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DISCLAIMER The rules and/or specifications set forth herein are designed to provide for the orderly conduct of racing events and to establish minimum acceptable requirements for such events. By making application for a competitor permit, it is deemed that the competitor agrees to become familiar with these regulations and abide by the directions set forth and prescribed by Management. No express or implied warranty of safety shall result from publications of, or compliance with these rules and/or specifications. They are intended as a guide for conduct of the sport and are in no way a guarantee against injury or death to participants, spectators or others. THE INTERPRETATION OF THESE RULES WILL BE SOLELY THE JUDGMENT OF THE TRACK OFFICIALS & TECH STAFF IN CHARGE AND THEIR DECISION WILL BE FINAL
The Street Stock division is open to any approved make of North American built chassis having a factory listed wheel base of 108" or more for the make, model and year being raced IE: Metric 108", Chevelle 112" etc. Longer chassis's may be shortened to 108" wheelbase. No convertibles, four-wheel drive vehicles, trucks or station wagons will be allowed. No modifications to chassis pick up points are allowed, with the exception of replacing rear frame rails from just past the rear end ,rearward. Any part of the car not specifically mentioned or covered in these rules must remain STOCK. Stock parts are those found in the OEM PARTS BOOK (original equipment manufacturer), not those found in high performance or off-road racing books. Any cars being teched will be allowed to have only one driver and two mechanics present in the tech area – no one else will be allowed. Any harassment from any driver and/or crew member to the tech staff (or any other track official) may result in an automatic disqualification, thus forfeiting all points earned that night and all money earned at that race meet. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS The word stock when used herein, shall mean unaltered, as factory available and produced by the OEM for the make, model and year of the car being raced. That excludes all aftermarket "High Performance" parts, and all decisions and rulings shall be based on data obtained from the Canadian Service Data Book and other OEM Specification Book.
BODY AND APPEARANCE Body must be stock in appearance to the original vehicle but does not have to match the chassis used.
Fiberglass bodies are allowed as per manufacturers below:
Ultimate Custom Fiberglass, AR Bodies model (#xyg metric), AR Bodies (Next Generation Sportsman), Performance Fiberglass (NCaTS bodies), Five Star (S2 Sportsman).
Note: No mix and match between steel and composite bodies except where specified within these rules.
Regardless of body style MUST have a stock roof skin in keeping with the body material used, and B pillars all the way to quarter panels of the make and model body being declared. The "A" pillars (windshield posts) may be fabricated as long as they have a close resemblance to factory pieces. B pillars may be reshaped to resemble a 2 door car if a 4 door roof is used. Fenders and doors may be fabricated using a minimum of 22 gauge standard sheet metal (No aluminum or alloys). Must look completely original and must meet approval of tech if fabricated. Body must be complete with all doors, fenders, quarter panels, hood, trunk and roof as well as both bumpers. All chrome moldings, door handles, nameplates and lights must be removed. All doors must be welded or bolted shut to the satisfaction of the tech inspector.
Aftermarket hood steel, aluminum, or fiberglass may be used if available for body used. Inner splash aprons in the front fenders must be removed. Headlamps and tail lamps must be replaced with sheet metal filler. Absolutely no bars shall extend outside of body panel including the grille and bumper, with the exception of side scrub rails. Scrub rails cannot extend any further forward than rear of front wheel opening, and no further rearward than front of rear wheel opening. (No sharp edges.) Maximum 1" x2" welded or bolted to the roll cage. Mounts must be within 6" of front and rear of scrub rail . Carriage bolts only on scrub rails. Must be mounted on or above front and rear wheel center line. If bolts are countersunk, maximum hole size is 1". Cars must not be excessively rusty and must be presentable in appearance. Body and appearance will be strictly enforced and scrutinized by track officials at all times. The Tech Official will reject cars that are considered unsafe or improperly prepared.
Minimum roof height of 50", measured 6" back from windshield in the center of roof. Skirts and nose must have minimum 4" ground clearance. BUMPERS Bumpers must match body width. Approved racing plastic bumper covers allowed. No external reinforcing is permitted. Bumpers must be mounted in stock position with no sharp edges exposed. No cut-offs. Bumper shocks may be welded. Chrome steel type bumpers must be welded and chained, to prevent bumpers from falling off onto the race surface and creating a hazardous condition during a race meet. INTERIOR All upholstery materials, trim and padding must be removed. The front and rear firewalls must have all holes and openings filled with sheet metal. NO SHEET METALS SCREWS TO BE USED. Pop rivets or welding/brazing only. Full tin kit may be used. All material must be steel and a minimum of 22 gauge.
No cockpitting.
For transmission and exhaust clearance passenger side floor pan may be raised a maximum of 12" above frame rails. Passenger side of firewall may be moved as far back as front of roll cage. Minimum 22 gauge steel.
Rear firewall – a metal firewall min. 22 gauge steel must be fitted over the rear seat back brace area and the top shelf behind the driver's seat to completely close off the trunk compartment. All sheet metal work must be neat and properly fitted. All holes are to be covered with sheet metal, either welded or riveted.
Trunk floor may be removed from rear firewall back. . The trunk lid must have a quick release hold down. Seat and seat belts must be firmly mounted to the cage or the chassis of the car. Not to the floor boards (See Safety Equipment for installation) No fuel or brake lines or fuel filters permitted in the driver's compartment. All windows and glass except for front windshield must be removed. No screens or half windshields. Windshields may be Lexan or safety glass with a minimum of 4 safety clips. (No Plexiglas allowed.) When using Lexan, two windshield center braces are mandatory. Windows to be clear of tint. Only factory tinted windshield glass permitted. No obstruction of the drivers view on the front or rear windshield area except for the top 4' of the front windshield for a sponsor decal.
Interior mirrors are permitted.
ROLL CAGE (MANDATORY) Minimum roll cage requirements. Cage must be 1 3/4" minimum outside diameter with .095" wall thickness (minimum). Base of uprights must be electric welded to frame of car.
4 door bars on drivers side and plated with a minimum of .065" plate between all door bars to frame rails. Unibody cars must have sub frame connectors. Minimum 2"x3". .095" square tubing for roll cage to be mounted on. In a Unibody car, the rear upright bars must be connected by a side to side member just above floor pan.
Cage shall be braced to the rear frame kick-ups and diagonally between the rear uprights. Full roll cage mandatory from firewall back to rear frame rails. Rear and front hoops allowed. All welds must be properly gusseted with no less than .095" thick. No pipe fittings allowed. All roll bars in the driver's area must be properly padded and taped. Left leg protection MUST be installed between roll cage and left front frame rail. ALL WELDS WILL BE SUBJECT TO THE APPROVAL OF THE TECH INSPECTOR
LETTERING Only those cars who are entered as registered members of the Barrie Speedway Street Stock Division are permitted to pre-number their car. Numbers of members must be on the roof reading from the passenger side and in the center of each door, in large (minimum 24") letters in a colour that clearly contrasts the paint job on the car. Sponsor's names and logos may be placed on any other place on the car. NO FOIL NUMBERS – NO SILVER OR GOLD NUMBERS. Block type numbers 5" high, white in colour, must be displayed on the upper right hand side of the windshield to make it easier for line up purposes. Vulgar words and expressions are not permitted.
WEIGHTS Car weights are 55% maximum left side and 50% maximum rear. All ballast weight must be mounted safely and securely, no lower than frame rails. If ballast weight is mounted behind rear end, it cannot be mounted lower than the bottom of, and/or rearward of, the fuel cell. All weight must be labeled with car number and painted white. Added weight must be in block form in no less than five-pound blocks. Cars will be weighed and teched after racing as they come off the racetrack with the driver in car without topping up fuel. No Substitutions. Minimum weights: 3050 lbs. Rear disc brakes add 25 LBS. Composite (Fiberglass) bodies add 50 lbs.
Minimum weight 3050lbs.
* Automatic transmission 40 lbs. weight break (Grandfathered for existing Barrie Speedway Cars Only)
* Dual Master add 25 lbs.
* Composite Body add 50 lbs.
* NCATS Body add 25 lbs.
* Rear Disc Brakes add 25 lbs.
For Example
Min Wts 3050 (with standard transmission)
Dual Master add 25 lbs.
Composite Body add 50 lbs.
Rear Disc Brake add 25 lbs.
= 3150 lbs.
With Automatic Transmission
= 3110 lbs.
BUILT ENGINES Hydraulic flat tappet lifters and cams only. Any lift may be used. Stock diameter lifter only.
There will be no head modification. Camshaft and cylinder heads will be strictly enforced. Chev: minimum 70cc combustion chamber. ENGINE MUST BE STOCK! Maximum overbore of .060" allowed. Any GM model car may run a 350 CID engine (small journal rods are not allowed.), Chrysler a 360 CID engine, and Ford a 351 CID engine maximum. Wet sump oil pans only. (Circle Track type recommended) Must be steel only. Must fit in stock location with no modification of chassis. Inspection plug recommended. Aluminum racing radiators are permitted. Must fit in stock location. Any aftermarket V belt pulley is allowed. Any aftermarket "I" beam connecting rods that weights the same or more than stock, and the same length as stock ( eg. GM must use 5.7 rods) may be used. Aluminum water pumps are allowed for all manufacturers. 1.600" exhaust valves are allowed for Chevrolet's. Balancing of crankshafts is allowed.
Pistons Any flat top, dish, or reverse dome piston may be used with a minimum of 2 eyebrow valve reliefs. No dome pistons. Full floating wrist pins are allowed. INTAKE MANIFOLDS Aluminum Edelbrock performer series intakes are optional. Chev part #2101 (first design not allowed.) Ford# 2750 or 2181 and Chrysler part #2176,
Stock cast iron 2 barrel intakes with a maximum intake top bore size 1.825". Crate engine option
General Motors Part # 88958602 and 19258602 only 1) Engines are available to be purchased through Barrie Speedway with Barrie Speedway seals. All other sources for crate engines are subject to tear down's like any other engine with or without GM seals. 2) All engine repairs/rebuilds to be performed by company and/or individual specified and approved by Barrie Speedway. Pick up and delivery of engine is the owner's responsibility. 3) Engine must be resealed by a Barrie Speedway Official before it is released from approved and specified supplier or rebuilder - $150 fee. 4) Any repairs completed by other than the approved supplier will be subject to re-inspection by supplier and resealing by BSW officials. These engines must retain factory sealed bolts and/ or Barrie Speedway sealed bolts. Used engines may be purchased provided they originated from the above sources. All components provided with the new engine must be used without modification. With the exception of installation of an approved harmonic balancer and timing chain. After market distributor cap, module and rotor allowed.
Balancer may be replaced with a 6 ¾" minimum, stock type elastomer.
As per GM crate engine spec's maximum compression ratio is 9:1
ENGINE MOUNTS/ LOCATION O.E.M. or solid steel allowed.
Engines may be lowered from stock and may be moved back to the #1 cylinder and lined up with the upper ball joint. Exhaust manifolds, frame rails, and cross member may NOT be modified from stock when lowering engine. A tie down strap or chain from the left side of the engine to the frame rail is highly recommended. Minimum crank height is 12". Ford and Chrysler must use stock crank height.
All built engines can have the option of being sealed $150 fee plus travelling expenses.( if outside of Barrie area)
Crate engines can only be inspected and sealed at approved crate engine rebuilder.
One, two-barrel, Holley 500 CFM #4412 carburetor. The only changes allowed are jets, power valve, squirters and removal of choke parts. It is highly suggested that you have your carburetor inspected before use .
Carb Spacers: any aluminum or composite carb spacer may be used, providing the TOTAL thickness does not exceed 1 ¼ inches, including gaskets.
All carbs to be sealed to spacer, spacer to be sealed to intake, idle will be set to 1000 rpm and engine MUST stall when choke horn is covered. Two throttle return springs running into different directions are mandatory. Throttle stops mandatory. Accelerator toe bar recommended. Cars must have air cleaners to act as a flame arrestor (max. 4" x 15"). Must fit under the hood. A cold air box is permitted. No Ram tubes or ducting allowed that supplies air to carburator. Air boxes are allowed maximum 20" wide
CYLINDER HEADS - Stock OEM or World Products cast iron straight plug only. No after-market cylinder heads. - No porting, polishing and/or relieving under valves. - No angle milling. - No special lightened valves. No titanium valves. - No angle plug heads. - No head with cast number 292. - No Chev bow tie heads. No GM Vortex heads. - The maximum valve sizes as measured across the face of the valves are as follows: - GM Intake – 1.94 Exhaust – 1.50 - Ford (Cleveland) Intake – 2.04 Exhaust – 1.65 - Ford (Windsor) Intake – 1.84 Exhaust – 1.64 - Chrysler Corp. Intake – 1.88 Exhaust – 1.60 - GM minimum 70cc after surfacing. - Ford part number M6049L302-GT40 64cc after surfacing - Chrysler minimum 64cc after surfacing. No W2 cylinder heads. - Valve springs must fit into stock cylinder head spring seat. (No barrel springs) - No "Bee hive" springs. Stock diameter valve springs only ex. Chev 1.25" diameter - Rockers must be stock for engine. - Screw in stud and guide plates allowed. -Minimum of piston to cylinder head deck height .038" including gasket. (Chrysler 360 must add an additional .020") - World Products cylinder head allowed is part #043600 A or B casting #I-052. No other aluminum intakes or headers permitted. No aftermarket high performance ignition systems permitted. Aftermarket but stock style such as Accel coil & module allowed. No roller rocker arms are permitted. No special external oil pumps or dry sump systems permitted. No electric fuel pumps. FANS Electric fans are optional. TRANSMISSIONS Any automatic or manual stock OEM transmission without alteration. All gears must be operational. Dodge and Ford may use Chevrolet transmissions.
Automatic transmissions: No racing automatics. No special torque converters. Must have stock torque converter for transmission being run. Minimum 12" converter. Two-speed power glides are allowed in any make and model. No aluminum manual transmissions allowed.
Stock steel OEM clutch and flywheel units must not be drilled or machined. Must be as factory issued with no modification whatsoever. Only nodular-iron or steel flywheels allowed, minimum weight 14lbs. Must have an NHRA steel bell housing. Sema 6-1 flywheel shield or scatter shield of 1/4" steel. Must be mounted over the clutch and flywheel 360 degrees between the bell housing and the floor. No scatter shield inside the car permitted. Full diameter solid disk clutch allowed. At your own option, bell housing should have an inspection plate for easy inspection of clutch. If there is no inspection plate on the bell housing, you may be required to remove the transmission for clutch inspection. Pressure plate must be a minimum of 11 lbs & 10 1/2" in diameter. Cannot be machined to get to 11Lbs. Driveshaft must have two 360" steel retaining loops minimum 1/4" x 2" positioned at the front and rear of driveshaft within 8" of the U-joint. No chains. Steel drive shafts only. Drive shaft's must be painted white or fluorescent. No accessories may be driven off or attached to driveline.
REAR ENDS Stock rear end with drum brakes or Ford 9" rear end with drum brakes allowed. Stock style axles only. Must have stock geometry suspension mounting points for chassis being used. Full steel spools allowed. Must be full diameter. Also steel mini spools allowed. Floater rear ends are allowed. Rear disc brakes optional, but must add 25 LBS penalty. Gun drilled axles allowed.
NO posi, lockers of any type or Gold Trac differentials allowed!
No adjustable rear arm mounts allowed.
No modification of stock suspension locating points allowed. All Uni-body cars must install sub frame connectors. Frame height must be a minimum of 6" and will be measured without the driver. After-market steel housed racing shocks will be allowed. (Koni, Pro and QA1). No bump stops allowed. Upper rear mounts and upper or lower front mounts may be extended straight up or down to accommodate ride height. Racing type springs allowed on front and rear of car. Must be minimum 5" diameter. Front load bolts permitted. Rear load bolts allowed.
CHASSIS The Street Stock division is open to any approved make of North American built chassis having a factory listed wheel base of 108" or more for the make, model and year being raced.
Full size chassis may be shortened to no less than 108".
Full "X" may be installed between frame rails.
Rear frame rails may be replaced from rear end back with 2"x3"x.095" square tubing solidly welded. All stock mounts must remain unaltered.
EXHAUST Exhaust pipes must exit to the outside of the car to the rear of the driver and ahead of the rear wheels. Exhaust pipes should be firmly mounted and have no sharp edges or protrude outside of the bodyline. Maximum exhaust not to exceed 3" outside diameter.
Original cast iron exhaust manifolds allowed. No ram horn manifolds allowed. Exhaust manifolds may be inverted. If using stock manifolds, they must remain stock as produced.
Spec headers are allowed as listed below:
Schoenfeld- # 185, #185CM, #165, #165A, #165ACM, 135, 135h or 145. (Dodge #445) (Ford #335)
Dynatech- # 01-21900, # 01-21910, #01-20900, # 01-20910
Add 25lbs when using headers.
No e-vac systems allowed.
No "H", "X" or merge pipes allowed when using headers
FUEL CELL AND FUEL SYSTEM The fuel cell must be separated from the driver's compartment by an all metal firewall, and must be 20 gauge. There can be no openings in the firewall and any holes must be filled in with metal. No filler neck or fuel line is permitted inside of the driver's compartment. Minimum of two steel square tubing or flat bar front to back and side to side. The fuel cell may be lowered in the trunk area. The bottom of the fuel cell may not be lower than center of the rear end tubes. The fuel cell must be centered between the frame rails. Plastic fuel cells must be placed in a metal container, minimum 20-gauge steel. There must be a minimum 1" gap between the fuel cell and steel enclosure to act as a crush area. A fuel cell rear protection hoop must be used. Minimum 1 3/4" x .095" tubing No external electric fuel pumps. All filler caps must be non-vented. No car will be permitted to run if any sign of fuel leakage is found. Ground strap from filler neck to chassis is mandatory! Fuel cell must be mounted securely. One protection bar must be run horizontally above the fuel filler neck. Minimum 1 3/4" round tubing x .095" or 2" square tubing x .095". WHEELS No reverse or aluminum type rims permitted. STEEL ONLY! Maximum rim width bead to bead – 8". Heavy duty or racing rims may be run on all four wheels. Heavy duty 5/8" wheel studs and nuts mandatory. Wheels stud threads must protrude through nuts. Racing wheels mandatory Rim weight must be a minimum of 17 lbs. Tires and rims must not extend outside the body. TIRES To be determined by Barrie Speedway.
TRANSPONDERS are mandatory. 163" minimum from the centre of nose. Mounted so LED lights point down towards track surface.
COMMUNICATION One way radio or scanner is mandatory to take direction from tower. 2 way optional radios are optional. Radios available from Race 2 Way communications.
BELT AND HARNESS A quick release belt of not less than 3" in width and a 3" shoulder harness is compulsory. Belts must be securely fastened to the frame and/or roll cage ( not to floor), straight in the direction of line of pull, with grade 8 bolts of a Minimum diameter of 3/8". Crotch V-belt or 5 point belt is mandatory.
SEAT Aluminum racing seats only, headrest mandatory. Wrap around headrests on each side is recommended. • Seats must be bolted to the frame and/or roll cage, NOT the floor. • Seat must be positioned to the left of the centerline of the car. • Use minimum 3/8" grade 8 bolts with large washers to hold racing seat to seat framework.
FIRE CONTROL Cars must have a current year approved fire extinguisher mounted in an approved steel mounting bracket bolted down and within driver's reach with seat belt fastened.
SAFETY HELMET An approved racing type safety helmet must be worn at all times during all races and practices and until car is parked in pit area. Helmets must be Snell 2010 SA or newer. Goggles or full face helmet is highly recommended.
DRIVER'S WINDOW NET Proper driver's window net is mandatory with minimum 3/8" rod. Must have top release.
DRIVER'S FIRE SUIT Driver's fire suit is mandatory. Driver's fire suit must be SFI rated. No coveralls allowed. Driver and suit must maintain clean looking appearance with no rips or tears. Fireproof gloves, neck brace, balaclava, underwear, socks and shoes are highly recommended. BATTERY Must be securely mounted in a spill proof container with a steel frame behind driver. One 12 volt battery only. MUST HAVE 2 (TWO) IGNITION KILL SWITCHES MOUNTED ON BOTH SIDES OF DASHBOARD. BATTERY DISCONNECT SWITCH IS MANDATORY AND MUST BE ACCESSIBLE TO SAFETY CREW
*All cars are to be inspected prior to their first evening of racing. All cars running in a feature event are subject to technical inspection by random selection at the end of the race. Any car running illegal non-stock parts will be disqualified. No car will be permitted to compete in an unsafe mechanical condition.
End of year payouts and point funds will only be paid to registered drivers that have taken part and competed in a minimum of 51% of the NWAAS season.
FINAL NOTE All specifications and regulations contained herein are subject to immediate change – without prior notice – as determined by the Director of Operations.


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It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting,The outside is unassuming: a little Italian restaurant in a strip mall off the Bothell-Everett Highway. Inside, though, is a lovely place for dinner with a friendly staff and food bursting with flavor.
I have probably driven by Villa Nuova dozens of times without taking any notice. Recently, though, I was looking for a spot to have dinner while my mother was visiting. I let her hunt online for local restaurants, and Villa Nuova was the first name she mentioned. Italian sounded great to me, so my mother, my husband and I paid them a visit for dinner. The restaurant is a cozy spot with crisp white tablecloths. Our server brought out tiny loaves of bread in a basket, served with olive oil for dipping. The olive oil was fabulous, especially with the seasoning of garlic and red pepper and something else delicious. I asked the server what was in it, but he simply smiled and told me it was a house recipe. Fair enough. I think I'd be willing to come back just for the olive oil.
My husband and mother both ordered wine. (I'm nine months pregnant, so I stuck with water.) Villa Nuova has a selection of wine for $5. The pours are generous. My husband was especially fond of the Montepulciano he ordered. Feeling hungry, and not able to decide on an appetizer, we ordered two. The Cozze and Vongole ($10.95) featured mussels and clams in a buttery white wine sauce with garlic and lemon. The mussels and clams were perfectly cooked and fresh. The sauce was a pleasing complement without overpowering the flavor of the shellfish. We also ordered Caprese ($10.95), with the familiar fresh mozzarella, tomatoes, basil and balsamic vinaigrette. This was also delicious, and with three of us eating it, it vanished fast. I particularly enjoyed the balsamic vinegar, which was thick and slightly sweet, perfect for the Caprese.
Selecting an entree was a challenge; the menu offers many appetizing options. I eventually settled on the Linguini Mare ($17.95), because seafood sounded appealing.The linguini was served with mussels, clams, calamari and prawns. You can select a white or red sauce; I chose a white. The seafood was all tasty and fresh, again, and went nicely with the simple white wine sauce. My mom settled on the Gnocchi de Patate ($12.95), which is potato dumplings with Italian sausage, garlic, mozzarella and basil in a tomato sauce. The gnocchi were hearty and rich. The red sauce was thick with cheese, and the sausage was full of spicy flavor.
My husband order cannelloni ($12.95). The pasta was stuffed with veal and covered in a bolognese sauce, with includes beef and pork in tomato sauce covered with mozzarella. Again, the sauce was amazing. The cannelloni was bursting with flavor. My husband really enjoyed the meaty sauce and filling. After all that, we barely had room for dessert. We made some space, though, for the Tartufo ($6.95). The menu described it as a "chocolate truffle for the true chocolate lover."
We all qualify as chocolate lovers, so it was an easy selection. The Tartufo was a perfect finish to the meal. The two layers of ice cream were covered with a rich chocolate powder with just a bit of sweet crunch.
Villa Nuova earns my hearty recommendation. The food was great and the service was professional and friendly. The food, for the quality, was worth the price.
Don't let the unassuming cover fool you; Villa Nuova is certainly worth discovering for yourself.

subset: commoncrawl


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found a new home!
Plenty of my friends are looking
for one too. Find a pet to adopt.
Find a pet to adopt |
My name is Five-O!
Facts about Five-O
- Breed: Domestic Shorthair
- Color: Orange Or Red Tabby
- Age: Young
- Sex: Male
- Hair: Short
Five-O's Info...
I am already neutered, up to date with shots, good with kids, and good with cats.
They named me Five-O because I was brought in by the police! Anyone remember Hawaii Five-O? I'm a laid back, friendly orange tiger male with DOUBLE PAWS! Ask anyone, they'll tell you that orange males are the most friendly. Please come meet me! I would love to be your new best friend! To adopt from Angelcat Haven, we require an approved application. Please visit www.angelcathaven.com to find the adoption application. Applications can be FAXed to 508-643-1999 or emailed to firstname.lastname@example.com
Other Pets at Angelcat Haven
Why Adoption is a Great Option
Five-O, a Plainville Domestic Shorthair cat was adopted! Here's how you can benefit by looking at adoption as an option to buying a Domestic Shorthair for sale in Plainville, or seeking a Domestic Shorthair cat from a breeder in Plainville.
- Rescues and shelter volunteers in Plainville already know the personality and tendencies of their pets. This means they can match you with the right pet. That will makes it much easier transition to owning a pet for yourself and your new pet.
- On average adoption fees are much less than you'd pay a Plainville breeder, or pet store. Plus most often rescue pets have already been to the veterinarian for a check-up, had a round of vaccinations, and are spayed or neutered. That is a lot of savings!
- You will become a hero, and give a needy dog or cat a loving home. In fact, there are even Domestic Shorthair breeders who help with Domestic Shorthair rescue. One puppy or kitten adopted in Plainville paves the way for another one to be saved.


text:
Prekindergarten |
Student Programs & Services - Prekindergarten Program |
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One Direction perform on legendary US sketch show SNL
Simon's boyband add another achievement to the long list
Sun 8 Apr 2012
Simon's boyband add another achievement to the long list
It's been highlight after highlight over the last year for the boyband who came in third a couple X Factors ago. Now, aside from claiming the biggest US debut for a British band ever, headlining Madison Square Gardens in New York AND being invited to the White House, One Direction can count another honour in their long list of achievements. The boys played legendary American sketch show Saturday Night Live last night.
The show, which was presented by Colombian actress Sofia Vergara, featured One D singing their hits - see their performances of One Thing and What Makes You Beautiful below.
Did they do England and Ireland proud? Tell us what you think in the comments below.


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Jim Giles' Certified Safe Rooms Oklahoma are a pre-manufactured, reinforced steel above ground tornado shelter/safe room that allows you and your family to quickly seek shelter during a tornado warning. Rated to withstand an EF5 tornado (winds at 250 mph), you and your family will be safe with a Jim Giles' Certified Safe Room in your home, garage, shop, office or outside. All you need is a reinforced concrete slab to anchor the safe room and you are good to go for tornado season. No more sleepless nights worrying about a tornado watch or anxious moments when the kids are home alone in the afternoon during severe weather season. They ALL have a safe place to go with a Jim Giles' Certified Safe Room.
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This is one of the commonest forms of seedling loss, yet it is very hard to find a useful googleable access. If you find this article helpful please comment to keep it " in the headlines". Damping-off disease is a general term to refer to a number of conditions that result in early seedling death. In a typical case seedlings will germinate then fail to thrive, eventually collapsing about a week after germination, though DOD can cause death as much as a month later. There are a variety of causes, both bacterial and fungal, which it is usually impossible to identify specifically. The only effective treatment is prevention as, once a seedling is already showing symptoms of DOD, it is usually too late. After sowing keep the sowing area very well ventilated, if necessary use a fan. This will reduce the number of fungal spores ( which are present in any normal atmosphere) that settle on the compost. Water with a dilute solution of Bordeaux mixture (Copper Sulphate) for at least a month. Other commercial mixtures are available (though expensive) but do not rely on them without pre-sterilization. Small seeds are the most vulnerable. Good luck - Ian. |
Follow-Up Postings:
I ought to have added that, although commercially purchased seed should be sterile (in practise it often is not), seed saved from the garden never is. Since for the average gardener, fully sterilizing seed is not a practical option (dusting with sulfur will offer some protection), no method is completely foolproof. - Ian. |
i didnt sterilize my soil before repoting my seedlings and i did that about 2 days ago. if my soil was bad how long would it take to see if my plants got the dod and for the fan i can use one on seedlings? |
This post was edited by John_JJ on Tue, Apr 9, 13 at 2:10
My guess is that if the plants were big enough to re-pot, they were old enough to not have a problem. If you want, aim a fan on them (you can use a timer so it only runs 1/2 or 1/3 of the time, periodically). A fan from 12 or 15 feet away is enough of a breeze to help. PS - a fan helps toughen up the stems so when you put them outside in the wind, they are sturdy and don't blow over. Two benefits! Last night I re-potted 5 week old pepper plants and I'm not concerned about damping off. The stems seemed woody enough (not soft). |
- Posted by runswithscissors MT 4/5 (My Page) on Tue, Apr 9, 13 at 21:54
Forgive me....bordeaux mixture? I have not heard of that, can you explain what it is? |
NO!!! please read the internet: Cornell University scientist Dr. Allison Jack has discovered that sterile medium bordeaux mixture, etc. IS ALL WRONG!!! The traditional organic method of earthworms and compost is powerful, cheap, and works best. Her research proves this. To prevent damping off, I use a mix of 30% compost, 30% bark, and 40% peat based potting mix, called pro-mix. You must have plenty of beneficial bacteria in the soil, and these are found in abundance in compost, expecially with worm casting enriched compost. Last year, I attempted rose cuttings, and lost hundreds and hundreds of cuttings, because everything was sterile. Then I added compost, and the miracle of life happened. :) . I now use compost with all of my seedlings, and osmocote, because the seedling will never get damping off, and grow much stronger if it has a nutritious medium. |
Here is a link that might be useful: How to prevent damping off, according to Cornell soil scientist Dr. Allison Jack
- Posted by runswithscissors MT 4/5 (My Page) on Wed, Apr 10, 13 at 14:10
Do you add worm castings or do you just rely on your own compost to have them? I have alot of worms in my yard, but honestly, they don't seem all that interested in my compost pile. (or perhaps I misread the scientific study). |
- Posted by runswithscissors MT 4/5 (My Page) on Wed, Apr 10, 13 at 14:54
Overdrive - your post sparked my curiosity and I did some research into vermicomposting. I am amazed at how the humble earthworm might be the key to controling damping- off and other fungel diseases, not to mention adding super growing power to seedlings, at the stage they really need a kick-start. (at least in my operation.) Thanks for bringing it to our attention. I'm going to start a worm bin for the future, but in the mean time I'm buying some worm castings to put in my germination mix for now. It makes perfect sence really...worms and plants did evolve together, didn't they?! |
There was one study also done just using leaf compost without the worms, and the fresh leaf compost also worked well, they compared it to compost that had been stored for several years and the very old compost did not work as well. If you have access to worm castings, that is great, but worm castings are pretty expensive unless you have your own worms - my garden centre sells compost supposedly enriched with worm castings (who know how much or little), but I have been using both the compost from the local leaf composting company, and the store bought compost, and each one of these works well. I have also discovered that ground bark is very cheap, and is good to add to the mix, because it is both organic, and very porous, so the drainage is excellent and that helps to avoid a soggy soil, which as everyone knows is disaster - - A farmer went out to sow his seed. 4 As he was scattering the seed, some fell along the path, and the birds came and ate it up. 5 Some fell on rocky places, where it did not have much soil. It sprang up quickly, because the soil was shallow. 6 But when the sun came up, the plants were scorched, and they withered because they had no root. 7 Other seed fell among thorns, which grew up and choked the plants. 8 Still other seed fell on good soil, where it produced a crop a hundred, sixty or thirty times what was sown. Even in the times of the Bible everyone knew the seed needed good soil, but now we are told to use sterile mix with no nutrients - supposedly the seed already has a store of nutrients - which is true enough, but my own experiments with adding Osmocote to the potting mix, bonemeal, and compost, results in fantastic healthy seedlings - Is anyone surprised? |
- Posted by darobi2459 5 (My Page) on Thu, Apr 11, 13 at 0:07
I have used jobes organic fertilizer when I transferred my seedlings to bigger cups. I also sterilized the mix (kill gnats mainly). They seem to be doing really well since the transfer, but it just might be the added space. |
It is really sad to think of the millions of dollars of chemicals that have been poured into the environment, poisoning it, with antifungal agents, when organic methods work better and cheaper. |
- Posted by runswithscissors MT 4/5 (My Page) on Thu, Apr 11, 13 at 22:08
Perhaps worm castings are becoming the "in" thing because I just bought a bag (19 Qts) of them for $12 at our local feed store. (Eko brand). Does that sound like an expensive price....a bag of miracle gro was $19. |
- Posted by naturemitch 3/4 WI (My Page) on Fri, Apr 12, 13 at 13:16
Avoiding damping off is simple. Use a soilless mix, when seeds germinate....remove lids or plastics that have been used to keep in moisture, and put a fan on them. Also, learn not to overwater your seedlings. I have been growing by seed for decades and have no issues with damping off. No teas used, certainly no sterilizing, just a good quality soilless mix. Totally don't recommend adding compost to small containers of seedlings. Compost will mess with drainage, and more people loose seedlings to overwatering and poor drainage than you can imagine. Not against organic, practice it myself, but put the compost on top of the mix when seedlings go into their large summer containers. |
- Posted by susanzone5 z5NY (My Page) on Fri, Apr 12, 13 at 17:11
Air circulation is the key to preventing damping off. None of that other costly stuff matters. If you do some research you'll see that worms aren't even very good for the garden. They eat the nutrients your plants need. |
this is such an important topic it should stay as a permanent "sticky" at the top, for always - best regards, paul m. |
Thanks for all you comments. Like any good gardener (I hope) I will always keep an open mind on most issues. At present I am running my own trial with a variety of seed, some commercial some collected from the garden, grown in 1. a sterile sand and garden soil mix grown in the open air and 2. a commercial vermiculite and peat-based mix without any additional sterilization but with plastic covers to prevent post-infection. OK don't tell me - it should be the other way round! I should also point out that any peat-based material is very environmentally incorrect as peat is a much over-exploited natural raw material and is actually banned from garden use in many countries, including mine!!! I'm not including non-sterile garden soil even with added sand as 20 years experience tells me it is no good. I will now contradict everything I have said by saying that the best I results I get are from direct sowing!! This is evidence in favor of OVERDRIVE that non-sterile soil works best. If anyone can tell me why it works in the ground but not growing modules I'd love to know. Will keep you all posted. - Ian. |
- Posted by darobi2459 5 (My Page) on Fri, Dec 13, 13 at 0:15
The seedlings show no signs yet, in fact these sprouted in 3 days and jumped up fast. You can see the "fuzz" around the seed. I lightly raked in some cinnamon, and sprayed with Captan. Never had it before, and I can only think it was on the seeds. We'll see how they do... |
- Posted by darobi2459 5 (My Page) on Fri, Dec 13, 13 at 0:16
- Posted by Rock-n-roll_Retiree (My Page) on Mon, Mar 31, 14 at 12:41
Just seeing the odd seedling in my greenhouse falling over - given the seedings a good preventative spray with Bordeaux Mixture - hopefully ot will prevent further problems. Is it OK to store unused solutions? |
So, I want to throw my own $.02 in here because I think there's a lot of factors to consider here. Keep in mind the way some do it is not the only way. There are as many ways to grow plants as there are people who do it. In regards to compost, worm castings, garden soil etc. used in a seed starting cell or tray I do not follow that practice or recommend it to other growers. The main reason is compaction and the other is sterility. Because this is a thread on DOD we'll discuss the sterility. It is, to me, important to use a "clean" mix when starting seeds indoors rather then one that is rife with microbes. The reason is volume and concentration of those microbes as well as the environment. You simply cannot compare an indoor seedling "nursery" to your outdoor garden. While all of the above ingredients a happy garden make, in the very different environment of a seed starting tray it has the potential to be very detrimental. The wet, warm soil, combined with low air movement and lack of temperature fluctuations all in a volume of soil that is many times smaller then an outdoor garden can cause an imbalance in the microflora of the soil. In particular, I think, the overwatering is the largest detriment to seedlings for a myriad of reasons. Specifically for DOD, not only is a warm wet medium especially appealing to most microbes, the lack of air space in the soil in conducive mostly to anaerobic life forms which, generally speaking, pose more of a problem then aerobic ones. I am not trying to spread doom and gloom, because there are lots and lots people who use straight compost and garden soil to start seeds indoors and have great success. I don't do it and I also have great success. This is simply my reasoning on why I chose to do things this way. |
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They are IDIOTS!!! I have to vent--
Their database is ridiculous and their customer service people don't have the authority or competence to override it.
Follow-Up Postings:
I think I tried to use them once and ran into some of those same issues. It just wasn't user friendly. Safeway delivers groceries as do some other markets. I use Safeway often. |
I bought a few things from them for a while....I knew the delivery man... But when I ordered boneless chicken breast strips and they came with each piece of chicken nesteled in it's own plastic packaging...like....maybe a package of Christmas balls....I told them don't stop any more!! |
Unfortunately Pittsburgh has Food Giant and no other grocery chains! So if anyone on the CF lives in Pittsburgh or knows of other suggestions for prepared food deliveries, please let me know. |
Compumom, I'll ask Jim's cousin what company their Uncle Jim used for frozen food delivery. I see a number of companies when I google gourmet from food delivery, so there must be a better alternative to Schwan's. Magic Kitchen looked good. |
Sally says "Home Bistro". Said that the food was great and deliveries, billing, etc, went well. |
Here is a link that might be useful: Home Bistro
Ellen, now you know why I don't order food stuffs by mail. |
What about Omaha Steaks? They have complete meals and other things. |
Here is a link that might be useful: Omaha Steaks
Helene, thanks for coming through with another viable option. It looks quite interesting and geared towards no real prep for the recipient. I like that! I'll be giving them a call for more info tomorrow. Happy Holidays! Eileen, I'm looking for more complete meals and after the recent reviews of Omaha, I'm not very excited with their offerings. My aunt is/was an excellent cook. A steak she can buy and cook on her own. I was hoping for something delicious to tempt her away from broiling a steak or falling back and eating cottage cheese & fruit. |
When I was working full time, we purchased from Horizon Foods for years. They deliver right to the door. Excellent quality. Everything is individually packaged so no waste. Excellent quality. Nice variety. Great service. They even loaded directly in my freezer. /tricia |
Here is a link that might be useful: Horizon Foods
I don't know anything about Omaha. They have been around for a along time and I assume they must have the service and delivery issues figured out. I have never read any reviews. I do see that they have complete meals and chicken entrees, etc. |
Oops, the local supermarket chain is called Giant Eagle. |
Never ordered from Schwans, so can't really comment on them. Remember Dad ordering steaks from Omaha Steaks... came in nice cooler with dry ice... he was pleased and he was a BIG steak guy. A little OT, but he was a very smart man and made the mistake of telling his 3 kids (all late teens to adults at the time) that he put the dry ice in freezer to "save" and it disappeared!?! Did we laugh at him? Of COURSE we did! I've never ordered by phone or online from OS... have a store not too far for the RARE occasion when I have a great coupon. I like their filet mignon... nice size, vac sealed, and nice flavor. LOVE their "steak-burgers". Anything else that omes in one of their combo packs... stuffed fish, chicken, pork chops... just SOSO... imo! |
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July 21, 2011 | 25
On February 23rd 1987, the journey of some light that had been travelling for 168,000 years came to an end. Astronomer Ian Shelton at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile was observing the night sky as usual when he saw something out of the ordinary. Not long after Shelton reported the discovery, an astronomer in New Zealand noticed the same thing.1 The light they saw was the swan song of a dying star that we now know as supernova 1987A. "1987", because that was the year of its discovery, and "A" because it was the first supernova seen that year.
Supernova 1987A occurred on the outskirts of the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf galaxy not far from our own Milky Way. It lies 168,000 light years from Earth.2
Three hours before Shelton saw supernova 1987A, advanced notice of it reached Earth in the form of a burst of neutrinos seen at three different neutrino observatories. Neutrinos are difficult to detect because they are electrically neutral, and most pass through matter completely undetected.3 What counts as a "burst" of neutrinos may not seem like much. Before supernova 1987A there were 11, 8 and 5 detected by Kamiokande, IMB and Baksan respectively in a 13 second period. Compared with the normal background level in these detectors, 24 hits in such a short time period was big news.
Supernova 1987A was a Type II supernova. The sequence of events leading up to its explosion began when the star ran out of hydrogen to fuse, and so started making and fusing heavier and heavier elements until it had a core of iron.
When the core became massive enough, it imploded. Neutrons and neutrinos were created, but the collapse was stopped by something known as neutron degeneracy — in effect, the inability to push the neutrons any closer together. This was enough to push the implosion back out, creating a shock wave that expanded out from the star's core. Material surrounding the core of the star was thrown off by the shock wave.
The neutrinos that arrived at Earth before the light from supernova 1987A got here because of their slippery nature. They were created as the core collapsed and were able to storm through the outer layers of the dying star, dispersing some of the energy and getting a head start on the light.
Supernova 1987A was so bright that it was visible to the naked eye, the first to be so since the invention of the telescope. In the 24 years since it was discovered, SN 1987A has given astronomers a lot to think about.
Now everyone's favourite supernova is at it again, helping astronomers at ESA's Herschel Space Observatory figure out where cosmic dust comes from. Scientists working with Herschel have discovered that supernovae may be the culprits when it comes to the question of what filled the early universe with dust. Dr Mikako Matsuura, the lead author of the Science paper that announced that results, and her colleagues found that supernova 1987A ejected dust with a total mass between 0.4 and 0.7 times that of the Sun.
Cosmic dust turns into stars, then planets and eventually, sometimes, people. Everything in our solar system started out as cosmic dust. When the Sun grows old enough and stops fusing the hydrogen in its core, it too will throw out dust into the universe, and that dust will go on to form new stars.
For decades, astronomers have wondered where all of the dust in the early universe came from. Early on, stars like the Sun had not been around for long enough to make the amounts of dust seen. But supernovae, typically larger stars with shorter lifetimes, had been. The paper published in Science (but also available on the arXiv) provides evidence to support the hypothesis that it is in fact supernovae that got the early universe so dusty.
Herschel can see cold objects that emit little heat because it detects the longest wavelengths of light in the infrared part of the spectrum. It wasn't specifically looking for supernova 1987A, but happened upon it during a survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud. Astronomers worked out that the glow coming from the remnant was provided by lots and lots of dust — around 10,000 times more than previous estimates that were made 600 days after the explosion. The temperature of the dust is about −250ºC, which is 20 times colder than previous estimates and not far above absolute zero.
Previous estimates were made with less sensitive instruments than Herschel. Matsuura and her colleagues have suggested that this new-found extra dust could have existed at day 600 after the explosion, but was not seen because it was beyond the reach of instruments available at the time. Another possibility is that this dust "reservoir" has grown over the twenty years between day 600 and now (the new measurements were taken on day 8467 and 8564 after the explosion, if you were wondering). Either way, supernovae now seem to be a viable source for all the dust seen in young galaxies in the early universe.
Matsuura M, Dwek E, Meixner M, Otsuka M, Babler B, Barlow MJ, Roman-Duval J, Engelbracht C, Sandstrom K, Lakicevic M, van Loon JT, Sonneborn G, Clayton GC, Long KS, Lundqvist P, Nozawa T, Gordon KD, Hony S, Okumura K, Misselt KA, Montiel E, & Sauvage M (2011). Herschel Detects a Massive Dust Reservoir in Supernova 1987A. Science (New York, N.Y.) PMID: 21737700
Post title courtesy of Jarvis Cocker.
Wait – the oldest fossils are billions of years old; way, way older than 160,000 years old. What kind of fossils are you referring to?
Link to thisIt should have been "oldest modern human fossil", but it would appear my number was out of date anyway. I must have written that while half asleep, thanks for pointing it out.
Link to thisRe: "When the core became massive enough, it imploded. Neutrons and neutrinos were created, but the collapse was stopped by something known as neutron degeneracy — in effect, the inability to push the neutrons any closer together. This was enough to push the implosion back out, creating a shock wave that expanded out from the star's core. Material surrounding the core of the star was thrown off by the shock wave."
This information is common enough in the literature and seems to have been relegated to the status of self-evident knowledge. Yet, we're told the event happened 168,000 years ago. Since there is no laboratory experiment that can verify any of the statements, my question is, How does anyone know this?
Link to thisYou're right — there's no experiment we could do in the lab (as far as I'm aware) to test this, but that doesn't mean we can't do any experiments at all. Most of the information we get from the universe comes in the form of light, so that is what we study. SN 1987A happened 168,000 years ago, but its 168,000 light years away, so its light didn't reach us until 1987 any we've been studying its since then. Astronomers can make predictions based on what they see (for example, the neutrino burst coming before the light) and laws of physics we know to hold true based on stuff we *can* measure in the lab, make models and see what would happen in different situations, test these predictions with new observations and keep on refining (or ditching) the models as appropriate until one sticks.
Link to thisThe referenced research report provides a useful analysis of the dust produced by SN 1987A, but then immediately leaps to the conclusion that supernovae can explain the amount of galactic dust in the early universe in its final paragraph without establishing any basis for it:
"The large amount of dust inferred to be present in the ejecta of SN 1987A is consistent with that required to explain the dust masses in high-redshift galaxies, i.e. 0.1-1.0 [solar masses] of dust per SN, if the dust is not significantly destroyed during its injection into the ISM [interstellar/intragalactic medium] and subsequent encounters with interstellar shocks. Supernovae may therefore be significant contributors of dust detected in such galaxies."
Unfortunately, this report does not address the number or masses of supernovae, based on their study of SN 1987A, that would be required to produce the large dust masses observed in galaxies very soon after the first stars formed from the initial hydrogen (with a smattering of helium).
Moreover, the report does not establish that the amount of dust produced from the recent supernovae of stars condensed from an interstellar medium containing a large percentage of heavy elements, produced by billions of years of of stellar nucleosynthesis, is comparable to early stars condensed from early interstellar media that must have initially consisted mostly of hydrogen.
Actually, the report merely states that the amount of dust produced by SN 1987A is consistent with that required to produce the early galactic dust – it does not even assert that it does so.
I suggest that much more research is necessary to establish an acceptable explanation for the large galactic dust masses found in the early universe – without jumping to conclusions.
Link to thisKelly Oakes,
Re: "Astronomers can make predictions based on what they see…"
It's unclear to me how something already seen can be considered predictive. It would seem to indicate instead, an exercise in postdiction.
Link to this@Bill Crofut,
What I meant was that predictions can be made about future events by looking at current ones (as I'm sure you're aware). Predictions about SN 1987A will not have been based on that supernova, but other knowledge of events that came before it, and physical principles we know to hold true. Predictions about the future of SN 1987A may have been made using knowledge of that particular supernova, but I don't see a problem with that.
Link to thisKelly Oakes,
My concern is not with predictions per se, since we agree that predictions can be made about almost anything. Rather, my question is, in this particular instance, Was SN 1987A predicted? An additional question is, how does anyone know, for example, "Cosmic dust turns into stars, then planets and eventually, sometimes, people."?
Link to thisBill Crofut,
Re: How do we know "Cosmic dust turns into stars, then planets and eventually, sometimes, people." – for this specific example, I just posted something about computer models that simulate the formation of the solar system which you might be interested in. But in answer to the more general question about how we know anything, I can't really tell you anything more than in my first comment. As for SN 1987A, I don't think it was predicted. We know that there should be a supernova in our galaxy every X years (can't remember the exact number), though, but cannot predict when a specific star will explode. I think you're looking for an answer that just doesn't exist.
Link to this[...] are born in protoplanetary disks. These rotating disks are full of gas and cosmic dust, and their centre is marked by a protostar that began to take shape when part of the disk underwent [...]
Link to thisKelly Oakes,
Re: "I think you're looking for an answer that just doesn't exist."
That statement probably sums up the situation as well as any. Thank you for your patience.
Link to thisHi. I'm sorry, but I've only just got round to reading this. I hope you're still checking the comments.
As I recall from a "Neutrinos do exist – honest" course at KCL (!) in the mid 90s, one of the most important features of SN1987A was that its precursor star, SN -69 202 (SN for Sanduleak, not supernova), had been previously catalogued, thereby reinforcing the theorised processes by which stars become type II supernovae.
Yep, still checking. I didn't know that, that's pretty interesting. Thanks for reading and commenting!
Link to this[...] and causality, the result doesn't appear consistent with the past behaviour of neutrinos either. I've written before about supernova 1987a, whose arrival was heralded by a burst of neutrinos. In this case, the neutrinos, travelling at the [...]
Link to this[...] Posted on September 22, 2011 by Page Cosmic dust turns into stars, then planets and eventually, sometimes, people. Everything in our sola… LD_AddCustomAttr("AdOpt", "1"); LD_AddCustomAttr("Origin", "other"); LD_AddCustomAttr("LangId", [...]
Link to this[...] inevitable consequence of posting a preprint on the web. Neutrinos were observed from SN1987A more or less coincidentally with the explosion—not four years earlier, as would have been the [...]
Link to this[...] inevitable consequence of posting a preprint on the Web. Neutrinos were observed from SN 1987A more or less coincidentally with the explosion—not four years earlier, as would have been the [...]
Link to this[...] inevitable consequence of posting a preprint on the Web. Neutrinos were observed from SN 1987A more or less coincidentally with the explosion—not four years earlier, as would have been the [...]
Link to this[...] avessero preceduto la luce generata dalla loro stessa sorgente: nell'esplosione della supernova 1987a, infatti, queste particelle avevano raggiunto i rilevatori sul nostro pianeta addirittura tre ore [...]
Link to this[...] ثبت نظر غبار کیهانی – امتیاز و حق نشر تصویر: scientificamerican [...]
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