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Laptops, digital cameras, camcorders, cellular phones, all these high tech gadgets are choice of everyone nowadays. Well why not? There are a lot of things you can do with these gadgets. With them, you can surf the web anywhere, find out information about anything, capture anything you like and share it instantly to the whole world, be connected with your friends and family around the globe and always be a part of the web world. With all these things there is no reason for anyone not to dream having them. However not everybody can afford to buy these high-tech gadgets. Laptops in particular are generally very expensive. So you really have to work hard if you have plans of purchasing one. But what if you get a laptop for free? You might think it would be impossible for anyone to give free laptops but believe it or not there is a website where you can win absolutely free prizes like laptop, digital camera, camcorder, Ipod, USB drive, tshirts, bags etc by just answering easy quiz questions. And the best part is that during the process of winning these prizes, your knowledge also increases. If you have passion to win something on your own, then this is the site for you.
Quiznearn.com is the rewards based quiz site where you can win prizes by just answering multiple choice quiz questions. All you need to do is play quizzes, earn points and redeem the points for the exciting prizes. You don't have to compete with anyone to win the prizes. You just have to earn set target points so that you are considered for the prize. That also with no time limits which means there is no compulsion to play every day. Whenever you are free, just play, earn points and keep accumulating them until you reach the limit.
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Photographer. Gamer. Podcaster. YouTuber. Reader. Super Wife. Life-long learner. Mother of 2 teenage boys. Crazy Cat Lady. Libertarian. Keeper of Secrets.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Vintage: | 2005 |
Wine Type: | Bold Red Wine |
Varietal: | Zinfandel |
Appellation: | Alexander Valley |
Harvest Date: | October 12, 2005 |
Sugar: | 25.0 brix average at harvest |
Acid: | 4.6g/L |
Aging: | 15 months in barrel |
Bottling Date: | February 21, 2007 |
Alcohol %: | 15.2 |
Classic Zinfandel aromas of Strawberry, Blackberry, and Spice. A pleasing acid structure and tannin level provide a soft, yet persistent and lingering finish. This is a wine that should really be consumed young to enjoy the full life and energy of the fruit.
SILVER Medal - 2007 California State Fair,
92 points
Our Zinfandel block is perched on a knoll over looking the Russian River Valley as she slowly meanders through the country town of Healdsburg. Head pruned vines grown from the now historic St. George rootstock and using the grafted bud wood from ancient 110 year old vines from the adjacent vineyard. This particular block consists of well-drained Hugo Clough Gravely Loam soils.
We allow the grapes to cold soak for several days and then fermented the fruit utilizing a sub-merged cap system with daily pump-overs. After fermentation is completed, the wine is transferred to a combination of French and Central European oak barrels (50% new and 50% neutral) and allowed to age for 15 months. We blend a small amount of Petite Sirah to add color and structure. The result of all this diversity gives us a wine of immense depth of fruit and complexity.
2005 was characterized as a long, moderate season which allowed for even ripening of fruit throughout spring and summer. The moderate temperatures allowed for extended hang time as we weren't battling any heat spells and the resulting surge of Brix that can forces an early harvest before full flavors are achieved.
322 cases
By entering Gann Cellars' Wine Store, you affirm that you are of
legal drinking age in the country where this site is accessed.


text:
2605 North A1A Melbourne, Florida 32903 United States
Melbourne International (MLB)
- Distance from hotel: 7 MI/ 11.27 KM West l
- Complimentary shuttle available
- Make a left on to Nasa Blvd. to US 1. Take a right on US1 to SR 192. Make a left on SR 192 to A1A. Make a left on A1A hotel 3 miles down on right hand side.
- Distance from hotel: 50 MI/ 80.47 KM West l
- Take the North Exit out of airport to 528 East. Take 528 East to 95 South. 95 South to Exit 183 (Eau Gallie) take Eau Gallie to A1A. Make a right on A1A hotel on left hand side approximately 1 mile.
no train station nearby
None Locally
- Car Parking Available
- Complimentary Daily Self-Parking
- Self parking available 24 hours per day, with parking lots adjacent to hotel and across Hwy A1A with walk bridge direct to hotel.
Current Settings are:
Country of Residence:
Available Languages:
To book more than 9 rooms for one stay or request a quote, please use our Easy Meetings tool or call 1-800-MEETING (in United States, Mexico and Canada).
Please enter Check In.
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Hotel Highlights
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Guest Reviews
Each review and rating that we receive is verified to ensure that we only display information provided by guests who have actually stayed in the hotel.
Overall Experience
Reasonable rates
ByYulia L.
January 28, 2015
I stayed for 1 night In Crowne Plaza in Melbourne Beach driving from Miami to South Carolina.
It is a nice hotel.Staff is friendly.I really liked the atmosphere.
There are a few details that I didn't like much, but overall I had a good experience staying in Crowne Plaza.
Great staff, location, and hotel
January 28, 2015
Great experience with the hotel. Shuttle driver, John, was very pleasant and accomodating.
great service
January 27, 2015
Staff were great, rooms very well appointed, good food, great value for money. Couldn't ask for more.
Needs a little help
January 27, 2015
The hotel was a good location for our week long conversance. The conversance room was clean well light and a comfortable tempter was well controlled. The Wi-Fi was easy to connect to, but often disconnected both the host and the members...
My hotel room on the other hand was worn and showing signs of needing maintenance. The rug was worn-out and stained, the phone was broken, the bathroom sink and faucet where worn and needing replacing.


text:
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30 Servings $54.99 $34.99 | |||
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Directions For Igniter Extreme: Add 1 scoop to 4-8 ounces of cold water 30-45 minutes prior to training. Mix until completely dispersed. Drink immediately. For an extreme effect, mix 2 scoops with 8-16 ounces of cold water.
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text:
Country music singer Kevin Sharp dies
FAIR OAKS, CA – Country music singer and Northern California native, Kevin Sharp died Saturday at his mother's Fair Oaks home. He was 43.
Sharp recorded multiple chart-topping songs and survived a battle with cancer when he was a senior in high school.
According to Sharp's sister, Mary Huston, he died at his mother's Fair Oaks home just before 11 p.m. Saturday night. He died due to complications from past stomach surgeries and digestive issues brought on by the aggressive battle he had to undergo in his teenage years.
Sharp was diagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma, a rare form of bone cancer, as a high school senior. He went into remission after two years of chemotherapy and radiation.
Sharp climbed the charts with his release of "Nobody Knows," a single on his 1996 debut album, "Measure of a Man." He released two other albums, "Love Is" in 1998 and "Make A Wish" in 2005.
During Sharp's battle with cancer, The Make-A-Wish Foundation granted him his wish to meet Grammy Award-winning music producer David Foster, who provided him with some tips that helped jump-start his career.
Sharp also was motivational speaker, a spokesman for the Make-A-Wish Foundation and he wrote "Tragedy's Gift," a 2004 book about fighting cancer.
Sharp is survived by five brothers, two sisters and his mother.
Justin Bieber's home searched
LOS ANGELES, CA – Justin Bieber has been served a felony search warrant at his Los Angeles home early this morning.
According to the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, the warrant was served at 8 a.m. Tuesday. A number of patrol cars were seen entering Bieber's gated community in a high-end Calabasas neighborhood.
UPDATE (11:15 a.m.) – Lil Za friends of Lil Twist and Bieber has been arrested at Bieber's home on felony drug charges.
UPDATE (10:50 a.m.): According to sheriff's they were not specifically looking for eggs, but anything that could link him to the crime. There are reports that deputies confiscated Bieber's security system.
According to TMZ, the 19-year-old pop-star was being held in his garage while deputies executed the warrant, searching for evidence that may link Bieber to an egg-throwing incident with a neighbor. There are reports that deputies brought along a battering ram.
Investigators will be looking for evidence of eggs that may link to eggs discovered at the neighbor's home. They are also looking for any video that Bieber and his crew may have recorded of the incident.
What may be more concerning for Bieber is anything deputies find that is illegal is now fair game, so the singer may be facing other charges when all is said and done.
The Sheriff's Department will be holding a press conference at 11 a.m. PST.
The Biebs is accused of pelting a neighbor's home with eggs during an argument. The neighbor videotaped the incident and in the clip the neighbor can be heard yelling at the egg-thrower.
Bieber has had a difficult time getting along with his neighbors after throwing all night parties and racing down streets in the quiet neighborhood.
Recently Bieber announced to the world that he would be retiring so he can spend some time "figuring out myself as a man."
Katy Perry's epic lip-sync fail
CANNES, FRANCE – Katy Perry is coming under fire after her performance at the 15th annual NRJ Music Awards in Cannes over the weekend.
As Perry started her hit song "ROAR," it quickly became obvious that the pop-singer was lip-syncing the song. It was so bad the host of the show actually stopped her performance and asked her to start over.
"Bonsoir, Katy Perry. If you don't mind we can restart, what do you think?" the host says to Perry.
Perry agreed to start over, but it didn't get any better. There is a video posted on YouTube that was recorded from the time the singer started the song over. You can hear that she's out of breath due to the choreography and she is off-key at times.
As for the video of Perry getting caught? We managed to find one website where it was still posted, but the internet police are quickly taking the videos down.
Organizers for the NRJ Awards show came to Perry's aid in the form of a statement.
"Katy Perry was singing live at the NRJ Awards Saturday night in Cannes, but regrettably the wrong mix has been played accidentally which over-rode Katy's live vocal feed on-air at the beginning of her performance of 'Roar'," NRJ stated.
"TF1 & NRJ would like to apologize to NRJ double award winner Katy Perry for this technical problem beyond our control."
Are we expecting too much from pop-stars like Perry?
Chris Brown arrested for felony assault
WASHINGTON, DC – Chris Brown found himself behind bars in Washington, DC on Sunday morning after being arrested on felony charges.
According to Washington Metropolitan police, Brown and his body guard, Christopher Hollosy, were arrested Sunday morning at 4:25 a.m. outside the W Hotel and are being held at the 2nd District police station.
The victim was taken to a local hospital for treatment of his injuries.
Brown's twitter feed said the 24-year-old was in Washington to host a "homecoming party" at The Park at Fourteen nightclub on Saturday.
According to Metropolitan Police, Brown got into an argument with a man outside the W Hotel on K Street. The victim said he was hanging out with friends at the W when they saw 2 women getting ready to take a picture with Brown.
The victim and his friend photo bombed the 2 women, which is when Brown punched the victim, breaking his nose. The victim has stated he may require surgery.
According to police Brown was heard saying, "I'm not into this gay s**t, I'm into boxing," just before punching the victim.
This does not bode well for Brown.
This arrest could set the stage for a violation of his probation and send the singer to jail, something the Los Angeles District Attorney has been trying to do for some time.
Brown has been dodging jail time since his arrest in 2009 for punching Rihanna while driving a rented Lamborghini on a Hollywood street. The altercation left Rihanna bruised and bloody on the eve of the Grammy Awards.
Read: Chris Brown avoids hit-and-run charges
Brown entered a guilty plea and received five years' probation and ordered to spend more than 1,400 hours in "labor-oriented service." However, Brown came under fire earlier this year for forging documents showing he had completed his service.
Los Angeles prosecutors filed probation violation charges against Brown after the prosecution investigated his log of service for completing his probation. The prosecution could not validate his community service hours. They charged that Brown falsified documents and are sought to have him redo his service in Los Angeles County. According to Deputy District Attorney Mary Murray, their investigation "provided no credible, competent or verifiable evidence that defendant Brown performed his community labor as presented to this court."
Brown was ordered to complete an additional 1,000 hours of community services for the violation.
Brown has continued to have anger management issues and problems with women in general. Most recently he went on a rant about women while performing at the Emerson Theatre in Hollywood.
In a video posted on TMZ.com, Brown told the audience that a man should keep a woman in her place. We won't quote it all here since it was pretty crude. Suffice it to say he told the crowd, "So every person in this motherf**king building, if you got a bad b**ch you better say that sh*t to her, or she might f**k another n*gga."
In a fender bender Brown went "ballistic" on the woman in the other vehicle, causing charges to be filed.
Brown also threatened a parking valet after the attendant wanted to, of all things, get paid.
There was that brawl earlier this year between Brown and fellow artist Frank Ocean a number of months ago. Ocean ended up dropping the charges.
Let's not forget the incident involving Brown throwing a chair through a plate glass window while being interviewed on ABC's "Good Morning America," this after being asked a question about him punching Rihanna.
Read: Chris Brown picks a fight with Frank Ocean
Anger management issues?
Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge James Brandlin will get to decide on November 20, since the singer is scheduled for a probation status hearing.
Chubby Checker wins ok to sue HP over penis app
SAN FRANCISCO, CA – Chubby Checker has won the right to move forward with a lawsuit against HP and its Palm unit on Thursday.
U.S. District Judge William Alsup in San Francisco ruled that Ernest Evans, better known as Chubby Checker, can move forward with a lawsuit he filed earlier this year for trademark infringement against HP.
In February of this year, Checker filed suit alleging that HP infringed on his trademark name "Chubby Checker," with an app called "The Chubby Checker."
"The Chubby Checker" app appeared on websites for Palm OS devices and touted that it "enables women to estimate the size of a man's penis based on his shoe size."
"The Twist" singer's lawyers are seeking $500 million, claiming the app has done "irreparable damage" to his reputation.
According to HP, the company removed the offending app in September 2012 when they first received a complaint from Checker's lawyers. The German firm behind the app, Magic Apps, is no longer selling the software.
"He's hurt," his lawyer Willie Gary told Associated Press back in February, "He worked hard to build his name and reputation over the years," he continued, "We cannot sit idly and watch as technology giants, or anyone else, exploits the name or likeness of an innocent person with the goal of making millions of dollars."
HP, in an effort to dismiss the claim, said that Checker failed to prove that HP knew of the infringement. However, the judge disagreed and said that Checker did prove that HP was aware of the app due to their detailed application and approval process for the app, and thus knew it violated the trademark.
In an article last year in the San Francisco Chronicle Checker was quoted as saying, "I have only one regret in my whole life, this is my greatest regret – that my music is not being played and more people aren't seeing Chubby Checker. That's very painful for me. Many nights I have tears in my eyes about that. While I'm praying to God and thanking him for all the good things, I ask, 'Why don't they play my music? Did I do something wrong? Is there something about it?'
Checker went on to say, "It's not just any music – the No. 1 song in the world, the only song to be No. 1 twice – why don't they play my music? It's so painful. Why isn't Chubby getting his music played like the rest of the white boys?"
It was over 50 years ago that "The Twist" hit No. 1 for the first time. Along with the song came Checkers signature style of dance called "The Twist." According to Checker, his song and dance moves changed the way people danced forever.
Is he simply trying to protect his trademark, or could this be retribution for the many years of what he views as neglect?
Medley's get righteous at Thunder Valley Casino
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame member and legendary Righteous Brother Bill Medley along with daughter McKenna Medley, performed at Thunder Valley Casino Resort on Saturday.
Bill was backed by the very talented 3 Bottle Band, who has been playing together with Medley for over 35 years. Band members were Gabe Rabben (drums), Jamie Browning (bass/vocals), Tim Lee (keyboards), and Larry Hanson (lead guitar).
This year marks the 51st anniversary of the Righteous Brothers. The second half of the duo, Bobby Hatfield, died of a heart attack back in 2003; Medley now tours with the 3 Bottle Band and his daughter Mckenna.
Kicking off the show was a video showing Medley as he made appearances in various shows throughout his career, including the David Letterman Show and the hit TV series, Cheers. As the video ended, Medley started to sing "A Song for You" while he was still offstage. After about a minute he started to make his way to the stage, providing for a nice dramatic entrance.
The audience was mesmerized with Medley from the start as he continued with "Show Me" and "Soul and Inspiration." In between songs he would talk about life and joke with the crowd.
The 72 year old Medley's voice was rough at times, but had a nice coarse sound to it. He even made fun of himself after singing "Unchained Melody," saying he knew everyone was waiting to see if he could hit the high note, but didn't. He did follow the joke with a quick high note, which sounded great.
For his hit song, "Time of My Life," from the movie Dirty Dancing, Medley brought out Mckenna to perform Jennifer Warnes' part. McKenna did an awesome job and has a very melodic voice with a bit of a country/blues flavor.
McKenna went on to perform solo, singing "Silk Flowers" and "Give Me One Reason."
After McKenna completed her set, Medley sat down at the keyboards and called on band member Jamie Browning to sing a few songs with him and McKenna. This is where Medley shined, providing the audience a glimpse of what it's like to jam with one of the best.
Mckenna has just recently started a blog called "A Righteous Fit," chronicling her daily struggles and successes to keep fit. McKenna says, "Staying in shape is a constant struggle for me. I'm not here because I have all the answers, even though I may have a few tricks- especially when it comes to traveling," she goes on to say, "But I just want to inspire good health, and have a place to be accountable for my own health." It was fun following her posts on her trip to Thunder Valley.
Hawaii comes to Thunder Valley Casino
There was a whole lot of pupu'ing going on at Thunder Valley Casino Resort on Saturday as Hawaiian natives Tia Carrere, Daniel Ho, and the band Kapala entertained fans with some old-fashioned Hawaiian music.
Kicking off the show was Grammy Award winners Tia Carrere and Daniel Ho singing "He Aloha Melee" and "Pupu Hinuhinu."
Carrere's performance was flawless, as was Ho's incredible guitar work. Carrere's voice was smooth and silky as she continued on with "Me Ke Aloha Pumehana" and "He Nani," from their award winning album 'He Nani.'
You may recall Tia Carrere is a veteran actress who has starred in numerous movies and television shows, her most notable role was as rock singer Cassandra in the movie 'Wayne's World.' She's also the voice of Nani, in the movie and TV series of 'Lilo and Stitch.'
Carrere has come a long way since her start on the TV series 'General Hospital,' not only as an actor, but as a singer. Teaming up with childhood friend Daniel Ho, they have garnered a number of Grammy Awards including best album for 'Ikena' and 'Huana Ke Aloha.'
Daniel Ho has released 18 solo albums and produced over 50 albums. Providing backup vocals for Tia on a number of songs, he played several instruments throughout the night including the piano, ukulele and guitar.
When the band Kapala stormed the stage it was nothing but pure energy as band members Lance Kalanikai Artis, Ashley Kimo Artis, Richard Lanakila Heirakuji, Lopaka Ho'opi'i, Adriano Kawika Larioza and Zanuck Kapala Lindsey, put on a high energy and very entertaining show, kicking off their set with "96795" and "Chigasaki."
The crowd really got into Kapala's set as the band made their way through a number of their hits including "Come on Home" and "Palapalai." Some fans headed to the back of Pano Hall to dance, while others danced at their seats.
It was a great night out, with Carrere and Ho putting on a spectacular show, and Kapala finishing up the night with some high energy tunes.
V101's Big Valentines Jam
Thunder Valley Casino Resort did it again Friday night as they packed them in for V101's Big Valentine's Day Jam with a stellar lineup including Sacramento's own Club Nouveau, Zapp, and The Bar-Kay's.
Thunder Valley Casino's Pano Hall was at capacity as droves of fans crowded in to see their favorite bands from the '70s and '80s.
Starting off the show was Club Nouveau performing a number of their hits including "Situation #9," "Jealousy," and their No. 1 hit "Lean on Me." The crowd met them with wild applause as fans were jumping to their feet.
A couple of their songs fell flat for me, but the audience didn't seem to mind since the majority of the room remained on their feet for most of their performance. Closing with "Lean on Me," the instrumentals were lacking with the piano getting lost in the mix of things. Founding members Jay King and Vallerie Watson were joined by original member Samuelle Prater.
The logistics for this show were difficult at best with Zapp and The Bar-Kay's bringing in a large number of instruments with everything from drums and keyboards to Zapp's Peter Frampton style Talkbox. This may have contributed to the less than stellar performance by Club Nouveau.
Zapp followed Club Nouveau with many of their hits which included "More Bounce to the Ounce," "Dance Floor" and "Computer Love," just to name a few. Founding members and brothers Lester Troutman, Terry "Zapp" Troutman and Vontel Troutman were joined by Gregory Jackson and Thomas Troutman.
What can I say about the Zapp band other than they simply killed it. Great colorful props, bright clothes, bright lights, and wonderful sounds, this group of guys had the crowd on their feet during their entire set.
As Zapp finished their set a large number of people headed for the doors. While some came back in for headliner The Bar-Kay's many didn't. Apparently a small portion of the fans were there to see Zapp.
As The Bar-Kay's took the stage the crowd was re-energized and back on their feet. The crowd seemed more subdued for The Bar-Kay's than for Zapp, but that evaporated mid-way through their set.
Onstage was Larry Dodson (lead singer), James Alexander (bass), Tony Gentry (guitar), Ezra Williams (keyboards), Carlos Sargent (drums), Mark Bynum (keyboards), Darrel Stanley (background vocals), Archie Love (background vocals) and Mike Anderson (guitar).
Bringing on the funk, The Bark-Kay's performed many of their hits including "Soul Finger," "Let's Have Some Fun" and "Hit and Run."
While The Bar-Kay's had a stellar performance, at the end of the day Zapp stole the show and clearly should have had top billing.
For a complete listing of upcoming shows visit Thunder Valley Casino Resort.
Chubby Checker sues HP over penis size
TMZ reported yesterday that Rock and roll singer-songwriter Chubby Checker has filed a lawsuit against HP and Palm, alleging violation of his trademark name "Chubby Checker," over an app called "The Chubby Checker."
"The Chubby Checker" app appeared on websites for Palm OS devices and touted that it "enables women to estimate the size of a man's penis based on his shoe size."
"The Twist" singer's lawyers are seeking $500 million, claiming the app has done "irreparable damage" to his reputation.
According to HP, the company removed the offending app in September 2012 when they first received a complaint from Checker's lawyers. The German firm behind the app, Magic Apps, is no longer selling the software.
"He's hurt," his lawyer Willie Gary told Associated Press, "He worked hard to build his name and reputation over the years," he continued, "We cannot sit idly and watch as technology giants, or anyone else, exploits the name or likeness of an innocent person with the goal of making millions of dollars."
In an article last year in the San Francisco Chronicle Checker was quoted as saying, "I have only one regret in my whole life, this is my greatest regret – that my music is not being played and more people aren't seeing Chubby Checker. That's very painful for me. Many nights I have tears in my eyes about that. While I'm praying to God and thanking him for all the good things, I ask, 'Why don't they play my music? Did I do something wrong? Is there something about it?'
Checker went on to say, "It's not just any music – the No. 1 song in the world, the only song to be No. 1 twice – why don't they play my music? It's so painful. Why isn't Chubby getting his music played like the rest of the white boys?"
It was over 50 years ago that "The Twist" hit No. 1 for the first time. Along with the song came Checkers signature style of dance called "The Twist." According to Checker, his song and dance moves changed the way people danced forever.
Is he simply trying to protect his trademark, or could this be retribution for the many years of what he views as neglect?
Shakira: It's a boy!
Shakira announced on her website today that her and boyfriend, Spanish soccer player Gerard Pique, are the proud parents to their first child, a healthy baby boy.
A statement on Shakira's site read, "We are happy to announce the birth of Milan Piqué Mebarak, son of Shakira Mebarak and Gerard Piqué, born January 22nd at 9:36pm, in Barcelona, Spain."
The name Milan, means dear, loving and gracious in Slavic; in Ancient Roman, eager and laborious; and in Sanskrit, unification.
Weighing in at 6 pounds, 6 ounces, the hospital has confirmed that both mother and son are in excellent health.
Just last week the couple released a pregnant photo of the both of them, inviting friends to a virtual baby shower to benefit children through UNICEF.
In a joint statement last week the couple wrote:
"Dear Friends, Having our first baby is such an incredibly happy time for us. That's why we want to invite you to our baby shower…with a twist. Rather than asking you to give gifts to our new baby, we're asking you to honour him by supporting UNICEF in giving underprivileged babies around the globe a healthy start in life. It would really mean a lot to us."
Shakira, a longtime advocate of children, and a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, launched the site yesterday, inviting fans into the couple's virtual living room. Using social media tools, fans are able to learn about child survival issues and finding out how to purchase one of the five suggested 'Inspired Gifts' to give children a healthy start into life.
The couple also taped a brief message encouraging fans to lend their support.
Items you can purchase for donation include a $5 mosquito net, which helps protect babies from malaria, $10 polio vaccines, which will help 17 children, and more.
Shakira has been working on her eighth studio album and will also be appearing in The Voice next season, as she fills in for Christina Aquilera.


text:
Organic solar cell
It has been suggested that this article be merged with Polymer solar cell. (Discuss) Proposed since March 2014. |
An organic solar cell or plastic solar cell is a type of polymer solar cell that uses organic electronics, a branch of electronics that deals with conductive organic polymers or small organic molecules,[1] for light absorption and charge transport to produce electricity from sunlight by the photovoltaic effect.
The plastic used in organic solar cells has low production costs in high volumes. Combined with the flexibility of organic molecules, organic solar cells are potentially cost-effective for photovoltaic applications. Molecular engineering (e.g. changing the length and functional group of polymers) can change the energy gap, which allows chemical change in these materials. The optical absorption coefficient of organic molecules is high, so a large amount of light can be absorbed with a small amount of materials. The main disadvantages associated with organic photovoltaic cells are low efficiency, low stability and low strength compared to inorganic photovoltaic cells.
A photovoltaic cell is a specialized semiconductor diode that converts visible light into direct current (DC) electricity. Some photovoltaic cells convert infrared (IR) or ultraviolet (UV) radiation into DC. A common characteristic of both the small molecules and polymers (Fig 1) used in photovoltaics is that they all have large conjugated systems. A conjugated system is formed where carbon atoms covalently bond with alternating single and double bonds; in other words these are chemical reactions of hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons' electrons pz orbitals delocalize and form a delocalized bonding π orbital with a π* antibonding orbital. The delocalized π orbital is the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), and the π* orbital is the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). The voltage separation between HOMO and LUMO is considered the band gap of organic electronic materials. The band gap is typically in the range of 1–4 eV.[2]
When these materials absorb a photon, an excited state is created and confined to a molecule or a region of a polymer chain. The excited state can be regarded as an electron-hole pair bound together by electrostatic interactions, i.e. excitons. In photovoltaic cells, excitons are broken up into free electron-hole pairs by effective fields. The effective fields are set up by creating a heterojunction between two dissimilar materials. Effective fields break up excitons by causing the electron to fall from the conduction band of the absorber to the conduction band of the acceptor molecule. It is necessary that the acceptor material has a conduction band edge that is lower than that of the absorber material.[3][4][5][6]
Junction types[edit]
Single layer[edit]
Single layer organic photovoltaic cells are the simplest form. These cells are made by sandwiching a layer of organic electronic materials between two metallic conductors, typically a layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) with high work function and a layer of low work function metal such as Aluminum, Magnesium or Calcium. The basic structure of such a cell is illustrated in Fig 2.
The difference of work function between the two conductors sets up an electric field in the organic layer. When the organic layer absorbs light, electrons will be excited to the LUMO and leave holes in the HOMO, thereby forming excitons. The potential created by the different work functions helps to split the exciton pairs, pulling electrons to the positive electrode (an electrical conductor used to make contact with a non-metallic part of a circuit) and holes to the negative electrode.[3][4][5]
In 1958 the photovoltaic effect or the creation of voltage of a cell based on magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc)—a macrocyclic compound having an alternating nitrogen atom-carbon atom ring structure—was discovered to have a photovoltage of 200 mV.[7] An Al/MgPc/Ag cell obtained photovoltaic efficiency of 0.01% under illumination at 690 nm.[8]
Conjugated polymers were also used in this type of photovoltaic cell. One device used polyacetylene (Fig 1) as the organic layer, with Al and graphite, producing an open circuit voltage of 0.3 V and a charge collection efficiency of 0.3%.[9] An Al/poly(3-nethyl-thiophene)/Pt cell had an external quantum yield of 0.17%, an open circuit voltage of 0.4 V and a fill factor of 0.3.[10] An ITO/PPV/Al cell showed an open circuit voltage of 1 V and a power conversion efficiency of 0.1% under white-light illumination.[11]
Single layer organic solar cells do not work well. They have low quantum efficiencies (<1%) and low power conversion efficiencies (<0.1%). A major problem with them is that the electric field resulting from the difference between the two conductive electrodes is seldom sufficient to split the excitons. Often the electrons recombine with the holes without reaching the electrode.
Bilayer cells contain two layers in between the conductive electrodes (Fig 3). The two layers have different electron affinity and ionization energies, therefore electrostatic forces are generated at the interface between the two layers. The materials are chosen to make the differences large enough that these local electric fields are strong, which splits excitons much more efficiently than single layer photovoltaic cells. The layer with higher electron affinity and ionization potential is the electron acceptor, and the other layer is the electron donor. This structure is also called a planar donor-acceptor heterojunction.[3][4][5][6]
C60 has high electron affinity, making it a good acceptor. A C60/MEH-PPV double layer cell had a relatively high fill factor of 0.48 and a power conversion efficiency of 0.04% under monochromatic illumination.[12] PPV/C60 cells displayed a monochromatic external quantum efficiency of 9%, a power conversion efficiency of 1% and a fill factor of 0.48.[13]
Perylene derivatives display high electron affinity and chemical stability. A layer of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) as electron donor and perylene tetracarboxylic derivative as electron acceptor, fabricating a cell with a fill factor as high as 0.65 and a power conversion efficiency of 1% under simulated AM2 illumination.[14] Halls et al. fabricated a cell with a layer of bis(phenethylimido) perylene over a layer of PPV as the electron donor. This cell had peak external quantum efficiency of 6% and power conversion efficiency of 1% under monochromatic illumination, and a fill factor of up to 0.6.[15]
The diffusion length of excitons in organic electronic materials is typically on the order of 10 nm. In order for most excitons to diffuse to the interface of layers and split into carriers, the layer thickness should be in the same range as the diffusion length. However, a polymer layer typically needs a thickness of at least 100 nm to absorb enough light. At such a large thickness, only a small fraction of the excitons can reach the heterojunction interface.
Discrete heterojunction[edit]
A three-layer (two acceptor and one donor) fullerene-free stack achieved a conversion efficiency of 8.4%. The implementation produced high open-circuit voltages and absorption in the visible spectra and high short-circuit currents. Quantum efficiency was above 75% between 400 nm and 720 nm wavelengths, with an open-circuit voltage around 1 V.[16]
Bulk heterojunction[edit]
In bulk heterojunction cells, the electron donor and acceptor are mixed, forming a polymer blend (Fig 4). If the length scale of the blend is similar to the exciton diffusion length, most of the excitons generated in either material may reach the interface, where excitons split efficiently. Electrons move to the acceptor domains then were carried through the device and collected by one electrode, and holes move in the opposite direction and collected at the other side.[4][5][7]
Most bulk heterojunction cells use two components, although three-component cells have been explored. The third component, a secondary p-type donor polymer, acts to absorb light in a different region of the solar spectrum. This in theory increases the amount of absorbed light. These ternary cells operate through one of three distinct mechanisms: charge transfer, energy transfer or parallel-linkage.
In charge transfer, both donors contribute directly to the generation of free charge carriers. Holes pass through only one donor domain before collection at the anode. In energy transfer, only one donor contributes to the production of holes. The second donor acts solely to absorb light, transferring extra energy to the first donor material. In parallel linkage, both donors produce excitons independently, which then migrate to their respective donor/acceptor interfaces and dissociate.[17]
C60 and its derivatives are used as electron acceptors, as in dispersed heterojunction photovoltaic cells. A cell with the blend of MEH-PPV and a methano-functionalized C60 derivative as the heterojunction, ITO and Ca as the electrodes[18] showed a quantum efficiency of 29% and a power conversion efficiency of 2.9% under monochromatic illumination. Replacing MEH-PPV with P3HT produced a quantum yield of 45% under a 10 V reverse bias.[19][20]
Polymer/polymer blends are also used in dispersed heterojunction photovoltaic cells. A blend of CN-PPV and MEH-PPV with Al and ITO as the electrodes, yielded peak monochromatic power conversion efficiency of 1% and fill factor of 0.38.[21][22]
Dye sensitized photovoltaic cells can also be considered important examples of this type.
Graded heterojunction[edit]
The electron donor and acceptor are mixed in such a way that the gradient is gradual. This architecture combines the short electron travel distance in the dispersed heterojunction with the advantage of the charge gradient of the bilayer technology.[23][24]
A cell with a blend of CuPc and C60 showed a quantum efficiency of 50% and a power conversion efficiency of 2.1% using 100 mW/cm2 simulated AM1.5G solar illumination for a graded heterojunction.[25]
Continuous junction[edit]
Similar to the graded heterojunction the continuous junction concept aims at realizing a gradual transition from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. However, the acceptor material is prepared directly from the donor polymer in a post-polymerization modification step.[26]
Current challenges and recent progress[edit]
Difficulties associated with organic photovoltaic cells include their low external quantum efficiency (up to 70%)[27] in comparison with inorganic photovoltaic devices; due largely to the large band gap of organic materials. Instabilities against oxidation and reduction, recrystallization and temperature variations can also lead to device degradation and decreased performance over time. This occurs to different extents for devices with different compositions, and is an area into which active research is taking place.[28]
Other important factors include the exciton diffusion length; charge separation and charge collection; and charge transport and mobility, which are affected by the presence of impurities.
Effect of film morphology[edit]
As described above, dispersed heterojunctions of donor-acceptor organic materials have high quantum efficiencies compared to the planar hetero-junction, because in dispersed heterojunctions it is more likely for an exciton to find an interface within its diffusion length. Film morphology can also have a drastic effect on the quantum efficiency of the device. Rough surfaces and the presence of voids can increase the series resistance and also the chance of short-circuiting. Film morphology and, as a result, quantum efficiency can be improved by annealing of a device after covering it by a ~1000 Å thick metal cathode. Metal film on top of the organic film applies stresses on the organic film, which helps to prevent the morphological relaxation in the organic film. This gives more densely packed films and at the same time allows the formation of phase-separated interpenetrating donor-acceptor interface inside the bulk of organic thin film.[29]
Controlled growth heterojunction[edit]
Charge separation occurs at the donor acceptor interface. Whilst traveling to the electrode, a charge can become trapped and/or recombine in a disordered interpenetrating organic material, resulting in decreased device efficiency. Controlled growth of the heterojunction provides better control over positions of the donor-acceptor materials, resulting in much greater power efficiency (ratio of output power to input power) than that of planar and highly disoriented hetero-junctions (as shown in Fig 5). Thus, the choice of suitable processing parameters in order to better control the structure and film morphology is highly desirable.[17]
Progress in growth techniques[edit]
Mostly organic films for photovoltaic applications are deposited by spin coating and vapor-phase deposition. However each method has certain draw backs, spin coating technique can coat larger surface areas with high speed but the use of solvent for one layer can degrade the already existing polymer layer. Another problem is related with the patterning of the substrate for device as spin-coating results in coating the entire substrate with a single material.
Vacuum thermal evaporation[edit]
Another deposition technique is vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) which involves the heating of an organic material in vacuum. The substrate is placed several centimeters away from the source so that evaporated material may be directly deposited onto the substrate, as shown in Fig 6(a). This method is useful for depositing many layers of different materials without chemical interaction between different layers. However, there are sometimes problems with film-thickness uniformity and uniform doping over large-area substrates. In addition, the materials that deposit on the wall of the chamber can contaminate later depositions. This "line of sight" technique also can create holes in the film due to shadowing, which causes an increase in the device series-resistance and short circuit.[30]
Organic vapor phase deposition[edit]
Organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD, Fig 6(b)) allows better control of the structure and morphology of the film than vacuum thermal evaporation. The process involves evaporation of the organic material over a substrate in the presence of an inert carrier gas. The resulting film morphology can be tuned by changing the gas flow rate and the source temperature. Uniform films can be grown by reducing the carrier gas pressure, which will increase the velocity and mean free path of the gas, and as a result boundary layer thickness decreases. Cells produced by OVPD do not have issues related with contaminations from the flakes coming out of the walls of the chamber, as the walls are warm and do not allow molecules to stick to and produce a film upon them.
Another advantage over VTE is the uniformity in evaporation rate. This occurs because the carrier gas becomes saturated with the vapors of the organic material coming out of the source and then moves towards the cooled substrate, Fig. 6(b). Depending on the growth parameters (temperature of the source, base pressure and flux of the carrier gas) the deposited film can be crystalline or amorphous in nature. Devices fabricated using OVPD show a higher short-circuit current density than that of devices made using VTE. An extra layer of donor-acceptor hetero-junction at the top of the cell may block excitons, whilst allowing conduction of electron; resulting in improved cell efficiency.[30]
Organic solar ink[edit]
Organic solar ink is able to deliver higher performance in fluorescent lighting conditions in comparison to amorphous silicon solar cells, and said to have a 30% to 40% increase in indoor power density in comparison to the standard organic solar technology.[31]
See also[edit]
- ^ Pulfrey, L.D. (1978). Photovoltaic Power Generation. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. ISBN 9780442266400.
- ^ Rivers P. N. (2007). Leading edge research in solar energy. Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 1600213367.
- ^ a b c McGehee D.G., Topinka M.A. (2006). "Solar cells: Pictures from the blended zone". Nature Materials 5 (9): 675–676. doi:10.1038/nmat1723. PMID 16946723.
- ^ a b c d Nelson J. (2002). "Organic photovoltaic films". Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 6: 87–95. Bibcode:2002COSSM...6...87N. doi:10.1016/S1359-0286(02)00006-2.
- ^ a b c d Halls J.J.M., Friend R.H. (2001). Archer M.D., Hill R.D., ed. Clean electricity from photovoltaics. London: Imperial College Press. pp. 377–445. ISBN 1860941613.
- ^ a b H. Hoppe and N. S. Sariciftci (2004). "Organic solar cells: An overview". J. Mater. Res. 19 (7): 1924–1945. Bibcode:2004JMatR..19.1924H. doi:10.1557/JMR.2004.0252.
- ^ a b Kearns D., Calvin M. (1958). "Photovoltaic Effect and Photoconductivity in Laminated Organic Systems". J. Chem. Phys. 29 (4): 950–951. doi:10.1063/1.1744619.
- ^ Ghosh A.K. et al. (1974). "Photovoltaic and rectification properties of Al∕Mg phthalocyanine∕Ag Schottky-barrier cells". J. Appl. Phys. 45: 230–236. doi:10.1063/1.1662965.
- ^ Weinberger B.R. et al. (1982). "Polyacetylene photovoltaic devices". Synth.Metals 4 4 (3): 187–197. doi:10.1016/0379-6779(82)90012-1.
- ^ Glenis S. et al. (1986). "Influence of the doping on the photovoltaic properties of thin films of poly-3-methylthiophene". Thin Solid Films 139 (3): 221–231. doi:10.1016/0040-6090(86)90053-2.
- ^ Karg S. et al. (1993). "Electrical and optical characterization of poly(phenylene-vinylene) light emitting diodes". Synthetic Metals 54: 427–433. doi:10.1016/0379-6779(93)91088-J.
- ^ Sariciftci N.S. et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. (1993). "Semiconducting polymer-buckminsterfullerene heterojunctions: Diodes, photodiodes, and photovoltaic cells". Applied Physics Letters 62 (6): 585–587. doi:10.1063/1.108863.
- ^ Halls J.J.M. et al. (1996). "Exciton diffusion and dissociation in a poly(p-phenylenevinylene)/C60 heterojunction photovoltaic cell". Appl. Phys. Lett. 68 (22): 3120–3122. doi:10.1063/1.115797.
- ^ Tang C.W. (1986). "Two-layer organic photovoltaic cell". Appl. Phys. Lett. 48 (2): 183–185. doi:10.1063/1.96937.
- ^ Halls J.J.M. et al. (1997). "The photovoltaic effect in a poly(p-phenylenevinylene)/perylene heterojunction". Synth. Metals 85: 1307–1308. doi:10.1016/S0379-6779(97)80252-4.
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b Yang F. et al. (2005). "Controlled growth of a molecular bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell". Nature Materials 4: 37–41. doi:10.1038/nmat1285.
- ^ Yu G. et al. (1995). "Polymer Photovoltaic Cells: Enhanced Efficiencies via a Network of Internal Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions". Science 270 (5243): 1789–1791. doi:10.1126/science.270.5243.1789.
- ^ Yu G. et al. (1998). "Large-Area, Full-Color Image Sensors Made with Semiconducting Polymers". Advanced Materials 10 (17): 1431–1434. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199812)10:17<1431::AID-ADMA1431>3.0.CO;2-4.
- ^ Kaneko, Masao and Okura, Ichiro (2002). Photocatalysis: Science and Technology. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-43473-3.
- ^ Halls J.J.M. et al. (1995). "Efficient photodiodes from interpenetrating polymer networks". Nature 376 (6540): 498–500. doi:10.1038/376498a0.
- ^ Seraphin B.O., ed. (1979). "Solar energy conversion: solid-state physics aspects". Topics in applied physics 31. doi:10.1007/3-540-09224-2. ISBN 978-3-540-35369-0.
- ^ Pandey, Richa; Holmes, Russell J. (2010). "Organic Photovoltaic Cells Based on Continuously Graded Donor–Acceptor Heterojunctions". IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 16 (6): 1537. doi:10.1109/jstqe.2010.2049256.
- ^ "Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cells using Graded Heterojunction Technology". University of Minnesota.
- ^ Holmes, Russel; Pandey, Richa (2010). "Organic Photovoltaic Cells Based on Continuously Graded Donor–Acceptor Heterojunctions". IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 16 (6): 7. doi:10.1109/JSTQE.2010.2049256.
- ^ Glöcklhofer F. et al. (2015). "Towards continuous junction (CJ) organic electronic devices: Fast and clean post-polymerization modification by oxidation using dimethyldioxirane (DMDO)". Reactive and Functional Polymers 86: 16–26. doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.10.006.
- ^ Chiu, S.W.; Lin, L.Y.; Lin, H.W.; Chen, Y.H.; Huang, Z.Y.; Lin, Y.T.; Lin, F.; Liu, Y.H.; Wong, K.T. (2012). "A donor-acceptor-acceptor molecule for vacuum-processed organic solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 6.4%". Chemical Communications 48. doi:10.1039/C2CC16390J. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- ^ Li B. et al. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells (2006). "Review of recent progress in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 90 (5): 549–573. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2005.04.039.
- ^ Peumans P. et al. (2003). "Efficient bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells using small-molecular-weight organic thin films". Nature 425 (6954): 158–162. doi:10.1038/nature01949. PMID 12968174.
- ^ a b Forrest S.R. (2004). "The path to ubiquitous and low-cost organic electronic appliances on plastic". Nature 428 (6986): 911–918. doi:10.1038/nature02498. PMID 15118718.
- ^ Olson, Syanne (2 June 2010) Plextronics announces developments in organic photovoltaics. PV-Tech. Retrieved on 2013-05-31.
Further reading[edit]
- Electronic Processes in Organic Crystals and Polymers, 2 ed. by Martin Pope and Charles E. Swenberg, Oxford University Press (1999), ISBN 0-19-512963-6
- Organic Photovoltaics by Christoph Brabec, Vladimir Dyakonov, Jürgen Parisi and Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci (eds.), Springer Verlag (Berlin, 2003), ISBN 3-540-00405-X
- Organic Photovoltaics: Mechanisms, Materials, and Devices (Optical Engineering) by Sam-Shajing Sun and Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci (eds.), CRC Press (2005), ISBN 0-8247-5963-X
- Handbook of Organic Electronics and Photonics (3-Volume Set) by Hari Singh Nalwa, American Scientific Publishers. (2008), ISBN 1-58883-095-0
- Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Volume 18, Issue 5, Solar Cell Efficiency Tables (version 36), Wiley 2010
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Organic solar cell. |
- "Electron 'spin' key to solar cell breakthrough" (University of Cambridge)
- "Organic Solar Cells - Theory and Practice" (Coursera)


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text: Alice Munro's 12-story collection The View From Castle Rock is pitched as ''more personal than any she's written before,'' but that's just hogwash. The genre doyenne's perfectly modulated tales have always scored a direct wallop to the cerebral cortex. And she's still at it as she fictionalizes the history of her father's family, the Laidlaws. Unfortunately, the book's first third thrums on; to fully absorb Rock's clear-eyed charm, start on page 111 with ''The Wilds of Morris Township,'' which follows the Scottish clan's arrival in Canada and inevitable struggle against 19th-century small-town mores. What then follows is a lineup of gorgeous (but never wistful) first-person narratives about childhood friends (''Fathers,'' which echoes her own 1994 story ''Spaceships Have Landed''), her parents' divergent work ethics (''Working for a Living''), and the perils of a lackluster marriage (''The Ticket''). She doesn't broach any new themes, but Munro's prodigious talent is all here.


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A medical-marijuana caregiver has filed a petition for a temporary restraining order against the city of Billings in an effort to prevent the city from enacting a possible retroactive ban on marijuana-based businesses within 1,000 feet of school zones.
William "Mort" Reid, who owns Canni-Rx Caregivers on the 1200 block of Avenue C, filed the petition against the city in Yellowstone County's 13th Judicial District Court on Friday. It also includes a request for a hearing on the suit.
According to the petition, Reid is a licensed medical-marijuana caregiver and registered his company with the state on March 24.
He said he is concerned that the City Council, which placed a moratorium on new medical-marijuana businesses last month so it could discuss how to regulate them, could enact a retroactive ban on such businesses near schools. Reid's business is located a few blocks from Lewis and Clark Middle School.
"Any time the zoning commission has passed a law, after the fact they've always grandfathered in the existing businesses," Reid said. If a retroactive ban goes into place, it could kill his business and force him to break written contracts with his patients, the petition said.
In late May, the city's medical-marijuana ad hoc committee was presented with a draft of an ordinance and several options for zoning the businesses. If approved, that ordinance would ban them within 1,000 feet of residential businesses, churches, schools, cemeteries, day cares and other public and government locations.
Reid operates his business legally and in accordance with state law and there were no zoning ordinances regarding medical marijuana when he was issued his business license, the petition said.
"The City has taken action that threatens to close down a lawful business through an ex post facto application of a regulation that is not yet in place," the petition reads. "This would cause Mr. Reid to be in immediate breach of contract, deny his patients of their supply of medicinal marijuana, and create financial hardship to both business and patients."
The petition also questions the legality of an alleged May 20 visit to Reid's business by a code enforcement officer and a Billings Police officer. It says that the code eEnforcement officer asked the business' secretary to show him the patient registration cards because he wanted to make sure the business was operating properly, something described as "quasi-legal" by Reid's attorney, Brandon C. Hartford.
"It seems to me at this point that he's got a legitimate operation," Hartford said.
City Attorney Brent Brooks said city officials plan to meet with Hartford today to further discuss and clarify the petition. He said that because the moratorium doesn't apply to Reid's business and no zoning regulations have been set, they need more information.
"It appears that he is seeking prospective relief," Brooks said. "We're hoping to sit down and work out what it really is that they're concerned about."
He said the city had not been notified of a hearing date as of late Thursday afternoon.


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Hydropulsion Ltd specialises in the supply of engineered solutions for a wide range of downhole cleaning & industrial inspection applications.
Downhole jetting equipment includes the StoneAge range of wellbore cleanup tools. These tools have been used extensively in oil and geothermal wells for the removal of many types of deposits including; paraffin, asphaltines, hydrates, calcium carbonate, barium sulphate and corrosion products.
Modular Crawler vehicles and high-resolution amphibious cameras come from the Inuktun Services Ltd range and can be used in the most dangerous environments, from sewer and petrochemical pipes to military combat, with custom builds available for nuclear applications.
Product Focus: SC-212
The SC-212 is the mid-sized rotary jet wash tool in the Spincat range with an OD of 2-1/8". As with the other tools in the Spincat range, the SC-212 offers forward and rear facing jets and multiple jetting options...
Videos: Tools in Action
We have now made available several video clips of a selection of our tools. These videos provide an excellent insight into how the tools cope with their working environments...
March 2011
New addition to the SpinCat Family
The SC-287 TM is the…
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September 2009
Distributors Wanted
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July 2009
Mini Crystal Cam - Push Camera
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March 2009
3300Ft/1000m depth rating for Mini Crystal Cam
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January 2009
Stoneage rename downhole tool range
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Teaching Modules
Folger Education offers teaching modules on Shakespeare's frequently taught plays, as well as modules on introducing Shakespeare. Try the modules below, or, for more modules for Julius Caesar, visit the Teaching Modules Archive. "Pre-Reading for Julius Caesar" In this lesson plan, you'll cover NCTE standards 1, 3, 4, 5, and 8. The lesson encourages students to discuss friendship as a concept in their lives and as a major theme in the play. "The Secret Life of Minor Characters" In this lesson plan, you'll cover NCTE standards 3, 4, and 12 as students explore motivation and create "back stories" for the minor characters in the play. Teaching Tools The Folger edition of Julius Caesar includes facing-page notes and illustrations throughout the play, fascinating essays on the play, Shakespeare's life, theater, and times, and notes on unfamiliar language, or words that meant something different in Shakespeare's day. Request a desk copy of this edition from Simon & Schuster
Curriculum Guides lay out everything you need to teach this play for the first time: an introduction to the play, character connections, synopsis, teaching modules, suggested scenes for performance, fun facts, and familiar quotes. Colorful Character Connections offer an at-a-glance map of character relationships, an introduction to the plot, and important quotes to look and listen for.
Online Resources Seeing Shakespeare performed, or performing Shakespeare, can help students feel confident reading and understanding Shakespeare's language. To see performance-based education strategies for your classroom, check out our clips on YouTube here.
Shakespeare's speech rhythms may be unfamiliar to students. Use the how-to link at right to watch students explore "Iambic Pentameter" with Folger Education's acting troupe Bill's Buddies. The Folger exhibition Now Thrive the Armorers: Arms and Armor in Shakespeare focused on how real-world military changes influenced many of Shakespeare's plays, including Julius Caesar. Use the links at right to visit the exhibition online. Language For many students today, reading Shakespeare's language can be a challenge. Things to pay attention to in Julius Caesar :


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By Out.com Editors
What drew you to photograph Israeli soldiers?
Like most Israelis, I joined the army at the age of 18. I took it for granted -- it was a part of life. I didn't feel anything erotic about wearing a uniform or having communal showers with other young men; if anything, I was confused and horrified about my sexuality. When I moved to London, I found many people fascinated by the fact that I had served in the army for three years. I started seeing things from their perspective, from a "foreign" eye -- the distance in time and place made me reflect on the challenges and conflicts I faced back then. So it was, in fact, that foreign gaze -- seeing things from someone else's eyes -- that drew me to shoot "Views," my portraits of Israeli men.
Tags: Art & Books, Out Goes to Israel


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Retail 3.0: Digital Transformation
As the main venue of ecommerce moves from websites to mobile devices, retailers see apps as the new channels and means of conversations with partners and customers. APIs are not merely the conduit through which transactions pass, but the primary mechanism for data collection and analysis. To meet the requirements of today's customer, API-based architectures replace monolithic ecommerce systems.
If you own a digital or mobility program for retail, this eBook helps you meet the challenges of building a digitally enabled customer experience, digitizing business processes, and creating your own digital business model and roadmap.


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Gear Review
Practical and Durable... but returned nonetheless
Durable fabric, though on the stiff side. Positive zipper -- not flimsy. The handles are soft vinyl, but they look a little cheap because of the sheen.
Inside there are three open pockets on one side, one of which has an elasticized top, and there's one zippered pocket on the opposite side. The main compartment has a full zippered closure. The exterior has two magnet-closure side pockets.
The Ava Purse is plenty roomy -- more roomy than I need for a purse, but there are plenty of other larger purses one the market. What I like best is that it can be a practical, everyday purse; I won't feel like there isn't enough room and it can be tossed into the car or the gym locker without fear of damaging it or getting it dirty.
I ordered this in the Houndstooth style, but contrary to the photo shown on the site, there really isn't much contrast in the pattern. It oftentimes looks like it is solid black. The bright, high-contract lining (lime green, pink flowers) is fun, but I'm glad it's not more prominent (i.e., featured as an accent on the outside of the purse).
** Updated on 11/14/2011 **
Finally decided to return this. I got tired of the cheap feeling (and slippery) straps slipping off of my shoulders -- and I have broad shoulders for my frame! Also, it turns out there can be too much of a good thing, and I mean roominess. This is just too large of a bag for me to use as a purse.
View More Details on DAKINE Ava Purse - Women's


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Originally published Sunday, March 3, 2013 at 2:12 AM
Lech Walesa shocks some Poles with anti-gay words
Lech Walesa, the democracy icon and Nobel peace prize winner, has sparked controversy and outrage in Poland by saying that in his view gays have no right to a prominent role in politics and that as a minority they need to "adjust to smaller things" in society.
Associated Press
Lech Walesa, the democracy icon and Nobel peace prize winner, has sparked controversy and outrage in Poland by saying that in his view gays have no right to a prominent role in politics and that as a minority they need to "adjust to smaller things" in society.
Some commentators are now suggesting that Walesa, the leading figure in Poland's successful democracy struggle against communism, has irreparably harmed his legacy.
Walesa said in a television interview on Friday that he believes gays have no right to sit on the front benches in parliament and, if there at all, should sit in the back, "or even behind a wall."
"They have to know that they are a minority and adjust to smaller things, and not rise to the greatest heights," he told the private broadcaster TVN during a discussion of gay rights. "A minority should not impose itself on the majority."
In some ways the uproar says as much about Poland today as it does about Walesa - or possibly more. Walesa, Poland's first democratic-era president, is a deeply conservative Roman Catholic and a father of eight who has never advocated progressive social views.
The democracy he helped create in 1989 from the turmoil of strikes and other protests has, however, been undergoing a profound social transformation in recent years.
A key symbol of the change in this European Union member is a new willingness to tackle gay rights - long a taboo subject. In 2011, the first openly gay lawmaker and the first transsexual were elected to parliament in historic firsts for the country. The two have become a constant presence in the public eye since, while lawmakers have recently been debating a civil partnership law. Though lawmakers struck down three proposals for such a law recently, the discussions continue.
Some predicted the consequences for Walesa's comments on gays could be serious.
A national committee devoted to fighting hate speech and other crimes filed a complaint with prosecutors on Sunday in Gdansk, Walesa's home city, accusing him of promoting a "propaganda of hate against a sexual minority."
Others questioned whether he would continue to be considered a moral authority at all despite his past achievements.
Walesa is no longer active in Polish political life, though he is often interviewed and asked his opinion on current affairs, like on Friday, when he was asked about his views on civil partnerships and a new public gay rights campaign. Much of his time is spent giving lectures internationally on his role in fighting communism and on issues of peace and democracy.
Some Polish commentators questioned whether anyone would consult him as a moral authority now.
"From a human point of view his language was appalling. It was the statement of a troglodyte," said Jerzy Wenderlich, a deputy speaker of parliament with the Democratic Left Alliance.
"Now nobody in their right mind will invite Lech Walesa as a moral authority, knowing what he said," Wenderlich said.
Some, however, said they were not surprised by Walesa's words.
"I am surprised that only now we are noticing that Walesa is not in control of what he says and that he has views that are far from being politically correct," said Adam Bielan, a conservative Polish member of the European Parliament.


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Tue, Jun 1, 10 at 9:55
I mostly prefer natives where possible but not in this case... I live in Kennesaw (NW Atlanta area). I am looking at adding Northern Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and Hummingbird Bush (Anisacanthus quadrifidus var. wrightii) to my yard. They'd be in a spot that gets full sun from 8 am to 2 pm, then mostly shade after that. During rainy periods, the soil stays pretty moist, since it's in a lower spot of my yard.
Theoretically both seem like they'd work but I'd like anybody's opinions if possible... thanks! Thanks,
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by laurelwoodfarms z7 Ga (My Page) on Tue, Jun 1, 10 at 11:26
Northern Spicebush is actually a native plant for Georgia and should be just fine in Kennesaw. They can be a little difficult to transplant, but once established are pretty hardy. I've heard various opinions on the hardiness of the Hummingbird Bush between zones 7 and 8, so it might be a tender perennial for the north Georgia area. You might want to try to find a sheltered location for it, maybe with a southern or eastern exposure. |
I'm in Rockdale County. We have several Anisacanthus quadrifidus var. wrightii we planted in spring 2008. So far, they have thrived for us. We add a good layer of mulch for winter. Ours were slow waking up this year (May 10). Last year they were putting on growth in late March. They fill out fairly quickly once they start. As long as the plants are in a space that drains well, I think they should be OK. Also, I believe the more sun they get, the more blooms you will have. Ours are in dappled shade until 11AM, and then full sun until evening. They bloom nicely. Hummingbirds stake them out and battle to protect their stash :~). |
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Fun Sonic the Hedgehog Necklace Rules
Look at this playful shrinky plastic Sonic necklace from Etsy seller geekchicboutique. It's very cool, but just because I have been charmed and distracted by it doesn't mean I've forsaken my madcap Tetris obsession.
I mean, even though the elusive gold rings Sonic loves to collect have been thoughtfully included here doesn't mean I've lost my focus. Although I think I can hear the happy chimes of jumping and collecting them right now… good times.
Is your obsession diluted when you have two things to obsess about? Does it count as an obsessions if it's more than one thing? Discuss amongst yourselves.
Purchase this piece and see other fun things at the geekchicboutique shop.
MORE:Geek Art + Craft | Geek Wear | Video Games | animal | etsy | fun | hedgehog | jewelry | necklace | sega | shrinky dink | sonic
Comments (3):
Where can I buy this ?
I just love that necklace, I actually have something similar to that and I'm interested to find the stylish men's necklace.


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We just received this lovely letter from Reed Mettler, a long time Painter's Lodge guest.
In December 2009 I was talking to my youngest granddaughter, who calls me her "fishing buddy", about our annual fishing trip to Canada and Painter's Lodge. She wanted to know, "Why can't we go now"? I said, "It's the middle of winter, we can't go now". Abby said, "The lodge should be open year round so we can go fishing now!"
We have been coming up to Painter's for about 18 years. We love the area, the lodge and our fishing guides. Our summer fishing trip has become a family tradition that has now been passed down to my daughter and now my granddaughters, Madison and Abigail. Thanks, Painter's!
~ Reed Mettler, Washington


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I cannot for the life of me find the answer to this question. I am undertaking retrofitting/converting my first floor family room into a home theater room; to keep it "clean" all wiring will be "in wall" (coming "out") only at the wall-mounted TV, the wall-mounted speakers, and the A/V Rack.
The "video run" from the A/V rack to the TV presents somewhat of a problem since I need to run SEVERAL (component, composite, HDMI, coax, etc.) low voltage cables from my A/V rack to a box behind where the TV will be mounted. This will be accomplished by going down through the bottom plate in the wall behind the A/V rack, over in the basement (between the floor joists and the drop ceiling) and back up through the bottom plate of the wall behind the TV. Now, here's the question. Since I'd like all of the wires to terminate in the one multi-gang box on each end, how big or how many holes can I put in the bottom plate of one construction bay (i.e. the space between two adjacent studs) before I need to worry about causing a structural integrity problem? Both of these walls are weight bearing, standard 2x4 construction. Thanks in advance!! --Matt |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by bus_driver (My Page) on Wed, Aug 22, 07 at 14:22
Load bearing means that the wall is probably over double joists or similar support. Drilling them needs to be minimized. Drilling the smallest possible holes in the upper portion of the joists does minimal damage. Coax will fit easily in a 3/8" hole. Drilling at an angle so that the hole comes out on the side of the joists about 2" or 2 1/2" from the top should be OK. Typically, 4 such holes would be the most I would do without reinforcing the joists. I suggest getting a good framing carpenter to look in person and make suggestions. Can you go up or laterally? Can the holes be placed nearer a support for the joists? Limiting drilling to the upper third of the joist height remains important. |
I'm not sure I follow. I don't need to go through any joists since I'm going to run them laterally *under* the joists (but above the drop ceiling) in the basement. I'm really questioning how many (or how big) holes I can put in the bottom plate of the wall in which the cables will be run. That is, here's the "run": (1) wall outlet box --> (2) vertical run down through stud/construction bay to base plate --> (3) through base plate --> (4) horizontal run down *under* floor joists but *above* drop ceiling in basement --> (5) through another base plate --> (6) vertical run up through another stud/construction bay --> (7) wall outlet box on other side of room. How big can the holes for (3) and (5) be? Thanks! --Matt |
I'll go out on a short limb for you as I do not know the 'official' answer since this is actually a building code question; not an electrical one. However, assume you take worse case scenario and completely remove the whole bottom plate between the studs (e.g. essentially what happens when oval ductwork is installed, right?) Are you left with a significantly less structurally sound wall? Not likely as long as it isn't in the last cavity of the wall or you don't have to remove any lateral blocking. The vertical loads are transfered along the sole plate evenly into the floor underneath. Therefore, drill them as big as you want since anything less than the full width of the stud is still transfering the minute horizontal shear loads - just use strike plates as required. |
- Posted by bus_driver (My Page) on Wed, Aug 22, 07 at 18:00
What is under the shoe "baseplate"? A load bearing wall sits on more than the subfloor. Lets head downward. Stud cavity, then the shoe plate, then the subfloor, then ?, then basement. What is between the subfloor and the basement directly under that wall? How was it determined that it is a load bearing wall? |
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Who do you think looks best today? (5 photos)
The best street style from London Fashion Week: http://ow.ly/p48HS via @StyleCaster
Beauty Products We Love
Our holiday fragrance lineup just got more decadent thanks to #Marni's...
"My skin gets really dry so I use Neutrogena body oil every time I'm in the shower or tub."Read MoreLess


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Senator Crapo, R-Idaho, won't fight DUI charge
From: Fox News | December 28, 2012
U.S. Sen. Michael Crapo, R-Idaho, who was arrested on suspicion of drunken driving, doesn't plan to fight the charges when he appears in court in January, a spokesman said Friday.
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University Of Houston-Victoria
President's Office
9:30 A.M., July 27, 2011
Presidents Conference Room
Meeting Minutes
Members Present: Beran, Bergstrom, Devick-Fry, Di Leo, Ferguson, Harrison, Mundy, Niroomand, Norgard, Ruschhaupt, D. Smith, Tart
Absent: Dahlstrom, Rice, Rossow, L. Smith, Walyuchow
Marketing Representative: Cobler
I. Organizational Business
--The June 8, 2011 minutes were approved as written.
II. Business
Dr. Smith introduced Emily Bergstrom, UHV Student Senate President, to the cabinet members.
A. Student Housing/Regency Update–Wayne Beran
Mr. Beran reported UHV is rapidly moving along in converting the Regency Inn to UHVs newest dorm, Jaguar Court. The American Campus Community workers conducting the remodel have kept the remodel process moving along. The first floor has been vacated and cleaned, beds have been ordered and should be in this week, an order for all furniture has been placed, and 53 air units have been purchased. The 2 major issues we are facing are: the upper floor stairway has to be examined by a structural engineer (flooring has been removed and will need to be replaced); the wiring for all new fire alarms and new cables. Mr. Beran said Jaguar Court is going to be very nice and will be equal to Jaguar Hall except for the dining hall. Occupancy date is scheduled for August 19th. Mr. Beran introduced Mr. Tim Michalski as the new Director of Business Services. When questioned about Jaguar Court Mr. Beran said there will be 170 student occupancy compared to the 252 at Jaguar Hall. Mr. Beran closed by saying that Jaguar Hall dining is working on a reduced meal plan for the fall semester for sophomores.
B. Annual Plan–Dr. Don Smith and Mr. Wayne Beran
Dr. Smith reported he had presented the draft version of UHVs Annual Plan to Chancellor Khator and other System administrators about a month ago and the plan will go to the Board of Regents (BOR) in August. He reported he does not expect any issues.
Dean Niroomand requested an addition be added to Priority 2: National Competitiveness concerning the SBA 2010 accreditation.
There was a brief discussion on grant writing for faculty and staff.
C. Provost Search–Dr. Don Smith and Dr. Jane Devick Fry
Dr. Smith and Dr. Devick Fry announced the ad for the provost position at UHV is out and the first meeting will be next week. Members of the Provost Search Committee: Faculty--Jane Devick Fry (SoEHD), Chair of the Search Committee; Keith Akins (SoAS), President of the Faculty Senate; Yun Wan (SoAS); Ron Salazar (SBA); Roy Foley (SoEHD); Shainy Varghese (SoN); Farhang Niroomand (SBA), Dean; Staff--Chari Norgard, Associate Vice President (AVP) for Student Affairs; Joe Dahlstrom, Senior Director of Libraries; Darlene Pullin, Budget Director; Student–Emily Bergstrom, President of the Student Senate.
D. Chari Norgard
Enrollment Updates
Ms. Norgard reported on enrollment--2,025 freshmen applications have been received, of which 828 have been accepted, 138 have registered, 28 are signed up for the remaining freshman registrations thus far. When questioned about a realistic number of freshmen for fall Ms. Norgard said realistically she expects about 200-250 but hoping for more. Ms. Norgard said once the fall semester starts her staff will be contacting students to see if they can determine what has changed from this past fall in respect to enrollment. Dr. Di Leo commented that even though the numbers are lower than expected we are basically ahead by 50% of enrollment compared to this time last year. Currently there are 77 new sophomores. There are 446 students on the firm list–this number includes sophomores. Ms. Norgard reported that Jaguar Hall had 218 freshmen last fall and 187 of those students returned in the spring semester. She said 98 of the original freshmen will return this fall, giving us a 45% retention rate thus far. Ms. Heinold and Ms. Koch are conducting face to face exit interviews with the students. They will be trying to gather more information and data to see why some freshmen opted not to return to UHV. There was a brief discussion on possibly charging a registration fee in the future to eliminate students that are just registering with no real plans to attend UHV. She said she will be bringing forward an application fee and a deadline. The fee could then be credited back to the student in the first semester. There will be a UHV Housing and Dining Services Committee consisting of approximately 12 members to propose and review policies and procedures pertaining housing and student dining, propose new initiatives and advise the AVP for Student Affairs and Budget Committee on student housing and dining issues, and provide regular updates to the university community on student housing and student dining. The committee will report to Ms. Norgard. Mr. Ferguson requested that a member of the IT Department be included on this committee.
Fiscal Year 2012 Holiday Schedule
Ms. Norgard shared a handout of the proposed fiscal year 2012 UHS holiday schedule consisting of 13 days. Dean Tart made the motion to approve the holiday schedule; Mr. Ferguson seconded the motion.
E. Social Media Policy–Paula Cobler
Ms. Cobler, Interim Director of Marketing and Communications, is working on a social media policy for UHV and shared a copy of the UH Social Media Policy with cabinet members. A discussion followed on the need for a process for developing and tracking the number of Facebook pages tied to UHV. It was requested to contain general etiquette. Dean Tart stated the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), needs to be listed in the Social Media policy. This issue and policy will be brought back to cabinet. It was suggested that training at new employee and student orientation include the risk awareness for those who use Facebook/Twitter of what is appropriate and what the expectations of the university are.
F. UHV Presence in Ft. Bend Area–Dr. Don Smith
Dr. Smith said Chancellor Khator requested that UHV not expand its presence at the UHSSL campus, though how best to respond remains to be worked out, since the UH System must continue to address the growing demand in that area. Ms. Cobler is working on marketing with Mr. Phillips and with Ms. Karen Clarke at UH. Marketing will focus more on programs available through the UH System rather than on the individual universities delivering the programs. Dr. Smith noted that Nursing is engaged with UHCL and UHD in developing a consortium approach to the delivery of a common Nursing program to the Houston area.
G. Other Item Reports
Dean Di Leo reported that the publishing program has 22 new students this fall from all over the country. The target was 10 students for the first year. The first Hispanic literary journal in the country, edited by Dagoberto Gilb, is about to be completed.
Dean Tart reported the schools new space is wonderful. The SoN is planning an open house. She said all the UHV nursing equipment that has been located at Victoria College is being moved back to UHV. The new lab was funded by the Johnson Foundation. There was a discussion on the collaborative effort in Nursing; Dean Tart stated this collaborative does not include the Main Campus only the other 3 campuses.
Ms. Mundy reminded everyone of the upcoming August 23rd Night for Jaguar fund raiser for the Athletics Department.
Dean Niroomand said he has several individuals at the Sugar Land campus in need of an office.
Mr. Harrison said that Staff Council elections are underway. It is time again for the Parking Spot Donation. He said that instead of a food drive the Staff Council will host a fan drive through the end of August.
Ms. Norgard said Lynn Silkey in her office is in need of our help and support. Her husband, Brian, had a liver transplant and has been fighting a viral infection and has been hospitalized in San Antonio on numerous occasions. To help defray some of their expenses, a group of university employees will be hosting a bar-b-que fundraiser and bake sale on August 27th.
Meeting was adjourned at: 11:25 a.m.
Submitted by: Kathy Walton