text:
Anchorage, Alaska
Anchorage, Alaska | |||
Unified Borough and City | |||
Municipality of Anchorage | |||
Anchorage skyline and Bootleggers Cove as photographed from Point Woronzof Park on an April evening.
Nickname(s): The City of Lights and Flowers | |||
Motto: Big Wild Life | |||
Location of Anchorage within Alaska |
Coordinates: 61°13′N 149°54′W / 61.217°N 149.900°WCoordinates: 61°13′N 149°54′W / 61.217°N 149.900°W | |||
Country | United States of America | ||
State | Alaska | ||
Borough | Anchorage | ||
Settled | 1914 | ||
Incorporated | November 23, 1920 (City of Anchorage); January 1, 1964 (Greater Anchorage Area Borough); September 15, 1975 (current Municipality of Anchorage, which combined the two) |
Named for | the anchorage at the mouth of Ship Creek | ||
Government | |||
• Type | Council–manager | ||
• Body | Anchorage Assembly[1] | ||
• Mayor | Dan Sullivan[2] | ||
Area | |||
• Unified Borough and City | 1,968.6 sq mi (5,099 km2) | ||
• Land | 1,704.7 sq mi (4,415 km2) | ||
• Water | 263.9 sq mi (683 km2) | ||
• Urban | 78.8 sq mi (204 km2) | ||
• Metro | 26,312.5 sq mi (68,149 km2) | ||
Elevation | 102 ft (31 m) | ||
Population (2010)[4] | |||
• Unified Borough and City | 291,826 | ||
• Estimate (2013)[5] | 300,950 | ||
• Rank | 1st in Alaska 63rd in the United States |
• Density | 171.2/sq mi (66.1/km2) | ||
• Urban | 251,243 (US: 149th)[3] | ||
• Metro | 396,142 (US: 134th) | ||
Demonym | Anchoragite | ||
Time zone | AKST (UTC-9) | ||
• Summer (DST) | AKDT (UTC-8) | ||
ZIP code | 99501–99524, 99529-99530, 99599 | ||
Area code(s) | 907 | ||
Geocode | 1398242 | ||
FIPS code | 02-03000 | ||
Website | City of Anchorage |
Anchorage (officially called the Municipality of Anchorage) is a unified home rule municipality in the U.S. State of Alaska. With an estimated 300,950 residents in 2013,[5] it is Alaska's most populous city and contains more than 40 percent of the state's total population; among the 50 states, only New York has a higher percentage of residents who live in its most populous city. Altogether, the Anchorage metropolitan area, which combines Anchorage with the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough, had a population of 396,142 in 2013.[6]
Anchorage is located in the South-central portion of Alaska at the terminus of the Cook Inlet on a peninsula formed by the Knik Arm to the north and the Turnagain Arm to the south.[7] The city limits span 1,961.1 square miles which encompass the urban core, a joint Military base,[8] several outlying communities and almost all of Chugach State Park.[9]
Anchorage's location on the globe puts it within 9 and ½ hours by air to nearly 90% of the industrialized world. For this reason Anchorage is a common refueling stop for many international passenger flights and is home to a major FedEx Hub which the company calls a "critical part"" of its global network of services.[10]
Anchorage has been named an All-America City four times, in 1956, 1965, 1984–85, and 2002, by the National Civic League.[11] It has also been named by Kiplinger as the most tax-friendly city in the United States.[12]
Russian presence in south central Alaska was well established in the 19th century. In 1867, U. S. Secretary of State William H. Seward brokered a deal to purchase Alaska from Imperial Russia for $7.2 million (about two cents an acre). His political rivals lampooned the deal as "Seward's folly", "Seward's icebox" and "Walrussia". By 1888, gold was discovered along Turnagain Arm.
In 1912, Alaska became a United States territory. Anchorage, unlike every other large town in Alaska south of the Brooks Range, was neither a fishing nor mining camp. The area surrounding Anchorage lacks significant economic metal minerals. While a number of Dena'ina settlements existed along Knik Arm for years, only two white men, Bud Whitney and Jack Brown, were reported[by whom?] to have lived in the Ship Creek valley in the 1910s prior to the large influx of settlers.
The city grew from its happenstance choice as the site, in 1914, of a railroad-construction port for the Alaska Engineering Commission. The area near the mouth of Ship Creek, where the railroad headquarters was located, quickly became a tent city. A town site was mapped out on higher ground to the south of the tent city, greatly noted in the years since for its order and rigidity compared with other Alaska town sites. Anchorage was incorporated on November 23, 1920.[13]
Construction of the Alaska Railroad continued until its completion in 1923. The city's economy in the 1920s and 1930s centered on the railroad. Col. Otto F. Ohlson, the Swedish-born general manager of the railroad for nearly two decades, became a symbol of residents' contempt due to the firm control he maintained over the railroad's affairs, which by extension became control over economic and other aspects of life in Alaska.
Between the 1930s and the 1950s, the city experienced massive growth as air transportation and the military became increasingly important. Aviation operations in Anchorage commenced along the firebreak south of town (today's Delaney Park Strip), which residents also used as a golf course. An increase in air traffic led to clearing of a site directly east of town site boundaries starting in 1929; this became Merrill Field, which served as Anchorage's primary airport during the 1930s and 1940s, until Anchorage International Airport replaced it in 1951. However, Merrill Field still sees a significant amount of general aviation traffic.
Elmendorf Air Force Base and Fort Richardson were constructed in the 1940s, and served as the city's primary economic engine until the 1968 Prudhoe Bay discovery shifted the thrust of the economy toward the oil industry. The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure process led to the combining of the two bases (along with Kulis Air National Guard Base) to form Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson.
On March 27, 1964 the magnitude 9.2 Good Friday Earthquake hit Anchorage, killing 115 people and causing $311 million ($2.36 billion current value)[14] in damage.[15][16] The earth-shaking event lasted nearly five minutes; most structures that failed remained intact for the first few minutes, then failed with repeated flexing.[15][16] It was the world's second-largest earthquake in recorded history.[15][16] Rebuilding dominated the remainder of the 1960s.
In 1968 ARCO discovered oil in Prudhoe Bay on the Alaska North Slope, and the resulting oil boom spurred further growth in Anchorage. In 1975, the City of Anchorage and the Greater Anchorage Area Borough (which includes Eagle River, Girdwood, Glen Alps, and several other communities) merged into the geographically larger Municipality of Anchorage[13] The city continued to grow in the 1980s, and capital projects and an aggressive beautification campaign took place.
Several attempts have been made to move Alaska's state capital from Juneau to Anchorage, or to a site closer to Anchorage. The motivation is straightforward: the "railbelt" between Anchorage and Fairbanks contains the majority of the state's population. Robert Atwood, owner of the Anchorage Times and a tireless booster for the city, championed the move. Alaskans rejected attempts to move the capital in 1960 and 1962, but in 1974, as Alaska's center of population moved away from Southeast Alaska and to the railbelt, voters approved the move. Communities such as Fairbanks and much of rural Alaska opposed moving the capital to Anchorage for fear of concentrating more power in the state's largest city. As a result, in 1976 voters approved a plan to build a new capital city near Willow, about 70 miles north of Anchorage. Opponents to the move reacted by campaigning to defeat, in the 1978 elections, a nearly $1 billion bond issue to fund construction of the new capitol building and related facilities. Subsequent attempts to move the capital or the legislature to Wasilla, north of Anchorage, also failed.[17] Anchorage contains over twice as many state employees as does Juneau, and is to a considerable extent the center of state and federal government activity in Alaska.
Anchorage is located in Southcentral Alaska. At 61 degrees north, it lies slightly farther north than Oslo, Stockholm, Helsinki and Saint Petersburg, but not as far north as Reykjavík or Murmansk. It is northeast of the Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak Island, and Cook Inlet, due north of the Kenai Peninsula, northwest of Prince William Sound and the Alaska Panhandle, and nearly due south of Mount McKinley/Denali.
The city is on a strip of coastal lowland and extends up the lower alpine slopes of the Chugach Mountains. Point Campbell, the westernmost point of Anchorage on the mainland, juts out into Cook Inlet near its northern end, at which point it splits into two arms. To the south is Turnagain Arm, a fjord that has some of the world's highest tides. Knik Arm, another tidal inlet, lies to the west and north. The Chugach Mountains on the east form a boundary to development, but not to the city limits, which encompass part of the wild alpine territory of Chugach State Park.
The city's seacoast consists mostly of treacherous mudflats. Newcomers and tourists are warned not to walk in this area because of extreme tidal changes and the very fine glacial silt. Unwary victims have walked onto the solid seeming silt revealed when the tide is out and have become stuck in the mud. The two recorded instances of this occurred in 1961 and 1988.[18]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the municipality has a total area of 1,961.1 square miles (5,079.2 km²); 1,697.2 square miles (4,395.8 km²) of which is land and 263.9 square miles (683.4 km²) of it is water. The total area is 13.46% water.
Boroughs and census areas adjacent to the Municipality of Anchorage are Matanuska-Susitna Borough to the north, Kenai Peninsula Borough to the south and Valdez-Cordova Census Area to the east. The Chugach National Forest, a national protected area, extends into the southern part of the municipality, near Girdwood and Portage.
A diverse wildlife population exists within urban Anchorage and the surrounding area. Approximately 250 black bears and 60 grizzly bears live in the area. Bears are regularly sighted within the city. Moose are also a common sight: in the Anchorage Bowl, there is a summer population of approximately 250 moose, increasing to as many as 1000 during the winter. They are a hazard to drivers, with over 100 moose killed by cars each year. Two people were stomped to death, in 1993 and 1995, in Anchorage.[19] Cross-country skiers and dog mushers using city trails have been charged by moose on numerous occasions; the Alaska Department of Fish and Game has to kill some individual aggressive moose in the city every year. Mountain goats can be commonly sighted along the Seward Highway between Anchorage and Girdwood, and Dall sheep are often viewed quite close to the road at Windy Point.[20] Approximately 30 wolves live in the Anchorage area. In 2007 several dogs were killed by wolves while on walks with their owners.[21][22] There are also beaver dams in local creeks and lakes, and it is common to see foxes and kits in parking lots close to wooded areas in the spring. Along the Seward Highway headed toward Kenai, there are common sightings of beluga whales in the Turnagain Arm. Lynx are occasionally sighted in Anchorage as well. Within the Municipality there are also a number of streams that host salmon runs. Fishing for salmon at Ship Creek next to downtown is popular in the summer.
Anchorage has a subarctic climate (the Köppen climate classification is Dfc) but with strong maritime influences that effect a relatively moderate climate. In regard to rainfall, the climate has semi-arid influences. Most of the precipitation falls in late summer. Average daytime summer temperatures range from approximately 55 to 78 °F (13 to 26 °C); average daytime winter temperatures are about 5 to 30 °F (−15.0 to −1.1 °C). Anchorage has a frost-free growing season that averages slightly over 101 days. According to local folk-lore, a native plant called the fireweed blooms beautiful pink petals exactly six weeks before the start of winter.[23]
Average January low and high temperatures at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC) are 11 to 23 °F (−12 to −5 °C) with an average winter snowfall of 75.5 inches (192 cm).[24] The 2011–2012 winter had 134.5 in (341.6 cm), which made it the[25] snowiest winter on record, topping[25][26] the 1954–1955 winter with 132.8 in (337.3 cm). The coldest temperature ever recorded at the original weather station located at Merrill Field on the East end of 5th Avenue was −38 °F (−38.9 °C) on February 3, 1947.[nb 1]
Summers are typically mild (although cool compared to the contiguous US and even interior Alaska), and it can rain frequently, although not abundantly. Average July low and high temperatures are 52 to 66 °F (11 to 19 °C) and the highest reading ever recorded was 86 °F (30.0 °C) on June 25, 1953.[nb 1] The average annual precipitation at the airport is 16.63 inches (422 mm).[24] Anchorage's latitude causes summer days to be very long and winter daylight hours to be very short. The city is often cloudy during the winter, which further decreases the amount of sunlight experienced by residents.[27]
Due to its proximity to active volcanoes, ash hazards are a significant, though infrequent, occurrence. The most recent notable volcanic activity centered on the multiple eruptions of Mount Redoubt during March–April 2009, resulting in a 25,000-foot (7,600 m) high ash cloud as well as ash accumulation throughout the Cook Inlet region. Previously, the most active recent event was an August 1992 eruption of Mount Spurr, which is located 78 miles (126 km) west of the city.[28] The eruption deposited about 3 mm (0.1 in) of volcanic ash on the city. The clean-up of ash resulted in excessive demands for water and caused major problems for the Anchorage Water and Wastewater Utility.
Climate data for Anchorage (NWS Forecast Office),[29] 1981−2010 normals, extremes 1916−present | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 56 (13) |
57 (14) |
56 (13) |
72 (22) |
82 (28) |
85 (29) |
84 (29) |
85 (29) |
73 (23) |
64 (18) |
62 (17) |
53 (12) |
85 (29) |
Average high °F (°C) | 22.7 (−5.2) |
27.1 (−2.7) |
35.0 (1.7) |
46.1 (7.8) |
56.9 (13.8) |
63.2 (17.3) |
65.4 (18.6) |
63.5 (17.5) |
55.6 (13.1) |
40.8 (4.9) |
27.3 (−2.6) |
23.8 (−4.6) |
44.0 (6.7) |
Average low °F (°C) | 11.4 (−11.4) |
14.0 (−10) |
19.1 (−7.2) |
28.8 (−1.8) |
38.9 (3.8) |
46.8 (8.2) |
51.3 (10.7) |
49.3 (9.6) |
41.1 (5.1) |
28.9 (−1.7) |
16.9 (−8.4) |
13.3 (−10.4) |
30.0 (−1.1) |
Record low °F (°C) | −35 (−37) |
−38 (−39) |
−24 (−31) |
−15 (−26) |
1 (−17) |
29 (−2) |
34 (1) |
31 (−1) |
19 (−7) |
−6 (−21) |
−21 (−29) |
−36 (−38) |
−38 (−39) |
Precipitation inches (mm) | 0.75 (19) |
0.73 (18.5) |
0.61 (15.5) |
0.47 (11.9) |
0.76 (19.3) |
0.96 (24.4) |
1.83 (46.5) |
3.25 (82.6) |
2.98 (75.7) |
2.04 (51.8) |
1.17 (29.7) |
1.12 (28.4) |
16.67 (423.4) |
Snowfall inches (cm) | 15.4 (39.1) |
10.0 (25.4) |
12.2 (31) |
5.4 (13.7) |
0.6 (1.5) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.5 (1.3) |
5.1 (13) |
12.4 (31.5) |
20.5 (52.1) |
82.1 (208.5) |
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 8.1 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 11.3 | 13.8 | 14.5 | 12.3 | 9.3 | 11.1 | 115.1 |
Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 9.7 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 2.9 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 7.9 | 10.5 | 47.6 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 83.7 | 121.5 | 195.3 | 234.0 | 288.3 | 276.0 | 251.1 | 204.6 | 159.0 | 117.8 | 81.0 | 52.7 | 2,065 |
Source: NOAA[24][30], The Weather Channel [31], Hong Kong Observatory (sun only, 1961−1990) [32] |
Climate data for Anchorage International Airport (1981−2010 normals) | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average high °F (°C) | 23.1 (−4.9) |
26.6 (−3) |
33.9 (1.1) |
44.5 (6.9) |
56.0 (13.3) |
62.8 (17.1) |
65.4 (18.6) |
63.5 (17.5) |
55.1 (12.8) |
40.5 (4.7) |
27.8 (−2.3) |
24.8 (−4) |
43.7 (6.5) |
Average low °F (°C) | 11.1 (−11.6) |
13.8 (−10.1) |
19.2 (−7.1) |
29.1 (−1.6) |
39.6 (4.2) |
47.7 (8.7) |
52.2 (11.2) |
50.0 (10) |
42.0 (5.6) |
29.1 (−1.6) |
16.6 (−8.6) |
13.2 (−10.4) |
30.3 (−0.9) |
Precipitation inches (mm) | 0.73 (18.5) |
0.72 (18.3) |
0.60 (15.2) |
0.47 (11.9) |
0.72 (18.3) |
0.97 (24.6) |
1.83 (46.5) |
3.25 (82.6) |
2.99 (75.9) |
2.03 (51.6) |
1.16 (29.5) |
1.11 (28.2) |
16.58 (421.1) |
Snowfall inches (cm) | 11.3 (28.7) |
10.9 (27.7) |
9.9 (25.1) |
4.0 (10.2) |
0.3 (0.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.4 (1) |
7.9 (20.1) |
13.1 (33.3) |
16.7 (42.4) |
74.5 (189.2) |
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 8.2 | 7.1 | 5.9 | 5.0 | 7.3 | 8.5 | 12.0 | 14.6 | 14.8 | 11.9 | 9.4 | 10.5 | 115.2 |
Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 8.6 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 2.9 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 8.1 | 10.8 | 48.0 |
Source: NOAA[33] |
Historical population | |||
Census | Pop. | %± | |
1920 | 1,856 | — | |
1930 | 2,277 | 22.7% | |
1940 | 3,495 | 53.5% | |
1950 | 11,254 | 222.0% | |
1960 | 44,397 | 294.5% | |
1970 | 48,081 | 8.3% | |
1980 | 174,431 | 262.8% | |
1990 | 226,338 | 29.8% | |
2000 | 260,283 | 15.0% | |
2010 | 291,826 | 12.1% | |
Est. 2013 | 300,950 | 3.1% | |
2013 Estimate[5] [35] |
Racial composition | 2010[36] | 1990[37] | 1970[37] | 1950[37] |
White | 66.0% | 80.7% | 87.2% | 97.2% |
—Non-Hispanic | 62.6% | 78.7% | n/a | n/a |
Black or African American | 5.6% | 6.4% | 5.9% | n/a |
Native American or Alaska Native | 7.9% | 6.4% | 1.8% | 1.2% |
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 7.6% | 4.1% | 2.4%[38] | n/a |
Asian | 8.1% | 4.8% | 1.0% | n/a |
According to the 2010 census, Anchorage had a population of 291,826 and its racial and ethnic composition was as follows:[39][40][41]
- White: 66.0% Non-Hispanic Whites: 62.6%, down from 83.6% in 1980[37]
- Two or More Races: 8.1%
- Asian: 8.1% (3.3% Filipino, 1.2% Korean, 1.1% Hmong, 0.5% Laotian).
- American Indian and Alaska Natives: 7.9% (1.4% Inupiat, 1.1% Yup'ik, 0.8% Aleutian).
- Blacks or African Americans: 5.6%
- Other race: 2.3%
- Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders: 2.0% (1.4% Samoan)
- Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 7.6% (4.4% Mexican, 1.2% Puerto Rican, 0.5% Dominican, 0.4% Spaniard or Spanish)
Regarding specific ethnicities, 17.3% of the population was of German, 10.8% Irish, 9.1% English, 6.9% Scandinavian (3.6% Norwegian, 2.2% Swedish, 0.6% Danish), and 5.6% French/French Canadian ancestry, according to Census 2010.[42][43]
According to the 2010 American Community Survey, approximately 82.3% of residents over the age of five spoke only English at home. Spanish was spoken by 3.8% of the population; speakers of other Indo-European languages made up 3.0% of the population; those who spoke Asian and Pacific Islander languages at home were 9.1%; and speakers of other languages made up 1.8%.[44]
In 2010, there were 291,826 people, 107,332 households and 70,544 families residing in the municipality. The population density was 171.2 per square mile (59.2/km²). There were 113,032 housing units at an average density of 59.1 per square miles (22.8/km²). There were 107,332 households out of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.3% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.19. The age distribution was 26.0% under 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 or older. The median age was 32.9 years. 50.8% of the population was male and 49.2% were female.[45]
The median income for a household in the municipality was $73,004, and the median income for a family was $85,829. The per capita income for the municipality was $34,678. About 5.1% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line.[46][47] Of the city's population over the age of 25, 33.7% held a bachelor's degree or higher, and 92.1% had a high school diploma or equivalent.[42]
As of September 7, 2006, 94 languages were spoken by students in the Anchorage School District.[48]
In 2010, 83.7% (220,304) of Anchorage residents aged five and older spoke only English at home, while 4.47% (11,769) spoke Spanish, 2.53% (6,654) Tagalog, 1.56% (4,108) various Pacific Island languages, 1.38% (3,636) various Native American/Alaska Native languages (especially Eskimo-Aleut and Na-Dene), 1.14% (2,994) Korean, 0.63% (1,646) German, 0.57% (1,502) Hmong, 0.50% (1,307) Russian, and Japanese was spoken as a main language by 0.45% (1,185) of the population over the age of five. In total, 16.33% (43,010) of Anchorage's population aged five and older spoke a mother language other than English.[49]
Anchorage's largest economic sectors include transportation, military, municipal, state and federal government, tourism, corporate headquarters (including regional headquarters for multinational corporations) and resource extraction. Large portions of the local economy depend on Anchorage's geographical location and surrounding natural resources. Anchorage's economy traditionally has seen steady growth, though not quite as rapid as many places in the lower 48 states. With the notable exception of a real estate-related crash in the mid to late 1980s, which saw the failure of numerous financial institutions, it does not experience as much pain during economic downturns.
The Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (TSAIA) is the world's third busiest airport for cargo traffic, surpassed only by Memphis and Hong Kong. This traffic is strongly linked to Anchorage's location along "great circle" routes between Asia and the lower 48. In addition, the airport has an abundant supply of jet fuel from in-state refineries located in North Pole and Kenai. This jet fuel is transported to the Port of Anchorage, then by rail or pipeline to the airport.
The Port of Anchorage receives 95 percent of all goods destined for Alaska. Ships from Totem Ocean Trailer Express and Horizon Lines arrive twice weekly from the Port of Tacoma in Washington. Along with handling these activities, the port is a storage facility for jet fuel from Alaskan refineries, which is used at both TSAIA and Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER).
The United States military used to have two large installations, Elmendorf Air Force Base and Fort Richardson, which originally stemmed from the branching off of the U.S. Air Force from the U.S. Army following World War II. In a cost cutting effort initiated by the 2005 BRAC proceedings, the bases were combined. JBER was created, which also incorporated Kulis Air National Guard Base near TSAIA. The combination of these three bases employ approximately 8,500 civilian and military personnel. These individuals along with their families comprise approximately ten percent of the local population. During the Cold War, Elmendorf became an important base due to its proximity to the Soviet Union, particularly as a command center for numerous forward air stations established throughout the western reaches of Alaska (most of which have since closed).
While Juneau is the official state capital of Alaska, there are actually more state employees who reside in the Anchorage area. Approximately 6,800 state employees work in Anchorage compared to about 3,800 in Juneau. The State of Alaska purchased the Bank of America Center (which it renamed the Robert B. Atwood Building) to house most of its offices, after several decades of leasing space in the McKay Building (currently the McKinley Tower) and later the Frontier Building.
From Anchorage people can easily head south to popular fishing locations on the Kenai Peninsula or north to locations such as Denali National Park and Fairbanks.
The resource sector, mainly petroleum, is arguably Anchorage's most visible industry, with many high rises bearing the logos of large multinationals such as BP and ConocoPhillips. While field operations are centered on the Alaska North Slope and south of Anchorage around Cook Inlet, the majority of offices and administration are found in Anchorage. The headquarters building of ConocoPhillips Alaska, a subsidiary of ConocoPhillips, is located in downtown Anchorage.[50] It is also the tallest building in Alaska. Many companies who provide oilfield support services are likewise headquartered outside of Anchorage but maintain a substantial presence in the city, most notably Arctic Slope Regional Corporation and CH2M HILL.
Four small airlines, Alaska Central Express,[51] Era Aviation,[52] Hageland Aviation Services,[53] and PenAir, are headquartered in Anchorage.[54] Alaska Airlines, at one point headquartered in Anchorage, has major offices and facilities at TSAIA, including the offices of the Alaska Airlines Foundation.[55] Prior to their respective dissolutions, airlines MarkAir, Reeve Aleutian Airways and Wien Air Alaska were also headquartered in Anchorage.[56][57][58] The Reeve Building, at the corner of West Sixth Avenue and D Street, was spared the wrecking ball when the city block it sits on was cleared to make way for the 5th Avenue Mall, and was incorporated into the mall's structure. In 2013, Forbes named Anchorage among its list of Best Places for Business and Careers.[59]
Anchorage does not levy a sales tax. It does, however, charge a 12% bed tax and an 8% tax on car rentals.[60]
Located next to Town Square Park in downtown Anchorage, the Alaska Center for the Performing Arts is a three-part complex, hosting numerous performing arts events each year. The facility can accommodate more than 3,000 persons. In 2000, nearly 245,000 people visited 678 public performances. It is home to eight resident performing arts companies and has featured mega-musicals performed by visiting companies. The center also hosts the International Ice Carving Competition as part of the Fur Rendezvous festival in February.
The Anchorage Concert Association brings 15 to 20 events to the community each winter, including Broadway shows like The Phantom of The Opera, Les Misérables, Disney's The Lion King, and Mamma Mia!, among others. The Sitka Summer Music Festival presents an "Autumn Classics" festival of chamber music for two weeks each September on the campus of Alaska Pacific University. Orchestras include the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra and the Anchorage Youth Symphony.
Annually in January, the Anchorage Folk Festival takes place at the University of Alaska Anchorage, featuring concerts, dances, and workshops with featured guest artists and over 130 performances by volunteer singers, dancers, musicians, and storytellers.
- Alaska Native Heritage Center[61]
- Alaska Museum of Natural History[62]
- Alaska Aviation Heritage Museum
- Anchorage Museum at Rasmuson Center[63]
- Imaginarium: Science Discovery Center[64]
- Oscar Anderson House Museum[65]
- Wells Fargo Alaska Heritage Library & Museum[66]
The city of Anchorage currently provides three municipal facilities large enough to hold major events such as concerts, trade shows and conventions. Downtown facilities include the Alaska Center for the Performing Arts, William A. Egan Civic & Convention Center and the recently completed Dena'ina Civic and Convention Center, which will be connected via skybridge to form the Anchorage Civic & Convention District. The Sullivan Arena hosts sporting events as well concerts and annual trade shows. The Anchorage Football Stadium and Mulcahy Stadium are also noteworthy sports venues
National attention is focused on Anchorage on the first Saturday of each March, when the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race kicks off with its ceremonial start downtown on Fourth Avenue. Anchorage is also home to the Fur Rendezvous Open World Championship Sled Dog Races, a three-day dog sled sprint event consisting of 3 timed races of 25.5 miles (41.0 km) each. Held each February, the event is part of the annual Fur Rendezvous, a winter sports carnival.
Anchorage is the home of two teams in the Alaska Baseball League. The Anchorage Bucs and Anchorage Glacier Pilots both play at Mulcahy Stadium.
Anchorage currently has one professional sports team: the Alaska Aces of hockey's ECHL.
The University of Alaska Anchorage Seawolves are a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. UAA has Division I teams in gymnastics and hockey, as well as several other Division II teams. There are four rugby clubs, including the Bird Creek Barbarians RFC, Anchorage Thunderbirds,[67] Mat Valley Maulers RFC, and Spenard Green Dragons.[68] The season runs from April through September.
The Anchorage Northern Knights gained national attention when they joined the eight-team Eastern Basketball Association in 1977, a league whose nearest competitor was 5,000 miles (8,000 km) from Anchorage. The Knights captured the 1979–80 league championship, and featured several players who would play in the NBA, most notably Brad Davis, a future player and broadcaster for the Dallas Mavericks. They competed in the renamed Continental Basketball Association for five seasons until the economic recession ended their run in 1982.
UAA sponsors the annual Great Alaska Shootout, an annual NCAA Division I basketball tournament featuring colleges and universities from across the United States along with the UAA team. Anchorage is the finish line for the Sadler's Ultra Challenge wheelchair race, and holds the ceremonial start of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race.
The city was the U.S. candidate for hosting the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics, but lost to Albertville, France and Lillehammer, Norway respectively. Anchorage is a premier cross-country skiing city, in terms of density of groomed trails within the urban core. There are 105 miles (169 km) of maintained ski trails in the city, some of which reach downtown. The same trail system also provides access to Chugach State Park, a 495,000-acre (200,000 ha) high alpine park.[69] The Tour of Anchorage is an annual 50-kilometer ski race within the city.[70] and is the Host for the 2009 and 2010 US Senior National Cross Country Ski Championship.[71]
Anchorage is also home to Alaska's first WFTDA flat track women's roller derby league, the Rage City Rollergirls.[72]
Parks and recreation[edit]
Parks, gardens, and wildlife refuges[edit]
- Alaska Native Heritage Center[73]
- The Alaska Botanical Garden contains over 900 species of hardy perennials and 150 native plant species[74]
- Alaska Zoo[75]
- Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center[76]
- Anchorage Coastal Wildlife Refuge
- Delaney Park Strip
- Kincaid Park
- Point Woronzof Park
- Earthquake Park
- Russian Jack Park
- Far North Bicentennial Park
- Flattop Mountain Recreation Area
- Westchester Lagoon/Margaret Eagan Sullivan Park
- Valley of the Moon Park
- Lyn Ary Park
- Pop Carr Park
- Minnesota Park
- Fairview Lions Park
- Roosevelt Park
- Hanna Cove Park
- University Lake Park
- Goose Lake Park
- Conifer Park
- Muldoon Park
- McPhee Park
- Williwaw Park
- Connors Lake Park
- Jewel Lake Park
- Ocean View Park
- Cutty Sark Park
- Taku Lake Park
- Bancroft Park
- Campbell Park
- Meadow Park
- Storck Park
- Forsythe Park
- Charles Smith Park
- Al Miller Memorial Park
- Lloyd Steele and Balto Seppala Parks
- Tikishla Park (which includes the Scotty Gomez Skating Rink)
- Nunaka Valley Park
- Centennial Park
- Sand Lake Park
- De La Vega Park
- Southport Park
- Ocean Bluff Park
- Ruth Arcand Park
- Meadow Park
- Abbott Loop Park
Recreational facilities[edit]
- Arctic Valley Ski Area[77]
- Alyeska Resort[78]
- Hilltop Ski Area[79]
- Kincaid Park[80]
- Tony Knowles Coastal Trail
Government and politics[edit]
Anchorage is governed by an elected mayor and 11-member assembly, with the assistance of a city manager. These positions are non-partisan (as is the case with all municipal elected offices in Alaska), and thus no candidates officially run under any party banner. All eleven members are elected from districts known as sections. Five of the sections elect two members from designated seats, while the remaining section elects one member. Prior to the 1980 United States Census, the single-member section was the one centered around the northern Anchorage communities of Chugiak and Eagle River. Since that census, the area encompassing Downtown Anchorage and surrounding neighborhoods has served as the city's single-member section. The mayor (along with members of the school board) is elected in a citywide vote. In practice, however, the party affiliation and political ideology of major candidates are usually well known, and is highlighted by local media for the purposes of framing debate. The city's current mayor is Dan Sullivan, a registered Republican as well as the son of Anchorage's longest-serving mayor, George M. Sullivan. Along with 7 sister cities in the SCI program, Anchorage has a cultural exchange program with the former Yugoslavia nation of Montenegro.
Anchorage generally leans toward Republican candidates in both state and presidential elections. However, since the establishment of the municipality in 1975, there have been two Democratic mayors (Tony Knowles and Mark Begich) who have been elected to two consecutive terms. Downtown, Girdwood, and much of both the west and east parts of town trend Democratic. However, areas closest to the military bases – including Eagle River – and south Anchorage are the most Republican areas of the Municipality. Midtown is relatively moderate by comparison.
Anchorage-Eagle River sends 16 representatives (currently six Republicans and 10 Democrats) to the 40-member Alaska House of Representatives and eight senators (currently four Republicans and four Democrats) to the 20-member Senate. When seats from the neighboring Mat-Su Borough are added, more than half of the Alaska state legislature comes from the Anchorage metropolitan area. This is often used as an argument in favor of moving the state capital from Juneau to a location in the Anchorage area.
Voting trends show that Downtown Anchorage votes Democratic in large margins, while Spenard, Turnagain/Inlet View, and University/Airport Heights are relatively moderate and swing in elections. The remaining Anchorage area votes Republican.[81]
Public safety[edit]
With a reported strength of 383 sworn officers, the Anchorage Police Department is the largest police department in the state, serving an area of 159 square miles with a population of 300,950.[82] The Fire & EMS Operations Division of the Anchorage Fire Department (AFD) includes thirteen fire stations with over 300 personnel covering three rotating 24-hour shifts. Additionally, there are volunteer fire departments in Girdwood and Chugiak and fire departments on Elmendorf Air Force Base and Fort Richardson, as well as the Airport Police and Fire Department.[83]
Violent crimes[nb 2] per 100,000 pop. |
Property crimes[nb 3] per 100,000 pop. |
Anchorage[84] | 837.7 | 3,518.0 |
Alaska[85] | 638.8 | 2,852.5 |
U.S. cities, pop. 100,000–249,999[86] |
519.6 | 3,846.8 |
U.S. cities, pop. 250,000–499,999[86] |
757.7 | 4,216.6 |
U.S. total[85] | 403.6 | 2,941.9 |
Source: FBI Uniform Crime Reports
In 2010, Anchorage reported 837.7 violent crimes per 100,000 population and 3,518.0 property crimes per 100,000 population (see table). Anchorage's crime rate, both for violent and property crimes, is higher than for Alaska as a whole or for the U.S. as a whole. When compared with U.S. cities of similar size, Anchorage has a slightly higher rate of violent crime and a slightly lower rate of property crime. Anchorage, and Alaska in general, have very high rates of sexual assault in comparison with the rest of the country, with Anchorage's annual rate of forcible rapes over 3 times as high as for the U.S. as a whole. In 2010, the rate of rape for Anchorage was 90.9 per 100,000 population,[84] while the U.S. rate was 27.5 per 100,000 population.[85] Alaska Natives are victimized at a much higher rate than their representation in the population.[87]
The Anchorage Community Survey, a public survey conducted in 2004–2005 by the Justice Center at University of Alaska Anchorage, found that overall, Anchorage residents are fairly satisfied with the performance of the Anchorage Police Department.[88] Most survey respondents perceived the justice system to be "somewhat effective" or "very effective" at apprehending and prosecuting criminal suspects, bringing about just outcomes, and reducing crime.[89]
Federal representation[edit]
The United States Postal Service operates the Anchorage Main Post Office on the grounds of Ted Stevens International Airport.[90] In addition the service operates other post offices in Anchorage.
The National Transportation Safety Board operates the Anchorage Field Office in Anchorage; it is the regional headquarters of the NTSB Aviation Alaska Region.[91]
Public education in Anchorage, Eagle River, Chugiak, Fort Richardson and Elmendorf Air Force Base is managed by the Anchorage School District, the 87th largest district in the United States, with nearly 50,000 students attending 98 schools.[92] There are also a number of choices in private education, including both religious and non-denominational schools.
Anchorage has four higher-education facilities that offer bachelor's or master's degrees: the University of Alaska Anchorage,[93] Alaska Pacific University, Charter College,[94] and the Anchorage campus of Texas-based Wayland Baptist University. The University of Alaska Fairbanks also has a small Center for Distance Education downtown. Other continuing education facilities in Anchorage include the Grainger Leadership Institute, Nine Star Enterprises, CLE International, Nana Worksafe, and PackBear DBA Barr & Co.
Ninety percent of Anchorage's adults have high-school diplomas, 65 percent have attended one to three years of college, and 17 percent hold advanced degrees.[citation needed]
Anchorage's leading newspaper is the Alaska Dispatch News,[95] a citywide daily newspaper. Other newspapers include the Alaska Star,[96] serving primarily Chugiak and Eagle River, the Anchorage Press,[97] a free weekly covering mainly cultural topics, and The Northern Light,[98] the student newspaper of the University of Alaska Anchorage. Anchorage's major network television affiliates are KTUU 2 (NBC), KTBY 4 (Fox), KYES 5 (MyNetworkTV), KAKM 7 (PBS), KTVA 11 (CBS), KYUR 13 (ABC/CW), and KDMD 33 (Ion/Telemundo). Anchorage is one hour behind the Pacific Time Zone, and receives the same network feed as the West Coast. Weekday primetime runs from 7 to 10 pm. Effectively, programs are viewed at the same local hour as those in the Central Time Zone. The city's only cable television provider is General Communication, Inc. (GCI). However, Dish Network and DirecTV offer satellite television service in Anchorage and the surrounding area.
There are many radio stations in Anchorage; see List of radio stations in Alaska for more information.
Health and utilities[edit]
Providence Alaska Medical Center on Providence Drive in Anchorage is the largest hospital in Alaska and is part of Providence Health & Services in Alaska, Washington, Oregon and California. It features the state's most comprehensive range of services. Providence Health System has a history of serving Alaska, beginning when the Sisters of Providence first brought health care to Nome in 1902. As the territory grew during the following decades, so did efforts to provide care. Hospitals were opened in Fairbanks in 1910 and Anchorage in 1937.
Alaska Regional Hospital on DeBarr Road in Anchorage opened in 1958 as Anchorage Presbyterian Hospital, located downtown at 825 L Street (now home to the municipal health department). This predecessor to Alaska Regional was a joint venture between local physicians and the Presbyterian Church. In 1976 the hospital moved to its present location on DeBarr Road, and is now a 254-bed licensed and accredited facility. Alaska Regional has expanded services and in 1994, Alaska Regional joined with HCA, one of the nation's largest healthcare providers.
Alaska Native Medical Center located on Tudor Road, provides medical care and therapeutic health care to Alaska natives – 229 tribes – at the Anchorage site and at 15 satellite facilities throughout the state. ANMC specialists also travel to clinics in the Bush to provide care. The 150-bed hospital is also a teaching center for the University of Washington's regional medical education program. ANMC houses an office of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium and Southcentral Foundation jointly own and manage ANMC.
The Municipal Light & Power (ML&P) and Chugach Electric Association provide electricity to the city. A municipally owned utility since 1932, ML&P supplies electric power to more than 30,000 residential and commercial customers in the Anchorage area. Chugach Electric Association is a not-for-profit, member-owned cooperative that was formed in 1948.
Most homes have natural gas-fueled heat. ENSTAR Natural Gas Company is the sole provider for Anchorage, servicing some 90-percent of the city's population.
The Municipality of Anchorage owns and operates the Anchorage Water and Wastewater Utility, serving some 55,000 customer accounts with water from the glacier-influenced Eklutna Lake. Anchorage Municipal Solid Waste Services and Anchorage Refuse conduct trash removal in the city depending on location.
There is one numbered state highway in Anchorage, Alaska Route 1. Southbound from the Fairview neighborhood, it is known as the Seward Highway, connecting Anchorage to the Kenai Peninsula. Eastbound from the Mountain View neighborhood and then northerly through and beyond Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson and Eagle River, it is known as the Glenn Highway. Within the city center, Alaska Route 1 is known as Gambell and Ingra Streets, and East Fifth and East Sixth Avenues. With the exception of the Portage Glacier Highway and Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, which connects the Alaska Marine Highway and Whittier to the Seward Highway, there is no other road access to Anchorage. A portion of the Seward Highway, approximately 10 miles (16 km) long and stretching from 36th Avenue in midtown Anchorage to 154th Avenue near Potter Marsh, is built to freeway standards.
The Glenn Highway carries commuter traffic to and from Eagle River, Chugiak, and the Matanuska-Susitna Valley cities of Palmer and Wasilla. It also leads further to connect to the Richardson Highway and Tok Cut-Off, with further connections to the contiguous North American highway system via the Alaska Highway. Beginning as a six-lane expressway near Merrill Field and becoming a freeway near the Northway Mall (as well as being formally designated the Glenn Highway as opposed to East Fifth Avenue at this point), the highway reduces to four lanes where it crosses the Eagle River. After leaving municipal limits, the freeway crosses the Knik and Matanuska Rivers as well as the Palmer Hay Flats State Game Refuge before coming to an interchange with the George Parks Highway (Alaska Route 3). The interchange, completed in 2004, continues the freeway along the Parks Highway. The freeway ends in the eastern reaches of Wasilla city limits; the Parks Highway continues to Fairbanks. The Glenn Highway becomes a two-lane highway shortly beyond this interchange. Part of Alaska Route 1, as well as parts of other Alaska state highways, are eligible for federal funding under the Interstate Highway System.
Another major road in Anchorage is the Walter J. Hickel Expressway, known locally to most residents as Minnesota Drive (as well as O'Malley Road, after the expressway curves eastward). Starting at the southern end of the J/L Street couplet at 15th Avenue, the couplet merges and becomes Minnesota Drive, which passes underneath Hillcrest Drive and heads south through the Spenard neighborhood. (The overpass has a southbound exit ramp only, and a northbound on-ramp that extends from the intersection of Spenard Road and Hillcrest Drive. This onramp used to be the original alignment of Spenard Road as it proceeded into the downtown area; now it is just a one lane, one-way road, with one intersection with 19th Avenue, before merging with northbound Minnesota Drive.) South of Tudor Road, Minnesota Drive becomes a freeway, with interchanges with International Airport Road, Raspberry Road, Strawberry Road (southbound exit only), Dimond Boulevard, and 100th Avenue. After the 100th Avenue interchange, Minnesota Drive curves east and becomes O'Malley Road. After the curve, O'Malley Road has one interchange (C Street) before it comes to an at-grade intersection with Old Seward Highway, where the Expressway designation ends and O'Malley Road continues as a local road. Immediately beyond that, O'Malley Road passes through a diamond interchange, providing access to Seward Highway/Alaska Route 1. If one were to continue on O'Malley Road beyond Seward Highway, they would eventually pass by the Alaska Zoo.
Highway to Highway[edit]
On and off since the 1960s, the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities, in coordination with the Federal Highway Administration and the Municipality of Anchorage (or the lineal predecessors of those entities), have been exploring the concept of a roadway connecting the endpoints of the Seward and Glenn highways. The project is called "Highway to Highway", and the most recent concept for this project is that of a "trenched" freeway through the heart of Anchorage.
Highway to Highway is included in the 2005 Long Range Transportation Plan, and would cost at least $575 million (2005 dollars) – by far the largest urban infrastructure project in Alaska's history. The project is currently undergoing development of the Environmental Impact Statement as required by NEPA for all federal highway projects. This scoping process will cost around $18 million and will take approximately 3 years; expected to be completed by 2011.
Public transit[edit]
Anchorage has a bus system called People Mover,[99] with a central hub in downtown Anchorage and satellite hubs at Dimond Center and Muldoon Mall. The People Mover provides carpool organization services. The public paratransit service known as AnchorRides provides point-to-point accessible transportation services to seniors and those who experience disabilities.
The Alaska Railroad offers year-round freight service along the length of its rail system between Seward (the southern terminus of the system), Fairbanks (the northern terminus of the system), and Whittier (a deep water, ice-free port). Daily passenger service is available during summer (May 15 – September 15), but is reduced to one round-trip per week between Anchorage and Fairbanks during the winter.[100][101][102] Passenger terminals exist at Talkeetna, Denali National Park, Fairbanks, and other places. These communities are also served by bus line from Anchorage. The Ship Creek Shuttle connects downtown with the Ship Creek area, including stops at the Alaska Railroad depot.
Anchorage also is currently conducting a feasibility study on a commuter rail and light rail system.[103][104] For the commuter rail system, Anchorage would use existing Alaska Railroad tracks to provide service to Whittier, Palmer, Seward, Wasilla, and Eagle River.
Air transport[edit]
The Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, 6 miles (9.7 km) south of downtown Anchorage, is the airline hub for the state, served by many national and international airlines, including Seattle-based Alaska Airlines as well as many intrastate airlines and charter air services. The airport is the primary international air freight gateway in the nation. By weight, five percent of the value of all United States international air cargo moved through Anchorage in 2008.[105] Next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is Lake Hood Seaplane Base, the largest Seaplane Base in the world. Merrill Field, a general aviation airport on the edge of downtown, was the 87th-busiest airport in the nation in 2010.[106] There are also ten smaller private (mostly Department Of Transportation) general aviation airports within the city limits.[107]
Sister cities[edit]
Sister cities[108] |
Chitose, Japan |
Darwin, Australia |
Incheon, South Korea |
Magadan, Russia |
Tromsø, Norway |
Whitby, United Kingdom |
See also[edit]
- Anchorage (song) by singer Michelle Shocked.
- List of aerospace museums
- List of tallest buildings in Anchorage
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Anchorage, Alaska
- ^ a b In an average winter, the first snow happens in mid-October and begins to thaw in mid-March, but snow can sometimes be present until the end of April. The high temperature would usually drop below freezing at the beginning of November. The average first frost happens during the first half of September and the average last frost happens during the second half of May. In March 2002, a record snow storm, 26.7 inches, hit Anchorage."Temperature Records for Anchorage Alaska". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
- ^ Includes of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
- ^ Includes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
- ^ "Anchorage Assembly". Municipality of Anchorage. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
- ^ "Community: Anchorage". Community Database Online. Juneau: Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development, Division of Community and Regional Affairs. February 11, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
- ^ "2010 Census Urban Area List". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
- ^ a b c "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-09-11.
- ^ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas". U.S. Census Bureau. September 11, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
- ^ http://home.earthlink.net/~esquared/alaska/geogrphy.htm
- ^ http://smartgrowthamerica.org/documents/case-studies/anchorage_casestudy.pdf
- ^ http://dnr.alaska.gov/parks/units/chugach/
- ^ http://news.van.fedex.com/files/FedEx%20Express%20Hub%20in%20Anchorage.pdf
- ^ "National Civil League All-America winners by state". National Civic League. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
- ^ "Top 10 Tax-Friendly Cities". Kiplinger. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
- ^ a b "Community Database Online, Anchorage". Alaska Division of Community and Regional Affairs. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2014. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
- ^ a b c "The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964". Geophysical Institute, UAF. Alaska Earthquake Information Center. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Historic Earthquakes, Prince William Sound, Alaska". USGS. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article.php?artID=406
- ^ Danger Stalks the Land: Alaskan Tales of Death and Survival By Larry Kaniut – St. Martins Press 1999 – Page 2-6 and 287–291
- ^ "Moose Stomps Man to Death on College Campus". Associated Press.
- ^ "Alaska Highway Drives from Anchorage". Alaska.org. Archived from the original on September 20, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Living with Wildlife in Anchorage: a Cooperative Planning Effort". State of Alaska. April 2000. Archived from the original on January 5, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
- ^ "North Side wolf pack attacks, kills dogs". Anchorage Daily News. December 11, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
- ^ "Fireweed: Countdown to Winter". Human Flower Project. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ a b c "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ a b "Record-breaking Snowfall in Anchorage". ktuu.com. 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2012-06-09.
- ^ "Snowfall Records for Anchorage Alaska". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
- ^ "For November, December, and January, average monthly percent possible sunshine (the hours of direct sunlight experienced, divided by the possible hours of sunlight for the location) is below 35%". Climate.umn.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-15."For an explanation of the concept "percent possible sunlight". Data Through 2005 Average Percent Possible Sunshine at National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved November 20, 2006.
- ^ "Mt. Spurr's 1992 Eruptions". Alaska Volcano Observatory. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
- ^ The office is located at 61°09′22″N 149°59′02″W / 61.1562°N 149.9840°W, just south of the airport grounds. Anchorage weather data were recorded at Merrill Field from February 1916 to January 1953 and at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport from February 1953 to January 1998; the data have been recorded at the NWS office since February 1998.
- ^ "Station Name: AK ANCHORAGE FRCST OFC". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for Anchorage, AK". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
- ^ "Climatological Normals of Anchorage". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
- ^ "Station Name: AK ANCHORAGE INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
- ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
- ^ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 1.
- ^ "Anchorage Municipality, Alaska". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau.
- ^ a b c d "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ From 15% sample
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
- ^ a b "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
- ^ "Anchorage (municipality) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Quickfacts.census.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau". FactFinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
- ^ "About the Anchorage School District - Languages our students speak". ASD Online - Anchorage School District. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
- ^ "Anchorage Municipality County, Alaska". Modern Language Association. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
- ^ "North Slope National Petroleum Reserva Alaska 2008/2009 Exploration Drilling Program." ConocoPhillips Alaska. November 2008. Page 1 (1/8). Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- ^ "Contact Us." Alaska Central Express. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
- ^ "Contact Us." Era Aviation. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
- ^ "Contact Us." Hageland Aviation Services. Retrieved on November 3, 2009.
- ^ "Contact Us." PenAir. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
- ^ "The Alaska Airlines Foundation." Alaska Airlines. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
- ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. March 22–28, 1995. 761.
- ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. March 30, 1985. 111." Retrieved July 23, 2009.
- ^ "About Us" at the Wayback Machine (archived August 27, 1999) Reeve Aleutian Airways. August 27, 1998. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
- ^ "Best Places For Business and Careers - Forbes". Forbes. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- ^ "Alaska Taxable 2008" (PDF). Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development. January 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ "Alaska Native Heritage Center". Alaskanative.net. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Alaska Museum of Natural History". Alaskamuseum.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "The Anchorage Museum at Rasmuson Center". Anchoragemuseum.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "The Imaginarium!". The Imaginarium!. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "anchoragehistoric.org". anchoragehistoric.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ Alaskan Heritage Museum Wells Fargo. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
- ^ "Home". Thunderbirds.20m.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Parks and Recreation". Muni.org. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
- ^ "Tour of Anchorage". Tour of Anchorage. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "2009 and 2010 US Cross Country Ski Championships in Anchorage Alaska". Anchoragenordicski.com. September 28, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
- ^ "Anchorage, Alaska's Premier Roller Derby League!". Rage City Rollergirls. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
- ^ "Alaska Native Heritage Centre – Home website". Alaskanative.net. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Alaska Botanical Garden". Alaskabg.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Alaska Zoo Home Page". Alaskazoo.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center". Alaskawildlife.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Ski Hotline 907-428-1208 | Arctic Valley Ski Hotline 907-428-1208". skiarctic.com.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Alaska Ski Vacation Resorts – Alyeska gets top ratings!". Alyeskaresort.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Hilltop Ski Area – Home Page". Hilltopskiarea.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "ParkDistrictSW". Muni.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "2008 Presidential Election Results by House District in Alaska". USA Election Atlas. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
- ^ "Table 78 (Alaska). Full-Time Law Enforcement Employees by State by City, 2008." Retrieved on December 11, 2009.[dead link]
- ^ Anchorage Fire Department official website. Retrieved on April 2, 2007.
- ^ a b Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2010). "Table 8 (Alaska). Offenses Known to Law Enforcement." Uniform Crime Reports. FBI. Retrieved on August 10, 2012.
- ^ a b c Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2010). "Table 4. Crime in the United States, by Region, Geographic Division, and State, 2009–2010." Crime in the United States 2010. Retrieved on August 10, 2012.
- ^ a b Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2010). "Table 16. Rate: Number of Crimes per 100,000 Inhabitants by Population Group, 2005." Retrieved on August 10, 2012.
- ^ Rosay, André. (Winter 2004). "Forcible Rapes and Sexual Assaults in Anchorage." Alaska Justice Forum 20(4): 1, 9–11. Retrieved on April 2, 2007.
- ^ Myrstol, Brad A. (Summer 2005). "Making the Grade? Public Evaluation of Police Performance in Anchorage." Alaska Justice Forum 22(2): 5–10. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
- ^ Justice Center, University of Alaska Anchorage. (Fall 2005). "Anchorage Attitudes Toward Justice System." Alaska Justice Forum 22(3): 8.
- ^ "Post Office Location - Anchorage Main Office." United States Postal Service. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- ^ "Regional Offices: Aviation." National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- ^ GreatSchools. "Anchorage School District". Retrieved June 19, 2011.
- ^ "University of Alaska Anchorage". Uaa.alaska.edu. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Charter College Virtual Library". Chartercollege.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "adn.com". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ "Alaska Star". Alaska Star. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ "Anchorage Press". Anchorage Press. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ "The Northern Light". The Northern Light. Archived from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ "Muni.org". Muni.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "The Alaska Railroad – Route Map". Akrr.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "The Alaska Railroad – Freight Services". Akrr.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "The Alaska Railroad – Fares/Schedules". Akrr.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Clean Alaska Transportation Project". Ses.uaa.alaska.edu. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ Anchorage Daily News Report, June 14, 2008[dead link]
- ^ Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, Alaska—Air Freight Gateway Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
- ^ Merrill Field Airport Organization Chart, 2012 Retrieved August 10, 2012.
- ^ "Airports in Anchorage Alaska". Airnav.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Home > Sister Cities > Homepage". Municipal of Anchorage. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved 2015-01-16.
Further reading[edit]
- Preston Jones. City For Empire: An Anchorage History, 1914-1941 (University of Alaska Press, 2010) 214 pages
External links[edit]
Definitions from Wiktionary | |
Media from Commons | |
News stories from Wikinews | |
Quotations from Wikiquote | |
Source texts from Wikisource | |
Textbooks from Wikibooks | |
Travel guide from Wikivoyage | |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
- The Municipality of Anchorage
- Borough map: Alaska Department of Labor
- The Anchorage Convention and Visitors Bureau
- Anchorage, Alaska at DMOZ
- Anchorage travel guide from Wikivoyage


text:
I have a few questions regarding this tree, hopefully you experts can help me decipher the problem. (I am not a beginner to Banana trees, I had a Musa Manzano before and it grew very well indoors. However, it only had one tree trunk. This one has tons of grown up pups almost as big as their mom!)
The leaves on my Musa Basjoo are browning in spots. Several of the leaves are broken on the stem near the part where they shoot off from the trunk, others are broken in the center of the leaf on the stem. I want to know... whats going on? Is it dying? Or maybe going dormant? It seems to early for it to go dormant. I know this is much more of a cold hardy banana tree, and I am in Northern/Central California. This month we average 84F degrees by day and about 58F by night. Next month it will be in the 70's by day (avg) and low 50's by night. Here are some reasons I think it might be doing this, but I am not an expert and I was hoping if you looked at the pics you could help me:
So I was thinking that maybe to remedy this problem I could pot up to a much larger pot. Would transplanting at this time be unsafe as I will have to soon protect it from dying in the winter? Or is it unwise not to move it up to a new pot for this size pot might cause it to strangle itself? Also, is it too late in the year to divide? A woman at the nursery said I need to wait for the plant to go dormant before potting up or dividing so as not to shock the plant. However, I only showed her images on my camera and as I didnt see any musa basjoo at her nursery I assumed perhaps I should seek second opinions. What should I do for success? It doesnt appear to have declined too much since I brought it home, but I do think it needs something. And I water it when the soil is dry down to 1.5" of soil, which is like every day. I pour enough water on it so the soil is saturated through and it is a very well draining mix. Its neither over nor underwatered in my opinion and I have not had any troubles with plants dying on me for that reason for a long time now. PLEASE ADVISE so I can perk this charming tree up! Or if not, prepare it for colder months.
Follow-Up Postings:
The only problem I see is the pot. Put it in the ground, it will do much better and get much larger. Bananas in my experience do not like pots. If you are going to keep it in a pot, go much, much, much, much larger. I think with your climate it will be fine if you repot now. Just don't fertilize and water, water, water. |
- Posted by tophersmith 7b (My Page) on Tue, Sep 23, 08 at 21:13
Over crowded, when you remove them from the pot try seperating 2 of the pups of the sides. |
Well I do plan to keep it in a pot. I live in an apartment and all I have is a very spacious balcony :) I was planning on putting it in the largest plastic pot I can find for now... I found one at the store! Tophersmith- you say try to divide the plant into (2 pups in one pot and the rest with the mom in the other?) I can always keep one inside this winter for insurance, but in zone 9a, I really don't think overwintering with such a hardy banana should be too much of a daunting task :) |
- Posted by miraclegrower 6a (My Page) on Sun, Sep 28, 08 at 0:17
Some great advise already. I would get a bright light and check the underside of the leaves for mites. These tiny animals are the size of the sharp end of a pin. Look carefully under each leaf. Indoor potted bananas usually are attacked because of the ideal environment. They tend to suck the sap from the leaves, weakening the plant, slow growth, leave droop, leaf drop, death of plant. If you find them, wipe off with warm moist rag,rinse well. Or gently spray with hose under the leaves. Other than that, a transplant into a larger pot would be beneficial. |
Please Note: Only registered members are able to post messages to this forum. If you are a member, please log in. If you aren't yet a member, join now!
Return to the Banana Forum
Information about Posting
- You must be logged in to post a message. Once you are logged in, a posting window will appear at the bottom of the messages. If you are not a member, please register for an account.
- Please review our Rules of Play before posting.
- Posting is a two-step process. Once you have composed your message, you will be taken to the preview page. You will then have a chance to review your post, make changes and upload photos.
- After posting your message, you may need to refresh the forum page in order to see it.
- Before posting copyrighted material, please read about Copyright and Fair Use.
- We have a strict no-advertising policy!
- If you would like to practice posting or uploading photos, please visit our Test forum.
- If you need assistance, please Contact Us and we will be happy to help.
Learn more about in-text links on this page here

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A native of Bradley County, Carroll is a veteran of the U.S. Marines. He is also a former 6th District Bradley County constable.
Carroll has attended the Sheriff's Office in-serve training and has assisted the TWRA in giving hunter safety courses.
Carroll has worked closely with local agencies, including the 10th Judicial Drug Task Force, the Bradley County Sheriff's Office, the Cleveland Police Department and the Tennessee Wildlife Resource Agency.
Carroll noted, "Our constable in the 1st District, Donnie Hughes is retiring this year and the office must be filled with someone trustworthy with the experience to do the job.
"I would appreciate your vote," Carroll said.


text:
| Home | Advertise with Us | Circulation | Contact Us | About Us | Send a Letter to the Editor |
...send me a commission
Well fans,the Vikes now have a two year December tradition of meeting and thumping that seasons NFC Super Bowl representative. They are doing something right, apparently, but not entirely right. As badly as the Cardinals stumbled at the end of the regular season, first against Minnesota and then the Patriots, it was a poor bet that they would survive the initial wild card round of the playoffs. Now they will play the Steelers for the coveted Super Bowl rings in a domed stadium favoring offense.
Suddenly Kurt Warner, Larry Fitzgerald, and Edgerrin James look like the unstoppable offensive juggernaut of Warner, Isaac Bruce, and Torry Holt of the St. Louis Rams six or eight years ago when the current thinking was that no defense in the league could slow them down. They won the one Super Bowl and then were defeated only by the superior magic of the ascending New England Patriots dynasty.
Now, it looks like they have the improbable mojo to beat Mike Tomlins superior Steeler defense in a championship that will signify that offense is once more getting the upper hand over defense around the league. It has made NFL football more interesting that, recently, late-peaking teams like the Giants, the Steelers of a few years back, and now the Cardinals have derailed the obvious favorites at seasons end.
I thought that the Eagles would beat Arizona with a tough defense that supposedly wins in the playoffs, but the Cards jumped all over them with a dynamite attack, while Donovan McNabb played tight and scatter-armed until it was just too late in the second half. Still, he would have won it for Philadelphia if his defense could have held one more time in the fourth quarter. It will always be a black mark in Andy Reids resume that he took his timeout on third down and let the Cards think about a TD play rather than just grabbing the field goal. Now we know where the Chiller learned his canny, unflappable field generalship.
At the Super Bowl, two weeks hence, there is no doubt that the Cards are destinys darling. Dont you wish you had bet upon them back in September? The two best athletes on the field will be Cards wideout, Larry Fitzgerald, and Steelers safety Troy Polamalu. Count on Fitzgerald to take the ball away from Polamalu rather than vice-versa, and Kurt Warner to get the ball to him. Bet lots of money on the Cards and send me a commission.
Talk back! Tell us what you think of this years teams. What would you do if you were in charge?
Go to winonapost.com, click on Football Forum to discuss this years season.


text:
Don't Let a Natural Disaster Take You by Surprise
Whether or not you're being impacted by Hurricane Sandy this week, take this as reminder to make sure you have an emergency kit and an emergency plan in place with your family.
Take a look at what you should have in your stash with our emergency supplies checklist. Then, to make sure your family is truly prepared, pick a low-key weekend to do a dry run. Turn off all the lights and unplug and turn off your phones. Don't use the refrigerator, stove, or any other appliances and see how well you could get along. That way you'll be ready in the event of an actual emergency.
Get more tips on emergency preparedness.


text:
Select () or exclude () categories to narrow your recipe search.
As you select categories, the number of matching recipes will update.
Find exactly what you're looking for with the web's most powerful recipe filtering tool.
Sort by: Date | Rating | Most Helpful
"This recipe isn't very good-you forgot to let us know when and where to add the sugar (so it doesn't get added anywhere, although you have it listed) and you leave out the rise times. I know it says 4 1/2 hours prep time, so one could probably safely assume a rise time of one hour each time, but what if you DON'T use rapid rise yeast?? Then what? ..."


text:
Rocky Balboa on DVD
by Webmaster. Average Reading Time: less than a minute.
Rocky Balboa comes to DVD on March 20th 2007. The DVD will feature a commentary by Sylvester Stallone, deleted scenes including an alternate ending, and three featurettes. They are: 'Skill vs Will: The Making of Rocky Balboa', 'Reality in the Ring: Filming Rocky's Final Fight' and 'Virtual Champion: Creating the Computer Fight.'


text:
PDT Means / PDT Definition / PDT Acronym
In this website you will find the meaning of PDT (PDT abbreviation/slang/acronym/terms/netspeak)
PDT is an abbreviation, acronym or slang term that is listed on this website were we have compiled a list with the this definition and more.
Do You Want to Know What does PDT mean?
Now you know that PDT is Pacific Daylight Time
Do You Know What is PDT?
PDT is Pacific Daylight Time
The Meaning of PDT
PDT Means Pacific Daylight Time


text:
Remember Me
Five Minutes Or Less For Health Widget. Flash Player 9 is required.
Mission Statement:
The central purpose and role of the Northampton County Health Department is defined as:
"Promote, provide, and protect the health and safety of the citizens of Northampton County."
"A culturally sensitive health organization providing quality services yielding improved health outcomes."
"Your thoughts matter to us"
Northampton County Local Government is a Smoke-Free/Tobacco-Free government entity as of January 4, 2013.
Tobacco-Free Ordinance


text:
Thanks everybody for being so sweet! Back really quick to reply to a couple of you:
You're so right heitea! We will miss you.. I wish the best for you, good luck to your marriage, career and of course skin! Forgive me if i stressed you with that food talk we had, i was only mentioning some of those that i have read here..
You didn't stress me out at all maria! It was lovely talking to you! I loved following your thread!
I can't help but feel you may be talking about me here, a bit. I think being matter of fact is the only fair way to approach the issues we face. We can't hide from what is our reality. That said my intention was never to be mean or to offend anyone. I'm very much a sympathetic person (I'm going through it!) to everyone here, which is perhaps why I might get a bit angry with them sometimes. I almost feel a sibling-like relationship with everyone here, since we're all going through the same bullshit that has massively affected or lives (or that we let affect our lives...but I do not think the way we let it affect our lives is voluntary). That's why I respond to people that way. While I disagree that we're just "arguing online" here, if you feel you have to get your head right for a very large life commitment, I say do what makes you feel most comfortable. If leaving makes you feel most comfortable, then by all means...
I think you've made quite good progress. I don't really think you need to be here, anyway. Still, your contributions were always valid and sound, and you were honest about your improvements and backed them up with evidence. For that I have to say you are a rare type of person on this board. One person I will actually remember. That's why I searched your name and found this thread. And that's why I feel it's unfortunate you've got to go. I suppose though as we get older there are bigger, grander, and more boring things to worry about. But I think you'll think about your time here every now and again. It's impossible to be in this the way you were and not even think about it sometimes. Sounds like a meaningful chapter to close. Good luck with your life. Do everyone around you a favor and just live it.
I wasn't talking about you Just a general statement, but thank you for understanding! I may be back to update about my basic training experience in a few months, but it won't be a long-term stay. I know there are some people who want to know what it's like to have acne in the military, so I'd like to let them know. Anyway, off to "just live my life" in favor of others... *joking sarcasm!*


text:
Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER)
Useful Links
Principles and Methods of Comparative Effectiveness Research
The development of this course was funded by an American Recovery & Reinvestment Act (ARRA) administrative supplement awarded to the University of California, Davis parent CTSA grant (UL1 RR024146) from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research.
The course, taught in four modules comprising 22 lessons, is taught by CHPR Director Joy Melnkow and other UC Davis faculty, and may be taken free of charge.
Other Useful Links
Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)
AHRQ Effective Health Care (Main Page)
How to Get Involved in the Effective Health Care (EHC) Program: A Concise Guide for Stakeholders
HHS.Gov: Comparative Effectiveness Research Funding
NIH Implementation Plan for CER
AHRQ Implementation Plan for CER
NEJM Comparative Effectiveness and Healthcare Reform
Federal Coordinating Council for Compative Effectiveness Report


text:
Tactically Speaking
The Official Website takes an in-depth look at how Norwich City could line up on Saturday, while also focusing on Guy Demel's outstanding defensive contribution for West Ham United.
West Ham United
With a trip to Carrow Road looming, WhoScored.com believe Norwich City's indifferent goal return this season and recent history between both sides could result in another clean sheet for West Ham United.
The Hammers are unbeaten in their last five competitive meetings with the Canaries and will be looking to continue that fine run of form on Saturday. The resolute defence will once again be expected to play a crucial role in the encounter, with the team yet to concede a goal from open play in five Barclays Premier League matches away from home this season.
Up against a Norwich team which has scored six goals in ten league matches so far, West Ham will hope to ensure that as little trouble as possible is posed to Jussi Jaaskeläinen. No team has scored fewer goals in England's top tier this season than Chris Hughton's side, with the Canaries boasting the worst chance conversion rate (4.8%) in the division.
Moreover, with the Hammers keeping six clean sheets in total this season and four of those coming away from home, Norwich face an uphill struggle to find a way past the West Ham backline. Norwich are also coming off the back of a 7-0 drubbing at the hands of Manchester City last weekend
West Ham, meanwhile, secured a positive result in the two Premier League meetings with Norwich last season; a 0-0 draw at Carrow Road followed by a 2-1 win at the Boleyn Ground.
Evidently, Norwich found it statistically impossible to break down the steadfast West Ham defence and it is expected to be a similar story when the Hammers make the trip to Norfolk. According to WhoScored.com's statistically calculated ratings, four of West Ham's top six performers this season operate in defence as a result of their impressive collective displays.
Guy Demel is one of those and he is tipped to impress once again this weekend. The Hammers are yet to concede in an away game in the Premier League in which he has started and while regular centre-back pairing Winston Reid (7.52) and James Tomkins (7.16) have both have a higher WhoScored.com rating than Demel (6.94) this term, the Ivorian has proven that he is a key member of the West Ham starting XI.
Demel concedes just 0.4 fouls per game, despite making two tackles per game, showing he is concentrated in his defensive work and does not give away many free-kicks in dangerous positions. Demel also makes an average of 2.5 clearances and 1.3 interceptions per game, helping his side's defensive cause.
Combined with Norwich's impotence in front of goal, another away clean sheet for the Hammers is a possible outcome in the encounter. West Ham have, defensively, performed exceptionally well this season and they can be confident of keeping the Canaries grounded.
*WhoScored.com is a website and one of the fastest growing in the sports industry, specialising in the in-depth analysis of detailed football data. Follow @WhoScored on Twitter.
Norwich City
Possible starting XI
Martin Turner Bassong Olsson
Snodgrass Howson Fer Johnson Pilkington
Norwich City manager Chris Hughton will be tempted to ring the changes following a difficult week.
Hughton saw his side thrashed 4-0 at Manchester United in the Capital One Cup fourth round before going down 7-0 at Manchester City in the Barclays Premier League last weekend.
While the Canaries boss will be desperate to score a vital victory, both for the club and for his own personal position, the former West Ham United defender is likely to stick with his tried and tested 4-5-1 formation.
Defensively, Norwich play a compact style, with a bank of four defenders protected by five hard-working midfield players.
On the attack, the full-backs will look to join in as Norwich switch to a 3-4-3 formation, with wide midfielders Robert Snodgrass and Anthony Pilkington pushing up to support the central striker.
As for Norwich's playing style, they like to get the ball wide to their over-lapping full-backs and midfielders who can both cross or shoot from outside the penalty area.
Up front, if Gary Hooper leads the line, he is a hard-working striker who can convert chances or play with his back to goal and bring others into the action.
Personnel-wise, England international John Ruddy will start in goal. A physically-imposing yet agile figure, Ruddy appears to have been born to be a goalkeeper. His most impressive asset is his shot-stopping.
At the back, right-back Russell Martin is a strong, all-action defender who likes to get forward - as was shown by his goal at the Boleyn Ground last season. On the opposite flank, Sweden international Martin Olsson is quicker and more mobile, but maybe does not possess quite the same quality in possession as Martin.
The centre-back positions may be up for grabs after last weekend's loss at the Etihad. Michael Turner and Sebastien Bassong were the pair who started that game. Turner is an archetypal centre-back - tall and strong in the air and in the tackle - while Cameroon international Bassong is an athletic, quick and mobile defender who likes to mark his forward tightly. Both make just shy of six clearances each per game.
Should either be dropped, Ryan Bennett could deputise. The former Grimsby Town and Peterborough United player is strong in the air but maybe lacks a bit of mobility on the ground.
Norwich's two recent defeats were both suffered following the loss of influential Norwegian defensive midfielder Alex Tettey to an ankle injury that will rule him out until 2014. Into his boots has stepped one of Norwich's large band of former Leeds United players, Bradley Johnson, who is likely to be named as one of three central midfielders alongside fellow ex-Leeds man Jonny Howson and Dutchman Leroy Fer.
Johnson is a powerful left-sided midfielder who can create and score goals, while Howson is a more mobile box-to-box player who is also Norwich's top Barclays Premier League scorer with two goals. Fer, who joined Norwich in the summer, is the defensive midfielder in the formation, using his strong physique to break up play - he makes a team-high three tackles per game - and find his team-mates with low-risk passes - hence his 86.1 per cent completion rate. Fer is also capable of joining the attack on occasion.
In wide areas, Snodgrass will play on the right but is left-footed. The Scotland international possesses real quality with the ball at his feet and can deliver threating set pieces, while in open play he is elusive enough to create space to get crosses and shots away. Likewise, Pilkington is a right-footer playing on the left. A strong runner with the ball who is also decent in the air, he can create goals and also pop up in the opposition penalty area to score them himself
Should Hughton opt to change his midfield, the versatile Scot Steven Whittaker could play wide on the right, while the young creative player Nathan Redmond is an option on the left, Experienced Irishman Wes Hoolahan could also be involved. It is perhaps telling that Redmond (17) and Snodgrass (15) have both unleashed more shots on goal than any of Norwich's forwards this season.
Up front, Hooper has been the preferred option for Hughton for the majority of this season, but Norwich have options other than the former Celtic man.
Swede Johan Elmander is tall, strong and can hold the ball up well with his body, bringing midfielders into play. Dutchman Ricky van Wolfswinkel has not scored since the opening day of the season following his £8.5m summer arrival, but was a prolific scorer with former clubs Sporting Lisbon and Utrecht. Either could be preferred to Hooper.
Finally, former Leeds man Luciano Becchio is a forgotten man at Carrow Road, while Saturday's game may have come too soon for exciting forward and 2013 FA Youth Cup winner Josh Murphy, who debuted at Manchester United last week.


text:
The Fraunhofer Institute's recently developed Stand Alone MilliMeter wave Imager (SAMMI) uses wave sensors to see through all non-transparent materials. The technology can test whether food products, such as chocolate, have been properly filled and pick up on any impurities.
It can also assess whether plastic seams on items have been packaged correctly and detect harmful contaminants.
Advantages over x-ray detection
Dr Helmut Essen at Fraunhofer told ConfectioneryNews.com that the industry standard for scanning finished products was x-ray which he said was expensive and sent out harmful ionizing radiation.
"X-Ray is dangerous. You must take care to operate it and they are not suited for soft fillings," he said.
The machine contains a transmitting and a receiving antenna on two opposing rotating plates.
A conveyor belt transports an item between the antennae, while these send electromagnetic waves in a high frequency of 78 GHz. Different areas of the item absorb the signal to different degrees, leading any differences in composition to show up in images.
"Basically we examine the scanned objects for dissimilarities," said Essen.
Potential for technology
Fraunhofer's current device is no larger than a compact laser printer, but is not yet ready for industrial scale inspection.
At present it can only see real time images and inspects small items no higher than 2cm. It also takes around two minutes to inspect a single item, but Fraunhofer are hoping develop faster machines for industrial use.
Esssen said the development would take place in the next year and a half and he hoped a larger machine would be ready within a year that could can at up to six metres per second.
The company has a small contract with Proctor and Gamble to detect contaminants in nappies, but despite exhibiting at a number of trade shows has had little interest from food manufacturers who are perhaps waiting for an industrial scale machine.
Fraunhofer has done demonstrations for Lindt and tested Milka Hearts (made by Kraft) to ensure every heart had a filling.
Esssen said the technology could be used to test for cake fillings to see if jam is present.
Manufacturers could also test products after they have been stored for long periods, he said.
Fraunhofer has also tested the technology to assess freshness in avocados and used it to examine how veins in salad were transporting water.
Essen said SAMMI machines would not be expensive for food companies as the parts used were "readily available components from the automotive industry".
For the small machine that has already been developed, Essen expects the cost to be between €30,000 and €40,000.
When an industrial machine has been developed, he said food companies could expect to pay around €50,000.
He said an x-ray machine would be almost three times more expensive on an industrial scale and companies must also take additional precautions that are not necessary with SAMMI machines.