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Geology and paleontology have a lot in common: they complement each other, they concern themselves with vast expanses of time, and they're both relatively new disciplines. Geology not only helps us study the history of life on earth, it enables us to comprehend events beyond our control, such as earthquakes and volcanoes. Oddly enough, continental drift, the mechanism causing earthquakes and volcanoes, was not widely understood until the 1960s, even though Alfred Wegener described the process in 1912, and Abraham Ortelius suggested the possibility in the 16th century.
Now appears in: Rocks and Fossils by Busbey, Coenraads, Willis and Roots
Ever seen an ancient Chinese seismometer? That's what this is. Each tremor causes a ball to drop from the griffin's mouth into the frog's. Not exactly the accuracy of the USGS, but not a bad idea, either. Frequent, deadly earthquakes caused the Chinese to try detecting seismic activity starting in the second century AD.
Century: 16th
Scientist/artist: Marcantonio Raimondi
Name: Witches' Sabbath with Reconstructed Skeleton of Monster
Now appears in: Fossils: Evidence of Vanished Worlds by Yvette Gayrard-Valy
Europeans frequently portrayed fossilized creatures as instruments of the devil, along with goats, potions and witches. Fossils were said to have been "begotten by Satan to vie with God," a charge some biblical literalists still level today.
Year: 1485
Scientist: Barthélemy de Glanville
Originally published in: Le Livre des Propriétés des Choses
Now appears in: The Discovery of the Past by Alain Schnapp
An old saying in academic circles is: "Language affects perception." A good example is how differently the term "fossil" has been defined. Today, a fossil is defined as any evidence of ancient life, but centuries ago, a fossil was anything dug out of the ground, and that could be a crystal or a human artifact. No wonder scholars took so long to figure out what fossils really were. Evidence of this old confusion appears in this 15th-century woodcut. This prolific hillside gives rise both to vases and animals, all of them emerging from gaps in the ground.
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Year: 1512
Scientist: Jacques d'Etaples Lefèvre
Originally published in: Meteorologia Aristotelis
Now appears in: "Being the World Eternal" by Ivano Dal Prete in Isis
Today we associate "meteorology" with the study of the atmosphere and weather, but during the Renaissance, the term had a broader definition, including the combination of elements (earth, air, water and fire). This woodcut shows the elemental interactions studied by 15th- and 16th-century meteorologists. Works such as these contained plenty errors, but they also included something we don't often attribute to medieval and Renaissance Europeans: acceptance of an ancient earth. Meteorological works such as this frequently discussed the planet's long history. In this book, Lefèvre mentioned the Noachian flood only to say that it "does not pertain to nature, but to divine revenge." He was in plenty of good company. In 1542, Fausto da Longiano rejected the universality of Noah's flood and endorsed a 36,000-year cycle accepted by many other scholars at the time. Nearly two centuries earlier, Jean Buridan of the University of Paris had already rejected that same 36,000-year cycle as too short. In other words, the biblically literal creation date of 4004 BC publicized by James Ussher and still influential among many creationists today was largely born in the 17th century. Embroiled in the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, religious authorities and scholars came to believe that taking the Bible seriously meant taking it literally. Yet about the same time biblical literalism was taking hold, it was also being undermined. Niels Stensen (Steno) discovered that rocks are deposited in layers with older rocks underneath newer ones. Over the next couple centuries, the oddness of the fossils found in older rocks (and the dearth of human remains found in those layers) enabled savants and geologists to piece together an ancient history for our planet, overturning the young-earth literalism of the 17th century.
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Year: 1760
Scientist: Edward Lhwyd
Originally published in: Editio Altera
Now appears in: Oxford University Museum of Natural History: Edward Lhwyd (http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/learning/pdfs/lhwyd.pdf)
By the late 17th century, Niels Stensen (Steno) and Robert Hooke had advanced cogent arguments that fossils were the remains of once-living organisms, but plenty of their contemporaries weren't convinced. One of those was Edward Lhwyd, successor to Robert Plot as keeper of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. Lhwyd had a different explanation for ornate mollusk shells in England's rocks. His biographer, J.M. Edmonds explained, "He suggested a sequence in which mists and vapours over the sea were impregnated with the 'seed' of marine animals. These were raised and carried for considerable distances before they descended over land in rain and fog. The 'invisible animacula' then penetrated deep into the earth and there germinated; and in this way complete replicas of sea organisms, or sometimes only parts of individuals, were reproduced in stone." Lhwyd compiled a catalog of some of the fossils he believed had formed this way, namely the British fossils of the Ashmolean Museum. Entitled Lithophylacii Britannici ichnographia, it was originally published in 1699. After Lhwyd's death, a new edition was published: Editio Altera. Shown here are assorted echinoderm fossils and a trilobite.
Year: 1708
Scientist: Johann Jakob Scheuchzer
Originally published in: Bildnissen verschiedener Fischen und dero Theilen, welche in der Sündfluth zu Grund gegangen
Now appears in: Cultures of Natural History edited by Jardine, Secord and Spary
This engraving of a fossil fish was beautifully detailed and probably accurate. What missed the mark was Scheuchzer's characterization of this and other fish fossils as "The Different Fish that Died in the Great Flood."
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Year: 1706
Scientist: Levinus Vincent
Originally published in: Wondertooneel der Nature
Now appears in: Redressing the Balance: Levinus Vincent's Wonder Theatre of Nature by Bert van de Roemer in Public Domain Review
Cabinets of curiosities had existed as motley collections of unrelated fossils, plants, shells, coins, artifacts and fakes for many years by the time Dutch collector Levinus Vincent and his wife Joanna van Breda assembled their collection. But their cabinet was different. Historian Bert van de Roemer argues that Vincent intended to "emphasize the wonder of God's creations by restoring the natural world to its prelapsarian harmony." In other words, Adam and Eve's biblical fall basically broke nature, and Vincent and his wife intended to restore it through a meticulously arranged cabinet. (They weren't alone in thinking this way; some of the enthusiasm for inventions such as microscopes and telescopes stemmed from the belief that those tools would restore the superior senses humankind used to possess.) The wonder cabinet included some 600 vials of animal specimens preserved in alcohol. Besides living in an age when natural historians relied on the Bible to interpret the planet's history, they also believed that all of life's diversity could be assembled in a single collection. Other goodies in the collection included shells and insects artfully arranged in patterns resembling lace or embroidery. As Van de Roemer explains, this was no coincidence. Vincent wasn't just a collector but also a damask merchant and fabric designer.
Year: 1782
Scientist: Robert de Paul de Lamanon
Originally published in: Observations sur la Physique
Now appears in: Bursting the Limits of Time by Martin J.S. Rudwick
In the late 18th century, savants were beginning to realize that the earth had an ancient past, but it wasn't clear to everyone that the ancient past preceded humans. One savant who believed that humans had been around for a very long time was Lamanon. This illustration shows fossils reportedly found in the gypsum remains of an ancient lake near Paris. Two of the fossils look credible to modern eyes: the fossil tooth and the fossil fish. Lamanon characterized the tooth as that of a mammal that was likely extinct. The bird appears, in Rudwick's observation, "suspiciously well preserved." But more suspicious still is the key. The key's presence in this collection of fossils was based on the word of a quarryman who claimed to find the key 80 feet deep in the gypsum deposits. He produced not the key itself but a drawing of it in the sand. Since the quarryman seemed sensible, his account was believed. Lamanon wrote, "I therefore consider it certain not only that the existence of men preceded that of the present surface of the region around Paris, but also that the shores of this lake of selenitic waters were inhabited by men living together socially and that in their time the art of working mines and forging iron was already known. I know of several other facts analogous to this, which prove incontestably that the crafts were cultivated in the times that precede the great physical revolutions that have happened at the surface of the globe." Perhaps the sensible quarryman's account was so easily believed because it so easily fit with what some savants very much wanted to think.
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Year: 1664-1678
Scientist/artist: Athanasius Kircher
Originally published in: Mundus Subterraneus
Now appears in: Athanasius Kircher's Theatre of the World by Joscelyn Godwin
German Jesuit Athanasius Kircher was a polymath who studied everything from magnetism to comparative religion. At a time when boundaries had not yet been drawn between science, religion and art, Kircher mingled these things to spectacular (if not entirely accurate) effect. During the 1660s and 1670s, he published two volumes of Mundus Subterraneus (The Subterranean World). The volumes covered gravity, the sun and moon, eclipses, volcanoes, ocean currents, weather, minerals, fossils, astrology, dragons, demons, alchemy, spontaneous generation and fireworks, among other topics. To explain the uncanny resemblances these stony images bore to birds, Kircher suggested a few possibilities, including chance, petrifaction, and divine disposition enacted by angelic and/or natural forces.
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Year: 1664-1678
Scientist/artist: Athanasius Kircher
Originally published in: Mundus Subterraneus
Now appears in: Athanasius Kircher's Theatre of the World by Joscelyn Godwin
Although the 17th-century scholar Kircher was often wrong about how fossils formed, he wasn't wrong every time. He provided a description that a modern scientist might accept when it came to these fossil fish. Kircher argued that when, say, a fish is encased in mud, a "lapidifying spirit" gradually turns the fish to stone. He further argued that the fish's internal organs and other soft tissues are consumed, or perhaps turned to dust. Although these fossil fish bear humanlike faces and more soft tissue than one could realistically expect from the fossilization process, Kircher's arguments about the process were cogent.
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Year: 1664-1678
Scientist/artist: Athanasius Kircher
Originally published in: Mundus Subterraneus
Now appears in: Athanasius Kircher's Theatre of the World by Joscelyn Godwin
Figured stones Kircher described in his Mundus Subterraneus also included quadrupeds (four-footed animals). Two examples appear here. The quadruped in the rock on the left looks like it has taken a beating (though the animal on the right looks a little too perfect). Although Kircher's figured stones may have been completely inorganic — with their figures enhanced by Kircher's imagination — the busted-up appearance of some of the quadrupeds in Kircher's figured stones aren't unlike the fragmented nature of some fossils, which may suffer anything from trampling to the crushing weight of rocks overhead to erosion.
Year: 1675
Scientist/artist: Athanasius Kircher
Originally published in: Arca Noë
Now appears in: Athanasius Kircher's Theatre of the World by Joscelyn Godwin
In the late 17th century, Kircher produced a book on Noah's Ark for the 12-year-old king of Spain, Charles II. In this book, Kircher wrestled with problems that plagued other scholars and mapmakers of his time: how to reconcile religious orthodoxy with reality. According to Genesis, four rivers — Physon (or Pishon or Pison), Geon (or Gihon), Tigris and Euphrates — flowed out of Eden. Although the present-day paths of the Tigris and Euphrates were well known, tracking down the other two proved a tad problematic. Kircher also tried to square the biblical river routes with his conviction that all rivers originated in mountains. The origin of at least one river in this sumptuous illustration was conveniently concealed behind the text panel in the upper right. In between the rivers, Kircher's map showed snippets of Genesis stories, including the murder of Abel and a troublemaking snake. Adam and Eve lived inside an enclosed, rectangular, orderly garden.
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Year: 1675
Scientist/artist: Athanasius Kircher
Originally published in: Arca Noë
Now appears in: Earth's Deep History by Martin J.S. Rudwick
In the book he wrote for Spain's preadolescent king Charles II, Kircher examined logistical problems of the flood and Noah's Ark, problems such as how the earth could have created and disposed of enough water to reach the highest mountaintops, and how Noah and his family dealt with the mountains of manure produced by their passenger pairs. Just as Kircher endeavored to explain certain aspects of the flood, he also used the flood to explain other things, such as the disappearance of a fabled landmass. In this map, the mottled areas indicate lands that remained permanently submerged after the biblical floodwaters retreated. Atlantis appears west of the Iberian Peninsula.
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Year: 1641
Scientist/artist: Athanasius Kircher
Originally published in: The Magnet
Now appears in: A Man of Misconceptions by John Glassie and The Ecstatic Journey by Ingrid D. Rowland
Unlike the even bigger, hairier North American version, the Italian tarantula has been deemed fairly harmless (though still horrifying to anybody who hates spiders). In the 17th century, Europeans still believed this spider's bite capable of inflicting maladies ranging from lethargy to delusions to salacious behavior. Curing the maladies entailed listening to high-tempo songs known as "tarantellas." Spider victims reportedly danced involuntarily to the music, sometimes for hours, and even people who'd been bitten years earlier joined in the dancing. The 17th-century polymath Athanasius Kircher, who equated magnetism with pretty much all natural forces invisible to human eyes, said that the musical cure really worked by drawing out the venom magnetically. He featured the spiders and a tarantella score snippet in his book on magnetism.
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Year: 1664-1678
Scientist/artist: Athanasius Kircher
Originally published in: Mundus Subterraneus
Now appears in: Athanasius Kircher by Joscelyn Godwin, Rocks and Fossils by Busbey, Coenraads, Willis and Roots and A Source Book in Geology edited by Mather and Mason
The top image, shows Kircher's hypothesis that wind forces ocean water into underground reservoirs, from which it emerges through springs, rivers and lakes. Convinced that mountains gave rise to rivers, Kircher looked for the seminal mountains on each continent. The bottom image shows the earth's fiery core (which is also shown in the top image) feeding smaller fires that eventually emerge as volcanoes.
Year: 1664-1678
Scientist/artist: Athanasius Kircher
Originally published in: Mundus Subterraneus
Now appears in: Possessing Nature by Paula Findlen
Though a little fanciful, this illustration of Mount Etna was far less speculative than Kircher's pictures on the earth's core. It was based on his own visit to the smoking volcano in 1637. The Jesuit visited Vesuvius, too, and wrote, "When I finally reached the crater, it was terrible to behold. The whole area was lit up by fires, and the glowing sulphur and bitumen produced an intolerable vapor. It was just like hell, only lacking the demons to complete the picture."
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Year: 1665
Scientist/artist: Athanasius Kircher
Originally published in: Mundus Subterraneus
Now appears at: Athanasius Kircher at Stanford (http://www.stanford.edu/group/kircher/cgi-bin/site/)
Athanasius Kircher's Mundus Subterraneus covered subjects related to earth sciences when the processes of fossilization and crystallization were poorly understood. Kircher believed in a continual creative force in the universe, and to his mind, this creative force could devise objects with uncanny resemblances to living things. That might have been his explanation for this "toad stone."
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Year: 1648
Scientist/artist: Ulisse Aldrovandi
Originally published in: Musaeum Metallicum
Now appears in: "Da Vinci's Paleodictyon: The Fractal Beauty of Traces" by Andrea Baucon in Acta Geologica Polonica
Mined from Jurassic limestone, Verona Stone was often used for ornamental purposes, and Ulisse Aldrovandi described it in his Musaeum Metallicum. Aldrovandi described the stone as a natural curiosity that imitated snakes. In fact, the odd shapes were probably caused by the activity of cephalopods, whose shells have been found in the same rock layer in abundance. The mollusks likely disturbed the sea floor, creating sinuous shapes. Although he misinterpreted Verona Stone, Aldrovandi did describe other trace fossils, such as bore holes, accurately.
Year: 1492
Publisher: Sebastien Brandt
Originally published in: Open letter
Now appears in: Meteorites by Alain Carion
In the late 15th century, meteorites were sometimes called thunderstones. More importantly, they were often taken as omens, sometimes mighty convenient ones. When a meteorite fell on the town of Ensisheim, Sebastien Brandt, a law professor at the University of Basel, interpreted the event as a message from God, namely that Maximilian of Austria should invade France. Whether or not it was the open letter that convinced him, Maximilian invaded. The fighting turned out well for Maximilian and he gained three provinces. Troops in tow, he visited Ensisheim and inspected the meteorite, suggesting the locals hang it in a local church. There the meteorite remained for centuries.
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Year: 1825
Scientist/artist: Henry De la Beche
Now appears in: "The Geological Society and its Official Recognition, 1824-1828" by Patrick J. Boylan in Geological Society, London, Special Publications
This is not a goof. It's just to pretty to ignore. In the 1820s, London's Geological Society was on the hunt for recognition, including a Royal Charter of Incorporation, and rent-free digs for its meetings and collections. An early president of the society, William Buckland, secured those prizes, but something else eluded him. He wanted the society to have its own coat of arms, and the process was pretty formal, including "applying to the College of Heralds for a Grant of Arms," according to historian Boylan. Though Buckland failed to secure an official seal, he and fellow geologist Henry De la Beche tossed around ideas, including this charming sketch. (Buckland made his own coat-of-arms sketch, but it couldn't compare to De la Beche's.) An ichthyosaur and plesiosaur act as playful "heraldic supporters" for a shield, which itself bears a cross-section of a fossil-rich cave in the upper left, an ammonite trio in the upper right, and an idealized geological section of part of the Alps across the bottom. Above the shield is the traditional weapon-wielding arm, but instead of the customary knife, this one wields a geological hammer. The Geological Society did settle on a logo decades later. It was polished and professional, but far less interesting.
Year: 1776
Originally published in: De Anima Brutorum Commentaria
Now appears in: "In Retrospect: The Earliest Picture of Evolution?" by Fausto Barbagli in Nature, November 19, 2009 issue
Although many artists and scientists made mistakes, now preserved for posterity, plenty of other practitioners touched upon accurate ideas ahead of their time. Traditional wisdom maintains that the concept of evolution wasn't depicted prior to Lamarck's tree diagrams at the turn of the 19th century. But in the late 18th century, a Carmelite monk named Francesco Maria Soldini penned a book examining whether animals have souls. The Florentine publishers apparently decided to decorate the book with engravings bearing little relation to the text. The artists behind the engravings remain unknown, but this image apparently pictures animals moving from the sea to land. Perhaps inspired by the Neptunian notions popular at the time, the pictures could show early depictions of biological evolution, decades before Charles Darwin posed a workable theory.
Year: 1858
Scientist/artist: Anna Maria Redfield
Originally published in: Nature in Living Forms
Now appears in: Aristotle's Ladder, Darwin's Tree by J. David Archibald
Born at the dawn of the 19th century, Anna Maria Redfield earned the equivalent of a master's degree from the first U.S. institution of higher learning devoted to female students: Ingham University, and became perhaps the first woman to design a tree-like diagram of animal life. Although tree-like, her diagram didn't show common ancestry but instead showed the "embranchements" established by Georges Cuvier: vertebrates, arthropods, mollusks, and "radiata" (today classified as cnidarian and echinoderm phyla). To be fair, this diagram was published before Darwin's Origin of Species but later editions of her work made no mention of evolution either. Instead, she wrote about our simian cousins, "The teeth, bones and muscles of the monkey decisively forbid the conclusion that he could by any ordinary natural process, ever be expanded into a Man." Still, her elegant work is great fun to behold even now.
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Year: 1774
Scientist/artist: J.S. Schroeter
Now appears in: Trilobite! Eyewitness to Evolution by Richard Fortey
Trilobites were ancient marine arthropods that went extinct before the first dinosaurs evolved. Trilobite fossils have been found in abundance, but the fossils usually consist only of the shells covering the tops of their bodies. This rather froggy looking trilobite depiction includes purely speculative legs — as well as an extra head.
Year: 1857
Scientist/artist: Philip Henry Gosse
Originally published in: Omphalos
Now appears in: Glimpses of the Wonderful by Ann Thwaite
Compared to the previous example, there's nothing wrong with this depiction of trilobites. The 19th-century text surrounding this picture, however, was pretty weird. A devout Christian, Gosse struggled to reconcile his literal belief in the Bible with mounting evidence that, compared to humans, the earth was ancient. His solution was to coin the term Prochronism, which says life goes in a circle, and to create the earth and its inhabitants at any time, God apparently had little choice but to create "evidence" of an earlier existence. Such evidence included fossils like trilobites and even Adam's belly button. The title of the book, in fact, was Greek for "navel." Scientists ignored Gosse's hypothesis (with good reason as they had no way to test it). And although Gosse insisted God wasn't playing any tricks, many Christians thought that was the only logical conclusion they could take from his work, and they largely rejected it, too. Still, the argument that God uses fossils just to test believers' faith surfaces even today.
Year: 1870
Scientists: John William Dawson, Alexander Winchell
Published in: Sketches of Creation by Alexander Winchell (Also discussed in Cradle of Life by J. William Schopf)
In the late 1850s, a local collector brought some rock samples to William Logan, head of the Geological Survey of Canada. In 1864, Logan showed the specimens to Dawson, who concluded that they were fossils of foraminifera. Unlike modern foraminifera, which are tiny, multi-chambered shells, these forams were huge. Perhaps, their extreme size resulted from their extreme age; these fossils came from rocks estimated to be over a billion years old. Dawson dubbed them Eozoön Canadense, or "dawn animal of Canada." Eozoön enjoyed the status of oldest known organism for years, and Winchell highlighted it in his book about the history of life. There was just one problem. In 1894, J.W. Gregory and Hugh Johnston-Lavis found eerily similar samples of big, old foraminifera in limestone blocks spat out quite recently by Mount Vesuvius. Magma intruding into layers of limestone can deform the limestone and create convincing pseudofossils.
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Year: 1565
Scientist: Conrad Gesner
Originally published in: De Omni Rerum Fossilium
Now appears in: The Birth and Development of the Geological Sciences by Frank Dawson Adams
Did you know rocks could have babies? Well maybe not, but that's just what a lot of people used to think. When some rocks were broken, they revealed smaller rocks inside, and some rocks were even rumored to spontaneously burst open, giving birth to little rocks. Where did people get these ideas? From rocks that are now called concretions. When layers of sediment cover an object and immediately harden, they form a tough nodule. (This often happens to fossils, and preserves them very well.) Sometimes, the inner layers of sediment in a concretion erode away, leaving the small core rattling around inside a tough outer layer. When the outer layer is broken open, it looks like the rock had a baby.
Year: 1587 (Physiologus text), 250-400 (ring)
Text originally published in: Physiologus
Image appears at: Ring Digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program
Material discussed in: Physiologus translated by Michael Curley
Physiologus dates back to Antiquity, and some scholars think it might have originated in Egypt. Whatever its origins, this collection of legends about nature was appropriated in the Middle Ages to impart lessons in Christian morality, sometimes under the same title, sometimes in a bestiary. Advising readers on what leads to heaven or hell was the work's first goal; relaying remotely accurate information about nature was a distant second. In the chapter on the "oyster-stone," Physiologus read, "I will tell you how the pearl is born. There is a stone in the sea called the oyster. It comes out of the sea early in the morning ahead of the light, and, opening its shell (that is, its mouth), it swallows the heavenly dew and the rays of the sun and moon and the light from the stars above. And thus is born the pearl from the most high celestial bodies." Pearl formation would be understood much better around the turn of the 20th century when culturing became widespread, although the Chinese mastered making mabé pearl Buddhas as early as the sixth century AD.
Year: 1648
Scientist: Ulisse Aldrovandi
Originally published in: Musaeum Metallicum
Now appears in: "Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1605): The Study of Trace Fossils During the Renaissance" by Andrea Baucon in Ichnos, October 2009 issue
Renaissance naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi took the concept of rocks ready to give birth even further than Gesner. This image depicts a "rock pregnant with a shell." Given the limited understanding of fossilization at the time, his suspicions were understandable. To his credit, Aldrovandi did discuss petrifaction when describing a mammoth tooth.
Year: 1565
Scientist: Conrad Gesner
Originally published in: De Omni Rerum Fossilium
Now appears in: The Birth and Development of the Geological Sciences by Frank Dawson Adams and The Star-Crossed Stone by Kenneth J. McNamara
In his book on fossils, Gesner outlined 15 different categories of fossils, everything from objects taking their names from heavenly bodies to objects resembling four-footed animals. In this illustration, the fossils on top looked to Gesner like serpent eggs, while the ones on the bottom resembled stars. In fact, both kinds were fossil echinoderms: marine invertebrates whose bodies are based on a five-fold plan. The top objects are fossil sea urchins, and the bottom objects are probably pieces of crinoid (sea lily) stems. Echinoderms have existed for hundreds of millions of years, and many species still live today. How many echinoderms Gesner saw in their original habitat is unknown, although he did identify a flint fossil as a petrified sea urchin. In other cases, he passed along folklore, still affected by a medieval world view.
Year: 1705
Scientist: Robert Hooke
Publisher: Richard Waller
Originally published in: The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke
Now appears in: The Star-Crossed Stone by Kenneth J. McNamara
The 17th-century polymath Robert Hooke largely left behind the quaint beliefs surrounding fossil echinoderms. He originally illustrated these fossil sea urchins, which he described as "Button-stones" and "Helmet-stones," to accompany a lecture he delivered on earthquakes to the Royal Society in 1668. After he died, his friend Waller published the illustrations. Of the fossils, Hooke observed, "All these and most other kinds of stony bodies which are formed thus strangely figured, do owe their formation and figuration, not to any kind of Plastick virtue inherent in the earth, but to the shells of certain Shell-fishes, which, either by some Deluge, Inundation, Earthquake, or some such other means, came to be thrown to that place, and there to be fill'd with some kind of Mudd or Clay, or petrifying Water, or some other substance, which in tract of time has been settled together and hardened in those shelly moulds into those shaped substances we now find them." One of the first savants to seriously consider extinction, Hooke advanced our understanding of what fossils really were.
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Year: 1598
Scientist/artist: Jean Bauhin
Originally published in: Treatise on German fountains at Boll
Now appears in: I Have Landed by Stephen Jay Gould
Today a fossil is identified as any evidence of ancient life. Centuries ago, fossils were identified as anything dug up from the ground, and savants frequently lumped items of organic and inorganic origins together. Here, Bauhin depicted a snail shell and a crystal together because they had the same general shape. Savants often looked for objects resembling body parts, hoping those "fossils" could cure the ailing organs.
Year: 1655
Scientist/artist: Ole Worm
Originally published in: Museum Wormianum
Now appears in: A History of Geology and Medicine edited by Moody, Duffin and Gardner-Thorpe
The medicine cabinets of Europe's upper crust often included glossopetrae, or serpent tongues. Until they were properly identified as fossil shark teeth, the objects were not just believed to be serpent tongues turned to stone, they were also prized for their alleged curative powers. Glossopetrae could speed childbirth, protect against snakebite, warn their owners of the proximity of poison by sweating in its presence, cure sore mouths, and even guard against diseases caused by witchcraft. In this illustration, the tooth in the upper left corner, with its two-pronged root, especially resembles a forked snake tongue.
Year: 1708
Scientist: Carolus Nicolaus Langius
Originally published in: Historia Lapidum Figuratorum Helvetiae
Now appears in: The Birth and Development of the Geological Sciences by Frank Dawson Adams
What 18th-century scholars regarded as "figured stones" are today recognized as fossils. The circular and star-shaped objects at the top appear to come from crinoid (sea lily) stems. The figure near the bottom of the frame is probably a trilobite fossil.
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Year: 1598
Scientist/artist: Jean Bauhin
Originally published in: Treatise on German fountains at Boll
Now appears in: I Have Landed by Stephen Jay Gould
In another example of the confusion over the organic versus inorganic origin of fossils, Bauhin drew what looked like stalactites dangling from the ceiling of a cave. In fact, these fossils belonged to belemnites — shells of squidlike animals.
Year: 1497
Originally published in: Hortus Sanitatis
Now appears in: The Birth and Development of the Geological Sciences by Frank Dawson Adams
Even in the age of Pliny, savants recognized that some stones could attract iron, and further that some of these stones were bipolar, attracting iron on one side and repelling it on the other. Still, the power of these magnets (or lodestones, as they were called) was a tad overrated. Legends told of lodestone hills along the Indian coast so powerful that no ship held together by iron nails dared sail past. This picture shows the resulting tragedy as the nails fly to the hills and the passengers sink into the water.
Now appears in: Rocks and Fossils by Busbey, Coenraads, Willis and Roots
A commonly held belief during the Middle Ages and Renaissance was that lead could be turned to gold, as in this wishful depiction. Anti-alchemy laws forbidding transmutation of lesser metals into gold were not uncommon — not because the lawmakers thought transmutation would fail, but precisely because they thought it might succeed and undermine the economy. In his plan for the ideal alchemical factory, 17th-century polymath Johann Joachim Becher neatly divided up the tasks that different workers would do. Becher insisted that the laborers be illiterate, or at least denied access to pens and paper, and that laborers from different parts of the factory be forbidden to fraternize with each other and trade secrets. (In fact, 20th-century science does enable us to change lead to gold, but the energy requirements are so costly, it's easier to find gold the old-fashioned way.) Regardless of how alchemical gold might have changed commerce, debates raged about its usefulness in medicine; centuries ago, some people actually ingested gold in hopes of strengthening their hearts, but no one knew whether "alchemical" gold could have the same effect.
Year: 1652
Scientist/artist: Elias Ashmole
Originally published in: Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum
Now appears in: Alchemy: The Great Secret by Andrea Aromatico
Chemistry has a forerunner that is centuries older, less accurate and much less straightforward. The mysterious set of practices known as alchemy might all owe their origins, at least in part, to ancient writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus. The writings in question probably date from the first two centuries AD, but Renaissance believers thought Hermes might be a contemporary of Moses (if not the great prophet himself) and the deliverer of divine knowledge to mankind. One of Hermes's great gifts was alchemy, the ability to transmute base metals into precious metals, but more importantly to attain spiritual insights embodied in the Philosopher's Stone. Medieval and Renaissance alchemists were expected to be two things at once: charitable and envious. They were to be charitable in sharing their knowledge with others for the betterment of the whole world. But they were also to be envious by safeguarding their esoteric wisdom from the vulgar masses who would misunderstand and possibly abuse it. As a result, alchemy books often communicated through the kind of symbolism that would be known as dog whistling today. The symbols included real and imaginary animals, monsters and heroes. This illustration, published in the 17th century, has been described as the bird of Hermes giving the alchemical dragon the celestial flux. And you thought your chemistry textbook was hard to decipher.
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Year: 1609
Scientist/artist: Giambattista Della Porta
Originally published in: De Distillatione
Now appears in: Alchemy: The Great Secret by Andrea Aromatico
Precursors of chemists lived in a world riddled with secrecy, symbolism and celestial correspondences. For instance, during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, copper wasn't just copper, it was the earthly material like the planet Venus. And gold corresponded to the sun, silver to the moon, Jupiter to tin, and Saturn to lead. Mercury was the name of both the planet and the shimmering liquid we now know is toxic. As silly as the mystical associations seem today, many alchemists did make discoveries about the metals they studied for spiritual enlightenment. They also built lab equipment. These images show a few alchemical vessels, a couple of them with their corresponding symbols. The savant writing about them, Della Porta, would have known about the expected stages of transmutation from pedestrian to spiritual metal in an alchemist's lab: black (Nigredo), white (Albedo), yellow (Citrinitas) and finally red (Rubedo). The Latin term Rubedo experienced a new popularity when it was appropriated in the 21st century by Tiffany jewelers for a very pretty pink alloy, but the jeweler apparently also appropriated alchemy's affinity for secrecy regarding the alloy's actual gold content.
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Year: c. 1700
Originally appeared in: The Vessels of Hermes
Now appears in: The Vessels of Hermes — an Alchemical Album in Public Domain Review
Manly Palmer Hall was an early-20th-century mystic who published The Secret Teachings of All Ages in the 1920s, and acquired some remarkably weird manuscripts in the 1930s. One gem he purchased, perhaps at a Sotheby's auction, was an alchemical album by an unknown author, composed at the dawn of the 18th century. The watercolors in this album included symbolic illustrations hard to interpret today: cherubs representing salt, sulfur and mercury bearing a giant egg, and an androgynous creature created by alchemical processes. This illustration has been described as "the sublimation by the eagles after putrefaction." The sun and moon both smile upon a dragon that eats its own tail while perched on the belly of an upside down horse. A stack of eagles alights on the dragon, and the upturned horse apparently shoots flames from its hooves. Besides such handy tricks as turning base metal into gold, alchemy promised to enable its adherents to find the kind of esoteric wisdom hinted at in this manuscript. Skepticism about alchemy had thrived for centuries — Persian polymath Avicenna (ibn Sina) and Jesuit polymath Athanasius Kircher both doubted alchemical claims — but the ranks of the firm believers included such luminaries as Isaac Newton.
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Year: 1532
Scientist/artist: Hieronymus Brunschwig
Originally published in: Liber de Arte Distillandi
Now appears in: The Professor of Secrets by William Eamon
Although medieval and Renaissance alchemy often concerned itself with transmuting base metals into gold or achieving philosophical insights, other applications were considered more practical. This illustration shows alchemists in the process of distillation, a general process still in use today. These alchemists prepare distilled medicinal water. Though closer to the aims of modern chemistry than other facets of alchemy, some Renaissance distillation aims were a little overly ambitious. Though distillation, alchemists sought, in the words of science historian Bruce Moran, "a super-medicine, an elixir or aqua vitae that could purify physical bodies of their impurities, rid the human body of disease, and prolong life."
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Year: 1637
Scientist/artist: Francesco Stelluti
Originally published in: Trattato del Legno Fossile Minerale
Now appears in: Fossil Woods and Other Geological Specimens by Andrew C. Scott and David Freedberg
"From what I have been able to see and observe, the wood is not generated from the seed or root of any plant whatsoever, but only from a type of earth, containing much clay, which is slowly transformed into wood," Stelluti wrote. Stelluti was wrong, and for members of the meticulous Lincean Academy, such errors were rare. The mistake is forgivable, though, considering the fossil wood in question had no fossil leaves attached, and had been carried far away from its original locality.
Year: 1676
Scientist/artist: Robert Plot
Originally published in: The Natural History of Oxfordshire
Now appears in: The Dinosaur Papers edited by Weishampel and White
According to Robert Plot, every stone was designed by God for the edification or entertainment of humans, including this rock that looked like a funny face. Plot described this rock among other stones that looked like human eyes, human ears and human hearts.
Year: 1497
Originally published in: Hortus Sanitatis
Now appears in: The Birth and Development of the Geological Sciences by Frank Dawson Adams
Just as humans can form "stones" in our gallbladders or kidneys, so can other animals. That much, medieval and Renaissance Europeans understood, though they seemed to think some stones came from different parts animals' bodies, such as the head of a frog. Here, a man extracts stones, called a bufonites, from the head of a frog who seems pretty good-natured about the whole process. Although you and I probably wouldn't want to handle these stony secretions (often called bezoar stones), they were once highly valued, some selling for 10 times their own weight in gold. Why? They were thought to be an antidote to all kinds of poison. In an age when the ranks of royalty were often dispatched with poison — sometimes by their own family members — antidotes were hot items.
Year: c. 1521
Originally published in: Noble Lyfe and Natures of Man of Bestes Serpentys Fowles and Fishes
Now appears in: "Fossils as Drugs" by Christopher Duffin in Ferrantia
Although some animals do produce stony secretions, the stones reputed to come from frog heads were as rare as they were valuable. The text with this frog woodcut extolled the virtues of the toad stone: "Borax is a maner of tode that hathe a stone in his hede, & whan this stone is goten out the whyie that the tode dothe love than hathe the stone in hymselfe a fygure of an iye, but if it be taken out whan the tode is ded than hathe the venym taken awaye that iye and enpayred the stone. This tode whan that is stered or meued than swelleth it of his owne venym or poyson." Advice on procuring toad stones warned that such an object had to be extracted from a living frog by grabbing the rock after the frog somehow ejected it, but before the animal could "sup it up again." To coax the toads to do the desired casting out, the amphibians had to be placed on a piece of red cloth. (As simple as it sounds, requiring red material would have stopped plenty of toad stone seekers in their tracks; dyes that could color cloth a bright, reliable red were rare and expensive before the invention of synthetic dyes in the 19th century.) There was another reason that getting a rock out of a frog head would be pretty tough: The objects frequently identified as toad stones, or bufonites, were really fossil fish teeth, many from a species that lived during the Jurassic Period. Agostino Scilla, an early proponent of the modern definition of fossils — remains of ancient organisms — may have been the first person to correctly identify these objects.
Year: 1483
Originally published in: Hortus Sanitatis
Now appears in: "Some Early Eighteenth Century Geological Material Medica" by Christopher J. Duffin in Geological Society, London, Special Publications
This woodcut shows the use of hematite in treating a nosebleed. The iron-rich ore was believed handy in treating the loss of blood from just about any human orifice. Considering iron figures into human blood as well as into hematite, perhaps the idea wasn't entirely misguided. And mere hematite was probably safer than some other wonder drugs of the time. Some concoctions involved bezoar stones — hardened concretions of undigested matter from the guts of various animals. When big, valuable bezoars were unavailable, savvy apothecaries developed pricey substitutes. Duffin recounts that one recipe mixed "small bezoars with comminuted precious stones (emerald, topaz, ruby, jacinth and sapphire), other geological materials (fossil shark's teeth, Terra Sigillata, stones from Cananor), semiprecious organic gems (pearl and coral), musk and ambergris, all bound together with hart's horn jelly. The hardened confections were covered with gold or silver leaf and given a high surface polish, emphasizing the high status and expensive nature of the bezoar substitute."
Year: 1565
Scientist: Conrad Gesner
Originally published in: De Omni Rerum Fossilium
Now appears in: The Birth and Development of the Geological Sciences by Frank Dawson Adams
For many years, Europeans had been finding weird stones, often pointy, often with holes in them. Today, these stones are understood to be ancient artifacts, namely axes with holes drilled in them for handles. Centuries ago, they were thought to be created by lightning strikes. These thunderstones were carried around or kept in houses to ward off damage from electrical storms.
Year: 1704
Scientist: Michael Bernhard Valentini
Originally published in: Natur und Minerialien Kammer
Now appears in: "Fossils as Drugs" by Christopher Duffin in Ferrantia
Fossils have a long history of being used as medicine by people who didn't know their medicines were millions of years old. One interpretation of belemnites was that they were Lyncurium or Lapis Lincis — lynx urine turned to stone. The 17th-century naturalist Anselm Boëtius de Boodt argued that belemnites were coveted Lyncurium, in part because when burnt, they stank like cat urine. Naturalists, apothecaries and chronically sick people all coveted these stinky stones because they were believed to cure a long list of ailments.
Year: 1749
Scientist: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Originally published in: Protogaea
Now appears in: Protogaea by Leibniz
Belemnites are the internal skeletons of extinct cephalopods, and these fossils flummoxed naturalists for centuries. To his credit, Leibniz argued that these strange stones were likely leftovers from once-living animals, though he wasn't sure which ones. He referred to them as "Fingers of Ida." Leibniz had more confidence in identifying fossil shark teeth, having been influenced by the polymath Steno. Although Leibniz scoffed at some contemporary notions about the curative abilities of shark teeth, he did advocate their use in cleaning human teeth.
Year: 1618
Scientist/artist: Johannes Kepler
Originally published in: Epitome of Copernican Astronomy
Now appears in: "Global Visions and the Establishment of Theories of the Earth" by Kerry Magruder in Centaurus, October 2006 issue
Although best known for his work in astronomy, Kepler also gave serious thought to the composition of the earth. He explained that the earth's axis was inclined thanks to magnetic fibers running parallel to it. He also compared the earth's daily motion to the spinning of a top. What perhaps seems stranger to the modern mind would be Kepler's conviction that the earth had a soul that both animated geological processes and responded to the positions of other planets.
Year: 1680-1689
Scientist/artist: Thomas Burnet
Originally published in: Sacred Theory of the Earth
Now appears in: Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle by Stephen Jay Gould
Most people today think of mountains as pretty if not beautiful, but Thomas Burnet argued that they were ugly — remnants of the humanity-punishing biblical flood. People didn't always listen to Burnet as they should have, so he emphasized his point with global maps showing asymmetrical mountain ranges. Before the Deluge, he was sure, the earth had been a perfect, aesthetically pleasing orb.
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Year: 1557
Scientist/artist: Christopher Encelius
Originally published in: De re Metallica
Now appears in: "Both Neonate and Elder: The First Fossil of 1557" by Stephen Jay Gould in Paleobiology, March 2002 issue
This little woodcut of a fossil mollusk wasn't a bad rendition, but Encelius gave it a puzzling classification. He claimed to have found an object described centuries earlier by Pliny the Elder: Chelonitis. Pliny described this object simply as "like a tortoise." How Encelius arrived at a tortoise interpretation of this shell is a mystery, but by including a picture of it — perhaps the first ever published picture of a fossil invertebrate — helped subsequent scholars identify it correctly. Conrad Gesner did just that not long afterwards.
Year: 1644
Scientist/artist: René Descartes
Originally published in: Principia Philosophiae
Now appears in: "Global Visions and the Establishment of Theories of the Earth" by Kerry Magruder in Centaurus, October 2006 issue
During Descartes's day, Europeans struggled to understand how the earth had developed mountains and sea beds. He proposed that, over time, the "outer shell" of an initially soggy earth had dried out, and the crust had collapsed in places. The idea influenced the work of Niels Stensen (Steno), who relied on the phenomenon to explain parts of earth's geology. Crustal collapse turned out to be wrong, but that didn't keep Steno from laying important foundations of modern geology, and it's not hard to see how crustal collapse would have provided a plausible explanation for many of earth's features.
Year: c. 1356
Scientist: Sir John Mandeville
Originally published in: Travels
Now appears in: The Book of Fabulous Beasts by Joseph Nigg (Also discussed in Herodotus: A Very Short Introduction by Jennifer T. Roberts)
Described a millennium earlier by Herodotus, gold-digging ants of exotic India made an appearance in Mandeville's account. Said to be the size of dogs, the ferocious ants could only be parted from their gold by exceptional guile. Here, several ants swarm a horse. In fact, this fantastic tale might have been inspired by a mistranslation of the name of an actual animal. In the late 20th century, ethnologists and explorers discovered coarse-furred marmots in remote regions of the Himalaya. While burrowing, the rodents may dig up gold-bearing soil, and some local people even claimed to profit from the gold unearthed by the industrious animals. In the 5th century BC, Greek-speaking Herodotus knew only his native tongue, and may have interpreted the Persian word for "marmot" as "mountain ant."
Year: 1599
Scientist: Giovanni Battista Nazari
Originally published in: Della Tramutatione Metallica Sogni Tre
Now appears in: Astrology, Magic, and Alchemy in Art by Matilde Battistini, translated by Rosanna M. Giammanco Frongia
In producing this image, Nazari wasn't claiming that a creature like this really existed. But this "Philosophers' Mercury" image was intended to symbolize the near-magical metal. The way this three-headed, four-faced animal bit its own tail alluded to quicksilver's dual nature, both solid and volatile.
Dinosaurs and Dragons | Mammals | Sea Monsters | Hominids | Earth Sciences | Plants | Birds | Monsters | Forgeries and Frauds
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Narrative text and graphic design © by Michon Scott - Updated January 1, 2015


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Worshiping God with music
Sunday Morning Worship
Fusion Bible is a family. Our Sunday morning service is like a weekly family reunion. We gather in our main auditorium, worship together, pray together, study Scripture together, laugh together, cry together, celebrate together. From young to old, this is the time for the generations to unite as one body and worship our living God. We want you to be part of our family, too. So join us each Sunday at 8:30, 10, and 11:30am in the main auditorium as we experience God's presence and connect with one another.
If you are interested in learning more about Fusion Bible Worship, click here.

subset: commoncrawl


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Classes & support groups
Register for free prenatal classes.View upcoming classes & events |
As a not-for-profit organization, Baptist Health La Grange is committed to providing healthcare to residents of Oldham, Henry, Trimble and Carroll counties, as well as eastern Jefferson County. But our caring isn't limited to what we do every day at the hospital.
We reach out to the community in many ways through:
- Health fairs for local schools, businesses and churches;
- Participation in fund-raising and other events to help local agencies such as the American Heart Association, Metro United Way, American Cancer Society, Big Brothers and Big Sisters and the American Red Cross;
- Donating hospital space for community group meetings;
- Participation on community health assessment teams, which are dedicated to identifying and addressing local health needs in each of the counties we serve;
- Educational programs, including our prenatal classes, diabetes support group and education and Safe Sitter program.
- Beat the Pack, 5-week smoking cessation class. To sign-up for classes, click here
To schedule Baptist Health La Grange's participation in your health fair or event, call (502) 222-3877. To inquire about meeting space for your nonprofit group, call (502) 222-3329.
To learn more about health and other resources available to residents of the Baptist Northeast service area, visit our Community Resources Guide.


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Shoppers looking for direct sales without the hassle of home parties can find all of their Pampered Chef and Avon product needs by attending The Salvation Army's family friendly Shopper's Extravaganza April 6.
"A lot of times people want to shop, but they do not want to have a home party," said Ruthie Forgey, corps administrator at Cleveland's Salvation Army. "This way they can purchase goods either directly or order items from the direct sales representative's inventory."
Melissa Snyder, Salvation Army community relations director, said there are already more than 20 direct sales vendors and craftsmen lined up for the event.
Vendors listed include, but are not limited to, the Pampered Chef, Mary Kay, Avon, Gold Canyon Candle, Obagi Skin Care, Tastefully Simple, Silpada Jewelry, VindiMa Girl, Origami Owl, Tupperware, It Works, Scentsy and Candy by Carrie.
Forgey described the event as a unique experience, saying the extravaganza would be an expansion on the old-time bazaar.
Live music will be provided by at least one band and food will be available for purchase.
Local Christian illusionist, Mitch Gravitte, will be providing entertainment for the young and old alike.
"He is extremely talented," Forgey said. "It is just the presentation of the Gospel in a very unique way."
Admission is free and adult attendees will be placed in a drawing for door prizes.
"We are going to draw for a door prizes throughout the day. Each vendor was required to provide one door prize for the event," Snyder said. "Some of the vendors have even said they want to do their own door prizes, as well."
The Salvation Army does not currently have a spring fundraiser. Money will be raised at the extravaganza through a percentage of each vendor's sales and the $25 vendor stall fee. These funds will go toward Salvation Army's summer youth camps.
Last year, 18-20 Cleveland children were taken on a week-long camp. An additional 12-15 high school youth from Cleveland participated in a four-day hiking and camping trip. All expenses are covered for the youth by the Salvation Army.
"It is a real geta-way, a retreat and a time of bonding, reflecting, renewal and revival," Forgey said.
She said many of these kids would be unable to attend a camp if not offered for free.
"To go to a week-long camp is like $250-300," Forgey said. "There are a lot of families who cannot afford that, particularly if they have more than one child. This is a way to kind of bridge that gap."
Children and youth have already begun asking Forgey about this year's camping trips.
She said the extravaganza is meant to help more than the youth.
"When you are in direct sales, it is all about social networking and making those connections. We would love to be able to provide that through this event," Forgey said.
The event also conveniently falls right before commemorative events and holidays like high school and college graduations, Mother's Day and Father's Day. Forgey said the Shopper's Extravaganza would be a great place to purchase gifts.
"We would love for this to become an annual event," Forgey said.
The event is scheduled for April 7, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., in the Peerless Road Church of God of Prophecy gym.
More information can be found by contacting the Salvation Army at 790-5687.


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Welcome to my personal website, I'm an IT Professional from England, UK. I'm currently employed full-time and have a wide range of creative hobbies and interests.
On my site you will find various project work I've completed and my projects working with music production, photography, video games and more.
My area of focus, and my profession is Information Technology, specifically IT support. I have over 10 years' experience in a wide range of ICT disciplines, and always continue to push the boundaries within my profession. I have strong vision and believe that ICT's main purpose is to 'enable' people to work more efficiently.
I have a history with working in video game design, working with small development teams on modifications and total conversion of the Valve SDK – Half-Life(2). Helping to create dynamic menu systems, and general game design, however my my main discipline was usually lead designer on level/map design using various FPS engines such as Source, Unreal and Quake.
Over the past 10 years I've been creating original music by recording/producing my own music using industry standard software and equipment. Because of my history and love for Video Games, I'm now working with various Indie game developers to product musical scores for their game.


text: Header 1Habitat for Humanity Post 1UF Habitat for Humanity was started in 2002. Since then, UF Habitat for Humanity has had many successes! Our current membership includes more than 60 students! We have a plan to sponsor UF's first Habitat for Humanity house in 2015, and we already have $53,000 of the $75,000 needed to do so! We have a great relationship with the local affiliate, Habitat for Humanity of Findlay/Hancock County. We have built on 20 of the local Habitat homes. We have given over $3,000 to Habitat for Humanity International as part of their international tithe program. This money has helped build houses in Malawi and Nepal. For more information on our campus chapter, please contact President Ingrid Godfrey at firstname.lastname@example.com. Please check out our Facebook page here.


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Let's get this out of the way early, I liked the Fantastic Four movies. Yes, they were loaded with bad acting, but so are a lot of movies. But com'on we all went to the theater to see the Human Torch special effects. My son also enjoyed them (he is now 11 and we own them on DVD), and they are the types of live action superhero movies that we can watch together, unlike The Dark Knight, and he doesn't have to follow some drawn out plot, like the X-Men movies. Speaking of Johnny Storm, he's just plane cool. I fondly remember as a kid of the 70's not wanting to be Spider-Man or Superman, but a guy who could fly and set things on fire at will (it was a rough childhood). As I grew older, my interests grew up with me, but Johnny stayed the same, he was even a nuisance and crybaby at times. I guess that's his nature and the producers whole heartily incorporated his narcissism into the movies. Too bad really, because I think it's time that Johnny grew up into the hero that he was born to be. Of course that may be a problem being that the Human Torch is "dead" now.
While Reed, Sue and Ben have seemingly moved on from Johnny's demise to create the Future Foundation with Spider-Man (geez, how many team and solo books can he be in anyway?) this is a perfect time to get reacquainted with 'ol Hot Head before his expected return in Fantastic Four #600 in 2012. And there's no better place to learn about his roots then a visit, not to the early Fantastic Four comic books (which are great in of themselves), but to the Human Torch short story, solo adventures that ran in Strange Tales #101-134 and are collected in Marvel Masterworks: The Human Torch Volumes 1-2.
If you know your Marvel history then you know that the FF #1 predated the debut of Spider-Man (Amazing Fantasy #15) by about 10 months; November 1961 vs. August 1962. But let's not forget that the FF appeared in Spider-Man #1 (Mach 1963), setting the stage for the friendly feud between Spidey and Torch, and interestingly enough there was no Fantastic Four book in that hot summer month; #6 was held off until September. But it's October, 1963 when things really heat up.
Strange Tales was started in 1951, as part of Atlas Comics horror line. As that genre wained, thanks in part to Fredric Werthem, Stan Lee thought that a superhero should be added and since Spider-Man had his own title and the Fantastic Four was popular, there was no better character to take over, and add a bit of a rivalry, Johnny Storm, The Human Torch. Of course Johnny was the Silver Age and second Human Torch. The first being created by Carl Burgos in 1939 for Marvel Mystery Comics and ran from #1-98 and in Human Torch #1-35. Both comics were cancelled in 1949 and after a short resurrection (along with Captain America and the Sub-Mariner in the 1950's), the Golden Age original faded into obscurity until Fantastic Four Annual #4 (November, 1966).
Johnny's adventures in Strange Tales differed slightly from Fantastic Four as it was geared for a little younger audience. Here, Lee was more focused on action then science, more earth born street level thugs then cosmic fears from beyond. Johnny was more like his new rival Spider-Man, having to go to high school, have a girl-friend and having to fit in. I can only imagine kids in the early 60's arguing on the playground who was the better hero (we adults do this now on our own playgrounds called forums). So just keep that in mind if and when you pick these books up.
As for the comics themselves, they are a lot of fun and full of nostalgia and loaded with some of the best talent one book has ever seen. Stan Lee and his brother Larry Lieber do the majority of the writing, but Jerry Siegel (Superman) comes by for #112-113. As for the artwork, that job is left up to Jack Kirby and Dick Ayers who at times turn it over to Steve Ditko, Wally Wood, Bob Powell and the aforementioned, Carl Burgos.
Let's look at some of the more notable comics:
- Issue #101 is a reintroduction to the origin of the Human Torch and the Fantastic Four.
- Issue #106 brings the four of them together (boy, that was quick!), and Reed, Sue and Ben come back for #108-109 (and make other short appearances throughout the run).
- Issue #107 is one of those books that can't get reprinted enough; it's Johnny vs. Namor, The Sub-Mariner in an epic battle that should not be missed! It's also the fourth appearance of Namor in the Silver Age and his first outside of the FF title.
- Sandwiched in between Siegel's brilliant #112 and #113, there is Strange Tales Annual #2. This particular book has Stan writing and Steve Ditko inking Jack Kirby's pencils and even features Spider-Man – you won't find this comic in the Amazing Spider-Man Masterworks or The Steve Ditko Visionaries HC!
- Issue #114 (November 1963) gets even better with the return of Captain America. As a reader of that time, it would have been awesome to witness his return (except his red shorts), but then be somewhat disappointed with the surprise ending. But fear not because Steve Rogers would be resurrected for good, a few months later in The Avengers #4 (March, 1964).
- Skipping ahead, Johnny's buddy, Ben Grim comes by and teams up for the run of #121-134. Reading the issues, I'm not sure this move was necessary. One the good side they battle Namor in #125, but this team-up concept without Reed and Sue, helped end the Human Torch in Strange Tales to make way for the super spy, Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.
As for the extras in these two Masterworks, Volume 1 only contains an introduction by Dick Ayers while Volume 2 has Bruce Canwell doing that duty. In the second volume there is cover art for the complete 8-issue reprint run (1974-75) of The Human Torch. This series collected the Silver Age, Atlas Age and Golden Age comics that featured The Human Torch. Both volume have creator biographies.
Marvel Masterworks: The Human Torch Volume 1 HC (Variant Volume 66)
Written by Stan Lee, Larry Lieber, Jerry Siegel, Robert Bernstein and Ernie Hart
Art by Dick Ayers, Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko
$50.00 ($55.00), 272 pages, Marvel Comics
Collects: Human Torch stories from Strange Tales #101-117 and Strange Tales Annual #2
Marvel Masterworks: The Human Torch Volume 2 HC (Variant Volume 114)
Written by Stan Lee and Larry Ivie
Art by Dick Ayers, Bob Powell, Carl Burgos and Jack Kirby
$50.00 ($55.00), 256 pages, Marvel Comics
Collects: Human Torch stories from Strange Tales #118-134
Also recommended:
Marvel Masterworks: The Golden Age Human Torch HC Volumes 1-3
Marvel Masterworks: The Atlas Era Heroes featuring Marvel Boy, Human Torch, Captain America and Sub-Mariner HC Volumes 1-3


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School Hours 8:45 - 3:46
Students can not be dropped off before 8:15 in the morning.
The Top Sellers for the chocolate fundraiser enjoyed a Meet and Greet after the BMX Bike Show.
The Monteleone Spirit Cart is open on Tuesdays and Thursdays at both lunches during the 1st semester. Click here for a list of items sold and prices.


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I'm in northern california (san jose) and would like to know how much it should cost to add a spa just outside of my pool (not part of the existing pool). i got one quote for $7,500 which i think is kind of high. please advice? thanks, |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by ken_lewis (firstname.lastname@example.com) on Sat, Feb 23, 08 at 22:26
If they are adding an in ground spa for $7500.00 to an existing pool that would be an incredibly LOW price. If you were adding that to your new pool construction that could be an acceptable price. The gunite, controls and permit would likely cost more than the $7500. I added a heater, spa, jet pump, deck and remote controls to a pool in Pleasanton last year and he was well over $20K. Permit was $1600.00 Do you have a heater? Ken |
Here is a link that might be useful: Added spa example
- Posted by whatareuthinking (My Page) on Sun, Feb 24, 08 at 1:28
Who's removing & replacing the existing concrete decking? Who is trenching to the equipment? Is the existing equipment adequate?? How is the bather displacement & spillover getting from one vessel to the next? How are you going to control the valving & heater sequencing? $7,500??? Sounds like a scam! Adding a spa to an existing pool should be more like $30-40,000 not including any work to be done on the pool when the tie in plumbing, and masonry ins completed. $7,500 is high??? Have you ever processed permits in San Jose's living hell of a building department?? Thye are trying to pay for that pretty new city hall - at $7,500 your builder is a scham, unlicensed, or is not including something (a lot of somethings!) ! |
I'm assuming you are talking about a portable spa, right? If so, then yes, $7500 is high for just a portable spa w/o a gazebo. |
Last summer we were going to add a spa to our existing pool during our remodel. Our price was $15,000 - $17,000 to add it into the existing pool. Needless to say, no spa, we opted for a waterfall instead:) |
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Body Benefits
Don't Get Hurt
- Increase aerobic endurance
- Develop core strength
- Improve flexibility
- Strengthen upper back, chest, shoulder, arm, and leg muscles
Beginners Need to Know
Gear Basics
- Paddle
- Boat —Whitewater kayaks are generally made from plastic. Ocean kayaks may be made from wood, fiberglass, or a blend of materials.
- Personal flotation device (PFD)
- Spray skirt —These keep splashing water and rain from filling your compartment.
- Helmet —If you will be kayaking in moving water, you need one.
- A buddy—You should never paddle alone, especially if you are new to the sport.
American Canoe Association http://www.americancanoe.org
Paddling http://www.paddling.net
Canadian Public Health Health Unit http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/pau-uap/fitness
Canoe Kayak Canada http://www.canoekayak.ca/english
5 benefits of kayaking for exercise. Made Manual website. Available at: http://www.mademan.com/mm/5-benefits-kayaking-exercise.html. Updated on September 12, 2010. Accessed January 22, 2013.
Beginners guide. American Canoe Association website. Available at: http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.americancanoe.org/resource/resmgr/sei-educational%5Fresources/beginners%5Fguide%5Faca.pdf?hhSearchTerms=kayak+and+basics. Accessed January 22, 2013.
Benefits of kayaking. Trails website. Available at: http://www.trails.com/list%5F240%5Fbenefits-of-kayaking.html. Accessed January 22, 2013.
Common sea kayaking injuries: Muscles and joints. Kayak Dave. Available at: http://kayakdave.com/2012/02/25/common-sea-kayaking-injuries-muscles-and-joints/. Updated February 25, 2012. Accessed January 22, 2013.
Conditioning for kayakers: A complete off-season program. Roy Stevenson website. Available at: http://www.roy-stevenson.com/conditioning-for-kayakers.html. Accessed January 22, 2013.


text: Clearing the risk MI bar? This research paper summarises JWG's findings on the level of progress which the industry has made in improving risk management information (MI) capabilities to a point that satisfies the more stringent regulatory requirements. The research explores 10 specific regulatory requirements for change and the way that the firms have internalised these change requirements, and offers a perspective on the key gaps which most firms face. The research summarises the industry's 'known unknowns' and identifies a critical missing piece of the landscape: common standards. This 24-page research report follows on from "The new business of risk management" and includes two dozen figures. Board members, risk professionals, operations, finance and technologists within firms and their suppliers will all benefit from this snapshot of a fast moving race with big consequences. Download file 'Clearing the risk MI bar' (*) You have to be logged in to download this file |


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Governing Law ClauseA governing law clause may be used to specify the legal rules that will govern a contract (e.g. Californian law, English law or South African law). This has an impact upon the way in which the contract will be interpreted and the legality or enforceability of the provisions of the contract. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with .......... law.In most if not all jurisdictions, the courts will sometimes intervene in a contract to apply their own laws, notwithstanding a governing law clause. For example, the courts may apply their own consumer protection or competition law. The interaction of governing law clauses with the rules of private international law (conflict of laws) can be complex. The idea of governing law is related to, but distinct from, the idea of contractual jurisdiction. Contractual jurisdiction clauses specify the courts that (the parties want to) have the right to adjudicate disputes relating to the contract. | |
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What we believe in, and what we accept to be correct and true; is what determines whether we succeed or fail at the goals we set for ourselves.
The Beliefs We Hold About Ourselves
Our mental make up is the sacred stone our entire being depends on for survival. When this is relentlessly attacked, we find it nigh on impossible to recover; unless we have set up some sort of defence.
This defence, is a mental barrier that gives us the ability to wade off any incoming strikes from evil perpetrators. Or as I and many others love to call them – 'energy vampires'.
Simply put, it's what we believe about ourselves that determines whether we 'survive' or not.
[blockquote sign="David Johnson Oragui"]How can one succeed when they don't believe in themselves? Why should people believe in me, have faith in me and trust me – when I can't do so for myself? What reason have I presented to them in order to obtain that belief or trust?[/blockquote]
These are the kind of questions I would ask myself in the past to reason and argue with my negative self. They enable me to look at my situation many times over, searching for another route to overcome what's in front of me.
Most of us gain new beliefs from our environment. Our environment is like a viral network of interconnected hotspots that constantly feed us information. The media, our schools, parents and our friendship groups in particular, swap and share an infinite amount of beliefs, concepts and ideas every single day.
By the age of 14, 98% of children develop a negative self-image.That is a monstrous figure, unfortunately it isn't positive at all. In my opinion, it is the television icons, music artists, entertainment industry magazines and the social networks that unintentionally promote a negative self-image.
Social networks are now more about 'who has more friends' and interactions, rather than about genuinely connecting people. People are beginning to discredit the validity and happiness of a relationship, unless pictures are plastered in front of Facebook and Instagram.
Magazines are perceived to be less about providing useful, quality information, but instead making others feel physically inferior by showing perfect – sometimes unattainable figures of popular celebrities and models. It's a case of 'negative motivation'. Fact of the matter, it's also partly our fault for this. For believing the hype and letting it spread like a plague. We have ended up creating the society that we have today.
Negativity breeds from negativity. Consuming huge amounts of material, especially if it's wholly negative will drive your mind into a negative whirlpool. This is where thoughts such as; "I can't do it", "I'm not good enough", "but what will they think?", "why don't they like me?" comes from.
Limiting Beliefs vs. Empowering Beliefs
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A lot of successful people started off with negative belief systems, but took the decision to change them. They didn't want to change their mental states just because it didn't feel right, but because a negative belief system simply brought about no benefit; mentally or otherwise.
Finally, changing your belief system isn't easy but it is required if you want to be successful and lead a balanced life.
Empowering Beliefs Are The Right Beliefs
[separator small="true"]
[h4_focus_heading]Educational resources for changing your belief system and achieving a balanced life[/h4_focus_heading]
Here's what you'll get inside:
[column size="col-3″]
10-part balanced life course, solving the most difficult problems that threatens the stability of our mental health.
[column size="col-4″]
My personal story, sharing details on how I changed my belief system and the impact it has had on my life up till now.
[column size="col-3″ last_column="true"]
Exclusive videos and tutorials, laden with proven solutions for achieving balance in all areas of your life.


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Welcome to another edition of Always Be Covering, the internet's worst gambling advice column. Hopefully you've gathered by now that KSK isn't in the "information" business. See what separates us from other gambling advice columns is that other gambling advice columns are gambling advice columns. Sure, sometimes my picks will be absolutely perfect, but then there are occasions like last week where I managed to go a staggering 0 for 7, which is kind of perfect in it's own imperfect way. Regardless, I feel bad that I may have steered some of you in the wrong direction last week, so I'll make my amends after the jump.
Before we get to the picks of the week, here's one sexy Florida based cheerleader for each of the seven games I butchered last week…
Hopefully now we can all move on and enjoy another perfect week of picks. In order to ensure this, I'm putting all of my eggs in Peyton Manning's bursa sac in what is surely the tastiest line of the weekend.
Indianapolis +3 at San Diego
Really? Yeah, I'll fuck with that. Both teams have been crap against the spread, but at least the Colts are, you know, playing well and shit. Peyton finally looks healthy and Marvin Harrison might not be turning into football's version of post-2002 Bernie Williams after all. Huzzah! Try not to be overly influenced by San Diego's vaunted home field advantage or Marmalard's epic arm strength (flooooat!), because the Chargers are one big bowl of suck. Rivers has tossed four interceptions in the past two games after throwing just four in the season's first six weeks.
Okay fine, I don't really know why the fuck I'm bothering with these retarded statistics, none of it fucking matters, no matter what your fancy record may indicate. What we know is that lines are based on how people will bet, and in general people are fucking stupid, especially the ones betting on football every week. So when in doubt I'm just going to put all of my money on the better team playing better football against a team coached by Norv Turner. I don't need to follow some weak-ass scientific method to know how this is going to turn out. The Colts will probably make the spread moot by stomping the Chargers.
But what if they don't? Well then you can expect some serious sexiness in this space next week, followed by my pleas for a quick cash loan.
Seriously though, can I borrow some money? It's not like you need it, I mean how many copies of Men With Balls can one shut-in possibly read? Hey, you know what? I happen to have a few extra copies lying around. Maybe you'd like to purchase them from me directly for cents on the dollar. Sure they don't have any "covers" on them, but shit, I need the money and you need to know how various athletes fuck. And hey, one of them is even autographed! Unfortunately it's Drew's signature instead of somebody, you know, important.
I want more like this!
Follow Kissing Suzy Kolber on Facebook and get the latest NFL news & humor before everyone else.


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Regular price: $99.95
Sale price: $89.96
Product Description:The Laserlyte laser sights has created the superior V3 red laser sight which takes their highly advanced technology and pushes the envelope. The V3 is the most compact and versatile rail mount laser sight they have created to date. The V3 is half the size of it's predecessor laser by LaserLyte® and is the company's most technologically advanced laser sight. The Laserlyte V3 will fit any firearm with 3/4 of an inch of rail space.
The V3 is made out of T6 aluminum for extra strength and ruggedness. The updated and refined V3 also has an auto off feature that allows you to save battery life. If you leave the laser sight on for five minutes it flashes for one minute before it turns off.If it turns off when you didn't want it to, simply press the on/off button to reset it.
The super small Laserlyte V3 mounts quickly and easily with a hex drive crossbar screw. The V3 is easy to adjust for windage and elevation. The V3 also has programmable constant on and pulse modes. The V3 laser is easy to use for left or right handed shooters due to the well thought out dual activation buttons located at the rear of the laser. Buy the Laserlyte V3 for your compact pistol, sub-compact gun, or your rifle.
The V3 laser is powered by four 377 batteries that give you five hours of life on constant on mode and ten hours of life on pulse mode.
Technical Specifications:
Laser module: 650nm
Laser modes: constant on, pulse and auto-off
Batteries: 4-377 batteries
Battery Life: 5 hours constant on (actual usage), 10 hours pulse (actual usage)
Material: 6061 T6 aluminum
Weight: .50 oz., 15 g
Length/Width/Height: .92 in./.69 in./.20 in., 23.37 mm/ 17.53 mm/ 5.08 mm
Range at Night: 500 yd., 457.2 m
Model Fits:
Any firearm with a minimum of .70 inches rail space.
PRICE REDUCTION!Lasermax Micro Red Laser Sight
Regular price: $129.00
Sale price: $116.10
Product Description:
The LaserMax Micro red laser sight is the smallest and most advanced laser sight on the market today. The Micro fits almost and firearm with an accesory rail. It's small compact size is great for compact and sub-compact handguns. In addition, the small siz of the Laser Max Micro is excellent for concealed carry.
The on/off switch is designed to be activated by either hand. It was designed and tested for intentional activation, which means there will not be any unintentional activations due to snagging on your belt.
If you want a compact red laser sight with highly evolved laser technology at a great price you can't go wrong with the LaserMax Micro!
Technical Specifications:
For: Virtually anything with a Picatinny rail
Weight: 0.43 ounces
Wavelength: 650nm (red)
Power Output: 5mW
Battery Type: 1/3N Lithium (1)
Battery Life: Over 5 hours
Accuracy: User adjustable for windage & elevation
Model Fits:
Virtually any gun with a Picatinny rail and 15/16" of clearance from the rail notch to the guard.
Beretta: Beretta PX4 Storm (Full Size, Compact, & Subcompact), 90-TWO, M9A1, CX4
Colt: Railgun 01070RG, XSE
CZ: P01, P06, P07, 40P, 75 Compact, SP01 (std./tactical/shadow/phantom)
Standard Frame: 17, 20, 21, 22, 31, 34, 35
Compact Frame: 19, 23, 25, 32, 38
Sub-Compact: 29, 30
H&K: P2000, P2000SK, P30, P30L, 45, 45C compact, USP & USPc with with Viridian's adapter: USP Adapter
Kel-Tec: PF9
Kimber: TLE/RL, PRO TLE/RL, SIS/RL, Warrior, Desert Warrior, Gold Combat/RL
Ruger: SR9, SR9c, P95, P345, 22 Charger w/ Top Rail
Sig Sauer: All Sigs w/rails including: P220, P226, P229, P250, Mosquito, 1911
Smith & Wesson: M&P, M&P Compact, SW 1911 (including PD), M&P R8, Sigma, SD40
Springfield: Compact & Sub-compact Versions of the XD & XDM, 1911 Operator
Steyr: M-1A
Taurus: PT 24/7 & Millenium Pro's C, PT 38S, PT 917, PT 92AFS, PT100AFS, PT-145, PT 945, PT 2045, Judge w/ Tactical Rail, 1911SS, 1911B, 1911ALR, Taurus 809 / 840 / 845, 145BP / 145SSP, & 609
Walther: PK380, PPS, SP22, P99c (Post 2004 Models w/Cross Notch on Rail)
Regular price: $259.00
Sale price: $233.10
The Only Rechargeable Green Laser Sight
The Laser Max Genesis green laser sight is breaking new ground in laser sight technology. It is the first and only green laser sight to be RECHARGEABLE. That's right, there is no need to carry extra batteries or worry about the laser dying when you are going to need it. You can't beat this laser sight for it's price and flexibility. It will fit almost any handgun or rifle with a rail and you never have to change batteries.
How It Works:
The LaserMax Genesis is able to recharge with an easily accessible universal micro USB port (like your cell phone charger). The Genesis has a ten minute automatic shut off to preserve battery power. If you are using the Genesis on a long rifle they have designed a momentary activation switch.
The Genesis uses a pulsating green laser beam. The combination of pulsating and green makes this the easiest type of laser beam to see.
The Laser Max Genesis weighs 1.4 ounces. It is easy to install on almost any pistol or rifle with an accessory rail. The activation button is easy to use for right and left handed shooters. Windage and elevation is easy to adjust.
Model Fits:
[You need approx. 7/8" clearance from the rail notch to the guard]
- Beretta: Beretta PX4 Storm (Full Size, Compact, & Subcompact), 90-TWO, M9A1, CX4
- Colt: Railgun 01070RG, XSE
- CZ: P01, P06, P07, 40P, 75 Compact, SP01 (std./tactical/shadow/phantom)
- Standard Frame: 17, 20, 21, 22, 31, 34, 35
- Compact Frame: 19, 23, 25, 32, 38Sub-Compact: 29, 30
- H&K: P2000, P2000SK, P30, P30L, 45, 45C compact, USP & USP Compact (Adapter Required - $49 on Viridian Site)
- Kimber: TLE/RL, PRO TLE/RL, SIS/RL, Warrior, Desert Warrior, Gold Combat/RL
- Ruger: SR9, SR9c, P95, P345, 22 Charger w/ Top Rail
- Sig Sauer: P220, P226, P229, P250, Mosquito, 1911
- Smith & Wesson: M&P, M&P Compact, SW 1911 (including PD), M&P R8, Sigma, SD40
- Springfield: XD, XDM, XDM Sub-compact, 1911 Operator
- Steyr: M-1A
- Taurus: PT 24/7 & Millenium Pro's, PT 38S, PT 917, PT 92AFS, PT100AFS, PT 945, PT 2045, Judge w/ Tactical Rail, 1911SS, 1911B, 1911ALR, Taurus 809 / 840 / 845, 145BP / 145SSP, & 609
- Walther: P22, PK380, PPS, SP22, P99 (also P99 Pre-2004 Closed Rail w/Adapter* Coming Soon by Viridian)


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Pity the game wasn't televised, how'd it go?
RIP Philip Hughes - 1988-2014
The Goat: "What NZ does miss is a true all rounder much like Murphy Sua back in the 90s."
Founder of the Half-foot Cricketer Hall of Fame.
Martin Guptill
Heath Davis
Fred Titmus
PM me with more inductees for this exclusive club.
Can't believe all the Broom puns haven't been done before. Which means they probably have.
Keen to see how Broom performs on dusty pitches, if he gets a Test run.
President of SKAS - Kat is King | Proud member of CVAAS - One of the best | LRPLTAS - Rosco rocks!
The NZTailender Supporting XI:
H Rutherford, T Latham, N Broom, M Bracewell, D Brownlie, BJ Watling, D de Boorder+, M Henry, B Wheeler, H Bennett, A Milne
Go Tigers!
R.I.P. Fardin & Craig
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


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24 of 25
Courtney Stodden and Doug Hutchison heading to their reality show pitch at the MTV offices in Santa Monica. (October 20, 2011)
That is klassy with a capital "k" right there.
From this angle you can see that she has a majorly stuffed bra on and is cramming her boobs up as far as the go. In the frontal views you can see the intense amount of contouring she did around her cleavage that makes them look fake. I mean, I don't understand why she just doesn't go get some fake breasts. No one will think any less of her…. it's impossible.
You cant tell me you wouldnt wanna hit that.


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Free Entry - Entry Information
Rainesforest Massage and Day Spa - Indooroopilly is Brisbane's complete Day Spa Experience.
This Day Spa is very popular for its natural garden setting, health fund qualified treatments, seven day opening hours, proximity to bus and train services, and general overall emphasis on relaxation and time out from reality. There are 11 treatment rooms and seven outdoor Spa and Sauna areas. These areas are able to be reserved and can be used privately for 50 minutes after your treatment time at no cost.
... moreAll visitors are welcome to enjoy complimentary tea and coffee on arrival, sit in the Rainesforest and relax prior to your treatment. There are over 75 treatments available to chose from, please go to the website for full details. Relaxation massage, remedial massage, facials, foot pampers, couples packages, day spa packages, pregnancy massage, mens packages, hot stone massages, salt scrubs, mudwraps and more.
Small groups up to 25 love the dedicated areas, hospitality add-ons, and tailored approach to making all occasions special. Being in a green peaceful environment just 15 minutes from the Brisbane Central Business District makes planning very easy. Their philosophy is 'relax your way to better health'.
... less* Please note: These rates are indicative based on the minimum and maximum available costs of listed products and services. To obtain a firm price from the provider, please use the contact the operator . All prices are quoted in Australian dollars.


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We have found some free walk the line videos and pictures.
Curtis Tomasevicz joined the Huskers as a walk-on in 2000. From 2000 to 2003, he was a running back and a line-backer. He began his bob-sledding career in 2004 and appeared in the 2006 Olympic Winter Games. In the 2010 Winter Olympics, his bobsled team won ... Source: Associated Content
According to one official definition, the poor a total household income below the federal poverty line. Between the black and white of ... stock the kitchen to feed the entire family for a week. Walk, because that's what legs are for. Source: Associated Content
This name was from a more recent part of my life; I had seen him numerous times over the past year in parties, bars, and restaurants, and I even remember that when I glanced out at the audience the night of my AIDS Walk fund-raiser, he was there. Source: YAHOO!
In 2009, our national poverty rate hit a 15-year high, with one in seven Americans living below the poverty line. This has happened alongside a long-term trend toward greater income inequality, with 23.5 percent of all income going to the top one percent ... Source: YAHOO!
On the show, we've seen Emily tell Brad a vague version of the story because she wanted him to know she has a daughter. She didn't name Hendrick (she referred to him as "the absolute love of my life"), or say he was a NASCAR driver, but she did say ... Source: Entertainment Weekly Online
It apparently took effort for businesses in this line of work to displease, and only a dozen or so landed reviews harsh enough to scare people away. Mme. Pauline Beck of 69 Elizabeth Street came close, running "a noisy and untidy den of assignation ... Source: New York Times Blogs
He reported the larceny to police and immediately was scolded for calling in on the 911 line. In his mind, a violated Packer Packard is an emergency. He called back on the nonemergency line. "A very pleasant (and young) woman coached me through their petty ... Source: Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
Yesterday's choice of viral video was unfortunately a rather horrible one (yours truly chose not to watch it) - a 15 minute video entitled 'puppy abuse' was uploaded onto Facebook. The video featured a brown poodle being made to do tricks repeatedly by a ... Source: CNET Asia
10:26 a.m. A wife lost her purse on Washington Street. 2:33 p.m. Police issued a citation for speeding on Washington Street and Colrain Road. 2:43 p.m. Police issued a speeding citation, again, on Washington Street and Colrain Road. 9:43 p.m. A party had ... Source: Abington Mariner
Are book apps books, or something else? It's like being at the birth of a new form. We love books, but these apps are getting pretty cool. Electronic devices continue to make it easier for readers in multiple ways. Some of the following book apps are ... Source: Huffingtonpost.com


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I love this blot powder! If you have a night-out & want a quite fix up on your oily-ness. This product is what you should use. It gives you that matte finish to your look, so you look freshen up once again. It is ofcourse better if you use it with a separate brush, but I prefer the little puff that comes with it because it's just easier.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
I've been using this for years and still absolutely love it. I use it to set my foundation and touch ups/blot through the day. It really helps to control the oil especially on that t-zone! Would purchase this forever and ever!
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
First and foremost, this is not designed for coverage. Repeat, NOT for coverage. Being an warm golden NC40, I opted for the Medium Dark. I suppose this could be a setting powder as well but since I wear Studio Fix powder foundation, I think starting the day off with both of them on actually clogs my pores.
I've been using this for the last couple of months and have been thoroughly satisfied with this product. The real trick to using the blot powder, in my experience, is that you should first pat away oil with a blotting sheet and then apply blot powder to keep all the shine minimal. On really good days, there's no shine at all. I often re-apply this mid-day in the office and have had great results. No zits or crazy breakouts!
My only real gripe with the compact is that unlike the Studio Fix compact, is that there is no separate enclsoure for the powder puff. I suggest you purchase a small travel brush or do what I do- flip the puff on its back to minimize powder contamination.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
it definitely does absorb the oil on your face. im extremely oily on my t-zone and this blot powder keeps me oil free throughout the day. i only have to touch up twice during the day which is impressive!
I'm in love with the blot powder!!!...On a day I don't feel like wearing layers of make up, I simply wear my concealer and powder on a thin layer of the blot powder.. makes my skin flawless and absorbs excessive oil.. have purchased it over and over the years... Even though the packaging is a bit crap because once it cracks, there's no solution to it, except to grind it into a powder... but overall, a great product!
I love this powder. Thanks to mua and michelle phan's video, or else I would have nv even have thought of using this powder.
I actually bought the mac's oil control lotion from cco @ woodsburn outlet. Unfortunately that didn't help to control my skin's oil. However, this powder is so good that no oil appears on my skin. Like no shiny-ness or greasy skin.
I work almost full-time in a retail shop always needing to move around and constant physical type of work and im amazed that without needing to reapply the powder. absolutely no oil appears at all. (but of course, once i touch my skin, i'll see oil on my fingers)
However I do have to take one lippie off cause it really dried up my skin for a bit around my mouth and nose area, which does show up after my makeup (nasty). But it's all good now, I just used did some exfoliation this morning to rid the deadskin, which appears a lot better. Additionally, it's still a bit pricey for it's packaging.
Anyways. It works for me. Love it.
I use Mac Blot in "Medium Dark" over my Mac Studio Moisture Tint in "Dark". It's fairly translucent, and I think "Medium Dark" would work well with most medium-tan skin-tones. I like this powder because it's translucent, doesn't cake up with touch-ups, sets my TM well, and does keep oil at bay for a decent amount of time. I have a super oily t-zone and have given up on finding a powder that will keep my oilies at bay for long, especially in the summer. But Blot is THE BEST I've found, and I've tried many, many, many pressed powders. Will def. stick with Blot from now on!
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
Bought this to use after foundation, to give my face a matte finish. It does the job alright. It just made my face look cakey EVEN when I used a fluffy powder brush really lightly. And it broke me out too. The matte effect lasted 2 hours and it gets a bit oily in some areas, I will just blot it with blotting sheets instead of applying more product. What I absolutely dislike, is when I wear it to a bar/fancy clubs, I look at myself in the mirror and its so obvious there's powder on my face. It made my face look so much whiter compared to my body. In daylight, it looks fine which is it matches my skintone albeit a bit cakey. Probably not good for photoshoots either. I don't know, just my experience & opinion.
I have combo skin with oily t-zone. Prior to purchasing of this product, I used to use blotting sheets several times a day. I thought of this product as one of the "hype" and didn't feel the need to purchase it. I can't believe I waited so long! I'm NC37, and was recommended to use medium dark. Despite the name of the shade, it's quite light. It is not that pigmented, and goes on very sheer. I use it also on days I don't wear makeup just to keep my face from looking like an oil slick. By itself, it will not offer any coverage. I haven't had issues with caking up at all - I use a brush instead of the puff that comes with it (I feel it's more hygienic anyway, since there isn't a separate compartment in the compact to store the puff). I don't use blotting sheets that much anymore, and my face stays matte a lot longer now. Will definitely repurchase!
This is a great powder. it's very good at controlling oil. Normally I'm very oily in my I-Zone (I'm oily in the T & under my chin so I call it I-Zone) & this manages to keep the oily away for several hours. I'm pretty light skinned but the MA told me Medium/Dark would be good for me. I was hesitant but after trying it I followed her advice & bought it. The powder goes on colorless & does not give me that 'powdery' look.


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Fiproguard Max Flea and Tick Treatment for Dogs
Fiproguard Max Flea and Tick Treatment for Dogs contains Fipronil and Cyphenothrin, making this formula comparable to Frontline Plus for dogs. Fiproguard Max provides premium protection against fleas, ticks, and chewing lice. Fiproguard Max Flea and Tick Treatment for Dogs kills adult fleas, flea eggs, flea larvae and prevents development of flea pupae to control flea re-infestation for up to 90 days. It kills deer ticks that transmit Lyme disease as well as brown dog ticks, American dog ticks and lone star ticks. It also controls mites that may cause sarcoptic mange. Fast-acting and long-lasting, sustained-release formula protects dogs for up to 30 days.
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Flea - Tick Powder
Flea - Tick Spray Mist
Natural Bird Feed
Canned Cat Food
Cat Bowls
Cat Food Pouches
Cat Grooming
Cat Litter
Cat Supplements
Cat Toys
Dehydrated Cat Food
Dry Cat Food
Freeze Dried Cat Food
Frozen Food
Natural Cat Treats
Cleaning Dog Supplies
Dog Accessories
Dog Bowls
Dog Food Storage
Dog Training
Dog Training Pad Holder
Natural K9 Special Offers
Puppy Training Pads