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Need some help... the snow has melted and there is about 6'' x 6 inches of bark chewed from the bottoms of 10 apple trees. My question is how to fix it or do you leave it alone and let the trees heal by themself. Time for rabbit stew!! thanks for your help!
md |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by bookworm21 (My Page) on Fri, Mar 12, 10 at 12:45
Wow, I'm sorry to hear that :( I don't have an answer to this but I am curious as how one would fix this problem. Thanks in advance to anyone who replies. |
If the critters didn't chew off a complete circle around the trunk, the tree will still survive through its sap layer. The sap layer is right under the bark and is the pipeline upwards. With the way it is,its likely going to bleed sap through its open hole, which invites insects and fungi. So slap some tree pruning compound on the open trunk to eliminate the airborne stuff. They make a spray sealer or an asphalt emulsion gunk, or if you want, heat up some wax and paste it over the open scar. Its just like a bandaid that you would put on yourself. If it isn't completely rid of a bark/cambien layer conduit it will be okay, not happy but, survive. |
md: We need to know what % of the trees circumference is girdled. Unless it is all or most, just let the tree heal on it's own. Obviously you need to prevent this next winter. I'd think about wire mesh from ground to well above snow level. |
I'll get pictures if I can figure out how to add them. Most of the trees are chewed on one side some have the bark off right down to the wood and some have been chewed down on the bark very deep groves in the tree. thanks again for your help I'll load picture tonight thanks. |
- Posted by eric_wa San Juan, z8 WA (firstname.lastname@example.com) on Fri, Mar 12, 10 at 19:02
If you like to mess around with grafting, you could try bridge-grafts. Looking forward to seeing pix. Eric |
Here is a link that might be useful: Bridge-graft
- Posted by konrad___far_north 3 (My Page) on Fri, Mar 12, 10 at 21:02
Under the snow damage is mostly done by voles, if not chewed all the way around you're OK. Bridge grafting could work if the above is not dried up completely, in my long winter with early damage it would never work come spring. That illustration with seedling planted beside I think it's a choke, these you would have to grow several month before they have any "umpf" to push sap. Konrad |
- Posted by eric_wa San Juan, z8 WA (firstname.lastname@example.com) on Fri, Mar 12, 10 at 21:37
Hey Konrad, Did you mean Joke? My suggestion is just a experiment. Practice grafting. I probably would not do it. I had voles in the early days. I believe I got rid of them by eliminating the grass around my trees. Eric |
new pictures not sure if the link will work here goes |
second try hope it works http://i808.photobucket.com/albums/zz7/mkmcde/tree006.jpg |
strike three I'm done sorry if this doesn't work... http://s808.photobucket.com/albums/zz7/mkmcde/ |
mjmarco let me give you a hand with that. THISISME to the rescue. Puts on cape, clears his voice and says in his most manly voice. "Nows the time to save the day!!!" |
don't know what you did but thanks! |
Besides protecting the tree from further damage (future rabbit attacks), there's not much you can do at this point. Hopefully none of the trees are completely girdled. If they are not, they will start to cover over the wounds. The trees have already started to partition off the damaged areas, so with luck, immediate disease issues won't be an issue. The speed at which the trees can cover over the damage, and environmental factors, will determine if rot will become a problem. A key principal to keep in mind is that the tree, left alone, can deal with the damage better than if you try to interfere. I would recommend against using any type of sealer (pruning compound, asphalt emulsion gunk, etc). These have been found to be counterproductive in most circumstances. |
Here is a link that might be useful: The Myth of Wound Dressings
For future reference... Once your picture has been uploaded to a image hosting site such as Photobucket or Flickr, find its web address by right clicking on the image and copying the image location. Some sites may even provide the address in a text box below the photo for your convenience. Let's say, as an example, that the address of the picture you want to post is http://somepicturesite.com/yourpicture.jpg To embed the picture into a post, use the command Note that I had to use special characters to get the command above to show up here without turning into a picture, but you can use it as shown (with the correct image location, of course). |
- Posted by eric_wa San Juan, z8 WA (firstname.lastname@example.com) on Sat, Mar 13, 10 at 0:29
mjmarco, You are so close to posting pictures. Next time cut and paste the HTML code into the message body. Looks like you were trying to cut and paste the direct link. Sorry about the trees. That's serious chewing. Little bastards. I'd be like Elmer Fudd, wabbit hunting. Looks like you had at least two and half feet of snow. Eric |
thanks, Brandon that's what I thought too hoping that no disease issues happen I thought maybe the tape that you use when when the tree is young may help, but I'm not sure if that can lead to insects problem? Your right Eric...the last Nor-Eastern that hit put 2 feet of snow on the ground, the trees were find before that storm 3 weeks ago...going hunting in the morning...funny rabbit... also thanks for the help with the pictures I will remember how to post them now. |
The tape wouldn't do anything to help the tree but could introduce a number of problems. No type of covering or sealant is recommended. There is one thing you could try, but I don't know of any long-term, scientific studies that prove its value. One of the frequent contributors in the tree forum, Spruceman, has suggested the use of liquid copper fungicide to prevent rot in similar situations. I haven't seen anyone, so far, show any negative side effects or disprove its usefulness. It might be worth looking into. |
Here is a link that might be useful: Preventing Wood Rot in Trees--Liquid Copper Fungicide
- Posted by harvestman 6 (My Page) on Sat, Mar 13, 10 at 6:23
Brandon, have you seen any research that shows that something can't help for dehydration issues for such massive wounds? I'm well aware of Shigo's work concering pruning wounds, but those are wounds of relatively small area and a point of attachment loaded with useful compounds to counteract fungus. Trees are well protected against this kind of wound as they are inevitable in a forest of falling trees. I'm am not asking this as an argument- I'm genuinely interested in the research. I have sometimes used electric rubber tape over vole girdled trees to try to reduce dehydration from exposure as well as to encourage the continued flow of sap from the roots while the tree rebuilds cambium. For severely injured trees like the photos show- at least the ones almost entirely girdled I've use plastic attached with the same tape. Anecdotally this seemed to help, which is practically meaningless because I've used no control to evaluate results but at least it made my customers feel better. Most of the photographed trees should have no trouble healing in any case, and will have such a tough callus the rabits will be unable to damage them the same way again IME. I once had a snow year where rabbits completely girdled the first 4' of trunk of many trees in my nursery. It was a total loss because even if I'd tried an approach graft with a small tree I could never have sold the resulting tree. |
mjmarco assuming there is some connective bark tissue the trees will live without having to do any bridge grafts. However when you have wounds of that size a tree needs to be protected. The wounds should be painted just like the sun damaged tree in the video link provided below. If you don't paint them you will be inviting borers and disease into your trees. |
Here is a link that might be useful: Paint Your Fruit Tree
thisisme... thanks for that link it was said in this post about grafting so I didn't think it had anything to do with my problem. I always thought it was young trees for grafting so checking out that link their were other links for grafting older trees found something that I did not know. I don't have a problem with bores in Upstate NY, (but now that I said that I will). So I will keep a eye on it and see how well the trees do, if I see any signs then I will have to change my thinking. I see so many theories that say leave them alone so I'll try that for now... I guess. Unless I missing something that I don't know that's were all of you come in thanks again this is a great site for help. Still hunting that Bunny... |
Harvestman, yes, I've seen/heard a number of opinions that would indicate such treatment is counterproductive, BUT I don't have any reference handy at the moment. So, I guess I will just say that I can't provide support for such a position at the moment. --------------------- Mjmarco, when I posted my original post, I almost went into the borer situation, but erased what I had written for simplicity and just wrote, "(sealers) have been found to be counterproductive in most circumstances." Looking back, I think that may have been an oversimplification or even a possibly misleading oversimplification. While many of the snake-oil sealers out there (asphalt emulsion gunk, etc) have no merit and have been proven to be counterproductive, the half-strength indoor latex paint, that Thisisme's link discussed, does have it's positives and is widely recommended to protect against borers and specific disease issues in certain situations. From what I can tell, the evidence seems to lean, at least somewhat, towards using the treatment Thisisme's link suggests. If you haven't already, I'd at least recommend researching the possibility of borers. Your local ag extension office might be able to provide a knowledgeable opinion/advise. This is a more complex set of issues than it might first appear, and I'm sorry if my previous posts jumped the gun. |
mjmarco the half strength interior latex paint will breath and also allow some moisture to pass through it so it does not have the same detrimental affect of other sealers. It also won't crack and cause the kind of problems as other sealers unless the tree cracks underneath it do to the tree drying out but thats what the paint is there to help prevent. At the same time it should slow down the speed at which the tree loses moisture through the wounds and protect the trunk to some degree from the coming summer strength sun. Not to mention protection from borers if you do happen to have some you are unaware of. |
yes seeing that video with the nursey doing it made me think it wasn't a bad idea. Just one more question since my problem is not sun scold could I tint or use the paint to match the bark?(not that I'm a exterior designer) I have never see the paint in Nursey stores or the big blue boxes. I think he said in the video link it was just latex paint cut 50-50? |
You can use whatever color you want. However lite colors are better because the sun can/will damage your tree now that the bark is removed and liter colors reflect sun better. You want an "flat interior latex paint." Not exterior and not latex enamel and not a gloss. Just a plain flat interior latex paint. The easy way to do this is to got to one of the big box stores. Tell them what you want and ask them to put a quart in a half gallon container. When you get home fill it the rest of the way with water and shake before well use. |
ok, thisisme...thankyou...you have been very helpful and I appreciate all your advice and everyone else that helped. Still working on that rabbit I have the live trap set with apples in it for tonight...funny how they like apple trees, in the first picture the 4th and 5th trees are peach and cherry and they never got a nibble. md |
- Posted by harvestman 6 (My Page) on Sat, Mar 13, 10 at 20:22
Everything seems to prefer apple over any other common fruit- must be higher protein in bark. |
- Posted by eric_wa San Juan, z8 WA (email@example.com) on Sat, Mar 13, 10 at 22:56
Braised rabbit with apples,that sound pretty good. Fruit wood smoked rabbit, that seems fair. Karma Eric |
- Posted by konrad___far_north 3 (My Page) on Sat, Mar 13, 10 at 23:48
I paint all of my apples trees out of town because the sunlight is more intense then in town, there you have buildings all around you. Paint is also very useful against these kind of damage, I have almost zero damage when I paint them, if something gets it, then very minimal. See link... For damaged or large wounds, I use Dr. Farwell's grafting compound, it's a water based substance, this would be better then paint. Never use a tar product. Konrad |
Here is a link that might be useful: Orchard pictures...
I should have added this into what I said above, but I was too concerned about straightening out the mess of my previous posts to think straight... The purpose of using the paint, as Thisisme noted in his second post above, is to keep borers out and not to seal in moisture or prevent rot. Even with larger wounds like the ones on your otherwise healthy trees, moisture loss should be of minimal concern. Without the possibility of borer damage, your tree is probably better off without the paint. BUT, if borers are present, I believe the paint should be an overall positive. -------------------------- I've seen lots of reports of rabbit damage this year. I'm not sure if it will help much to know this, but you certainly aren't alone. I don't know if it has been the timing of the snowfalls, the amount of snow, or what. I know I would really really freak if I came and found this kind of damage to my trees. Whatever you decide to do with them, I hope your trees do well and heal quickly. |
- Posted by harvestman 6 (My Page) on Sun, Mar 14, 10 at 10:15
Brandon 7, you contradict without explanation. Is your information entirely based on research about treating pruning wounds? I'm not sure if sap doesn't move past serious wounds more efficiently if evaporation is reduced and transpiration increased by some kind of sealing method and I've never seen research specific to the issue. Please enlighten us. Rabbit damage is cyclical, based mostly on a combination of 2 factors. Like most rodents, rabbits have extreme cycles of population boom and bust and when a boom year matches a snow year- look out. Snow locks out other sources of food and raises access to bark. This is based on my observations only, by the way. What you need to look for is rabbit poop on top of the snow, at such times where there's a noticable amount you may be able to prune your trees early and give the rabbits You can wrap foil around the trunks as the snow gets ever higher, as rabbits will only work the area above the snow, unlike voles and they will not, in my experience, try to chew through foil. |
Harvestman, I wasn't considering pruning wounds in my above posts. However, the important sealing mechanisms are the same. The trees vascular system will pump water mostly vertically, so the most significant moisture loss will only occur through interrupted vascular channels. The trees have already (mostly) sealed off the damaged areas, so adding some form of moisture barrier only holds moisture against dead wood, inviting decay. |
brandon7 I have no studies to back my opinion but I also have not looked for any. However I used to do a lot of hiking and I have seen lots of trees (untreated)that had wounds of the size these trees have. Over time the wounds dried out and later rotted and killed the trees. I will admit I have never seen a treated wound of that size heal well after being treated. However thats because I have never seen one that had been treated before. Not because I saw it treated and the tree still failed. I think what happened to the many trees I saw was the sun dried out the wound and killed more wood. The dead wood accepted water and thus mold and fungus. Then rot set in which killed the trees. At least thats what it looked like to me. Every tree I saw like that died. A 100% mortality rate if untreated. I don't think treating it could be any worse than that. |
That's some pretty nasty damage to the trees from the rabbits. Looking at the photos you could try some bridge grafting and it might help. I've had 25+ years of working with fruit crops. There are different trains of thought about treating the wounds. What you could have done to prevent the injury is used chicken or stucco wire up to the first level of branches to prevent the injury. Once you have that kind of damage on trees there isn't really much you can do if it's completely girdled you'll probably lose the tree. From the photos I've seen some of the trees the damage is worse on some than others. There really isn't much you can do. You could use a seal to try to prevent diseases from damaging you trees. It might work or maybe it won't. What varieties are you growing. Trees have an amazing ability recover so you'll jus have to be patient and see how they heal. Cheers Kim |
There are many old trees out there that have recovered from larger wounds than those shown without any type of treatment. Previous logging activity is one source of such identified and studied wounds that have been successfully covered over. The belief that artificially covering over wounds is usually detrimental to the healing process (except in specific cases, like where borer activity is likely) is very widely held among professional arborists, scientist, and horticultural educators. Most of the counter recommendations I have seen are from those that sell various forms of snake-oil goop or those that are just repeating what they've heard through the grapevine. I've never seen a single modern scientific study that recommended artificial sealing of tree wounds except in cases of exceptional insect or disease pressure. The compartmentalization of trees allow them to fairly effectively limit moisture flow in the case of wounding. They do this by sacrificing material near the wound. This is done whether a sealant is added or not. An artificial seal only holds moisture in against the dead material and increases the chance of rot. Rot doesn't occur in trees because of wood drying out, and in fact, sufficient moisture is required for rot to occur. Whether Mjmarco's trees will successfully cover over their wounds and survive long-term will depend on quite a few factors. The speed at which these types of trees can cover their wounds, multiple environmental factors, the exact nature of the wounds, etc. But, it boils down mostly to whether the trees can cover the area before significant rot is introduced. I have very little personal experience will apple tree wounds, so many of you guys are probably a better judge of how fast the wounds will be covered than I am, but I'd guess the long-term future of some of these trees is questionable. One aspect that may be important here is how long the trees need to last. I don't know what Mjmarco's plans are for the trees, but many fruit tree growers don't keep trees for the really long-term. The survival of a large shade tree, in the center of one's lawn or overhanging a house, can be significantly different than that of an apple tree being grown relatively temporarily for its crop. |
- Posted by harvestman 6 (My Page) on Sun, Mar 14, 10 at 20:32
The research that I've seen corroberating Brandon's comments pertain to pruning cuts- particularly branch removal. These wounds are never large enough to threaten the vascular systems ability of adequate transport between the roots and remaining branches and in fact a properly removed branch affects only the vascular system leading to the removed branch itself. For more serious wounds there have been experiments such as one noted by Richard Harris in "Arboriculture" third edition, page 531 which reads, "McDougall and Blanchette (1966) covered wounds of quaking aspen, red maple, with polyethylene plastic sheeting. Such treatment reduced dieback along margins and promoted callus growth on maple and aspen, but not on birch. They attributed the positive affects of treatment to reduced dessication of wound margins, retaining ethylene near the wound and providing thermal protection. Does similar treatment aid in the healing of seriously wounded apple trees such as the girdled trees we are discussing? My guess is that no one knows and won't until someone performs some controlled experiments. |
grapeguy... the first 2 trees are red del and the third is a golden del. The next two are a peach and cherry not touched at all by the rabbit and the last is a golden del. They are 12 year old trees mis-labeled buy the grower thought they were dwarfs. I took the fencing away 3 years ago thought I was in the clear. I live by water and the wildlife is endless...one time I saw a woodchuck climb the first tree to get the apples. I have 8 more apple trees planted away from these, I figured I would sacrifice the fruit on these so they would leave they others alone and so far it's worked. So maybe I'll experiment by painting two and leaving two untouched,see what happens. Keep in mind I spray for everthing, fungus and insect so maybe that will help. One main concern is getting that rabbit before more damage is done I just can't believe that rabbit has not gone in the live trap maybe the hawks got him and beleive me I've seen that too. Thanks for everyone's help this is a great way to get help and find out what is working in different states. |
McDougall and Blanchette's study doesn't offer any solution to Mjmarco's situation (this thread's topic), but may be of general interest anyway. Anyone interested in further examination of the topic of wound covering with polyethylene plastic wrap may wish to review their notes. Their study was limited to short term evaluation and benefits, and recommended removal of the wrap after a "few weeks". Their study indicated that the treatment seemed beneficial on only some species and then only in cases were the wrap was applied on the "same day" as the wound was made (not possible in the case of Mjmarco's trees). Application even one week after wounding showed no or almost no benefit. They note that "modern research has shown that many commercial and traditional (wound sealants) provide no benefit to the tree, and some may promote wood decay." No long-term results of the study are discussed, but one can guess that a temporary application, to encourage quicker wound closure, would result in a better future for the tree. Many of the specifics in the study are somewhat interesting, so here's the link... |
Here is a link that might be useful: McDougall and Blanchette's Results
- Posted by harvestman 6 (My Page) on Wed, Mar 17, 10 at 5:50
Alright Brandon, I give you credit for finding the actual study and I'm thankfull to know that my past treatments of girdling wounds probably were inaffective because they came too late. But you might also thank me for providing you the lead that led to your own re-evaluation. Check the final sentence of the first paragraph of your previous post. I'm glad our competition leads to getting information I might otherwise miss and when I'm wrong I'll admit it. Be nice to get a little of that back. |
- Posted by eric_wa San Juan, z8 WA (email@example.com) on Wed, Mar 17, 10 at 12:02
poke jab gouge, you guys crack me up! Keep the information coming. Eric |
- Posted by harvestman 6 (My Page) on Wed, Mar 17, 10 at 18:07
Eric, I don't know if you're old enough to remember, but before what I consider the feminization of our higher education system these types of silly but somehow invigorating and potentially informative testebates (debates) were a common feature of campus life. I think boys and young men are more bored with school these days because this kind of interaction has been toned down so they turn to video games. Sorry Brandon, I have no data to back this up. |
- Posted by eric_wa San Juan, z8 WA (email@example.com) on Wed, Mar 17, 10 at 21:16
I was never on a debating team, but we did have them. Brandon, You now have two minutes to rebut. Eric |
Harvestman cracks me up too (most of the time)! Sometimes I think that if I said the sky was blue, Harvestman would present at least three arguments on how it wasn't and start another debate about clouds. LOL OK, Harvestman, I'll give you credit for pointing out the my sentence was too broad. I don't consider the McDougall and Blanchette study a contradiction to what I meant to say (was thinking), but I it does invalidate the sentence, as written. And, the study is interesting. I had not seen or heard of it before. I have, and have read, Harris's book, but missed that one (and probably lots more). This should make you happy...I'm thinking about starting a thread on the tree forum about this study. I bet few of the peps there have seen it either. |
- Posted by harvestman 6 (My Page) on Thu, Mar 18, 10 at 3:08
Thanks Brandon. Harris' book is the best, isn't it. I've read it about 3 times which I guess certifies me as a hortnerd. Yes, my method of learning is a definate contrarian choreography. Don't know if it's genetic wiring or the result of having been raised with an older brother who became a lawyer, but arguments inspire me to think out issues more completely. Before leaving the subject of what can be done to aid in a tree's recovery after severe girdling injury, I'd like to throw out one question for anyone still interested (hopefully Brandon) to consider. That is, does the research about using compounds to aid in the healing of wounds completely address the question about increasing the odds of survival of a tree wounded in this manner? All the research I've been able to find on this subject only investigates how pruning compounds affect the speed of wound closure and the relative size of the area of fungus damaged (stained) wood, not on the actual survival rate of seriously injured trees. I first became intensely interested in this issue when about a hundred apple trees that had been growing in my nursery for 3 years were severely injured by voles one winter. I discovered the damage in spring and bridge grafting was not a viable option. I wasn't primarily interested in how quickly I could get the wounds to close but only in trying to keep the trees alive, and I imagined that by tightly taping the trunk I might help the tree get a little extra moisture to the top of the tree and reduce desiccation, not at the wound, but in the upper portion of the tree. I suppose I was visualizing the tree trunk as a hose where the transpiration pull of water from the roots to the leaves could be aided by partially fixing a real bad leak. At the time, I knew this was a long shot, and I was well aware of the studies that Brandon so often sites, about the futility of wound dressings- one of my teachers in hort-school was an absolute Shigo fanatic (Shigo is the researcher most credited for discrediting the use of pruning compounds) and I still have 2 of his books on my shelf. I taped the trees with rubber electric tape anyway, and many of the trees, some of which looked to be entirely girdled, eventually healed over and went on to be sellable trees. Of course they probably would have healed anyway, but I'd still like an explanation of whether my hose theory has any validity at all. I just don't have an adequate understanding of dicot vascular function to be completely settled on the question. I have often seen completely girdled trees struggle for several years, sending out tiny and weak leaves, and then eventually build their own bridge of cambium tissue and return to vigor. On my sister's property, in coastal CA, I've seen apple trees completely girdled by goats for their first 3 feet of trunk and still thriving years later, which completely blew my mind. I could only guess that the trees were aided by the near constant humidity of her coastal redwood environment and the fact that the trees were in a very shady location. The bark was completely stripped. Not that any of this is any evidence about how such miraculous recovery can be aided with human intervention. Actually, shading injured plants might help! There's a research project. |
I think the long-term (and for that matter, short- to mid-term) survival of semi-girdled trees is too complex for much generalized advise or case-independent odds of survival. Some of the variables would include the nature of damage, the amount of damage (severity of girdling), species, growing conditions (many variables there), aftercare (again many variables), age of tree, etc etc. Any meaningful/scientific study of such an issue would have to consider only a very limited amount of these variables to be practical. I think lots of experience (particularly with the type of tree in question) would be a good basis for guesses about survival in a particular case, but that's about it, guesses. Many aspects of aftercare can be considered on an individual basis. There is already considerable information out there about such things as cleaning wounds and wound dressing, but no single aspect will independently determine the odds of survival in most cases. Of course if a variable is taken to an extreme (such as, if girdling was severe and total), a single variable might be enough to ensure failure. I'm not sure I exactly understand your hose theory. I understand what you wrote, but I'm not comfortable making assumptions about some of the specifics. |
- Posted by harvestman 6 (My Page) on Thu, Mar 18, 10 at 19:38
Brandon, I'm just visualizing capillary pull up the vascular sheath being interupted at the point of girdling on the base of a tree. I'm imagining that the torn cambium would destroy the transpiration pull the same way a large hole in a straw would if you were sucking up fluid. It seems possible that tightly wrapping the wound with tape might allow that pull to bring some moisture above the wounded area to the branches. Of course the tape might just bind the moisture from the roots and not allow it to pass. But it also seems there's a small chance that it would allow moisture to pass upward on the inside of the wrap forming a kind of bridge between the severed points of the vascular sheath. Don't know if that explanation makes any sense, but it's the best I can do tonight- too tired, too much pruning. |
Dam Rabbit! |
- Posted by eric_wa San Juan, z8 WA (email@example.com) on Thu, Mar 18, 10 at 21:25
harvestman, Sounds like bypass surgery to me. If I understand what you are saying, could you not install straws above and below the girdle. With a tight enough fit it would draw. I doubt it. Eric |
- Posted by harvestman 6 (My Page) on Fri, Mar 19, 10 at 5:56
Eric, I'm right there and actually thought about the same thing but I'm also thinking that the interior wood to the wound, rapped water tight might work a bit like a straw, letting some moisture through to be pulled back into the normal transpiration stream of the vascular sheath. Wrapping the interior of the taped wound with a wicking fabric might also be an option. Anyone still following this topic probably missed an opportunity for a career in hort research. Personally I'm too ADD for careful research and need to be out there pruning, digging, planting,spraying, etc. every work day to maintain any semblance of sanity. For now I'll settle for the less glorious work of being a research critic, which should keep Brandon energized for months to come. |
While the professor's talk the hunter hunts. |
- Posted by eric_wa San Juan, z8 WA (email@example.com) on Fri, Mar 19, 10 at 13:41
Be vewy vewy quiet, I'm hunting wabbits! Here are two more crazy thoughts. 1. Build raised bed boxes around the girdled trees. Mix some Rootone rooting hormone into a paste, brush onto the wound. Now fill the box with good compost / soil mix over top of wound. Walla standard tree in a box. 2. Remove the wounded area with a chainsaw. Drop the top back down on the stump. Huge crazy graft. Bolt it together with 1/2" thick metal straps. I didn't say they are great ideas, just thoughts. Eric |
- Posted by harvestman 6 (My Page) on Fri, Mar 19, 10 at 18:11
Not crazy, but definately not good ideas, IMO. It's hard enough to get a pencil thick piece of wood a couple inches long to merge cambiums without dehydrating first. I've seen beginners fail at grafting because they tried grafting pieces with 4 or more buds instead of 2 or 3 to give their new grafts a head start. The bigger the piece the quicker the dehydration. So scrap your graft idea, the top of the tree will definately dehydrate fatally before being able to draw adequate moisture. Pileing up the soil against the trunks in hopes of getting quick enough rooting to save the trees will fail for the same reason or nearly the same. If the trees are already so damaged that they are doomed they will never be able to generate new root from the trunk to save them. The wood likely will have to dedifferentiate cells to even begin sending out root from the trunk unless they are N. Spy, Cox, or one of the others that maintain root primordia above ground. Even these are unlikely to be able to provide adequate moisture quick enough to make a significant contribution. The primordia are burr knots, by the way, and if your trees lack them where the soil is to be piled up you haven't even a whisper of a chance. If they miraculously managed to root out in time you'd be stuck with a standard sized tree. Remember that any of the trees that have at least a small bridge of undamaged bark will likely survive. |
- Posted by eric_wa San Juan, z8 WA (email@example.com) on Sat, Mar 20, 10 at 0:27
mjmarco, If you haven't figured it out, this is what you are looking for. but be careful. See link below. Eric |
Here is a link that might be useful: Killer Rabbit
No... those are Bunny's, I'm looking for a rabbit...still hunting. md |
Well the trees are trying to heal themselfs. The color of the wounds are darker then when it happen. Would you beleive the rabbit was back chewing on a different spot, I can tell because of the color. Got to get that rabbit... |
- Posted by konrad___far_north 3 (My Page) on Sun, Mar 21, 10 at 1:57
LOL..Eric! If these were my trees I would have done something by now. Konrad |
MmmMmm good, looks like wabbit stew for supper for sure. |
yes...hassenpfeffer for sure! |
- Posted by rabid.child 5 (My Page) on Mon, Feb 10, 14 at 22:56
It's been almost 4 years, and I was just wondering how your trees fared. Perhaps you could post a few pictures. |
They are doing ok... I have had a hard time with apple scab for the pass 2 years. Last year was a great year for my apples trees, The red del got a little of the black soot on the apples but tasted ok. The wounds have healed in that they don't look as bad as the pictures. I choose not to paint them. I'll post some pictures but right now it -5 degree f and the winds are 40 mph...a winter that won't end. |
In Kansas we have lots of rabbits so this is business as usual for us. They will girdle a tree like that in a few hours unprotected in most winters. Here is a few tricks I would suggest to Konrads point #1 paint the trunk of the tree with white latex indoor only paint because it's not as tasty to them #2 some rabbits don't get the message but nothing likes the taste of tar so spray the trunk with spectracide http://reviews.homedepot.com/answers/1999/product/100352315/spectracide-13-oz-ready-to-use-pruning-seal-aerosol-spray-questions-answers/questions.htm #3 Cut chunks of flexible drain pipes and slit the side and snap them on the tree http://www.lowes.com/pd_259812-62059-51110_4294935753_44?productId=1239335 #4 for the most determined rabbits http://www.menards.com/main/building-materials/fencing/utility-fencing/galvanized/2-x-25-hardware-cloth/p-1356871-c-5769.htm |
This post was edited by ClarkinKS on Mon, Mar 3, 14 at 5:05
All that being said I have been growing nanking cherries here for years now and they love them and every winter we fight over them and they will stop at nothing to get them. Every time the snow drifts guess what they do.....climb up the drift! I spray the trunks, paint them you name it and finally my method is usually to feed them with branches I cut off the tops of apple trees, elms etc.. Sometimes distraction of easy food on the ground works better than fighting the mob of rabbits in a battle you can't win. Pruning is necessary for us every year anyway around the same time. Once they start on a tree like that they don't stop and Rabbits get pretty hungry but I hope that rabbit was working alone. Harvestman mentioned a grafting method above I think is a good one. If the damage is extensive on any of the trees and they are completely girdled you can as he mentioned use a bridge graft to fix damage |
Here is a link that might be useful: Bridge Grafting
This post was edited by ClarkinKS on Sun, Mar 2, 14 at 11:26
Here are the updated pictures 4 years later, you can see the tree healed over and yes those are bunny tracks...first picture 2 trees in it. |
4th picture one tree in it...since the first damage 4 years ago I eliminated a lot of bunnies and had no new damage since....other then deer pruning now and then.I do spray those damage areas with fungal and insect spray heavily... |
This post was edited by mjmarco on Mon, Mar 3, 14 at 15:57
- Posted by rabid.child 5 (My Page) on Tue, Mar 4, 14 at 14:35
Thanks for the update and the pictures! It's good to know that your trees healed well. I was curious how they did because I've got a ton of rabbit and vole damage to deal with. I've got about 200 apple and pear trees in a fenced-in 60' x 60' nursery. The trees are 1 to 4 years old, ranging in size from less than a foot to 7 feet tall, with each one wrapped with a 24" plastic vole guard. Even though the nursery is surrounded by an 8-foot polypropylene mesh deer fence fortified with a 28-inch welded wire rabbit fence, it was no match for the 2 to 5 feet of snow that's been on the ground for most of the winter. With the snow higher than the rabbit fence, they easily chewed through the polypropylene mesh, and, in a single night, nipped almost everything down to snow-level (about 30"). The bigger trees are missing big patches of bark, maybe 2/3 to 3/4 of the way around the trunk. Oh - and under the snow, on the smaller trees, voles skeletonized everything above - and sticking out of - the plastic guards like piranhas. I saved what I could by wrapping what was still standing above the guards in aluminum foil, made some patches in the fence with poultry netting, and dug a trench in the snow all the way around the nursery. In the process of mending the fence (which took a few days), rabbits got in only once. They ignored all the aluminum-covered trees, and gnawed on raspberry canes instead. Once mended, the rabbits haven't got back in. As for the vole guards, they can only save the wood that they're guarding. I won't know the full extent of the damage until the snow melts. It stands at a little under 2 feet deep right now. It's just devastating to see such damage. Heartbreak aside, my concerns/questions are: Will there be new growth (from the scion/variety I'm trying to grow) if there are no visible buds? Good luck! |
You will have growth it just depends on how much of the girdling they did on the tree if it will survive. My trees were 10 years old and just the bark was damaged not much wood. I had just taken off the protectant cover at the base of the tree because they were so old, so I thought. Fungal disease will come each year they could be a little different based on the weather. Scab has been the hardest with these trees...Maybe the damage effected it not sure. I' m very close to water just 10 feet is the NY |
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I've had a long-standing rule to avoid getting involved in any sort of crowdfunded activities. I didn't donate to Shadowrun or Wasteland, but I did buy and enjoy both of them (I'm plugging both of those games right now, just so you know they're good). I haven't...
NBA 09 The Inside
NBA 09 The Inside Screenshots
Publisher: Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc.
Developer: Sony Computer Entertainment America, San Diego
Platform: PSP® (PlayStation®Portable) system
Genre: Sports
Players: Single-player, 2 players via wireless multiplayer connectivity
Launch Date: October 7, 2008
ESRB Rating: "E" for Everyone
From the studio that brought MLB 08: The Show, SCEA San Diego presents NBA 09 The Inside. NBA action is back once again for hoops on-the-go with NBA 09 The Inside for the PSP® (PlayStation®Portable) system. Combining the perfect blend of arcade and simulation basketball along with a host of unique mini-games, NBA 09 The Inside delivers an engaging NBA experience with quick action and fluid gameplay. This year's effort expands on the franchise by offering the most diverse and feature-rich handheld NBA action available.
New this year is Franchise Mode, where players will have the opportunity to take control of their favorite NBA team and make every decision from drafting players, to signing free agents, to managing player contracts. Elimiquest, a twist on the popular Conquest Mode, is available to let players take over the entire country while playing in the style of the Elimination mini-game.
NBA 09 The Inside introduces a number of new, quick action mini-games that players can enjoy anytime, anywhere. All-new mini-games, from the bowling-style arcade game Alley-Oop, to contests such as the modified 5-on-5 game Give & Go, to new basketball-themed pinball tables, are all available to provide fast and engaging action that further adds to the stable of traditional and non-traditional basketball gameplay. Refined gameplay mechanics and Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) also help to create a more realistic and action-oriented gameplay experience. With a full Franchise Mode and host of new mini-games, as well as downloadable rosters and expanded audio commentary, NBA 09 The Inside delivers an unrivaled experience for basketball fans and gamers alike.
• New Franchise Mode – For the first time on the NBA franchise, players can extend their experience in running a team where performance and player morale are tracked on virtually every level – salary, playing time, trades, team performance, and much more. Players will be able to participate in a full season mode as well.
• Elimiquest Mode – A completely new experience to complement the existing Conquest Mode, Elimiquest is available for players to try and take over all teams and cities throughout North America while playing in the Elimination-style mini-game format.
• Conquest Mode – The classic Conquest Mode is back, once again allowing players to participate in a game of territory acquisition and management. Players will again be able to cash in awards to upgrade player attributes as well as home city amenities, providing for a number of team skill upgrades.
• Pick Up mode – Players will alternate choosing from 10 randomly selected NBA players and match up with the CPU or another player in an outdoor full-court game.
• Robust Suite of Mini-Games – NBA 09 The Inside introduces a wide array of challenging mini-games, from classics such as HORSE, Dodgeball, and Own the Court, to new additions such as Give & Go and Bang the Boards. The suite of mini-games includes:
o Give & Go – New to the franchise, Give & Go is a modified 5-on-5 basketball game where players earn score multipliers by making passes to teammates in a half court set, racking up additional points based on the number of passes made before scoring.
o Bang the Boards – Also new to the franchise, Bang the Boards is a one-on-one half court game where players bid on how many points/rebounds they will get in each series. Based on performance, players will attempt to maximize their point total to earn more awards.
o FastBreak – Quick running game where users can alternate playing offense and defense in a 3-on-2 situation.
o Elimination – A team-based game where gamers win by scoring a set number of points with each of their players. As gamers reach their point quota, they are removed from the team and remaining players receive various power-ups. The first team to remove four players wins.
• Carnival-Style Mini-Games – With returning classics such as Shootin' Bricks, Block A Shot and Big Shooter, NBA 09 expands the carnival with the addition of Alley Oop.
o Alley Oop – A new addition to the NBA franchise, Alley Oop is a table top arcade game loosely tied to a bowling mechanic. Players will roll a basketball up an alley, running the ball through and around a variety of goals, multipliers, and pins.
o Shootin' Bricks – Players will use a basketball to break apart sections of bricks to clear levels (similar to the "Breakout" games).
o Hot Shot – Players will take multiple shots on a timed basis and try to make as many baskets as possible.
o Big Shooter – Much like Skee-Ball, Big Shooter lets players take aim on mini-baskets to score big points.
o Pinball – Seven tables of arcade pinball action.
o Block A Shot – A game akin to whack-a-mole, this will test player reflexes as they negotiate a number of targets and obstacles that are b-ball mainstays.
• New Downloadable Content – Over the course of the season, updated rosters will be regularly available to download.
• Enhanced Play-by-Play and All-New Commentary – Ian Eagle returns to handle play-by-play duties and newly stepping in to the color commentary role is TNT's Kenny Smith. Both will combine to provide comprehensive and in-depth analysis.
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• Ladder Challenge – Compete in a challenging mini-game or exhibition mode series and earn reward tickets for working to the top of the ladder.
• Wireless Multiplayer Gameplay – Compete head-to-head against friends and basketball fans around the country with Ad Hoc connectivity of up to two PSP systems, or link to a network via a wireless local area network (VLAN) access point for multiplayer action nationwide.
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Remembering Ted Harrison
The Historic Sites Association of NL was sadden to hear of the passing of...
viewThe 20th Annual Manning Awards Ceremony was held on Tuesday, April 24 at the Sheraton Newfoundland. The Ceremony was under the distinguished patronage of the Honourable John C. Crosbie, Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, accompanied by her Honour, Mrs. Jane Crosbie.
The Manning Awards for Excellence in the Public Presentation of Historic Places are presented by the Historic Sites Association to recognize and celebrate the work of individuals, communities, and organizations for their work in preserving and presenting this province's history and heritage. Established in 1993, the awards commemorate the late Bill Manning's contribution to the development of provincial historic sites.
The winners of 2012 Manning Awards:
Community Category:
Mummer's Festival
Garrick Theatre
Provincial Category:
Craft Council of Newfoundland and Labrador
National Category:
Cupids Legacy Centre
International Category:
Landfall Trust Inc.
During the ceremony, the Dr. Paul O'Neill Scholarship was also presented. The Historic Sites Association established the Dr. Paul O'Neill Scholarship in 2003 to recognize his contributions to the study of Newfoundland and Labrador culture and history. The scholarship is presented to a Bachelor of Arts student who has shown excellence and outstanding enthusiasm in some area of Newfoundland and Labrador Studies as part of his or her degree program. The recipient of this year is Ms. Tama Stephanie Fost. Ms. Fost has demonstrated a very strong commitment to volunteer work in the areas of Aboriginal student life on the Memorial campus and advocacy on Aboriginal issues, and is very active in the practice, performance and teaching of Inuit traditions. On the ceremony, Ms Fost also sang a song in in Inuktitut in memory of her Nephew, late Berton Winters.
Please click and check: 2012 Manning Awards programme
For more information about winners of Manning Awards, please click: http://www.historicsites.ca/projects/manning-awards/past-winners-of-manning-awards/


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3066 N. Lincoln Ave., Chicago, IL 60657 773-270-0030
Methra is an advanced kitchen, created to meet the new demand of communicating spaces where everything is possible: cooking or socialization, work or entertainment. The functional spaces widen to the living room; the appearance is sophisticated and refined both in the materials and in the components, with an imperative: beauty. The wide surfaces and the rigorous design are enhanced by the absolute absence of handles, replaced with horizontal and vertical groove. The possible combinations of colours and materials are endless. Methra is equipped with many accessories and the newest appliances to combine beauty and functionality.Please check the PDF file for available finishes and handles.


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Design Mania, Cosmetics Issue and a Job Offer
I've been hinting for awhile now, and it's time to announce our Design Mania contest!
I trust that many of you have been trying your hand at the designs presented in the May/June 2014 issue, and I'll bet that you have one or two to show off. Now is the time. Here's what you do: try the designs if you haven't already and submit photos of your best one or two. Your photos will be uploaded and voted on by the public. The person who gets the most votes overall will win the grand prize, and it is grand, indeed! The winners after that in each technique category will win a package of prizes that you will be thrilled to receive. Complete details and the entry form may be found here: http://saponifier.com/enter-design-mania-contest-2014/
I am so excited to see what you have to offer, I can hardly wait! Once the entry deadline is reached, I'll be back with voting information. Take a look at the prizes; they are awesome. Many, many thanks to our generous vendor partners who are participating with us.
Speaking of soap, I could look at soap designs all day long. The artistry of some of my soapmaking colleagues is nothing short of jaw-dropping–far more intricate and creative than I could ever hope to attain. Even so, I am just as pleased to use a rather Plain Jane or primitive looking bar as long as it performs well. I guess it's true that if you love soap, you love all of it. Well, almost all of it, anyway. It never ceases to delight me that we can combine various oils and lye to get a bar of soap. I hope it never does.
What about you? Will a plain bar of well-made soap be as pleasing to you as a fancy, artistic one?
Also, it's just a short time until July 1st, when our next issue comes out. I can't describe to you how I anticipate actually seeing the magazine! I'm like a kid at Christmas. This issue concentrates on cosmetics, an important subject to many of us, so I hope you'll enjoy it if you're a subscriber. If not, we'd love to have you aboard. http://saponifier.com/subscriptions/
Finally, we have an opening for a writer at the Saponifier. This person's regular column would center on the "That's Life" and "Wit & Whimsy" side of soap, bath and body and candlemaking. You see the humor in everyday life with your craft and don't mind sharing. This might include your mistakes or crazy things that happen when you're selling or other events that we can all relate to. Interested? Contact firstname.lastname@example.com
Until next time, may your days be filled with bubbles and wax.
Beth Byrne, for the Saponifier
The Wonderful World of Colorants: FD&C Colors
This is the third in our series on soap colorants. We've discussed natural colorants and micas; so today, we turn our attention to FD&C colorants.
First of all, what does FD&C stand for? It refers to the FDA's Food, Drug & Cosmetic approved colorants. Each color is approved for specific uses and the color title indicates which uses the colorant is appropriate for. If a color is named, FD&C Red #40, for instance, the product is approved by the FDA for food, drugs & cosmetics. If it's labeled D&C Red #34, on the other hand, it's approved for drugs (used externally) and cosmetics. Knowing this makes it easy as a formulator to determine which products each colorant may be used in.
FD&C colorants: These are dyes which permeate the product and thus, are likely to bleed in soapmaking. If your soap is one color, you have no worries. If you want a distinct pattern, however, you'll probably be disappointed. These colors are intense and easy to use, as well as inexpensive, but they don't always like alkalines, so their use in CP or HP soap is sketchy. Most manufacturers who sell these also provide or sell charts that instruct how they should be used in soap and other products. When you see a color followed by a number such as D&C Yellow Number 11, you'll know this product is a dye. These colorants, by the way, are often used for melt and pour soaps and other cosmetics, as appropriate, because they color well and reliably; whereas, they are trickier in CP soap.
You may have heard the term, "Lake" used in conjunction with colorants. They are FD&C type colorants, but you will see these labeled like the other FD&C (or D&C) colorants, except for the addition of the metal substrate used. For example, the additional descriptor, "Aluminum Lake" would be added at the end.
As with all colorants, it's always smart to test colorants out before adding them to large batches of soap or other products!
Stay tuned for our final installment, Oxides and Ultramarines.
PS: Don't forget to vote for your favorite design entries in our DesignMania contest! http://saponifier.com/vote-design-mania-contest/
Until next time, may your days be filled with bubbles and wax.
Beth Byrne for the Saponifier
Coloring Soap and Cosmetics With Mica
Continuing on in our series on soap colorants:
We talked last time about natural colorants such as herbs and purees. Today, I'd like to talk about man made colorants, specifically micas.
If you want strong color, you'll likely be using micas, FD&C colors, Lakes or pigments. Therefore, you'll want to know the differences between them so that you know how to get the result you desire in your soap and avoid disappointment.
Micas are lab created versions of natural micas found in the earth plus oxides, etc. added for color. The mica itself is called "nature identical," but the added colorants may not be. They come in every color of the rainbow, and more–shimmer, glitter and metallic types included. They may be used without caution for melt and pour soap, but might morph or disappear before your very eyes in cold process/hot process soap! I'll never forget the green I once added, only to make a lovely purple in my cold process batch.
If you'd like to use your micas in CP/HP, be sure to do a bit of research to find out how each one works in soap. Some vendors offer lists or reviews on how each mica they offer works in soap.
Additionally, some micas bleed, while others do not. If you see a dye in the INCI, it will probably bleed, so use it accordingly. (Bleeding refers to color migrating into the the rest of the soap, not necessarily on to washcloths, and such) Micas are a staple in mineral makeup and other body products, but be sure to ask for recommendations and experiment with small batches to make sure the colorant works. For instance, you don't want the colorant from bath salts clinging to the tub. I can pretty much guarantee that your customers will not be happy!
To add micas to soap, mix directly into soap or into a bit of rubbing alcohol for melt & pour or a small amount of soap that you add to the batch for CP/HP. Most soapmakers find them quite easy to incorporate.
As for makeup and other cosmetics, research the colorant used in your mica to determine whether or not it is an approved colorant for your application. For instance, green oxide is not permitted in the US for lip colorants. Each country and the EU has its own standards for colorant use.
Next time, we will talk about pigments.
Until then, may your days be filled with bubbles and wax.
Beth Byrne for the Saponifier
PS: Don't forget to vote for your favorite design entries in our DesignMania contest! http://saponifier.com/vote-design-mania-contest/
It Takes all Kinds!
I was thinking recently about all the types of soapmakers and candlemakers out there.
Some like to keep things as basic and natural as possible. In fact, if it were possible to make soap without lye, these individuals would do it. These candlemakers use natural waxes as opposed to using paraffin wax.
At the opposite end of the spectrum, we know soapmakers who are concerned only with the process or the art of soapmaking and are willing to use whatever resources are at their disposal to make the soap they love. The same is true for some chandlers whose main goal is either production or beauty. It's not that this group of crafters don't care if their products are safe, they just believe that the legal ingredients they use are safe for their customers so they are free to use them as they desire.
Most of us, however, fall somewhere between the two extremes. Some of us insist on organic carrier oils, but scent with fragrance oils. Others use only essential oils, but use synthetic or nature identical colorants. Still others use no soy or no animal products or no palm oil. Moreover, good share of cosmetic makers are searching for effective natural preservatives.
The choices are nearly limitless and may cause confusion for both newbies and the experienced alike. What's really natural or acceptable? How much not-so-natural is acceptable? If I make products without regard to their naturalness or acceptability to various groups, are my products inferior? Add to that other concerns such as moral ones or sustainabililty and you have an entirely new set of questions.
With this vast array, we might believe that life would be much easier if we weren't offered so many possibilities. What does it gain us? Quite a bit, actually. First of all, it causes us to do research, the result being more knowledgeable artisans. Secondly, it provides us with niche markets. We can sell to vegans or vegetarians, to those looking for a more natural way of life, customers who avoid certain groups of ingredients or those who are seeking products they like the looks, scent, and performance of. It really does take all kinds!
Where in this wide spectrum do you find yourself?
Until next time, may you happily wade in bubbles & wax.
Beth Byrne
Breaking Legislative News!
Have you seen it? Some very good news for the United States soap and cosmetics industry has just been released!
First, some background:
As you may already know, the Safe Cosmetics Action of 2010, if passed as originally written, would have stifled the small business soap and cosmetic industry. Its labeling, registration, and other requirements were an undue burden that literally would have put many out of business. It was then that many of the leaders in our industry began meeting with lawmakers to let them know that small soap and cosmetic businesses existed. These businesses were adding to their local economies and providing income for many families while providing safe products to their customers.
It wasn't long, however, before the Handcrafted Soapmakers Guild (HSMG) realized that to negotiate the system in Washington, they would need to hire lobbyists to lead the effort. They were joined by business people in the field of soap and cosmetics, suppliers, as well as associations, and so on. Through the efforts of the lobbyists and others, they eventually paved the way for our industry to gain a seat at the table in writing legislation that would ensure that small cosmetics businesses were represented.
As a result, the House has a bill that is considered to be very fair to our industry, and leaders are behind it as it is currently written.
Does that mean we can all sit back and relax? Not quite! The bill is not law as yet, so it behooves each one of us to contact our federal legislators, letting them know our thoughts on the topic. They need to know that you care and what you think.
A synopsis of the House bill can be found here: http://blog.wholesalesuppliesplus.com/2011/06/legislative-update.html. You will also find updates and opinions on the blogs of other major suppliers, such as Essential Wholesale and Bramble Berry and others. HSMG's blog contains factual information, as well. If you sell product, you owe it to yourself to research the bill and to do your part if you support it.
After many years of efforts, it seems quite possible that we will soon see legislation passed that will allow small businesses to continue operating and growing without undue government intrusion.
What do you think? Have you been following the issue? Is this a bill you can live with?


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Tue, Mar 10, 09 at 20:03
I am looking for a pattern for a crochet necklace and bracelet using beads and wire. If any one has one would you mind sharing with me. I need something to do. I am getting ready to have major surgery and need something to keep me busy and keep my mind off my neck surgery. |
Follow-Up Postings:
Here's one for a bracelet: http://www.craftstylish.com/item/2421/how-to-crochet-a-bead-and-wire-bracelet Here's one for a necklace: http://www.mylifetime.com/lifestyle/home-crafts/craft-ideas/needle-arts/crochet-pattern-make-bead-necklace And try crochetpatterncentral.com under jewelry. HTH, and I hope the surgery goes well for you! |
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September 23-29 is National Adult Education and Family Literacy Week, and Victoria College's Adult Education Center has something planned each day of the week.
All of the events are free, and the public is invited to attend.
Opening ceremonies will be held at 10 a.m. Monday at the Adult Education Center, 802 E. Crestwood. Mayor Paul Polasek's proclamation will be read and presented by Gary Moses. Students at the Center will pledge to support literacy, and there will be a gift basket door prize. Refreshments will be served.
Tuesday is Adult Educator & Volunteer Appreciation Day. Treat bags will be presented to teachers, and a sign-up sheet for new tutors will be distributed.
Wednesday is Family Literacy in Practice Information/Registration Day beginning at 9:30 a.m. at the Adult Education Center, and at 3:30 p.m. at Victory Christian Life Center, 1604 E Crestwood Dr.
"This family event can help parents and their children improve reading, writing and math skills," said Tiffany Johnson, Adult Education Center director.
Thursday is Community Awareness Day, and residents are encouraged to wear "I support Literacy" stickers. The stickers will be handed out throughout the day at H-E-B, Sam's Club, and Walmart.
Friday is Partners & Stakeholders in Adult Education & Family Literacy Day, with a presentation on adult education services at 2 p.m. and tours offered all day at the Center. Services such as practice testing, classes, tutoring, family literacy, English as a Second Language, and others will be highlighted in the presentation.
For more information on National Adult Education and Family Literacy Week, contact Tiffany Johnson at (361) 573-7323 or email firstname.lastname@example.com or Stacy Milberger at (361) 582-4273 or email email@example.com.


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Reviewed 1-2-3 Lasagna
Aug 7, 2012 in Food Network Community Toolbox on FoodNetwork.com
"The lasagna's consistency was perfect. It held up amazingly when served. I cooked closer to 40 mins+an additional 10 mins at 375. I also used the 'no boil' noodles, and I followed the instructions on the noodle package in terms of the layers. I doubled the Ricotta- which in hindsight was probably too much Ricotta. I made his sauce, but I only was ""


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noun \ˈwȯl-ˌī\: a large North American fish that lives in fresh water and that has large eyes
Full Definition of WALLEYE
a : an eye with a whitish or bluish-white iris b : an eye with an opaque white cornea
a : strabismus in which the eye turns outward away from the nose b : an eye affected with strabismus of this type
: a large vigorous North American freshwater food and sport fish (Stizostedion vitreum) that has large opaque eyes and is related to the perches but resembles the true pike —called also walleyed pike
Origin of WALLEYE
back-formation from walleyed
First Known Use: 1523
Rhymes with WALLEYE
aby, agley, air-dry, Alai, ally, Altai, anti, apply, assai, awry, aye-aye, Bacchae, Baha'i, banzai, barfly, bee fly, Belgae, belie, bigeye, big lie, black eye, blackfly, black tie, blow-dry, blowby, blowfly, blue-sky, Bo Hai, bone-dry, bonsai, botfly, Brunei, buckeye, bugeye, bye-bye, canaille, catchfly, cat's-eye, Chennai, chess pie, Chiang Mai, cockeye, cockshy, come by, comply, cow pie, crane fly, cross-eye, deadeye, decry, deep-fry, deep-sky, deerfly, defy, Delphi, deny, descry, do by, dong quai, drip-dry, drop by, dry eye, dry fly, elhi, Eli, espy, face fly, firefly, fish-eye, flesh fly, flyby, fly high, forby, freeze-dry, frogeye, fruit fly, gadfly, gallfly, get by, GI, glass eye, go by, good-bye, greenfly, grisaille, gun-shy, Haggai, Hawkeye, heel fly, hereby, hi-fi, hog-tie, horn fly, horsefly, housefly, imply, jai alai, July, Karzai, Kasai, knee-high, lanai, Lanai, lay-by, lay by, Lehigh, let fly, Levi, lie by, magpie, mai tai, mao-tai, Masai, mayfly, medfly, mind's eye, Moirai, mooneye, Mumbai, my eye, nearby, necktie, nilgai, nisi, outbye, outcry, oxeye, pad thai, Panay, panfry, Parcae, piece-dye, pigsty, pinkeye, Po Hai, pop eye, pop fly, potpie, put by, Qinghai, quasi, rabbi, red-eye, rely, reply, rib eye, ride high, rocaille, rough-dry, run dry, Sakai, sand fly, sci-fi, screw eye, semi, Sendai, serai, set by, shanghai, Shanghai, sheep's eye, shoofly, shut-eye, Sinai, sky-high, small-fry, stand by, standby, stir-fry, string tie, supply, swear by, terai, test-fly, thereby, tie-dye, titi, tongue-tie, Transkei, twist tie, two-ply, untie, vat dye, Versailles, well-nigh, whereby, whitefly, wild rye, wise guy
noun \ˈwȯ-ˌlī\ (Medical Dictionary)Medical Definition of WALLEYE
a : an eye with a bluish white iris b : an eye with an opaque white cornea
a : strabismus in which the eye turns outward away from the nose—called also exotropia; compare cross-eye 1 b wall·eyes \-ˌlīz\ pl : eyes affected with divergent strabismus
noun (Concise Encyclopedia)Species (Stizostedion vitreum) of pikeperch (family Percidae), carnivorous food and game fishes found in clear, cool lakes and rivers of eastern North America. Walleyes are slender and darkly mottled. They have two dorsal fins and generally weigh less than 10 lbs (4.5 kg), though some may weigh up to 24 lbs (11 kg). They are at most 35 in. (90 cm) long. Walleyes are not true pikes.
Variants of WALLEYE
walleye or walleyed pike
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The Southern Illinois University Edwardsville community today is mourning the death of undergraduate student Matthew Felts, who died Wednesday night after a life-long struggle with a heart condition. The 23-year-old Felts was a heart transplant recipient in 2006.
Felts was a senior psychology major in the SIUE School of Education, and a native of Springfield, Ill. He is the son of Jerry and Rhonda Felts, and he was engaged to Christine Miller. He was scheduled to walk at commencement on Dec. 15.
"Our entire SIUE community sends its condolences to Matthew's family and friends as this tragedy represents a great loss for our University," said SIUE Chancellor Julie Furst-Bowe. "We know that Matthew will be missed by everyone with whom he interacted on campus."
The family will receive friends for a memorial gathering from 4-7 p.m. on Wednesday, Dec. 12, at Kirlin-Egan & Butler Funeral Home, 900 S. 6th St., Springfield. A memorial ceremony is set for 11 a.m. on Thursday, Dec. 13, at the same location.
Memorial contributions may be made to: Make-A-Wish Foundation of Illinois, 640 N. LaSalle, Suite 280, Chicago, IL 60610 or Gift of Hope Organ & Tissue Donor Network, Attn: Gwendolyn Blakemore, 425 Spring Lake Dr., Itasca, IL 60143.
Pauline Gartshore, of Taylorville, formerly of Edwardsville, died Tuesday at Taylorville Hospital. She was 98.
A Nilwood, Ill., native, Gartshore, was employed in the Bursar's Office and retired from that department. There are no services or visitation planned. Condolences may be expressed online.
Dr. John Michael Virgo, 69, of Atlanta, Georgia, died Nov. 29. He was a retired professor from the SIUE School of Business.
The family is welcoming friends during a visitation from 6-8 p.m. tonight at Elias-Smith Funeral Home, 727 E. Bethalto Blvd. in Bethalto. Interment will be held at Rose Lawn Memorial Gardens, Bethalto, Ill. at 10:30 a.m. tomorrow.
Online Condolences can be made at www.hmpattersonspringhill.com. More information can be found in Virgo's obituary through the Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Madeline Reynolds, of Edwardsville, died Tuesday, Nov. 6, at Rosewood Care Center in Edwardsville. She was 85.
A Modesto, Ill., native, Reynolds, was employed in supporting services and retired from that area.
Visitation will be from 4 to 8 p.m. Thursday, Nov. 8, at Weber and Rodney Funeral Home with services to follow at 10 a.m. Friday, Nov. 9. Family requests memorials to Parkinson's Disease Association.
Condolences may be expressed online.
Roger D. Kramer, originally from Brighton, died Saturday, Nov. 3, at his Belleville home. He was 51.
Kramer earned his degree in journalism through the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville College of Arts and Sciences. He later taught journalism at the University for several years.
An avid bicycler, Kramer, who was a design editor at the Belleville News Democrat, founded the Tour de Donut and the Tour de (Three) Stooges rides.
Visitation is from 4-7 p.m. tonight at Targhetta & Wooldridge Funeral Home in Brighton. A prayer service will take place at 5 p.m.
Services will take place at 10 a.m. Wednesday at St. Alphonsus Catholic Church in Brighton with Father Bill Kessler officiating. Burial will be at Brighton Cemetery. Memorials can be made to the Easter Seals Society. More information is available and a guestbook can be found online.
Thomas M. Diamond, of Highland, Ill., died Wednesday, Oct. 17, at St. Joseph's Hospital in Highland. He was 45.
Diamond studied geography and climatology in SIUE's College of Ats and Sciences.
Donations may be made to the Diamond Children's Education Fund. A complete obituary is available at meridithfuneralhome.com.
Virginia E. Royston, of East St. Louis, died Sunday, Oct. 14, at Relais Bonne Eau Hospice in Edwardsville. She was 92.
She was the secretary for the dean of Social Studies for 15 years before her retirement.
In accordance with her wishes, cremation rites were accorded. Memorials are suggested to Parkinson's Disease Foundation. Online guestbook is available at www.pitchfordfuneralhome.com.
Gene W. Morgan, a native of Staunton, died Sept. 2, 2012. He was 83. Morgan retired from the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Police Department. Morgan also worked for the Shell Oil Company and had more than 22 years experience with state and federal law enforcement. Morgan earned bachelor's and master's degrees from SIUE. Visitation and funeral information is available online at williamsonfh.com.
Eugene Herscher, who worked at the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Lovejoy Library from 1959 until retiring as a professor emeritus in 1988, died July 25. He was 88.
During his time at the University, he managed the merger of more than 100,000 volumes from the Alton and East St. Louis libraries, and brought them to the Edwardsville campus.
Herscher was a member of the Illinois Library Association and past chairman of the Resources and Technical Services section. He also was a member of other St. Louis and Illinois library groups. There will be no visitation or service. Herscher's obituary is available online through The Edwardsville Intelligencer.
Roy Hughes, a native of Maryville, died July 17, 2012. He was 74.
Hughes worked in the printing department at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville for many years. His visitation was held Sunday, July 21 at Weber and Rodney Funeral Home.
More information is available on Hughes' online obituary.
Jeanette D. Anderson, 61, of Maryville, died Wednesday. She was retired from Southern Illinois University Edwardsville as a purchasing officer.
A visitation for Anderson will take place from 9:30-11 a.m. Saturday at Meadow Heights Baptist Church in Collinsville. Interment will follow at Calvary Cemetery in Edwardsville.
More information can be found in Anderson's obituary through STLToday.com, the online arm of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
Dan R. Salden, 71, of Maryville, died Wednesday. He was a Southern Illinois University Edwardsville professor emeritus in Speech Communication.
A celebration of Salden's life will take place at 6 p.m. Friday, July 27 at the SIUE Center for Spirituality & Sustainability.
More information can be found in Salden's obituary, which is located on obitsforlife.com.
Lucille Hopkins of Edwardsville died June 4, 2012. She was 96.
A native of Webster Groves, Hopkins worked at SIUE from 1959 to 1982 where she retired as the executive assistant to James Metcalf, controller of the University. Additionally, Hopkins also worked with numerous charitable organizations.
The memorial service was held June 17 at Saint Andrew's Episcopal Church in Edwardsville. A private family burial was held after the service.
Deacon William J. Maurer of Troy died Sunday, July 15 at Barnes Jewish Hospital in St. Louis. He was 69.
Maurer was the director of development for the SIUE School of Pharmacy. He also had been a deacon, most recently serving as the permanent deacon at St. Jerome Catholic Church in Troy. Maurer is survived by his wife Marcia Maurer, dean of the SIUE School of Nursing.
A visitation will be held from 4-8 p.m. Wednesday, July 18 at the Irwin Chapel in Glen Carbon. Visit the chapel's website for obituary information and visitation details.
Louise M. Osteen, of Alton, died Saturday, July 7, at Alton Memorial Hospital. She was 62.
A native of Rhinehart, La., Osteen, was employed at SIUE until her retirement.
Visitation, funeral and memorial information is available at cmwilliamsfh.com
Fred Lampe, of Edwardsville died Sunday, July 1, 2012. He was 77.
Lampe was a professor of Geography for Southern Illinois University Edwardsville from 1972 to 1992. He also was a member of the Association of American Geographical Society.
Lampe's visitation will be held from 9:30-11 a.m. Saturday, July 14 at the First Presbyterian Church in Edwardsville. More information regarding the memorial can be found at fpcedw.org or by calling (618) 656-4550.
His obituary can be found through the Edwardsville Intelligencer.
Norman Johnsen, 84, of Edwardsville, died July 1 at Anderson Hospital in Maryville. He joined the faculty as a professor in the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Social Sciences, teaching earth sciences, geography and planning.
According to his obituary, Johnsen originally was from Mineola, N.Y. He earned a master's in economics from Syracuse University and moved from New York to Illinois to serve as an urban planner. A member of the area's community development team, Johnsen assisted in the planning and implementation of SIUE. He was employed by the University from 1955 to 1986, at which time he retired from the institution.
More information is available about Johnsen through an obituary in the Edwardsville Intelligencer. Arrangements were handled by Sunset Hills Funeral Home in Glen Carbon. In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to the Siteman Cancer Institute at Barnes Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, Hope Rescues in Granite City, the fire department of Albertson, N.Y. or the Glen-Ed Food Pantry in Edwardsville.
Shankar P. Nair, of Ann Arbor, Mich., died Saturday, June 9. He was 86.
Originally from Trichur, Kerala, India, Nair was employed at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville from 1970 to 1995. He was an associate professor of biological sciences and also served as the dean of University College, which later became part of the SIUE College of Arts and Sciences.
Memorial contributions can be made to the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society or the National Inclusion Project.
For more information, visit Nair's online obituary through Nie Family Funeral Home & Cremation Service: niefuneralhomes.com/obituaries/Shankar-Nair/#/Obituary.
Peggy L. Guiliacci, of Sorento, died April 10, at her home. She was 65. Funeral services were held April 13 at the Sorento Baptist Church with burial in Kirkland Cemetery in Sorento. Perfetti Funeral Home in Sorento was in charge of arrangements.
Guiliacci was a financial aid counselor at SIUE before retiring on Dec. 31, 2011.
Memorials may be made to the Sorento Food Pantry, Sorento Baptist Church or Trinity Baptist Church Building Fund in Gillespie.
Lacy V. Siddall, a Bethalto native and a student of Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, died Sunday, April 22, 2012, at St. Luke's Hospital in Chesterfield, Mo. She was 21.
Siddall was a junior in the SIUE School of Education, studying Speech-Language Pathology. She graduated from Civic Memorial High School in 2009.
The visitation will be held at 7 p.m., Thursday, April 26, at the Greater Alton Church in East Alton. More information regarding the visitation can be found at thegreateraltonchurch.
Lauren D. Petersen, of Bethalto, died Monday, April 23 at St. Luke's Hospital in Chesterfield, Mo. She was 19.
Petersen was a freshman at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville during the 2011 fall semester, with an undeclared major in the College of Arts and Sciences. Visitation will be held at 4 p.m. Thursday, April 26, at the Greater Alton Church in Rosewood Heights. The funeral mass will be held at 10 a.m. Friday, April 27, at Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Church in Bethalto.
More information regarding the visitation can be found at greateraltonchurch.com.
The Southern Illinois University Edwardsville community today is mourning the death of undergraduate student Samuel A. Bequette, who died in an accidental drowning Saturday night. The 19-year-old Bequette was a freshman majoring in mechanical engineering, and a native of Worden, Ill.
"We are deeply saddened at the loss of a member of the SIUE family," said chancellor Vaughn Vandegrift. "On behalf of everyone at the University, I wish to extend our sincerest condolences to the Bequette family and all of Sam's friends and classmates."
Lesicko Funeral Home in Livingston is handling funeral arrangements
Clinton H. Rogier, of Highland, died Friday, April 13, at Faith Care Center in Highland. He was 92.
Rogier served as president, chairman and a board member of the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Foundation and was a recipient of the University's Distinguished Service Award.
More information is available at spengel-boulanger.com or thetelegraph.com.
Eugue Maag, died Saturday, March 24, at Anderson Hospital in Maryville. He was 86.
A Glen Carbon native, Maag was a retired professor of speech therapy at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. He was a veteran of the U.S. Navy, having served in World War II and the Korean War. He was a member of both the American and Illinois Speech and Hearing Association.
Funeral services were held March 28 at St. Cecilia's Catholic Church in Glen Carbon. More information about Maag is available at theintelligencer.com.
Devere "Nuet" Neutzling, of Edwardsville, died Sunday, March 25, 2012 at his residence. He was 89.
While Neutzling was not an official SIUE employee, many people knew him from working with Illinois Bell Telephone and being assigned full-time at the University. Neutzling worked as a communication technician with Illinois Bell Telephone and AT&T for more than 39 years.
Visitation, funeral and memorial information is available at www.weberfuneralhome.com or by calling 618-656-4655.
Herbert Fellhauer, of Highland, died Sunday, March 18, at Anderson Hospital in Maryville. He was 83.
Fellhauer, a Highland native, was a grounds employee at SIUE from 1976 until he retired in 1987.
Kalmer Memorial Services in Lebanon is in charge of arrangements. Visitation, funeral and memorial information is available at http://www.kalmermemorialservices.com or by calling (618) 622-4900.
The Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Community today is mourning the death of undergraduate student John Hutson, who died in an automobile accident Thursday night. The 19-year-old Hutson was a freshman in arts and sciences, and a native of Taylorville, Ill.
"This tragedy represents a great loss for our University," said SIUE chancellor Vaughn Vandegrift. "We know that John will be missed by everyone with whom he interacted on campus. Our entire SIUE community sends its condolences to John's family and friends."
McClure Funeral Home in Taylorville is handling funeral arrangements.
Marsha Bell Puro, emerita professor of accounting in the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Business, died Monday. She was an SIUE faculty member from 1982 until she retired in 2008.
A graveside service will be held at 3 p.m. Wednesday at Beth Hamedrosh Hagodol Cemetery, 9125 Ladue Road.
For more information, visit bergermemorialchapel.com or view Puro's obituary through Stltoday.com, the online version of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
Dr. Larry L. Felkner, retired professor of restorative dentistry and a pioneer faculty member in the SIU School of Dental Medicine, died suddenly Sunday, Jan. 1, during an outing at Queeny Park in Des Peres, Mo. He was 79.
A native of Kansas City, Mo., Dr. Felkner joined the faculty of the dental school at Alton in 1969 as director of educational services and coordinator of the academic program. Before coming to the Alton campus, he had been in dental practice in Kansas City and Europe after also serving two years in the Navy as a base dentist in Frankfurt, Germany. Dr. Felkner also had taught in the department of prosthodontics at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry and had been a researcher for the Dentists' Supply Co. of New York. After retiring from SIUE in 1998, he continued in private practice in Chesterfield, Mo.
He earned a DDS at the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry in 1956 and a doctorate in dental education at the University of Pittsburgh in the mid-1960s.
An athlete and adventurer who rode in hundreds of bicycle races in the U.S. as well as several bicycle tours in Europe, Felkner continued to play tennis and squash until he died. He also was known for his work in blocking construction of a golf course at Queeny Park, leading the charge in gathering enough signatures to mount a voter initiative that defeated the proposed golf course in 1986. He was elected to the board of the St. Louis Coalition for the Environment and was a volunteer tutor for St. Louis Oasis.
A memorial party is planned for 1:30 p.m. Saturday, Jan. 28, at the American Kennel Club Museum of the Dog in Queeny Park, 1721 S. Mason Road, Des Peres, Mo. Memorials may be made to the St. Louis Coalition for the Environment.
Marsha J. Walker, retired application analyst in Information Technology Services, died Monday, Jan. 16., after a long illness. She was 55.
A School of Business alumna, Walker joined the staff of what was then known as the Office of Information Technology in 1983 as a management analyst programmer. She retired in 2010. During her tenure at SIUE, Walker also was a data processor with OIT/ITS. She was an avid spelunker and a member of Meramec Valley Grotto since 1993. Her friends referred to her as loving horseback riding, traveling and the outdoors.
Visitation will take place from 4-9 p.m. today at Kutis Funeral Home, 10151 Gravois, South St. Louis County. A service is set for 7 p.m. Memorials may be made to any cancer research organization.
Zissel (Julius) "Zeke" Brown, emeritus professor of electrical engineering and the first chair of that department, died Wednesday, Jan. 11. He was 96. A native of Brooklyn, NY, Brown's birth certificate noted his first name as Julius, but his family called him by his Jewish name, Zissel, which Army friends would later shorten to Zeke. His parents ran a small grocery store and, according to his son, SIUE Emeritus Music Professor Steve Brown, Zeke and his older brother Milton had a happy childhood.
"In the summers," Steve Brown said, "they practically lived in their swimming suits, although swimming in Sheepshead Bay involved pushing debris away with every stroke." Zeke Brown attended the City College of New York, majoring in physics and earning a bachelor of science in 1936. When World War II arrived, he enlisted in the Army Air Force and trained as an anti-radar operator, a training that included graduate studies at both M. I. T. and Harvard.
The practical part of the training brought him to what was then known as Scott Field near O'Fallon, where he met Norma Joseph; they were married on D-Day, June 6, 1944. He was assigned to the B-29 squadron which mounted the first air attack on mainland Japan after the now famous Jimmy Dolittle raid. "The initial sorties, conducted in daylight and without fighter support, were devastating—as many as a third of the planes were lost on a single flight," Steve Brown said. "After the mode of attack was reconfigured by Curtis Lemay, missions became more effective, though still extremely hazardous." For his service, Zeke Brown was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, with one oak leaf cluster, and the Air Medal with four oak leaf clusters.
After the war, Zeke and Norma settled into a small apartment in Manhattan, and he took a job in the electronics industry. They were regulars at the Café Society in New York's Greenwich Village, where they became friends with some of the jazz and folk artists of the day. Zeke's refusal to sign a loyalty oath during the notorious McCarthy Era led to their returning to O'Fallon and moving to a farm north of town where they kept a small herd of buffalo.
At that time Zeke completed a master's at Saint Louis University in electrical engineering, and then began teaching there. Later, he completed a doctorate at Washington University in St. Louis, and was asked to head what was then known as the engineering division at SIUE in 1965, where he remained until his retirement in 1986.
Steve Brown pointed out that his father was "a dreadful singer (a grade school teacher assigned him the role of 'listening tenor')," but also that he loved to listen to music. "My father's tastes were wide-ranging, but his particular favorites were some of the most complex and pure of compositions: Beethoven's string quartets." He was, until almost the very end, a voracious reader. He served on the O'Fallon grade school board, and for many years volunteered at the St. Louis Science Center.
Private services were conducted at Wolfersberger Funeral Home in O'Fallon. In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to Greenpeace, The Fund for Animals or the Memory Diagnostic Center in St. Louis. Friends and family are invited to a reception in Zeke Brown's honor at Steve and Liz Brown's home in O'Fallon at 3 p.m. Saturday, Jan. 21.