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Al Weatherburn
member for 14 years, 29 days
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One day while searching for my Weatherburn Grandparents We found the cemetery where they were buried. The Caretaker pointed to the ground and said "Here they are." There was no marker. I felt kind of lost at this time. I figured after all these people had done something had to be done so they would not be forgotten or lost to the sands of time. We have taken it upon our selves to build a family tree and history and put it where future family member's can find and appreciate it. We welcome all help in getting information on any of my family members we have over 10,000 names in my family study and enjoy sharing information. We have wonderful Conversations and traded info and pictures with family members we never knew. we would like to thank all of the people that have graciously transfered our relatives Grave sites over to us. My Corser/Courser family members number into the thousands and we are gathering information and pictures daily to add to our study of the Corser Family in America. We have started adding the G.P.S. Cords to the tombstones of the people we enter or take volunteer pictures for. This will help locate any grave without running all over the cemetery trying to find them. We feel this will be of help especially when the stones are flat in the ground, or the cemetery office is closed or has none at all.
On September 28th 2010, I was in Berwick upon Tweed,England the home of my Weatherburn Grandparents. At this time I became a Freeman of the town of Berwick upon Tweed having been granted freedom of the town following in my Grandfather Robert Weatherburn's footsteps. I signed my name in the same Book he had signed in 1895 thats 115 years after he did,Just the site of his hand written signature, put my family tree into a totally new perspective. It was a great honor.
We will gladly transfer any memorial We have entered that Is not part of our family. We are very grateful for all the transfers of our relatives Gravesites so as to fill them in as complete as possible. Find a grave is a wonderful website. I have been with it since its inception and it keeps getting stronger every year. Al & Sandy (Cottingham) Weatherburn.
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Messages left for Al Weatherburn (43)
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Barb Dowden
Cora Alice Reeder Warnock
Greenlawn Cemetery in Greetown, Howard Co., IN, just thought that I would bring it to your attention that you have her twice in this cemetery, hope you don't mind me letting you known, thank Barb
Added by
Barb Dowden
on Jan 14, 2015 11:54 AM
Janice Brown
Requesting a Transfer
Greetings :)
James Uran, 103455045, is my 4th great grandfather, and I know where he is buried and have a photograph of this tombstone. Would you please transfer him to me and also his wife Mary Corser Uran. Thank you!
Janice W. Brown
Added by
Janice Brown
on Sep 23, 2014 9:24 AM
Nancy Ann Mull Buchanan
RE: William Gearhart
Can you give me the memorial number? I would be happy to delete.
Added by
Nancy Ann Mull Buchanan
on Apr 12, 2014 5:11 PM
Lawrence H. Grunert
Catherine Heath # 29778363
Hello, Would you please check Memorial # 12564462 David Heath, and paste and copy the info about Catherine on your memorial. Thank you very much.It was just passed to me and I have added now its your turn.Peace.......Lawrence
Added by
Lawrence H. Grunert
on Apr 06, 2014 7:41 AM
Vicki Luoma
Cynthia Hancock Reeder
Can you give me the number or cemetery name.
Added by
Vicki Luoma
on Mar 23, 2014 8:57 PM
Margie D
Thank you
Thank you for the transfer of Ephriam Hancock. His oldest child is my g grandmother, Minerva, who married Charles Franklin Mitchell. I'm guessing the book you're refering to regarding Hancock history is "The Poineer" compiled by Samuel Harden in 1895. There are several pages with Hancock family history in Indiana (pages 109-113). It includes the letter written by Cynthia Hancock Reeder, your wife's gg grandmother - I found the book printed out on line several years ago. If this isn't the book, let me know - I'm always interested in discovering new sources. My real blockage regards the parents of Minerva's husband - a break through there would be nice.... Thanks again - Margie D
Added by
Margie D
on Feb 20, 2014 1:46 PM
Catie & Will
Oscar Pendergrass
Pick up the information and picture of the site that I entered, then let me know when this is done and I shall delete my entry.
Added by
Catie & Will
on Dec 30, 2013 9:00 AM
Scott Kjar
RE: Margaret Corser
One thing I just noticed - You listed 1974 as her death date, but her stone has 1913. I updated the month and day per your instruction though. Also, East Saginaw wasn't an option to choose from. I looked it up and found that it is a defunct city together with Sagniaw City is now just Saginaw.
Added by
Scott Kjar
on Oct 17, 2013 9:46 PM
Paul Sutton Kamalsky
You asked for all Corsers. I did not find Warren and his wife yet. I did find Austin
& Ethel and Charles & Evaline and their stone photos were uploaded
Added by
Paul Sutton Kamalsky
on Aug 20, 2013 10:53 AM
Jim Cole
RE: Find a grave photo
Also noted someone else had a memorial for Alice Bertha Courser, Willaim Murray's day. Noted a pic of her gravestone in my archives and uploaded it as well. She had a tragic life as well. Married, 4 years later had a son, stillborn more than likely, then her husband died 2 years following that. Never remarried - spinster school teacher.
Added by
Jim Cole
on Aug 04, 2013 1:51 PM
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Can someone plz reply, I know it sounds dum, but I gotta know!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Can someone plz reply, I know it sounds dum, but I gotta know!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A moderator is a person who monitors what is going on in the site. He or she is chosen by the owner(s) of the site to help out. They look for bad language and/or things that do not relate to the website. They also help sometimes with the site itself working on things "behind the scenes" so to speak.Originally Posted by disneybuff100
If you look in the members section above you can see who the moderators are. They are all nice, as is the owner/founder of this website, Lou AKQK10.
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25 Things We Learned from the 'Fast & Furious 6' Commentary
Commentary Commentary By Kevin Carr on December 12, 2013 | Comments (2)After fourteen years, the Fast & Furious franchise has gone through quite a few changes. The first three films struggled with changing casts and somewhat unconnected storylines. However, after Fast & Furious: Tokyo Drift, director Justin Lin took the series in a very different direction. He brought back the original cast, then morphed the series from some street racing flicks to a bona fide action franchise complete with international villains and bigger-than-life action sequences. This second trilogy (!) in the series culminates with Fast & Furious 6, which was one of the highest grossing movies of 2013. Lin lends his voice to the commentary track on the film, which was recorded before the tragic death of Paul Walker. Similarly, the DVD and Blu-ray of the film were produced before this event, making a lot of the matter-of-fact comments in the film, the bonus features and the commentary naturally bittersweet. Still, there's a lot to be learned from Lin's commentary, which serves as a look back not only at the film, but the franchise as a whole with a great emphasis on the dynamic of those involved behind the scenes.
How Do You Fit 18 Actors On a Poster? 'New Year's Eve' Knows!
Movie Marketing By Scott Beggs on October 14, 2011 | Comments (3)The horror…the horror… The best part about this poster for New Year's Eve is either that it features all of the names and pictures of the actors, but not in the same order, or that the catchphrase "Let The Countdown Begin" lets us know that it's a Doomsday Movie. Garry Marshall, who should be ashamed of himself for directing Valentine's Day, proves once and for all that he owes some serious men down at the race track by stepping up to direct this sequel which seeks to squeeze even less screen time out for even more famous faces. Also, Homeless Hector Elizondo is kind of cruel considering they made everyone else look halfway decent (except for Ashton Kutcher who clearly didn't show up for a photo shoot and forced the marketing department to find a paparazzi shot of him smiling). Enough with the words! Check it out for yourself, and feel free to largify it by clicking (if you dare):
Review: 'Fast Five' Mates Spectacular Action With A Stupid Script, Gives Birth To Big Bald Babies
Movie Reviews By Rob Hunter on April 29, 2011 | Comments (10)Let's cut to the chase here shall we? Fast Five is a stupid, overly long, and poorly written movie with moronic dialogue, plot contrivances big enough to fit both of the bald giants above through, and a complete disregard for right, wrong, and the sanctity of human life. More on all of that in a minute, but the other half of this equation is that it also features some kick-ass, high energy, destructive-as-hell action scenes that rattle the walls of the theater and happily remind you that there are still filmmakers capable of crafting spectacular cinematic mayhem without relying on CGI to do all the heavy lifting. So you can see my dilemma…
The Hilarious Triumph of the 'No Strings Attached' Red-Band Trailer
Movie News By Scott Beggs on January 4, 2011 | Comments (2)There's a lot of trailer action this morning as Hollywood executives are just now waking up from their Hybernol-induced winter comas, but the funniest one out there (counting the past few months even) is hands down this new red-band trailer for No Strings Attached. The premise is simple and as old as sex itself, but when you toss in Natalie Portman staring at Asthon Kutcher's penis with 3D glasses on (a commentary on the fad if there ever was one), a metric ton of clever cursing, and Ludacris making a self-reference to every "Ho" pun-themed song he's written – the world has a little bit more brilliance in it. In fact, the catalyst for the pair getting together will make you look at your own father in a gross and terrible new way. Don't put yourself in Ashton Kutcher's character's place. Don't do it. Just don't. Seriously, don't.
Ten Rapper Acting Performances That Don't Suck
Features By Josh Radde on August 1, 2008 | Comments (49)If a List of 10 Rap Artists that crossed over into film with varying degrees of success doesn't seem timely, it should, because a movie about hardcore rappers came out just last Friday: Step Brothers.
Live from Hall H: Guy Ritchie Unleashes RocknRolla Trailer
Comic-Con 2008 By Scott Beggs on July 25, 2008 | Be the First To CommentWhen we say, "Live," we mean very, very recent. And when we say "unleashes," we mean, it's Cool as Hell.
Live from Hall H: Max Payne
Comic-Con 2008 By Neil Miller on July 24, 2008 | Be the First To Comment"It's not minimum Payne, its not medium Payne, its Max Payne." That is how director John Moore describes his upcoming video game adaptation.
Ludacris, Zoe Bell Play the "Game"
Movie News By Neil Miller on November 14, 2007 | Be the First To CommentThe rapper turned actor and stuntwoman turned cult icon will be signing on to the production Lionsgate's relatively untitled sci-fi action thriller from Crank writer/directors Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor.
Neil Miller
Scott Beggs
Rob Hunter
Kate Erbland
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Nominations Are In For The 2011 Amazing Audio Books
The nominations are in for the 2011 Amazing Audio Books, they are as follows:
- The Roar by Emma Clayton, read by Jane Collingwood. Recorded Books
- Shiver by Maggie Stiefvater, read by Jenna Lamia and David Ledoux. Scholastic
- Stop in the Name of Pants! by Louise Rennison, read by Stina Nielsen. Recorded Books
- The Silver Kiss by Annette Curtis Klause, read by Ali Ahn. Recorded Books
- This Full House by Virginia Euwer Wolff, read by Heather Alicia Simms. Listening Library
- The Treasure Map of Boys by E. Lockhart, read by Kirsten Potter. Listening Library
- What I Saw and How I Lied, by Judy Blundell, read by Caitlin Greer. Scholastic Audiobooks
- Once Was Lost by Sara Zarr, read by Sara Zarr. Listening Library
May 25, 2010
- SuperMegaAnna
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The wedding is in a week and almost everything is planned. There will only be 18 adults at the wedding and we want to serve white and red wines. There will be wine served about 1/2 hour before the ceremony along with cheese/crackers and vegetable trays. The meal will be about 1/2 hour after the ceremony. During the 4 hours or so after the meal, I plan on having wine still available for anyone who wants it.
The sites I looked up said 1/2 bottle per person. Is this enough? Do places like Costco let you return unopened bottles? We did not want to offer any beer and the wedding is not at a restaurant-type place so there is no bar available. TIA for any advice. |
Follow-Up Postings:
I'm pretty sure that a bottle of wine is about 7 glasses' worth, so 1/2 a bottle would give your average guest less than one drink an hour. While I don't drink, that doesn't seem like a lot to me. Personally I'd allow at least a full bottle per person and maybe a couple extra on principle, and plan on using any spares as generic holiday/hostess gifts. Are you also serving something non-alcoholic, such as orange juice? Non-drinkers like me and those limiting their alcohol intake would appreciate it :-) |
- Posted by JerriEllijay (My Page) on Sat, Nov 26, 05 at 13:06
Why not choose wines both you and your fiance like, that way you won't have to worry about buying too much. I don't think 1/2 bottle for prewedding, dinner and post dinner is nearly enough. At the bare minimum I would order at least 18 bottles, that's only 1 1/2 cases. Remember, most places give you a 10% case discount. A lot of your decision will also depend on how many non-drinkers you have. You may also want to have a few bottles of champagne available for wedding cake and toasts. If dinner is going to be something that goes with red wine than 67% of the wine should probably be red. If dinner is roasted chicken or lobster, I would do 100% white, plus champagne. If you run out of wine just after dinner, I suspect your guests will depart shortly after - which may or may not be a good thing! Good luck, jerri |
Thank you for confirming what I was thinking. Half a bottle per person for the whole evening didn't seem like a lot. I will go with the 18 bottles and get champagne. How much champagne do I need for just the toast part? Also, besides tea and coffee, I was thinking of purchasing diet and regular colas (Coke and a clear one), seltzer water, bottled water and orange juice (thanks for that idea). Have I missed any? How many of each do you think I need? |
since you don't mention any children, i'd go with a 12 pack of each soda, waters, and juice. for the champagne toast with the cake, allow your half bottle per person. really, with only 18 guests you pretty much know them very well and can anticipate their needs, without any worries of overindulgence... remember, most of the canned beverage can be chilled as needed... |
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Tags brutal death metal, metal, death metal
Genres death metal, brutal death metal, technical death metal, deathcore, grindcore (beta) (flag as incorrect)
Published November 17, 2011
Eight tracks including music by Aborted, Beneath The Massacre, and Brain Drill.
Viking Warrior 3 by holmes12
viking metal, folk metal, melodic death metal, heavy metal, metal
Viking Warrior's Revenge by holmes12
Board your longship and plunder the coasts with a hammer in your hand and no fear in your heart.
viking metal, folk metal, metal, pagan metal, epic metal
Let's Open Up This Pit by holmes12
The blood will flow unabated from the pit as you and your minions throw it down to the merciless mosh music of Lamb of God, Goatwhore, Neaera and more.
metal, death metal, heavy metal, brutal death metal
Ear Evisceration by holmes12
Brutal metal forced upon your hear holes by the likes of Cannibal Corpse, The Faceless, Here Comes the Kraken and more.
metal, death metal, brutal death metal


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Seven D.C. United Academy players are going to play collegiate soccer in fall 2014. All seven have deep roots in the D.C. United Academy system and have been with the club for multiple years. Julian Cummings, Steven Gandy, Josh Golob, Bashir Hooper, Christian Kershaw, Michael Monahan, and Noah Pilato all started in the DCU Pre-Academy and moved up together through the system to eventually play on the U-18 US Developmental Academy team.
Q&A: Dave Kasper
Ahead of tomorrow's Draft, D.C. United General Manager Dave Kasper answered questions regarding the SuperDraft, scouting strategy, preseason and roster moves.
The first day of the Developmental Academy Winter Showcase started out early. Both teams woke up at 7:30 a.m. They ate breakfast, picked up their kits, had a pregame meeting, and then left for the Lakewood Ranch complex by 8:30 a.m. Twenty-two fields with hundreds of soccer players, coaches, fans, referees and staff stretched across the green fields. Players commented on how everything back home was covered in snow and then preceded to enjoy the warm, breezy weather.
Seven D.C. United Academy players to meet in College Cup Semifinal clash
Seven D.C. United Academy players will meet in the NCAA College Cup Semifinals on Friday, Dec. 13 in Philadelphia, Pa. at PPL Park. Maryland players Sulianman Dainkeh, Mikias Eticha, Cody Neidermeier and Michael Sauers will play against former D.C. United Academy teammates Patrick Foss, Kevin McBride and Marcus Salandy-Defour of Virginia.
D.C. United Academy alumni shine in ACC semis
The Maryland SoccerPlex was the place to be Friday night as both ACC Semi-Final matches were hosted at the venue. Top-seed, Notre Dame squared off against the number ten seed Virginia, while fourth-ranked Maryland battled the Clemson Tigers. But the real story was the tale of two D.C. United Academy alumni, Marcus Salandy-Defour (UVA) and Michael Sauers (Maryland), who each notched their respective game-winners.
RELATED: DCU Academy is on Twitter! Follow @DCUyouth
Seven D.C. United Academy alums featured in the Maryland v. Wake Forest matchup on Saturday, Oct. 19 in College Park, Md. This Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) rivalry has always been a heated battle in which everyone is familiar with one another. For seven of those players, it's not just familiarity, but a brotherhood. Four DCU alums, Mikias Eticha, Suli Dainkeh, Cody Niedermeier and Michale Sauers play for Maryland and three, Rafael Fagundo, Ian Harkes and Jalen Robinson play for Wake Forest.
D.C. United signs Homegrown midfielder Collin Martin
Collin Martin
Additional tryout date added for D.C. United U23's
After the announcement in February that D.C. United U23 would compete in the National Premier Soccer League, interest in the newly developed team has been high. Three initial tryout dates were announced just last month, but have already filled up. In an effort to find the best available talent, D.C.
Combine underway, SuperDraft around the corner
The first round of games for the 2013 MLS Combine kicked off today at Central Broward Regional Park in Lauderhill, Florida. 54 bright, young stars will take the field in hopes of impressing coaches and technical staff from around the league. MLSsoccer.com will have complete coverage from Ft. Lauderdale. After the combine it is on to the SuperDraft, this year being held in Indianapolis, Indiana.
D.C. United has just one pick this year, the 17th in the first round. Live coverage from the 2013 MLS SuperDraft will be available on dcunited.com next week.
MLS announced the 2013 MLS Combine Invite list today. The initial list is comprised of 54 of the top NCAA Division I players from the past season.
Former D.C. United Academy midfielder Uwem Etuk was selected to the list, after a successful collegiate career with West Virginia. Etuk saw time in 75 matches for the Mountaineers, notching eight goals and 18 assists.


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The United Methodist Church located 5miles S. of Mt. Union will be holding a soup and bake sale on Sat. Feb 8th starting at 10 A.M. to benefit the United Methodist Women's Retreat. The soups will be ham and bean, vegetable beef and chicken corn soup. Also, there will be baked goods, including whoopie pies, apple dumplings, fudge and lots more. Eat in or take out.
Saturday, February 8, 2014 - 10:00am


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just a lil up date on me.. since its been a lil while
i have started cosmo school and i go thru the week from 9-5 and when i get home i'm so tired!! and now time change.. i my never get into a routine!!
but i'm loving school!! i have been rolling perms for 2 weeks... LOL
but i'm here and i miss ya'll and miss all the craziness and all the great pics.... i need to just stop in one day and read up on everyone!


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Installation and Finished Product
Installing the back plate is pretty simple. All you have to do is align the studs to fit the plate, and set the nylon risers over them to hold them to the board. Also the back plate is drilled to fit the socket both ways, so no real worries on getting it exactly right.
Since the black spacers were already in place when we ran the studs through the back, all you have left to do is set on the top brackets and screw them into place with the nuts provided.
After applying the thermal paste, set the cooler on the processor and install the top mounting bar that crosses the base. Once everything is centered, you can then install the nuts with the hex-heads screwing them in until they stop.
For those of you running low profile or bare memory like I have, you can see the fan will stand over them and not cause too much of an issue.
If you do plan to populate all four slots, you may run into some issues. With shorter sticks there is only a little effort needed to wiggle the stick in and out. For those using memory with heat spreaders, the fan will be pushing on the stick since it does reside over the nearest slot to the CPU.
It seems there must be a slight twist to this cooler after all. Trying as hard as I could, I couldn't reseat the cooler straight, and you can see the top of the motherboard is pretty level, but the T40 still sits at a bit of an angle from being perpendicular to the top edge as it should.


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We're excited by the recent trend toward open-source design approaches, with Continuum's Open for Branding project, Betacup on the Jovoto platform, and the recent announcement of Open IDEO. So, we're especially thrilled to be able to announce and track, first-hand, Open Planet Ideas, a promising collaboration between Sony and global conservation group WWF, utilizing the Open IDEO platform.
This challenge is a great one for designers: using existing Sony technologies, either on their own or in unique combinations, how can we address key sustainability issues in new ways? Sony provides information about all their available tech, the WWF provides all the latest environmental facts and figures, and participants provide their fresh inventor minds. Casting a wide net, Sony is betting on the myriad of ideas that can come from a community of people both interested in environmental issues and capable of re-purposing anything from GPS units to dye-sensitized solar cells. Participants can also propose disruptive new applications from nine 'seed' technologies, used alone or in new combinations.
Today kicks off the initial inspiration phase, open through October 1, in which participants upload inspirations and observations in the form of photos, stories, or videos. With community input, the best insights will be synthesized, and the challenge will be re-framed to kick off the concept phase.
Open Planet Ideas serves as a workspace where participants can ideate, communicate, and refine concepts across four broad environmental categories outlined by WWF: Water; Fishing and Agriculture; Climate Change; Habitat and Species. With input from Sony engineers, community participants will have a hand in each stage of development, from the inspiration phase, through evaluation, and eventual realization. WWF, Sony and IDEO experts will help identify the final selection, to be realized through a possible prototype, and a white paper allowing for open-source creation of the project.
Sony's Forest Guard project exemplifies what's possible when re-examining existing technology, then re-jiggering, tinkering with it, and spinning it around to reveal a whole new outcome. Working with Sony after winning the 2009 Children's Climate Call competition, a group of kids realized a concept using Sony's IPELA security cameras, wireless networks and photo-stitching software to create an online community of citizen firewatchers, monitoring at-risk areas where forest fires are a major environmental threat. With Open Planet Ideas, Sony is hoping for similar success to Forest Guard, with a community-led, open-source project that can help address an environmental issue with innovation.
This post is brought to you by Sony's Open Planet Ideas. Participate today by registering online at www.openplanetideas.com |


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New Century Version (NCV) | New International Version (NIV) |
1 The Lord says, "Faraway countries, listen to me. Let the nations become strong. Come to me and speak; we will meet together to decide who is right. | 1 "Be silent before me, you islands! Let the nations renew their strength! Let them come forward and speak; let us meet together at the place of judgment. |
Scripture taken from the New Century Version. Copyright © 1987, 1988, 1991 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. (New Century Version Online Bible) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


text: The Ladies in Red, a Red Hat Society chapter of Cleveland, is presenting Chris McDonald's "Memories of Elvis" Saturday, Sept. 21, from 2 to 6 p.m. at the Elks Lodge. It includes a buffet meal and lots of fun with Chris' tribute to Elvis. To RSVP by Sept. 17, contact Queen Susan at firstname.lastname@example.com or 614-3212.


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X-Wing Fighter Made from Beer Cans: Now Let's Chug This Thing and Go Home!
If you have a bunch of beer cans lying around and no money for Star Wars toys, you can always go on an alcohol-fueled toy creating bender. That's presumably what happened here, since this X-Wing Fighter is made out of recycled beer cans. Though the end result doesn't look like drunken art at all.
It was made by Tamás Kánya almost entirely from Kaiser beer cans and even has a little Astromech droid behind the cockpit. Forget making a run at the Death Star, make a beer run and see if you can make one of these yourself.
Pro Tip: Don't drink and DIY at the same time. Always wait at least an hour afterwards – otherwise your creation will look like something from a Jawa salvage camp.
[via Obvious Winner]
MORE:Geek Art + Craft | Just Plain Fun | Science Fiction | beer | can | diy | recycled | spaceship | star wars | x-wing fighter


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Since I am having no luck with my search for the sparkly tile - next project! :)
Our house is a cape cod style. Brick, with earthy - warm tones to it. Shutters are dark green. Upper dormer windows have black iron window boxes with herbs and greenery spilling from them. The inside of our home is an old world style ...ummmm with a kick! What do you think of this front entrance door? I love the look, hubby is not so convinced. I am out of practice on photo and link sending. Will attempt the door first - then the inside of our home. I still need to get some outside shots. Thanks all! |
Here is a link that might be useful: Front Door, go with a brick cape cod?
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by decor_diva (My Page) on Sun, Feb 12, 06 at 14:04
- Posted by bill_vincent (firstname.lastname@example.com) on Sun, Feb 12, 06 at 14:49
Man, you just described the house I grew up in till I was 10 to a "T"!! WOW!! Talk about deja vu!! Oh, and that front door is incredible!! |
That front door is definitely incredible!!! I think the door will work, especially considering the iron window boxes and shutters. Kim, your home is just beautiful. |
- Posted by decor_diva (My Page) on Sun, Feb 12, 06 at 19:10
That is something Bill ...sure you didn't grow up in Indiana? :) Thank you Pauline. I do appreciate your thoughts on if you think this door is in keeping with the style of my home. Personally...I am getting tired of most doors looking the same. Our area runneth over with the beveled glass cut outs. Funny...I have had this "look" in my mind, snipping similar antique doors from magazines - stroll into Home Depot of all places, found this one and loved the thing! Here is a photo of the door with the sidelights. Looks like the iron grid is on them also. Very cool... With the right light fixtures and mailbox...Mmmm...Mmmm ...! |
Here is a link that might be useful: Door with sidelights
- Posted by cupofkindness (My Page) on Sun, Feb 12, 06 at 19:14
What do front doors that are original to Cape Cods look like? |
In our area of early 1940's capes, all of the capes had some version of a panel door with little glass windows on top. Some were slightly more elaborate or unusual, but that was the general theme. I love the door. Not sure about it with a Cape, though. Do you have pics of the exterior of your house? |
- Posted by bill_vincent (email@example.com) on Sun, Feb 12, 06 at 22:15
That is something Bill ...sure you didn't grow up in Indiana? Nope-- the house I'm talking about is in West Haven, Connecticut, right around the corner from Yale Bowl. |
I think it looks too much like a fortress door, which would be too heavy for a Cape. IMHO, a six panel door, stained, not painted, would more fit the exterior style of the house. Good luck. |
- Posted by cupofkindness (My Page) on Mon, Feb 13, 06 at 9:28
I too think that this door will overwhelm a cape cod, it reminds me of a door for a large chateau-type of house. What about a four paneled door with four small windows across the top, painted in whatever will pop with your brick. I also like a brass kick plate or house numbers, generous door knob/handles, a knocker (which would work with the type of door I'm describing) or a lovely wreath. I really think that freshly painted black or red or green (or whatever deep color) front doors are stunning. They are so vibrant, they invite you to go right on into the house. I've also seen doors that are stained wood, finished with a a glaze. The result is a breath-taking door that looks like fine furniture. I'm in the decorating "camp" that leans towards being true to the original design of the home. My favorite part of my multi-room remodel is the entertainment center in my family room. It looks like a large break-front type bookcase with cabinets forming the base. You cannot see any cords or electronics, but it's absolutely stuffed with a tv, dvd player, cd player, reciever, a boat load of speakers, a boom box, all of our new batteries, headphones, CDs, videos, more speakers, a game cube and all of that paraphenelia, walkie-talkies and even flashlights, plus anything else electronic relating to entertainment. It looks like it was built when the house was built, rather than a year and a half ago. I wish I was more careful in the look of my kitchen. Oh well. Live and learn. |
I think the front door would look lovely with your interior, but not so great with the exterior. If your Cape is like I imagine, I think the door needs to have only about one-quarter of the style that this door has. Perhaps you can take some of the features of this door (dark stain, iron fixtures) and apply those features to a more 'ho-hum' door that would be more appropriate with a Cape. You could practice on the door that you want to replace, and then if it's a no-go, you will not have spent much more than your time finding out. |
Cape Cods round here have the kind of door desctibed...paneled for about 66-75% of the lowere part with narrow panels and a curved widow pane at the top. Imho, the door you suggest would go well with a stone Tudor which could take the heavey Olde English look. Maureen |
Kim, (vasheri here)... I have a traditional house with gabled dormers and shed dormers on the front of our home. Had I found this site I'm sending you before we had our door installed, I would have bought from this company. I can easily 'see' one of the doors on the site below on your home. Personally, I wouldn't 'push' the arts and craft type of door, but would find something to compliment the other elements you mentioned. See what you think.... As for my home, I bought one of the HD Feather River fiberglass plain 6-panel doors x with full-leaded glass sidelights from their Silverdale Collection. I paid over $2,500 for my "plain" door and glitzy sidelights. (I also have five exterior doors...and all are fiberglass. They rarely dent, don't rot, and are 'bully' proof. =D) I could kick myself after hearing about the site below from another part of gardenweb. There are MANY people from 'here' that have bought from this company. I wouldn't hesitate to deal with them at all. I hope you find something suitable. Let me know. Sheri |
Here is a link that might be useful: Gates and Doors Site
- Posted by decor_diva (My Page) on Mon, Feb 20, 06 at 8:59
Thanks everyone! Ahhhhhhh Sheri, LOVE that site! Now we're talking! I see some nice traditional doors with "punch" to them. |
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I have 2 Zepherine Drouhin and 2 Climbing American Beauty roses planted on the sunny side of my yard. This is the 3rd summer I've had them. They all bloomed beautifully this year then, somewhere around the end of May, every single leaf fell off all four roses.
I did not add any fertilzer nor did I do anything different this year than I normally do. I did NOT spray even once this year for blackspot or any other disease and we did have a very hot, wet, steamy spring. Could blackspot or some other disease have caused the leaf drop and, if so, will the leaves come back? I have been busy this year with a lot of personal things so I did not happen to notice what kind of shape the leaves were in before they dropped (insect damage, yellowing or blackspot)so I'm clueless as to what could have happened and how serious this problem might be. Please help if you can :-( Thanks! |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by harborrose 8a-PNW (My Page) on Sun, Jun 20, 10 at 0:22
just_me, it's hard to say what might have happened without some more information or pictures. Are they re-leafing now? If so, don't worry about it. If not, well, wait awhile and then repost with more information about the roses and maybe some pictures. Good luck! |
Probably blackspot. My ZD has some of it now and with the heat the leaves drop pretty fast. Can you see the leaves on the ground? Are they yellow with some spots? Then it's likely blackspot. The blackspot pressure seems very high this year. |
I'll second the Blackspot. Zephy is very prone to it and drops her leaves faster than a speeding bullet. I moved mine because I had her on my front arbor and she was so unsightly most of the time. She is now in a place where she gets only afternoon sun and she seems to be doing much better. Go figure. |
- Posted by jacqueline3 9CA (My Page) on Sun, Jun 20, 10 at 12:48
I have a climbing Rainbow's End that does that in the Spring when it gets blackspot - this Spring it dropped all of its leaves when it was in full bloom - the flowers were not affected - it looked hilarious, with all of those lovely blossoms on a naked plant. After the blooms faded, I cut them all off, and now it has leafed out again, and looks fine. It is the only rose I have that does this. Jackie |
catsrose, mine is in the back where it only gets afternoon sun. I wonder if sun causes ZD to lose her leaves faster? Mine seems to love only a bit of sun. |
- Posted by rosesnpots z8 Tidewater area VA (My Page) on Mon, Jun 21, 10 at 21:08
I vote for BS as well. I have Climbing American Beauty. For the first few year it got BS real bad and I had to spray it. Now that I have had it for about 7 yrs, I noticed especially this year even without regular spraying it is finally staying pretty clean. I am trying to go no-spray so it was sprayed early spring and that was it. Liz |
- Posted by harborrose 8a-PNW (My Page) on Tue, Jun 22, 10 at 20:03
well, yeah, blackspot; if so, it should releaf. but what about drainage problems? I'd wonder about that too, esp if it's been really wet. Wouldn't that cause leaves to yellow and fall off and subsequently probably NOT releaf? Maybe I'm nuts, but that's what I was getting at. |
Here is a link that might be useful: drainage prob with roses
I tried to post this yesterday, but it didn't take? When there's total leaf drop, you can't omit the possibility of Downey Mildew. Usually with Black Spot, the older leaves drop but the newer leaves remain. It just takes the newer leaves a bit longer to get BS sick enough for them to drop. Right now, the heat should suppress either disease. But you might want to be ready this fall to contact your county extension agent and for he or she to have someone at state up to snuff on DM identification, just in case. DM is a lot more serious than BS. |
Good point, Downey Mildew can be another possibility. However, here BS often defoliates plants completely. Sick plants can get stunted by BS and not grow a lot of new leaves. Olga |
I am the original poster of this message. I haven't had a chance to take photos yet but I will do that soon. I remember when I looked on the ground around the base of my roses, it was as if the leaves had just disintegrated. The leaves weren't even in big enough pieces to see what happened to them. As I said before, I had been distracted with houseguests and other things for awhile so I didn't notice this problem until it was way too late to look at the leaves and try to diagnose what happened. The leaves just seemed to have ended up on the ground as a sawdust-like material. I will look tonight to see if there are any new signs of leaves. They have been without leaves for a long time now. I did think of one thing that I did differently this spring. In addition to an extremely steamy, humid and wet spring and early summer, I put down a heavy layer of shredded wood mulch from Southern States. Not sure exactly what it was comprised of. I usually use a thin layer of pine chips. |
- Posted by zeffyrose_pa6b7 6b7 (My Page) on Fri, Jun 25, 10 at 9:51
I had this problem with NurMahal last year---but it recovered nicely with lots of blooms this year---- ZD can be prone to BS but I have found the regrowth is quick and pretty---- Florence |
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Who do you think looks best today? (5 photos)
The best street style from London Fashion Week: http://ow.ly/p48HS via @StyleCaster
CoconutThe pressed white meat of the fruit produces coconut oil, a unique saturated fat that actually increases calorie burning. "It's made of medium-chain tri glycerides [MCT] instead of long chains, making it easier to digest," explains Bruce Fife of the Coconut Research Center. "Studies show that after a meal containing MCT, metabolism increases 48 percent." The sweet-tasting oil is great for searing seafood or as a butter substitute in baking.Read MoreLess


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Your Hair Tells All (through Hair Follicle Testing) January 30
In hair follicle drug testing, it is not the follicle that is being analyzed but the shaft of the hair. Ingested drugs are carried throughout your blood vessels and are deposited in the papilla, the one which produces the hair strand. The drug metabolites on the papilla are grown into the cortex or the middle region of the hair. This is why shampooing your hair like crazy will not help you cheat on this test.
Standard hair follicle screen covers a period of 30 to 90 days. The growth of hair is usually at the rate of 1.5 inches per month. The hair sample is cut as close to the scalp and 80 to 120 strands of hair are needed for the test. In the absence of hair on the head, body hair can be used as an acceptable substitute.
Drugs that can be detected in a standard hair test are cocaine, marijuana, opiates (Codeine, Morphine & 6-Monacteyl Morphine), methamphetamines (Methamphetamine/Amphetamine & Ecstasy), and phencyclidine (PCP).
Hair follicle testing has received a lot of attention, with debates on the issue of parents using this method on their children getting some heat. While some parents saw the convenience of submitting their child's hair clippings for drug tests, some groups still argue that this violates the child's rights. Well, how about the parent's rights (as well as duty) to look after his or her child?
hair drug test


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Illinois Putative Father Registry
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
Illinois Amber Alert
Illinois Employer Report Form
Download Policy Guides in PDF format. This page contains all the Policy Guides currently in effect.
This Web site will always contain the most recent version of all documents. Please check for updates before relying on previously downloaded printed documents.


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Londinium (/lʌnˈdɪnɪəm/[1]) was a settlement established on the current site of the City of London around AD 50. It served as a major commercial centre for the Roman Empire until its abandonment during the 5th century. Following its foundation in the mid-1st century, early Roman London occupied a relatively small area, roughly equivalent in size to Hyde Park at 350 acres (1.4 km2). The 19th-century antiquarian Roach Smith estimated its length from the Tower of London west to Ludgate at about one mile (1.6 km); and from London Wall in the north to the Thames bank around half a mile.
In around AD 60, about ten years after Londinium was founded, it was sacked by the Iceni led by their queen Boudica. Excavation has revealed extensive evidence of destruction by fire in the form of a layer of red ash beneath the city at this date. The city was rebuilt as a planned Roman town and recovered after perhaps ten years. During the later decades of the 1st century, Londinium expanded rapidly and quickly became Roman Britain's largest city. By the end of the 1st century, Londinium had replaced Camulodunum (modern Colchester) as the capital of Roman Britain. During the 2nd century, Londinium was at its height. Emperor Hadrian visited in 122, and probably as a result a number of impressive public buildings were constructed. At some point soon afterwards, a major fire destroyed much of the city. In the second half of the 2nd century, Londinium appears to have shrunk in both size and population. Although Londinium remained important for the rest of the Roman period, it appears never to have recovered fully from this slump, as archaeologists have found that much of the city after this date was covered in dark earth, which remained undisturbed for centuries.
Some time between 190 and 225, the Romans built the London Wall, a defensive wall around the landward side of the city. Along with Hadrian's Wall and the road network, the London Wall was one of the largest construction projects carried out in Roman Britain. The wall was about 5 km (3 mi) long, 6 metres (20 feet) high, and 2.5 metres (8 feet 2 inches) thick. The wall would survive for another 1,600 years and define the City of London's perimeters for centuries to come. The perimeters of the present City are roughly defined by the line of the ancient wall.
By 100 AD the city grew to a population of 60,000 and became one of the largest in the Roman West.[2][3]
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The etymology of the name Londinium is unknown, but probably based on a pre-existing local toponym Londinion.[4] Morphologically, this points to a structure of two suffixes, -in-jo-. However, this Londinium cannot be the immediate source of English London (Old English: Lunden), as via i-mutation the name would have had to become Lyndon, pointing to an alternative British form Londonion;[5] alternatively, the local pronunciation by the Sub-Roman period may have changed pronunciation of Londinium to Lundeiniu, Lundein, avoiding i-mutation after the adoption of this name into Anglo-Saxon.[6] Regardless of suffix structure, the root Lund- or Lond- remains without a widely accepted etymology. Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniae derives it from the name of an eponymous founder, King Lud.
Londinium was established as a town by the Romans after the conquest of 43 led by the Roman Emperor Claudius, most likely as a civilian settlement or civitas by c. AD 50. A wooden drain by the side of the main Roman road excavated at No 1 Poultry[7] has been dated by dendrochronology to 47, which is likely to be the foundation date.
Prior to the arrival of the Roman legions, the area was almost certainly lightly rolling open countryside traversed by streams such as Walbrook.[8] Londinium was established at the point where the Thames was narrow enough to build a bridge, but deep enough to handle seagoing marine vessels. Remains of a massive Roman pier base for a bridge were found in 1981, close to the modern London Bridge.
Archaeological excavation undertaken since the 1970s by the Department of Urban Archaeology of the Museum of London, now called MOLAS, has failed to unearth any convincing traces of military occupation on the site, so many archaeologists now believe that Londinium was the product of private enterprise.[9] Its site on a busy river-crossing made it a perfect place for traders from across the Roman Empire to set up business.
Status of Londinium[edit]
The status of Londinium is uncertain. It was not the capital of a civitas, though Ptolemy lists it as one of the cities of the Cantiaci. Starting as a small fort guarding the northern end of the new bridge across the River Thames, it grew to become an important port for trade between Roman Britain and the Roman provinces on the continent. The lack of private Roman villas (plentiful elsewhere) suggests military or even Imperial ownership. At the time of the uprising of Boudica, Tacitus writes that "Londinium ... though undistinguished by the name of a colonia, was much frequented by a number of merchants and trading vessels." In the years after the uprising, the provincial administration of Britain moved from Camulodunum (modern Colchester in Essex) to Londinium. The time of the move is not recorded, though 2nd century roofing tiles have been found marked P.PR.BR.LON – "The provincial procurator of Britain, at Londinium". Londinium is not recorded as being called the 'capital city' of Britain, but there are several strong indications for this proposition, such as the building of a Roman Governor's palace, the building of a military camp at the beginning of the 2nd century [10] and several tombstones belonging to members of a governor's staff. It has been assumed that the city became a colonia, as the early 4th century Verona List describes a bishop Adelphius as Adelphius episcopus de civitate colonia Londiniensium. In the 4th century, Londinium received the title Augusta. Perhaps the town was promoted to a colonia.[11]
History and development[edit]
1st century[edit]
Following its foundation in the mid-1st century, early Roman London occupied a relatively small area, roughly equivalent in size to Hyde Park at 350 acres (1.4 km2). The 19th-century antiquarian Roach Smith estimated its length from the Tower west to Ludgate at about one mile (1.6 km); and from London Wall in the north to the Thames bank around half a mile.
Archaeologists have uncovered numerous goods imported from across the Roman Empire in this period, suggesting that early Roman London was a highly cosmopolitan community of merchants from across the Empire and implying that there was a local market for such objects.
Boudica's uprising[edit]
In around 60, little more than ten years after Londinium was founded, it was sacked by the Iceni led by their queen Boudica. Excavation has revealed extensive evidence of destruction by fire in the form of a layer of red ash beneath the city at this date.
Boudica's forces, rebelling against Roman rule, first destroyed Camulodunum and then defeated the Roman legion sent from Lindum (Lincoln) to retrieve the city. They then turned their attention towards Londinium. The Roman general Gaius Suetonius Paulinus managed to send some troops to London before Boudica's much larger forces arrived. What happened next was recorded by the Roman historian Tacitus, in what was the first written record of London.
At first, he [Gaius Suetonius Paulinus] hesitated as to whether to stand and fight there [Londinium]. Eventually, his numerical inferiority – and the price only too clearly paid by the divisional commander's rashness – decided him to sacrifice the single city of Londinium to save the province as a whole. Unmoved by lamentations and appeals, Suetonius gave the signal for departure. The inhabitants were allowed to accompany him. But those who stayed because they were women, or old, or attached to the place, were slaughtered by the enemy.
Tacitus then states that the Romans responded to Boudica's attack by slaughtering as many as 70,000 Britons in the Battle of Watling Street. There is a long-standing folklore belief that this battle took place at King's Cross, simply because as a mediaeval village it was known as Battle Bridge; Tacitus describes the site: "Suetonius chose a place with narrow jaws, backed by a forest" but does not mention the River Fleet, which flowed here.[12]
After being sacked, the city was quickly rebuilt as a planned Roman town and recovered after perhaps ten years. During the later decades of the 1st century, Londinium expanded rapidly and quickly became Roman Britain's largest city. By the end of the 1st century, Londinium had replaced Colchester as the capital of Roman Britain.
2nd and 3rd centuries[edit]
During the 2nd century, Londinium was at its height. Emperor Hadrian visited in 122, and probably as a result a number of impressive public buildings were constructed. At some point soon afterwards, a major fire[13] destroyed much of the city. Archaeologists have discovered significant amounts of burnt debris from this period, although there is no mention of a fire by any classical writers.
Londinium appears to have recovered, however, and by about 140, it had reached its estimated population height of around 45,000 to 60,000 inhabitants. By the middle of the century it boasted major public buildings, including the largest basilica north of the Alps, a governor's palace, temples, bath houses, and a large fort for the city garrison.
Excavations during the 1980s uncovered a large Roman port complex near the present-day London Bridge as well as on the other side of the river at Southwark, confirming that, during this period, Londinium was an important commercial and trading centre.
In the second half of the 2nd century, Londinium appears to have shrunk in both size and population. The cause is unknown, but plague is considered a likely culprit, as it is known that between 165 and 190 the so-called Antonine Plague severely affected Western Europe. Another explanation put forward is that Emperor Hadrian's decision not to extend the empire any further may have caused London merchants to lose valuable contracts, causing the economy to slump.
Although Londinium remained important for the rest of the Roman period, it appears never to have recovered fully from this slump, as archaeologists have found that much of the city after this date was covered in dark earth, which remained undisturbed for centuries.
London Wall[edit]
Some time between 190 and 225, the Romans built the London Wall, a defensive wall around the landward side of the city. Along with Hadrian's Wall and the road network, the London Wall was one of the largest construction projects carried out in Roman Britain. The wall was about 5 km (3 mi) long, 6 metres (20 feet) high, and 2.5 metres (8 feet 2 inches) thick.
Although the exact reason for the wall's construction is unknown, it may have been connected with the invasion of northern Britain by Picts, who overran Hadrian's Wall in the 180s.[14] Alternatively, many historians link the building of London Wall with the political crisis that had emerged in the 190s when two men — Septimius Severus, and the governor of Britain (and usurper) Clodius Albinus — both claimed the right to succeed as Emperor. The wall may have been constructed in the 190s on the orders of Albinus, who, in a power struggle with his rival, may have felt the need to protect his capital. Septimius eventually defeated his rival in 197.
The economic stimulus provided by the Wall and Septimius's campaigns of conquest in Caledonia appear to have revived London's fortunes somewhat in the early 3rd century. Archaeological evidence points to renewed construction activity from this period. One of the reforms introduced by Severus in around 200 was the division of Roman Britain into two provinces: Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior, Upper and Lower Britain. Londinium remained the capital of Britannia Superior, while Eboracum (York) became capital of Britannia Inferior.
The wall would survive for another 1,600 years and define the City of London's perimeters for centuries to come. The perimeters of the present City are roughly defined by the line of the ancient wall.
In the late 3rd century, London was raided on several occasions by Saxon pirates. This led, from around 255 onwards, to the construction of an additional riverside wall.
Carausian Revolt[edit]
In 286 the usurper Carausius rebelled against Rome's rule and declared himself the Emperor of Roman Britain. His rule lasted for seven years before he was murdered by his treasurer Allectus, who assumed his position.
In 296 the general Constantius Chlorus invaded Britain to reclaim Britain for Rome. At this point, Frankish mercenaries employed by Allectus started to sack Londinium. They were interrupted in this task when a flotilla of Roman warships sailed up the Thames. According to the 4th century writer Eumenius "the ships reached London, found survivors of the barbarian mercenaries plundering the city, and when these began to seek flight, landed and slew them in the street".
The event was commemorated by a gold medallion known as the Trier medallion, which shows Constantius Chlorus on one side and on the other side a woman kneeling at the city wall welcoming a mounted Roman soldier. The medallion is so named because it was minted at Trier in what is now Germany. It was discovered in Arras in France in the 1920s.
Another memorial to the return of Londinium to Roman control was the construction of a new set of Forum baths, ca 300. Recognised only recently as bath structures,[15] the buildings are thought to have been instrumental in restoring peace to the area. The scale of the building was not very grand, but it incorporated many elaborate and luxurious necessities of bath structures. The favoured room in the bath is the frigidarium which has two southern pools, and an Eastern natatio.
4th century[edit]
The first half of the 4th century appears to have been a prosperous time for Britain, for the villa estates surrounding London appear to have flourished during this period. It is certain that a Christian metropolitan bishop was seated in the city by this time. The asserted antiquity of the see of London depends upon the traditional names of sixteen archbishops listed in the 12th century by Jocelyne of Furness in his work Bishops, the sole source of these names; however, the earlier of the two bishops named Restitutus in Jocelyne's list is known to have existed, as he is named as attending the Council of Arles in 314.
By the middle of the century, however, Britain had become increasingly troubled by the incursions of barbarian invaders. From 340 onwards, northern Britain was attacked by Picts and Scots. In 360 a large-scale attack forced the Emperor Julian the Apostate to send troops to deal with the problem. In London at about this time, large efforts were made to improve the city's defences. At least twenty bastions were added to the city walls.
In 367 the Great Conspiracy — another large scale invasion by Picts, Scots and Saxons — occurred. This time the commander Count Theodosius was sent to deal with the problem and restore order, using Londinium as his base. In around 368 Londinium was renamed as Augusta.[16] In the same century, Roman Britain was divided again, and Londinium became the capital of the province of Maxima Caesariensis.
However, the troubles in the empire continued, and in 382 British troops rebelled and elected their own "emperor", Magnus Maximus. He soon gathered all of the British-based troops he could and crossed the channel. He gained control of the western part of the empire before being defeated by Theodosius I in 388 at the Battle of the Save. Unfortunately this left few troops remaining to defend Britain.
By the end of the 4th century, many Romano-British towns, including London, were in decline. Evidence shows that many of London's public buildings had fallen into disrepair by this point.
Decline and abandonment[edit]
During the early 5th century, the Roman Empire continued its decline. Between 407 and 409 large numbers of barbarians penetrated Gaul and Spain and seriously weakened communication between Rome and Britain, on the western edge of the Empire. British troops elected their own leaders — the last of these, Constantine III, declared himself to be emperor of the Western Roman Empire and took an expeditionary force across the Channel, leaving Britain short of troops. In 410, the Romano-British authorities dropped their allegiance to Constantine and appealed to Emperor Honorius for help. He told them that the Britons would have to look after their own defences, meaning effectively that the Roman occupation of Britain officially came to an end; see End of Roman rule in Britain.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Britain became increasingly vulnerable to attack by Germanic invaders, namely Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisii. There is very little evidence — either historical or archaeological — of what happened to London in this sub-Roman period. However, chaos in the collapsing Western Roman Empire and Roman Britain meant that long distance trade broke down, wages of Imperial officials were not paid, and London declined drastically.
According to early historians such as the Venerable Bede and Gildas, whose writings were later brought together in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in 449 Angles, Saxons and Jutes were invited to Britain by King Vortigern as mercenaries to help defend Britain against Picts and Scots. Bede, writing in the 8th century, stated that Jutes settled in Kent, and in 457, led by brothers Hengist and Horsa, turned against the Britons who had invited them and defeated them at the Battle of Crecganford (Crecganford is thought to be modern Crayford) and the Britons fled to London in terror. After this, it is very unclear as to what happened to London, as the historical records are very patchy.
Archaeologists have found evidence that a small number of wealthy families managed to maintain a Roman lifestyle until the middle of the 5th century, inhabiting villas in the southeastern corner of the city. By the end of the 5th century, however, the city was largely an uninhabited ruin.[17] Memory of the earlier settlement survived, however: it is generally identified as the Cair Lundem[18] counted among the 28 cities of Britain included in the History of the Britons traditionally attributed to Nennius.[19][20]
The area of the Roman city remained largely uninhabited possibly up to 200 years, until the site was resettled by Anglo-Saxons; see Anglo-Saxon London.
Important buildings[edit]
The city limits[edit]
The Roman city covered about the area of the City of London. The waterfront from the Tower in the east to Ludgate (about Ludgate Hill in modern London) in the west, being around 1.5 kilometres (1,600 yd) along the Thames. In the north the city limits were at Bishopsgate and Cripplegate (near the Museum of London). The modern street London Wall marks that site. Outside the limits of the city wall there were suburbs and cemeteries. South of the river there was a substantial suburb at Southwark.
Around the area of modern day Cannon Street station, the remains of a large building have been found, often assumed to be the palace of the governor (praetorium). It had a garden, water pools and several large halls, some of them decorated with mosaic floors. The plan of the building is only partly preserved. The building was erected in the second part of the 1st century and was in use until around 300. It was rebuilt and renovated several times.[21] Part of this structure, perhaps a portion the main entrance, is speculated to be the origin of the London Stone.
In the middle of the Roman town, the Forum was the largest marketplace building north of the Alps, measuring an almost perfect square 168 by 167 metres (184 yd × 183 yd). Two main building phases have been distinguished. The early forum, built after the time of the rebellion of Boudicca, had an open courtyard and several shops around it. The identification of this building as a forum has been disputed, and it has been argued that these were merely large warehouses. At the beginning of the 2nd century the complex was significantly enlarged. The forum still had an open courtyard with shops around, but also a large Basilica. The forum was in use until around 300.[22]
In the north of the city remains of the amphitheatre have been found, some still visible under the modern Guildhall. Roman London had several bath houses or thermae. It is often unclear whether the remains found belonged to public baths or private houses. A well-preserved public bath was excavated at Huggin Hill (near the Thames). It dates into the second part of the 1st century and was demolished around 200.
The city had several important temples. The restoration of a Jupiter temple is mentioned in an inscription, although this building has not yet been identified. Inscriptions mentioning a temple of Isis were found in Southwark. Temple buildings have been excavated near the oldest forum, a round temple west of the city, and perhaps at Peter's Hill, where strong foundations typical of temple buildings were found. The name of a god did not survive in any of these buildings. The only exception is the Temple of Mithras found in 1954 which still contains many high quality miniature votive sculptures.
Living quarters[edit]
In the 1st century, most houses of the city were built of wood; only in the 2nd century were they partly replaced by stone buildings. In the 2nd century, the city reached its highpoint; parts of Roman London were packed with dwellings such as domus or townhouses. At the end of the 2nd century when many buildings were made of stone, the building density became lower. Instead of many small wooden houses, there were big, well-equipped stone buildings in at least some parts of the city. Excavations have shown that many of the buildings were richly adorned with wall paintings, floor mosaics and sub-floor hypocausts, demonstrating the wealth of the elite. The Roman house at Billingsgate was built next to the waterfront and had its own bath.
The port of Londinium[edit]
Construction of the port[edit]
The bulk of the Roman port was rebuilt after Boudicca's rebellion when the waterfront was extended using gravel to allow a sturdy wharf to be built perpendicular to the shore. The port was built in four sections, starting upstream of the London Bridge and working down towards the Walbrook. The waterfront was constructed in three main phases, from the 1st to the 3rd century. Armour scraps, leather straps and military stamps on building timbers suggest that the site was constructed using military labour (Brigham).
Port usage[edit]
Londinium was a prosperous community that relied heavily on its trade networks to support the lavish lifestyles of its inhabitants. Imports of fine pottery, jewellery and wine were in high demand because of the lack of native craftsmanship and materials for these goods (Hall & Merrifield). Only two large ancient buildings discovered at the waterfront are known to be warehouse structures. This find encourages the idea that Londinium was a large trade center, rather than a distribution center with holding areas like Ostia. Instead, goods moved in and out quickly and nothing needing to be stored (Brigham).
Modern discovery[edit]
The first extensive archaeological review of the Roman city of London was done in the 17th century after the Great Fire of 1666. The extensive rebuilding of London in the 19th century which continued into the 20th century allowed for large parts of the old London to be recorded and preserved while modern updates were made. Major finds from Roman London, including mosaics, wall fragments, and old buildings, have been housed in the British Museum and the Guildhall Museum (Hall & Merrifield). In the 1970s archaeologists began the first intensive excavation of the waterfront sites of Roman London. Their discoveries revealed that the port was built and expanded rapidly, flourished, and quickly declined in the 5th century (Milne). What was not found during this time has been built over making it very difficult to study or discover anything new (Haverfield).
See also[edit]
- ^ "Londinium". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- ^ Will Durant (2011). The Story of Civilization, volume 3: Caesar and Christ. Simon and Schuster. p. 468. ISBN 978-1-4516-4760-0.
- ^ Anne Lancashire (2002). London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-5216-3278-2.
- ^ This etymology was first suggested in 1899 by d'Arbois de Jubainville and was generally accepted (as by F. Haverfield, "Roman London" in The Journal of Roman Studies, 1 (1911:141–172) p. 145
- ^ This is the argument made by Jackson, Kenneth H. (1938). "Nennius and the 28 cities of Britain". Antiquity 12: 44–55., and accepted by Coates, Richard (1998). "A new explanation of the name of London". Transactions of the Philological Society 96 (2): 203–29. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.00027.
- ^ Peter Schrijver, Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages (2013), p. 57.
- ^ Summary of the excavation reveals much about the planning of Londinium[dead link]
- ^ See Subterranean rivers of London
- ^ Wacher, Towns of Roman Britain, 88–90
- ^ Wacher, Towns of Roman Britain, p. 85
- ^ Wacher: The Towns of Roman Britain, 108
- ^ The tradition is not supported by any historical evidence and is rejected by modern historians: see "Highbury, Upper Holloway and King's Cross", Old and New London: Volume 2 (1878:273–279). Date accessed: 26 December 2007.
- ^ The archaeologists' 'Hadrianic fire'
- ^ "Timeline of Romans in Britain". Channel4.com. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ Previously the remains were supposed to have been part of the forum and market.
- ^ The status of Roman London www.jim-riddell.com (web.archive.org)
- ^ Roman London: A Brief History, Museum of London
- ^ Nennius (attrib.). Theodor Mommsen (ed.). Historia Brittonum, VI. Composed after AD 830. (Latin) Hosted at Latin Wikisource.
- ^ Ford, David Nash. "The 28 Cities of Britain" at Britannia. 2000.
- ^ Newman, John Henry & al. Lives of the English Saints: St. German, Bishop of Auxerre, Ch. X: "Britain in 429, A. D.", p. 92. James Toovey (London), 1844.
- ^ P. Marsden (1975). "The Excavation of a Roman Palace Site in London". Trans. London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 26: 1–102.
- ^ P. Marsden (1987). The Roman Forum Site in London: Discoveries before 1985. ISBN 0-11-290442-4.
- Billings, Malcolm (1994), London: a companion to its history and archaeology, ISBN 1-85626-153-0
- Brigham, Trevor. 1998. "The Port of Roman London." In Roman London Recent Archeological Work, edited by B. Watson, 23–34. Michigan: Cushing–Malloy Inc. Paper read at a seminar held at The Museum of London, 16 November.
- Hall, Jenny, and Ralph Merrifield. Roman London. London: HMSO Publications, 1986.
- Haverfield, F. "Roman London." The Journal of Roman Studies 1 (1911): 141–72.
- Inwood, Stephen. A History of London (1998) ISBN 0-333-67153-8
- John Wacher: The Towns of Roman Britain, London/New York 1997, p. 88–111. ISBN 0-415-17041-9
- Gordon Home: Roman London: A.D. 43–457 Illustrated with black and white plates of artefacts. diagrams and plans. Published by Eyre and Spottiswoode (London) in 1948 with no ISBN.
- Milne, Gustav. The Port of Roman London. London: B.T. Batsford, 1985.
Further reading[edit]
- John Timbs (1867), "Roman London", Curiosities of London (2nd ed.), J.C. Hotten, OCLC 12878129
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Londinium. |
- Roman London, History of World Cities
- Roman London, Encyclopædia Britannica
- The eastern cemetery of Roman London: excavations 1983–90, Museum of London Archive
Coordinates: 51°30′45.00″N 0°05′26.16″W / 51.5125000°N 0.0906000°W


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NIT League questions the right of carriers to immediately implement congestion surcharges.
No rapid conclusion is expected in labor contract talks that have been ongoing for six months.
The ILWU and ILA will likely have concurrent contract negotiations, making cargo diversion difficult, an NRF official said.
Port director's tenure has seen projects to deepen harbor, raise Bayonne Bridge, expand marine terminals and intermodal rail.
Hueneme CEO says port could offer relief valve for congestion.
Consensus shows better growth than other parts of world.


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Over-the-counter (OTC) cough and cold medicines for children have been under review in the UK.
The Commission on Human Medicines (CHM) has advised on a package of measures to improve safe use of cough and cold medicines for children under 12.
The new advice is that parents and carers should no longer use over-the-counter (OTC) cough and cold medicines in children under 6. There is no evidence that they work and can cause side effects, such as allergic reactions, effects on sleep or hallucinations.
For 6 to 12 year olds these medicines will continue to be available but will only be sold in pharmacies, with clearer advice on the packaging and from the pharmacist. This is because the risks of side effects is reduced in older children because they weigh more, get fewer colds and can say if the medicine is doing any good. More research is being done by industry on how well these medicines work in children aged 6-12 years.
Manufacturers are currently updating the packaging and leaflets for cough and cold products authorised for use in children aged over 6 years to include the updated advice. Products with the new information will begin to appear later in 2009, and in the meantime existing medicines will continue to be sold as before. Cough and cold medicines should be administered carefully in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions to ensure the child does not receive more than the maximum dose. The safety of all medicines is continually reviewed by the MHRA and action taken as necessary to minimise risk if new safety hazards are identified. |
The advice for parents/carers is that they should follow advice to relieve symptoms as outlined in the Department of Health's 2007 guidance 'Birth to Five'. (external link)
Advice for parents/carers
What should I do with the products I have in my cupboard?
You should review these to see whether there are any which you no longer need or are no longer suitable for under 6s.
Do I need to worry if I have just given one of these medicines to my child?
Provided that the child has been given the dose as recommended on the bottle, you do not need to worry; but if you have concerns about the condition of your child, you should contact a health professional - for example, by calling NHS Direct on 0845 46 47. You should review the medicines which you have, to see whether there are any which you no longer need; these can be taken to any pharmacy for disposal.
So what should we do when a child has a cough/cold?
Cough and colds are self limiting conditions and will usually get better by themselves. Simple measures such as ensuring your child has plenty to drink and gets enough rest will help. Paracetamol or ibuprofen can also be used to reduce your child's temperature. For young babies, particularly those who are having difficulty feeding, nasal saline drops are available to help thin and clear nasal secretions. If your child is over the age of one, a warm drink of lemon and honey may help to ease a cough. If your child is not getting better after 5 days, ask a healthcare professional for advice.
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So I was playing cosmic a few days ago, and for the first time I faced one of that decisive moments when you need to outsmart your opponent or lose.
It was a 5 player game; I was the Reserve while the other players were Remora, Sniveler, Oracle and Virus. Everybody had 3 colonies except Remora which had 4, and it was his turn. He drew the destiny: Wild, and he was deciding between me and the Oracle. I tried to persuade him to attack the Oracle because I had only one card in hand, which meant I would probably draw a fresh new hand when if he attacked me.
Unfortunately my planets were weaker (they only had 1or 2 ships) so he pointed the Hyperspace Gate at me, and I tough "oh great, now the game is over" for the only card that was in my hand was a negotiate.
If I didn't do nothing I was surely going to lose so I made a desperate move. He sent four ships and asked for any allies knowing that he wouldn't get anyone. I called everybody to help me. Some put only one or two ships so I told them that if they didn't put 4 we were going to lose. The maximized they help and I got all the help that was possible. The first step of my plan was ready.
Then came the bigger problem: the cards. Luckily I saw that Remora became a bit intimidated by the amount of power I had gathered, he looked a bit troubled. Maybe he couldn't outnumber me, but still, I had only a negotiate.
I wasn't sure that this would work but I had to take the risk. I turned to him and said "look is probable that the card in my hand is a morph and I have more ships than yours, so if you don't want to lose you better play a negotiate. He said okay and played his card then I played mine, and I still was thinking that wouldn't work, but when the cards were revealed he really played a negotiate card. I gave him some cards when I got a new hand and it was done.
I had never been so close to losing and miraculously recovering, it was a wonderful sensation.
Guess that is this that makes Cosmic Encounter so fantastic.


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Grace United Methodist Church of Christ at 1720 Schneider St. NW will host an "Art of Grace" art sale from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Nov. 8 and 9.
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PGA TOUR Minute: June 27, 2013
John Swantek delivers a brief audio update following Round 1 of the AT&T National, where Roberto Castro and Jordan Spieth were tied for the lead at 7-under par when play was suspended due to inclement weather.
© 1995-2015 PGA TOUR, Inc | All Rights Reserved.
PGA TOUR, Champions Tour, Web.com Tour, and the Swinging Golfer design are registered trademarks.
Web.com is also a registered trademark used here with permission, and used in the Web.com Tour logo with permission.


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These are the swollen or stretched veins that protrude from the skin like small sections of rope. Normally, veins direct oxygen-poor blood back to the heart and lungs to become oxygen enriched. Healthy veins function as one-way valves that keep the blood moving in the right direction. Sometimes a vein may become incompetent, allowing blood to leak back down, away from the heart and lungs, and pool in the leg. This "Varicose Vein" becomes enlarged, causing congestion within the vein. This congestion can result in fatigue, swelling, throbbing, heaviness, aching, restlessness in the legs, cramping at night, and itching and burning of the skin. In advanced cases, these problems can lead to skin rash, pigmentation changes, inflammation, ulceration, and bleeding.
These are somewhat smaller than varicose veins and their function is to carry blood to the capillaries in your skin, rather than back to the heart and lungs for oxygen. They have thin walls that expand under excessive pressure. Though they are large enough to be unsightly, they are not technically classified as "varicose" veins.
Those annoying, unattractive spider veins, which appear as small red, blue or purple lines, are actually enlarged capillaries. Usually less than 2 millimeters in diameter, they are sometimes raised from the surface of your skin. The most common problems for patients with spider veins are the presence of purplish or reddish lines or web-like discolorations. Pain in the legs, throbbing, itching, cramping, and restlessness of the leg may occur—but are not common.
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Fri, Dec 17, 04 at 16:51
I like to whack back my butterfly bushes (light purple flowers) this time of year so that they are ready for the spring (and if there will be a hard enough freeze that they are small enough to cover). So if anyone in the New Orleans area would like some unrooted cuttings, e-mail me to set it up! I also still have lots fo red shrimp plants that are very easy to root that I'd like to get rid of. Any one interested? And of course if anyone has any interesting plants to trade, that would be great too. Michelle |
Follow-Up Postings:
Will you SASE for some shrimp plants? |
- Posted by pattyp2257 z8 LA (My Page) on Sat, Jun 11, 05 at 19:40
will you sase some shrimp plants and some buterfly plants thank you patty |
Would you take a look at my list to see if I have anything you might like to trade for? I would love to have some of both if possible. Since you (like me!) like butterflies maybe some Ginger would be of use? I have plenty of that to trade. I also have lots of Salmon colored Amaryllis bulbs. Let me know! |
- Posted by kcmwhitten 70754 (My Page) on Tue, Jul 4, 06 at 20:07
I am just starting to make flower beds. Up until the last few months I never had the time. Anything you would like to donate will be greatly appreciated. I live near Hammond, so maybe we can meet in the middle. |
- Posted by organic_orion 8 (My Page) on Sat, Feb 17, 07 at 16:23
I am interested in your butterfly bushes. I live in Hammond so the postage shouldn't be that bad. My little sister(3 months) should enjoy watching all the butterflies flock to the bushes in the spring. Please let me know if you would like to trade. You can look at my trade list and see if there are any seeds that you would like to trade for. Thanks and have a nice day! |
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Tue, Nov 7, 06 at 9:45
This article might interest some of you. Or do a search of the above begonia.
http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/008200611060310.htm |
Here is a link that might be useful: Begonia Tessaricarpa pic
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by greenelbows1 z9--so LA (My Page) on Fri, Nov 10, 06 at 0:42
Glad you posted this, loretta. This is an exciting time to be interested in plants, when they keep discovering and re-discovering many various kinds of plants. Wow! |
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B&W Processing workshop
Note to self: shaking is a good thing
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Allport, Gordon W(illard)
Allport, Gordon W(illard)
biographical name(born Nov. 11, 1897, Montezuma, Ind., U.S.died Oct. 9, 1967, Cambridge, Mass.) U.S. psychologist. He taught at Harvard University (1930–67), becoming noted for his theory of personality, which focused on the adult self rather than on childhood or infantile emotions and experiences, set forth in books such as Personality (1937). In The Nature of Prejudice (1954) he made important contributions to the analysis of prejudice.
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise.
For the full entry on Allport, Gordon W(illard), visit Britannica.com.
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