text:
Draupadi | |
Draupadi, painting by Raja Ravi Varma
Spouse(s) | Yudhisthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, Sahadeva |
Children | Prativindhya, Sutasoma, Srutasena, Satanika, Srutakarma they were called Upapandavas |
Parents | Drupada (father) |
Draupadi, also referred to as (Agnijyotsna) Kṛṣṇə draupadī (Devanagari: कृष्णा द्रौपदी ; approximate pronunciation: [krɪʂɳə d̪rəʊpəd̪iː]) is the "emerged" daughter of King Drupada of Panchāla and the wife of the five Pandavas in the epic Mahābhārata. When Yudhisthira becomes the king of Hastinapura at the end of the war, Draupadi (again) becomes the queen of Indraprastha. She is also variously referred to as Panchali (meaning one from the kingdom of Panchala), Yajnaseni (meaning one born from a Yajna or fire-sacrifice), Mahabhaaratii (great wife of the five descendents of Bharata)[1] and Sairandhri (literally: an expert maid, her assumed name during her second exile in which she worked as Virat kingdom's queen Sudeshna's hair-stylist). She had five sons, one by each of the Pandavas: Prativindhya from Yudhishthira, Sutasoma from Bheema, Srutakarma from Arjuna, Satanika from Nakula, and Srutasena from Sahadeva. She is described in the Mahabharata as being extraordinarily beautiful, unsurpassed by any other woman of her time. Draupadi is one of the Panch-Kanya (The Five Virgins) of the ancient Hindu epic, as is her Mother-in-Law Kunti.[2]
- 1 Birth
- 2 Draupadi's description
- 3 Marriage to the Pandavas
- 4 Living in Indraprastha
- 5 Duryodhana's insult
- 6 The game of dice
- 7 Abduction of Draupadi by Jayadratha
- 8 Kichaka's death
- 9 Unflinching Faith,Surrender and Devotion to Krishna
- 10 Karna's insult
- 11 Her Existence And Personality
- 12 Perceptions of Draupadi
- 13 Draupadi demands the inherent gem of Ashwathama
- 14 Quality of mercy and purity
- 15 Draupadi's description of the Pandavas
- 16 Polyandry
- 17 Death and to heaven
- 18 Children
- 19 Draupadi as a village god
- 20 Modern interpretations and television
- 21 References
- 22 Sources
- 23 External links
King Drupada of Panchala had been defeated by the Pandava prince Arjuna on behalf of Drona, who subsequently took half his kingdom. To gain revenge on Drona, he performed a fire-sacrifice (yajña) to obtain a means of besting him. Draupadi emerged as a beautiful dark-skinned young woman together after her sibling Dhrishtadyumna from the sacrificial fire.[3] She was named Kṛṣṇā for her dark complexion, though she is better known as Draupadī "daughter of Drupada". When she emerged from the fire, a heavenly voice said that she would bring about the destruction of the Kuru line.[4]
Draupadi's description[edit]
"Of eyes like lotus-petals and of faultless features endued with youth and intelligence, she is extremely beautiful. And the slender-waisted Draupadi of every feature perfectly faultless, and whose body emitteth a fragrance like unto that of the blue lotus for two full miles around who's existence could take away people's breath, she was the most beautiful women ever born.".[5] Draupadi is described to be a divinely beautiful woman with shiny black locks, a compelling dark complexion and lotus petal eyes. Mahabaratha 1.169.44-46: Eye-ravishing Panchali, black-and-smiling-eyed…dark -skinned Panchali, Lotus-eyed lady, Wavy-haired Panchali, Hair like dark blue clouds, Shining coppery carved nails, Soft eye-lashes, Swelling breasts and Shapely thighs…Blue lotus fragrance for a full krosha flowed from her body…She is known to be very chaste and virtous wife. She was born of the fire of her regal personality equally filled with spark and flame. She was a warrior princess. It is her anger that destroys the sinful Kauravas dynasty. As daughter of Drupada, she is Draupadi. As princess of Panchala, she was called Panchali. As Krishna, she was the dear friend of Krishna. Prashati indicated her being the grand-daughter of Prishata. Sairandhri is her reference to the maid-servant of Queen of Virata. In her youth, she is Nitayauvani. Yajnaseni is a reference to being born out of fire and the overseerof fire sacrifice and fire walking ritual.
PURANAS: Draupadi is described as radiant and graceful as if she had descended from the city of Gods. As per The Garuda Purana Draupadi is the incarnation of Bharati-Devi, The Consort of Lord Vayu. As per Narada and Vayu Puranas, Draupadi was composite Avatar of Goddesses Shyamala (wife of Dharma), Bharati (Wife of Vayu), Sachi (wife of Indra), Usha (wife of Ashwinis) and hence married their earthly counterparts in the form of the five Pandavas, most of the people believe that she was Sanchi, wife of Indra . Enraged at a jest by Parvati, Shyamala, Sachi and Usha, Brahma cursed them to human birth. Parvati thought of the solution wherein they will be born as one woman, Draupadi and hence share the earthly body for a smaller period of time. They requested Bharati to be with them in their human birth. Draupadi's characteristic fight against injustice reflects Parvati or her Shakti, Kali inhabiting Draupadi's mortal flesh at times. At other times, Draupadi was docile and even waited to be rescued (as in case of Jayadratha and Jatasura) showing the qualities of other goddesses like Sachi and Usha. Other times, she showed astuteness in hiding their true identity and asking Vayu putra Bhima to kill the evil Keechaka like Goddess Bharati would.
Incarnation of Kali[edit]
There is popular belief in South India that Draupadi was also an incarnation of Maha Kali, who was born to assist Lord Krishna (who is an avatar of Lord Vishnu , who is the brother of Goddess Parvati) to destroy all the arrogant Kings of India. That is why they are considered brother and sister although Draupadi was born from fire.
Marriage to the Pandavas[edit]
Drupada intended to wed his daughter to Arjuna. Upon hearing of the Pandavas' supposed death at Varnavata, he set up a swayamvara for Draupadi. The princes vying for Draupadi's hand had to string Pinaka and shoot only one arrow at the eye of a revolving fish, while looking only at its reflection in a bowl. Drupada and Draupadi were confident that only Arjuna could accomplish this task.
Karna, king of Anga, was a suitor for Draupadi. Unlike most other contenders, he was easily able to wield and string the bow, but Draupadi refused to allow him to take part. She rejected him for being the son of a charioteer and a man of low caste. In some versions, Draupadi is excused for her discrimination; when Karna was readying the bow, Draupadi looked at Krishna, who gestured to her to reject Karna. Draupadi's vocalized reason was then just an excuse. When Duryodhana angrily jumped to his friend's defense, Dhristadyumna reminded the Kuru prince that Panchal practiced equal primogeniture and Draupadi had every right to choose her own husband-the Swayamvara was only designed so that the suitors could get the king's permission.
Arriving with his brothers while disguised as brahmins, Arjuna successfully tackled the target as he was keen to win Draupadi, which other kings and prince were unable to accomplish. In some versions of the story, Arjuna swore an oath that if he won Draupadi's hand as he loved her so much, he would never again disobey his mother's command (having already done so by attending the swayamvara in the first place). He won Draupadi by shooting an arrow into a revolving fish's eye, only by seeing its reflection in a pot of oil. In some versions it is said that Draupadi and Arjuna were in love before the swayamvara and thats why she rejected Karna.
Upon returning home with Draupadi, Arjuna said to his mother, "Look mother, what we have brought." Assuming it was simply alms, Kunti un-mindfully and unassumingly asked her son to share whatever it was with his brothers. Arjuna, who was deeply hurt by his mother's decision, kept quiet. After realizing the horror of her words, Kunti took them back. But keeping in view the dharma of following one's mother, Yudhishtira agreed to such a marriage along with the other three brothers. Thus, in order to obey his mother's order (either on general principle or because of Arjuna's aforementioned vow), all five accepted Draupadi as their wife. Draupadi refused, saying that she loved Arjuna, but was made to agree by both Krishna and Arjuna.
When Vyasa/Krishna visited the family, he explained to Draupadi that her unique position as the wife of five brothers resulted from a certain incident in her previous birth. In her previous birth, Draupadi desired fourteen qualities and Lord Siva granted her this boon. Thus, she marries Yudhithira for his wisdom of dharma; Bhima for his strength; Arjuna for his courage and Nakula for his beauty and Sahadeva for his patience. The reason that Vyasa Muni gives is Draupadi's prayer utterances to God five times 'God, Give me a husband', Mahabharata 1.213. It is said that, in taking turns to live with each of the five husbands, she had the boon to be a virgin every year by walking through the fire to regain her purity. Thus, she gets to be called the eternal kanya. In any event, handling five men is symbolic of her strength as a woman. The conceptions are to be seen as symbolic also. Due to their result of karma, none of her children survived because of Ashwathama, who entered the Pandava camp and killed them.
Living in Indraprastha[edit]
With the Pandavas' survival revealed, a succession crisis was started. Upon the news of Dharma's death, the title of crown prince had fallen to Duryodhana. With Duryodhana refusing to give up his crown, Dhritarashtra's own inability to take away anything from his son, and with the (truthful) rumors that the Duryodhana and Shakuni had been behind the fire at Varnavat, Bhishma proposed that the kingdom be split. The Kauravas took Hastinapur while the Pandavas were sent to Khandavprastha.
An infertile, untilled land, infested with snakes, covered with trees, and with many areas simply swampland, Khandavprastha was a poor consolation prize. However, with the help of Krishna, Balarama, and Mayasura (the architect of the Asuras who owed a favor to Arjuna for saving his life in the Khadav forest), the Pandavas rebuilt Khandavprastha into Indraprastha. The crown jewel of the country was the main palace, built in a valley. It was filled with books, art, mounted creatures, and with Mayasura's sorcery, there were awe-inspiring illusions everywhere.[6]
Not only that, but after Yudhisthira performed the Rajasuya Yagna, the Pandavas gained lordship over many regions of India.[7] With major powers like Madra, Dwarka, Kasi, Magadha, and now Panchala sworn to Indraprastha, the Pandavas were doing better than ever. Indraprastha earned the sobriquet the "jewel of India". However, the Pandavas' success earned the ire of Duryodhana and the Kauravas.
Duryodhana's insult[edit]
Indraprastha was built at the site of the Khandava forest. The pride of buildings was the "Palace of Illusions", and this was where Duryodhana and his entourage explored during Hastinapur's attending of the Rajasuya Yagna.
The moment Duryodhana entered the palace he encountered an atmosphere of mystery. A retinue of maidservants appeared through a wall and lined up before the guests. The courtyard was divided in two parts. The surface of one part appeared to ripple like the surface of a lake. The surface of the other part appeared solid as granite flooring and when Duryodhana stepped on the apparently solid part of the courtyard, there was a splash and Duryodhana found himself waist deep in water, drenched from head to foot. When Draupadi saw this from the balcony they were amused. Duryodhana felt extremely insulted that Draupadi and her maids saw his embarrassing predicament. Draupadi joked "Andhasya Putra Andhaha" meaning "a blind man's (referring to Dhritrashtra) son is blind",
further infuriating Duryodhana because he thought that Draupadi called him with those words.
" | The blind son of blind parents | " |
—Draupadi to Duryodhana, [8] |
In the earliest versions of the Mahabharatha, the Pandavas, escorting the Kauravas, witness Duryodhana's fall and laughed with their servants. The popular insult of a "blindman's son" is a later addition.[9]
In any case, Duryodhana swore revenge on Draupadi; such a revenge that the Pandavas would fall at his feet begging for mercy.
The game of dice[edit]
This key incident is often considered to mark a definitive moment in the story of Mahabharata. It is one of the driving reasons that ultimately led to the Kurukshetra war.
The catalyst of the incident was Duryodhana's desire to reunite Hastinapur, wrestle power from the Pandavas, and avenge the insults (perceived or otherwise) made against him by the Pandavas and Draupadi.
Together with his brothers, his friend Karna, and his maternal uncle Shakuni, they conspired to call on the Pandavas to Hastinapur and win their kingdoms in a game of gambling. The plan's architect, Shakuni was blessed with dice that would never disobey his will. The idea was that Shakuni would play against Yudhishthira and win at the gambling table what was impossible to win on the battlefield.
As the game proceeded, Yudhishthira lost everything one-by-one. Having lost all material wealth, he went on to put his brothers at stake, and lost them too. Ultimately he put himself at stake, and lost again. All the Pandavas were now the servants of the Kauravas. But for Duryodhana, the humiliation of the Pandavas was not complete. He prods Yudhishthira that he has not lost everything yet; Yudhishthira still has Draupadi with him and if he wishes he can win everything back by putting Draupadi at stake . Inebriated by the game, Yudhishthira walks into the trap and to the horror of everybody present, puts Draupadi up as a bet for the next round.
Playing the next round, Shakuni wins. Draupadi was horrified after hearing that she was staked in the game and now is a slave for Duryodhana. Draupadi questions Yudhishtira's right on her as he had lost himself first and she was still the queen. She refuses to present herself in court. Duryodhana, angry with Draupadi's behaviour, commands his younger brother Dushasana to bring her into the court, forcefully if he must. Dushasana barges into the living quarters of Draupadi, who was sitting there with Arjun and her son.[10] Dushasana grabs her by the hair and brings her into the court, dragging her by the hair.
She is dragged to the court by the hair. Now in an emotional appeal to the elders present in the forum, Draupadi repeatedly questions the legality of the right of Yudhishthira to place her at stake; in Panchal, such a move would be unheard of. Everybody remains dumbfounded.
"The course of morality is subtle and even the illustrious wise in this world fail to always understand it."
— Bhishma, the patriarch of the Kaurava family and a formidable warrior, has only this explanation to offer to Draupadi
In order to provoke the Pandavas further, Duryodhana bares and pats his thigh looking into Draupadi's eyes, implying that she should sit on his thigh. In rage Bhima vows in front of the entire assembly that he would break that thigh of Duryodhana, or accept being Duryodhana's slave for seven lifetimes. At this time Vikarna, a brother of Duryodhan asks the kings assembled in the court to answer the question of Draupadi. He gives his opinion that Draupadi is not won rightfully as Yudhishthira lost himself first before staking her. Besides Draupadi is the common wife of all Pandavas.
Hearing these words Karna gets angry and says that when Yudhishthira lost all his possession he also lost Draupadi as she includes his possession. Draupadi had been mentioned by Shakuni and approved as a stake by the Pandavas that is why she is rightfully won. Besides the gods have ordained only one husband for a woman but as Draupadi has many husbands she is a harlot. Bringing her in a court of men is not an surprising act whether she be attired or naked. Then to the horror of everybody present, Duryodhana orders Dushasana to disrobe Draupadi.[11][12][13] Seeing her husbands unable to help her, Draupadi prays to Lord Krishna to protect her. A miracle occurs henceforward, which is popularly attributed to Krishna but in Vyasa's Mahabharata, Draupadi's saviour is named as Dharma (who could be just morality, the god Dharma, Krishna as the Lord of Dharma, or even Vidura or Yudhishthira, or even a logical paradox of Draupadi's question – did Yudhishthira have the right to stake her when he had already lost himself?). As the Pandavas and the court looks away, Dushasana unwraps layers and layers of her sari. But as her sari keeps getting extended, everyone looks upon in awe, and Dushasana himself is forced to stop due to exhaustion. At this point, a furious Bhima vows to remove Dushasana's arm (that had held her hair) and to drink the blood from his chest, at the pain of not seeing his ancestors/entering heaven. This vow unsettles the entire court.Draupadi vows not to tie her hair until she has decorated it with the blood of Dushasana.
The only Kauravas who object to the disrobing of Draupadi in the court are Vikarna and Vidura. Vikarna appeals the assembly to answer the questions raised by Draupadi, but in vain. Vidura openly calls Duryodhana a snake and a demon, but after finding no support, even from his own brother, Vidura is helpless. Draupadi herself verbally eviscerates the entire court, threatening that once Drupada heard of his daughter's insult, he would tear Hastinapur to the ground. Just as she is about to curse the Kuru dynasty, she is interrupted by the queen mother Gandhari.
Knowing how lethal a pious woman's curse can be, Gandhari counsels Dhritarashtra to action. Also fearing retribution from Panchal, Dhritarashtra intervenes and grants Draupadi three boons. Draupadi in her first boon asks her husbands to be freed from bondage so her sons would not be caalled Dasas. In her second boon she asks for all the wealth Pandavas lost in the game of dice to be restored to them. When Dhritarashtra asks her to wish for the third boon she refuses by saying that it would be greedy to ask for more.
Shakuni and Duryodhana later convince Dhritarashtra to invite Pandavas for a new game of dice, with modified rules. The loser here, would go for 12 years in exile and another one year of anonymity. Yudhisthira agrees and loses again. It was following the defeat in this new game that Pandavas were sent into exile for 13 years.
Abduction of Draupadi by Jayadratha[edit]
While the Pandavas were in the Kamyaka forest, they often went hunting, leaving Draupadi in the care of Dhaumya, their priest. At this time Jayadratha, the son of Vriddhakshatra, the husband of Duryodhana's sister Dussala, passed through Kamyaka forest on the way to Salwa Desa. There he saw Draupadi. Jayadratha then started beseeching her to go away with him and desert her husbands who had fallen upon bad times. Draupadi pointed out that it was wrong to desert one's spouses when they were in difficulty and then gave him a rather long and deliberately delaying speech on exactly the sort of bad time her husbands would give him on their return. Jayadratha then said "thou canst not frighten us(he was with several other Kings when he saw and abducted Draupadi) now with these threats. We, too, O Draupadi, belong by birth to the seventeen high clans, and are endowed with the six royal qualities." and was sure that he could beat the Pandavas in battle. Draupadi said "Even Indra himself cannot abduct her for whose protection Krishna and Arjuna would together follow, riding in the same chariot." And she spoke of the way in which Jishnu (Arjuna) would rout Jayadratha and his armies. She also said, "The warring princes of the Andhaka and the Vrishni races, with Janardana at their head, and the mighty bowmen of the Kaikeya tribe, will all follow in my wake with great ardour". Failing with words Jayadratha tried violence and she called for Dhaumya's help. Though she pushed him to the ground, he overpowered her and forced her onto his chariot. Meanwhile the Pandavas had finished their hunt and Yudhisthira observed that all the animals were disturbed in one direction and was suddenly overcome by premonitions. So he and his brother climbed their chariots pulled by horses of Saindhava breed and gave chase in the direction of the disturbance. And on learning of their wife's abduction by Jayadratha they rushed towards that host with great fury( like hawks swooping down on their prey. And possessed of the prowess of Indra, they had been filled with fury at the insult offered to Draupadi. But at sight of Jayadratha and of their beloved wife seated on his car, their fury knew no bounds). Then follows the exciting description of a battle in which the five pandavas routed the Sauviras, Ikshwakus, Sivis, and Saindhavas and their armies. Jayadratha in fear ran away, leaving Draupadi behind in all this confusion and she was taken back by Arjun. Dharmaraj urged Bhima to spare Jayadratha's life for the sake of Dussala and Gandhari, much to the indignation of Draupadi. And that highly intelligent lady said to her two husbands, Bhima and Arjuna with indignation mixed with modesty, 'If you care to do what is agreeable to me, you must slay the chief of the Saindhava clan! That foe who forcibly carries away a wife, and he that wrests a kingdom, should never be forgiven on the battle-field, even though he should supplicate for mercy!'.Thus admonished, it was decided to make him humiliated. Then the two valiant warriors went in search of the Saindhava chief. Bhima and Arjuna caught up with Jayadratha and Arjuna asked him how an unmanly fellow like himself had the guts to take a woman away by force. Thereafter there was more running away than actual fighting and Bhima caught Jayadratha and wanted to kill him. Arjuna reminded him of Dharmaraj(Yudhisthira)'s words, so they brought Jayadratha to their hermitage.After bringing the chained Jayadratha back to the hermitage where he was to declare to be slave of Pandavas and was hence, shaved on his head at five places and then freed.(Book 3: Vana Parva-Draupadi-harana Parva)
Kichaka's death[edit]
While the Pandavas were leading their normal life in their own disguised form, one day Kichaka, the brother of Sudeshna, and the commander of king Virata's forces, happened to see the Draupadi. He was filled with lust by looking at her. He asked her to marry him, but Draupadi refused him saying that she was already married to Gandharvas. She warned Kichaka that her husbands were very strong and that he would not be able to escape death at their hands. Later, he forced his sister, the queen, to help him win Draupadi. Sudeshana ordered Draupadi to fetch wine from Kichaka's house. Draupadi tried to dissuade the queen, but fails. When Draupadi went to get wine, Kichaka tried to molest her. Draupadi escaped and runs into the court of Virata. Kichaka kicked her in front of all the courtiers, including Yudhisthira. Fearful of losing his most powerful warrior, even Virat did not take any action. Bhima is present, and only a look from Yudhishthira prevents him from attacking Kichaka. Furious, Draupadi asked about the duties of a king and dharma. Draupadi then cursed Kichaka with death by her husband's hand. Laughing it off, Kichaka only doubted their whereabouts and asked those present where are the Ghandaravas were. Yudhisthira then told Sairandhri to go to the temple, as Kichaka would not do anything to her there (in some versions, he recommends she seeks refuge with the queen). With this, the king asked Kichaka to leave and praised Yudhistira's reply as he himself could not think of anything.
Later that night, Arjuna consoled Draupadi, and with Bhima, they hatched a plan to kill Kichaka. Draupadi meets with Kichaka, pretending to actually love him and agreeing to marry him on the condition that none of his friends or brothers would know about their relationship. Kichaka accepted her condition. Draupadi asked Kichaka to come to the dancing hall at night. Bhima(in the guise of Draupadi), fights with Kichaka and kills him, with Arjuna playing the mridangam in order to mask the sounds of battle. (Book 4: Virata Parva, Kichaka-badha Parva)
Unflinching Faith,Surrender and Devotion to Krishna[edit]
Draupadi's most exceptional quality was that Shri Krishna considered her his sakhi (friend) and sister. Krishna cut his finger while beheading Shishupal, Draupadi immediately tore off a piece of her sari and bandaged his cut. Krishna said that with this loving act, she wrapped him in debt and he would repay each "thread" when the time arrives. Indeed, whenever Draupadi needed Krishna's protection she fervently prayed for his help, he came to the rescue and gave her unlimited cloth. This is one of the stories of the origin of the Raksha Bandhan festival.
Once, while the Pandavas were in exile, Durvasa Muni, who was known for his quick anger, suddenly decided to drop in along with his many thousands of disciples. He would naturally want something to eat for himself and his followers. The bowl that gave unlimited amount of food was with them. But the Pandavas and Draupadi had just eaten. The bowl would provide food for that day only until Draupadi had finished eating.There was no more food left. Fearful of Durvasa's anger, Draupadi prayed to Krishna. When he appeared, Krishna asked if she had anything to eat because he was hungry. when Draupadi answered that she had nothing Krishna pointed out at the one grain of rice which was sticking to the vessel and asked Draupadi to bring it. He ate that single grin of rice. When Durvasa and his disciples arrived after bathing in the nearby river they were all so full that they did not want anything to eat, and thus left peacefully.
Draupadi is an exemplification of bhakti, and she experienced God's divine presence constantly in her life. When she questioned Krishna about everything that had happened to her, he reassured her: "Soon wilt thou, O Draupadi, behold the ladies of Bharata's race weep as thou dost. Even they, O timid one, will weep like thee, their kinsmen and friends being slain. They with whom, O lady, thou art angry, have their kinsmen and warriors already slain. With Bhima and Arjuna and the twins, at Yudhishthira's command, and agreeably to fate, and what hath been ordained by the Ordainer, I will accomplish all this. Their hour having arrived, the sons of Dhritarashtra, if they do not listen to my words, will surely lie down on the earth turned as morsels of dogs and jackals. The mountains of Himavat might shift their site, the Earth herself might spilt into a hundred fragments, the firmament itself with its myriads of stars might fall down, still my words can never be futile. Stop thy tears, I swear to thee, O Draupadi, soon wilt thou see thy husbands, with their enemies slain, and with prosperity crowning them." Her bhakti was unwavering, unflinching, exceptional, pure, divine and true. She was most dear to Lord Sri Krishna and earned his affection, kindness and mercy. When Lord Krishna was prepared to return to His abode (Vaikuntha), He said, "Alas! I could not repay the debt of Draupadi for the word Govinda (when she uttered Govinda at the time of vastraharan). I am going without repaying it!"
Karna's insult[edit]
When Draupadi was at her lowest, Karna insulted Draupadi by saying that Pandavas were all like sesame seeds removed from the kernel and she should now find some other worthy husbands. He told Draupadi to take Duryodhana for a husband, saying "you already have five husbands. What is one more?". When the Pandavas became enraged, Karna replied that a woman with five husbands was a whore with no honor, and that it would not be improper to bring her to the courtroom nude. He askes Dussasana" Take off the robes of the Pandavas as also the attire of Draupadi."[14] Hearing these words the Pandavas, O Bharata, took of their upper garments and throwing them down sat in that assembly. . Because of this, Arjuna swore an oath to kill Karna.[15]
Draupadi's conduct following the game, when she did not take full advantage of Dhritarasthra's boons, raises her estimation in Karna's eyes. Karna said "I have seen prettier woman, but no one with such a sharp tongue (sic)".
This act of Karna is regarded as the only unrighteous act done by him in his life. During the self choice ceremony (Swayamvara) of Draupadi, until the arrival of Arjuna, Karna was the only king of all the kings and princes of India, who was successful in picking the bow up and aiming it at the fish. But Draupadi loudly said, 'I will not select a Suta for my lord.'[16] thus rejecting him. This rejection finally led her to be called as a whore in game of dice.
Her Existence And Personality[edit]
Draupadi's service to her husbands, she had said that she rises before anyone else, tolerates hunger and thirst, and goes to bed after the others. She also gave birth to five sons, all of her sons were killed by Ashwatthama. But since he was the son of the family guru, and she had such respect for their gurus, She forgave him. When the Pandavas had reached the end of their lives and were setting out to ascend to heaven by climbing up into the mountains, she was the last in line. But she was the first to fall and thus rise to heaven after her death. Her dedication and devotion make her one of the great personalities of Vedic culture.[17] she was a multifaceted personality: she could be fiery and angry when the situation called for it, but she still had a compassionate nature. She encouraged people to face life with the same inner strength that she did. After the war, Draupadi looked after Gandhari and Dhritarashtra with respect and affection, even though their sons had wronged her in so many ways.
Perceptions of Draupadi[edit]
Draupadi is eulogized as the epitome of chastity and truth. She is praised for her extreme devotion to her husbands, mother-in-law and Sri Krishna.She is worshiped as a goddess in South India. Draupadi was a brave woman, she demanded justice directly from the King Dhritarashtra in Hastinapur kingdom when she was insulted by his sons. She as Sairandhri (literally: an expert maid, her assumed name during her exile in which she worked as Virat kingdom's queen Sudeshna's hair-stylist) again demanded justice directly from the king Virata when she was insulted by Kichaka(the brother of Queen Sudeshna, and the commander of king Virata's forces) She criticised those kings(Virata and Dhritarashtra) for failing to give Justice to her and failing to protect a woman and Dharma. She even criticised great warriors such as Bhishma, Drona, Kripacharya and even her five husbands for not saving her from the humiliation in Hastinapura.
Draupadi demands the inherent gem of Ashwathama[edit]
Ashwathama in order to avenge his father's death attacks the camp of the Pandavas' with his uncle Kripa and Kritavarma breaking the rules of the battle. He makes an atrocious massacre killing Dhrishtadyumna, Shikhandi and the soldiers who were in sleep. He kills the Upapandavas. Many scriptures say that he mistook Upapandavas for Pandavas. At morning Yudhishthira hears the news and asks Nakula to bring Draupadi from Matsya kingdom. Draupadi blacks out reaching there and vows that if the Pandavas don't kill the evil son of Drona she will kill herself by prayopaveshan( fasting till death ). Yudhishthira tries to console her but she says,"I have heard that Drona's son hath a gem on his head, born with him. I shall see that gem brought to me after the slaughter of that wretch in battle, Placing that gem on thy head, O king, I shall endure to live. Even this is my resolve."[18]Then she says to Bhima,"Remembering the duties of a kshatriya, O Bhima, it behoveth thee to come to my rescue. Slay that man of sinful deeds like Maghavat slaying Samvara. There is no one in this world who is equal to thee in prowess. It is known throughout the world how on an occasion of great calamity thou becamest at the town Varanavata the refuge of all the Parthas. When again we were seen by Hidimba, it was thou that becamest our refuge in the same way. Like Maghavat rescuing (his spouse) the daughter of Puloma, thou didst rescue my afflicted self, in Virata's city, from a great calamity. Like those great feats, O Partha, that thou didst achieve in former days, slay now, O slayer of foes, the son of Drona and be thou happy!"[18] Afterwards remain successful to do so and placing that gem on crown Yudhishthira looked like a mountain adorned with moon.[18][19]
Quality of mercy and purity[edit]
Draupadi told duryodhan to accept his sins on the 17th day of battle and she will save his life even if he insulted her many a time. Draupadi's mercy towards Ashwatthama at such a time is evidence of the purity of her heart. She saw beyond her own pain and forgave Ashwatthama his crime of killing her children for the sake of his mother Kripi. She also, even in the midst of her grief, prevented her husbands from committing a bad deed. She did not want them guilty of killing a Brahmana. She reminded them of their guru Drona and protected Ashwatthama. Draupadi's had a heart of gold. She thought of everyone.
"Much later when Draupadi was asked what hurt the most about losing her children she replied that they died in their sleep. "If they'd been awake my brave sons would have remembered Krishna's name and faced salvation (moksha). Those who remember the Lord at the time of death are granted salvation from this material world. But since my children were asleep, they couldn't do that. They couldn't remember Krishna. That is what hurts the most."
Draupadi's grief was not selfish or focused on her own pain. She thought only of her children and of the fate of their souls. We can learn so much from Draupadi's story. From her compassion. From her love. From her intelligence. Her capacity to forgive was without doubt her greatest strength. She was Krishnā, Krishna's dear one.[20]
Draupadi's description of the Pandavas[edit]
Her description of Pandavas to Jayadratha when he abducts her, "With a complexion like that of pure gold, possessed of a prominent nose and large eyes, and endued with a slender make, that husband of mine is known among people by the name of Yudhishthira, the son of Dharma and the foremost of the Kuru race. That virtuous prince of men granteth life to even a foe that yields. Therefore, O fool, throwing down thy arms and joining thy hands, run to him for thy good, to seek his protection. And that other man whom thou seest with long arms and tall as the full-grown Sala tree, seated on his chariot, biting his lips, and contracting his forehead so as to bring the two eye-brows together, is he,--my husband Vrikodara! Steeds of the noblest breed, plump and strong, well-trained and endued with great might, draw the cars of that warrior! His achievements are superhuman. He is known, therefore, by the name of Bhima on earth. They that offend him are never suffered to live. He never forgetteth a foe. On some pretext or other he wrecketh his vengeance. Nor is he pacified even after he has wrecked a signal vengeance. And there, that foremost of bowmen, endued with intelligence and renown, with senses under complete control and reverence for the old—that brother and disciple of Yudhishthira—is my husband Dhananjaya, known to the world as Arjun! Virtue he never forsaketh, from lust or fear or anger! Nor doth he ever commit a deed that is cruel. Endued with the energy of fire and capable of withstanding every foe, that grinder of enemies is the son of Kunti. And that other youth, versed in every question of morality and profit, who ever dispelleth the fears of the affrighted, who is endued with high wisdom, who is considered as the handsomest person in the whole world and who is protected by all the sons of Pandu, being regarded by them as dearer to them than their own lives for his unflinching devotion to them, is my husband Nakula possessed of great prowess. Endued with high wisdom and having Sahadeva for his second, possessed of exceeding lightness of hand, he fighteth with the sword, making dexterous passes therewith. Thou, foolish man, shall witness today his performances on the field of battle, like unto those of Indra amid the ranks of Daityas! And that hero skilled in weapons and possessed of intelligence and wisdom, and intent on doing what is agreeable to the son of Dharma, that favourite and youngest born of the Pandavas, is my husband Sahadeva! Heroic, intelligent, wise and ever wrathful there is not another man equal unto him in intelligence or in eloquence amid assemblies of the wise. Dearer to Kunti than her own soul, he is always mindful of the duties of Kshatriyas, and would much sooner rush into fire or sacrifice his own life than say anything that is opposed to religion and morals." (Book 3: Vana Parva, Section 268)
The marriage of Draupadi with five Pandava men, i.e., polyandry, was not regarded without censure by the society spoken of in the epic. The Indo-Aryan texts almost never mention or allow polyandry, although polygamy was common among men of higher social ranks. Her marriage to five men was controversial. However, when questioned by Kunti to give an example of polyandry, Yudhisthira cites Gautam-clan Jatila (married to seven Saptarishis) and Hiranyaksha's sister Pracheti (married to ten brothers).[21]
Draupadī's polyandrous marriage seems to have been a historic event; otherwise the author of the Mahābhārata, who is at his wit's end to justify it, would have quietly kept silence about it. ... The Mahābhārata proceeds to give several fantastic reasons in justification of Draupadī's marriage; only one of them may be given by way of illustration. Draupadī got five husbands in this life because in one of her previous existences she had five times uttered the prayer to God, 'Give me a husband' (Mbh 1:213). [See also Mbh 1:206:2,27; 1:210:29 for contemporary cultural responses to polyandry.][22]
Draupadi has longed for a husband who will have wisdom and moral values, will be strong and well built, a good archer, handsome and intelligent.
Of course all these qualities are with Pandavas as well but only equally divided (Yudhistira for moral values, Bhima for physical strength, Arjuna for archery, Nakula is handsome and Sahadev is the most intelligent).
Its fate or destiny which made Draupadi herself preventing Karna from participating in the Swyamvar, calling him a Suta Putra. He could have been a better 'only' husband for her than the five she got as he was as good as any of the pandavas when it came to virtues and valour.
Owing to her marriage to five husbands, Draupadi had to live with each one of them turn-by-turn for one year each. She had the boon to be born virgin every year, and is therefore called an eternal Kanya (a virgin).[23] In the Svargarohana Parva of Mahabharat, during their final journey to heaven, Draupadi and all Pandavas but Yudhisthira fall on their way. The reason for the fall of Draupadi is quoted as she being more doting towards Arjuna than the rest of the brothers. Draupadi always loved Arjuna more because Arjuna was the one who won the swayamvara and was also the close friend of Krishna.
Death and to heaven[edit]
When her husbands retired from the world and went on their journey towards the Himalayas and Indra's heaven, she accompanied them, and was the first to fall on the journey. When Bhima asked Yudhisthira, "This princess never did any sinful act. Then why is she fallen on Earth?" to this Yudhisthir replied that, "Although the princess has always been faithful to all of us, yet she loved Arjun the most and hence the reason for her fall." On hearing this Arjun cried very much.
"Beholding his brothers fallen on the Earth, King Yudhishthira the just said unto that deity of a 1,000 eyes these words: 'My brothers have all dropped down here. They must go with me. Without them by me I do not wish to go to Heaven, O lord of all the deities. The delicate princess (Draupadi) deserving of every comfort, O Purandara, should go with us. It behoveth thee to permit this."
"He also beheld the princess of Panchala, decked in garlands of lotuses. Having attained to Heaven, she was sitting there, endued with a form possessed of solar splendour. King Yudhishthira suddenly wished to question her. Then the illustrious Indra, the chief of the gods, spoke to him, 'This one is Sree herself. It was for destroying the evil , that she took birth, as the daughter of Drupada, among human beings, issuing not from any mother's womb, O Yudhishthira, endued with agreeable perfume and capable of delighting the whole world. She was born in the race of Drupada and was married to and liked by you all."
Draupadi had at least five sons one from each husband. There names were Prativindhya (Yudhisthira's son), Sutasoma (Bheema's son), Shrutakarma (Arjuna's son), Satanika (Nakula's son), and Shrutasena (Sahadeva's son). Together they were called as Upapandavas. None of Draupadi's children survived the end of the epic. Ashwatthama went to torch the camping tents of the Pandavas at night, but he got confused with the Upapandavas. So instead of torching the camps of Pandavas, he ended up torching the camps of Draupadi's children. In some versions of the story, Ashwatthama, unable to find the Pandavas (who were staying in the conquered Kaurava camp), decides to kill the Upapandavas out of spite.
Parikshit, the son of Abhimanyu, and his wife Uttarā(grandson of Subhadra and Arjuna), is the sole Pandava descendant who survives at the end of the Mahabharat battle.
Draupadi as a village god[edit]
The Draupadi Amman cult (or Draupadi cult) is a tradition that binds together a community of people in worshipping Draupadi Amman as a village goddess with unique rituals and mythologies. Fire walking or theemithi is a popular ritual enacted at Draupadi Amman temples.[24]
There are over 400 temples dedicated to Draupadi in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka.[25] In these communities, Draupadi is worshiped mainly by the Vanniya Kula Kshatriya caste people.[26] There are a few processions and festivals which are conducted for about 3 weeks a year. The most famous festival is in the village Durgasamudram, Tirupati of Chittoor district.[27]
Modern interpretations and television[edit]
- In the 1988 Mahabharat TV series, Draupadi was portrayed by Roopa Ganguly.
- In the 2013 Mahabharat TV series, Draupadi was portrayed by Pooja Sharma. Even though it was her first TV show, Pooja did such a tremendous job of playing Draupadi that she won world wide acclaim for her fantastic portrayal.
- ^ "Mahabharti - A Hindi Book by - Chitra Chaturvedi - महाभारती - चित्रा चतुर्वेदी". Pustak.org. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
- ^ Bhattacharya, Pradip. Five Holy Virgins, Five Sacred Myths. Manushi.
- ^ Jones, Constance (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 136. ISBN 0-8160-5458-4.
- ^ Doninger, Wendy (2009). The Hindus: An Alternative History. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 301.
- ^ Ganguli, Kisari Mohan. "Section CLXXXVI: Swayamvara Parva". The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa: English Translation. Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
- ^ Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. p. 166.
- ^ Parmeshwarananad, Swami (2001). Encylopaedic Dictionary of Puranas. New Delhi: Sarup and Sons. p. 524.
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sisupala-badha Parva: Section XLVI". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sisupala-badha Parva: Section XLVI". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sisupala-badha Parva: Section LXVI". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
- ^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02067.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Section LXII |publisher=Sacred-texts.com
- ^ http://nyktrivedi.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/mahabharata-sanskrit-hindi-02-gitapress.pdf
- ^ https://archive.org/stream/mahabharata_nk/mahabharata_nilakanthas_commentary#page/n403/mode/2up
- ^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02067.htm
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Swayamvara Parva: Section CLXXXIX". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
- ^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01190.htm
- ^ http://mahabhar.blogspot.in/2013/05/draupadi-and-amba.html
- ^ a b c http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10011.htm
- ^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/index.htm
- ^ http://jaijoshiz.blogspot.in/2009/12/draupadi-born-of-fire-part-vi.html
- ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Vaivahika Parva: Section CLXLVIII". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
- ^ Anant Sadashiv Altekar, The position of women in Hindu civilization, from prehistoric times to the present day, 2nd revised and illustrated edition, (Motilal Banarsidass, 1959), p. 112–113.
- ^ "Panchkanya of Indian Epics: A Critique by Saroj Thakur". Boloji.com. 2001-08-12. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
- ^ DraupadiHiltebeitel, Alf (1991). The Cult Of Draupadi Mythologies:From Gingee To Kuruksetra 1. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1000-6.
- ^ Hiltebeitel, Alf (1991). The cult of Draupadi: Mythologies: From Gingee to Kurukshetra. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 25.
- ^ Madhusudhan, N.R. (2012). "Ancient tradition comes alive". New Indian Express.
- ^ "Drowpathi Sametha Dharmaraja Swamy Temple". Desibantu. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
- Eminent women in the Mahabharata by Vanamala Bhawalkar.
- Marriage to the Pandavas
- Mahabharata (1999) by Krishna Dharma
- Mahabharata by VedaVyasa
- Shri Krishna tele-serial by late Shri Ramanand Sagar
- Karna Puran
- Mrityunjay a Marathi novel.
- Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa, English translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Draupadi. |
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Draupadi |
- All questions about Draupadi is answered in this discourse (in Kannada language)
- Moralstories.wordpress.com
- Sacred-texts.com
- Draupadi, the Woman: Epitome of Feminity and Feminism by Madhuri Guin
- The Kaurava race of Sri Lanka and the worship of Draupadi
- Karaga Worship is all about Goddess Draupadi
- ,Information around Karaga festival in Bangalore


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7 comments
so beautiful....
me encantaaaa!!^^
es una pasadaa....
ahhh i think i know what film that is and i think i have almost the same ! i'm waiting impatiently to start using it, i see the results are pretty cool
qué pasada,
i want this film
Great pose, how did you get her just above the water?
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Jordan Eberle plays hockey in honor of this blog. Were you aware?
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Archive for the 'Backhand Shelf' Category
Jordan Eberle goes BACKHAND SHELF
Posted by Chris Lund under Backhand Shelf on Jan 20, 2013
This shootout goal moved Sweden past Russia into the gold medal game
Posted by Justin Bourne under 2013 World Juniors, Backhand Shelf, General Awesomeness on Jan 03, 2013
See if you can guess why we love Sebastian Collberg's goal here at theScore.
(Yeah, you got it. But second place to him scoring backhand shelf was the Swedish goal call, third was the puck sticking above the back bar. Awesome stuff. You can check out the entire shootout here.)


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Select () or exclude () categories to narrow your recipe search.
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I've always loved eating (of course) and I've always been a good cook. Now that I've been exploring the Internet for great, highly rated recipes, my cooking has gone up a few notches and I'd consider myself an excellent cook now thanks to all of these amazing shared recipes. I hope to create my own highly rated recipe one day soon.


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I have had the opportunity these past couple of weeks to review a few books. Scrappy books that is!
First on the list is S is for SCRAPPY by Gayle Bong
I have some fabric stashed away that might end up in this quilt...
All three books are from Martingdale and Company and are available on Amazon.
Happy Scrappy Sewing! ooxx`jodi


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Lego Star Wars Swagstakes Ends Friday!
Just a reminder that one of the Swagstakes prizes that I envy the winner of most is ending this Friday, October 30th. These symbolize the marriage of maybe the greatest toy and greatest space adventure movie series of all time. You guys are lucky I haven't taken these home with me yet. It's pretty tempting.
These were provided by eFamilyFun.com where you can find loads of awesome entertainment for yourself and family. Be sure to check out all that's offered over there.
If they have stuff like Lego Star Wars, it's going to be amazing. That's expected.
Entries for this Swagstakes are only 1 Swag Buck per to start and get cheaper the more you get. I'll announce the winner on this blog, Friday, October 30th.
Before I wish you luck, I just thought I'd share one of the cutest videos I've ever seen. TSG is a sucker for a cute viral video and this one is Star Wars themed! Enjoy….
and good luck.


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I was looking at my cable/phone and other "boxes" on the side of my house today at around 4:30PM. As I stood there, tons of little bees all zoomed in, one by one, like they were coming in for a landing, and went behind one of the bigger "boxes". There has to be a nest behind it. Later I went out and they are flying in and out. They are very, very busy.
I love bees and need them for my garden, but I'm not happy about them living behind the box and perhaps even in the siding. Can anyone tell me what type of bees these are and whether they are likely to drill into the side of the house? They're definitely not carpenter bees, thankfully. And any ideas, if they are "good bees" how to entice them to move elsewhere without me having to have them destroyed? Thanks! (And yes, I see that need to have the house pressure-washed!) |
Follow-Up Postings:
Upon Googling some more, I think they're yellow jackets, and that means they are probably drilling into my house! I guess I need a professional exterminator? Any comments and/or advice appreciated! |
- Posted by konrad___far_north 3..just outside of E (My Page) on Tue, Jun 7, 11 at 19:30
Yep..you got it, somewhere they have a nest and getting bigger by the day...if you can see at night with a flash light where the hole is and spray in some killer then plug it right away, ...about a 10 second fast dash, spry and plug and wear appropriate closing ...I usually don't. |
Unfortunately, they all fly behind the box. So the box needs to come off (or something) to get to the entry point and the nest. I will call the electric co and/or electrician and or exterminator/critter control company tomorrow. I really want that box off to see what's behind there. It's freaking me out that they're probably living in my wall... (And I also have a bee phobia. Never been stung by a bee/wasp etc in my life - and that's a good many years, so I don't know if I am allergic or not.) Anyway, thanks for answering! |
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Constipation diet
Vegetables, fruits (especially dried fruits), and some cereals (whole wheat, bran, or oatmeal) are excellent sources of fiber. It is easy to remember that the harder a vegetable is (like celery), the more fiber it has. For fiber to work, it is very important to drink plenty of water to help with the passage of stool in the intestines.
See the accompanying comic! In some of my previous articles and blog posts, I have bemoaned the irksome complications that dating with a... Read more »
Americans are notorious for spending outrageous amounts on laxatives and other remedies in their battle against chronic constipation. ... Read more »
Feeling constipated lately? You're not alone. In fact, this condition is common among older adults. Constipation is marked by straining,... Read more »
Constipation and infant gastroesophageal reflux sometimes occur together, effectively doubling the misery since both constipation and... Read more »
Constipation can be a real, pardon the pun, pain in the rear. It can cause significant abdominal pain, bloating, nausea and even... Read more »
Source: ADAM Encyclopedia
Laxative abuseHome TreatmentSeek immediate medical help. Do NOT make a person throw up unless told to do so by Poison Control or a health care... Read more »
Source: ADAM Encyclopedia
Spastic colon; Irritable colon; Mucous colitis; Spastic colitis Symptoms Symptoms range from mild to severe. Most people have mild... Read more »
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First dates are rough. You have to risk embarrassment, obsess over fresh breath, and sometimes even foot the bill for dinner and a movie. Ouch! We... Read more »


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| Email | Full Article (TrendHunter.com/id/75946) |
'Skullmate' by Luke Twigger offers a unique storage solution. The white, glazed earthenware skulls contain green pin-cushion 'brains' made of vintage fabrics and can act as a home for trinkets, jewelry, keys, candy, or any other small knick-knacks.
Each handmade 'Skullmate' by Luke Twigger features a golden-glazed tooth detail and a floral pattern painted on the side. Twigger, a UK-based designer, has adorned the green 'brain' cushions with robin's feathers as an homage to the city of Nottingham, England and their most enduring icon, Robin Hood.


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Temporary Workers: Not Just a 'Guest Employee'
October 2013 By Dale RothenbergerRecording injuries to temporary workers on your property and under your supervision are to be included in your OSHA 300 log for all employees, including "recordable injuries and illnesses that occur to employees who are not on your payroll if you supervise these employees on a day-to-day basis." You can't provide protective equipment for your employees and charge your temps for it or make them provide their own. You can't deny temps Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) information or copies of air sampling results.
In recent months, OSHA has received a series of reports about temporary workers suffering fatal injuries, many during their first days on a job. OSHA has issued citations when the employer failed to provide adequate protections, including safety training.
Training may be the most commonly violated requirement of all. Every OSHA standard that requires training requires the training before a worker is exposed to the hazard. The problem for temporary workers is the often short notice and transient nature of many of the jobs. Finding a temp who has documented training on hazardous waste operations and emergency response awareness, hazard communication, personal protective equipment, forklift operation and hearing conservation is certainly a logistical challenge.
However, it does not change the requirement for all of this and more to be in place before workers are exposed to workplace hazards. Additionally, OSHA wants to ensure that temporary workers receive required training in a language and vocabulary they can understand. These provisions underscore the duty of employers to protect all workers from hazards.
In addition, OSHA has begun working with the American Staffing Association, and employers that use staffing agencies, to promote best practices ensuring that temporary workers are protected from job hazards.
Key areas of change that affect you include:
- Revisions to the OSHA regulations, purpose and objectives;
- Reasonable care and informed compliance;
- Role of employer, agency, supervisors, workers, compliance auditors;
- Focused assessment requirements;
- Training responsibility (contract language and pre-engagement performance can put the burden of general training back on the agency's responsibility);
- Record-keeping requirement;
- Standard operating procedures;
- Penalties;
- Control of documents/control of records; and
- Best practices.
This issue is not limited to traditional manufacturing sites. This applies to any place covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
The question you now need to be asking yourself is: Do my "non-employees" pass the relationship test? PI
About the Author
Dale Rothenberger has more than 20 years of experience in business transformation and program process management. He is available for consultation and can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com or by calling (610) 926-1401.


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Features a two-sided chestpiece, this classic stethoscope offers high acoustic sensitivity for superior performance. A tunable diaphragm on one side augments the traditional bell function of the opposite side. It offers a traditional bell combined with a tunable diaphragm that allows the user to conveniently alternate between low- and high-frequency sounds without turning over the chestpiece.
Classic Cardiology Stethoscope for Adult by MDF Instruments Direct, Maliblu - 1 Ea
Omron Single Head Nurse Stethoscope, Blue color, Model No : 411 Series - 1 ea
Our Price:$4.03
3M Littmann Select 28 Inches Stethoscopes, Black Color Tube, Model: 2290 - 1 ea
Our Price:$55.12
MDF Adult and Pediatric 22K Gold Plated ER Premier Stethoscope, NoirNoir - 1 Ea
Graham Field 22 inches latex free Y tubing dual head stethoscope, Green color, # 400GR - 1 Ea
Our Price:$5.64
Adult Single Head Stethoscope by MDF Instruments Direct, CosmoIce - 1 Ea
Product descriptions and images presented on the site are for representational use only and do not constitute or substitute for medical information from your health care or medical professional. Information on this site is provided for informational purposes only. You should read carefully all on correct product packaging and follow the instructions. If you have or suspect that you have a medical problem, promptly contact your health care provider. Information and statements regarding dietary supplements on this site have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease and may be for commercial. Image shown for reference only. Actual item you recieve may differ from shown.


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Low level waste (LLW) is generally made up of everyday materials such as plastics, glass, metals, paper etc that have become contaminated by contact with radioactive liquids or powders. The definition of what constitutes radioactive waste can be found in the Radioactive Substances Act 1993.
The majority of solid radioactive waste produced in the UK (by volume) is low level. While most of it comes from the nuclear industry, it is also produced by many non-nuclear industries using radioactive materials including hospitals, universities, research establishments and the oil and gas industry.
LLW sits at the lower end of the radioactive waste spectrum (below high and intermediate level wastes) but it spans a very broad activity range. LLW can be further categorised into Very Low Level Waste (VLLW).
Chapelcross, Dounreay, Hunterston, Torness dispose of around 600m3 solid low-level waste per year, as well as liquid and gaseous discharges. These disposals result in increased levels of radioactivity in the environment, and a very small increased exposure of the population to radiation.
Currently, most low level waste in the UK is disposed of at the repository near Drigg, and some similar disposals were also made at Dounreay.
Insufficient capacity within the UK to dispose of LLW expected to arise from the decommissioning of the UK's nuclear facilities, resulted in the UK Government and Devolved Administrations issuing a new 'Policy for the Long Term Management of Solid Low Level Radioactive Waste in the United Kingdom' in March 2007.
The Policy allows disposals of high volume VLLW to specified landfill sites (including the practice of "controlled burial") and the general disposal of low volume VLLW to an unspecified destination, together with municipal, commercial or industry wastes.
SEPA has a number of obligations under the policy and is working hard to implement them into its systems and procedures. Guidance on the maximum volume of low volume VLLW that may be disposed of will be issued as soon as it is produced, as will the requirements for LLW management plans for the non-nuclear industry.
Disposal is the last step in the waste hierarchy but should this be the only option left then it may include disposal to:
Government has set up a Non-Nuclear Industry (NNI) Programme Board to address a lack of available disposal routes for non nuclear LLW. The board is tasked with the principal objective of making recommendations to Government on a national waste strategy for the non nuclear industry.
The first part of the board's work is to oversee the collection of necessary data. It will also consider options for improvements in routine data collection from the NNI, to enable the waste strategy to be updated from time-to-time, and make recommendations for these improvements to the environment agencies.


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Aspen Institute Ascend Network Launch
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The Aspen Institute
One Dupont Circle, NW
Suite 700
Washington, DC 20036-1133
202.467.0790 (fax)
Email us at email@example.com
Visit the Aspen Institute website for more information on policy programs, events, and publications.
Parent Voices: Dreams For The Future?See all
""Maybe just an opportunity to get a better job or to advance. You know, get a job and then maybe be able to advance." "
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While traveling in HI, I was fascinated by the Ti plants that grow all over the place on the islands. I noticed there are 2 types, purple and green. I've had the purple growing in front of my house for 2 years now, they are doing well, despite the extreme heat and cold of my area. Last December, I brought back 2 cuttings of the green type (bought them at KMart on Maui). They've sprouted and I'm excited to put them in the ground. For those of you who have these beautiful plants, are there any differences in the behavior of the green as compared to the purple Ti plants? Is the green more fragile, or just about the same?
Thanks, |
Follow-Up Postings:
Ti plants come in reds, greens, pink, and even striped. The green ones are the most common, and I would guess the easiest to grow. I just hack off a piece and stick it in the ground, and it grows! Paradise! |
- Posted by lynnonolena 96749 (My Page) on Sun, Apr 17, 11 at 17:02
I have been growing ti for 25 years. The red and green have intermingled over the years, and I also purchased special varieties, which have mingled with the original ones, and I save the seed and plant them. Now I have some really unusual and subtly beautiful varieties, which are as yet unnamed. Ti plants are fun to grow from seed you save, watching them grow and change in appearance. A plant may look very different grown in sun or shade. Some plants get brighter colors in sun, some in shade, very individual. At first, they all look the same...green. Just slight differences in color of stems. The older they get, the more color they show. Also, reveal different habits, the way they display and arrange their leaves around the stalk. Width of leaves is another interesting variable, as is the sheen of the leaves. There are many named varieties, one of the prettiest and best growing is 'Miss Andrea', small, bushy, quick to make keikis. |
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Middle class people bought "collections" of things, Fussell wrote, often under the mistaken belief that such mass-produced things purchased using catalogues will increase in value. (They will not.) The higher classes, in contrast, often inherited extensive qualities of things like thimbles or teaspoons, but didn't display them in special stained cases purchased from Sears. They either used them or kept them in drawers, where they belonged. The middle class refers to a dwelling as "a home," he explained. The upper and lower classes, two groups Fussell essentially respected for their basic honestly of presentation, called a house a house, and an apartment an apartment, and let it go at that. If perhaps he's a little too easy on the American professoriate (who somehow occupy a separate, non-hereditary X class) he basically nailed it.
He later wrote BAD: Or, the Dumbing of America (1991), looking at other forms of pretention, particularly Americans' enthusiasm for low-quality products. "Dismal food is bad," he wrote. "Dismal food pretentiously served in a restaurant associated with the word 'gourmet' is BAD."
He was always finely aware of precise distinctions like this. In Class, for instance, "The Living Room Scale" invited readers to determine social class based on the contents of one's living room. One earned many points (indicating higher social class) for publications like Town and Country, The New York Review of Books, Paris Match, and the Hudson Review. One earned only one point for The New Yorker (because it's widely read and mainstream, presumably, though the point system isn't actually explained), and lost points for publications like National Geographic, Smithsonian, Scientific American, and Psychology Today.
He was critical, but no snob. The upper class, he explained, was just as silly as the middles; they were just silly in different ways.
No mere Andy Rooney-style whiner, Fussell's critiques were usually on target. From class to World War II, though, his general take seemed to be merely anti-bullshit. There is no reason to say things that are untrue, Fussell seemed to believe, if the truth is perfectly evident. He seemed to have first come to this realization as a soldier. "Every war is ironic, because every war is worse than expected,'' he wrote. "Every war constitutes an irony of situation, because its means are so melodramatically disproportionate to its ends." But this disgust over soaring national rhetoric seemed eventually to extend to virtually all forms of artifice. Looking at his whole career, it's clear what he was really trying to do was just point out the lies that we were telling ourselves as a powerful civilization, whether that meant calling a trailer a "mobile home" or fighting a war in Vietnam for a decade and a half that our government knew we couldn't win.
Apparently, before the war, Fussell originally thought of a career in journalism. That focus showed, because despite his career in academia, his first interest was always exposing the crap—whether exploitation, incompetence, or just bad taste—we as a society were trying to get away with. And that, ultimately, is the essence of good journalism.


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While IT organizations generally love the idea of centralizing desktop management, the fact remains that end users need to be convinced. From their perspective, technologies such as virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) generally equate to a loss of control, which is one of the reasons that there is so much resistance to such efforts.
The real challenge facing IT organizations is how to convince end users that they can keep control of their desktop environment even when that desktop is running on a remote server. To one degree or another, we've already seen this begin to happen with the rise of tools that allow instances of virtual desktops to be personalized. Now Liquidware Labs wants to take this one step further with the addition of a Flexapp capability to its ProFinity software for managing non-persistent virtual desktops.
According to Liquidware Labs CTO Jason Mattox, Flexapp allows end users to install their own applications in virtual desktop infrastructure environments in a way that allows IT organizations to get the benefits of central control without taking away the end user's sense of control of their workspace.
Mattox says ProFinity 5.0 with Flexapp works by provisioning a virtual hard disk (VHD) to store applications separately from the operating system and local session. ProfileUnity with FlexApp then adds specialized "links" both into the local Windows operating system and into the user's managed ProfileUnity with FlexApp settings.
There are obviously still a lot of other challenges with VDI, namely the amount of infrastructure required to really run it properly. But if IT organizations can't get end-user support for such initiatives, it's going to be tough sledding no matter what they do. Liquidware is not the only company providing various levels of personalization capabilities for VDI environments. But one thing that is for certain is that without such capabilities, the IT organization that pursues VDI is going to almost always be seen by end users as trying to take something away versus somehow trying to make things fundamentally better for all concerned.
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Business performance information for strategic and operational decision-making
SOA uses interoperable services grouped around business processes to ease data integration
Data warehousing helps companies make sense of their operational data


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Broadcast Electronics Names Power as Manager, Mechanical and PCB Design
Quincy, IL - Oct 13, 2008 - Joseph W. Roark, chief executive officer of Broadcast Electronics (BE), appointed Eric Power to the new position of manager, mechanical and PCB design. He will be responsible for BE's radio broadcast transmitter mechanical and printed circuit board design activities. He is a six-year employee of BE.
Previously, he worked for Dielectric as a product designer for four years and at Glenayre as the manager of physical design for nine years.
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English Standard Version (ESV) | New International Version (NIV) |
18 And Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. (He was priest of God Most High.) | 18 Then Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. He was priest of God Most High, |
The English Standard Version is published with the permission of Good News Publishers. (English Standard Version - The Holy Bible Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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Courtesy Mastronardi ProduceMastronardi Produce donated 1,000 cases of greenhouse tomatoes to a New Orleans food bank Oct. 17. On hand for the donation were Chris Veillon (from left), Mastronardi's marketing director; Lisa Abel, chief philanthropy and marketing officer for Second Harvest New Orleans; and Joe Sbrocchi, Mastronardi's vice president of business development.Mastronardi Produce has donated 1,000 cases of greenhouse tomatoes to a New Orleans food bank.
On Oct. 17, the day before the Produce Marketing Association's Fresh Summit convention in New Orleans, Mastronardi donated Zima grape tomatoes and Campari cocktail tomatoes to Second Harvest, the local chapter of Feeding America, according to a news release from the Kingsville, Ontario-based company.
After making the donation, Mastronardi officials toured the Second Harvest facility.
"We're very proud to be able to contribute to not just our local community, but whatever community we happen to be in," Chris Veillon, Mastronardi's director of marketing, said in the release. "These kinds of opportunities remind us of our common goal to serve the community in any way we can."
Second Harvest's network of agencies in southern Louisiana feed 263,000 people annually.


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New York
Otto, New York
New York, NY, 10003, United States
Just blocks from historic Washington Square sits Mario Batali's Otto Pizzeria and Enoteca. The bustling atmosphere is reminiscent of an Italian train station, complete with an old-fashioned schedule board. Polished dark wood and marble-topped standing tables by the bar provide a perch for sampling some of the 750-plus Italian wines offered here. Batali, famous chef, author and host of Molto Mario, is known for his upscale renderings of classic Italian dishes, such as a fennel and bottarga pizza, and the linguine puttanesca. For dessert, olive oil gelato is a popular choice.
Insider Tip:
Wine classes are offered on Saturdays and Sundays. Learn about wine-making, and cheese and wine pairing; then sample some of the fine wines Italy has to offer.
Open / Closes- Accessible by Public Transportation
- Dinner
- Delivery
- Family-Friendly Dining
- Full Bar
- Good for Groups
- Handicapped Accessible
- Kitchen Open Late
- Large Groups
- Lunch
- Late-Night Dining
- Notable Wine List
- Noisy
- Private Dining/Party Space
- Private Room Available
- Take-Out Available
Cuisine Type:: Italian


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Shares rose in Saudi Arabia, OPEC's biggest oil producer, as crude posted its first weekly jump since April and investors bet declines prompted by Europe's debt crisis were overdone.
Al Rajhi Bank (RJHI), the kingdom's largest lender by market value, rose 1.4 percent, while Saudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC), the world's biggest petrochemical maker, known as Sabic, gained 0.8 percent. The Tadawul All Share Index (SASEIDX) rose as much as 1.4 percent before trading up 0.3 percent at 6,683.76 as of 2:06 p.m. in Riyadh. The gauge lost 4.5 percent last week, its fifth weekly slide.
"Investors realize that the measure's drop was exaggerated, so the market is correcting itself," said Riyadh- based Turki Fadaak, head of research at Albilad Investment Co. "The measure was falling because of what's happening in Europe, not because of anything fundamental in Saudi Arabia."
Oil rose 1.1 percent last week to $84.10 a barrel in New York on June 8, the first five-day gain since the week ending April 27. Oil prices have fallen about 15 percent in 2012. Gulf Arab oil exporters, including the Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, supply about a fifth of the world's oil.
The European Central Bank's pledge to add more stimulus if the economy worsens and Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Janet Yellen's comments on considering another round of asset purchases are also bolstering the market, Fadaak said.
Al Rajhi shares rose to 72 riyals, while Sabic's shares gained to 90.75 riyals. Saudi Arabia's stock exchange is the only Persian Gulf bourse operating on Saturdays.
To contact the reporter on this story: Dana El Baltaji in Dubai at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Claudia Maedler at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Reviewed Beef Stew
Feb 28, 2011 in Food Network Community Toolbox on FoodNetwork.com
"Very good recipe! I doubled the recipe and made modest changes. I added soy sauce and used a combination of chicken and beef broth instead of just beef broth. This recipe has much more depth of flavor than traditional beef stew.""


text: Director Gary Tarn provides a new way of seeing for us, as well. He allows de Montalembert to tell his story, as a narration track, while we are slowly and persuasively drawn into his perspective. We watch visually fluid but distorted images of New York and its people, plus the many other countries to which de Montalembert traveled. Free of the pretentious and moralistic rants of Godfrey Reggio's comparable "Koyaanisqatsi," "Black Sun" becomes instead a remarkable personal essay about personal transcendence. Narrated by Hugues de Montalembert. Directed by Gary Tarn. Produced by John Battsek. No distributor set. Documentary. Not yet rated. Running time: 75 min.


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Lexington County Emergency Management Division
Michael J. Kalec
434 Ball Park Road
Lexington, SC 29072 Phone: 803-785-8343 Fax: 803-785-8628
Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)
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When disaster strikes, will you and your family know what to do? How well you manage the aftermath of a disaster depends a great deal on your level of preparedness when disaster strikes. The following links offer information on preparing emergency kits for the family, making and practicing emergency plans, and other important preparedness activities.
Family Emergency Preparedness Handbook
For Information on Hurricane Season, click here.
Other Helpful Links: Are You Ready for a Hurricane? Hurricane Preparedness Guide NOAA Hurricane Outlook for 2013 South Carolina State Climatology Office Website
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Are You Ready for a Hurricane?
Hurricane Preparedness Guide
NOAA Hurricane Outlook for 2013
South Carolina State Climatology Office Website
For Information on Earthquakes, click here.
Register to Receive Emergency Warnings
Help Lexington County Emergency Services get vital information to you. Lexington County now has the ability to do mass notifications during an emergency event in the County. Most Lexington County business and residential telephone landlines have been registered in the system. Citizens are urged to register any additional contact information such as cell phone numbers, pager numbers and email addresses to ensure that they receive emergency notifications ---- regardless of where they are at the moment. Register your information here.
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After months of rumors and teasers, we finally got the chance to see the Samsung Galaxy S III first hand last night, at the company's Unpacked 2012 event in Earl's Court, London. Following many (many) free drinks and canapés, Suzi Perry - who hosted the popular Gadget Show here in the UK - took to the stage to kick off proceedings and introduce JK Shin, President of Samsung's mobile division, who officially introduced the new Galaxy to us.
If you've been following the Galaxy S III news today, you know it has a banging new Exynos 4 quad-core processor that absolutely obliterates benchmarks. The problem is that the Exynos 4 platform is quite old at this point (for a mobile chipset), and was never designed to support LTE. That's why devices like the Galaxy S II Skyrocket don't use an Exynos chip. Devices with Exynos 4 chips that do, like the Galaxy Tab 7.7 LTE, use an external one - adding thickness and increasing power consumption.
I want to start this post by saying, in no uncertain terms, I am just as sick and tired of the Galaxy S III rumors as everyone else - it really is getting out of hand. So, you can rest assured that I wouldn't be bringing this newest "leak" to your attention if I didn't think it had some merit. Here are the photos:
Now, we're pretty sure that the Galaxy S III is going to be model i9300.


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News GS News - L.A. Noire gag reel released Face-scanning company Depth Analysis releases blooper reel from Rockstar Games' 2011 detective game.
News GS News - TV show forced to change name over L.A. Noire Shawshank Redemption director claims Take-Two threatened to "sue the sh*t out of me" for naming his new TNT TV show L.A. Noir.
Original Series Start/Select - BAFTA Winners, Elder Scrolls MMO Game Danny details the winners of this year's gaming BAFTAs and investigates the latest Elder Scrolls MMO game rumour.
Original Series Start/Select - L.A. Noire sequel possible, PS Vita review wrap-up On today's special romance edition, Seb investigates the possibility of a sequel to police-'em-up L.A. Noire and wraps up the first PlayStation Vita reviews to hit the site.
Feature Y U NO MAKE NEW IP? Johnny gets on his soapbox and takes a look at the state of intellectual property in the games industry. Warning: contains silliness.
Feature Best Action Adventure Game - Best of 2011 Award Nominees These are GameSpot's nominees for the Best Action Adventure Game of 2011.
Original Series Start/Select - L.A. Noire hits OnLive, Mario Kart 7 Sales On today's show, Cameron runs you through the news of L.A. Noire coming to OnLive and the success of Mario Kart 7 in Japan.
Feature OnLive App Announcement Today, OnLive announced that its app is available for tablet and mobile devices.
Trailer L.A. Noire: The Complete Edition Launch Trailer Check out the launch trailer for L.A. Noire: The Complete Edition, which is now available for the PC!
Original Series GameSpot AU's Shippin' Out - November 7, 2011 GameSpot AU community manager James Kozanecki tells you what games are coming out in Australia the week beginning November 7, 2011!
Feature Start/Select - Syndicate, L.A .Noire, Gran Turismo 5 Guy's got release dates for Syndicate and L.A. Noire PC, as well as news about the latest Gran Turismo 5 downloadable content.
Feature Start/Select - L.A. Noire dev enters administration, Battlefield 3 saves civilians Guy brings you news on Team Bondi's ongoing woes and why Battlefield 3 won't let you shoot innocent people.
Feature Start/Select - MX vs. ATV canned and Team Bondi disbanded Today, Mark explains THQ dropping MX vs. ATV and Team Bondi biting the dust.
Original Series GameSpot Sync - Team Bondi, Gamefly Digital, League of Legends: Dominion, Secret World Jody syncs you up on Team Bondi, a Secret World exclusive, League of Legends: Dominion, and Gamefly's grand digital plan!
Feature This Week on PSN: Deadliest Warrior: Legends, Section 8: Prejudice, and more This week on PSN check out Deadliest Warrior: Legends, Section 8: Prejudice, Back to the Future, the No More Heroes: Heroes Paradise demo, new L.A. Noire DLC, and much more. ...
Feature This Week in Digital Downloads - Deadliest Warrior: Legends, Back to the Future, and more This week, we check out No More Heroes: Heroes Paradise, L.A. Noire, Rock Band 3 Yes Pack 01, and more.
Original Series GameSpot Sync - Call of Duty: Black Ops - Annihilation, Journey, and Comic-Con 2011 We have Call of Duty: Black Ops - Annihilation, Journey, Comic - Con 2011, and June NPD sales! Yay!
Feature This Week in Digital Downloads - Space Hulk Is Now Kill Team, 80's Revival, and more This week, we check out Warhammer 40,000: Kill Team, Boulder Dash-XL, and a Catherine demo.
Feature This Week on Xbox: July 11 - July 16 We've got hammers, boulders, ganja, and sheep. It's This Week on Xbox!
Feature This Week on Playstation Network - Summer Sale, Abstract Feelings, and Junk Battles This week, we take a look at demos for Catherine, PixelJunk Shooter 2, and Dead Nation, as well as QR code you to a summer sale.
Trailer L.A. Noire - Reefer Madness Vice Case Trailer Check out a trailer for the latest downloadable content for L.A. Noire, Reefer Madness Vice Case, available July 12!
Original Series GameSpot Sync - Gears of War 3, EDF: Insect Armageddon We have a Gears of War campaign leak, Rockstar and Team Bondi, the latest Sound Byte, and more.
Feature Start/Select - L.A. Noire row heats up, Media Molecule moves on from Little Big Planet Rockstar reportedly ends its association with Team Bondi, while Media Molecule loosens its ties with Little Big Planet.
Feature This Week in Digital Downloads - Horde mode trailer, eShop on the 3DS, Trenched, and more This week, we feature trailers, including one for Gears 3, eShop for 3DS purchases, and new titles such as Trenched.
Original Series GameSpot Sync - L.A. Noire, The Sims 3: Generations, Lucius Jody syncs you up on L.A. Noire, The Sims 3: Generations, and more!
Feature L.A. Noire Retrospective Interview With Brendan McNamara Dan Chiappini interrogates writer, director, and Team Bondi studio head Brendan McNamara about the game's development, lessons learned, the future of the studio and much, much more. WARNING: Spoilers past ...
Feature This Week on PlayStation Network - Mega Death, Killzone 3 Maps, L.A. Noire Crimes, and more This week we feature the monster killing title Alien Zombie Mega Death, the Killzone 3: From The Ashes Pack, and the "Nicholson Electroplating" arson case for L.A. Noire.
Original Series GameSpot Sync - GTAV, L.A. Noire, Wii U Jody syncs you up on GTAV, L.A. Noire, the Wii U, and more!
Feature L.A. Noire MotionScan Interview With Oliver Bao Dan Chiappini sits down with Oliver Bao, head of research and development at Depth Analysis to find out in-depth technical details behind the MotionScan animation technology used in L.A. Noire ...
Original Series GameSpot Sync - Zelda: Ocarina of Time 3D, Best of E3 2011 Jody syncs you up with news of a new Sega UK studio for next-gen systems, Koetick spotted in a Brad Pitt flick, the Zelda: Ocarina of Time 3D review, and ...
Original Series GameSpot Sync - CoD: Black Ops - Annihilation, L.A. Noire, Binary Domain, Child of Eden Jody syncs you up with L.A. Noire, the new DLC for Call of Duty: Black Ops, and gives away copies of Child of Eden!
Trailer L.A. Noire: Nicholson Electroplating Disaster - Official Trailer Check out the official trailer for the L.A. Noire: Nicholson Electroplating Disaster DLC pack, available June 21.
Feature This Week in Digital Downloads - The PlayStation Store and the Kinect This week, we feature a PlayStation Network crisis update and remember the Kinect.
Trailer L.A. Noire - Rockstar Pass Trailer The Rockstar Pass is a new way to preorder DLC, giving you access to all seven paid DLC.
Feature L.A. Noire Tips and Hints: The Gas Man Curtis gives you some tips on how to score a five-star rating on L.A. Noire's first arson case, The Gas Man.
Original Series On the Spot - L.A. Noire, Trenched, Witcher 2 Coming up next on On the Spot, we've got live demos of Trenched, L.A. Noire, The Witcher 2, and Dirt 3! We also check in the latest in Digital Downloads ...
Original Series GameSpot Sync - Wii 2 Leak, Guild Wars 2, The Witcher 2 Jody brings the Wii 2 rumor to the surface and talks Guild Wars 2, The Witcher 2, Video Game History Month, and more.
Feature L.A. Noire Tips and Hints Here are some tips to get your detective career off to a flying start in Rockstar's gumshoe-'em-up.
Feature Start/Select - L.A. Noire hints and Dirt 3's Gymkhana mode We have tips for Rockstar's gumshoe-'em-up and a look at Dirt 3's new Gymkhana mode. We also have prizes, new releases, and your comments.


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December 04, 2013
CONTACT: (Media Only) Patrick Ross
or Paul Fucito (571) 272-8400 or
firstname.lastname@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com
Press Release, 13-38
USPTO to Host Webinar on Patent Law Treaties Implementation Act
Agency officials will answer questions on provisions of patent law
Washington – The U.S. Department of Commerce's United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) today announced that it will host a webinar on Monday, December 16, 2013, to discuss changes to the patent law introduced by the Patent Law Treaties Implementation Act. USPTO subject matter experts will discuss application filing provisions; restoration of the right of priority to foreign applications and benefit of provisional applications; and restoration of patent rights. Attendees will have the opportunity to ask questions as well. The Act becomes effective on December 18, 2013. This webinar will educate patent practitioners on those changes.
What: Patent Law Treaties Implementation Act Webinar
When: Monday, December 16, 2013 from 2:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. ET
Webinar Access Information:
Event number: 994 201 304
Event password: 123456
Event address for attendees: https://uspto-events.webex.com/uspto-events/onstage/g.php?d=994201304&t=a
Teleconference information:
Call-in toll number (US/Canada): 1-650-479-3208
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Hi, So I'm getting into gardening some. Right now, my most interesting plant is this large pumpkin plant which is like 10 feet long and has wildly exceeded my expectations. Anyways, so winter is going to be here in a few months and I"ve been thinking about what to plant during winter, indoors. i've never had much luck with indoor plants like they sell at big box store garden centers, since they tend to be kind of fragile. At the same time, when I"ve kept pumpkin plants indoors, they just stay a relatively small size. Tomato plants seem to grow well indoors. But I'm mainly looking for oxygenating plants, for indoors. So, suggestions? how do you know a plant is good for oxygenating indoor areas? Simple leaf size? |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by west_gardener (My Page) on Wed, Jul 31, 13 at 17:56
Hi, Welcome to the GP. Below is a link to a list of air filtering plants. I Hope this helps. |
Here is a link that might be useful: Air filtering plants
I'll encourage you to visit the Houseplant Forum where you will find that most of us don't think of indoor plants as fragile! You'll find plenty of help over there by posting this same question. |
Here is a link that might be useful: Let's go to the Houseplant Forum...click here
Hey there! My hubs does indoor plants all winter, too. It's really nice, I love seeing the greenery since we get LOTS of snow for a lot of the year. :) You will definitely find there are a lot of plants which do very well indoors. |
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