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Read a rundown on the top public policy issues facing state lawmakers in 2015, state-private sector partnerships for infrastructure, e-cigarettes and taxes and dealing with cuts to mental health programs.
Current Issue
Early literacy has proven to have a significant relationship with graduation rates across a variety of contributing factors. According to research, third graders who are not reading at grade level are among the most vulnerable to drop out of school later. A longitudinal study by the Annie E. Casey Foundation found that students who were not proficient in reading by the end of third grade were four times more likely to drop out of high school than proficient readers. In fact, 88 percent of students who failed to earn a high school diploma were struggling readers in third grade.
Third grade has been identified as important to reading literacy because it is the final year children are learning to read, after which students are "reading to learn". If they are not proficient readers when they begin fourth grade, as much as half of the curriculum they will be taught will be incomprehensible. The question for states then becomes whether students who are not able to be proficient readers by the end of third grade should be retained.
Grade retention, more commonly known as being held back, refers to the practice of requiring a student to remain at the same grade level for a second school year. While some believe that retention can be damaging to a student socially and increase the chances of later dropout, others believe "social promotion," or moving on a student who is not at grade level academically in order to maintain their social development, can be just as harmful. States need to consider the cost of remediation for students that are socially promoted as well as the costs of retaining students for an extra year of schooling.
In addition to promotion/retention legislation, lawmakers across the country are addressing the issue of K-3 literacy through a myriad of education policies including effective teacher-preparation programs with an emphasis on the teaching of reading, high expectations for special populations, early-warning systems to identify children who are falling behind, additional time during the school day for intervention, information for parents about the strategies that will be used to help their children, use of reading coaches to provide on-site professional development for teachers, and policies to address chronic absence and summer learning loss.
High-quality early education programs provide an opportunity to get children on the right track by building a strong foundation for pre-reading and school readiness skills. Research documents the importance of early experiences on brain development, and educators and policymakers now have a deeper understanding of how to best foster young children's learning. Research shows that participation in high-quality Early Care and Education (ECE) programs including child care, prekindergarten, Head Start and Early Head Start can increase children's language and literacy skills before school entry.
Legislatures have been very active in designing and funding early education programs. These are often programs that target children at risk of school failure or children living in districts with low performing schools. Research shows that the achievement gap starts well before kindergarten and only continues to grow. High quality early learning environments can help children be ready for school, improve achievement, reduce placement in special education, reduce grade retention, and increase high school graduation rates. In addition, high quality early learning programs provide an opportunity for the development of non-cognitive skills such as executive function and self regulation. These skills make learning possible and are a greater predictor of school achievement than IQ, and are more predictive of math and reading scores from pre-K through high school. It is important to provide the opportunity to help children learn these skills early before they become actual behavior problems in elementary school.
Below are examples of how states are addressing K-3 literacy.
Establishes the Literacy Based Promotion Act to improve kindergarten and first through third grade public school students' reading skills so that every student completing third grade reads at or above grade level; requires school districts to provide intensive reading instruction and intervention to students exhibiting a substantial deficiency in reading in kindergarten and grades 1 through 3; prohibits the promotion of students exhibiting reading deficiency that is not remedied before the end of 3rd grade.
If a student in third grade cannot demonstrate a level of competency in reading skills their teacher (and other personnel of the local education provider) is required to meet with the student's parents or guardians and decide whether the student should advance to the next grade level "based on whether the student, despite having a significant reading deficiency, is able to maintain adequate academic progress at the next grade level."
In the 2012-2013 school year, teachers are required to report annually any students who are identified as having a significant reading deficiency. In the 2013-2014 school year the teacher shall make a personalized READ plan, and meet with the student's parent to help make the aforementioned plan. However, if the parents cannot be met with the local educational provider may create the READ plan alone and then must inform the parents of its contents. In addition, the local education provider shall hold back a student except if the student has a disability, limited English proficiency, or is completing the second school year at the same grade level.
Each READ plan shall include, among other things: the student's specific diagnosed reading skill deficiencies, and the local education provider monitoring and evaluating the goals and benchmarks for the student's growth in attention. If the student moves to a different school, his/her new teacher is in charge of continuing to work on their individualized READ plan.
Formerly SSB 3171, the bill refers to student retention in grades kindergarten through third based on reading or reading readiness as determined by statewide assessments. Parents or guardians must be notified in writing of their student's reading deficiency, what plan of action the school is taking and strategies they may use to help their child.
Beginning May 1, 2017 if a student's reading deficiency is not remedied by the end of grade three the school district shall notify the parent or guardian that the student may enroll in an "intensive summer reading program" offered by the school. If the student is not enrolled, they will be ineligible for the good cause exemption and shall be retained in grade three. However, a decision to retain a student in grade three shall be made only after direct personal consultation with the student's parent or guardian and after the formulation of a specific plan of action to remedy the student's reading deficiency.
Lists examples of intensive reading instruction for remediation as well as good cause exemptions.
Requires third grade retention. Clarifies the definition of students who are exempt or considered special cases from retention.
Requires local school divisions to provide reading intervention services to students in grade three who demonstrate deficiencies based on their individual performance on the Standards of Learning reading test or any reading diagnostic test that meets criteria established by the Department of Education. The local school division, at its discretion, shall provide such intervention before promotion to grade four.
Establishes the Read to Lead Development Council and governor's read to lead development fund both of which focus on getting kids to read before third grade.
Relates to the Reading Sufficiency Act, provides that if the reading deficiency of a student, as identified based on specified assessments, is not remedied by the end of a specified grade, the student shall be retained in that grade, provides that when a student does not meet academic requirements for promotion that student may be promoted for good cause only, requires school districts to review reading instruction programs and to establish a specified initiative.
Beginning with the 2011-2012 school year, a student in the third grade may not be promoted to the next grade level unless the student has shown a basic understanding of curriculum and ability to perform the skills required in the subject of reading as demonstrated by the student's grades or standardized test results. Such student may be promoted if the student participates in an LEA approved research-based intervention prior to the beginning of the next school year; act does not apply to any student who has an IEP pursuant to the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. - Amends TCA Title 49.
Relates to third grade retention because of below-grade reading scores. Intervention and remedial strategies developed by the state board of education include: switching the student to a different teacher for reading instruction; summer school reading instruction; in the next academic year intensive reading instruction that occurs before, during or after the regular school day; and online reading instruction.
School districts are required to universally screen students in preschool through grade three to identify pupils who have reading deficiencies.
Beginning in the 2010-2011 school year, school districts and charter schools shall provide annual written notification to parents of pupils in kindergarten programs through third grade "that a student who obtains a score on the reading portion of
the Arizona instrument to measure standards test that demonstrates the pupil is
reading far below the third grade level will not be promoted from the third grade. The school district or charter school shall provide to the parent of that pupil a separate written notification of the reading deficiency" that includes: a description of the current reading services provided to the pupil; a description of available supplemental instructional services; parental strategies to help the student attain reading proficiency; and a statement that the pupil will not be promoted from the third grade if they obtain a score on that demonstrates the pupil is reading far below the third grade level unless the pupil qualifies for a good cause exemption.
Lists good cause exemptions.
Relates to third grade retention and parental involvement. The state superintendent in conjunction with the state board must come up with a plan that improves reading skills of students and implement appropriate remediation techniques for students.
The plan must include a method for making determinant evaluations by grade three that might require remedial action for the student, including retention as a last resort, after other methods of remediation have been evaluated or used, or both, if reading skills are below the standard. Appropriate consultation with parents or guardians must be part of the plan.
Requires that students in first, second and third grades read at or above grade level prior to advancing to the next grade, with certain exceptions, prohibits a school district from promoting a student in those grades to the next grade level if the child is not reading at or above grade level, provides certain student exemptions, requires school districts or charter schools to provide parental notice and reading intervention, requires the State Board of Education to make rules and a report.
Requires 3rd-grade students to attain a score of level 2 (of 5) on the Florida Comprehensive Achievement Test (FCAT) before being promoted to 4th grade.
Sets requirements for early identification and intervention for struggling readers in kindergarten to 3rd grade. Once a student's difficulties are identified, schools are required to develop academic improvement plans that describe the specific areas of reading deficiency, desired levels of performance in these areas and necessary support services. Next, schools are required to detail for parents of struggling readers the steps they are taking to help the student, what intervention is proposed and the consequences of continued poor performance (3rd-grade retention). If students are retained, requires that they must be provided with an intensive program that is different from the previous year's program and that takes into account the student's individual learning style.
NCSL Resources
Other Resources
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text: Carrey was the breakout star, but creator Wayans was the heart and soul of In Living Color, the sketch comedy series that brought hip-hop and irreverent black humor to the mainstream -- the show made it acceptable to laugh at the white guy, even if you were the white guy. Such characters as unamused Homey the Clown and the Uncle Tom-ish Brothers Brothers comically pressed racial buttons but never offended its Sunday prime-time audience. She-he bodybuilder Vera De Milo and Anton, the homeless host of This Ol' Box, are still laugh-out-loud funny, but other material is painfully dated (unless you can't get enough of Arsenio and Milli Vanilli spoofs). EXTRAS Disappointingly sparse: a Fly Girls special, two useless episode commentaries with cast member Tommy Davidson, and a Wayans-free looking-back doc (he acrimoniously left during season 3). Please. Homey don't play dat!

subset: commoncrawl


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Courtesy of EarthSky
A Clear Voice for Science
Here is the view toward the northeast in mid-evening in the month of May.
It is by looking in this direction that you can get a good look at Deneb: the bright star below and to the left of Vega on the sky's dome.
Deneb is the brightest star in the constellation Cygnus the Swan. If you look at the pattern indicated on today's chart, you might be able to imagine Deneb as the point marking the tail of a swan flying toward the south. This is how early Arabian stargazers saw it. The name Deneb comes from the Arabic and means "tail."
However, there is another way to see this pattern of stars that works equally well. In more modern skylore, this pattern is sometimes called the Northern Cross, with Deneb marking the head of the Cross. Cross or Swan . . .this is a lovely pattern to pick out on the sky's dome.
Written by EarthSky
Astronomy Picture of the Day from NASA/JPL
U.S. Naval Observator Astronomical Information center
The York County Astronomical Society
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Garnet Bracelet in Sterling Silver (5mm)
4.6 out of 5 (29 Reviews)
Brightly hued, this garnet bracelet is crafted in sterling silver and features thirty-four round garnet gemstones in a flexible single line design.
More Reviews
Results: 29 Reviews
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4.6 out of 5
(29 Reviews)
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Star
A great piece at a reasonable price
A very attractive bracelet where the settings don't overwhelm the gems.
She was thrilled with the bracelet.
I found that 2 yr anniversary was garnet and found garnet heart earings and necklace at your site. I gave it to my GF and proposed after giving them. She accepted right away. For my first valentine engaged, I gave her the matching bracelet and she was thrilled. I can't believe you got it to me within 24hrs. thanks a bunch. Denis
Can't wait for Valentine's Day.
The bracelet is absolutely beautiful. Really exceeded my expectations. Can't wait to give it to my wife for Valentine's Day. It will complement the garnet earrings she got for Christmas. She is from Czech Republic so garnet has special meaning for her.
Nice gift for her.
Very nice quality and enjoy wearing the bracelet.Will be back when the time is right.Thanks
Her Christmas Favorite
Deep color, consistency of color, stone size and sparkle were very good plus. My wife loved it and added it to her Blue Nile collection of jewelry.
My wife loves her Birthday gift.
Beautiful bracelet. Nice stones and Sterling Silver looks fantastic.
She loves it.
My wife has some very high end jewelry, and I wanted to buy her something small. I chose a garnet bracelet of yours, and she loves it. All her friends were very complementary . You had an excellent product at a good price and with excellent service
It was difficult to get a good idea on how the stone looked under light based off the one phicture on the website. Once I recieved the ring I was able to closely look at the stone and it is beautiful!
My girlfriend was very impressed!
Very shiny. The picture does not do this bracelet justice!
She loves the color and quality of the bracelet
The quality and color of this bracelet was wonderful and my girlfriend was delighted. She wears it often.
I purchased the garnet bracelet for my daughters birthday. The bracelet is beautiful.
My wife was thrilled with this.
It was even larger and more brilliant than it appears in the photograph
Not what I was looking for.
The design of the bracelet was very nice and the stones were a good size, but the bright red color of the stones was not what I was looking for.
Loved it for Mother's Day!
The kids purchased this for Mother's Day, and it matches well with garnet earrings and pendant previously purchased for my wife.
Nice item. Settings are a little on the big side - would have been nicer if the gem to setting ratio were higher.
I love the red color
I love red color. Quality of stones is good. It matches well with garnet necklace. The price is a little bit high. The design is simple and good.
After two previous tries at a garnet bracelet, this one is the best.
She loves it!
These were a gift for my sister and she says she loves it! I am in Hawaiii, she is in California so I have not seen it.
Amazing how it shines
I take a degree of pride in being a bargain hunter and a garnet bracelet of this quality at this price is a bargain !
First quality
Bracelet was as expected from Blue Nile, first quality. It was purchased to go with a garnet heart necklace purchased previously as a Valentines gift. Very satisfied with both items.
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photo by Hans Gissenger
Makes 8 servings
active time
20 minutes
total time
20 minutes
The payoff: The rapid boil cooks the veggies just enough; the ice water stops the cooking and intensifies the color of the vegetables.
- 1/3 cup extra-virgin olive oil
- 1/3 cup minced shallots
- 3 tablespoons plus 2 teaspoons Sherry wine vinegar
- 2 tablespoons chopped fresh mint
- 1 1/2 teaspoons coarse kosher salt
- 1 teaspoon sugar
- 1/2 teaspoon black pepper plus additional (for sprinkling)
- 1/3 cup dried tart cherries
- 1 1/2 pounds trimmed slender green beans (such as haricots verts)
- 1/2 cup walnuts, toasted , chopped
Whisk first 6 ingredients and 1/2 teaspoon pepper in small bowl. Mix in dried cherries; set aside. DO AHEAD: Vinaigrette can be made 1 day ahead. Cover; chill. Bring to room temperature; rewhisk before using.
Fill large bowl with water and ice; set aside. Cook green beans in large pot of boiling salted water until crisp-tender, 3 to 4 minutes. Drain. Transfer to bowl with ice water; cool. Drain. DO AHEAD: Can be made 1 day ahead. Wrap in paper towels; enclose in resealable plastic bag and chill. Let stand at room temperature 1 hour before continuing.
Toss green beans, walnuts, and vinaigrette in large bowl. DO AHEAD: Can be made 2 hours ahead. Let stand at room temperature. Transfer to platter and serve.
my notes
- Calories138
- Carbohydrates10 g (3%)
- Fat10 g (16%)
- Protein2 g (4%)
- Saturated Fat1 g (7%)
- Sodium443 mg (18%)
- Polyunsaturated Fat2 g
- Fiber3 g (12%)
- Monounsaturated Fat7 g
- Cholesterol0
recipe featured in
recipe at a glance
type: Quick & Easy, Vegetable
main ingredients: Dried Fruit, Walnut, Green Bean, Vinegar
dietary considerations: Vegetarian, Low Cal, High Fiber, Healthy, Low Cholesterol
holiday/celebration: Christmas, Thanksgiving, Fall, Christmas Eve


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CSO Audio Program Notes
0:00 - Prokofiev Piano Concerto No. 2
8:21 - Walton Symphony No. 1
Gerstein Plays Prokofiev >
Program Notes Archive >
Prokofiev's penetrating Second Piano Concerto breathlessly accelerates to its astonishing finale. The "brilliant, perceptive and stunningly fresh" (New York Times) Kirill Gerstein joins the CSO for one of the most technically difficult piano concertos ever written. Deeply influenced by Jean Sibelius, Walton's First Symphony overflows with bombastic power, sensuous desolation and arrogant swagger.
Pianist Kirill Gerstein will sign CDs in the Grainger Ballroom following the performance on Saturday, October 26.
Preconcert conversations with William White. 30 minute run-time. Thurs., October 24, 7 p.m. Grainger Ballroom Fri., October 25, 7 p.m. Grainger Ballroom Sat., October 26, 7 p.m. Grainger Ballroom
Subscribe to the 2015/16 Season >
Season Calendar of Events >
Hall Seating Charts >


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If, like us, you're one of the long-suffering, coffee-loving Londoners tired of expensive, milky pints of coffee or simply craving a rich, satisfying espresso neither stewed or burnt, then don't despair!
At Ginger & White we produce expertly made coffee using seasonal beans handroasted by Square Mile Coffee Roasters in East London. We're currently serving the Red Brick Espresso blend. Expect to find buttery almond quality, with tonnes of cherry followed by a lovely toffee sweetness from El Majahual. From the Capetillo you can expect juicy blackcurrant and blackberry fruit notes with a touch of raspberry and honey. In milk this coffee is lovely, the toffee and buttery notes are really highlighted, turning into a buttery cherry flan. It is composed of 2 different lots of coffee from 2 different origins, 60% El Majahual, El Salvador and 40% Capetillo Y Anexos, Guatemala.
We're serious about our coffee so if you're after a milky pint of froth with a silly name like 'grande' you're probably in the wrong place.
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Scholarships | Welcome
College of Life Sciences Scholarship Application Form
March 1st
for Fall/Winter scholarships
The application form for the College of Life Sciences Scholarships will be used to apply for BOTH college scholarships and departmental scholarships from your respective department.
You only need to complete the form once, it will be forwarded to your department after college scholarship selections are made.
Apply here for:
College of Life Sciences Private Scholarships
Approximately 150 different privately donated scholarships for undergraduate and graduate students.
Academic Scholarships
Need-based Scholarships
Other contributing criteria include service, leadership, nationality, hometown, major, emphasis, dependent children, ethnicity, etc.
One application online allows students to apply for all scholarships for which they qualify.
Departmental Private Scholarships
Who should apply?
students enrolled for 12 or more credit hours and officially admitted (enrolled in a major) in the College of Life Sciences.
undergraduate transfer
students enrolled for 12 or more credit hours and are planning to be officially enrolled in a major in the College of Life Sciences. (Scholarships will not be awarded until you are officially enrolled but you may apply before being enrolled.)
students in the College of Life Sciences may be eligible for Department scholarships only. If the Department offers those scholarships, eligibility and amounts awarded will be determined by that Department.
Who should
Part-time students. University policy states that undergraduates must carry 14 hours to be eligible for scholarship assistance in fall/winter.
Students who have been awarded 8 semesters of scholarships, excluding Spring and Summer Terms.
Students who will have over 160 total hours after the current Winter Semester, excluding Advanced Placement credit.
Students who will not have completed at least 12 credit hours at BYU (excluding AP and transfer credit) by
March 1st
Students who have a Hinckley Presidential Scholarship, a Heritage Scholarship, or a National Merit Scholarship.
Students who have already received a University Scholarship award from BYU (2 semesters,
full tuition
) for the upcoming academic year.
Application Process:
You may return to this online application and edit your information any time before the deadline.
If you have a GPA of 3.7 or above, you
apply for a
University Scholarship
. Otherwise you will
be considered for a College Scholarship. Graduate students do not need to apply for a Univeristy Scholarship.
Complete the online application before the deadline.
Letters of Recommendation must be submitted on-line. Instructions will be given at step 6 as you complete the application form.
I certify that the information I will provide in this application packet is true and accurate.
For questions or comments contact:
College of Life Sciences Student Services
(801) 422-3042
The online application will be available until
March 1st


text: salad Archive 10 Going with the Grain: Quinoa – Super Salad Recipe & Giveaway It's time to meet the next tasty edition of this year's Going with the Grain series! Yay! This time the winner will receive THREE bags of quinoa!! If you are just here for the giveaway, that's cool, I like free stuff too so I won't hold it against you, just scroll Read More 2 Caramel Apple Salad Okay folks here goes – I have been sitting on this recipe for a…long…time. We were first introduced to Caramel Apple Salad at a recipe exchange potluck. Both the Mr. and I went nuts for the stuff. We have since made it for numerous gatherings and he is now the resident expert Read More 6 Festive Roasted Brussels Sprouts Some very brave friends of ours started our Thanksgiving meals early this year when they invited all of their friends with kids to a pre-holiday feast. Over a dozen kids under the age of five generated a cacophony that made "11" sound like the mewing of a newborn kitten. Amidst the blur Read More 2 Picnic Perfect Potato Salad This potato salad was a highlight of our Father's Day dinner menu. I served it along side grilled turkey bratwursts (no buns), grilled sweet onions, and a fancy green salad my sister-in-law provided. The potato salad was a hit around the table and I know a few people went back for more. Read More 5 Zesty Black Bean & Brown Rice Salad I went to the grocery store with half a list, half a menu plan, half my usual energy, and half way through I got really hungry. Not the best senario for food shopping. The little voice in my brain started nagging at me to go over to the deli counter and pick Read More 9 Your Signature Potluck Dish – Creamy Broccoli Salad This is embarrassing to admit so please tell me I'm not the only one who does this – I excitedly accept an invitation to a party or potluck a few weeks away, make a note of the upcoming event on my calendar, and then file it away for later. The week of the potluck Read More 2 Fat Free Fresh Raspberry Vinaigrette It's spring! I am so excited to have made it through the dark dreary days of winter. The days are longer and the branches outside my windows are dotted with swollen buds. I see bulbs pushing stocks up through the cold earth soon to burst forth in a rainbow of daffodils, hyacinths and Read More 4 How to cut citrus segments I wonder if you are like me when it comes to purchasing citrus. I hesitate before loading up on fruits that require peeling. I have a bad habit of buying these sun soaked winter treats only to sit for weeks in the fruit basket. I give the fruit a glance when I Read More 3 Pomegranates – Super Delicious Super Food Maybe it is just me but, I find it hard to get excited about the fresh fruit that is available this time of year. I feel limited to a rotation of cold storage apples, oranges, or bananas. This is precisely why I was so motivated to pick and freeze fruit during the Read More 0 Eat your greens – Hearty Kale and Peppery Arugula This is a great time of year for produce! It is available fresh from local farms, at farmer's markets or in grocery stores. There are so many different types of fruits and vegetables to choose from it can almost be overwhelming. I have been making an effort to pick unfamiliar things when Read More


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Recipe from the Resort: Crab Gazpacho
Chef Erik Olson of the Sun Valley Club doesn't really go in for exact measurements. Rather, his cooking is done to taste and his taste tends toward the flavors of southwestern cuisine. As a child growing up in Arizona, he grew heirloom tomatoes and peppers as a hobby and cilantro is his favorite herb. He loves to eat light, commenting, "When it was 118 degrees out, we all wanted food that was anything but heavy."
But his culinary training and experiences broadened his horizons and while he still loves the flavors of his childhood, his palate embraces endless kinds of food. At Sun Valley Resort, he spent one season at Carol's Dollar Mountain Lodge and one year catering in the Sun Valley Inn kitchen before assuming the mantle at the Sun Valley Club and bringing his point-of-view to the restaurant's kitchen.
For the summer, Chef Olson created an incredibly fresh, surprisingly hearty and just right spicy crab gazpacho for the menu. The presentation is beautiful, with just picked colorful vegetables and a generous portion of crab meat creating a tower in the middle of a tangy tomato broth. It is just the right combination of cool flavors for a hot summer day.
Chef Olson has shared his recipe with readers of the Valley Sun as part of our Recipe from the Resort series. You will certainly enjoy this dish at home on the deck, accompanied by a nice dry white wine. Or come to the Sun Valley Club and let Chef Olson do the chopping for you, as you luxuriate on the restaurant's beautiful large patio that overlooks the golf course, Dollar Mountain and Baldy.
Note: Chef Olson is a big fan using the technique called a brunoise — a very fine 1/8" dice. But if your knife skills aren't up to the task, no worries. Your gazpacho may not look as pretty as his, but it will taste just as good.
Clubhouse Crab Gazpacho
2½ or 3 ounces of shredded King Crab or Dungeness crab (you can take the meat from crab legs or buy it fresh in lump form. In a pinch even good quality canned crab will do).
Brunoise dice of fresh:
Yellow squash
Red bell pepper
Zucchini, no seeds, only the skin and flesh
Tomatoes, flesh and skin only, no seeds
Enough of each to fill a small ramekin
For the broth:
About three cups of prepared tomato juice
½ cup fresh lime juice
1 to 1½ tsp. Worcestershire sauce, depending on how much heat you like
1 to 1½ tsp red wine vinaigrette
1 Tbl. sugar
A few dashes of Tabasco sauce, again, according to taste
½ tsp. fresh chopped jalapeno
Fresh cilantro and basil
Green onions, cut on a bias and placed in ice water to curl
In a bowl, stir the chives and cilantro into the tomato juice.
In a small bowl, pack in diced vegetables until they take the round shape.
Tip the vegetables into the center of a shallow soup bowl.
Carefully pour the broth around the vegetables.
Shape crab meat into a small ball using your hands.
Place the crab ball carefully on top of the vegetables, creating a small 'tower.'
Sprinkle curled green onion on top of crab meat as a garnish.
Be sure to come to the Clubhouse to sample and enjoy the rest of Chef Olson's summertime creations. These include: a heirloom tomato salad with a white balsamic reduction, fresh burrata and arugula tossed with pesto and pine nuts; grilled sockeye salmon served with haricots verts, yellow and purple wax beans, fennel and red onion, and for dessert, new cookie sundaes and a decadent strawberry amaretto sundae.
The Clubhouse is now also offering duck tacos. These fabulous tacos are available on the patio Mondays and Mondays only from 4 – 7 p.m. Following a round on the links, a bike ride or whatever your active Sun Valley day offered, enjoy a glass of wine or a cocktail from the full bar and dig into as many duck tacos as you like, priced at $5 apiece.
The Sun Valley Club offers one of the most pleasant dining rooms and patios in the Wood River Valley. Be sure next time you are making lunch plans to include this beautiful spot.


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Very Good Recipes of Orange from Two Broads Abroad
There are 2 Orange recipes on the blog Two Broads Abroad. (1501 on all the blogs)
Click on the title of a recipe or the photo of a dish to read the full recipe on its author's blog.
Blood Orange and Pea Sprout Salad
By Two Broads Abroad
01/08/13 13:18
Blood Orange and Pea Sprout Salad This year's first siting of blood oranges occurred at the farmers' market on Sunday. It makes me smile since the pickings are pretty slim this time of year. So if you're looking for a … Continue reading →
Add to my recipe book
Orange Bundt Cake–School lunch dessert
By Two Broads Abroad
01/31/12 15:04
My mom made and packed our lunches everyday to take to school. Yet she didn't slap some baloney on Wonder Bread and toss it in a baggy. No she baked…the bread…and always a dessert. The dessert NEVER had frosting. She … Continue reading →
Add to my recipe book


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I'm getting my first ripe berries from my trailing berry plants and so far I'm not overly impressed with any of them. All of the varieties (sylvan, marion, black diamond, wild treasure, thornless and thorny boysen) have been generally tart but the flavor hasn't been intense. I had higher expectations based on the feedback on the forum. Could I be picking them under ripe? How long from the time they turn black or purple do you wait until picking them? Also, are the first berries variable in their flavor? Could this just be the result of my climate? Just curious. |
Follow-Up Postings:
You are almost certainly picking them under ripe. Pick them just before they rot and they will be the sweetest. The surface should be dull, not shiny and the berries soft. |
- Posted by gator_rider2 z8 Ga. (My Page) on Tue, Jun 11, 13 at 9:17
Picking Blackberries, I just picked gallon this morning and eat a lot here way tell if blackberry fruit ripe. After you pick berry look where come off bush it be green if not ripe bright green this part has green taste overcomes other taste in fruit. Now pick until find one green part dull green almost gray that a ready blackberry fruit for eating at plant. You learn this by having picking container so load bright green into there eat dull green ones takes about 5 minute you be expert picking eating blackberries. Now what to do with bright green berries in container put in Refrigerator three days look at what was green part it should be dull green ready to eat cook are freeze. If going to make jelly the tart green taste will cook our some make good jelly. For more tart taste add 6 red berries that tartan up finial Flavor. Dull black drupes is first sign ripeness looking at picking off point your last chance before eating. I'm just into harvest 8B I say way early for your zone, but don't have any trailing other dew berries they long gone. |
I'm pretty sure I picked at least some of the berries early - I just haven't had a lot of experience yet with growing blackberries. I don't know why the trailing berries were so early, but this is my first season harvesting them. My Kiowa and Prime Ark blackberries have completed blooming and have large green berries on them now. I suspect those will be ready for harvesting in 2-3 weeks, which is probably more inline with my normal harvest times. |
You definitely picked them early. I did the same thing with my boysens when I first got them. If they look "plump" and are soft they are rdy to eat. One of my boys picked one of my boysens last year and it was like a sour patch kid it was so tart. One week later they were amazing, both sweet and tart combination. |
This post was edited by ABz5b on Tue, Jun 11, 13 at 13:31
- Posted by scottfsmith 6B-7A-MD (My Page) on Tue, Jun 11, 13 at 13:48
I think everyone starts by picking them too early, they color up faster than other fruits and it throws you off. Scott |
- Posted by larry_gene USDA8b-OregonPDX (My Page) on Wed, Jun 12, 13 at 1:06
For all berry types, wait until a few fall on the ground; then there are definitely ripe ones on the canes--they will pick off with no pulling effort. Commercial blackberry harvesting machines shake the row and the ripe berries fall off onto conveyor belts. Try shaking the berry cluster with a container held beneath to get the ripest berries. Or just bend the berry sideways without doing any pulling--ripe berries will come right off. If you can't get a good-flavored Marion, your growing conditions may be the cause. It often wins blindfold flavor tests. |
How much of an effect does chilling the berries have over eating them right off the plant? I tried a loganberry this morning that appeared ripe (e.g. turned dusky purple, the berry was soft, and detached easily) and it was OK but not much different from the thorny boysenberry. Would chilling the berries first bring out more of the flavor? In contrast, I had my first handful of Caroline Raspberries from the garden and just off of the plant and those were actually sweet, different from the raspberries in the grocery store. Strange. Maybe my taste buds are defective... |
- Posted by larry_gene USDA8b-OregonPDX (My Page) on Wed, Jun 12, 13 at 23:54
Well, not defective, but maybe different from most people. What is the source of past berries that you are unfavorably comparing your current crop to? There is much folklore about certain wild fruits getting sweeter after the first frost, but I don't know the science of it. Eating chilled berries will result in less perceived flavor, but you were referring to eating frozen fruit that is then warmed back up. I would say that baking or cooking berries (with a small amount of sweetening) improves the flavor more than chilling. You described a ripe Loganberry. Grocery store raspberries might be harvested slightly under-ripe so they are firm--people don't want to buy cartons with a crushed, mushy layer on the bottom. |
I finally got a few ripe ones...yeh! The ripe marionberries have been simply amazing compared to what I have been used to eating. A full, rich flavor that seems to hang around for a minute after eating it. After all of the tart, under ripe berries I ate, I was pleasantly stunned. Thanks to the forum for encouraging me to let the berries hang around a little longer. |
jtburton, Did you have to do something to protect those plants in the winter or did they overwinter fine in your zone? I ask because I'd like to try some western trailing blackberries in my 6B zone but have received conflicting reports about hardiness. |
drewbym: Click on the My Page of scottfsmith above and search the past posts. There is info about hardiness of the western trailing types in a climate similar to yours. |
Thanks, fruitnut. I've seen his posts before. Very informative and interesting. I was just looking for a second person's experience. |
Last winter I kept all of the western trailing berry plants in pots and brought them inside when the temps dropped below 15F. Essentially they were outside all winter but 2 weeks. I had 14 plants in pots and all produced fruit this year and only one, a marion, had cane damage. This year I have actually planted most of them in the ground and will cover them up with something to protect them. I'm between a 6A and 6B zone, about 15 miles west of Cincinnati in Northern KY. I have multiples planted of the following: loganberry, marionberry, kotata, wild treasure (only 1), and black diamond (only 1). I'm going to keep a few potted just in case things go badly. |
Thanks, jtburton. I'm actually in Cincinnati for the Summer as our daughter is receiving a bone marrow transplant at Children's. That being said, I think our climate here and where we live outside of St. Louis is very similar. It'll be interesting to see how your plants do. |
Im currently in a 6A and I left all my boysenberry thorny outside all winter. Very minor dieback on a few tips which was negligible. Marionberries are known for not being very hardy though id watch out for those. Plus the boysens were in 5 gallon pots, all have 4-8 new canes and existing canes in the 8-12 foot range. |
drewbym - If you are going to be around for several weeks longer in Cincy and you are interested, you are welcome to stop by and checkout my plantings. Just PM me your email and I'll reply with my contact info. ABz5b - Unfortunately, the marions were by far the best tasting of my trailing blackberries. I'm not sure that I had enough Boysen to form an opinion on taste. The birds have been unkind. |
Nothing wrong with Marion. I personally like the taste used to eat them all the time when I was in Oregon. Boysens I think are slightly better. Their downfall is they have to be eaten at the height of freshness to get the full effect. |
I didn't get a lot of berries off of my thorny boysens this year because I planted them so late last year, but the berries I did get were not as dynamic in taste as everyone as described. They were OK, kind of a sweet/tart but they weren't rich in flavor. I suppose there could be a number of reasons why the flavor varied, but I'm adding a couple more plants from another nursery to make sure I have the right plants to start with. I never thought about the plants not being the right ones until about 2 weeks ago when I noticed that the 3 kotata berry plants I ordered this spring did not look like the 2 kotata berry plants I ordered last fall - from the same online nursery. The plants I ordered this spring have grown erect canes and have fewer but larger thorns, whereas the plants from my fall purchase have been trailing from the start and are covered in smaller but numerous purple thorns. |
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text: Motivational-Interviewing-Can-Positively-Impact-Childhood-Obesity AAP.org > About the AAP > AAP Press Room > Motivational Interviewing Can Positively Impact Childhood Obesity AAP FactsDepartments & DivisionsCommittees, Councils & SectionsChapters & DistrictsAAP Press RoomCurrently selected Press Room ArchiveNews FeaturesHealth & Safety TipsPublic Service AnnouncementsAAP in the NewsAAP Press Room Media CenterAAP Conferences Press InformationMedia KitsSpokesperson ResourcesLeadership BiosEmbargoed Media Content Donate NowCorporate RelationshipsEmployment at AAPAdvertise with AAPHelp/Feedback aaa print email share Facebook Twitter Motivational Interviewing Can Positively Impact Childhood Obesity 5/4/2014 Pediatricians can build motivation in patients to make needed modifications in health behaviors Article Body VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA – Pediatricians and dietitians who used motivational interviewing techniques to counsel families about their young child's weight were successful in reducing children's body mass index (BMI) percentile 3.1 more points than comparison children over a 2-year period, according to a study to be presented Sunday, May 4, at the Pediatric Academic Societies (PAS) annual meeting in Vancouver, British Columbia. Motivational interviewing is a patient-centered communication style that uses techniques such as reflective listening and shared decision-making to elicit how and why patients might change their health behaviors. The study was conducted with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network, which collaborates on research with pediatric practices throughout the U.S. Researchers assessed the impact of motivational interviewing delivered by primary care pediatricians, supplemented by MI counseling from dietitians, on BMI among children 2 to 8 years of age who were already overweight or obese. The trial is one of the first large-scale randomized trials to show significant reductions in BMI using motivational interviewing delivered by pediatricians and registered dieticians. "The two most encouraging aspects of the results were the significant reduction of the BMI percentiles among participants, and the relatively high completion of BMI counseling by primary care providers," said lead author Ken Resnicow, PhD. "The amount of training and number of sessions used in this study we believe can be realistically implemented in real-world clinical settings." The study demonstrates that motivational interviewing can be a powerful tool to help health care practitioners address child obesity. As one way to help pediatricians learn motivational interviewing techniques, the AAP in April launched a free web and mobile app called "Change Talk: Childhood Obesity." The app simulates a virtual practice environment in which health care providers assume the role of a pediatrician and decide what to say to a mother and her son about his weight. Dr. Resnicow will present "Can Brief Motivational Interviewing in Practice Reduce Child Body Mass Index? Results of a 2-Year Randomized Controlled Trial," at 2:25 p.m., Sunday, May 4. To view the study abstract, go to http://www.abstracts2view.com/pas/view.php?nu=PAS14L1_2600.29. The research will be presented during the AAP Presidential Plenary & Annual Silverman Lecture, which takes place from 12:30 – 4:30 p.m. in the Vancouver Convention Centre. A related abstract, "Are Graduating Residents Prepared to Engage in Obesity Prevention and Treatment?" will be presented at 1 p.m. Saturday, May 3. To view the abstract, go to: http://www.abstracts2view.com/pas/view.php?nu=PAS14L1_1533.509 ### The Pediatric Academic Societies (PAS) are four individual pediatric organizations that co-sponsor the PAS Annual Meeting – the American Pediatric Society, the Society for Pediatric Research, the Academic Pediatric Association, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. Members of these organizations are pediatricians and other health care providers who are practicing in the research, academic and clinical arenas. The four sponsoring organizations are leaders in the advancement of pediatric research and child advocacy within pediatrics, and all share a common mission of fostering the health and well-being of children worldwide. For more information, visit www.pas-meeting.org. Follow news of the PAS meeting on Twitter at http://twitter.com/PedAcadSoc. AAP Media Contacts AAP Headquarters Phone: 847-434-7877 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Federal Affairs Phone: 202-347-8600 Email: email@example.com Related Information AAP Agenda for Children: Early Brain and Child Development Priority Initiative The EBCD initiative challenges its members to integrate the expanding neurodevelopmental sciences of early brain development into the knowledge and practice of pediatrics. AAP Agenda for Children: Medical Home The AAP developed the medical home as a model of delivering primary care that is accessible, continuous, family-centered, coordinated, compassionate, and culturally effective to every child. AAP Agenda for Children: Quality The commitment to quality care is implicit in the Academy's mission of promoting the health and well-being of all children. How News Coverage Impacts Obesity Solutions The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) discusses how news coverage impacts obesity solutions. Task Force Recommends Obesity Screening for Children and Adolescents The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children and adolescents be screened for obesity.


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Gear Review
Jared Wood
Sweet Burly Bag
This bag is a beast. I got it primarily to store the board and to go through the airport. It's perfect for these situations. If all you're going to is use a bag for is to toss your board in a car and go to and from the resort or backcountry, then you'll want a low profile bag. This bag is too bulky for that. However, the wheels can be removed so it can be made more low profile if desired.
View More Details on DAKINE High Roller Snowboard Bag


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Student Activities
The Students Activities Council (SAC) is a group of UW students that program concerts and events for all UW students. All UW students are welcome to be a member of the council. SAC usually plans a weekly event on Wednesdays and Fridays, many times in the Union or A&S Auditorium. These events are almost always free and open to everybody.
Student activities: http://www.uwyo.edu/union/cac/sac/
Student organizations: https://uwyo.collegiatelink.net/organizations


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found a new home!
Plenty of my friends are looking
for one too. Find a pet to adopt.
Find a pet to adopt |
My name is Lucy!
Facts about Lucy
- Breed: Domestic Shorthair
- Color: Brown Tabby
- Age: Kitten
- Sex: Female
- Hair: Medium
Lucy's Info...
I am good with kids, good with dogs, and good with cats.
This is Lucy. She is 3 months old. She was found all alone in a backyard of someones home. With a little TLC she will be a wonderful pet.
Other Pets at Cat Network of Stanislaus
Why Adoption is a Great Option
Lucy, a Modesto Domestic Shorthair kitten was adopted! Here's how you can benefit by looking at adoption as an option to buying a Domestic Shorthair for sale in Modesto, or seeking a Domestic Shorthair kitten from a breeder in Modesto.
- Rescues and shelter volunteers in Modesto already know the personality and tendencies of their pets. This means they can match you with the right pet. That will makes it much easier transition to owning a pet for yourself and your new pet.
- On average adoption fees are much less than you'd pay a Modesto breeder, or pet store. Plus most often rescue pets have already been to the veterinarian for a check-up, had a round of vaccinations, and are spayed or neutered. That is a lot of savings!
- You will become a hero, and give a needy dog or cat a loving home. In fact, there are even Domestic Shorthair breeders who help with Domestic Shorthair rescue. One puppy or kitten adopted in Modesto paves the way for another one to be saved.


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Oct 11, 2012 1:10 PM by Associated Press
WASHINGTON (AP) - A robust voter registration push by President Barack Obama's re-election campaign has resulted in more Democrats than Republicans on the rolls in most battleground states, including Florida and Nevada. That's according to data from state election boards and promoted Thursday by the Obama campaign.
But Republicans have had their own registration success, narrowing that Democratic advantage since 2008 in many of the battlegrounds, including Iowa. GOP officials say they have put more resources into persuading independent voters who are already registered to cast their ballots for party nominee Mitt Romney.
Obama's campaign argues its ability to register more new voters is indicative of swing state field operations that also have the resources to get voters to the polls, particularly during early voting. Campaign officials say a deeper look at the registration numbers shows an uptick in Hispanics and young people.
(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
Offensive or inappropriate comments are subject to removal. To report a comment, please e-mail us at firstname.lastname@example.com, and include the name of the story and information on the comment.
Thank you! KSBY.com
7 hours ago


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BRIDGETOWN, Barbados, CMC The Barbados government has welcomed the agreement signed by Foursquare Rum Distillery to distill, blend and bottle a brand of rum known as '10 Cane' which officials say is expected to rake in BDS$100 million (One Barbados dollar = US$0.50 cents) in foreign exchange.
Rum is a distinct Barbadian product and I believe that we are the home of rum, and that is something that I dont think we have fully capitalised on as yet.
There is still much more to be gained
I commend the Chairman and management of Foursquare Distilleries for their work in getting us to this point today where we can really boast and celebrate this new contract being worked out with Hennessy, said Industry Minister, Donville Inniss.
Foursquare Rum Distillery chairman, Sir David Seale, said the agreement had been signed with Moet and Hennessy of France to distill, blend and bottle the new brand of rum over the next five years.
Sir David revealed that this particular brand of rum was first distilled, blended and bottled in Trinidad and Tobago.
This is very exciting because this brand having been established world-wide, it has a track record so we are not starting from zero. We are starting from a point that it is a guarantee amount that we can produce... Our sums will say that it is quite possible that we will earn in excess of $100 million in foreign exchange over the next five years.
When we decided to build a distillery, we often said that we wanted to get into the export market in a meaningful way but we had no marketing funds to spend, so we felt that we would put in and put down a facility that when tourists and visitors came they can remember it. That is what is happening.
The word of mouth advertising has led to a massive increase in the exporting of our own brands both to Europe and the USA
I can only imagine that Moet and Hennessy came here because they are satisfied that they are going to get a quality product.
Once rum gets the real recognition it should get from the government of Barbados it has the potential of earning about BDS $500 million a year, Sir David added.
Inniss said Barbados is not a low-cost location for manufacturing and as a result we have to tap into the niche areas and rum is a product that is synonymous with Barbados and therefore, we have to exploit fully the rum industry.
This means of course, as has been done here at Foursquare, making use of an ultra-modern plant distillery and creating niche products
but of course that can help earn revenue for the company and foreign exchange for Barbados.


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Tue, Jul 3, 07 at 22:05
It's about the size of my fingernail, viney, and very cute. Lovely foliage, too.
Any ideas? It is in an area that gets morning sun. I don't think this came from the flower mixes I sprinkled, since I can't find a flower that looks like this on my packets. Thanks for any help! |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by thedaylilykid z6b TN (My Page) on Fri, Jul 6, 07 at 9:44
Could it be Carolina Mallow --- Modiola caroliniana? |
Dang Lucas, you're good. You should get a job as an Extension Service Agent or something. (-; |
- Posted by thedaylilykid z6b TN (My Page) on Sat, Jul 7, 07 at 11:44
I'm not gonna lie!....I had a wildflower book and I just thumbed through it until I found it!...haha |
Knowing where to get the info is important. I'm still gonna give you an "A". LOL |
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If you are wanting to buy or sell in the suburbs of Titirangi, Green Bay, Laingholm, New Lynn, Glen Eden, Huia, Cornwallis, Paurau, Waima, Woodlands Park, Blockhouse Bay, New Windsor, Avondale, Henderson, Sunnyvale, Kelston or Glendene you really should see us first. We promote Ethics in Real Estate, raising the industry standards. Our local knowledge is extensive - we know these areas well.
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Green River Ministries' officials hosted a yard sale last Friday to raise money to operate its homeless shelter.
GRM officials said $1,114.36 was raised and they are pleased with the response.
GRM board members learned last year that they wouldn't receive funding they depended on to stay open. Since then, there have been several fundraisers to help pay the shelter's bills. Another fundraiser, Cardboard Nation, will be Friday, April 25, at Campbellsville University.
Hannah RaShae Young of Greensburg and Robert Samuel Clark of Campbellsville announce their engagement.
Young is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Dennis Young. She graduated from Green County High School and is employed at Campbellsville Nursing and Rehab.
Clark is the son of Robert and Mary Clark and the late Venita Clark. He graduated form Taylor County High School and is employed at Amazon.com.
Campbellsville University student athletes recently gathered to take a photo to support the son of a Campbellsville native.
Paxton Bloyd, 5, son of Cheslee and Jamie Ennis Bloyd of Lexington and grandson of CU Associate Professor of Education Beverly Ennis, was diagnosed in March with Stage IV Burkitt's lymphoma, a type of non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Jamie Ennis Bloyd is originally from Campbellsville.
The "Paxton Strong" effort was created to encourage people to pray for Paxton and his family.
Taylor County's Red Cross disaster team recently helped its first family after being formed.
Fire damaged Brittney and Chris Agee's home on March 30 and the couple and their son, Braxton, were left without clothing or food.
The county's Red Cross team provided money for clothing and Taylor County Food Pantry gave the family food.
Mike Humphress, who is the leader of the Taylor County Red Cross team, said there will be another training session scheduled soon for those who want to become Red Cross volunteers.
Richard and Rochelle Brahm of Campbellsville announce the birth of a son, Elijah Jace Ryan Brahm, at 8:23 a.m. on April 2 at Spring View Hospital in Lebanon. He weighed 10 pounds, 7 ounces and was 22 inches long.
Grandparents are Robert and Tonya Deering of Mackville, Mark and Regina Hillard of Campbellsville and Richard Brahm Sr. and Melissa Gray of Loretto.
Graci Wood celebrated her 13th birthday on March 18. At a party to celebrate on March 16 at Campbellsville Christian Church, she asked those attending to bring a gift for a sick child instead of herself.
The toys donated were given to children at Kosair Children's Hospital in Louisville on March 30. About 475 items were donated.
Graci said she hopes to become an obstetrics nurse and help deliver babies or a pediatric nurse.
Campbellsville resident Christopher Carney saw an albino robin in his yard on Sunnyhill Drive recently.
Carney said he believes there is about one albino in every 30,000 robins.
David and Jewell Corbin of Campbellsville will celebrate their 50th wedding anniversary on Sunday, April 13.
A reception for the couple will be from 2 to 4 p.m. at First Church of God in Campbellsville. They request no gifts.
Jenna Nichole Williams and Shannon Dewayne Wethington of Campbellsville announce their engagement.
Williams is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Chuck White of Campbellsville, and Kelly Williams and the late Eric Williams.
She is a 2009 graduate of Campbellsville High School and a 2013 graduate of SCTCS nursing school. She is employed at Crossroads Family Medicine.
Wethington is the son of Mr. and Mrs. Mickey Wethington of Liberty.
He is a 2008 graduate of Casey County High School and is employed at R.J. Corman Railroad Group.
The local St. Baldrick's organization has raised nearly $30,000 for children's cancer research.
This year, according to organizer Donna Wise, $12,500 was raised online, $12,000 was collected at the St. Baldrick's Shaving for a Cure event on March 22 and $4,000 was raised at the Color To Conquer race on March 15.
Wise said this year's fundraising brings the community's six-year St. Baldrick's total to $269,670.
There will be a private auction this summer, Wise said, to raise more money for children's cancer research.


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There are various ways to calculate the number of LEDs you'll need, and we're always happy to recommend the correct kit for you. As a very general rule of thumb, for reef tanks without SPS you can use the following formula when using our LEDs:
(Length of tank in inches x Width of tank in inches)/22
For example, if you have a 40g breeder and your footprint is 36" x 18", you would need:
(36" x 18")/22 = roughly 28-30 LEDs
For tanks with SPS you can use the following formula:
(Length of tank in inches x Width of tank in inches)/18
For example, if you have a 75g tank and your footprint is 48" x 18", you would need:
(48" x 18")/18- = roughly 48 LEDs
For freshwater or planted tanks you can use the same formula, only divide by 35-40 instead of 18-22.
For example, if you have a 75g tank and your footprint is 48" x 18", you would need:
(48" x 18")/35 = roughly 25 LEDs
LED Type |
Recommended Current |
Maximum Current |
Cree XP-E (Blue, Royal Blue, Green) |
800mA-900mA |
1000mA (1A) |
Cree XP-G/XP-G2 (Neutral and Cool White) |
1200-1300mA |
1500mA (1.5A) |
Cree XM-L/XM-L2 (Neutral and Cool White) |
1600-2800mA |
3000mA (3A) |
Cree XT-E (Royal Blue) |
700-1300mA |
1500mA (1.5A) |
Philips Cyan |
800-900mA |
1000mA (1A) |
Philips Rebel Deep Red 660nm/UV |
600-700mA |
700mA (0.7A) |
Moonlight |
350mA |
350mA (0.35A) |
The first decision to make is whether you want a dimmable or a non-dimmable driver. Dimmable drivers have a few advantages:
i. Tweak color temperatures to your liking (if you have multiple drivers)
ii. Acclimate tanks more easily
iii. Compatible with many reef controllers (ie. Apex, Reef Angel, etc) for sunrise/sunset simulations
Once you know which type of driver you need, you'll need to look at the current (mA) output of the driver. For non-dimmable drivers they will only output one current level. For example, the LPC-35-700 driver will output 700mA at all times, regardless of how many LEDs are attached to the driver (assuming you're running one string in series off the driver, as opposed to say multiple parallel strings).
Dimmable drivers on the other hand have variable current levels. Please check the product description page and/or technical data sheets for the current range. For example, the ELN-60-48D driver outputs a current of 0-1.3A. Since the driver can output a max of 1300mA, this driver may be too powerful for some LEDs (ie. Red and UV LEDs can only handle 700mA) unless you dial down the maximum output current via the driver's SVR2 knob (Mean Well drivers only).
To figure out how many LEDs a driver can run, you'll need two pieces of information: the driver's voltage range and the voltage required by the LED at the given current level that you would like to run the LEDs at. As an example, the LPC-35-700 driver has a voltage range of 9-48V. The XP-G Cool White LED requires 3.05V at 700mA (remember this is the current output of the LPC-35-700 driver). Thus, the minimum number of LEDs required is 9V divided by 3.05V. 9/3.05 = 2.95, thus we round up and the minimum number of LEDs is 3. For maximum LEDs, we divide 48V by 3.05V and get 15.74. We round down and get 15 LEDs. Typically we play it safe and thus on our product page we list the range on the LPC-35-700 driver as ~3-14 LEDs. Keep in mind the voltage required by each LED can be quite different so you may need to do these calculations for each of your strings.
What angle lens you should use depends on a couple of factors, namely the height of the lights above the water, the height of the tank, and the spacing of the LEDs. As a general rule of thumb please use this table as a guide:
Tank Height |
Lens Angle |
Recommended Height Above Water |
Up to 22" |
80 degree |
7-12" |
22-30" |
60 degree |
10-15" |
30"+ |
40 degree |
15"+ |
First, ensure that there are no solder balls next to the LED chip. This will prevent the lens from sitting flat. The LED chips are square and the lens cut-outs are also square. If the lens isn't sitting properly the first time, try rotating it 90 degrees until the lens sits flush with the board. Once this happens, use thermal adhesive (Arctic Alumina) or plastic epoxy to glue around the edges of the lens. This will prevent adhesive from touching the LED directly.
We also suggest NOT putting adhesive on the bottom of the lens and pressing the lens down. While this is easier/faster, it does often lead to adhesive sticking to the LED chip. This may cause damage to the LED, and when removing a lens almost always ends with the LED chip coming off the board and being ruined.
We typically do not recommend using super glue or adhesives with fumes as they may cloud or damage the LED (we've done it in the past ourselves in a pinch, but it's generally not recommended).
This is one of our most frequent questions, and one that unfortunately we can't really answer since everyone has different preferences for light. Some people like their tank to look really natural and hate a blue looking light, while others love blue and want the 'windex blue' look. If you look at our Onyx fixture you'll see the colors and quantities that we used which we feel provide a balanced look. On that fixture, out of 28 total LEDs we are running 4 UVs, 1 red, and 1 green. For supplemental colors we feel this is a good ratio, especially on the reds and greens which tend to overpower other colors quite easily. If someone wanted to use 6 or 8 UV's instead that is certainly not incorrect. As for the ratio of blue/white LEDs, that is mostly a personal preference. 95% of people are in between a 1:1 to 2:1 (royal blue:cool white) ratio, which is in between ~13-20k.
To calculate an LED's wattage you can simply multiply the drive current (for example 1.0A or 1000mA) by the voltage draw of the LED, at that specific current (in our example the voltage draw at 1.0A). Using the XT-E royal blue LED as an example, if we look at the datasheet on page 8 we see a graph depicting the voltage draw at various output currents. At 1.0A the LED will draw roughly 3.2V, thus 1.0A x 3.2V = 3.2 watts. If you had 12 of the royal blues all running at 1.0A your LEDs would be drawing about 32 watts total. You can calculate all the actual wattages on your LEDs and add them together to find the total wattage from your set-up. Please note that just because an LED may be '5 watts' does not mean that it always draws 5 watts. While the XT-E royal blue is a '5W' LED our example has just shown that the actual draw is almost always less (unless you're always running your LEDs at max current).
The difference between the two models of driver is the type of signal they accept for dimming. One accepts an analog reference voltage, the other a PWM waveform.
The "D" model accepts an analog 0-10V signal. This is simply a voltage applied across the DIM+ and DIM- wires between 0-10V. This can be accomplished with a 10V reference signal from our 10V AC Adapter, which outputs a 10V DC signal the "D" model accepts. If you want to vary the intensity from 10V down to 0V (or 0V to 10V), you can wire the adapter to a potentiometer, which when rotated, will vary the voltage from 0-10V and change the intensity accordingly. For example, 1V = 10% intensity, 5V=50% intensity, 10V=100% intensity. If you have a number of drivers you wish to control, you could try our DIY 2 color dimming kit: http://www.rapidled.com/diy-2-color-dimming-kit/
The "P" model accepts a square wave, or PWM (pulse width modulation), signal. The PWM wave must be 0-10V also, but it is either at 0V or 10V, nothing in between like with the analog signal the "D" model uses. So, the PWM signal runs by a on-off-on-off pattern with on being 10V and off being 0V. Our DDC-02 lighting controller provides three daylight modes with sunrise and sunset and a manual intensity adjustment mode: http://www.rapidled.com/ddc-02-pwm-controller/
This depends on several factors such as how high from the water you'll be hanging your lights, what degree optics (if any) you'll be using, and the dimensions of your tank. Generally speaking you do not need the heat sink to be the same footprint as your tank. For example, if your tank is 48" you do not need a 48" heat sink. Keep in mind that light will be coming down at an angle towards the water, so there will be a good amount of spread to the light (obviously the larger the angle the better the spread). As an example, we used a 4.25" x 23" heat sink on a 30" x 18" tank at MACNA a few years ago using 60 degree optics at about 10-12" above the waterline and had no problem with coverage.
Not necessarily! If you have a multimeter, you can perform a continuity test, which will probably tell you why certain LEDs are not lighting up: they are grounded to the heatsink somehow. Continuity refers to two things electrically connected. For example, if two parts are connected by a wire, they are continuous.
To perform this test, set the multimeter to measure continuity (usually the 'diode' setting) and ensure no power is applied to your LED string. Next, touch one probe to the heatsink and the other probe to each solder joint of every LED, going around your string until all joints have been examined. If you hear a beep or get 0.000 reading at a particular joint, there is continuity (conductivity) between that joint and the heatsink (this means there is an electrical path between that solder pad and the heatsink, which we call grounding). This solder joint will have to be re-done since the LED string should be completely isolated from the heatsink electrically for the string to work properly.
LDD drivers are different than ELN drivers in that they require DC voltage from a power supply and will pass that voltage through to the LED string, while keeping the output current constant. In the case of LDD drivers, 3V will be lost when the voltage is passed through between the input and the output. Using the LDD-700HW and the SE-350-48 power supply as examples, you will be able to get a constant 700mA to all LEDs in your string (the LDD-1000HW would output 1000mA, etc). The SE-350-48 outputs 48V, and after deducting 3V the output voltage will be 45V. As we mentioned earlier a typical LED draws about ~3-3.3V, so we can run 45/3.3 = ~13 LEDs maximum per string. There is no minimum voltage required so you can run strings of even 1 LED, making this a very versatile driver.
The LDD drivers require a 5V PWM driver for dimming, so you'll often see Arduino based controllers being used as that's the standard dimming output signal for Arduino. Unfortunately our DDC-02 only outputs a 10V PWM signal so they are not compatible. We are looking to add compatible controllers in the near future to our dimming selection.


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Published: 21 December 2010
Fifty per cent of the total volume of wood material used in Finland in 2009 was burned. Twenty-four per cent of the wood material was tied up in paper and board, 11 per cent in sawn timber, 3 per cent in wood boards and 5 per cent in exported pulp. These data derive from the use and mass balances in the Forest accounts compiled by Statistics Finland.
Tying up of wood material in end products in 1990-2009
The large proportion of fuel use is mainly due to the combustion of the forest industry's wood wastes, such as bark and spent liquor. The proportion has not fluctuated notably in the 2000s although the share of burning has also grown due to increased use of forest chippings in energy production.
The volumes of used wood material have been calculated as dry matter. For example, the average dry matter content of fresh raw timber is 43 per cent. The forest industry's spent liquors contain approximately 70 per cent and board an average of 65 per cent of dry wood matter. In addition to wood matter, paper and board also contain diverse coating and filler substances.
Forest accounts are compiled from statistics produced by the Finnish Forest Research Institute, Statistics Finland, the Finnish Forest Industries Federation, and the National Board of Customs on the supply and use of wood, and from related national accounts figures for the period between 1990 and 2009.
Source: Forest accounts 2009, Statistics Finland
Inquiries: Jukka Muukkonen 09-1734 3224, firstname.lastname@example.com
Director in charge: Leena Storgĺrds
Publication in pdf-format (271.7 kB)
Appendix tables
Updated 21.12.2010
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF):
Forest accounts [e-publication].
ISSN=1798-6249. 2009. Helsinki: Statistics Finland [referred: 29.1.2015].
Access method: http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/mettp/2009/mettp_2009_2010-12-21_tie_001_en.html.
Environment and Natural Resources
Statistics Finland Telephone +358 29 551 1000 Contact information Copyrights and Terms of Use Feedback |


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FORT MYERS, Fla. — David Ross still cannot remember what happened.
Ross was playing for the Cincinnati Reds in 2007 when he took a Mike Cameron shoulder to the jaw in a collision in front of home plate. Cameron not only knocked Ross over, he knocked his helmet off — and Ross's head connected with home plate, appearing to briefly knock him unconscious.
Ross stayed in the game at first — he even singled the next inning, which in retrospect is astonishing — but he eventually came out of the game and spent two weeks on the disabled list with a concussion.
"I've heard stories, but I still don't remember that day," said Ross, now one of the catchers in camp with the Red Sox. "There's about a 12-hour period there that I don't recall. Other than that, I've been fine. That's normal, I guess."
As is the case in the NFL — but to a significantly lesser degree — concussion awareness has grown in Major League Baseball in recent years. St. Louis Cardinals manager Mike Matheny — himself a former catcher whose career was brought to an end by concussions — took a strong stance on Tuesday against collisions at home plate.
"I do believe that this game will get to the point where there will no longer be a collision at the plate," Matheny said, "and I am 100-percent in support of that."
Would players be in 100-percent support of a ban on home-plate collisions? Ross has experienced the brutality firsthand, but he couldn't say definitively what he would want baseball legislators to do.
"I've gotten run over and gotten a concussion before, and it's obviously not fun," Ross said, "but you learn that it's part of the game. Would you like not to get run over? Sure. That'd be great if that wasn't an option. But it is an option, so you kind of have to accept it, and you know that going into the game — or into your career — that that's part of it. Would you like to see guys not get run over? Sure. The more violence you can take out of any sport, the better. But that's part of the game right now, so I have no problem with it."
Concussions suffered by high-profile players such as Jason Bay, Justin Morneau and David Wright have brought the issue to the forefront in recent years.
Bay suffered two concussions from running into outfield walls. Morneau suffered his concussion when he took a knee to the head diving into second base. Wright suffered his concussion when he took a 94-mph fastball to the head.
But there remains no more violent play in baseball than the catcher-runner collision, a car-crash of an event pitting a 200-pound man running at full speed against a 200-pound man wearing a suit of armor.
"I didn't want to be the poster boy for this gig, but I was able to witness in ways I can't even explain to people how that altered my life for a short period of time and changed the person that I was," Matheny said. "It's scary. You look at this game: Can this game survive without this play? I say, 'Absolutely.'"
"I tell my wife whenever I get in a bad mood that it's got to be some kind of blow to the head that's causing that," Ross said, joking but not really joking. "The last thing you want is your life after baseball to be somehow affected by something that can be avoided."
Concussions aren't the only injuries that can be sustained when a runner demolishes a catcher in an effort to score. Most memorably, San Francisco Giants catcher Buster Posey broke his leg when a runner plowed straight through his leg. Cleveland Indians catcher Carlos Santana suffered a torn knee ligament when the same thing happened to him at Fenway Park.
And Matheny's own catcher, Yadier Molina, suffered a head injury — though not a concussion — and multiple muscle strains when a runner tried to run him over last August.
Proponents of a rule change propose that catchers be forbidden from obstructing the basepath and that runners be forbidden from initiating contact with any fielder, be it the catcher or an infielder at one of the bases.
But like hits to the head by defensive backs on wide receivers in football, home-plate collisions remain part of the game in baseball. A catcher who shies away from contact at home plate risks the perception of his manhood.
"I've never had a manager say, 'You've got to block the plate,'" Ross said. "But my mentality is that I'm going to put myself on the line for my teammates. I will do that. If it's a play at the plate in the first inning and I can avoid a collision, I probably will, but if it's the bottom of the ninth and a tie game, I'm going to do everything to put my body in position to block that plate if I can. That's just the mentality I have."