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SIT321 - Software Engineering
Unit details
Year | 2015 unit information |
Enrolment modes: | Trimester 1: Burwood (Melbourne), Waurn Ponds (Geelong), Cloud (online) |
Credit point(s): | 1 |
EFTSL value: | 0.125 |
Previously coded as: | SCC303, SCC373 |
Unit chair: | Jingyu Hou |
Prerequisite: | Two SIT coded units (excluding mathematics units coded SIT19-, SIT29-, SIT39-) |
Corequisite: | Nil |
Incompatible with: | Nil |
Contact hours: | Campus: 3 x 1 hour class per week, 1 x 1 hour practical per week. Cloud (online): Learning experiences are via CloudDeakin. Students will have the opportunity to participate in online consultation sessions. |
Topics include: software engineering and software development; the influence of customer, project, requirements and resources on selection of a suitable software development process model; quality software, including trade-offs between project scope, quality, cost, time. Methods of software development, in particular procedural and object-oriented methods. Managing software development: planning and estimating large and small projects; using standards and templates, developing internal standards. Requirements elicitation and analysis; object-oriented analysis; usability; developing specifications and tests of specifications. Managing software resources, including configuration management and source code control; change management; software reuse. Object oriented design, including developing class models, interaction models, state models; mapping to code; using specifications and tests; applying design patterns.
Examination 40%, three assignments (25%, 25%, 10%) 60%
Unit Fee Information
Student Contribution Rate* | Student Contribution Rate** | Fee rate - Domestic Students | Fee rate - International students |
$1096 | $1096 | $2898 | $3005 |
* Rate for all CSP students, except for those who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
** Rate for CSP students who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
Please note: Unit fees listed do not apply to Deakin Prime students.


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Alesha Dixon And Will Young Judge Avon And Women Aid's Empowering Women Awards 2012
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Zawe Ashton attends the starstudded 2012 Empowering Women Awards... News Photo 156827674Adult,Adults Only,Arts Culture and Entertainment,Assistance,Attending,Avon Cosmetics,Black Color,Black Dress,Black Hair,Celebrities,Charity Women,Claridges,Dress,Empowering Women Awards,England,Evening Gown,Evening Wear,Floor Length,Formalwear,Full Length,Hosting,Hotel,London - England,Long Dress,Looking At Camera,National,One Person,One Woman Only,People,Short Hair,Strapless,Strapless Dress,Strapless Evening Gown,UK,Vertical,Zawe AshtonPhotographer Tim WhitbyCollection: Getty Images Entertainment 2012 Getty ImagesLONDON, ENGLAND - NOVEMBER 22: Zawe Ashton attends the star-studded 2012 Empowering Women Awards, hosted by Avon Cosmetics and national Charity Women's Aid at Claridge's Hotel on November 22, 2012 in London, England. The stars came together with this year's winners to celebrate the annual awards - which are designed to recognise the bravery and achievements of women survivors of domestic violence, and those who work tirelessly to support women and children affected by abuse. (Photo by Tim Whitby/Getty Images For Avon and Women's Aid)

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Commercial Leasing
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Byron Bay Daily Weather Report
Welcome to Byron Bay Commercial.
Byron Bay Commercial covers Byron Bay in all sectors of the Commercial Real Estate market. In fact whatever Byron Bay Commercial Real Estate decision you want to make, whether it is buying, selling or leasing, you should contact one of the team at Byron Bay Commercial.
Whether you're looking for to lease, buy or sell a commercial property or business, we hope you enjoy searching our listings. Our team awaits your email, phone call or SMS message, to assist with buying, selling, leasing, or property managment.
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Category: Home, Family & Health / General
Publisher: Ebury Press
Publication date: 21 February 2008
Number of pages: 256
'If you are crying over the nursery curtains being the wrong colour, or because your partner forgot to put a kiss at the end of his text message, this book is for you.' When Myleene Klass discovered she was pregnant, her initial joy was quickly replaced by fear the moment she read her first pregnancy book. It was full of 'don't do this, don't do that' - and Myleene was terrified that she had already endangered her baby's life. Every book she read afterwards was either too technical or too fluffy - none of them described how she was really feeling, and she felt very isolated."My Bump and Me" is about everything Myleene did 'wrong' during her pregnancy, how her hormones turned her into a woman she hardly recognised, and how incredible it feels to be expecting a baby. From conception to birth - via morning sickness, raging hormones, cravings, baby names, sex, sleepless nights, opinionated in-laws, 'bump envy', and the labour itself - Myleene offers practical advice, essential medical information, and an honest account of what's in store for anyone expecting a baby.
Author's Biography:
Myleene Klass is one of Britain's most popular musicians and TV presenters, as well as being one of the faces of M&S's 2007 advertising campaign. A former co-presenter on BBC1's The One show, she also presents CNN's monthly movie show, The Screening Room, and on Classic FM and Capital Radio. She is also classical music ambassador for EMI and has a new album, Myleene's Music for Mothers, due for release in February 2008. Her baby daughter, Ava, was born on 16th August 2007.
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News & Events |
St. Anthony Patients Benefit From CT Low Dose Technology Monday, 20 December 2010 Computed tomography (CT) imaging creates detailed images of the body using x-rays. CT or CAT scans, as they are commonly called, helps in identifying diseases in the early stages, when the possibility of a cure is at its greatest. A CT scan creates a three-dimensional image, with lifelike detail, to help physicians define what is happening inside the body. CT scans are often used to examine details of the brain, heart, airway, lungs, bones, tissue and blood vessels as well as diagnosing cancer and monitoring treatments. While everyone is exposed to different sources of natural radiation in daily life, the radiation exposure from many types of medical imaging has been a growing concern by many physicians and patients. By choosing the Siemens CT technology, St. Anthony has made a conscious decision to provide the best possible diagnostic imaging at the lowest possible radiation dose for patients. This decision keeps the risk of radiation from medical imaging as low as possible while offering the highest potential for diagnostic benefits. St. Anthony continues to work on finding technology solutions that benefit patients and the community. The selection of low dose CT technology is one way St. Anthony is working to make healthcare smarter, faster, more efficient and affordable. Last updated ( Monday, 20 December 2010 ) |


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When Elvis Akpla's eligibility expired at the end of last season, Montana State was pressed to find its next top wide receiver.
So far, Akpla's shoes are being filled nicely by junior Tanner Bleskin, who's become quarterback DeNarius McGhee's favorite target. Bleskin had a combined 20 catches in his previous two games.
But when Bleskin was scratched from the lineup last week at Southern Utah with an undisclosed injury, it gave other guys a chance to make plays. And no receiver had a bigger late-game impact than Brian Flotkoetter.
Flotkoetter, a sophomore and a former standout at Laurel High School, caught the game-winning TD for MSU in its 24-17 triumph over the Thunderbirds. On a third-down play from the 3-yard line, McGhee rolled right and hit Flotkoetter, who snuck inside the front pylon with a defender on his hip with just 2:59 on the clock.
It was Flotkoetter's first career touchdown.
After the game, McGhee told the Bozeman Daily Chronicle that Flotkoetter "told me all week, 'Have confidence in me, throw me the ball and I will go get it.'
"On that play I trusted him. I threw the ball, threw it on the money and hoped he could get in. He did a great job of rubbing off and got in the end zone."
Flotkoetter is turning into a solid secondary option in the Bobcats' passing game, behind guys like Bleskin, Jon Ellis, Tray Robinson and Everett Gilbert.
In five games, Flotkoetter has nine catches for 78 yards, an average of nearly nine yards per reception.
Startling numbers
A 31-26 loss at Eastern Washington marked Montana's first 0-2 start in the Big Sky Conference since 1992. There's usually no shame in losing to a solid EWU team, but this was different.
The Grizzlies, now 2-3 overall, had a nine-point lead midway through the fourth quarter but let it slip away thanks to two fourth-quarter touchdown passes by Eagles quarterback Vernon Adams and, more notably, their failure to recover an onside kick.
The Griz didn't do themselves any favors either with two red-zone fumbles and a three-and-out on a crucial fourth-quarter possession. Those hiccups negated a 400-yard rushing performance that should have equaled a victory.
UM has now blown sizeable second-half leads on back-to-back Saturdays. Two weeks prior at home against Northern Arizona, the Griz led 24-14 at the start of the third quarter but ended up losing 41-31.
What's the reason? Chew on this:
After losing three fumbles versus Eastern, Montana is now a whopping minus-9 in turnover margin. That ranks last in the 13-team Big Sky and 116th out of 121 FCS teams.
UM had a combined eight giveaways in both games.
Also, the Grizzlies' defense seemed to lose its edge late after halftime in both contests.
Against NAU they couldn't slow down running back Zach Bauman, who finished with 253 yards and three touchdowns, including 171 yards and two TDs after halftime. Against EWU, pass defense was the culprit. Adams threw for 353 yards overall, and directed an offense that gained 204 yards in the fourth quarter alone.
For his effort, Adams was named the league's offensive player of the week.
Owens honored
Montana State's defense stood pretty tall against standout quarterback Brad Sorensen and Southern Utah. The Bobcats sacked Sorensen five times, intercepted him once and held the Big Sky's preseason offensive player of the year to a 53 percent completion rate.
In all, the Cats (5-0, 2-0 Big Sky) gave up just 319 yards of offense.
Leading the way was linebacker Jody Owens, who made 13 tackles (11 solo) with a sack, a forced fumble and two tackles for loss. Eight of Owens' stops were on gains of six yards or fewer.
Owens, who was picked as the league's preseason defensive player of the year, helped MSU hold the Thunderbirds to just 69 yards rushing.
Down, and now out
The biggest story to emerge from the FCS on Monday was the announcement that Montana had fallen out of the Top 25 poll for the first time in 14 years.
The Grizzlies were last unranked in November of 1998, but since then spent a staggering 195 weeks in the Top 25. Polls may not mean very much to coaches and players, but this particular ranking signaled the end of an incredible run.
The Grizzlies received 261 votes, five fewer than unranked Albany and 139 less than Tennessee State.
Mum's the word
Bobcats freshman left tackle John Weidenaar was ejected from the game at Southern Utah when he spit in the face of a Thunderbirds defensive player.
MSU's sports information office said Monday that the team will not publicly announce any decision on internal discipline against Weidenaar.
Elsewhere, MSU's injury report in advance of its game at UC Davis listed both running back Cody Kirk and guard Matthew Devereux as questionable, and had Bleskin as probable.
Kirk injured his right hamstring against SUU and didn't return, which opened the door for backup Orenzo Davis to rush for 123 yards. Devereux, like Bleskin, was held out with an undisclosed injury.
Poll position
As the Griz fell out of The Sports Network Top 25, the Bobcats held steady at No. 2 for the third straight week. MSU received six first-place votes.
Eastern Washington (3-1) remained at No. 7 despite the win over Montana. Northern Arizona (4-1) jumped four spots to No. 18 after a 24-10 victory over Portland State, while Cal Poly (4-0) jumped ahead three spots to No. 20 with a 35-17 win over North Dakota.
Top-ranked North Dakota State (4-0) remained No. 1 with a win at Northern Iowa, and No. 3 Youngstown State (4-0) was unmoved coming off a bye. The biggest game in the FCS this week pits NDSU against Youngstown State in Fargo, N.D. NDSU's only loss on their way to a national championship last season came against the Penguins.
The top seven teams in the poll remained intact. Old Dominion (5-0) and James Madison (3-1) were ranked No. 4 and 5, and Wofford (4-0) is at No. 6 again.
Around the league
Sacramento State kicker Edgar Castaneda took home the Big Sky's special teams player of the week award. Castaneda tied a school record with four field goals in the Hornets' 54-31 victory at Idaho State. … Northern Arizona's victory over Portland State marked the Lumberjacks' first four-game winning streak since 2008. … NAU's Bauman had 92 yards and a touchdown against the Vikings, giving him 3,085 career rushing yards. Bauman is 710 yards away from becoming the Lumberjacks' all-time leading rusher.


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My philosophy
Hi. I am Esli.
When is was young i always wanted to a be superhero.
It was a passion to make a difference. Unfortunately i didn't turn into a one, but i still have the drive to make a difference with the projects i initiate. No, i am not wearing a cape but i do try to make a positive impact on the world around me. Confronting. True. From the heart.
Ambitious, yes i know. But hey, thats me.
Many years a go i watched Stefan Sagmeister on Ted X, the topic of his presentation was: Good design can change the world. His talk impacted me. From that day i knew, this is it, this is what i want to do. Make beautiful books, posters, websites, installations, but especially, create a certain awareness, for beauty, for goodness, for .......
Just like Batman i like to work with nice, capable people and combine our powers, to get the best out of each other and achieve a commonly goal. And enjoy it. The fun factor is something i find very important.
Fun, combined with high quality.
Besides self initiated projects i work on a commissioned base.
I care for people and their goals. It doesn't matter if you are a big name or a small player. If i see the potential and think it is nice and fruitful, i will be glad to help you to achieve your goals. Diversity is key. I don't think in big or small, i think in terms of nice.
I decided to just show you a glimpse of my projects on this website. Over here you find the way i work. Content. If you want to see more of my projects i advice you to visit the Facebook page:
Esli Tapilatu graphic design. (coming soon)
Mail me at: email@example.com
Call me at: +31 6 412 085 10
Social design
Graphic design
Web design
Corporate identities
Guerilla campaigns
Unite people
Thinking big but realistic


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Ready to go PC shopping? Here are some important questions you'll want to ask:
1. What are the PC's basic components? Find out about processor speed (we suggest starting at no less than 233 MHz), memory (get as much as you can possibly afford) and hard-drive size (3GB minimum). What extras does the PC come with?
2. Is upgradability an option? You'll be able to extend the life of your equipment if you can install additional hard drives and memory. Find out exactly how much you'll be able to upgrade your machine.
3. What kind of communication capabilities does the PC have? Ask if it comes with a modem (if so, what speed?) and any special communications software.
4. What about additional capabilities? For instance, find out about specifications for interfacing with external devices, slots for installing such extras as a network or sound card, etc.
5. What kind of service contract is available? You'll want to know what company is offering the service and the basic contract terms, including length of service, type of service (on-site, phone support, etc.) and the costs for purchasing additional service.
Contact Sources
Business First Inc., 120 E. Uwchlan Ave., Exton, PA 19341, (610) 280-7960
Integrated Technology Systems, (212) 750-5420, email@example.com
Like this article? Get this issue right now on iPad, Nook or Kindle Fire.
This article was originally published in the August 1998 print edition of Entrepreneur with the headline: The Real Deal.


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Ngorongoro & Serengeti Southern Lakes - Tanzania
This is our most popular Tanzanian Safari and a big favourite for those people coming off Kilimanjaro who would like some rest and relaxation before returning home. Our itinerary lets you experience the best that Tanzania has to offer whilst going on wildlife game drives with our professional and experienced guides Wanda and Patrick. The safari has three accommodation options so there is something to suit everyones desires. The main price shown is for our camping option at the Twiga Resort. If you would like to upgrade to a room at the Twiga resort or experience a Tanzanian Lodge at Lake Manyara then this is possible during the online booking process. Price details for accommodation options are on the cost page.
Our family had a great trip to Tanzania including visiting a couple of tribes which was well worth the visit. From the minute we arrived on the safari itself we saw every animal you could wish to see, including the elusive Rhino. Trip of a Life Time!! |
Jacqui B
Jul 2013
The safari was also excellent with good accommodation and superb food, I don't think we could have done it in a more relaxed way. Patrick our guide was so laid back but was extremely knowledgeable about the wild life and area.
Rob T
Sep 2009
Parks and Animals
Ngorongoro Crater
World renowned as a place of absolute wonder, Ngorongoro Crater is a deep volcanic crater, dramatically beautiful and permanent home to nearly 25 000 animals with ideal game viewing opportunities all year round, Covering 300 square kilometres in the largest unflooded and unbroken caldera in the world, Ngorongoro supports a large resident population of wildlife including huge grazing herds of zebra, wildebeest, buffalo, eland and gazelle. Near the swamps and forest there are hippo, elephant, waterbuck, reedbuck, and bushbuck, baboons and vervet monkeys. Predatory animals include leopard, cheetah and large prides of lion. The rare black rhino can be seen, as can a wide range of birdlife.
Inside of the Ngorongoro Crater, you can explore the grassy crater floor, the forests, the lakes and the marshes. Lake Magadi is alakaline, caused by deposits of volcanic and are favourite hunting grounds for golden jackal, lion and hyena. Lerai Forest is named after the tall yellow barked acacia trees, where you will find many elephant, while the Gorigor Swamp is home to hippo and many water birds. But it is on the grassland where the sheer proliferation of animals is overwhelming, a safari spectacle that is truly worthy of the description of the 8th wonder of the world.
Lake Manyara National Park
A wilderness of diverse habitats and rich in game, Lake Manyara National Park is one of Tanzania's smaller wilderness enclaves. It is this diversity of terrain, as well as plant and animal species that make Lake Manyara a truly remarkable and special place. Richly populated with game within a wealth of bio diverse habitats and renowned for its tree climbing lions, Lake Manyara offers a truly remarkable and intimate wildlife experience. Vast herds of elephant and buffalo, thousands of flamingos, cheetah, Masai giraffe, impala olive baboons, Sykes monkeys, hippo, Egyptian mongoose and many more incredible sightings are set to be discovered on an early morning and late afternoon / early evening game drive through the Lake Manyara National Park.
Tarangire National Park
Close to Mto wa Mbu and possessing a unique combination of landscape and vegetation, dominated by the large number of baobab trees and an almost unparalleled number of bird species, as well as a diverse number of wildlife including the highest number of elephant in all the parks of northern Tanzania. A photographers paradise, you can find all the major grazing animals such as kudu, giraffe, zebra, wildebeest, eland and impala. Leopard, lion and cheetah are therefore also not far away, and during the dry season Tarangire offers a superb game viewing experience against an azure blue sky and the backdrop of dun hills and green forest.
Activities and Highlights
This safari is the perfect antidote to the rigours of the climb of Kilimanjaro, and allows you to extend your holiday to a full two weeks. Alternatively if you would like to enjoy a short safari taking in some of Tanzania's amazing wildlife as part of a longer trip to perhaps Zanzibar or as a honeymoon treat then this is the safari for you. On the final day our driver can drop you to the airport for an evening flight or you can go back to Moshi for a further night in the Keys Annexe Hotel (not included in the package cost).
Dates and Itinerary
Tailormade Option
We run our own company in Tanzania and have a complete set up including equipment, vehicles, offices, stores and staff in place all year round so we can facilitate any safari or trip which you may require. Do contact us if you have a specfic requirement or if you would like to plan a bespoke itinerary for perhaps a group or a special occasion such as a honeymoon or birthday.
Broad Itinerary
Our itinerary lets you experience the best that Tanzania can offer on wildlife game drives with our professional and experienced guides Wanda and Patrick. It also allows you to relax should your feet still be hurting a bit after climbing Kilimanjaro! We visit three of the most famous National Parks in the southern Serengeti – Ngorongoro Crater, Lake Manyara and Tarangire – and we offer either camping, rooms or luxury lodge for accommodation. The price of the safari is all inclusive and you can either camp in our walk in safari tents at the Twiga Resort or stay in comfortable en-suite rooms or you can stay in the Luxury Lake Manyara Lodge.
Detailed Itinerary
Day | Elevation | Travel Time | Info |
1 | n/a | 2.5hrs | Depart Moshi / Arusha and drive to Mto wa Mbu and relax by the pool at the Twiga Resort or Lake Manyara Lodge depending on your accommodation choice. This is a leisurely day after the climb of Kilimanjaro. In the evening you can relax at your resort or spend some time exploring the town.. |
2 | n/a | Full Days Game Drive | After an early breakfast we will drive to Tarangire Park for a full days game drive. We will enjoy an al fresco lunch in the park and return to your accommodation for an evening meal. |
3 | n/a | Full Days Game Drive | Today is a wonderful drive initially across the Ngorongoro Highlands before we drop down into the famous Ngorongoro Crater, where we will have lunch. This is a full days game drive and again return to your accommodation for our evening meal. |
4 | n/a | Half Days Game Drive | We will pack in the morning and then drive to Lake Manyara where we will enjoy a half days game drive. In the afternoon we will drive back towards Moshi / Arusha and can drop you off at airport for an evening flight or you can extend your safari or return to a hotel in Moshi or Arusha. |
Ngorongoro & Serengeti Southern Lakes cost: £495.00
- All travel from Moshi / Arusha return
- All staff and guides
- All accommodation - camping (different choices and prices apply see below)
- All Park fees
- Safari vehicle and fuel
- Group equipment, tents, cooking etc
- International Travel
- Airport transfers(Kilimanjaro airport transfer £10pp/each way
- Accommodation outside of the safari itinerary
- Vaccinations
- Additional hard / soft drinks
- Costs of a personal nature
- Staff tips
Cost of Add-Ons and Some Optional Extras
Upgrade to Lodge Accommodation: £250.00
This Safari follows the exact same itinerary as our normal Ngoronogoro Serengeti Southern Lakes Safari but with accommodation in a luxury Lodge, the Lake Manyara Hotel - http://hotelsandlodges-tanzania.com/properties/en/manyara_index.php Perched on the edge of the escarpment overlooking Lake Manyara the views from the lodge are outstanding. At this height the air is much fresher than in the valley below making this an ideal place to relax. The Ngorongoro may be reached in just under two hours driving making this a suitable place to stay on a short safari. Facilities include fine gardens, bar, restaurant and a swimming pool. The additional cost for staying at the Lodge is £200 per person. If you would like to upgrade please tick the box on page 3 of the online booking form. -
Upgrade to Room Accommodation at the Twiga Resort: £100.00
This Safari follows the exact same itinerary as our normal Ngoronogoro Serengeti Southern Lakes Safari and accommodation is in the same resort - Twiga, but is in one of their comfortable rooms. Twiga Campsite Lodge - www.twigacampsitelodge.com - 8 bungalows and 16 standard rooms with private balconies, ranging from double to family-size, and equipped with fans, mosquito nets, fridge and satellite television. Just near the town, Twiga has gardens and a swimming pool with a restaurant and bar. "Twiga Campsite and Lodge is justifiably the most popular of the locally-run lodges in Mto wa Mbu…" (Bradt Safari Guide, 2006). The additional cost for staying in a room at the Twiga resort is £100 per person. If you would like to upgrade please tick the box on page 3 of the online booking form. -
Kilimanjaro: £1,195.00
Many people climb Kilimanjaro before going on the safari.
We advise you to take out your insurance as soon as possible to cover potential events that might cause you to cancel your trip.
You should bring with you a copy of your policy and ensure your someone else on the safari knows where you keep it. It is also worth bringing a photocopy of your passport and to keep it separate to your own documents just in case you lose your passport.
Adventure Alternative is a member of AiTO (Association of Independant Tour Operators), which ensures complete protection for your money
Local Providers
Whilst in Tanzania you will be looked after by our very own company - Adventure Alternative Tanzania which is headed up by our director Castro. Castro will look after you as if you where his own family. All of the staff in AAT are very experienced, professional, trained and proven experts in their field. They will ensure you are looked after very well and that you have a wonderful time.
Adventure Alternative does not outsource or subcontract our clients to anyone. This way we can ensure that our clients get the best experience possible. It also allows us to ensure that our local staff are well trained, professional and that they earn a proper wage so that they can in turn look after their own families.
Type of Terrain
Any safari takes you into the wild! This means that once entering the reserves / parks you are usually driving on dirt / sand tracks and not tarmac. If conditions are wet this can lead to adventurous driving but be assured that our drivers are well versed in safe and professional driving skills. If the weather is very dry then the terrain can be dusty so it's worth bringing a shawl or light scarf to cover your mouth and nose. The vehicles are well maintained and professional safari vehicles. It is important to remember that you are in the animals environments and you are not top of the food chain! Our staff will look after you very well and their knowledge will make your experience safe and enjoyable but do please take all their advice.
Adventure Alternative Support
Adventure Alternative Tanzania is a fully registered and licensed tour company based in Moshi. Our staff are professionally trained, experienced and speak excellent English. Castro Capelo is our operations manager in Moshi and Director of Adventure Alternative Tanzania. He organises all the staff, equipment, permits and hotel arrangements. You will have his telephone number, or the staff at the hotel desk can call him for you. He is organiser, translator, problem-solver, advisor and the main link between you and the UK office. He talks to the guides every day on the mountain / on safari and can make any arrangements you may need.
You also have continued support from the main office in Northern Ireland. Should a problem arise of significant proportion then you only need to call us.
Clothing Suggestions
For your safari you need normal, general travel clothes but you should consider the elements and ensure you have clothing which will suitably protect you from the sun (suncream, hat, sunglasses, long sleeves, loose fitting and a neutral colour), rain (light jacket) and dust (bandana or scarf). If you are visiting some of the local villages then ladies should ensure that shoulders are covered and shorts are not too short, perhaps bring a sarong. Ngorongoro Crater can be cooler than the surrounding areas so a light jumper or thin fleece may be needed. A small set of travel binoculars are also handy.
Why Us
- We offer small scale, authentic safaris, which can also be tailormade.
- All our guides and safari staff are professionally trained and have years of proven experience.
- We do not contract out our trips, we employ full time staff, offering job security and good benefits, and we are continually improving our quality service year on year.
- All the staff in our UK office have spent time in Tanzania so you can chat to people who understand what it's like to go for the first time, before you go.
- We are passionate about responsible tourism and our company supports sustainable development in Tanzania and Kenya in a real way. Adventure Alternative underwrites the charity Moving Mountains.
- Financial security guaranteed as we are AITO bonded.
- We are members on Interhealth which gives you access to pre-trip health information and on-site assistance by phone in the event of an emergency.
- Our staff only work for Adventure Alternative.


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All articles ever written on Lomography.
Sidekick TPE Bag
That's the thing about Sidekicks – just when you think it's all over, they show up and save the day! So it is with the long-overdue return of the original Sidekick – the most popular and top-selling bag among Lomographers. Don't be fooled into thinking this is just a re-issue. Oh no! We've been busy tweaking and testing the TPE material we use and now, finally, we are very pleased to bring to you the new, the improved - ultimate Sidekick bag. -
The Perfect Mis-take ended about 6 years ago
When things go wrong sometimes the results can pleasantly surprise! Remember to tell us the story behind your perfect mistake to be in with a chance of winning the mission. -
Mission Winners "Analogue is,.." and New Mission
Congrats go out to "dirklancer":http://www.lomohomes.com/dirklancer for "Analogue is,..." competition!! -
Lomography at the Design Safari 2008
This years' Vienna Design Week offered loads of amazing and exciting events. -
Picture This! ended about 6 years ago
**"I love Halloween. The one time of year when everyone wears a mask..."** -
The London Lomography November Events- 3 Fantastic Nights of Fun! ended about 6 years ago
Wow, wow, wow, wow…


text: theatre By Abby Faulkner February 7, 2012 2:08 PM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Category: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! More News from WJON Players Of All Ages Lace Up For Pond Hockey Tournament [VIDEO] Hundreds Of Students Build Leadership Skills At SCSU [AUDIO] The Weekender: An Award Winning Play, A Big Choir Concert, and A Tribute to an Artist Judge Cuts Sentence In Firebombing That Killed 5 Children Best of the Web


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New Century Version (NCV) | New International Version (NIV) |
2 "Go to the family of Recab. Invite them to come to one of the side rooms of the Temple of the Lord, and offer them wine to drink." | 2 "Go to the Recabite family and invite them to come to one of the side rooms of the house of the LORD and give them wine to drink." |
Scripture taken from the New Century Version. Copyright © 1987, 1988, 1991 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. (New Century Version Online Bible) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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Southland farmers trying to recover from spring rains
By Erin Gallagher Correspondent May 23, 2014 10:04PM
So many different kinds of discs are used in fields. | Erin Gallagher~For Sun-Times Media
Article Extras
Updated: June 26, 2014 6:42AM
While the rest of America enjoys a leisurely holiday weekend, farmers across the Southland are rushing to get planted — and in some cases, replanted.
Only harvest will tell what effect this year's bizarre weather has had on local crops. Still, area growers are already feeling the economic squeeze.
Jeff Haas farms primarily in Homer Township. He calls May's early downpours "heart wrenching."
On May 8, he was able to get corn planted in some of his fields, which was ideal timing. That night, all luck was washed out by 2 inches of rain, soon followed by another 3 inches.
"I know we've got a lot of replants to do because a lot of that (already planted) was under water and there was just no way a lot of that was going to live through that (rain)," Haas said.
Before heavy machinery, like planters or sprayers, can get "in the fields," as farmers say, the ground has to be sufficiently dry. Otherwise, tires leave tracks, called compaction, which stunts root growth and ultimately hurts yield. This 5-inch rain set back farmers two weeks already, and maybe more.
With corn seed costing in the neighborhood of $150 an acre, the real downside, Haas said, is the lost yield potential. Early May was optimum planting time, which gives corn enough days to maximize potential. Planting late could mean a 15 to 20 percent yield loss.
With so many moving variables in agriculture economics, such as the price of corn, or the amount of bushels per acre, in theory, the two-week delay could mean a $250,000 to $300,000 loss to a family that farms 2,000 acres.
"We'll know at harvest," said Ed Mundt, who farms along Stuenkle Road in Frankfort along with his brother, Alan. "But looking at the calendar, it definitely affected us," Alan Mundt said.
Spring's planting season involves a series of steps, more than just one pass of a tractor through a field with seed. Depending who you talk to, high yield involves treatments, including discing and spraying — all of which require heavy machinery.
While the rest of us enjoyed long overdue, warm, sunny days recently, farmers waited because the ground is too wet.
"We tried it yesterday but we were leaving tracks," said Alan Mundt on Thursday. "You can't push it or you'll wreck it."
That may mean traffic delays as farm equipment attempts to navigate traffic over the holiday. As much of the Southland has developed around farmland, accessing fields increasingly is restricted. Many have to travel more popular routes, like it or not. Farmers, like the Mundts, say they prefer moving machines on the back roads and avoid rush hour. Still, when Mother Nature says it's "go time," the rest of the drivers are going to have to wait.
"We actually try to move off hours because of the traffic," Alan Mundt said.
"You often don't have a choice because you can't turn off the planters for hours," Ed Mundt added.
While most farmers are in a hurry to get in the fields, large equipment is slow moving. Traffic and rough roads are extremely dangerous to farmers. Ed Mundt said the potholes along Route 45 can be life threatening if a machine ends up in a ditch. Farm equipment does not have suspension, so it is especially dangerous when drivers doing 60 mph come up behind a farmer driving 10 mph.
Because some fields already were planted, the storms forced the top layer of dirt to harden and crust over. In order to save the field, many had to go back over what was planted with a rotary hoe, a tool that breaks the crust in order for corn to emerge.
"We're trying to save (the plants)," Alan Mundt said. "I think they'll be some corn replanted. We've been trying not to do that, it's too expensive."
Much of the acreage the Mundts have been farming they've worked for 20 or 30 years, Alan Mundt said. That's not uncommon in the agriculture industry. Farmers know their land and are used to risk. Just ask the Mundts, who were among those hit by last fall's tornado. The challenges this year they've seen before.
"Sometimes you're the windshield," Haas said. "Sometimes you're the bug."


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One of Best Buy's Daily Deal's today is this iLive Speaker Dock for just $19.99 with FREE shipping! (reg $49.99)
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Tue, Feb 10, 09 at 13:44
I bought 2 bags of tulip bulbs from Walmart and they have bugs. Didn't know until I got home. Is there a wash I can use on them before planting in the house? I put the bulbs in a plastic bag and sprayed but they are still there.
gmom2-6boys |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by hostalover360 4 (My Page) on Tue, Feb 10, 09 at 13:52
What shape are the bulbs in are the mushy? Make sure to take them out of the bag, and get the bugs off, if the bulbs are mushy I would return them. Bugs on the bulbs does not sound good. |
- Posted by gmom2-6boys mi z4-5 (My Page) on Tue, Feb 10, 09 at 18:27
The bulbs seem to be in good shape. Very solid. A little moisture when I took them out of the bag today. They have started to sprout. So I would like to pot them up as soon as possable, without bugs. They may be aphids. Something that developes into a black flee like bug. I was thinking of a mild bleach water solution. Then let them dry before planting. gmom2-6boys |
With no other discription other than "bugs", I think your plan is a good one. Al |
Since the bulbs have been sitting since fall the bugs are likely feeding on the jacket of the bulb or the mold that might be present... not so much the healthy bulb. The bleach bath and getting them in soil sounds good. |
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Thu, Jul 7, 11 at 15:45
There are plenty of blossoms but they are all falling off. This is suppose to be an heirloom brandywine. Any ideas why?? Not getting pollinated??
Thanks |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by tsugajunkie z5 SE WI (My Page) on Thu, Jul 7, 11 at 17:47
How hot has it been? Excessive heat will do that too. tj |
Low 90s. Plants get 6 hours of sun from 9:00 to 3:00. They look like they are getting enough of water. |
When temperatures exceed the mid 80's tomatoes seem to have a problem with pollinating. Maybe, possibly providing a few hours of shade, which can lower the temperatures enough to imcrease the chance of pollination. |
Will this happen with all tomato plants or are there plants, different varieties, that can handle the heat better? Would prefer heirloom plants if possible. |
That is common to all tomatoes. |
"That is common to all tomatoes." This is not true! There are varieties that have been breed to produce during high heat...one of them is rutgers another is homestead! How do you think Fl. farm fields can produce tomatoes during the summers??? |
I have one brandywine and three celebrity plants. The brandywine is the only one dropping blossoms. The celebrities are setting fruit and I haven't found any blossoms that have dropped on them. |
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Linda's Frozen Smoothie Recipe Book
(3 Recipes) Created by LINDYPOWER
Recipes in this Collection
Cookbook creator says: I've become attached to having a daily frozen smoothie and bumped out the desire to eat fat filled & sugary ice cream. I love the nutritional value & feelings of being satiated from a full 20 oz. Try some of my recipes and take a look at the value of these foods sold at a Trader Joe's near you. Submitted by LINDYPOWER Carbs: 37.5g | Fat: 7.8g | Fiber: 7g | Protein: 35.5g | Calories: 365
(no ratings)
Cookbook creator says: This is a high carb, high fiber, high potassium meal replacement. Blend with 4 ice cubes and savor the flavors. You'll be satiated and full for hours. Delicious and smooth. Submitted by LINDYPOWER Carbs: 73.2g | Fat: 2.2g | Fiber: 12.8g | Protein: 19.4g | Calories: 366.5
Cookbook creator says: Smooth, creamy, not too sweet, delicious and so nutritious. Get your Omega's today with this recipe. It's great for the Flat Belly Diet. Submitted by LINDYPOWER Carbs: 27.6g | Fat: 13.2g | Fiber: 10g | Protein: 9.7g | Calories: 225.1


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"Feds spend millions dressing creepy students up as fruits, vegetables" is the way the Daily Caller headlined a story about a new anti-obesity grant recently awarded to eight universities.
Here is the lede from The Daily Caller story:
"The federal government gave nearly $5 million to the University of Tennessee in support of its creepy healthy-eating campaign, which dresses students up as fruits and vegetables and films them terrorizing the residence halls.
It's called "Get Fruved."
The campaign already has a website and YouTube account, where it has posted several "Get Fruved" videos. The videos feature college students disguised as various fruits and vegetables, such as grapes and carrots.
In one video, the male student in the grape costume approaches a female student and says, "You're looking grape today!"
And so on. The story, of course, isn't as outrageous as the headline writer would have as believe.The actual news release that The Packer received on this story read like this:
GAINESVILLE, Fla. — University of Florida students will create obesity prevention programs for their peers and later, for high school students, as part of a $4.9 million federal research and extension grant awarded last week.
University of Tennessee Assistant Professor Sarah Colby will lead the national study, called "Get Fruved," a phrase that alludes to fruits and vegetables.
"Get Fruved" is a campaign that uses peer interaction to try to get high school and college students to eat more fruits and vegetables, exercise more and manage stress more effectively.
Anne Mathews, an assistant professor in Food Science and Human Nutrition at UF's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, will be the primary investigator for UF's part of the study, while Karla Shelnutt, a UF assistant professor in Family, Youth and Community Sciences, will act as a project consultant.
"Preventing obesity and its health consequences is achieved through long-term adoption of health behaviors such as being physically active, eating a healthful diet, rich in fruits and vegetables," Mathews said.
The project uses a research method in which college students help develop strategies to teach younger students to live healthier lifestyles, she said. UF researchers hope that using students for the project will encourage others their age to heed the message.


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FDA Warns of E. coli Risk From Nestle Toll House Cookie Dough
June 19, 2009 -- The FDA and CDC today warned people not to eat any varieties of prepackaged Nestle Toll House refrigerated cookie dough products because of possible E. coli contamination.
If you have any of those products, don't eat them. The FDA advises consumers to throw the products out -- and not to eat any raw products that are supposed to be cooked or baked first.
E. coli bacteria can cause abdominal cramping, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea (which may be bloody). Most healthy people recover within a week, but serious complications can arise and are most common in young children, older people, and people with weak immune systems.
The FDA and CDC are investigating reports of E. coli infection that may be linked to eating raw cookie dough. Since March 2009, there have been 66 reports of illness in 28 states.
Those cases include 25 people who were hospitalized, seven of whom had a severe complication called hemolytic uremic syndrome, which affects the kidneys. No deaths have been reported.
In a news release, Nestle says that "out of an abundance of caution," it's recalling all varieties of Nestle Toll House refrigerated Cookie Bar Dough, Cookie Dough Tub, Cookie Dough Tube, Limited Edition Cookie Dough items, Seasonal Cookie Dough, and Ultimates Cookie Bar Dough.
Nestle is offering a full refund to consumers who return the products to grocery stores. For more information, call Nestle Consumer Services at 800-559-5025 or visit Nestle's web site at www.verybestbaking.com.
Nestle Cookie Dough Recall: Full List
The Nestle Toll House cookie dough recall doesn't include any packaged baked Toll House cookies, Toll House morsels, chocolate baking bars, cocoa, or Dreyer's and Edy's ice cream products with Nestle Toll House cookie dough ingredients.
Here is a full list of all Nestle Toll House cookie dough products that are being recalled:
Cookie and Brown Dough Bar:
- Chocolate Chip bar 16.5 oz
- Chocolate Chunk bar 16.5 oz
- Walnut Chocolate Chip bar 16.5 oz
- Jumbo Chocolate Chip bar 16.5 oz
- Oatmeal Raisin bar 16.5 oz
- Sugar Cookies bar 16.5 oz
- Mini Chocolate Chip bar 16.5 oz
- Mini Brownie Bites bar 16 oz
- Fudgy Brownie With Peanut Butter Filling 19 oz
Today on WebMD
Real-Time Food Recalls and Alerts
Utah Firm Recalls Fully-Cooked-Not-Shelf-Stable, Ready-To-Eat Pork Roast Products Produced Under The Wrong Haccp Plan And For Mislabeling
Mon, 26 Jan 2015 12:30:00 EST -
Texas Firm Recalls Various Raw Poultry Products Produced Without the Benefit of Inspection
Mon, 26 Jan 2015 12:30:00 EST
Explore our newly expanded FDA Center on WebMD for timely information on food safety, allergies, diabetes, vitamins & supplements, and more!


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Enforcing Rights Against Online Infringers:
Brandishing The Double-Edged Sword of the DMCA
Carol Ruth Shepherd, Arborlaw PLC
Copyright 2008 Carol Ruth Shepherd
The Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA)[1] of 1998 was enacted to bring copyright enforcement more in line with the realities of digital technology and the Internet, where it is easier and speedier for millions of daily users to reuse content by cutting and pasting, than it is for them to create and publish original content. With the rise of content-sharing sites such as YouTube.com, the republication of copyrighted content has become so pervasive that litigation over the use of third-party content has become an ordinary news topic[2]. In seeking to use the DMCA's "takedown" procedure to enforce intellectual property rights, every rights owner is not only a potential plaintiff, but also a potential defendant –an unsophisticated rights owner can unwittingly expose itself to liability under the DMCA for false accusations of infringement. This article highlights the most common mistakes rights owners make in using the DMCA takedown procedure as a means of policing the unauthorized use of intellectual property.
The Section 512 takedown procedure
In recognition of the significant costs and delay associated with federal copyright litigation, the DMCA added a "self-help" remedy to the Copyright Act. Section 512(c)(3)[3] allows copyright owners to achieve removal of allegedly infringing materials without filing suit, by contacting the online service provider and following a set of notice-and-information procedures set out in the statute. (The Section 512(c)(3) procedure is commonly referred to as a "takedown"). The procedure operates as follows: (1) a copyright owner swearing to a "good faith" belief of copyright infringement sends a notice conforming to the statutory requirements[4] to an online service provider, identifying contributed materials on the service which allegedly infringe the owner's rights; (2) the service provider removes the materials from the service as required under the statute to receive immunity from liability[5]; (3) the service provider notifies the contributor if a takedown occurs[6] and allows the contributor to make a counter-notice[7] rebutting the infringement allegation; (4) if the complainant turns out to be facially meritorious and the complaining copyright owner does not file suit within fourteen (14) days, the service provider must restore the materials[8]. The takedown procedure is wholly extrajudicial. Parties may (and do) seek judicial review for actions taken under Section 512(c)(3) which deviate from the statutory requirements.
The DMCA takedown procedure is well-known on the Internet and is wildly popular with large and small rights owners, and with third-party content contributors. Large Internet access providers and search engine sites are estimated to receive DMCA takedown notices numbering in the tens of thousands per year[9]. However – because it allows rights holders to achieve the removal of published materials without judicial oversight on a mere assertion of rights and an allegation of infringement – critics contend that the procedure is too widely abused, has a chilling effect on free speech, and violates due process[10]. There is no doubt that the Section 512 takedown procedure has been widely used in inappropriate ways. Both individuals and large corporations routinely use the procedure aggressively, sending cease-and-desist letters to censor opinion, to suppress the online publication of unflattering or damaging content, to attack enemies and competitors, and to enforce non-copyright intellectual property claims. Several companies and performing rights organizations use automated "robots" to search for infringing content and subsequently file erroneous takedown letters identifying the wrong party or completely unrelated materials. [11]A 2005 survey found that over a third of takedown requests were not appropriate under the statute[12].
Section 512 takedown traps: Internet form letters and web complaints
Businesses that routinely threaten civil litigation in the course of hashing out disputes over their commercial transactions are in for a rude surprise under the Copyright Act. Section 512(f) [13] explicitly provides a remedy for "bad faith" takedown notices and misrepresentations about copyright infringement, holding that a party may be ordered to pay the aggrieved party's damages, costs and attorneys' fees for making "knowing" and "material" misrepresentations under Section 512.[14]
Rights holders, typically acting without an attorney in choosing to make their own DMCA takedown demands, can get "trapped" in Section 512(f) suits or counterclaims in two common ways: (1) they use an inappropriate form letter which fails to comply with the requirements of the statute and/or makes inappropriate non-copyright legal claims under the takedown framework; or (2) they rely on a service provider's procedure for notice and takedown of materials, which may steer them unwittingly into making fraudulent claims under Section 512(f).
A rights owner using the Section 512 takedown procedure will typically give notice via a takedown email or letter. Most Section 512 notices are sent electronically as e-mail[15] (although many are sent by surface mail or fax to the service provider if no e-mail address for legal notices is readily apparent or available). Because Section 512 is well-known to rights holders to be a "self-help" procedure that results in the speedy and automatic removal of the undesirable materials 90%+ of the time, the vast majority of complaining rights owners fashion their own demands by merely cutting and pasting seemingly-applicable text from publicly available letters. Thousands of actual and sample DMCA takedown letters are posted on the Internet[16]. Many of these notices defectively allege copyright infringement under the Section 512(c) protocols and are entitled to be disregarded by the service provider's DMCA agent. Others threaten suit under the aegis of the DMCA for causes of action sounding in trademark, trade secret, privacy or publicity. Still others complain about publication or use which is clearly permitted under copyright law (such as "fair use" of copyrighted material[17], resale of copyrighted materials under the "first sale" doctrine[18], or the publication of public-domain content or content expressly available for use without restriction under a Creative Commons or open-source GPL license[19]).[20] For erring rights holders, a suit for damages under Section 512(f) can have severe consequences: the rights owner in one leading case settled in the face of a Section 512(f) counterclaim for damages in an agreed amount of $125,000.[21]
A second DMCA trap for the unwary rights owner is the service provider's own web-based complaint form. Online service providers frequently fashion their own notice-and-takedown procedure for reporting intellectual property violations as a means of creating an efficient internal workflow to deal with the hundreds of notices they receive. Many of these provided notice forms conflate various intellectual property issues, including legitimate DMCA claims as well as illegitimate ones – but may nevertheless track the protocol and remedies under DMCA Section 512, leading an unsophisticated rights owner to believe that the DMCA takedown remedy is available for non-copyright grievances.
For example, Ebay.com provides rights owners with a VeRO (Verified Rights Owner) complaint form that allows a complainant to allege that an item for sale "is an unlawful copy of media (software, games, movies, etc.)" under a copyright violation category called "Item Infringement."[22] While this allegation would be legally appropriate against the sale of counterfeit and knockoff goods, rights owners frequently assert this against dealers and resellers, erroneously believing that they may restrict or prohibit the resale of copyrighted works on sites such as Ebay.com.[23] Ebay sellers whose items have been de-listed due to a VeRO takedown frequently threaten a lawsuit for Section 512(f) fraudulent misrepresentation of copyright infringement and demand settlement damages for lost sales.[24]
Litigation against rights owners for Section 512(f) violations
As of this writing, a handful of cases have seen decisions or resolution with regard to violations of Section 512(f), with the primary litigated issue being the proper standard for determining whether a rights claimant is making a "knowing misrepresentation." Two 512(f) cases have generated court rulings that say the "good faith" belief of infringement required for filing a Section 512 takedown notice is objective, following the general principle that "ignorance of the law is no excuse." In Online Policy Group v. Diebold[25] and Marvel Enterprises v. NCSoft,[26] both courts held that having a "good faith" belief of infringement as specifically required to be entitled to a takedown under Section 512(c), means that the rights owner filing a takedown notice has a responsibility to know whether an online publication is or is not actionable as an infringement under the Copyright Act. Under this test, failure to meet an objective standard of "good faith" satisfies the "knowing misrepresentation" requirement for a takedown request to constitute a violation of Section 512(f). The only federal appellate case providing guidance on Section 512(f), Rossi v. Motion Picture Association of America,[27] disagrees with Diebold and NCSoft, holding that the standard for determining whether a complainant is "knowingly misrepresenting" a claim of copyright infringement under Section 512(c) is subjective to the "good faith" belief of the rights owner.
The Diebold case is notable not only for its DMCA implications, but also for the important public policy and free speech issues underlying the case. Diebold, a provider of electronic voting equipment, has been widely criticized for its electronic voting software. Several sources have claimed that the software is defective and can be easily hacked to manipulate election results. In the Diebold case, the targets of Diebold's Section 512 takedown request were college students from Swarthmore who had discovered Diebold employee emails referencing internal company issues with the software, and who had posted the Diebold emails online for purposes of discussing the software's flaws, and the election fraud implications.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) brought a counterclaim against Diebold under Section 512(f), asserting that Diebold knowingly misrepresented its copyright rights. It seems undisputable that Diebold, as an employer, would own copyrights in the emails of its employees, under the "work for hire" doctrine of the Copyright Act,[28] entitling it to prevent republication of the emails. However, it is also undisputable that the importance of allowing the public to discuss the security and reliability of electronic voting methodology, and issues with specific voting software, make an extremely strong case for applying the "fair use" exceptions for "criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research."[29] The court ruled against Diebold, noting that "the email archive was posted or hyperlinked to for the purpose of informing the public about the problems associated with Diebold's electronic voting machines. It is hard to imagine a subject the discussion of which could be more in the public interest. If Diebold's machines in fact do tabulate voters' preferences incorrectly, the very legitimacy of elections would be suspect."[30] The company did not appeal, but chose to settle the case (commentators have observed that the publicity backlash generated by fighting a "free speech" "voting rights" case with copyright technicalities probably motivated Diebold to cut its losses).[31]
In the Rossi case, the publisher operated an independent movie website. The Rossi site had a clickable link that read "Download movies here." The MPAA sent a Section 512(c) takedown notice to Rossi's hosting service provider, who immediately took down the site, costing Rossi lost profits in the form of lost advertising revenue. Rossi brought a Section 512(f) claim against the MPAA, arguing that the materials being complained of were not even on the Rossi site but on another site linked to from the Rossi site and that as a matter of law, linking to a website which may or may not contain infringing materials does not constitute copyright infringement. Rossi argued that the MPAA should have exercised reasonable due diligence before sending its Section 512(c) takedown notice – if the MPAA had only followed the links on his site, it would have discovered that the site containing the allegedly infringing materials was not part of Rossi's site or under his control. The federal district court held there was no requirement for a rights owner to conduct an investigation prior to filing a takedown notice to allege a "good faith" belief of infringement. Rossi appealed. The Ninth Circuit held that requiring a rights holder to conduct an investigation prior to filing a takedown notice would be to require a "reasonable and objective" standard in determining whether a takedown demand was made knowingly and in misrepresentation. The Rossi court noted that several other federal statutes traditionally held "good faith" to encompass a subjective standard and ruled that the "good faith" required by Section 512(c) is a subjective state of mind consisting of "honesty in belief or purpose," holding "a copyright owner cannot be liable simply because an unknowing mistake is made, even if the copyright owner acted unreasonably in making the mistake."[32]
The subjective standard for "good faith" in making a Section 512(c) takedown request was further extended in Dudnikov vs. MGA Entertainment.[33] In the Dudnikov case, the Dudnikovs were eBay merchants who were selling BRATZ® dolls and merchandise on eBay. MGA, the owner of intellectual property rights in the BRATZ® characters and associated merchandise, filed an eBay VeRO takedown request against the Dudnikovs, resulting in the takedown of the auctions. The VeRO claimed copyright and trademark infringement and infringement of manufacturing, distribution, licensing and merchandising contract rights. The Dudnikovs were not authorized distributors or resellers of BRATZ® merchandise but claimed the "first sale" doctrine as a defense to copyright violations. They counterclaimed under Section 512(f), citing copyright misuse and damages from lost sales due to the disruption caused the VeRO takedown. MGA's motion for summary judgment on 512(f) claims was granted by the magistrate based on an affidavit of MGA's attorney that the viability of the claims were admittedly not investigated at the time the notice was filed. The Dudnikovs argued that MGA's attorney should be held to a higher professional standard and should have "known better" than to claim infringement because the offered items were subject to the "first sale" doctrine. Following Rossi, the District Court upheld the magistrate's dismissal of the 512(f) issue on summary judgment, effectively stating that a sworn statement constituted a "good faith belief" as a matter of law.[34]
The pace of litigation under Section 512(f) for erroneous 512(c) takedown requests is steadily accelerating, with over ten cases currently in progress.[35] Intellectual property rights owners seeking to wield the sword of the DMCA Section 512 takedown to remove online content need to be wary of the weapon, and proceed carefully with the advice of counsel to avoid injuring themselves.
[1] Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860 (Oct. 28, 1998). The Digital Millenium Copyright Act is available online at http://copyright.gov/legislation.dmca.pdf.
[2] "Viacom Sues Google Over YouTube Video Clips," New York Times, March 13, 2007.
[3] 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(3).
[4] Section 512(c)(3) sets out the elements for notification under the DMCA. Subsection A (17 U.S.C. 512(c)(3)(A)) states that a notification must include (1) a physical or electronic signature of a person authorized to act on behalf of the owner of the infringed right; (2) identification of the copyrighted works allegedly infringed; (3) identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing that is requested to be removed; (4) information reasonably sufficient to permit the service provider to contact the complainant; (5) a statement under penalty of perjury that the complainant has a "good faith" belief that use of the material is not authorized by the copyright owner; and (6) a statement that information in the notice is accurate and that the complainant is authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner. Subsection B (17 U.S.C. 512(c)(3)(B)) states that if the complainant does not substantially comply with the statutory requirements, the notice will not serve as actual notice for the purpose of Section 512.
[5] In return for cooperating with complainants, online service providers are shielded from liability for contributory copyright infringement, provided they comply with the following statutory requirements: (1) The service provider must be an entity offering the transmission, routing, or providing of connections for digital online communications (§512(k)(1)(A)); (2) the service provider must designate an agent for DMCA violations, register the agent with the Copyright Office, and provide a means through the service for rights owners to access the agent (§512(c)(2)); (3) the transmission, routing, provision of connections, or storage by the service provider is carried out by an automatic technical process (§512(a)(2)); (4) the service provider must not be the party initiating the transmission of the material (§512(a)(1)); (5) the contributor and not the service provider, must select the origination and destination points of the contribution (§512(a)(3) and §512(k)(1)(A)); (6) the contribution must be transmitted "through" the system or network of the service provider (§512(a)(2)); (7) the service provider must not modify the contribution (§512(a)(5)); (8) no copy of the contribution may be maintained on the system or network in a manner ordinarily accessible to anyone other than anticipated recipients (§512(a)(4)); and (9) no copy of the contribution may be maintained on the system or network for a longer period than is reasonably necessary for the transmission, routing, and intended availability of the contribution (§512(a)(4)). An informal survey of websites, blogs, Internet access providers, and many web hosting companies will reveal that the majority of online service providers are not registered with the Copyright Office and are not otherwise in compliance with the requirements of Section 512, legally exposing them to claims for contributory copyright infringement.
[6] Online service providers are not required under §512 to notify the contributor that a takedown notice has been received, but are required to notify contributors if and when materials are removed. Large service providers typically remove material within one to three days of receiving a compliant notice.
[7] 17 U.S.C §512(g)(3). A proper counter-notice under §512(g) must include (1) the user's name, address, phone number and physical or electronic signature; (2) identification of the material and its location before removal; (3) a statement under penalty of perjury that the material was removed by mistake or misidentification; and (4) consent to local federal court jurisdiction, or if overseas, to an appropriate judicial body.
[8] See §512(g)(A), (B) and (C).
[9] See J. Urban & L. Quilter, "Efficient Process or 'Chilling Effects'? Takedown Notices Under Section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act," Santa Clara Computer & High Technology Law Journal (March 2006).
[10] See M. Pollack, "Rebalancing Section 512 To Protect Fair Users From Herds Of Mice-Trampling Elephants, Or A Little Due Process Is Not Such A Dangerous Thing," 22 Santa Clara Computer & High Tech. L.J. 547 (March 2006). The §512(c)(3) takedown procedure is an active target of public-interest organizations such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation and ChillingEffects.Org which focus on free speech, censorship, and public domain and fair use concerns. These are actively working for repeal or reform of the §512 procedure. The EFF has been active in litigating against rights owners on behalf of content publishers and contributors for improper DMCA claims. See http://www.eff.org/issues/dmca.
[11] See "RIAA apologizes for erroneous letters," CNET's News.com (May 13, 2003) at http://www.news.com/2100-1025-1001319.html.
[12] Urban and Quilter, above.
[13] 17 U.S.C. §512(f) reads as follows: (f) Misrepresentations.—Any person who knowingly materially misrepresents under this section— (1) that material or activity is infringing, or (2) that material or activity was removed or disabled by mistake or misidentification, shall be liable for any damages, including costs and attorneys' fees, incurred by the alleged infringer, by any copyright owner or copyright owner's authorized licensee, or by a service provider, who is injured by such misrepresentation, as the result of the service provider relying upon such misrepresentation in removing or disabling access to the material or activity claimed to be infringing, or in replacing the removed material or ceasing to disable access to it.
[14] The same prohibition against fraudulent misrepresentation of copyright infringement to a service provider, also applies to contributors or publishers who file a counter-notice which willfully and knowingly makes an allegation of meritorious defense where none exists.
[15] Due to the informal nature of email, unsophisticated complainants are far more likely to send a casual demand to their service provider without bothering to read or refer to the statutory language. While many service providers make reference to §512 of the DMCA, few provide the actual language of the section, or a link to it.
[16] For a representative sample of takedown letters, including letters which constitute copyright misuse or do not comply with the highly specific requirements of §512(c), see http://eff.org and http://chillingeffects.org. For an example of a blog written and edited by a non-attorney offering "stock" DMCA takedown letters for use by rights owners, see http://www.plagiarismtoday.com/stock-letters/.
[19] See http://creativecommons.org/. Creative Commons provides standardized license terms with minimal reuse restrictions which may be adopted voluntarily by copyright authors to indicate acceptable uses of their work. The GPL (Gnu Public License) is a similar standardized license of "open-source" material which provides for free incorporation and reuse of copyrightable material as long as the user consents to similarly publish and license any works incorporating GPL materials under the same GPL license terms. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html.
[20] See "Unsafe Harbors: Abusive DMCA Subpoenas and Takedown Demands," an Electronic Frontier Foundation white paper dated September, 2003, available at http://www.eff.org/wp/unsafe-harbors-abusive-dmca-subpoenas-and-takedown-demands.
[21] See "Diebold Coughs Up Cash in Copyright Case," EFF press release, (October 15th, 2004).
[22] Ebay Addendum to Notice of Claimed Infringement (NOCI), Reason Code 3.3, available at http://pages.ebay.com/help/tp/vero-rights-owner.html.
[23] This dispute most frequently arises in the context of promotional "not for resale" (NFS) and "advance reviewer copy" (ARC) items distributed to members of the media for purposes of review. See the anonymously authored blog article "'Advance review copy: Not for resale' — my ass," The Abstract Factory (May 10, 2006) at http://abstractfactory.blogspot.com/2006/05/advance-review-copy-not-for-resale-my.html.
[24] Based on the author's experience with several clients in 2006 and 2007.
[25] Online Policy Group v. Diebold, 337 F. Supp. 2d 1195 (N.D.Cal. September 30, 2004). The Diebold case settled (presumably on the strength of the §512(f) claims) for $125,000 in damages.
[26] Marvel Enterprises v. NCSoft, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8448; 74 U.S.P.Q.2D (BNA) (C.D. Cal. CV 04-9253-RGK Aug. 23, 2005) (action for infringement of rights in comic book characters against company selling online gaming software, where allegedly infringing in-game characers were fashioned by individual users) (officially unreported).
[27] Rossi v. Motion Picture Association of America, 391 F. 3rd 1000 (9th Cir. 2004).
[28] 17 U.S.C. §101, definition of "Work for hire."
[29] 17 U.S.C. §107 states that "the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction…for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include— (1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copy-righted work as a whole; and (4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors."
[30] Diebold, above, Order Granting In Part And Denying In Part Crossmotions For Summary Judgment.
[31] See Urban and Quilter, above.
[32] Rossi at 1005.
[33] Dudnikov v. MGA Entertainment, 410 F. Supp. 1010 (D. C. Colo. 2005).
[34] Dudnikov at 1017.
[35] For example, see Lenz v. Universal Studios (a Washington Post article discussing the Lenz case can be accessed at http://tinyurl.com/3382t4 (washingtonpost.com).
This article was originally published in The Litigation Newsletter, Winter 2008, p10 (State Bar of Michigan: Litigation Section).


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For a variety of reasons, Disney often replaces attractions (some fan-favorites, I might add) with new, more modern, more "thrilling" rides, etc.
In your opinion, which attraction should NOT have been replaced?
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For a variety of reasons, Disney often replaces attractions (some fan-favorites, I might add) with new, more modern, more "thrilling" rides, etc.
In your opinion, which attraction should NOT have been replaced?
Mr. Toad's Wild Ride. I never got to experience it.
I think Sam said it all....end thread! :)
At the risk of alienating the majority rule here, :-D
I think I would have to go with Mickey Mouse Revue. I never saw it, but it seems like it fits perfectly into Magic Kingdom. I suppose Mickey's Philharmagic is the first thing they've brought in that kind of "replaces" it.
Other than that, I'd say Horizons. I've heard that was an excellent attraction.
i can only say that i wish they didnt replace the ones that i never got to see. I love the lion king and read here that there used to be a show in the magic kingdom that i wished i could have gotten a chance to watch. why do they take some of these great shows and rides away anyway?
Couldn't they take all the old rides and put them in a "classic Disney Park" Oh Well
hey that's a great idea. but i guess since disney feels that they wouldn't make enough money from them, that's why they were removed in the first place. oh and thanks Lou for the great videos from the old rides! its almost like reliving them again (even if i never saw them before) :-DQuote:
Originally Posted by mondo1748
I think that Horizons should not have been replaced. Not only did it fit in perfectly in Future World (showing what life in the next century might be like) , but it was neat to be able to choose your own ending, so that no two rides were ever really the same. Boy, do I miss that attraction!!!!!! :no: :cry:
"If You Had Wings"....hee hee........I always remember my Mom rushing us over to that ride as soon as we got into the park b/c it was "free" (cost no tickets)!
Originally Posted by JenBoehm
One of my all-time favorites (not just 'cause it was a freebie, either) :yes:
I vote for Horizons and Mr. Toad's Wild Ride, with the Old Tiki Room a close third (man, they don't even sing the good song anymore. I miss "In the tiki tiki tiki room". Good thing I have it on CD.)
None should have been replaced, but I guess Horizons had to go because it was sinking into the ground, or so I've read so many times. However, I would love a new attraction similar to Horizons. They could have made Mission Space like that instead of spinning the "you know what" out of you.
Speaking to If You Had Wings, I can still remember the first time I went into the speed tunnel. I was scared to death. It was the plane takeoff sequence, and I hate to fly. I thought I was a goner. When I did not die, it became my favorite at the MK for many years.
I agree with you. If you had wings was my favorite and I specifically remember the takeoff sequence. I always went on the ride hoping the timing would be perfect - I.E. you would get to that part just as the sequence began. Sorry about you hating to fly. After that ride I went on to fly fighter jets for a living!
Man, I loved going through the tunnel from IYHW. I have a bunch of old videos, and it just isn't the same.
Remember when it became Dremaflight? And all they had in the tunnel was that stupid white light? What a letdown. :(
Yes, I wish Disney would stick to the old "mind" tricks a la IYHW or Horizons, rather that try to physically scare you by dropping, rolling, shaking, etc, but I guess everyone is different.Quote:
Originally Posted by AKQJ10
P.S. Dream Flight was horrible.
Lou, was IYHW first sponsored by Eastern and then Delta?


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Panama City
Flights to Panama City take you to one of Central America's most cosmopolitan cities. The Amador Causeway is home to family-friendly fun and games while many of the city's top restaurants, shops and nightspots are right in the city centre.
Things to do
Casco Viejo is one of the best spots for souvenir shopping before return flights from Panama City, while El Cangrejo and El Area Bancaria offer boutiques and proximity to large shopping centres such as Mall Multiplaza Pacific.
A holiday in Panama City offers everything from sushi and Arabic dishes in the city centre to typical Panamanian food at every corner. The Amador Causeway is good for international cuisine, as is the Casco Viejo neighbourhood.
Vibrant Calle Uruguay offers everything from small bars to live music. The Amador Causeway has small dance clubs and popular weekend hangouts. For more laid-back evenings on holidays in Panama City, head to places like Bar Platea in Casco Viejo.
When to go
KLM has frequent flights to Panama City. Try to schedule your Panama City trip during the dry season (December-April), or a Panama City holiday, such as Carnival or Independence Day.


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Ahmed Wali Karzai (photo: ISAFMedia on Flickr)
In a Reuters article on Sunday, we see yet another call from Hamid Karzai's government in Afghanistan for the disbanding of US private security firms. It is undisputed that these firms represent a huge destabilizing presence, as seen by the small riot that ensued in Kabul on July 30 when a vehicle driven by DynCorp personnel was responsible for the deaths of four Afghans in a traffic accident. But in calling for the disbanding of US security contractors, is Karzai promoting peace or simply consolidating businesses controlled by his brother, Ahmed Wali Karzai?
After providing the background that there are probably between 30,000 and 40,000 private security contractors in Afghanistan ostensibly under the control of US firms, but noting that last year the US was unable to provide an accurate count, the Reuters article then quotes Hamid Karzai:
Karzai has criticized private security guards often in the past but launched a stinging attack at the weekend, saying they were too costly and were "daily creating miseries."
"We ask the international community to dissolve these private security companies because Afghanistan no more has the ability to afford these companies."
But I found this throw-away sentence buried near the end of the Reuters article especially informative:
Karzai's government tried unsuccessfully last year to register the firms, find out the amount of arms they had and where they came from, and how much money the industry was worth, an Afghan security source said.
What possible reason would Hamid Karzai have for wanting to know the value of the private security market in Afghanistan? For the answer to that question, here is a portion of the testimony of Danielle Brian, Executive Director of the Project on Government Oversight, on June 18 of this year before the Commission on Wartime Contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan:
In the short term, we need to significantly improve the government's capacity to oversee security contracts. One of the biggest weaknesses in the government's oversight of PSCs [Private Security Contractors] is its inability to scrutinize subcontractors, particularly in Afghanistan. The Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) is currently auditing the number and volume of contracts in place to provide security services in Afghanistan. As Raymond DiNunzio testified before the Commission last month, "The U.S. does not have the ability to monitor Afghan security contractors or determine the nature of their affiliation or allegiance. Similarly, the U.S. government has difficulty identifying and monitoring second and third tier subcontractors that are Afghan or third-country-owned businesses. Multi-tiered subcontracting is problematic and results in weak oversight control and accountability."[9]
Rumors abound that there is massive corruption at those subcontractor levels. The Afghanistan Ministry of Interior encourages private security companies to partner with Afghan companies, many of which are allegedly controlled by relatives of President Karzai.[10] When you are talking about corruption in security contracting in a war zone, this is not simply about dollars wasted. PSC personnel have repeatedly told POGO that the only way convoys are assured a safe passage is if the security contractors pay off the local warlords not to target their convoy. The issue here is that we don't know who U.S. dollars are paying—are they actually paying off the very people our troops are fighting?
Digging a bit further, here is an excerpt (pdf) from footnote number 10 in Brian's testimony, where she mentions control of subcontractors by family members of Hamid Karzai:
Although there are numerous private security companies in Kandahar, they are ultimately controlled or influenced by a small number of powerbrokers. Ahmad Wali Karzai retains significant influence with the PSCs run by the Karzai family, including Asia Security Group and Watan Risk Management. He also directly controls other forces, including his own personal security detail and the Kandahar Strike Force.4 Finally, his hand-picked commanders, Haji Seyid Jan Khakrezwal and Akhtar Mohammad, respectively control the Provincial Council Security Force and the security forces that operate in Ayno Mena, the gated community in Kandahar that he financed and developed.5 Finally, Watan Risk Management has subcontracted to the security forces of Commander Ruhullah , Haji Seyid Jan Khakrezwal's nephew, to secure Highway One from Kandahar to Kabul.
Ahmed Wali has thus already largely consolidated the PSCs in Kandahar under his influence, although the units retain their own commanders and individual unit names. He does not control all PSCs in Kandahar, however. Other powerbrokers, including Gul Agha Sherzai, the former governor of Kandahar and the current governor of Nangarhar, maintain private security forces in the province. For example, Gul Agha provides security for Haji Abdullah Khan (a wealthy banker and owner of the construction firm that built the houses in Aino Mena).6 Further consolidation of private security forces in Kandahar may allow Ahmed Wali Karzai to bring his rivals' security forces under the control of a commander loyal and responsive to him.
Most people who are aware of Ahmed Wali Karzai only know of him through the rumors of his ties to the drug trade or the disclosure that he is on the CIA payroll. But even the New York Times story where the CIA connection was first disclosed has a hint of these security contracting activities, while suggesting his paramilitary group called the Kandahar Strike Force mentioned above is directly paid by and partially controlled by the CIA:
The relationship between Mr. Karzai and the C.I.A. is wide ranging, several American officials said. He helps the C.I.A. operate a paramilitary group, the Kandahar Strike Force, that is used for raids against suspected insurgents and terrorists.
When Hamid Karzai's government asked the US to provide an estimate of the value of private security contracting in Afghanistan, it would appear that Hamid was just doing market research for his brother, who appears to be in position to control that market entirely when US companies are excluded. If Hamid Karzai is able to drive US private security companies out of Afghanistan, then it stands to reason that Ahmed Wali Karzai will be able to price his services appropriately when the Afghanistan government puts out its own security contracts. I suspect that once these contracts are kept within the family, Hamid Karzai will no longer claim that Afghanistan cannot afford them.