carriers have thus feature enabled and as part of the cost while others may charge an extra monthly fee and/or software download. I am not familiar with all carriers. Check with the store when you buy your phone. Good luck!
Sent from my LG-VM670 - 12-27-2012, 03:06 PM #17
Re: Is the Nexus 10 worth it?
Excellent. Bundled app so you can use it as a hotspot via a free app or you pay extra a month on your phone bill? This Nexus 10 is like having a computer, without the hassle. Great stuff.
Thank you, I need to do more research on this "root" everyone keeps talking about. Which exact wifi teather app do you use to connect your smartphone to your Nexus tablet? I did a search in the Googe Store on my Nexus10 and so many options came up. Thank you.
Thank you! My smartphone will continue to be Verizon, guess it's finally time to start seeing what phones have hotspot capability WITHOUT paying extra per month. Already hate the fact i'm going to have to pay extra for a data plan but I guess it's time to step up to the rest of the world. - 12-27-2012, 05:58 PM #18
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