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By Don Webley Carcinosin is a remedy that, in my experience, is one of the great polychrests of the homeopathic Materia Medica. It is frequently used by European and Latin American homeopaths, but much less so by American practitioners. Frankly, I do not understand why this is the case. Cancer is more widespread here than elsewhere, and common sense would suggest that the miasmatic nosode of this disease would be frequently indicated. Indeed it is, and I assume that its under-application is due to lack of familiarity with the remedy and perhaps also to a prejudice that goes along with such unfamiliarity. I hope that this article will help practitioners to feel a little better equipped and more inspired to search for this remedy. It will never work out in the repertorization; one does have to look for it. But it will resolve a good number of those cases that seem to make only fair progress under a "perfectly indicated" remedy. I deliberately chose to have this manuscript in essentially completed form before consulting other published works on the subject, so that, for better or worse, it is my personal experience that is reflected here. It was, however, instructive for me to read the proceedings of the Hechtel conference on Carcinosin, as well as Jonathan Shore's valuable presentation to the 1989 IFH Professional Case Conference. I saw observations that I had recorded verified in the experience of others. I also saw one or more authors take agnostic positions on indications that are leading indicators in my experience. Of course, I also saw indications with which I had been unfamiliar. This article does not purport to be the final source on Carcinosin. Much material that is either my own experience or part of the general body of knowledge on the remedy is not represented here. I do hope eventually, however, to publish a definitive work on this nosode. Therefore, I actively solicit responses and cured cases, for I do not feel I have plumbed the depths of this remedy. The Carcinosin remedy picture is difficult to summarize in a single all-encompassing keyword. There is no cowardice, as in Lycopodium, or fear of the universe, as in Arsenicum. It is also difficult to make any categorical assertion about the remedy, for the opposite of anything said about it might just as well be true. Perhaps more than any other in our homeopathic armamentarium, Carcinosin is a remedy of polar opposites. I have very often had a disbelieving mother walk out in a state of more than a little doubt because I gave her mild-mannered, introverted child the same remedy that I gave to her obstinate, hyperactive brat who bounces off the walls. Yet this very amorphousness and this bipolar character suggest the image of Carcinosin. It is commonly stated that the epidemic of cancer that now plagues the industrialized world is directly related to the suppression of tuberculosis. It would be difficult to prove this thesis beyond doubt, but a number of observations point strongly in this direction. First of all, one of the factors that alerts one to a possible need for the cancer nosode is tuberculosis in the family history. Carcinosin shares some noteworthy symptoms with Tuberculinum, for instance, the hair on the spine, blue sclerae, genupectoral sleep position, and the desire for travel. I have also observed the perspiration on the head during sleep with sufficient frequency to add it to the repertory. I have had the opportunity to treat the parents of many children who have benefited from this nosode and have found more often than not the remedy has not been indicated in these people. What one typically observes is a very suggestive history on one side - usually the mother's - and a somewhat less tainted past on the other side. Often neither parent needs the nosode, even though it may be indicated in one or more of their children. It is as if the number of suggestive illnesses in the family tree needs to rise to a certain "critical mass" before the cancer miasm explodes into being. Thus a child will be a Carcinosin type, while the parents take other remedies. Significantly as well, I have rarely seen a case where parents need Carcinosin and the children do not. Taken together, these facts do not augur well for the future of humankind. We are, as it were, witnessing the unleashing of a new horseman of the apocalypse upon the world in this generation. We have seen this reflected in the steep increase in the occurrence of cancer over this same period, but the fact that the nosode is appearing, ex nihilo, as it were, in this generation, suggests that we have perhaps glimpsed the tip of this monstrous miasmatic iceberg. Carcinosin is destined to be the nosode of the age in much the same way that Tuberculinum-bovine was the star of Kent's day. There are shadows of Medorrhinum in this nosode, also. We see the hyperactivity in children, increased sexual desire, amelioration by the ocean, genupectoral sleep position, desire for salt, sweets and fats, and insomnia. The other chief components of the Carcinosin picture come from the Natrum-muriaticum and Sepia family. We see the fastidiousness and a desire for salt indicative of Natrum- muriaticum, the worse with consolation (although the opposite is as often present), sensitivity to sea air, desire for chocolate, and aversion to fats and milk of both remedies. We see the love of dancing of Sepia, as well as its childhood hyperactivity. Like both remedies, it is very easily offended. Cancer has been called the great masquerader, and so it is with its nosode. One often sees a symptom picture which is a perfect example of, say, Tuberculinum-bovinum, like case B.J.S. at the end of this article, but which has one or two symptoms that don't quite fit. As I have indicated, these "sore thumb" symptoms, and the family history, often lead to the use of Carcinosin. Sometimes one sees a case which seems to have, for example, a Phosphorus symptom group. Then a Sepia aspect and finally a Natrum-muriaticum set of symptoms. Knowing this remedy, one sees its aspect as the unifying thread running through the case. Such an instance is patient C.D., whose case is quoted later on. Whitmont calls cancer, "The penalty for the unlived life," and Wilhelm Reich referred to it as the end result of the "Carcinomatous Shrinking Biopathy." Natrum-muriaticum and Sepia reflect these tendencies perhaps more than any other remedies, and it is significant that they should be so closely related to this nosode. The tubercular and gonorrheal tendencies provide the groundwork or, perhaps more accurately, the miasmatic sod upon which the poisonous seeds may germinate into the cancer miasm. It is for this reason that Carcinosin has all these remedies hinted at in its picture. Unless one has a clear feeling for the essential process occurring in Carcinosin, one will tend to be confused, because the remedy appears as one type then another, and then yet another. Consider the disease itself, for a moment. Cancer may manifest in any organ, and, as a result, show itself by a wide variety of symptoms. Yet what is common to all cancers is unrestrained, chaotic growth, wherein the limitless generative energy that animates the life of the body and its cells is freed from the normal controls and results in the chaotic growth and spread of a malignant and consuming tumor throughout the affected system. Here we begin to see the process that underlies the remedy. Rudolf Steiner once characterized cancer as having two phases, that of fever, heat, or inflammation, and that of tumor formation. This heat, this intensity, this fire kept barely within check, suggests something of the essence of Carcinosin. Carcinosin is the name we give to the pathological picture that arises when the life force itself, present in an individual with great intensity, is thwarted and turns upon its host organism, consuming it in its mad search for outflow and resolution. The Carcinosin child, therefore, has frequent and often very high fevers, is often hyperactive, and has a difficult time going to sleep and staying asleep. He has "exceedingly strong food cravings which often alternate with aversions," so that frequently one hears, "I used to LOVE eggs, but now I hate them." In the Carcinosin family history, and in the personal history of the patient, this intensity is also present as addiction to alcohol, or to drugs, cigarettes, and particularly to caffeine, and great sensitivity to foods. It likewise manifests as great passion and sexual intensity, beginning often at a young age, love of dancing and music, desire for travel, and exhilaration in a thunderstorm. I have also observed very early eruption of both deciduous and permanent teeth in a number of cases. It would, of course, be very difficult to add this to the repertory, as, by its very nature, it is not a symptom that can be cured. But I have seen it on a few occasions. This chaotic energy also sometimes manifests as alternation of symptoms from one side of the body to the other. I have seen this in a sore throat, but it is not a symptom that I can otherwise vouch for from experience, although others make much of it. How then do we distinguish the Carcinosin energy and intensity from that of Medorrhinum or Tuberculinum? In cancer, no poison or foreign principle causes the cells to begin their destructive and unrestrained growth. What is occurring is simply a stepped up, if chaotic, version of the growth process of normal tissue. In the gonorrheal and tubercular miasms on the other hand, there is the introduction of a foreign principle which intensifies, but also perverts, the energy. Cruelty and hardness are everywhere manifest in these remedies, the result, if you will, of this perverse external principle. Thus, the Tuberculinum or Medorrhinum child is often cruel, or mean, though sensitivity to reprimand and to others is not foreign to some Medorrhinum children. A full-blown or typical adult belonging to either of these types is not someone with whom you would easily leave your children and pets for a weekend. There is a darkness about the energy of both these types that is completely absent in Carcinosin. About the only categorical assertion one can make about this type is that it will never manifest malicious cruelty. Two very important facts to bear in mind about the Carcinosin picture is that the remedy is listed under "sympathetic" and "anxiety for others" in second type in the Synthetic Repertory. Concern and regard for others is fundamental to these cases, and, as we will see, is the source of some of its pathology. Thus, even the obstinate kid whose mother says has a terrible temper and hits his brothers and sisters walks into the office looking so sweet and pleasant you can hardly believe that she is speaking of the one who sits in front of you. One is immediately drawn to the Carcinosin child, and likewise to the adult, before onset of deep pathology. There is something attractive and magnetic about their energy. It is light and warmth without the dark shadow of the other two nosodes. In the young adult case - "young" really referring to an early stage of pathology - this energy is often tangibly sexual: Carcinosin takes a back seat to few remedies as regards the intensity of its libido. A recent female patient, when asked about how often she and her lover engaged in sexual intimacy replied: "Once a week, but that's down from the first year we were married, when we made love three times a day." One sometimes finds a history of promiscuity, but just as often a few long-term relationships, characterized as well by this same intensity. The Carcinosin patient's relationship to sexuality is emotional rather than genital, more refined and less coarse, and less emotionally complicated than that of Medorrhinum or Lachesis, for example. The sexual urge is simply the adult manifestation of the energetic intensity with which the patient has lived since childhood. Eventually, therefore, the individual realizes that casual sex is not what he or she really wants. Thus the promiscuity tends to develop into a long-term commitment, or becomes complicated by coffee, drugs, and chocolate to ease the pain of disappointment. Therefore, although one feels the sexual intensity of the Carcinosin patient sitting across the table, it is not the kind of energy that puts one on guard. Although the intensity is evident, one does not feel that the patient is going to make a proposition. As evidence that the high sexual drive is usually non-pathological, it rarely declines after a prescription. A third fundamental aspect of the Carcinosin picture is the fastidiousness. The Synthetic Repertory gives Carcinosin as a black type remedy, and this is my experience. It is much more basic to the being than, for example, the fastidiousness of the Natrum-muriaticum patient, which it resembles; it is usually for order, rather than for dirt. Though the latter is seen, the Natrum-muriaticum relationship to punctuality is only rarely present. Even though outwardly the Carcinosin patient is not necessarily more persnickety than the Natrum-muriaticum, it is the part in his life that this tendency plays that we must examine. It seems to me that it is the result of a rigidity, a need to control that stems from the patient's knowledge that he or she is sitting upon a wildfire which is potentially all- consuming if not strictly contained. It is the same sensation that generates a fearful reaction when sickness arises, or that is the root of the fear of cancer. Patient K.A., whose case is quoted here, always felt that she would die young. Deep down, the patient knows that there is a pathological time-bomb ticking inside. The fastidiousness is an attempt to control it. Put another way, the fastidiousness is a valiant effort to keep mortality at bay. Somehow the Carcinosin subject feels that if she can keep her environment perfect, or her figure perfect, then she just might live forever. Case K.A. illustrates something fundamental about the remedy in this regard. She always has exercised religiously, owns a health food store, and has been addicted to all the products that she sold. She looks several years younger than her age, but has always planned to have a face lift at age forty-five. She is terrified of aging. She takes meticulous care of her body, at least its appearance, and her environment. When she was raped a couple of years ago, she did not tell her son (she is a single mother) because she did not want him to be concerned. Another patient presented with herpes as her chief complaint. She had other symptoms, like constipation and sleeplessness, but the herpes, which in her case appeared in rather mild form, threw her for a loop. "I feel diseased. Why is this happening to me. I wasn't born to do a trip like this." She felt unclean, and became extremely agitated when even the tiniest lesion would appear. She was the kind of person who "loves things to be nailed down." Mortality is the real issue here, and the anxiety upon the appearance of the herpetic lesions is just a proxy for the dread upon the appearance of the specter of death. It is fundamentally true that all fear is, when fully inspected, only fear of death. Yet all remedies do not have fear of death, and some remedies fear certain things while others have other terrors. Arsenicum is one of the remedies whose very fabric is woven upon a fear of death. Carcinosin is likewise. I would not add it to the repertory for this symptom, and indeed, I have never seen it frankly manifested in a Carcinosin patient. Yet the same mortal news that, in an Arsenicum patient leads to stark fear and insecurity, is manifested in Carcinosin as WORRY and ANTICIPATION. Essentially, the Carcinosin patient fervently hopes that, with planning, and organization, and by staying on top of things that, just maybe, she will not die. The difference between Arsenicum's fastidiousness and Carcinosin's neurosis is best illustrated as follows: Two girls are leaving on a cross-country trip; anxious mothers stand on either side of the car, bidding tearful farewells to their "little girls." The Arsenicum is the one saying, "Honey, drive carefully! I've heard awful things about how they drive in Ohio. Make sure you fasten your seatbelt, and don't sit on any toilet seats, and make sure you don't talk to strangers. Oh! your hair needs some work, the part is crooked. Make sure to call me every night. Yes, it's fine to call at 1:00 a.m., I can never sleep then anyway." The Carcinosin mother whispers softy to her daughter, "Sweetie, take care of yourself, and make sure you always wear clean underpants. What if you had an accident, and they brought you to the hospital with dirty underwear on?" A little bit of a caricature, but not much! I have seen it suggested in print that perhaps the Carcinosin fastidiousness is not primary, that it stems from a desire to please. This is most definitely not so in my experience, and this point would distinguish Carcinosin from Staphisagria, which is not fastidious. Nevertheless, the desire to please is there, and because this remedy is so sensitive to reprimand and sympathetic, the Carcinosin patient is often quite adept at conforming his or her life to the expectations of those around. Case K.A. expresses this perfectly. In the second follow-up, quoted below, she says, "My masks are gone, I don't have to perform any more. I always figured things out and performed, so that I would not have to deal with the fear." This issue of fastidiousness leads into the matter of control, a core issue in the pathogenesis of Carcinosin. Foubister gives a history of fright and prolonged unhappiness as features in the history that suggest Carcinosin. These are in fact often present: the Carcinosin pathology arises when the boundless centripetal life energy and great sensitivity to and concern for others are constricted, confined, and traumatized by the cold and brutal facts of life. Thus one often hears a life story of extensive sexual abuse and horrors that tests one's credulity. This is the essential process occurring in the pathogenesis of Carcinosin, and if one grasps it, one will find the remedy where it is hidden to others. Yet it is true that Carcinosin is as hard to pin down as the color of a chameleon. This is because, depending on which of its component characteristics is present to the greatest degree, the remedy may mimic Natrum-muriaticum, or Medorrhinum, or Staphisagria, or Phosphorus, or Sepia, or Tuberculinum, or Calcarea-carbonica, or yet some other (Pulsatilla too). Thus a woman with high sexual energy, very social, sympathetic, and clairvoyant may resemble a Phosphorus and share its food desires. One may be at the point of giving it until she mentions how much she likes to drink tea, and no, she never drinks cold water. Or a fastidious, pathologically responsible woman who loves chocolate and salt, but does not care for sex, and is not very receptive to consolation, may be about to receive Natrum- muriaticum until it is realized that she loves to sit in her car in the sun with the window rolled up, and likes soft, gooey fat on meat. Control by rigid, almost sadistic parents or spouses is a form of unhappiness often found in these cases. Case K.A., discussed later, is such an example. She describes herself as having been raised by a "Nazi mother" who tolerated nothing short of perfection. Her first husband was an evangelical Christian (he also womanized extensively on the side, and was heavily into pornography) who was even more suffocating. He could not stand to hear people breathe or chew, so that she had to feed the children before he came home. He would never touch a woman, so their "sex life" consisted of her fellating him while he smoked cigarettes sitting in a chair. Nevertheless, one should not feel that Carcinosin is contraindicated if there is no history of brutalization. Life's ordinary traumas are often sufficient suffering. Even in the face of such extraordinary suffering, however, the Carcinosin patient seems not to resist. In this is a resemblance to Staphisagria. Even as a child, the Carcinosin patient is extremely sensitive to reprimands. It is hard to distinguish between the two. The distinction, it seems to me, is that Staphisagria resists confrontation because the organism is simply too sensitive to tolerate the anger of others and does everything to avoid situations where that might arise. The Staphisagria child will not show the ebullient energy of the Carcinosin child, and the outbursts to which he or she is sometimes prone. Carcinosin, by contrast, remains with the alcoholic husbands out of something resembling, but not entirely identical to, a sense of responsibility. It is rather that if she can somehow keep it together on the home front, it will help stave off the fear of mortality and disorder lurking beyond. We need to return to the Carcinosin patient's anxiety about others and its sympathetic quality. A certain kind of Carcinosin patient will present herself very like a Phosphorus, will sit on the edge of the chair, and lean toward you, and be very much affected by other people. At times the distinction can be very hard to make, because this remedy shows all the sensitivity of Phosphorus, feeling the emotions of others, and also being prone to visions and psychic phenomena. If a distinction can be made it is that this patient is more "solid" or and less amorphous than the Phosphorus patient. One clinician at the Hechtel conference expressed it quite well: "Phosphorus," he said, "is like a chameleon, and has no skin, that is to say, no boundaries." But it is not always an easy distinction to make. More usually, however, there is anxiety about others, and a desire to help, without the loss of boundary between self and other. In such cases, guilt is often part of the complex, again deriving from the patient's feeling somehow responsible and obliged to take care of, and protect all around, from mortality. One patient expressed it quite poignantly: "My middle name is guilt," she said. This is perhaps as good a place as any to amplify my quick reference to the fact that almost anything said about Carcinosin, though sometimes false, will at other times be true. I have just contrasted the energetic, outgoing, intense, Carcinosin child with the more sensitive and retiring Staphisagria. It is true that this is the more common manifestation of Carcinosin in children. It is also true that the complete opposite is sometimes seen. Carcinosin children can be quiet, shy, depressed, and pathologically sensitive in much the same way as Staphisagria subjects of the same age. Even in this type, however, there will usually be the identifying keynotes: the food cravings, the constipation, the sleeplessness, and the high fevers suggestive of intense energy lurking beneath the tranquil surface. I think of such children as cases where the pathological development has been accelerated so that the implosion or introversion of energy that occurs only later with the more common type is the case from an early age. Generally speaking, however, the depressed, collapsed stage is seen only later, though not necessarily in a very old person. In taking the history, it will be observed that the patient was once outgoing, energetic, sexually vital. Sometimes, especially in cases of sexual abuse, this is not the case; there will be indifference to sex. I don't believe that I have ever seen true aversion to sex in a Carcinosin patient. Even such women are not truly frigid, and their lack of sexual response is situational; they will sometimes speak of a brief interlude between bad marriages, or a particular relationship, where their sexuality flowered. The typical childhood history is also present. Now she is exceedingly depressed, to the point of attempting suicide. The guilt has become a profound sense of failure. In these individuals, the history of pain and abuse is often marked. Sometimes it is astonishing. There will often be alcoholic parents and a history of sexual abuse. Another patient, a child of dysfunctional alcoholic parents, and a woman who herself struggled with addiction to alcohol and cigarettes, confessed to great feelings of worthlessness, and had suffered bouts of depression in the past. She hit the nail on the head when she said: "As a child I never was taught how to take care of myself." How to Look for Carcinosin In spite of what you have read here, you will need to make a deliberate effort to discover the Carcinosin cases in your practice, at least initially. I can now recognize them as easily as Natrum-muriaticum or Sulphur or Ignatia, or any of the other polychrests, but that was not always the case. The primary difficulty is that the case will never repertorize out to Carcinosin if you use Kent's Repertory. I myself always use the Synthetic Repertory first, and Jost Kunzli von Fimmelberg's Repertorium Generale for the particulars. The Synthetic Repertory contains the distillation of Pierre Schmidt's vast wisdom, and he evidently used Carcinosin quite a bit, because there are a number of Carcinosin additions in that Repertory with a "7" superscript identifying him as their source. Nevertheless, even these do not provide a complete enough representation of the remedy to have it come out in a repertorization. Rather, you have to know its hiding places and how to recognize its tracks. The first thing that will make you think of this remedy is a case that seems like a perfect Natrum-muriaticum, except that the patient tells you how she loves to sit in the sun or how much she loves the juicy fat on pork chops, or you discover that she loves consolation. The same could be said of Pulsatilla, Sepia, Phosphorus, Lycopodium, Medorrhinum, Calcarea, and a number of other remedies, but I find that the majority of Carcinosin cases are either slightly kinky Natrum-muriaticum or Sepia cases or Medorrhinum with a twist: a little too gentle and without the edge, and maybe with an aversion to salt instead of a desire, and no amelioration at night. Natrum-muriaticum bears the same special relationship to the cancer miasm that Mercury does to syphilis, or Thuja to gonorrhea. At least this is my observation. When you suspect that something is cooking, pay careful attention to the family history. Look for cancer, diabetes, alcoholism, drug addiction, insanity. You will occasionally find tuberculosis in the history. Foubister says that pernicious anemia is also suggestive, but I have never found this in any patient's history. I think it tends to be the kind of thing that one's descendants don't know about; it is not as patently obvious as cancer or a heart attack. I have in recent times begun to suspect that severe asthma and hay fever in the ancestry is indicative, but I am not certain enough of this to assert it. I throw it out so that others may consider that possibility and report it to our fellows. Foubister says that the maternal history is more important This is true in my experience, but this should not suggest that the paternal history is insignificant. It is not necessary to have all four grandparents die of cancer or diabetes. When that is the case, then I have to be quite convinced that some other remedy is indicated before I will give it. You will, however, find Carcinosin cases when half the ancestors have a suggestive history. Sometimes there are fewer tainted forebears but all five of the patient's siblings are alcoholics. It is not a cut-and-dried matter. Nevertheless, you will rarely use Carcinosin when there is no suggestive history at all. But you sometimes will. I wrote in the first draft of this manuscript that I had done so only once. On looking over some cases, I realized that I had been mistaken: I have used the remedy a few times - not often, but more than once - on its indications alone. This is not surprising. Who only uses Medorrhinum when there is a clear gonorrheal history? Next, examine the patient's own history. Constipation and insomnia from childhood are strongly suggestive, as are high or frequent fevers as a child. A patient of mine had, as a child, the highest temperature ever recorded at Providence Hospital, in excess of 108 degrees Fahrenheit. Another child would run about and play outside with a 106 degree fever. These fevers often accompany earaches or tonsillitis. Hay fever as a child is also a strong indication. Foubister gives a history of pneumonia and whooping cough as suggestive. I have seen these, but less frequently. Even rarer, in my practice, are individuals who have had childhood diseases more than once. Foubister does give this indication. He also writes that Carcinosin is suggested when there is unusually severe reaction to vaccination. I mention these for the sake of completeness, but cannot confirm them from my own experience. Carcinosin children characteristically have very high energy as children. The sleeplessness and fevers are just manifestations of this. Then there are the symptoms associated with the remedy itself. Carcinosin, as we have discussed, is pre-eminent among fastidious remedies. It loves to dance and travel, and is affected one way or another by the ocean. Carcinosin is said to be exhilarated by thunderstorms. To be honest, however, as a western Oregonian, I cannot vouch for relationship to thunderstorms. Where I live, asking people about how they react to thunderstorms is usually only slightly more fruitful than asking Eskimos if they are afraid of elephants. Carcinosin is strongly moved by music. They tend to like classical music, though others will like rock. I have observed an aversion to jazz in several patients. There seems to be real aversion to this kind of music. My theory, and it is entirely the kind of idle speculation condemned by our illustrious founder, is that the syncopation offends their sense of order and propriety. In small children, you will find head-sweats during sleep. This is a very important rubric in treating children. Kunzli gives it a black dot in his Repertory, a sign that it is a symptom this is often a dispositive symptom in his experience. He gives the following remedies for head-sweats during sleep: Bry., Calc., Calc.-p, Cham. Cic., Lyc., Merc., Podo., Sanic., Sep., Sil. To this list I add from my own experience: Tub., and Carcinosin. Often this single symptom, in conjunction with the genupectoral sleep position, also present in Carcinosin, gives the case away. This symptom is of little significance in infants, as it is common in the first year or so of life. The Synthetic Repertory gives the following remedies in this rubric: Calc.-p, Carcinosin, Con, Euphorbium, Lyc., Med., Phos., Sep., Tub. I have found these indications to have the force of generals of high rank: they are proxies for something very deep in the life of the child. Thus, in a small child, these symptoms must be present in the pathogenesis of the simillimum. For example, then, if there are both genupectoral sleep and head-sweats, the field is immediately narrowed to five remedies of all the entire Materia Medica. Anyone who has treated children, and wondered how to choose a remedy based on no symptoms at all will appreciate the value of these indications. It should be mentioned that Carcinosin also often sleeps spread-eagled, arms and legs outstretched. This is not at all uncommon in small children, but I mention it so that its presence does not dissuade one from using Carcinosin. One often finds the blue sclerae otherwise associated with Tuberculinum, and the cafe-au-lait appearance. The moles often mentioned as indicative of Carcinosin are of a very specific type. They are round, dark-brown macules. Carcinosin, like Medorrhinum, is suggested by a hairy spine and neck, and by unusual amounts of arm or leg hair, especially in children and women. Many writers have reported Carcinosin as being worse with warmth. I have seen this, but I have seen the opposite perhaps more often. When there is a history of prolonged suffering, think of Carcinosin. This does not mean a broken heart or a disappointing date. K.A.'s case, quoted in this article in its entirety, gives a picture of what I mean by prolonged suffering. Foubister gives severe fright as another precipitating cause. I have no reason to doubt him, but cannot attest to it from my own experience. Unusually restrictive and suppressive parents or spouses point to this remedy also. When the history is parental, we may surmise that it is likely to have been causative. When, on the other hand, it is seen in a series of spouses, it is, rather, a pathological symptom. In other words, only a Carcinosin, or perhaps a Staphisagria, would, as an adult, put up with the abuse K.A. endured from her husband. George Vithoulkas gives as a keynote, "burning pain in the ascending colon." I have seen it only once. I suspect it is like the Thuja keynote of "nose runs at stool," dispositive but rare, at least in my experience. One individual reading this article is likely to recognize this latter symptom, since I was guided to Thuja in his case; but I have not seen it again. The food cravings are very important guiding symptoms to this remedy. Foubister says that an aversion or desire for any of the following foods is suggestive of Carcinosin: meat fat, sweets, salt, fruit, milk, and eggs. My own experience confirms this. What I will add to this is that a particular characteristic of the Carcinosin type is an alternation, often over periods of years, between aversion and desire for one or more of these items. The remedy tends to have a lot of aversions and desires, and that needs to be present for one to really consider this remedy on the basis of its cravings. Thus a desire for meat fat and salt and a neutral feeling about the other items would lead one away from Carcinosin. There is often also a sensitivity or allergic reaction to some of these items. I have saved what I consider to be the most important food desire for the last: chocolate. Schmidt give it as second type. I believe he understates the case: I feel that it should certainly be black type. Nevertheless, you will occasionally see an aggravation from chocolate, and I think I may even have seen an aversion to it on occasion. The remedy type also desires onions and garlic. It has a strong relationship to coffee, but then again, this is the addictive remedy nonpareil, so that should be expected. I have observed, however, that it is also particularly sensitive to coffee. In one of the cases quoted in this article, the patient, after marked improvement, took some coffee to stay awake on a transcontinental trip. She noticed her uterine symptoms returning before she had finished half the cup. Fortunately, she had the presence of mind to throw the rest away, and suffered no lasting harm. When this manuscript was essentially complete, I scanned CARCINOSIN, the record of a symposium on Carcinosin in Hechtel, Belgium. Several of the practitioners mentioned desire for soup as being of cardinal importance in Carcinosin, second only to desire for chocolate as food craving. I did not know this, but the writers all gave ample evidence of a clear understanding of the remedy. This should therefore be taken as authoritative, and I also will take pains to inquire about soup in suspected Carcinosin cases. The following case sketch is of a "pseudo-Staphisagria" woman. The prescription would easily have been missed had I not known what to look for. Her chief complaint was exhausting (3) menstrual cramps (2). She also had cramps at ovulation. The patient, M.E., is intimidated by anger (2), and NEVER expressed anger toward her husbands. She was introduced to abuse early. She recounts that at age 2 or 3, she lost all her hair. The diagnosis was "stress"; she now feels that she lost her hair because she would not cry out, of fear of her father, an alcoholic, who later left her mother, and died of metastasized stomach cancer. Her stepfather would ejaculate in her mouth, then beat her and threaten her with more serious harm if she ever told anyone. Later, at 11, it was an uncle fondling her, and a couple of years after that, a cousin forcing vaginal intercourse on her. She proceeded to become involved in successive abusive marriages. Both were to black men. Why did I make a note of this? Prejudice aside, it is a matter of my observation that in the United States, whereas the decision to enter into an inter-racial relationship signifies nothing of interest to a homeopath, the decision on the part of a white woman to choose only black men as her sexual partners is noteworthy. Often it suggests the existence of a Staphisagria-like, or in this case, Carcinosin-like tendency. Before any readers who do not know the author of this piece cry "Racism!", such individuals should know that the author himself is a black man - one, moreover, who is married to a white woman, who, incidentally, is neither a Staphisagria nor a Carcinosin. The first husband was an unregenerate adulterer, nineteen years older than she. He would even bring women back to the house and copulate with them while his wife cried in the next room. Her second husband was an alcoholic who beat her, and with whom she had sexual intercourse two or three times a day on weekends, but only out of duty, as she had little interest herself. Why did I not give her Staphisagria? This might have been the logical choice. She had all the food cravings of Natrum-muriaticum, however: chocolate (2) [at the menses (2)], salt (1), garlic (1); she also loved the ocean (2) and was fastidious about time (1) and claustrophobic(1). Perhaps she was a Natrum-muriaticum, but she was not worse with sunshine, and was not worse from consolation (2). That ruled Natrum-muriaticum out. I observed that she disliked jazz (2), desired onions (2), and was worse from coffee (2). There was also a suggestive history: Her father was an alcoholic who died of cancer; his parent's history was unavailable, the mother had no remarkable history, but the maternal grandmother had DM, and asthma, and died of a CVA. The MGF was a severe alcoholic and died of cerebral hemorrhage in his 40's. With all pieces of the puzzle in place, Carcinosin was a much better fit than either Natrum-muriaticum or Staphisagria. Case of C. C., 11 months, DOB 23 Nov. 82, male 10 Dec. 83: I believe this was my first Carcinosin case. I have had the opportunity to follow his progress for nearly ten years. It has been one of the singular and most gratifying joys of my years of practice to see this child rescued from a life of desperate suffering, ill health, and almost certainly, early death, and restored to vibrant good health. This child presented a truly frightening demeanor, I had never seen a child look so ill before. Anyone of more discretion and certainly anyone with a license to lose would have refused to see him. It was apparent that he would die on my hands. Nevertheless, I proceeded: Chief complaint of epileptic seizures (3). Onset during teething at 4 months - 1st tooth; diagnosed as stroke by neurologist. Had been on Phenobarbital, then changed to Gemonil, 200 mg/day. He changed in character around the time of onset: used to be exuberant. Now, especially since Gemonil, clingy, crying. No health problem before the stroke. Mother tried to take him off drug a couple of months ago - couldn't. Onset: left arm twitching, then left leg, then both became limp. Was a week before function returned. Frightened of people (2). Used to sweat on head during sleep (front of head) (1), better with Zinc supplement. Easily startled (2), hair on spine (2), doesn't eat but an obese child (2). Non-stop ear infection, colds, pneumococcus, high fevers to 104ºF (3), 20 times last six months. Acts as if genitals sensitive. Worse with Mom eating cheese, milk - redness on cheek (1). Sleeps badly (2) last 2 months, since onset of congestion. Alarming congestion (3) - I had never seen a child breath like that. Blue sclerae. Discovered, months later, C.C. had teeth at 4.5 to 5 months. Father's history: ex-heroin addict, PGF, PGM, both DM. Mother: healthy, MGM, died at 47 of liver CA. MGGM died in mid-fifties of breast CA. MGGF died of cardiac symptoms. MGF had tuberculoma which required surgery. A mental breakdown followed, for which he required shock treatment. PGGM and PGGF were living reasonably healthy. Assessment: Vital force rating 4-5; head sweats, obesity, convulsions on dentition. Plan: Calcarea-carbonica 200C, t.i.d. until aggravation then discontinue Gemonil gradually. 21 Dec. 83: No change, Calc.-c incorrect remedy. Family history of cancer, diabetes, tubercular diathesis, mental disturbance. Plan: Carcinosin 200C, t.i.d. until aggravation, then discontinue Gemonil. 3 Jan 84: C.C. had a reaction 4 days ago. I was not called and Mom continued to give Carcinosin. He is now coughing (2), vomiting (2), having neurological activity on left side around mouth. Assessment: therapeutic aggravation. Plan: Gemonil 200 mg/day, then 175 mg/day. 4 Jan 84: Cough (2): Mom thinks it is pneumonia. 5 Jan 84: Had fever (2) last night, over 102ºF in axilla. Coughing, but no vomiting last night. Congestion better last few days. No neurological activity. Fever 8-9 p.m. until 3-4 a.m. (2). Vomiting had been worse from 5 am on (2). Assessment: still aggravation. Plan: Wait. Gemonil 175, then 150 mg/day. 8 Jan. 84: Fevers on last few days start p.m., 104ºF rectal. Threw up postprandially on Jan. 6 , 7, not today. Coughing the same. Plan: Gemonil 150, then 125 mg/day. 11 Jan. 84: Much better. For the first time since aggravation he has smiled, played, kissed Mom, slept by himself, etc. Fever 104ºF or so in evening last few days. Threw up after bad coughing spell; had redness on cheek - old symptom from when he started Gemonil. Assessment: proceeding according to plan. Plan: Gemonil 100 mg/day. 22 Jan. 84: Yesterday was final day on allopathic medication. C.C. has, for the last few days, had slight twitching with some disorientation, then vomiting, one attack almost always at 6 p.m., sometimes also in morning. 26 Jan. 84: No neurological activity of any kind for three days. Plays all day; happy as before all this. In the past he had convulsions when Gemonil was reduced to 150 mg/day. Assessment: correct remedy. Plan: wait. 28 Feb. 84: Bumps on face, chest, diaper rash. Restless sleep (1), wakes every 1-2 hours. Mild cough/cold for a week, getting canines. No redness on cheek from milk, cheese, no sensitivity on genitals. Appetite increased (3). My observation: the difference is like day and night. No congestion, child is happy, relates well to me. No convulsions or any other problems. Assessment: one could not ask for a better result; absolutely curative response. Plan: wait. 18 May 84: Left side of face acted paralyzed, then he turned blue today. Mom had coffee off and on during the last two weeks. Last dose 1-1.5 weeks ago. Took a bad fall yesterday, hit head. Can't stand now (2). Drooling (2) because of teething, diarrhea (2). No head sweats. Sleep starts out in genupectoral position then goes back. Assessment: relapse as a result of fall. Plan: Arnica 1M 19 May 84: No change after Arnica. Mom did coffee on 14 May, C.C. has loose stools since. Mom has used facial clay with mentholatum for one month. First drank coffee one month ago - "He's better, so it won't hurt." Two weeks ago she noticed that on being reprimanded he would get upset (2), hold breath (2), turn purple (2). Assessment: I was foolish not to inquire in more depth. The situation is that his remedy has been antidoted by the coffee and/or the clay ointment. Plan: Give Carcinosin 200C to take home. 20 May 84: I was out of town. Mom called and talked to Ray Wood, N.D., with whom I shared a practice at that time. She was hysterical. C.C. had many seizures. Ray wanted to hospitalize but I decided against it. By 3 p.m. the seizures had calmed down. Assessment: relapse. Plan: Carcinosin 200C. 21 May 84: Several minor seizures the next day, was back to normal in a week. 11 July 84: Had been in bad auto wreck about three weeks ago. He received Arnica at that time, which helped the bruises, etc. His mother weaned him suddenly and she was in the hospital for three days without him. Restless night (2), cries (2), screaming (2), goes to sleep at 9 p.m., then wakes at 12, screaming. Rash around mouth (2), congestion (2) last two weeks, wheezing audibly (1), coughing at night (1), fear of falling (2), appetite down (1), more irritable (1). Didn't cry all the time when Mom was in hospital. When she came home he asked to nurse and screamed (2) for one hour, inconsolably. Tantrums bad (2), every two days. Bad diaper rash (2). Mom thinks that left side is somewhat neurologically active. Displaying a lot of anger (2). Assessment: Perhaps a remedy is indicated but, bearing the gravity of the case in mind, we will wait. 14 July 84: Fever, 104.6ºF rectally, since yesterday. Ornery that day, several tantrums. Worse 2:30-3 p.m. (1). Grinds teeth in sleep after wreck (2). Thirstier (1). Restless sleep (1). Shouts during sleep (1). Acts "shaky" when he wants something. Does not look sick, however. Assessment: probably the mere fact that he has an acute illness together with what has transpired suggests a new prescription. Plan: Give Ignatia 1M because of sudden weaning, after acute, taken 19 July. 20 July 84: Sneezed immediately after taking the remedy. Threw up. Slept that night, woke up his former self. Much better, no tantrums. Assessment: Ignatia was correct remedy. Plan: wait. I have prescribed occasionally for chief complaints over the years, but he has not had a full-blown seizure in eight years. His last constitutional prescription was Carcinosin 50M, on 21 Mar. 87, when he had some neurological symptoms. He now complains about things of such gravity as athlete's foot. Case of K. A., DOB 10 Mar. 48, female 14 May 92: The impression that this patient gives is of a yuppie who exercises a lot and takes meticulous care of her appearance, and who will do anything to avoid getting old. She drives a stylish BMW with a license plate customized with her name. There is something quintessential Carcinosin about her; perhaps it is the muted fire in her eyes, peering out from behind a veil of pain and disappointment. In any case, I knew the remedy without asking, and thought of asking only enough questions to get a confirmation of my intuition and provide a basis for follow-ups. But this is, after all, a cancer case. It turned out that this decision was not mine to make. As soon as I asked her: "What is the matter", then everything flowed out. I should mention something about how I came to this case that says a lot about the patient and the remedy. She owns a health-food store in a small town that I visit periodically to see patients. Several of my patients had spoken of me to her, and vice- versa. I would hear, through the grapevine, that she had intended to see me this month but couldn't for this reason, and next month for another reason. Acting upon the pleas of my friends and patients, I decided to help matters along. I went into the store, ostensibly to buy a rice-dream bar, and let it slip who I was. She immediately poured out her life story to me, and told me that she was determined to avoid orthodox medical treatment, and intended to come and see me, and that she would work it out with her schedule, and it might not be this month but perhaps next month. I explained to her that this was a disease that would terminate in only one possible way unless we did something about it, and quickly. By the time I had walked the few blocks to my office, she had called, wanting to see me that day. Carcinosin is very much into keeping death away by planning and activity. This strategy had begun to fail for her, but she could not accept mortality, the ultimate imperfection. Therefore, she simply hid her head in the sand. Chief complaint breast cancer. Six months ago she had lost a lot of weight, discovered a hard, mobile, painless, nut-like lump in her left breast. Diagnosis from biopsy was malignant breast tumor. Since the biopsy heaviness (1), pulling (1) deep in breast and aching in left axilla (1). Migraines (3) with blindness (3) and vomiting (3) since age 16, when she was married; every three months, used to be every six weeks. Aborts them with Cafergot which makes her high (3) and cold (2). Depression (3) off and on all her life. Has attempted suicide several times in last few years. Manic (2) all along. Low energy (2). Always felt she would die young (2). Drinks too much alcohol (2), 2-3 drinks a day. I recount her personal history in great detail here because it is a clear pointer in the direction of this remedy, and includes many elements to be found in the typical Carcinosin history. "I was raised by a Nazi woman. She was a perfectionist (23), who would only give you one chance to Fuqua up." When she did, her mother would grab her by the hair and pull her down the stairs. As a result, "I spent all my life trying to be perfect (3)." Adored (3) and feared (3) her mother. Her father was a soft-spoken "good ol' boy," whom the mother left when K.A. was 13 years old. At 11 she was raped by a relative. Upon hearing of it, her mother pushed her down the stairs saying, "There is two kinds of dirt, one you can get clean from, and one you can't." She became reclusive from this point on, spending time by herself and with her horse, and became, during teenage years, a "prick-teaser." She slept with a boy at 14 and married him at 16, a man "like Jimmy Swaggart." One day he would be a religious fanatic, the next his fanaticism was for pornography. Nevertheless, she dedicated herself to being the perfect mother. She became strict and narrow as befitted the wife of a fundamentalist Christian. When she found out that he had been unfaithful, she left him. Sex was a duty with this man; there were no emotions or feeling. She married him because he was the first boy she had slept with, and therefore she felt that he owned her. He yelled constantly and controlled her thereby. He could not stand to hear people eat or breathe, therefore she would feed the children before he got home so that he would not have to hear them eat. As soon as she left her husband, she "went to town," was a "16 year-old in a 34 year-old body." She had a couple of major relationships and many one- night stands. She had a hysterectomy at this point and several abortions, she didn't really know about birth control. She also had some questionable Pap smears, was told to "take it out," and did so unquestioningly. She had what appeared to have been peritonitis, with high fever (3), vomiting bile. More surgery, collapsed intestines. She failed to respond to any treatment. Finally, her M.D. said, "You are dying and I don't know why." She woke up, realized the gravity of the situation, checked herself out of the hospital, and promptly recovered. After this she became the "kept woman" of a powerful and dominant attorney, who later was killed in a terrible car accident. She had a five-year relationship, just ending, with an alcoholic/workaholic. A small, Napoleonic, dominant man who would often try to get her to have sexual intercourse with his friends, and who would boast to her about his lovers. He would never touch her. "Sex" consisted of fellatio while he sat in a chair and smoked. She has slept with perhaps 50 men in her life but cannot reach orgasm (2), except by masturbation. The one exception was a young artist who whimpered and cried during sex but was very attentive to her, and with whom she lived for a while. He left her because he wanted children and a younger woman. At a certain point she found herself in a prostitution situation. She had a friend who had a large rain forest project. K.A. agreed to sleep with the rich man who would, in exchange, be easily persuaded to make a large donation to her friend's cause. It turned out to be more than she bargained for. He was impotent and had an implant. In lieu of his own performance he tried to get her to have sex with his dog. He urinated on her and attempted to beat her up. It was shortly after this when she discovered the cancer. Always had trouble with relationships (2). Doesn't trust men (3), afraid of them (3). "Says no to nobody, for anything" (3). Never refused a man sexually in her life (3) until a year and a half ago, when she had a migraine, was going blind and vomited. He then raped her. She felt this was the story of her life. She did not report the rape; she did not want her son to know. She became depressed, tried suicide twice, was treated with Prozac, Wellbutrin, Chlorophen. She remains on them, though on reduced dosage. Has tried to get off them, unsuccessfully. She began smoking at this point. Hates herself for it, is contrary to every thing she believes in. Also began to gain weight at this point. Looking at her I didn't take this latter too seriously. She had been a foster mother for abused children for twenty years. The rape brought her own abuse into consciousness. "Part of me feels that I will die, commit suicide" (3). Breaks down in tears at this point and at many others. Bloating digestion (3), frequent urination (2), fastidious (2), for disorder. When depressed goes off by herself (2) to cry. Consolation leads to shame (2); she does not want to be a problem. Loves the sun (2), water (2). Fear of heights (1). Takes herbs and supplements too numerous to mention. Loves to dance (2). As a child she slept well but sweated in bed (2). Had delusions of head expanding, body shrinking or vice versa. At these times vertigo (2), worse rising from seat (2). Desires coffee (3), which gives her a high followed by a manic state. Chocolate (3). Had never eaten salt, now craves sesame salt (3), butter (3), onions (1), garlic (2), milk (3) which makes her worse. Tends to sore throat (1). Aversions to eggs (2) except on croissants, fruit (2), usually salt (2). Family history on mother's side: MGF violent, abusive, unbalanced; his father was clinically insane. MGM: "sexually promiscuous," "the town whore," married ten times. Father's side: F: healthy; MGM: has been hospitalized long-term for nervous breakdown; MGF: 93, healthy. Assessment: To me there was no question. The only other possibility was Staphisagria, and I would undoubtedly have used it if I didn't know Carcinosin. I would have assumed that the symptoms not covered by this remedy were representative of another layer. However, the food cravings are here in spades, she is fastidious, there are digestive difficulties, and there is cancer, although there is not much in the ancestral history. She also has migraines and had a preference for animals (her horse), as a youngster - a symptom which other writers have mentioned. As importantly, she had the unmistakable essence of this remedy written all over her. Plan: Carcinosin 200C, daily, until aggravation, then gradually discontinue allopathic medications, 14 May 92. Get her to wean herself off cigarettes and alcohol. 19 May 92: K.A. called, crying (3), hysterical (3): "Everything I ever did bad is coming back." (3) Nausea (3), chills (3), fever (3). Memories of past traumas (2), including feelings about abuse. Pain in the breast (3) as if it would explode. Took a couple of all medications today, had been off a couple of days. Migraine (3). Assessment: Good reaction! Aggravation. Plan: Continue remedy for a while until I am sure she is totally off all medications. 23 May 92: (phone) "Migraine calmed down yesterday. I feel great (2), better than I have felt in a long time." Assessment: Short, quick aggravation followed by a rapid rebound. It appears we have a curable case here. Plan: Discontinue homeopathic remedy. 16 June 92: She thinks she antidoted with coffee; she now has dark circles under her eyes. I cannot say that they weren't there before. Before the remedy she had been utterly depressed, confused, now she is grounded, still clear, although tired (2) and emotionally exhausted (2) from having to deal with people in her store who always inquire after her health and give her advice. But emotionally clear! Eating lots of chocolate (2), put on 10 pounds (she can stand to put on some more). No headaches until a couple of days ago. Then she had two drinks and became sick (3) as during the aggravation. This has passed, though. Slept better. Personal life is better. She is in a positive relationship now, both are committed, allowing herself to be open and vulnerable and loved for the first time in her life. Breast sore (1) first left, then right. Bloated (!). Fungus in toenails, cracks between toes. Episodes of coldness (1), was cold (2) with the headache after drinking. More grounded now, can say "No!" but feels fragile in this equilibrium. Urinates less, but no longer consumes alcohol and coffee. After coffee she became despondent with circles under her eyes and fullness in breasts. She had been riding her bicycle again, now she can't. Assessment: She had been drinking coffee every other day since she stopped taking the remedy. There is no evidence of antidoting, but we shall see. Perhaps there will be some effect from the alcohol. Plan: Wait. 21 July 92: Running every day, working, but one day feels energetic, playful, then used up by the end of the day, "on reserve." Wishes she were beyond the point of constant focus on the possibility of relapse. "My body is falling apart." What she means by that is that her hair is dry (2), fingernails peeling (2). "No muscle tone." Brown liver spots all over, especially on legs. Started taking Mesostrate supplements. Thinks she feels better. Has had a few headaches, no migraines. Pulling sensation in area where lump had been biopsied. Has had some coffee over the last month. Not depressed but "used up" (1), tired (1). Relationship is healthy; only healthy one she has ever had. She describes the recovery from her fever during the aggravation: all men in her life - lovers and sons - were there; she felt healed of so much fear of men. "I always figured things out and performed, so that I would not have to deal with the fear." "There has been a softening of the crust of pain in my life." "A lot more secure in who I am. I can say 'no'." Spends a lot less time evaluating when the next crisis will be and how to avoid it. Enjoys sex; good, six times per week. Urination normal. Bloating (1) off and on. Not eating so much chocolate. Still worse for consolation (2). Recently her son remarked that the smell of DMSO was coming out of her pores. He noticed it because he had hated the smell when she used it in the past. Also noticed other odors, perhaps from other drugs. At times she is tired (2). Very up last week, tired this week. Assessment: Doing well in spite of coffee. I gave her a stern rap about coffee, asked her if she liked it enough to die for it. Plan: Return to clinic in 1 month. |
Copyright © 2003-2007, Marlev Homeopathy LLC. All Rights Reserved. |


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well, you will have to excuse me for the lack of posting but i am on vacation with the family and we are currently in an rv park in jasper national park without any internet access (well, that's not exactly true, i am in the black sheep cafe in jasper, alberta using some wireless.
my family, by the way, is finding my desperate need to get on the internet rather hillarious and reminiscent of the obsession my sister had with finding a television when we were vacationing on cape cod years ago.
oh well, i say, it's all about fantasy baseball and the three psycho dogs must be managed.
the trip has been incredible so far. the picture above was taken outside the fairmont lake louise. it had to be one of the most stunning settings i have seen in some time.
i went for a run this morning in the cool mountain air and couldn't have had a better time.
so cheers, eh! and i will write more soon.

subset: commoncrawl


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About La Promesa
List of organizations
2002 Winners
2000 Celebration
La Promesa de un Futuro Brillante
Every other year, NLCI selects outstanding community-based programs as exemplary models of what works in the Latino community. Their dedicated efforts have drawn the attention of leaders who have nominated them to receive a La Promesa de un Futuro Brillante award. La Promesa award-winners prove that negative statistics can be turned around when culturally appropriate strategies are used for outreach and services. These organizations have dedicated themselves to working with the Latino community and are helping to deliver the promise of a bright future.
La Promesa Programs The efforts of nonprofit organizations, schools, churches, and communities to provide services to Latino children and youth must be commended. It requires ingenuity, persistence, and sheer smarts to build a program that reaches out into the community and delivers culturally and linguistically appropriate services.
La Promesa programs represent 21 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia. They work with children and youth in a variety of settings from clinics to child care centers to alternative schools. La Promesa programs all started the same way: by recognizing a need or problem in the community and finding a way to solve it.
For example, Estancia Corazón in Puerto Rico was providing services to terminally ill patients when they realized that the patients were parents with serious concerns about what would happen to their children. When the program staff found it difficult to place the children in nondiscriminatory foster care, they opened a residence where the children could live.
Latino Dollars for Scholars of Rhode Island works to raise funds and improve the scholarship opportunities for Latinos in their state. Los Centzontles Mexican Cultural Center in California was founded after a young girl was assaulted and killed.
Platicamos Salud in Arizona has promotoras (promoters) who reach out to the community and provide tips on prenatal and other health care needs. Promotoras serve as a link between the Spanish-speaking community and the health care system.
Univision and Cities in Schools developed a partnership for a mentorship program that prepares high school students to work in television.
The Selection Process The La Promesa programs address the most urgent issues in the Latino community. Some have larger operations than others. Some have a long history, while others were created when existing programs did not meet the needs of the young Latinos living in the communities. Each program had to go through a strenuous selection process that included the following criteria:
directly serves young Latinos through innovative strategies (Latinos ages 19 years and under)
uses culture and language as assets to improve life for young Latinos and their families in the United States and its territories
demonstrates an innovative solution to a challenging problem faced by young Latinos
is replicable and serves as a model for other communities with Latino populations
has been in existence for at least three years
employs multiple funding strategies
respects the culture, language and spirituality of Latino cultures
provides services with partners or collaborators and
has governance and staff that is representative of the population the program serves.
There are other programs in the United States and Puerto Rico that are fulfilling a promise of a brighter future for Latino children and we are looking for them. It is hoped that the La Promesa de un Futuro Brillante award is the first of many other efforts to find out what works and to promote the programs that are truly effective for Latino children and youth. The national crisis Latino children are facing will require the diligent effort of many groups. Corporations, schools, elected officials, the media, nonprofit organizations, celebrities, churches, and individuals all have a role to play in reversing the trends. A great deal can be learned from the youth whose lives have been touched and who are la promesa de un futuro brillante.


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Tribal-inspired print brings color and style to this classic button-down dress. Add on layered necklaces and a chic straw hat to complete a sun-ready look for the weekend.
• Spread collar. Sleeveless.
• Tribal-inspired pattern. Two front flap pockets at chest. Elasticized waist with self-tie at waist.
• Button front closures
• Measures 39 ¾" length from shoulder to hem
• 100% Silk. Lining: 96% Polyester, 4% Spandex
• Dry clean
Measurement taken from a size small
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Member of the Down Association of Canada |
Home → St. Geneve Fine Bedding → Feather & Down Toppers |
St. Geneve's most popular featherbed is the Deckbette. Featuring a down filled top layer for extra softness. Guaranteed against flaws in workmanship and/or materials for 5 years. Packaged in an attractive, re-usable, breathable fabric bag.
If you are seeking to add the maximum amount of comfort to your mattress, a high quality featherbed such as the Deckbette is simply unrivaled. And with Zurguard® certification, rest assured your featherbed is hypoallergenic, providing many nights of healthy sleeping.
This item is covered by the manufacturer's 5 year warranty against defects in workmanship. The Mattress & Sleep Company will act on your behalf in the event of any potential warranty claim. St. Geneve guarantees the warmth of their regular weight duvets for 10 years.
In the event that you discover another Canadian retailer offering the same item for a lower price, simply let us know. The Mattress & Sleep Company will either match or beat the lower price either before you've made a purchase or up to 120 days after your purchase with us.
Visit The Sleep Sound Guarantee® page for more information.


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It's been very sunny and warm in Rhode Island. Summer is definitely here to stay! On those really warm days I'm thrilled that I have central air and can sit in the house if I want to and not sweat my toosh off. But the kid in me would love to turn the central air in and get a swimming pool. Crazy I know. However at nighttime would be a biatch without the AC. As you can tell I don't have the next Michael Phelps living in my house but if my son could start swimming away who knows anything is possible.
This week it's all about lemons.
Lemons are sunshine and summer.
Lemons are tangy and tart.
Lemons are fragrant and vibrant.
One of my favorite frozen summer drinks is Del's lemonade. Del's lemonade is absolutely a must on a HOT summer day. I know I've talked about it before in another summer post. It's like a slushy or an Italian ice drink but so much better. It's made of lemons, water, corn syrup, lots of sugar and ice. I buy it by the quarts and keep it in the freezer when I get on my Del's lemonade kicks. You can buy the mix in most grocery stores, I've yet to try it. If you do make it, let me know how it tastes. You can even adult it up some and add some citron or plain vodka.
The lemon rounds are a sugar cookie, shaped into a log, rolled into yellow sanding sugar, sliced and baked. The recipe was adapted from the Cookie Craft cookbook.
Lemon Rounds
makes about 4 dozen
3 cups all purpose flour
1/4 tsp salt
1 cup granulated sugar
1 cup unsalted butter; softened
1 egg
2 tsp pure lemon extract
1-2 lemons zested; I used 1.5 lemons
yellow sanding sugar
In a medium size bowl mix flour and salt. Set aside.
Cream butter, sugar and lemon zest for 3 minutes.
Scrape the sides and add the egg and lemon extract. Mix until egg is incorporated.
Add half of the flour mixture into the bowl and mix. Add the rest of the flour mixture until mix forms a bowl.
Divide dough into two halves and place each on waxed paper.
Squeeze and roll dough into a log. The dough will keep it's shape while chilling when you slide it into a paper towel tube. This is a Martha Stewart's tip. It did help when I held the log in one hand and twisting the paper towel roll.
Place in the fridge until it's chilled. I kept mine in there for about two hours.
Preheat oven to 350.
Take out log, unwrap the wax paper and pour sanding sugar onto the wax paper.
Roll and press the dough log into the sanding sugar covering all sides of the dough except for the ends.
Slice and place rounds onto parchment lined baking sheet.
Bake for 4-5 minutes and rotate pan.
Bake for another 4-5 minutes.
Let cool on baking sheet for 2 minutes then place onto wired rack to finish cooling.
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ChordsChords v2Chords v3Ukulele
Missy Higgins - Going North By Frouflash. 100% accurate. Capo on 1st and standard tuning. Chords: are relative to capo. Em Bm(how missy plays it) G D Dsus4 D2(without the D) G2 C2 Am Ch/pm e-0--2-----------------------3-2-3----2----------------------3---0--0--0-0 b-0--3-----------------------0-3-3----3----------------------3---3--1--1-1 g-0--4-----------------------0-2-2----0----------------------0---0--2--0-0 d-2--4-----------------------0-0-0----0----------------------0---2--2--2h2h2 a-2--0-----------------------2-------------------------------2---3--0--3-3 e-0--0-----------------------3-------------------------------3---------- Intro/Verse : Em Bm C B/pm G Ch/pm G D D2 Em Bm Ch/pm G I wanna dance the tango with chance Ch/pm G D D2 I wanna ride on the wire Cos nothing gets done with dust in your gun And nobody respects a liar C G D Em So Ggoodbye for a while I'm off to explore D C D D2 D Every boundary and every door G2 C2 Dsus4 D Yeah I'm going north Em Bm Ch/pm G I wanna know where children would go Ch/pm G D D2 If they never learnt to be cool Cos nothing's achieved when pushed up a sleeve Till nobody thinks you're a fool C G D Em So goodbye for a while I'm out to learn more D C D D2 D About who I really was before G2 C2 Dsus4 D Yeah I'm going north G2 C2 Dsus4 D Up where the hunted hide with ease Em C2 Dsus4 D Under the arms of eye-less trees G2 C2 Dsus4 D Up where the answers fall like leaves Am D D2 Oh and your love is all I need G2 C2 Dsus4 D Yeah I'm going north Comments
Popular Missy Higgins tabs & chords Song lyrics
↑ Back to top | Tablatures and chords are parodies/interpretations of the original songs. You may use it for private study, scholarship, research or language learning purposes only |


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FRANKFORT, Kentucky — House Republicans re-elected their longtime leader on Tuesday despite growing frustration in the party that Kentucky remains the only Southern state with a Democratic-controlled legislature.
Rep. Jeff Hoover won by a 2-to-1 margin over Rep. Adam Koenig in an election behind closed doors on the first day of the 2015 legislative session. The election marked the first time Hoover faced meaningful opposition in his 14 years as the Republican leader. It came after a poor showing in the November elections where Republicans made major gains in state legislatures across the country but failed to cut into the Democrats' eight-seat majority in Kentucky.
"As a caucus and as a group we are united," Hoover said after the vote. "We had good discussions. Everybody is ready to move forward."
Democrats re-elected House Speaker Greg Stumbo, who faced no opposition. Stumbo has said for months he was waiting until the election for speaker to decide if he would challenge Attorney General Jack Conway for the Democratic nomination for governor this year. But Stumbo told reporters before the vote he had no plans to run for governor.
Instead, Stumbo took to the House floor to urge his colleagues to work together and show the federal politicians in Washington, D.C., what government can accomplish.
"We can agree upon a number of things in this session," Stumbo told lawmakers during a speech honoring Rep. Larry Clark of Louisville, who stepped down as Speaker Pro Tem after holding the office for 21 years.
State lawmakers signaled a willingness to work together on a number of issues, including allowing local governments to temporarily raise taxes to help pay for major construction projects and a bill to combat the rising number of deaths linked to heroin overdoses. But in an election year with an open governor's seat — Democratic Gov. Steve Beshear cannot seek a third term — political cooperation could be at a premium. The Republican-controlled Senate could take action this week on a heroin bill that was written by Sen. Chris McDaniel, the running mate of Republican gubernatorial candidate James Comer.
Hoover said he has spoken with Stumbo several times, including the night before the November elections, and said he was encouraged the two sides could work together.
"He and I (need) to set the example of working together in a bipartisan way on important issues," Hoover said.
Joining Hoover in the Republican leadership ranks was Rep. Stan Lee of Lexington as the Republican Caucus chairman and Rep. Jim DeCesare of Bowling Green as the new Republican whip. Democrats chose Jody Richards of Bowling Green as the new Speaker Pro Tem, returning the former House Speaker and two-time candidate for governor to the leadership ranks.
State Rep. Johnny Bell of Glasgow is the new majority whip, surviving a controversy that emerged late last week over whether he would continue to employ some female staffers who had accused a former Democratic lawmaker of sexual harassment. Bell told reporters after the vote he had not decided whom he would hire for his staff.
Conway's lieutenant governor running mate Sannie Overly was re-elected as majority caucus chairwoman while Rep. Rocky Adkins of Sandy Hook was re-elected as the majority floor leader. Adkins is also considering a run for governor but has not made a decision.
Lawmakers are scheduled to meet through Friday before taking a two-week break. Beshear is scheduled to deliver his final State of the Commonwealth address on Wednesday.


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The High Line at the Rail Yards in New York has unveiled Diller Scofidio + Renfro's design concept for a section of the park known as the Spur. Extending across the intersection of 10th Avenue and West 30th Street, the Spur will feature a bowl-shaped structure that immerses visitors in nature. In its previous life, the section was a passageway for freight trains to carry mail to and from the upper-floor loading docks of the post office building.
Dense plantings such as broad-leaf woodland grasses, perennials, ferns, and snakebark maple and black tupelo trees will surround the bowl, the base of which features tiered seating. The result is a vegetated interior room accessible through various openings.
The High Line is targeting a full public opening in late 2014, with the Spur scheduled for completion one to two years afterward.
Renderings by James Corner Field Operations and Diller Scofidio + Renfro, courtesy of the City of New York


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One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) BRRip x264 AAC-CrEwSaDe
Language: English
02:13:42 | 720x400 | XviD - 810Kbps | 23.976fps | AAC - 192Kbps | 956MB
Genre: Drama
IMDB info
McMurphy has a offender past and has once again gotten himself into derange with the law. To escape labor duties in prison, McMurphy pleads insanity and is sent to a warden for the mentally unstable. Once in the present life, McMurphy both endures and stands corroborator to the abuse and degradation of the heavy Nurse Ratched, who gains superiority and prerogative through the flaws of the other inmates. McMurphy and the other inmates bandage together to make a rebellious stance opposed to the atrocious Nurse.


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Who are you, and what do you do?
I am Ville Tuulos. I co-founded Bitdeli with my brother Jyri Tuulos. We want to democratize analytics by providing a fun and productive environment for sharing and building scripts that measure your business.
We admire applications that look and feel amazingly simple and yet are super powerful under the hood. This is our guiding principle for Bitdeli.
After 6 months of busy hacking, we launched the first version of Bitdeli in February 2012. Thanks to great feedback we have been getting since the launch, we will be releasing a big update this fall. Stay tuned!
What is your technology stack?
Bitdeli is powered by the combination of Erlang and Amazon Web Services. Erlang itself is one of those things that is at the same time simple and amazingly powerful. It is designed for building highly-available distributed systems, i.e the backbone of your infrastructure. For that purpose it works better than anything else. For non-concurrent components, we use Python), Javascript and C), and have them supervised by Erlang.
Bitdeli is designed to be a native citizen of public clouds like AWS. It is surprisingly different to design a data-intensive system specifically for the cloud compared to dedicated hardware. After hacking Disco, an open-source implementation MapReduce, for over three years and now Bitdeli, this topic is becoming close to my heart.
One of the biggest benefits of this approach is that the system can mostly deploy itself automatically based on the actual load. Instead of using a service like Auto Scaling at AWS, we manage the process in our own Erlang code with a little help from Boto. It is not turtles all the way down though. At the very bottom we are using Fabric to bootstrap the environment.
On the client side, Jyri is an eager user of Backbone.js and JQuery. For visualizations, we have been going back and forth but currently we are happy with D3. The new version of Bitdeli will be using Twitter Bootstrap although we try to avoid making it too obvious.
What software do you use to run your business?
Our code lives in several Git repositories, some of which are hosted at GitHub. Based on my earlier expriences, it is super important to agree on a common workflow for Git right from the start. To keep things simple, we decided to follow this well known branching model and these simple guidelines for commit messages.
Rebar is an excellent build tool for Erlang which also does great job in managing dependencies using Git. In addition to Rebar, http://basho.com has contributed a whole bunch of useful, high-quality libraries for Erlang - thanks Basho!
Regarding human-to-human communication, we rely on Google Apps (mostly Gmail), Flowdock and Trello. I had hard time believing that any chat service could beat IRC but I have become addicted to tags, attachments and search in Flowdock. Trello works well for seeing the big picture with one glimpse.
We use Pingdom to monitor our infrastructure and Olark to chat with our users. Our mailing list is managed by MailChimp - they are also our golden standard when it comes to any user-facing communication. Emails sent by the system are handled by MailGun. We take a look at their documentation or Stripe when we need an example of a beautiful and developer-friendly API.
For backup and storage, we use both Dropbox and Rsync.net. Rsync.net provides a stable and no-nonsense storage service, which most importantly is independent from Amazon. Don't put all eggs in one cloud. For the same reason some of our non-elastic servers are hosted by Linode.
What business software do you most wish existed?
Someone should create a service that provided a real-time benchmark over all cloud and VPS providers. Naturally it would need to be fully automated, as the environment is constantly evolving.
I wouldn't mind if they acted as a broker, dealing us cheapest available computing capacity from any provider given our requirements at any point of time.


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Valentine's Day
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In addition to Tampa Bay Florist, GiftTree offers gift ideas for every important occasion, making your online gift shopping a successful and rewarding experience. So whether you're looking for a florist in Tampa Bay to handle your flower delivery Tampa Bay selection, or your flowers Tampa Bay order, or looking for Tampa Bay gift baskets, the Florist Tampa Bay Shop, Tampa Bay fruit baskets, Tampa Bay florists, or even Florists Tampa Bay, Tampa Bay flowers, Tampa Bay balloons, or need Tampa Bay flower delivery from a Tampa Bay florist, GiftTree provides the elegant solution.
The Tampa Bay Flower Show!
At last, Tampa has a world-class flower show that focuses on the special climate and eco-systems of the Tampa Bay, Florida area.
The show features more than 15 stunning demonstration flower gardens - seeing the orchids alone are worth the price of admission. Also included are floral and garden classes and workshops where you learn about techniques and planting materials that will inspire you to create your own perfect flower garden.
Those visiting the Tampa Bay Flower Show from colder climates will have an opportunity learn about tropical and semi-tropical plants that can be adapted to flourish in cooler climates.


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The Message (MSG) | New International Version (NIV) |
1 So, my dear Christian friends, companions in following this call to the heights, take a good hard look at Jesus. He's the centerpiece of everything we believe, | 1 Therefore, holy brothers, who share in the heavenly calling, fix your thoughts on Jesus, the apostle and high priest whom we confess. |
2 faithful in everything God gave him to do. Moses was also faithful, | 2 He was faithful to the one who appointed him, just as Moses was faithful in all God's house. |
3 but Jesus gets far more honor. A builder is more valuable than a building any day. | 3 Jesus has been found worthy of greater honor than Moses, just as the builder of a house has greater honor than the house itself. |
4 Every house has a builder, but the Builder behind them all is God. | 4 For every house is built by someone, but God is the builder of everything. |
5 Moses did a good job in God's house, but it was all servant work, getting things ready for what was to come. | 5 Moses was faithful as a servant in all God's house, testifying to what would be said in the future. |
6 Christ as Son is in charge of the house. | 6 But Christ is faithful as a son over God's house. And we are his house, if we hold on to our courage and the hope of which we boast. |
7 That's why the Holy Spirit says, Today, please listen; | 7 So, as the Holy Spirit says: "Today, if you hear his voice, |
8 don't turn a deaf ear as in "the bitter uprising," that time of wilderness testing! | 8 do not harden your hearts as you did in the rebellion, during the time of testing in the desert, |
9 Even though they watched me at work for forty years, your ancestors refused to let me do it my way; over and over they tried my patience. | 9 where your fathers tested and tried me and for forty years saw what I did. |
10 And I was provoked, oh, so provoked! I said, "They'll never keep their minds on God; they refuse to walk down my road." | 10 That is why I was angry with that generation, and I said, 'Their hearts are always going astray, and they have not known my ways.' |
11 Exasperated, I vowed, "They'll never get where they're going, never be able to sit down and rest." | 11 So I declared on oath in my anger, 'They shall never enter my rest.' " |
12 So watch your step, friends. Make sure there's no evil unbelief lying around that will trip you up and throw you off course, diverting you from the living God. | 12 See to it, brothers, that none of you has a sinful, unbelieving heart that turns away from the living God. |
13 For as long as it's still God's Today, keep each other on your toes so sin doesn't slow down your reflexes. | 13 But encourage one another daily, as long as it is called Today, so that none of you may be hardened by sin's deceitfulness. |
14 If we can only keep our grip on the sure thing we started out with, we're in this with Christ for the long haul. | 14 We have come to share in Christ if we hold firmly till the end the confidence we had at first. |
15 These words keep ringing in our ears: Today, please listen; don't turn a deaf ear as in the bitter uprising. | 15 As has just been said: "Today, if you hear his voice, do not harden your hearts as you did in the rebellion." |
16 For who were the people who turned a deaf ear? Weren't they the very ones Moses led out of Egypt? | 16 Who were they who heard and rebelled? Were they not all those Moses led out of Egypt? |
17 And who was God provoked with for forty years? Wasn't it those who turned a deaf ear and ended up corpses in the wilderness? | 17 And with whom was he angry for forty years? Was it not with those who sinned, whose bodies fell in the desert? |
18 And when he swore that they'd never get where they were going, wasn't he talking to the ones who turned a deaf ear? | 18 And to whom did God swear that they would never enter his rest if not to those who disobeyed ? |
19 They never got there because they never listened, never believed. | 19 So we see that they were not able to enter, because of their unbelief. |
Published by permission. Originally published by NavPress in English as THE MESSAGE: The Bible in Contemporary Language copyright 2002 by Eugene Peterson. All rights reserved. (The Message Bible Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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Support of research groups is a core activity of the Center for the Humanities. The program aims to provide financial and logistical support and space for sharing interests across disciplines and programs and to foster collaboration. Activities of research groups might be to plan and implement collaborative research projects, read and discuss texts and current scholarship, share work-in-progress, or to develop programs and infrastructure that support innovative scholarly activity. Groups must include individuals from at least two departments/programs, include both faculty and graduate students, and meet three times per quarter. Support will be granted on an annual basis.
Calls for proposals for new research groups come out at the end of the winter quarter.
Current research group conveners please click here to access forms and the FAQs page.


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Hi all
So, I told myself i'd plant some garlic this year, and I just got around to sticking a few cloves in containers for the winter. I am using apx 1" deep 3 gal containers for 3-4 cloves. We'll see what happens. But I brought the containers inside to plant (cause it's cold out), and now with the days so short its dark when I get home and haven't gotten chance to cover them with mulch and set outside yet. This got me to thinking: perhaps I could also try growing some indoors over the winter? As an experiment? If I leave them by the patio window they'll get sun but remain cool, and I might be able to take them outside in the spring. I will try both (some outdoor, some indoor) and see what happens. Any suggestions? I'm not entirely sure what variety is it, but purpleish, and grown organic in Ontario. Thanks
Follow-Up Postings:
It would probably be best to leave them out in the cold, at least until the cloves have time to root. Garlic are like tulips in that they grow roots in winter, tops in spring. Warm indoor temps would push new growth too soon. Perhaps the protected space outside on your patio would be an ideal spot for now. |
So, I planted garlic in 2 containers. 1 has been mulched and put outside, but the other I've been lazy about and has been sitting by my porch door for over a week. Last night I noticed that green sprouts are already coming up! Obviously I need to get them outside pronto, or I'll have garlic chives in the middle of january (maybe not a bad thing?). But, do I leave the sprouts or snip them off before mulching? Are they still ok to go outside now that this has happened? Any advice welcome Thanks |
- Posted by gemini_jim 7a MD (My Page) on Mon, Nov 19, 12 at 8:59
I would leave them. Get them outside and mulch them with leaves or straw. If they continue growing above the mulch you can add more mulch. Cold temperatures usually stop growth before too much damage occurs. I've never actually seen winter damage on my garlic, but my winter temps seldom fall below 15F. I also remove most of the mulch sometime in early Spring when active growth resumes, so the soil can warm and dry a bit faster. |
Well, I clipped off the sprouts (and used them in some cooking. very nice), got the mulch on and they're outside now. It doesn't get super cold here in the winter either. Maybe a few -20 nights, but they're in a sheltered spot so hopefully will be ok. Maybe we'll even get lucky and have snow! (I'm not counting on it...) I might plant some indoors just for the garlic chives, cause why not, if they're going to grow that fast. Thanks |
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My Profile
irvine, California
Member since Jun 2008
Flag This ProfileFlag as Inappropriate
Reviewed Roasted Eggplant with Garlic and Herbs
Sep 30, 2010 in Food Network Community Toolbox on Food Network
"Whoah whoah whoah!!! WAY too greasy. I followed the recipe as stated, but used 1 large eggplant and 1 large zucchini. It smelled great and looked great, but tasted horrible. It was so saturated in oil that it was inedible. INEDIBLE! What a disappointment.
I would recommend not adding any oil, just the garlic and spices. "


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Document Type Doctoral Thesis Author Palmer, Andrew J URN etd-09222004-071145 Document Title A novel empirical model of the k-factor for radiowave propagation in Southern Africa for communication planning applications Degree PhD Department Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering Supervisor
Advisor Name Title Prof D C Baker Committee Chair Keywords
- effective earth radius
- radio-wave propagation
- refractivity gradient
- vertical model of the troposphere
- neural network algorithm
- digital terrain model (DTM)
- the k-factor
- multiple regression – MINITAB
Date 2003-10-09 Availability unrestricted Abstract The objective of this study was to provide an adequate model of the k-factor for scientific radio planning in South Africa for terrestrial propagation. An extensive literature survey played an essential role in the research and provided verification and confirmation for the novelty of the research on historical grounds.The approach of the research was initially structured around theoretical analysis of existing data, which resulted from the work of J. W. Nel. The search for analytical models was extended further to empirical studies of primary data obtained from the South African Weather Service.
The methodology of the research was based on software technology, which provided new tools and opportunities to process data effectively and to visualise the results in an innovative manner by a means of digital terrain maps (DTMs) and spreadsheet graphics. MINITAB © software was used for regression analysis of the data, in addition to the neural network algorithm. The comparative studies and evaluation of the research were done by comparing predictions with existing data and primary data of groundbased meteorological observations obtained from the South African Weather Service.
A key finding of the study were that the expression for the cumulative distribution of the k-factor as a percentage of time for events could be represented by a truncated normal or gaussian function. The existing data were recreated according to the basic model. This model was extended further in terms of a dual cumulative distribution taking into account what appeared to be seasonal effects by using "dry" and "wet" terms. The results were validated successfully by comparison between observed and predicted data. The extended cumulative distribution model was in turn used with a DTM to generate height dependent contours of k-factor values for South Africa for different values of time availability. Use was also made of a point form of the refractivity gradient and ground based meteorological data obtained from the South African Weather Service, to predict the long-term average of the k-factor for South Africa. A contour map to illustrate the results was generated using the DTM. It has thus been possible to extrapolate values of the k-factor observed at a limited number of sites to cover the whole country using the algorithms developed and the DTM for the country. A number of new analytical models were proposed and evaluated.
Recommendations include that current research should continue in order to explain an apparent anomaly in the observed data around Alexander Bay. The vertical gradient of temperature will require further work to redefine its characteristics under different climatic and geographic conditions. Kriging, as a technique similar to the Neural Network approach, could be investigated further for applications using great circle distances between observation sites. The proposed model should be investigated further to determine whether it has potential global applications. A search for a generally applicable global representation of the k-factor should continue using the results of the work reported here.
Filename Size Approximate Download Time (Hours:Minutes:Seconds)
28.8 Modem 56K Modem ISDN (64 Kb) ISDN (128 Kb) Higher-speed Access 00front.pdf 37.11 Kb 00:00:10 00:00:05 00:00:04 00:00:02 < 00:00:01 01thesis.pdf 1.49 Mb 00:06:53 00:03:32 00:03:06 00:01:33 00:00:07 02back.pdf 268.63 Kb 00:01:14 00:00:38 00:00:33 00:00:16 00:00:01