text:
Master of Distance Education and E-Learning (MDE) Program
UMUC Graduate School Catalog (MDE pp. 20-21)
Program Description
Distance education and e-learning have expanded rapidly in the past few years, not just in the public and private education sectors, but also in the training sectors of the government, the military, and for-profit and nonprofit businesses. The demand for qualified managers and leaders in the field is likely to create many new career opportunities. The Master of Distance Education and E-Learning (MDE) is designed to develop general knowledge and competencies in all aspects of both the business and technical issues related to distance education. The goal of the program is to produce individuals who are capable of managing distance education and e-learning enterprises within a wide variety of organizational structures.
Program Objectives
The program is designed to help students to
- Develop and communicate a mission and vision for the implementation of distance education and e-learning within an organization.
- Function effectively as leaders, managers, and team members within a distance education or training organization.
- Develop strategic goals and business plans for distance education and e-learning within an organization.
- Analyze and recommend an organizational distance education technology plan and manage the implementation of that technology in distance delivery.
- Design, implement, and assess the necessary support services for a distance education or e-learning program.
- Demonstrate competency in organizational and management processes, leadership and change management, information technology, business development, strategic action planning, problem solving, ethics, and social responsibility.
Program Overview
The curriculum requires 36 credits of coursework, including 15 credits of core courses, 18 credits of specialization courses, and a 3-credit capstone course.
Program Accreditation
UMUC's Master of Distance Education and E-Learning program is accredited by the European Foundation for Management Development–Technology-Enhanced Learning (EFMD CEL). EFMD CEL is the highest international standard of technology-enhanced learning programs in the field of management education.
The Master of Distance Education and E-Learning offers three specializations, each covering subject areas relevant to today's career fields. Each specialization helps prepare students for one of several possible career paths, depending on the student's background and employer criteria.
Distance Education Policy and Management
The policy and management specialization focuses on the reasons why investment in education is so highly valued by governments and individuals and how distance education programs are budgeted and their costs evaluated. The core of this specialization examines the technology costs and economics of distance learning and other management competencies. More information about certificates, including gainful employment disclosures, is available at www.umuc.edu/gradcertificates.
Masters of Distance Education
Career Paths
- Director of distance learning, director of extended education, access director, or director of continuing education
- Project/program manager/director
- Coordinator of online instruction
- Financial advisor/account manager or financial analyst/financial manager
- Distance learning librarian
Distance Education Teaching and Training
The objective of the teaching and training specialization is to educate managers about the demands placed on teaching personnel and trainers by emerging information and communications technologies. To deal with the specific teaching-related aspects of distance education, this specialization examines the instructional design process, as well as the integration of the appropriate selection of media. The specialization examines the technology-related aspects of distance learning and specific management-related issues such as intellectual property, accreditation, and quality assurance.
Career Paths
- Manager of online teaching/tutoring/training
- Online pedagogy expert
- Coordinator of online instruction
- Online librarian/resource manager
- Program evaluator/educational consultant
- Subject matter expert for distance education
Distance Education Technology
The distance education technology specialization is designed to train managers in the technology-related aspects of distance education program development, including setting up appropriate technology configurations, selecting tools, and managing the aspects of media integration and course design and development affected by technology. Managers are also made critically aware of the relationship of globalization and communication technologies, which influence distance education. The specialization provides a foundation in the history of media and technology in distance education, sets a framework for guiding appropriate technology choices, and provides an in-depth understanding of both asynchronous and synchronous technologies.
Career Paths
- Technical director
- Production manager
- Technical expert/advisor/consultant
- Coordinator of online instruction
- Online course support specialist
Academic Relationship
The Master of Distance Education and E-Learning program is offered in partnership with Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany, a leading German institution with extensive experience in distance education.
Dual Degree Option
Students who complete the Master of Distance Education and E-Learning may then complete one of the following degrees as part of a dual degree option:
- Master of Business Administration
- Master of Education in instructional technology
- Master of Science in management
More information on dual degree programs is available on UMUC Graduate Catalog.
More information about certificates, including gainful employment disclosures, is available at www.umuc.edu/gradcertificates.
Contact Us
Street Address:
3501 University Blvd. East
Adelphi, MD 20783


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We are well-established local and long distance professional movers.
We offer:
* storage services
* golden packages
* free over the phone quotes
* on-site estimates
We also offer complimentary wardrobe boxes, moving blankets, and 24-hour service.
San Francisco, CA 94103
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subset: commoncrawl


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Baltimore Felon Exiled to 18 Years in Prison for Possessing a Gun
Baltimore, Maryland - U.S. District Judge Benson E. Legg sentenced Kevin J. Johnson, age 33, of Baltimore, today to 18 years in prison followed by three years of supervised release for being a felon in possession of a firearm. Judge Legg enhanced Johnson's sentence upon finding that he is an armed career criminal based on three previous drug convictions.
The sentence was announced by United States Attorney for the District of Maryland Rod J. Rosenstein; Special Agent in Charge Ava Cooper-Davis of the Drug Enforcement Administration - Washington Field Division; Commissioner Frederick H. Bealefeld III of the Baltimore City Police Department; and Baltimore City State's Attorney Gregg L. Bernstein.
According to evidence presented at his three day trial, on September 4, 2010 Baltimore Police officers working at a parking garage located at 414 Water Street in Baltimore observed Johnson chasing another individual with a shiny object in his hand. An officer yelled for them to stop. Johnson stumbled and when he stood, he was holding a handgun which he pointed at the individual. Johnson walked over to a window grate and dropped the gun to the street below. The officers cuffed Johnson and recovered the gun, which was loaded with one round in the chamber and six rounds in the magazine.
United States Attorney Rod J. Rosenstein commended the DEA, Baltimore City Police Department and Baltimore City State's Attorney's Office for their work in this investigation. Mr. Rosenstein thanked Special Assistant United States Attorney Christine M. Celeste and Assistant United States Attorney Brooke Carey, who prosecuted the case.


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Pink and Purple Personalized Birthday Banner
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I use this product to decorate for each of my daughter's birthdays. We hang up with command hooks so it is easy. All we do is roll is up when we are done and up it goes next year. The girls love something so personal and
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I thought that the two I ordered would be an interesting baby shower gift that no-one else would think to order and it can be used from now on on their b-days. I didn't put an age just Happy Birthday and the child's name. I am going to both of the baby showers in October and feel sure they will love them.
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With us here are 3 of the principles of the NASA JPL Voyager project which is- which this year won our Mechanical Lifetime Achievement Award. We like to give this award to machines and the people who create and tend to them that have over their lifetime sort of stunned us with what they can do, and what they have discovered and what they've achieved. In the past- in I think it was last year, we gave an award to the Mars Rover which outlived its projected lifespan by several years. And this year, we're looking at 2 space probes that have dwarfed the lifespan of the Mars Rovers. The Voyagers were launched in 1977 and they were projected to have-correct me if I'm wrong-a 4-year lifespan? Is that correct?
And they are now still sending signal back 35 years later and they are the- just to put this in perspective, the furthest human object from the planet Earth right now. They are the deepest things we have ever sent into space and they are still- and there is nothing that's going to catch up to them for the foreseeable future. They have on them information about the planet Earth and the people here and the life on planet Earth. They are, as things stand now, if ever we- if ever a physical object makes it to an alien species, if there is one, this will be the first message that we've delivered out there to them short of, of course, radio waves which I guess we could get into. So with us here today is Ed Stone. He's a professor of physics at Caltech and a former director of NASA JPL. Is that correct?
Jet Propulsion Lab. Today, we also have Suzanne Dodd who I'm told call you Susie, is that right?
That's fine, yeah.
Okay. Susie Dodd, the project manager for Voyager, the current project manager for the Voyager Interstellar Mission, and Jefferson Hall, the Voyager Mission flight director. I wanted to split this into 3 sections. I'm gonna try and keep moving as fast as possible. I don't wanna go overtime here, but I'm going to split it into 3 sections. One is on the history of the project. The second is on the day-to-day operations of it and just how we communicate and operate 2 vehicles that are so far out into space. And the third is on the Interstellar Mission right now and what makes the Voyager probes newsworthy right now is that they are about to- well, at least we suspect, they are about to or may have already crossed the heliopause and I could attempt to tell you what that is, but I would rather start with Ed Stone. And why don't you explain to me- and why don't you explain to me what the heliopause is and why it is significant?
Well, the sun has a million mile per hour wind blowing radially outward from it in all directions. That's the solar atmosphere just expanding out into space and that expansion creates a huge bubble around the sun. And up until now, all the spacecraft have been inside the bubble. All the planets are well inside the bubble. Voyager 2 now is 122 times as far from the sun as the Earth is and it's right at the edge of this bubble, about to enter interstellar space.
Voyager 1.
I'm sorry, Voyager 1. About to enter interstellar space, that is to leave the solar bubble behind and/or into the material which is outside which has come from the explosion of other stars in the last 5 or 10 million years ago. So it's a major milestone in human exploration once we leave the bubble.
So, I'll start with the- with a few questions about the history of it then. So, in 1977, the Voyager project- the Voyager probes were launched in 1977 because of a rare planetary alignment that was gonna happen that year and not for another 176 years. So, what was the nature of this multi-planetary episode? When was it discovered? And did NASA pick up on the urgency immediately? And I'll let- you've been with the project the longest, right? So, I'll let you- in fact, since 1972, is that correct?
Yes, that's right.
So, I'll let you speak to that.
Yeah, it was 1965 when a graduate student from Caltech was working at summer job at the JPL and his job was to look for opportunities to fly by a planet and use a planet's sling-shot effect to speed the spacecraft up. And what he discovered was that if you launched the spacecraft in 1977, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune were all on the same side of the sun in just an orientation that a single spacecraft could fly by one after the other and fly by all 4 and it was then just a 12-year journey to Neptune rather than 30 years. So it really did make a huge difference in the possibility of exploring all of the giant outer planets. Every 176 years, this alignment happens.
And how prepared at the time was NASA for this sort of mission?
Well, this was 1965. It was hard to get even to Mars in 1965. Not all the missions worked. So this was a bold step but in fact there was a plan to develop a very special spacecraft which would have a high probability of operating for 12 years in the space. Remember the space age itself was still very young and I was deciding it was too expensive and, in fact, instead of that, it was opted to go what was called the Mariner Jupiter Saturn '77 Mission with a goal of just a 4-year mission to Saturn but launched in 1977 so that if everything was working, we could step by step complete what was then called the Grand Tour.
Let me switch to Susie and Jefferson for a moment. Describe the type of equipment that's on board the probes. What's on it? What did those- what did the equipment do?
Well, there are originally- was it 10 or 11?
11, 11 [unknown].
11 instruments. I believe 5 of those were like camera-type instruments, so 2 cameras and infrared spectrometer, photopolarimeter.
A UV spectrometer.
And a UV spectrometer. So those particular instruments were used to take images of the planets. Those instruments no longer operate. They could operate, but there's nothing for them to look at. They were designed to look at the planets. We also have a set of- a suite of instruments that we called fields and particles instruments and they're out there just sensing the environment of space and those are the instruments that are operating right now. And so this is all 19- early '70s to mid-'70s technology. One good data point I like to tell people is that in 1977, the Apple 2 computer came out, so that's the technology. The Voyager was just slightly older then when it launched, so it doesn't have a lot of memory, something in the order of 3000 words, that's what I was reading, which is about a half of megabyte, you know, not a very good image from your iPhone. That's about as much memory as a spacecraft has. But I think somewhat the simplicity of it and then the redundancy that was built into it has made it last as long as it has.
Now, Jefferson, I know that- we had talked earlier and you had mentioned that you had been involved in I think the Apollo program before this, is that correct?
That's correct.
So how- how would you- I mean how would you contrast the 2 types of missions? How long have you been on the Voyager mission?
Well, since '78.
Oh, wow. So, you've been- you've been part of 2 very iconic moments in the American space program. How do you- how do you see that two?
Well, I wasn't really that close to the- you know, to the Apollo program. I was [unknown] test the Saturn to second stage down at [unknown] California. So I really wasn't involved in the operation [unknown] on the Apollo program. Whereas on the Voyager project, I've been involved in various phases of operation from sequence into, you know, spacecraft operations, etc. And it's very interesting and it's been very rewarding and what's really interesting about the mission now is that we are in a region where no one has been before, so it's new science. So it's very interesting to see what's out there, you know. There's no model, no predictions of what we're gonna see, so it's very interesting to be able to see in my lifetime what's beyond this transition.
The Voyagers have both a scientific as well as a cultural mission. The Voyager program famously worked with Carl Sagan to produce the Golden Record which is- we'll get into all the details of it, but it's pretty fascinating. It has everything from sort of various music from around the planet. It has images. It's got messages from world leaders at that time. What was it like- this was a- this was sort of Carl Sagan's pet project that he really sort of put forth to use these probes as a message to the universe. What was it like working with him? And what was the- how do you sort of reconcile the dual nature, the scientific and the sort of cultural missions of Voyager?
Well, Voyager is after all more than just a science mission. It really is a mission of exploration. It's sort of related to many missions of discovery, both seaworthy and even further back than that. So I think that Carl Sagan designed some plaques for Pioneer 10 and 11 which were the first spacecraft to fly by Jupiter and Saturn.
That's really what the human sort of-
Yeah, that's right, but that was just a plague and then John Casani who was the project manager of Voyager at that time just before it launched, asked Carl if he would be willing to design a similar thing for Voyager. His team decided they could do better than just a plaque. They could actually create a 16-2/3 RPM grooved record, double-sided which would have on it these images of Earth, greetings from 55 languages of Earth, music from all the many cultures on Earth and I think it was really a time capsule basically of- this is the place that finally could send such a message to leave the sun forever. This spacecraft will never come back. It will orbit the center of our galaxy along with all the stars for the next billions of years, so a little bit of Earth will in fact be in orbit around the center of our galaxy.
We've got no way of getting it back? With all this engineering, do we find a way to get them back?
I understand that the record actually has a- it comes with a needle, is that correct?
It comes with a phono card, yes.
Just in case they don't have a record player. So the- the Voyager spacecraft has taken some iconic images of obviously all the 4 gas giants that you mentioned-Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. All of you have been involved at some stage where you've been involved with an encounter with the planet. Is that correct? I'm just curious how it feels when you know that the space- how it felt anyway when the spacecraft was approaching a planet and you knew that you were about to actually, I guess, engage another planet in the Solar System closer than any human- I guess, closer than any human or human machine had ever managed to do. How does that feel in, you know, amongst you and your colleagues? I guess I'll work down the line. [unknown].
Well, certainly- no, science is often something where there's a return that comes periodically over a period of years. But these encounters were quite different. We really started on this mission in 1972, launched in 1977 and during all that time, there were no scientific discoveries. The first discoveries came in 1979 with the first Jupiter flyby and then they came in a flood. So, it was really remarkable. Each day, we were seeing things that no one had seen before. The next day, we saw still more things at even higher resolution. So everyday, it was a day of discovery. It was really quite a remarkable experience as a scientist to see so many new things so rapidly in succession, and things we hadn't even thought we would find. We hadn't even had thought about the possibility of.
What's a good example of that?
Volcanoes. Before Voyager, there were- the only known active volcanoes in the Solar System were here on Earth. And then there's Io with 10 times volcanic activity of Earth. Here on Earth was the only known water oceans. Then you see Europa which had a nice pack on it just so it had an ocean. The only known nitrogen atmosphere in the Solar System was right here on Earth. And after we flew by Triton at Saturn, there was a moon which had a nitrogen atmosphere of 60% more higher pressure than here on Earth. Just time after time, what I call our terracentric view suddenly had to be greatly expanded and that happened day after day and planet after planet and it's still happening as we're entering interstellar space.
And Susie and Jefferson, from a really technical and operational point of view, what do you like- I know that a lot of the systems has to be automated by the very nature of them, but as you're preparing for this, as you're dealing with things like how do imagery at a distance like that- how do you even know that you're looking at the right thing? How does that work?
Well, we did- I came on Voyager before the Uranus encounter. It was my first job out of college, a matter of fact, I had a couple different opportunities and I chose to work on Voyager 'cause how many other spacecraft are gonna be sent to Uranus and Neptune? You know. [unknown]. So, it was very exciting to get on the project. It already had the history of the Jupiter and Saturn flybys and discoveries but, you know, Uranus and Neptune were a little bit of a different animal because they're both much further out so the light when you're trying to take pictures, the light is a lot fainter and in particular- and there's less known about the orbits, the mass of the planets. They were kind of fuzzy, little blobs I think that the Hubble space telescope had taken a few pictures of. So, in particular, Neptune, I was working in the sequencing area and we made a lot of adaptations to how we did sequencing to adjust for the low light levels and the unknowns and the mass. We didn't know exactly where we're gonna flyby the planet because we didn't know the mass and what the gravity effects would be on the spacecraft. So, we developed a system where we had something called a movable block and it took- I'm trying to remember the one way. It took how many, maybe 5 hours to get commands back at Neptune? Anyway, it took a while to send the commands to the spacecraft all the way at Neptune too because it's just so far away. But so, basically what we did is we were- we created a sequence so that the most critical portion could be shifted in time without running into the portion around it. So we put margin on the most critical portion of the sequence and then I think probably in Jefferson's area, they developed image motion compensation where they actually slewed the spacecraft with the motion of your image. It would be like trying to take a picture out of your car window and you need to keep on- you need to pan it to keep it on the same object. That's essentially what we did at Neptune too. So those are, you know- that gives you an example of some of the engineering adaptations we did for the outer bodies of the Grand Tour.
Jefferson, describe the propulsion system on Voyager- on the Voyager probes. How- the way I understand it is that it's like an incredibly fine-tuning. It's very, very low power. You're trying to do tiny adjustments here and there. Is that right?
Well, now we are because we're not doing trajectory change maneuvers anymore. So we have process on board that just fire, you know, to keep the spacecraft oriented, okay, and it also keeps the high-gain antenna pointed to Earth so we'll always maintain communication. So, currently we're not using a whole lot of fuel because we're not really firing, you know, a lot of pulses, okay. So we use on the average you know, maybe 5 kilograms of fuel for a week or something like that. Now we are doing more maneuvers on Voyager 1 that's causing us to use additional fuel but, you know, fuel is not an issue as far as, you know, lifetime of the mission. You know-
We have something like 60 years fuel left, so-
60 plus years of fuel left because we don't use very much of it, okay.
Fuel is not the limiting resource.
Yeah, power is the limiting resource, okay. The RTGs, radioisotope thermo generators, which generate power for the spacecraft, we lose about 4.3 watts per year, okay. We currently have about 268 watts remaining on each spacecraft, okay. So we have to manage the power very closely, okay, to make sure we always maintain a margin in the event something happens unexpected, okay. You know, [unknown] come on, you know. You'd had some kind of unplanned maneuvers, something like that. So we have to really maintain our resources and that's really, you know, the big job right now is making sure we have enough resources. We anticipate having enough power to last until about 2020, possibly 2025. [unknown] that we have on board. Around 2020, we anticipate having to store a dual power share, made an entire estimate all for a period of time [unknown] between estimate but that hasn't been determined yet. But that's what we think we have to do.
Yeah, and I wanna get back to the nature of the power source 'cause it's rather interesting. But before we go there, I wanted to ask one more thing about the propulsion systems and just how you engineer this- how the gravitational slingshot works and just what the sort of the mechanics of it are, both from a sort of gravitational standpoint but also from a propulsion standpoint. How do you- how much engineering are you doing as you're going around the planet? Or do you just steer it in and let the planet sort of take its course? How does that work?
Well, the gravitational slingshot effect just comes with the fact that the planets are orbiting the sun, therefore, they're moving and as the spacecraft flies by and turns a corner, it picks up some of that orbital motion and so in fact, we got as large a change in spacecraft speed when we flew by Jupiter as we got from the launch vehicle in Florida. So it's as though one head on an entire launch vehicle, virtual launch vehicle propelling a spacecraft giving it a large boost. When we launched Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, we did not have enough energy to get even to Saturn. We go that energy at Jupiter. It gave us a big boost and sent us on our way and then Saturn gave us another boost and that result is Voyager 1 is the fastest thing leaving the Solar System at 17 kilometers per second, about 38,000 miles per hour.
How does that compare to like a comet?
Well, comets have comparable speeds but they're coming in. In fact, you know, the Earth is moving 30 kilometers per second around the sun. So, Voyager is moving half as fast as the Earth is moving in its orbit around the sun basically. It's another way to think about it.
Not much of a comparable speed.
So, now let's get back to the power source 'cause it's really fascinating. When we think of how you power things in space, we often think of satellites for instance that often use a PV-based energy source, but obviously when you're thinking about a deep space probe that you would swiftly lose any benefit you would get from a solar array. So, you- you engineered a system that is both sort of fascinating in its complexity and simplicity at the same time. So how does that work? And whoever wants [unknown] can.
Well, it's a very simple power supply. It's the natural radioactive decay of plutonium 238 and that radioactive decay heats the material to about 1000 degrees and you bolt thermal couples on the outside of the hot source and you let the cold outside, outer surface of the thermal couple so that it generates electricity. So it's a very robust simple power supply. The half life of the radioactive material is 88 years. That means 88 years later, you have half as much activity, half as much power and as Jeff said, we know very precisely that we lose about 4 watts of power per year and that means we can predict fairly accurately when we'll have to turn off our first science instrument and when we'll probably have to turn off the last one.
And so you're obviously operating an antenna with that power source right now and obviously it has to be a relatively weak signal to operate off of that-
2020 watts.
Now, describe the-
Your refrigerator light bulb basically.
So describe what we have on Earth to receive that. What do we need on our end to receive a signal that weak?
Well, we have our 3 deep space networks around the globe, okay, that track the spacecraft. One is in Madrid, Spain. One is in Canberra, Australia, and one is in Goldstone, okay. The Voyager spacecrafts are sending data down 24/7. Now we don't track that 24/7 because we're in competition with all the missions that want part of the [unknown] resources as well. So we get on the average of maybe 5 to 6 hours per day per spacecraft, okay. So whenever it's time for us to, you know, track a spacecraft, then we can capture the data being sent down from the spacecraft, okay.
So, the- most people in this room have probably never known a computer could work reliably for more than 7 years.
How about 7 days?
So, you had to, in 1977 or I guess in 1972 when you first started engineering this, come up with a computer or a series of computers that you hoped to last for 4 years and they have now lasted for 35 years. I guess I'm in sort of disbelief that this is even possible, but what is- describe the computers on board Voyager- on board the 2 Voyagers and how were they engineered? What can they do? How do they compare with the modern cell phone?
Well, I'll let Jeff describe what they do but the comparison with the- take a 4 gigabit iPod which is, you know, old. They're about the lowest level of memory you can get these days. The memory on Voyager is 100,000 times less than that. So, I think there's something to be said for simplicity as far as longevity, kinda like your cars, but I'll left Jeff describe the computer system.
There are basically 3 computers on each Voyager spacecraft. One for the altitude control system which controls the maneuvers and the pointing [unknown] respond to various, you know, things that the spacecraft may do. You also have what's called a flight data system which in turn processes all the data being sent to it from the science instruments, etc., and then transmit it to the ground. And then we also have the command computer subsystem. This is the computer that actually, you know, sends commands to the various instruments, subsystems, etc., on board the spacecraft. Now, on Voyager, we have- each spacecraft has a background sequence running continuously. The sequence contains periodic calibrations and maneuvers, etc., that we want to run to the end of the mission, okay. Now we do augment that with- overly low that will put additional activities in. We wanna modify the memory. We wanna do an additional maneuver, do an additional playback and we send these commands up to tell a spacecraft to do that. And it's all controlled by the command computer subsystem.
I'm told it has an 8-track tape on it.
Yes. It has an operating 8-track tape recorder-
Yeah, right.
that we use. We record some high rate data and then we play it back every 6 months. So it does have an operating 8-track tape recorder. I don't know how that's lasted so long because my car 8-track tape recorder went right away, you know. It went right away.
One thing we do with the tape recorder, we periodically do what's called tape recorder maintenance. What that means, we slew it from one end to the next to make sure it doesn't stick in one place, okay. And so the people can move it around so we did have it periodically so it doesn't stick, you know, 'cause I've had had problems with, you know, if you don't use it enough, then all of a sudden, you lose, you know, the ability to record in certain areas of the tape. So we move it periodically in addition to records being played back to try to make sure it doesn't stick in one place and we don't lose the ability to record in that same place.
You have to add that the engineer who is responsible for the tape recorder has been with the project almost as long as Ed has. He's halfway retired, but he still likes Voyager so much that he's working. But he's probably the only one- if you try to find a young engineer and you told him, you know, you're gonna be responsible for the 8-track tape recorder, they were just like look at you and go, "What?"
Yet the engineer you're talking about still has a series of 8-track tapes for his office and his cars.
Yeah, for his office, yes, and his car. That's it, yes, exactly.
Now, what about the- I wanna dwell on the equipment for a little bit longer and then get into the nature of the interstellar mission. What about the imaging device? Imaging is one of those technologies that has obviously seen- grown by- advanced by leaps and bounce and you're dealing with, you know, sensors today that you could- they could do 20, 25 megapixels. What are the optical sensors on board Voyager and sort of- obviously, they've been disabled now, right?
Yes, they have.
Yes, yeah.
Each spacecraft has Videocon cameras on board. The narrow-angle camera is 1500 mm focal length. The wide-angle camera is 200 mm focal length with an F/stop, amplitude of f/3.5 for the wide angle and f/8.5 for the narrow angle, okay. Now, the Videocon, you know, has all the electronics to take pictures and do the- and allow the video conversion to create- turn it into an [unknown] which gets sent to the FDS. The FDS reads this data out and transmit it to Earth, okay. And we had FDS program had image and data modes in it so if you wanna record, you know, various pictures of different data modes, you can switch to it. Each Videocon has 8 filter steps for exposure control that's all controlled by the flight data system, so you can take pictures of various filter wheels 'cause it commands it to step to various positions and stuff like that. The cameras have been turned off, we don't have power to operate the cameras anymore.
Yeah, and there's probably nothing close by to take pictures of.
Exactly, yeah.
No, right.
Now the last picture though that was taken if I recall was another of Carl Sagan's influences and he asked to use some of the power to turn the craft around, correct? And-
Not quite.
Describe what it was.
This was-
It's called the-
Family portrait.
The family portrait.
Yeah, family portrait. We did this in 1990 whenever our Voyager 2 flew by Neptune in 1989, so this was after the end of the planetary part of the mission. Before we turned all the cameras off, Voyager 1 which had been- had passed by Saturn in 1980 and it was on this interstellar mission phase already, we just turned the cameras to look back toward the sun. The spacecraft itself always points at the Earth. So the spacecraft didn't turn. We just turned the cameras around to look sort of toward the sun which we normally don't do. We didn't look exactly at the sun because at that time, you could see essentially all the planets from- beyond all the planets. So this was the first time we'd had a camera that we could actually take an image of the planets in the Solar System from outside the planets. We were still inside the bubble, but we were out beyond Neptune. We were beyond all the planets and we were beyond Pluto.
And if you haven't read it, Sagan wrote something called The Pale Blue Dot based on this photo which gives a fascinating bit of perspective on life on Earth and sort of the relative nature of that to sort of the vastness of space and I won't even dare paraphrase now, but if you get a chance, read The Pale Blue Dot and it's a short essay he wrote on it that really is quite humbling. So, the- so now you're- so now let's get back to the heliopause and why this is significant and why we believe that this is sort of this next- what we are planning to learn or what we expect to learn from this next phase of exploration. What do we know about the heliopause now and do we expect to find once- how would we know when we've crossed it? And what do we expect to find outside of it?
Well, inside the bubble, the wind comes from the sun. The magnetic field is a solar magnetic field carried out by this plasma wind. Outside the bubble, the wind is from other stars which blew up as supernovae 5, 10, 15 million years ago. The wind is from these other stars. The magnetic field is an interstellar magnetic field, not the solar magnetic field. Outside the bubble, there are things called galactic cosmic rays. These are nuclei of atoms that have been accelerated up to half the speed of light and some of which, if they're fast enough, can actually get into Earth and it's called cosmic radiation here on Earth, but the slower of those that are outside can't get inside the bubble. So once we're outside, we will for the first time know what the intensity of the radiation is outside the bubble. The bubble serves as sort of a shield against some of what's outside. So we'll measure the cosmic ray nuclei which are out there. We'll measure this magnetic field. We have some ideas, but we need to measure it because it is distinctly different than the magnetic field inside and that will be one of our signatures of whether we're inside or outside. So this will be our first exploration of this space that's between these spheres that each star have and that's the reason it's called interstellar space.
And what about- how would you- obviously, we're getting detections- well, not obviously. We're getting readings back now that seem to indicate that we're on the threshold of something, right? So how do you interpret those? What do you- what do you make of these? How would you know- what's the definitive answer? How can you say, "Alright, we've now crossed the heliopause. We are now in interstellar space." What do you- what could you read? Where do you- Who hands over the sheet the paper and says, "We've done it"?
I'll tell you- I will tell you what we think we know today and after we really finally discover it, then we'll know what we didn't know, right?
So, what we think we know is that the galactic cosmic rays outside that can't get it, once we get out there, we will see their full intensity.
And in fact, they are higher now than they've ever been so that certainly suggests either we're out there already or we're getting very close. In addition, there are some energetic ions which may be moved at only 10% the speed of light, which are actually created inside the heliosphere itself. Once we get outside, they should be gone because they're sort of trapped inside and once we get outside, they will zip away. So, we should see higher galactic cosmic rays. We should see lower energetic particles from the inside and the magnetic field which inside is from the sun should be different when we get outside in interstellar space. And so what we're seeing is a change in both particles which suggest we are getting very close and we really do need to look at the magnetic field to decide whether we're still inside just connected now well to the outside or whether we're actually outside. We don't know yet because no spacecraft has ever been there before and this interaction between our sun and what's outside is very complicated.
And, this is- I wanted to shift gears for a second because Ed and I were talking about something just before this panel that sort of blew my mind a little bit. Now I'm just curious about it. I just wanted to discuss it here. Is it possible that either the Voyager probes or any of the other probes you sent out into space are actually carrying microbes or life of any sort on them?
Well, I think the Voyager spacecraft were not sterilized. So they're undoubtedly are- there may well be various kinds of spores-
That could survive interstellar space.
that could survive interstellar space for some period of time. We know that these can be very rugged organisms. But, of course, Voyager never really got close to any planet even in the Solar System and now it will- the closest it will come to another star. In 40,000 years, it will be close to another star; close meaning, only 1.6 light years from the star. That's how close it will get; no closer.
Yet there is the possibility, a distinct possibility that we have actually sent biology outside- from Earth outside the Solar System.
Oh, I think we certainly have done that. I think it's on the spacecraft.
Interesting. Ed mentioned that apparently they do sterilize the Mars Rovers before they send them out for fear of contamination.
Viking, we did, not the subsequent ones.
Oh, okay.
Only Viking got- was sterilized.
So if we're searching for life on Mars and find it, it could well be that we put it there ourselves. So, I wanted to get briefly into the communication that goes on. So, Voyager 1 is now 11 billion miles from the sun. Is that correct?
That's correct, yeah.
In fact it's a little further everyday obviously.
Yeah, yeah.
How long does it take to communicate with Voyager 1? Why don't you guys tell me about that and maybe Jefferson, you could tell me.
Well, Voyager 1 is approaching- I think it's 17 hours.
17 hours, yeah.
One way.
One way.
One way, one way, okay. And Voyager 2 is about 14 hours or so one way.
Well, and so that means that as far- just to get a command and confirmation of the- of the command-
It's like a day and a half. I always like to tell people I'd go into my office Monday morning. I send a command that says "Hi, Voyager, how are you doing?" And then I work the whole day, go home, sleep, come back the next day and sometime in, you know, the afternoon, Voyager says "Hi, I'm here. How are you doing?" you know. And that distance really changes how you plan what you're doing. You know, a Mars mission, the Curiosity Rovers are anywhere from 10 to 20 minutes, okay. We are looking at 14 hours double that for roundtrip. So, right now, with Voyager, a lot of things on board are autonomous. It's basically the spacecraft has been programmed to keep operating if it doesn't hear from us. And it sends back data all the time, so we can- it will operate and send back data even if it doesn't hear from us.
I think one thing that's often forgotten is the Voyager spacecraft were the first fully automated spacecraft sent out to deep space. They fly themselves because of exactly this problem. You cannot in fact control the spacecraft in real time. A spacecraft has to fly itself. It's the first spacecraft that had built-in failure algorithm so if something went wrong, it would go into a safe state, protect itself waiting for commands from back home about what to do next. And that- and we have now on the spacecraft a very tiny little program which, if we never send them another command, they will continue to point at Earth as long as they have electrical power and to transmit to Earth as long as they have electrical power with not another single command being sent.
So, what would it take to mount another interstellar mission at this point? And I guess there's sort of 2 elements in this which is the political aspect of it and the technical aspect of it. Now, you guys benefitted from the alignment of the planets that allowed you that slingshot. Obviously, you can send something directly to Jupiter and maybe get that much of it, right?
But as you mentioned to me, you can throw something out into space but without enough propulsion, it's gonna come back, right?
That's right.
It becomes a solar- it has a solar orbit.
So, let's start with the technical aspects of it. What would it take to technically launch something into interstellar orbit right now if we decided to do so?
Well, one could do something like that with- using the- it's current largest launch vehicle, Titan 4, and using solar- I mean using an RTG, radioisotope thermoelectric generator, if you had a kilowatt of it instead of 400 watts which we have on Voyager and an ion drive, that would help. You could probably get out there twice as fast as Voyager has with the current- basically current technology, but only twice as fast. So, it means that if it's taken us 35 years, it would another even the most advanced spacecraft that we could do today half that long to get where Voyager 1 is today, and that's a very long journey. And obviously, we had the advantage of having those planets which were the important initial phase of that journey. We were doing science in the first decade and a half just on the planets, and now we're 3-1/2 decades finally reaching the edge of interstellar space. We'd like to go well beyond. Voyager will not get very much beyond before it runs out of power. We really won't know what the space is except right outside of our bubble, but if that's what we will learn, then eventually someday, some decades from now, our technology will allow us to get out there much faster so that we can go well beyond what Voyager will be able to do.
And Susie, why don't you speak to the political aspect of it? What would it take to get the funding and get that type of things- get it started?
Or even-
it takes a long-term commitment which is hard to get out of the federal government because they're up for election every 2 years, so they want a result in the time that they're in office. You know, I was just thinking that maybe you would wanna, you know, slingshot it around Jupiter a few times to gain some speed and take a few pictures and that would help fund it if you would actually flew by another big planet on the way. You know, I think Ed might be able to speak better to this, but there is this time- the time period on Voyager between the end of the Grand Tour like the start of 1990 and before Voyager crossed the termination shock in 2004, that's 14 years of just flying through space and every year, your budget gets cut. Every year, they ask you why are we paying for you? What's the science you're doing? You know, and every year, we say we're getting closer. We're getting closer, but Voyager went through practically a cancellation on review, I believe-
Twice, I believe.
right around 2000, yeah.
Yeah, in 2001.
So it was hard to keep this project going when there wasn't a planet you were flying by or, you know, an immediate encounter with something new. It was hard to keep it going. So that's really the political challenge.
You know, I think also from a scientific point of view, there are only so many missions that we can do obviously. And a mission like Voyager, an interstellar mission follow-on would be competing with another planetary mission of some sort. Another Mars mission for instance, and so that's the trade off that always has to be made because one can only do a few of these things for a decade.
Personally, I'd like to see something go to Uranus and Neptune-
Yeah, and Uranus-
maybe on its way to interstellar space-
Yeah, yeah.
but, you know, I don't see any of those missions anywhere close to being even in the early phase A development stage.
Okay. I wanna take just 2 questions from the audience then I gotta wrap it up. But, so- anybody have a quick question?
I've got a whole series of questions there.
I think you're talking about the development before launch, right?
[unknown], yeah.
Well, yes, we- this is a very- by the way, for between 1972, the official start of the program was June of '72 and we launched in August of '77, 5 years to develop a totally automated spacecraft that's never been done before. So it was about as much as one could reasonably expect to have happened in that 5-year period in 2 of the spacecraft. The total cost at that time I think for the spacecraft was something a little over 250 million dollars in those year dollars for these 2 spacecraft and the team was not only an internal JPL team but a number of subcontractors that were providing the very subsystems to travelling wave tubes that radiotransmit itself for instance. There are a number of subsystems which were being produced by contractors working with JPL. So the JPL had the overall responsibility for the system design for integrating and testing it.
Yeah, I'll tell you a little interesting antidote is, every once in a while, we get a call from a contracting company and said, you know, "Our company built those thrusters that are on your spacecraft still working 35 years later. Can we do a press release about it?" you know, and sure. It's yours. If you wanna advertise it that it's still working, great, go ahead.
And one more question and then I'd like to open it up to more, but we're- we've gotta get the next panel on, so- [unknown].
Is there a triage to when [unknown], but is there sort of like a-?
The hierarchy?
Well, we haven't really worried about that in detail because it's still about 8 years before we think we'll have to turn the first one off and other things could happen between now and then which would- maybe an instrument might fail, something else might fail in the spacecraft. So rather than worrying about exactly which one would be first, we've decided it's just easier to wait until we're closer to the time when we have to do it and we'll also be in interstellar space almost certainly by that time and that will also may chance to priorities to which instrument is left on the longest. But, ultimately, the instrument using the least power will be the last one on.
Okay. I wanna say thanks to you my panellists here. This is a fascinating discussion. Thanks to all of you for attending. And as with all of our panellists, please feel free unless they're I don't know very, very shy which I don't think they are to approach them during the rest of the day and ask them any questions. So we'll end that here. Thank you very much.
Thank you.
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Prodrive + Öhlins in WRC Portugal = true.
Gronholm will drive the test car in Wales this week, before undertaking a full two day pre-event test in Spain next week.This means the two-time World Rally Champion will have three days to familiarise himself with the new car before starting his first World Rally Championship event in nearly 16 months.
The Prodrive Impreza WRC2008 is fundamentally the same car used by the Subaru World Rally Team last season.
"We have only been able to make minor changes to the car because of homologation restrictions, with the most significant difference being the Ohlins dampers," said Prodrive technical director, David Lapworth. "In a perfect world, Marcus would have had far more time behind the wheel, however, with his years of experience, I am absolutely confident he will very quickly find a rhythm in the Impreza."
Gronholm's participation in the Rally of Portugal has been made possible by the support of the Portuguese Tourist Board. The car has been entered under the Prodrive team name and it will be run out of the same service area as the Prodrive-supported Adapta World Rally Team.
See the latest movie from MINI Motorsport regarding the MINI WRC-project.
The new 2011 Triumph Daytona 675R with Öhlins suspension launched.


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1 large bunch (about 1 1/4 pounds) kale, stems and center ribs discarded, leaves roughly torn
2 sheets nori, cut into 1-by-2-inch strips
1/4 cup Roasted Garlic Oil* (see below)
1 teaspoon coarse sea salt
1/2 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
Grated zest of 1 lemon
1 comment - Posted Apr 6, 2012
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Hirah, Al-
Hirah, Al-
Ancient city, Middle East. Located near present-day Al-Kufah in south-central Iraq, in the 5th–6th centuries AD it was the capital of the Lakhmid dynasty, which itself was subordinate to the Sasanian dynasty of Persia. The city was a diplomatic, political, and military centre and an important station on the Persia-Arabia caravan route. Tradition holds that the Arabic script was developed there. Also the seat of a bishopric for Nestorian Christians, it promoted Christian monotheism in the Arabian Peninsula. Al-Hirah began to decline following the collapse of the Lakhmids early in the 7th century, and in 633 the city was taken by the Muslims.
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise.
For the full entry on Hirah, Al-, visit Britannica.com.
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The Bookshelf: Marcus Samuelsson's New American Table
In spite of yesterday's bleak weather, Beard on Books had a full house for JBF Award Winner Marcus Samuelsson's poignant discussion of his new cookbook, New American Table. An Ethiopian who grew up in Sweden, trained in France, and fearlessly crossed the pond to the States in his early twenties, the chef has a refreshingly unique perspective on American cuisine and a moving affection for its regional cooking traditions. His new book is not only a tribute to our food, but a token of gratitude as well. "I put all of my chips on food when I was young, but my other big decision was to go to the diverse universe of America," Samuelsson remarked. "I wanted to be in a place where people wouldn't focus on my background, and I knew I could find that in New York City." The chef recounted his determination to get to Manhattan (the French chef he worked for told him he couldn't "leave the macaron for thEye Candy: Beard House
The crew from Chicago's Nomi spreads out into the Beard House Greenhouse to plate dozens of foie gras brûlees with toasted brioche, hazelnuts, and herbs. See more images of chef Christophe David's contemporary French dinner here. (Photo by Philip Gross)News Feed: December 10
Grub Street recaps the Top Chef finale. [Grub Street NY] Why not introduce tamales to your holiday eating traditions? [Chow] Gingerbread houses are a labor of love. [Chicago Tribune] Gail Simmons shows us how failed Top Chef dishes are done right. [F&W] New Orleans magazine gives props to the city's best chefs and eateries of 2009. [NO Mag]Tastebud: Venerable, Imitable, Spreadable Camembert
Presented to Napoleon III on the inaugural day of the 1855 World's Fair, Camembert first appeared during the late 19th century in the Norman village of the same name. Bloomy, fruity, and prone to spoilage, Brie-like Camembert stayed a local favorite for decades, until the invention of its signature wooden box and the advent of the railroad could carry the downy wheels to Paris and beyond. So en vogue was the cheese that it became the most copied in the world, prompting the French government to award Normandy-produced Camembert its Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée in 1983.
Aside from inspiring imitations, the cheese has also been an unlikely muse for the arts: a limp, sun-melted wheel of Camembert moved Salvador Dali to paint the famously languid timepieces in his Surrealist masterpiece, The Persistence of Memory. According to the MoMA Highlights catalog, the artist went on to... Read more >
Jobs We Love: Lior Lev Sercarz
A self-made spice master, Lior Lev Sercarz has rubbed elbows with the world's greatest chefs. Read on to learn more about his special blend of work.
James Beard Foundation: What's your job description?
Lior Lev Sercarz: I own La Boîte à Epice, a line of unique and, at times, personalized spice blends for chefs all over the country as well as home cooks. I also produce a seasonal biscuit collection called La Boîte à Biscuits.
JBF: How did you get your job?
LLS: It took me 12 years to put the concept together while working around the world for some amazing chefs. One day, three years ago, I just started my own business, creating everything from nothing.
JBF: What past experiences have prepared you for your current position?
LLS: I started cooking 15 years ago for a catering company in Israel. I stayed there for three years, then
News Feed: December 9
Despite economic woes, swanky kitchen appliances are sticking around. [Slate] Hannukah is for eating fried foods. [LAT] A Murano glass chandelier; rare chestnut paneling; a monkey sculpture: just a few of the goods up for grabs at the Tavern on the Green auction. [NYT] A sous vide machine for the rest of us [NYT] Kids just don't appreciate a well designed beer can anymore. [WSJ]Recipe: Cheese Latkes
Though it may sound like latke blasphemy, according to Mitchell Davis, JBF vice president and resident latke expert, the first latkes may actually have been made from cheese, not potato. This recipe yields sweet, breakfast-like pancakes that bear little resemblance to the usual Hannukah fare. Try them sprinkled with cinnamon sugar or doused in maple syrup.America's Classics: Doe's Eat Place
Every one of America's Classics has a unique story to tell, but together these restaurants represent the country's rich fabric and illustrate how the closest communities cohere around food. As 2007 award recipient Shug Signa said about her family's 68-year-old restaurant, Doe's Eat Place in Greenville, Mississippi, "People come together, never meet a stranger, and it's the American way." This family-owned and -operated restaurant is an icon of the culinary and cultural landscape of the Mississippi Delta. Doe's Eat Place grew out of a 1940s grocery store that sold homemade hot tamales, eventually transforming itself into a casual steak joint that served both the African-American and white communities in segregated Mississippi. Pivotal during the civil rights era, Doe's Eat Place has become a symbol of the region's multiracial culture. Learn more about America's Classics and watch a video about Doe's Eat Place by visitingNews Feed: December 8
Food & Wine will unveil its culinary predictions for 2010 on Wednesday. [Grub Street NY] Bouchon Beverly Hills is now open for lunch. [LAT] Guy Fieri's zany cooking tour has hit the road. [Boston Globe] The New York Times wine panel tastes 2007 Châteauneuf-du-Papes. [NYT]JBF News: JBF Award Winners Saddle Up for the World Equestrian Games
John Besh, Marc Vetri, and freshly enthroned Iron Chef Jose Garces are just a few of the JBF Award–winning toques who will join forces with the 2010 World Equestrian Games and the James Beard Foundation to put on Cookin' in the Bluegrass, a 16-night dinner series in Lexington, KY. The program, taking place at the Kentucky Horse Park's Farmhouse restaurant, will also feature local talent and strive to recreate the lavish events held at the historic James Beard House in New York City. Click here to find out more.Pages
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Probably no legitimate reason to be this excited about someone else's accomplishment, but I will be celebrating in Humber's honor tonight.
He's appreciating the game.
Feel free to vent about how much any player sucks, but no hate speech directed at anybody, be it a player or a fellow commenter.


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"This is as advertised - a superior example of Texas Red chili. If you're not the spicy type, this won't be for you, but if you are, man oh man, this is heaven. It's incredibly complex, deeply spicy and 100% delicious. I was confused about what the author meant by "spicy tomato sauce" - no other description is given and there is no such thing at my..."


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Fri, May 10, 13 at 0:56
Does anyone here grow a mix of different types of vegetables all in the same system using the same nutrient solution? If so, what was your experience? Any tips would be appreciated. I want to grow tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce, eggplant, peppers, and maybe okra all in one system. |
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Not sure about okra, but the tomatoes, cukes, eggplant and peppers will all grow together well. Just space properly, 3-4 sq ft per plant. |
I've grown sweet peppers and eggplant together without a problem. Currently I'm growing some green peppers with sugar snap peas. I plan on adding some sweet peppers and basil to that system as well. they'll all be running at a concentration of approximately 650 ppm. I'm not sure how much the green peppers or basil will like that, but I know the peas and the sweet peppers should be fine. I wouldn't grow tomatoes with them though as they're heavy feeders and take a higher concentration (currently 900(-)ppm) |
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UV/EB Student Technology Award |
De'Andre Stafford-May's interest in Kevlar®, combined with the expertise of polymer science professors Dr. James W. Rawlins and Dr. Sergei Nazarenko and Ph.D. candidates Joshua Hanna and James Goetz, resulted in an exciting and possibly commercially significant development whereby the curing time of Kevlar® composites was reduced from 24-48 hours to just two minutes by using ultraviolet light. The development might one day lead to a less expensive, more rapid way of developing Kevlar® composites for military and commercial uses. Photo: University of Southern Missisippi Ph.D. candidates James Goetz and Joshua Hanna pictured with UV/EB Student Award Winner De'Andre Stafford-May. Making the presentation are David Harbourne Fusion UV and RadTech President, Howard Ragin of DSM-AGI. |


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Return to Conservation Biology Research on Mussels
Hove, M.C., C.E. Freiburger, and R.A. Engelking. 1995. Qualitative bivalve survey of the Sandy River Drainage, Minnesota. Final report submitted to the Natural Heritage and Nongame Research Program, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 17 pp.
Few bivalve surveys have been conducted on tributaries to the Mississippi River upstream of St. Anthony Falls in Minneapolis, Minnesota. A qualitative survey of the Sandy River basin, located primarily in Aitkin County, was conducted during August-September, 1994. The Sandy River drainage, comprised of the West Savanna, Prairie, Tamarack, and Sandy Rivers, was surveyed at thirty-two sites for freshwater bivalves. Pill clams (Spaerium) and nine species of unionids were observed: Actinonaias ligamentina, Anodonta grandis, A. imbecillis, Anodontoides ferussacianus, Lampsilis ovata, L. siliquoidea, Lasmigona compressa, Ligumia recta, and Strophitus undulatus. Numerous populations of Lampsilis siliquoidea, Anodonta grandis, Anodontoides ferussacianus, and Spaerium were observed throughout the drainage. Populations of Lasmigona compressa, Ligumia recta, and Anodonta imbecillis were scattered between tributaries. Very few Lampsilis ovata and Strophitus undulatus were observed; only one dead Actinonaias ligamentina was found. Greatest unionid diversity occurred in the Prairie River, which is located in a state forest. Highest CPUEs were recorded at sites in the West Savanna River, situated primarily in the Savanna Portage State Park. Lowest unionid diversity and CPUEs were observed in channelized reaches of the Sandy River.


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2011-06-27 22:57:05 Thomas Sachau napisał(a): > Dirkjan Ochtman wrote: > > On Mon, Jun 27, 2011 at 15:08, Fabian Groffen <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > >> On 27-06-2011 14:28:34 +0200, Dirkjan Ochtman wrote: > >> It would be nice when a similar technique could be implemented only > >> once, in a consistent way. In a way, multilib-portage can be considered > >> equal to one of the objectives of the python (and ruby) eclass: > >> multiple times compiling and installing for different ABIs. > > > > Yeah, but it'd be nice not to have to compile subversion three times > > just because we want the python bindings installed in three different > > Python environments. > > You wont be able to prevent this with a general solution, only with some specialized solution inside > the build, if you really want and need that. > Currently, if you want python bindings for three different python environments, you will have to > build everything for all three python environments, even if you only need a subset. Building everything for all Python ABIs is not required in case of majority of packages, which optionally install Python bindings. Makefiles of many packages (including dev-vcs/subversion) provide separate targets for building/installation of core libraries and various bindings. Example: src_compile() { emake || die if use python; then python_copy_sources bindings/python build_python_bindings() { emake \ PYTHON_INCLUDES="$(python_get_includedir)" \ PYTHON_SITE_PACKAGES="$(python_get_sitedir)" \ python_bindings } python_execute_function -s --source-dir bindings/python build_python_bindings fi } -- Arfrever Frehtes Taifersar Arahesis
Updated Jun 29, 2012
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DUNWOODY, Georgia, Feb. 18, 2013 – The meteorite that struck Russia on Friday confirmed my suspicion: We're living on borrowed time.
R.E.M., the pride of Athens, Georgia, tried to warn us in 1987 when they produced the hit song "It's the End of the World as We Know It (And I Feel Fine)." But we didn't listen, and we kept on partying well after 1999.
It's not as if the world has never been struck by a meteorite before. But this is clearly a sign.
An asteroid passed by Earth on Friday. An asteroid and a meteorite in such close proximity on a single day is obviously further indication something is off kilter with The Force, Luke!
Atari was ahead of its time when the company released Asteroids in 1979. They knew the day would one day come when we needed to dodge asteroids to preserve our way of life; it appears that day is upon us.
Fighting off asteroids doesn't seem like so much fun now, does it?
Maybe this is why Pope Benedict XVI stepped down. Honestly, who wants to reside over the end of times? Imagine that on your tombstone.
Personally, I'm not convinced the world didn't end on Dec. 21. Maybe the after-party looks a lot like the regular party.
Twitter, which carries with it a certain amount of panache, has been abuzz with all sorts of end of times theories. As they've all been correct so far, these prophecies deserve our utmost attention.
If you can't believe what you read on Twitter, what can you believe? Manti Te'o, have any thoughts?
Truth be told, most experts believe Friday's meteorite does not signal the end of the world as we know it. They believe that responsibility is in the hands of Congress.
We're heading for a cliff, a fiscal cliff. We're in the Chinese junk with Hector Barbossa about to take a plunge over the falls (think Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End for anyone who missed the reference).
I think the key takeaway here is we need to keep traveling. The world is likely to end one day, but since you are reading this it hasn't happened yet.
So, get out there and find someplace new to visit. Hit up a small town, eat somewhere off the beaten path and check out that random field of concrete corn.
Who knows what the bottom of the fiscal cliff looks like? Maybe it will be worth photographing. Besides, for now, I (still) feel fine.
Todd DeFeo is an award-winning reporter and marketer, but his true passion is seeking out the bizarre roadside attractions, one-of-a-kind roadhouses and unique destinations that make the world worth exploring. He is also editor of The Travel Trolley travel blog.
Follow Todd DeFeo on Twitter and Facebook.
This article is the copyrighted property of the writer and Communities @ WashingtonTimes.com. Written permission must be obtained before reprint in online or print media. REPRINTING TWTC CONTENT WITHOUT PERMISSION AND/OR PAYMENT IS THEFT AND PUNISHABLE BY LAW.


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Antonio J. Soave, is the Chairman & CEO of Capistrano Global Advisory Services(CGA), an international joint venture, strategic alliance and foreign market expansion firm headquartered in Overland Park, Kansas. He travels to and works in Brazil, Europe and the Middle East on a frequent and continuous basis. He is also the Chairman of the International Business Council (IBC), a national non-profit foundation dedicated to spreading a message of "Peace through Commerce." Mr. Soave has a BA in International Studies from The American University (Washington, DC), a Juris Doctor (law degree) from Michigan State University and a L.L.M. (Master's of Law) in International Law from the University of San Diego. He is a former adjunct professor and lecturer at various universities and colleges in the Midwestern United States, and is a former high school All-American athlete in the sport of soccer. He co-owned three pro and semi-pro soccer teams during the 1994 World Cup, including the Detroit Wheels in the USISL
Veronica Belmont - about.me user since 2010
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Showcase a 360 degree view of who you are
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Be found for new opportunities


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The eagerly awaited HVACR / Pumps / Valves / Compressors Indonesia 2014 is back again this October for its third installation following 2 successful editions held previously. Gathering all industry professionals from all over the world, the HVACR / Pumps / Valves / Compressors Indonesia 2014 is an ideal platform to not only view and experience exclusive product launches, meet, interact and network with fellow industry professionals but also an avenue to obtain the latest news, trends and happenings within the industry.
Poised with a vast amount of business opportunities and potential with the supportive governmental policies and huge investment plans to improve the infrastructure in the country over the next few years, Indonesia could well become the 3rd fastest growing economy amongst the world's wealthy industrial countries and the world's 7th largest economy by 2030.
Attracting over 150 exhibitors from 13 different countries and 3,600 visitors from 25 different countries from the last edition held in year 2011, HVACR / Pumps / Valves / Compressors Indonesia 2014 has proven to be the unparalleled platform and exhibition that's not to be missed!


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OpenFrag is an Open Source, multi-platform game. It plays in a medieval environment where Orcs and Humans fight to the death in a multiplayer session. Compile instructions and dependencies can be found on the following wiki page: http://wiki.openfrag.org
Update Notifications
User Reviews
Be the first to post a review of OpenFrag!


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Welcome to the Johnson-O'Malley Program (JOM)
The JOM Program is a Federally funded program that is contracted through the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE). Each year the Pueblo of Isleta must renew the contract.
EligibilityWe are currently contracted to provide services to ALL Native American students enrolled in the Los Lunas Public School District and only the Isleta students enrolled in Albuquerque Public Schools. Students must be 1/4 or more Native American blood OR be a member of a Federally Recognized Tribe. Students must have a Certificate of Indian Blood (CIB) on file with the JOM Office.
Current Events November 2014, newsletter.
November Activities: Popejoy trip, "How the Grinch Stole Christmas". Read here for more details. Activity Night, November 13, 2014. Read here for more details. Tutoring ServicesThe goal of the tutorial program is to create independent successful learners. We do not offer homework help. Students may be referred to the JOM Program for services. The parent is required to meet with the Academic Coach, Alena Garcia for an initial meeting. The student will be assessed and a plan of action will be created to address the academic needs of the student. The program will consist of one-hour sessions, two times a week for a six week period. Communication between the Academic Coach and the student's teacher will also be incorporated throughout the tutorial process.
Additional Educational SupportThe following is a list of additional service provided by the JOM Program. If you have any questions or require further assistance please feel free to contact us @ (505) 869-9810.
Indian Education Committee MembersFederal mandate requires that we have an Indian Education Committee (IEC). The Indian Education Committee has the responsibility of assisting with the preparation and execution of the annual JOM budget. They are the voice and decision makers for all services provided to eligible Native American students. Currently, we have four of five IEC positions filled, with the most recent vacancy occurring in January 2013:
President - Karen Roybal
Secretary - Odessa Montoya Member - Diane Lujan Member - Karen Olguin Member - Vacant |


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By Diane Nguyen
Diane Nguyen
Ms. Campbell
English 2H-Per. 1
25 October 2012
Harriet Tubman: The Underground Railroad
Today, September 17, 1849 is the official day I decide to fight for my freedom and out of slavery (Sawyer 36). Old Cudjoe's grandson warned me, "Grandpa says they going to sell you, you and your brothers. He thinks tonight the men come for you" (Sterling 61). Palms sweatin', legs shakin', I nervously walk to my cabin. Luckily, I do not see my husband, John for he is against my decision. I briskly grab ma belongings and walk out of that door into the darkle shine, not lookin' back once. I had reason that there was one of two things I had a right to, liberty or death; if I could not have one I would have the other (Sawyer 40). Why am I so nervous! I must stay strong! I need to warn my parents, but it was an easy trap for capture. I tip toe toward the bustlin' house of the Brodess and grasp for my sister's attention. My voice, with a croaky and loud tone, I project my secret: "I'm sorry I'm going to leave you,
Farewell, oh farewell,
But I'll meet you in the morning, Farewell, oh farewell… I'm bound for the Promised Land,
On the other side of the Jordan…" (Sullivan 40).
I begin my journey. I am anxious, but I feel this strong whip of energy flowin' in my body, givin' me energy to make my way to the Choptank River. With assurance, the North Star guides me with each embracin' step to freedom. Click clack, click clack, click clack. I hear the repetitive sound of my boots against the mucky, muddy ground. As leaves collect in my hair and bushels of rocks slash my rough skin, I strive to walk farther. Hours have passed and the sun had painted the sky blue. Off guard, I rest in the fervent sun. I hop up on my feet once more, but I was lost. How do I travel without the bright stars?! And then I remember the different strategies of nature my father had taught me. The moss grew thick and green leading...


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As articulated by the Institute of Medicine and reinforced by the recent health reform law, the United States is fostering a deliberate shift toward a more population-based approach to promoting health. Juxtaposed with this shift is the increasing number of persons in the United States with multiple chronic conditions. Thus, the opportunity has never been better and the demand has never been greater to identify and promote a key element of population-based health: supporting individuals and their family caregivers in the self-management of chronic health conditions.
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This is no ordinary photo.
Discovered lomography thanks to my Art GCSE coursework, like a year ago or so, and just loving it!
This photo was shot on film. Taken by mensa with a Lomography Diana F+ Instant Back (Accessories) (available in our Online Shop) loaded with Fuji Instax Mini film in Culford, United Kingdom. These tags describe this photo: instant, fisheye, portraits, flash, scary!, teenagers, fun, and exterior. Date: 2011. Time: Night. This photo can also be found in the album Diana F+ - Instant Fisheye Portraits!.Please login to get more out of this site
You are currently not logged in, do so now to add comments, like articles as well as photos, submit to competitions, translate articles and gain access to unlimited photo upload! If you are not registered yet, go here to find out more about Lomography and join now! If you just want a limited account for now you can use Twitter or Facebook. We would love to have you as a member here!
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New Orleans Saints Executive Vice President and General Manager Mickey Loomis said in a news release that the organization has agreed to a three-year contract with linebacker Junior Galette.
New Orleans signed Galette as an undrafted free agent defensive end after he left Stillman College in 2010. He has racked up 51 tackles, five sacks, one pass defense, one forced fumble and 12 special team stops, according to a news release.
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Writing a Successful Control System
Dec 29, 2011 11:22 AM, By Patrick Barron
The scope of work and managing customer expectations.
A control system program involves many parameters and criteria. These variables determine the specific functions the final system will contain. Before starting to write a program, the developer has to be given the criteria that will be used during the creation of the software. This information is typically defined in a document called a scope of work. This scope of work is used to set the parameters of the software and to also set the expectations of the client. A successful program is one that has all of the required functionality of the system and meets the expectations of the client, while being a profitable project for the programmer.
At the beginning of any project, regardless of size or complexity, a clear picture of client expectations is crucial. Programmers need to ensure that all needed information and specs are available before starting any work. This is extremely important in a scope of work. Often a client is in a rush to finish a project and wants to have the system working yesterday. They do not understand that very specific details are necessary to make sure there are no delays and no details have been missed. Rushing ahead in a job because of a tight schedule and pressure to get it done is a common mistake for programmers. This can actually take more time overall because work has to be done over due to unclear expectations and misunderstandings. Wasted time negatively impacts client satisfaction and your professional image. More importantly, lost time affects the bottom profitability of a project. A minimum checklist of information a scope of work needs to contain is:
- Written description that describes the desired functionality. The client should dictate what needs to be done, not how it should be done. How the functionality should be met is a function determined by the system engineer and the programmer. There often are many ways that the same end result can be met using a variety of different hardware and software approaches. In most cases, the end user does not care how their needs are met as long as they are met.
- Exact make and model of all equipment used. Many times additional research is needed to determine if equipment being used can produce the functions the client desires.
- Complete drawings of all hardware and wiring are needed. A programmer should have enough understanding of system design to determine if the system will function as desired based on reviewing the drawings. It is a mistake to move forward with working on a program that has significant design flaws, which prevent the desired functions from being able to occur. Drawings are important as well because even minor wiring mistakes can make hardware not function as expected, or not at all.
- What type of interface does the client prefer? Do they want a touchpanel, keypad, wired, or wireless? Are there certain styles, colors, logos, or special needs to be considered? Interface design and end-user technical competency must be clearly defined for a successful program to make sure the design is not too complicated to use.
- What is the timetable for completion of the project? Programming is not complete until the hardware is installed, the code is loaded, and the system tested. Any delay to hardware or wiring will delay the completion of programming and the final project.
- Whom should questions and communications be directed to? Who has the ultimate authority to make decisions about the functionality of the project? A user of a particular room may want certain functions, but they might not have the authority to request the work needed for those functions to happen. Work that is done without authorization can be detrimental to the programmer because in most cases, unauthorized work will not be compensated. Emails and phone calls to the wrong person are frustrating for everyone and can slow down completion of a project.
Managing client expectations is an important and delicate aspect of every control system project. The programmer should meet with the end-user at the onset of a project if possible. The discussion should center on their expectations and of the system. The customer may have many desires and requests for the functionality of the system and the style of layout they want. The programmer can help give direction to the operation based on what is possible, feasible, and practical. During this initial meeting, any discrepancies in hardware capability and desired functionality can be addressed. The myriad of options for user interface styles, the design of the user interface, and special needs can also be discussed. At this early stage of the project, the programmer has the opportunity to help define and refine the expectations of the customer. There are many options on how various parts of the system can be programmed and by discussing the options with the client, the programmer can deliver a program that is optimized to the needs of the customer. This is where managing the expectations is critical. If the customer does not expect certain functions, they will not be disappointed when those functions are not part of the system. The salesperson in particular should learn to say "no" to functionality that is unrealistic, impractical, or just plain impossible to do.
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text: Enjoy a romantic Virginia vacation when you escape to our Tulip Poplar room. A four poster canopy Queen bed , this room is located in the new North Wing of our charming Virginia Bed and Breakfast. The window overlooks the vegetable garden and the Eastern sunrise. A special feature of this room is a comfortable Queen sofa sleeper available for extra guests. The private bath is located within the room.


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Elaine Luther
3 Credit Bureaus To Start Paying Closer Attention To Credit Card Balances
Soon most of us will start reaching for our credit cards for holiday shopping. But after a new policy is enforced, paying off your credit card bill may become more of a hassle.
Pepsi Special Sold In Japan Claims To Block Fat
What if you could eat a plate of French fries, loaded with calories, and not absorb the fat because of what you're drinking. Well, that's exactly what PepsiCo is selling in Japan; and, so far, only in Japan.


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Welcome to the Itinerary Planner. Use this tool to build your own journey or choose from an exciting range of specially selected tours.
To build your own Itinerary, click to add an item to your Itinerary basket.
Accommodation in Chester comes in a variety of styles; there is a range of stylish hotels that cater for all tastes and budgets from boutique hotels to luxury 5* you will be assured of the highest standards.
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U.S. Bancorp's business is managed under the direction of the Board of Directors. We currently have 14 directors serving on our Board and all but one of them are independent. The Board delegates the conduct of business to U.S. Bancorp's senior management team. U.S. Bancorp's Corporate Governance Guidelines have been adopted by the Board of Directors to provide a framework within which directors and management can effectively pursue U.S. Bancorp's objectives for the benefit of shareholders.
If the position of chairman of the U.S. Bancorp Board of Directors is not held by an independent director, an independent lead director is elected by the Board. The Board of Directors has established guidelines with respect to the role of the lead director. The identity of the lead director is indicated on this chart.
The Board of Directors is organized so that a significant portion of its business is conducted by its committees, each of which operates under a written charter accessed by checking on the committee's name in the description below. In general, committees of the Board focus on issues that may require in-depth scrutiny. All committees report to the Board, and all significant findings of a committee are presented to the Board for discussion and review.
Audit Committee: The Audit Committee's responsibilities include, among other things:
Governance Committee: The Governance Committee's responsibilities include, among other things:
All of the Governance Committee members meet the independence requirements of the NYSE. The Governance Committee held five meetings in 2012. During each of the meetings, the Governance Committee held an executive session without members of management present.
Compensation and Human Resources Committee: The Compensation and Human Resources Committee's responsibilities include, among other things:
Risk Management Committee: The Risk Management Committee's responsibilities include, among other things:
Community Reinvestment and Public Policy Committee: The Community Reinvestment and Public Policy Committee's responsibilities include, among other things:
Executive Committee: The Executive Committee has authority to exercise all powers of the Board of Directors between regularly scheduled Board meetings. The Executive Committee did not meet during 2012.
Last updated August 2013


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The Global Intelligence Files,
files released so far...
Index pages
by Date of Document
Our Partners
Al Akhbar - Lebanon
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Community resources
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The Global Intelligence Files
On Monday February 27th, 2012, WikiLeaks began publishing The Global Intelligence Files, over five million e-mails from the Texas headquartered "global intelligence" company Stratfor. The e-mails date between July 2004 and late December 2011. They reveal the inner workings of a company that fronts as an intelligence publisher, but provides confidential intelligence services to large corporations, such as Bhopal's Dow Chemical Co., Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon and government agencies, including the US Department of Homeland Security, the US Marines and the US Defence Intelligence Agency. The emails show Stratfor's web of informers, pay-off structure, payment laundering techniques and psychological methods.
[alpha] INSIGHT - RUSSIA/US - military cooperation on Afghanistan
Released on 2012-10-17 17:00 GMT
Email-ID | 91174 |
Date | 2011-07-12 18:34:18 |
From | firstname.lastname@example.com |
To | email@example.com |
List-Name | firstname.lastname@example.com |
PUBLICATION: yes/background
ATTRIBUTION: Stratfor sources in Moscow
SOURCE DESCRIPTION: Russian defence council advisor
DISSEMINATION: Alpha
HANDLER: Lauren
Under the US-Russia Working Group on Counterterrorism, Russia is
increasing its cooperation with the US on Afghanistan. The details are
already worked out so that the supplies are already prepared for
transport. Now Lavrov has a few more non-technical details to discuss in
Washington before Medvedev and Obama meet in a few months to hail their
supposed successful a**reseta**.
The first part of this is increasing intelligence sharing even further.
Russia and the US have already been heavily sharing intelligence, but
Russia wants to focus what is received on our end to movement in the
north, movements in the CA settlements, involvement of the Caucasus
militants, and the trans-narco movements. This isn't just about
intelligence on Afghanistan, but Pakistan as well.
Other parts of the deal include Russia sending weaponry. The first tranche
of more than 20,000 firearms (AK-47 rifles) and ammo is already headed to
Afghanistan. There is no cap to how many tranches could be sent. Other
hardware being sent ranges from body armor to four wheel jeeps. The Afghan
police are also starting to train in Russia and then be flown backa**all
on the Pentagona**s bill.
But the important contracts are for helicopters. Russiaa**s best-selling
Mi-8 and Mi-17 series are heavy lifters and a perfect fit for both Iraq
and Afghanistan. These two have earned a good reputation thus far being
used by the Allies in both countries.
Now the US has chosen the Mi-17 to be the core for both the Iraqi and
Afghan air forces. The Pentagon purchases and oversees the contract.
Russia supplies the series. And other allies train the Iraqi and Afghan
forces. Poland will be the main country doing the training. The Poles
already use the Mi-17 in Afghanistan. Russia is delivering 10 MI-17-V5
starting in Oct along with 8 Mi-171E transports to Afghanistan. Next year
Russia will supply another dozen Mi-17-V5s.The contracts for Iraq are
still being worked out, but it will most likely also involve a dozen or
more Mi-17-V5s.
Lauren Goodrich
Senior Eurasia Analyst