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Per Capita Water Consumption USA
Name: Kendall D. Status: student Age: 16 Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: 8/1/2004
What is the per capita water consumption in the United States of America (I want included agriculture and industrial)?
Dear Kendall,
There is a web site of water consumption data in the US from the year 1994 that states "In an industrial society such as the United States, personal water consumption is between 200 and 300 liters per day (Fetter, 1994). when the industrial and energy production usage is added in to the equation, fresh water usage exceeds 5,000 liters per day on a per capita basis (Fetter, 1994)."
The website is:
I also found a USGS site that lists ground water withdrawals in the year 2000 on a per state basis at:
I couldn't locate any more recent data. I hope this is helpful!
Todd Clark, Office of Science
U.S. Department of Energy
The following website: http://www.epa.gov/OW/you/chap1.html by the U.S.E.P.A. gives estimates of water consumption in the U.S. by end use (domestic, agriculture, industrial) and a wealth of other info on water in the U.S. One statistic that I came across that may or may not be on the web site is: The Great Lakes water system -- Superior, Michigan, Huron, etc. -- accounts for 20% of the global surface fresh water. That is an amazing statistic when you realize that surface freshwater is a minuscule percentage of the total water on earth, which is predominantly salt water and the polar ice caps.
Vince Calder
Dear Kendall,
Go to the web site of the American Waterworks Association. They have every breakdown of usage imaginable, from showers and baths to washing machines. The address is http://www.awwa.org
Have fun!
Martha Croll
Kendall D.,
I can offer you the following information regarding consumptive water use in the United States of America. This data comes from the World Bank, 2000.
Industrial use---291.0 billion cubic meters of water. Domestic use----35.8 billion cubic meters of water. Agricultural use-120.9 billion cubic meters of water.
Please note that one cubic meter of water is equivalent to 264.17 gallons U.S. If one has an accurate current population number for the U.S., one can calculate the per capita data rather easily. I hope that this helps.
Bob Trach
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Update: June 2012


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As you think through all of the options for getting involved in social media, they all fall into 6 general bucks.
There are 6 types of social media.
This week I will introduce you to each of the types of social media and then we will go more in depth in the coming weeks.
Keep in mind that, while these are the 6 different types of social media, there can be overlap among the various services. For instance, Facebook has microblogging features with their "status update". Also, Flickr and YouTube have comment systems similar to that of blogs.
Tim Grahl is the founder and president of Out:think, a firm that helps authors build their platforms, connect with readers and sell more books.

subset: commoncrawl


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Design Festivals
The wait is over: The City of New York recently announced the first annual full-fledged New York design celebration from May 10–21, 2013. NYCxDesign (pronounced New York by Design) will be a citywide festival spanning the five boroughs and all disciplines of design (including industrial, furniture, fashion, graphic, film etc). NYCxDesign could very well become the biggest celebration of design in the world.
The NYCxDesign Steering Committee is comprised of a stacked line-up, boasting some of the most notable members of the NYC design community—not only designers and media (including our own Allan Chochinov), but also curators, educators, entrepreneurs, retailers and more. With planning committee spanning so many diverse fields—NYC Council Speaker Christine C. Quinn, Etsy CEO Chad Dickerson and MoMA's Paola Antonelli, to name just a few—the inaugaral NYCxDesign has massive support from all corners of the design community.
Every May for the past 24 years, designers, students and design enthusiasts flock to the Javitz Center in NYC for the International Contemporary Furniture Fair. While ICFF serves as the must-see mecca for new ideas and conversations about the state of furniture and industrial design, it is high time for NYC to go ahead and brand an all-inclusive design festival. In addition to many of the yearly exhibitors and shows in past NY Design Weeks, a host of new venues and designers will be added to the roster in the 12-day event.
Great citywide support: check. Awesome exhibitions, shows and events from all corners of the globe and design field: check. But how does one go about creating a brand identity for an event that encompasses one of the largest and most diverse design communities in the world? The Steering Committee for the 2013 NYCxDesign looked to Base Design to brand a design tribe that is 40,000+ strong. According to lead Willy Wong:
Speaker Quinn and the NYCxDESIGN Steering Committee understood that the celebration's identity needed to showcase individual designers, firms, schools and institutions, embrace the diversity of their practices across disciplines and throughout the City. Base Design's emphasis on the 'X' nailed the brief beautifully. They created an open system with an inclusive symbol that stands for location, expression, identification, examination, experimentation, intersection, iteration, variation, amplification and excellence.
The partnership with Base Design is a match made in design heaven even among numbers notable designers that reside in NYC. With several potential approaches to how to commission a project of this scale, the Base Design hits the mark. Additionally, Base Design donated the majority of their time to design the identity from the ground up—which, as any designer knows, is a major contribution of time and effort.
[Base Design] understood the design landscape, had roots in New York City yet could bring a global perspective to the conversation, and was available and willing to execute the program given extremely tight deadlines and resource constraints. Base Design agreed to donate a large portion of their time and effort to the project.
No doubt an event of this magnitude could be a game-changer, both creatively and economically, for the many design practices in NYC. With both a new brand identity, overflowing event calendar and serious buzz from the design community it seems that NYCxDesign may grow to become the largest and most comprehensive showcase of design... ever.
Design Week veterans need not fear for the independent design events in May that coincide with ICFF, as NYCxDesign looks to partner with them for mutual support and a better overall experience for exhibitors and visitors.
For further information about the NYCxDesign events from May 10–21, check out their website or official NYC Information Centers across the five boroughs.


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Lowkey flipped this, he smacked it.
Hip-Hop is probably the biggest voice on the planet. No one controls it, but it is the easiest way to get a message across.
There is a lot of crazyiness happening in the streets of the UK, but is it me or does it feel like no one has got anything to say about it right now?
Correct me if i'm wrong, but isn't this the time where MC's should be at their most vocal point in their career? Where's the rage? Where's the fire?
Does anyone really care?


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Ordering Uniforms!
A Wa-Klo camper will be wearing a uniform most of the time during her camp stay. Amerasport and Maine Camp Outfitter catalogs and packing lists will serve to guide parents. Uniform items may be purchased on own; however, the color must be a dark forest green and should not have imprints other than the Camp Wa-Klo logo. Other shades of green such as khaki, kelly, olive and the like are not acceptable. Please make certain that correct uniforms are included when packing and that your daughter has the correct uniform items. Most clothing need not have the imprinted Wa-Klo logo, but please make certain that your daughter has the required articles that must have a logo. If you have questions concerning uniforms, please call or email Camp Wa-Klo.
The items can all be purchased at Maine Camp Outfitters or Amerasport; click on Maine Camp Outfitters or Amerasport links to access the catalogs. If you have questions concerning uniforms or want a copy of the catalog that can be found on the Maine Camp Outfitters or Amerasport websites, please call Camp Wa-Klo at 516-747-1326 or refer to the Parents' Guide and packet which was mailed to you.
Please click on logo to access the outfitter's Wa-Klo Catalogue
Required Uniform Clothing with Wa-Klo Logo
- 2 LOGO white shirts (t-shirt or polo)
- 2 LOGO green shirts (t-shirt or polo)
- 1 Wa-Klo green LOGO one-piece swim suit
- 2 Wa-Klo green LOGO sweatshirts
- 2 Wa-Klo green LOGO sweatpants
Required Items
If you do not have the following items at home, you may purchase them from Maine Camp Outfitters or Amerasport where shown in the catalog. All items are required for Camp.
If you have questions concerning uniforms or want a copy of the catalogs, please call Camp Wa-Klo at 516-747-1326 or refer to your Parents' Guide.
- 3 white shirts (with or without logo)
- 4 green shirts (with or without logo)
- 6 Wa-Klo Shorts (4 green and 2 white with or without logo)
- underwear (10 pair)
- socks (10 pair)
- warm pajamas (1-2 pair)
- lightweight pajamas (1-2 pair)
- rain gear (raincoat or poncho--any color)
- bathrobe
- leotard for dance/gymnastics
- supplies for letter writing
- flashlight and batteries
- sleeping bag
- laundry bag
- pillow and 2 pillowcases
- 3 heavy single blankets
- 2 sets of sheets (2 fitted/2 flat)
- 6 towels
- face/wash cloths
- toothbrush and toothpaste
- shower caddy or bucket
- hairbrush
- feminine hygiene products
- sunblock
- shin guards (for soccer, field hockey)
- tissues
- soap & shampoo
- sneakers
- shower shoes
- sturdy sport shoes
- trunk (Suggestion: paste a list inside the trunk cover of all items inside)
- water bottle (labeled)
- eye guard (lacrosse)
- mouth guard (field hockey, lacrosse)


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321 Port Road Wells, Maine 04090 (207)646-9226
The Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge was established to preserve ten important estuaries that are key points along migration routes of waterfowl and other migratory birds. During harsh winters, the refuge's marshes provide vital food and cover for waterfowl and other migrating birds at a time when inland waters are frozen. The refuge also supports piping plover, least terns, peregrine falcons, bald eagles and other state and federally protected species. Nesting success of plover and terns has benefitted through the increased habitat protection. In addition to anadromous fish, many commercially and recreationally important fin and shellfish rely on these coastal wetlands as critical nursery areas.
Refuge lands total over 5, 300 acres in eleven geographic units from Kittery to Cape Elizabeth, Maine. In 1989, the refuge boundary expanded to include salt marsh, freshwater wetlands and "critical edge" uplands around each of the nine divisions. In addition, the Biddeford Pool Division, the tenth division of the refuge, was created. This division serves as a key staging area in southern Maine for a large number and diversity of shorebirds. In 2007 the final Comprehensive Conservation Plan was signed, adding the eleventh division, York River Division. When land acquisitions is complete, the refuge will be about 14,600 acres in size.
In 1984, a national estuarine research and education reserve was established in the Town of Wells, Maine. The reserve land is made up of portions of the Upper and Lower Wells divisions of the refuge. Together, the reserve and refuge function to further the knowledge and understanding of estuaries throughout the community. The goal is to promote an increased stewardship and, ultimately, a greater protection of the estuaries.
The piping plover is federally threatened and state endangered in Maine. Fifty to 75% of the Maine piping plover population nests at sites on or near the Refuge, including Crescent Surf Beach, Goosefare Brook, and Marshall Point at Goose Rocks.
The species of rabbit found in Maine is the New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis), not the Eastern cottontail. Cottontails inhabit early successional habitat that was relatively abundant in the early to mid-20th century. As farms were abandoned, the species did very well . Subsequently, increased development and reforestation has led to a population decline as this type of habitat became increasingly rare. We prohibited rabbit hunting starting in 1998 because of ongoing population declines. Subsequently, the Service was petitioned in 2000 to list the New England cottontail under the Endangered Species Act. Currently, New England Cottontail are listed as a Candidate Species under the Endangered Species Act and is endangered in Maine. To learn more about this rabbit visit here or download the New England Cottontail Fact Sheet.
Salt Marsh Birds
In 1995, sharp-tailed sparrows were divided into two separate species: the Nelson's sharp-tailed sparrow and the saltmarsh sharp-tailed sparrow. Saltmarsh sharp-tailed sparrows are found in salt marshes along the Atlantic coast from the Delmarva Peninsula north to southern Maine. Within the Refuge both species are found only on salt marshes. In fact, the salt marsh sharp-tailed sparrow is an obligate salt marsh species that spends its entire life cycle on salt marshes.
Common loons (Gavia immer) frequent the lower reaches of tidal creeks of all Refuge Divisions from late fall through early spring. They are commonly observed feeding on green crabs and small fish. During spring, summer and fall migration, 11 species of wading birds use the estuarine systems of the Refuge.
Twenty-six species of waterfowl are recorded from the Refuge. The most commonly observed species are American black duck (Anas rubripes), Canada goose (Branta canadensis), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), green-winged teal (Anas crecca), common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), bufflehead (Bucephala albeola), and red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator). Dabbling ducks use salt pannes and the upper reaches of tidal creeks, while diving ducks prefer deeper parts of the tidal creeks and the mouths of rivers and streams. Black ducks, mallards, and increasing numbers of Canada geese breed on each Division of the Refuge. Wood ducks (Aix sponsa) breed on the Upper Wells and Mousam River Divisions each year.
Southern coastal Maine is a migration and staging area for much of the North American shorebird population. Thousands of shorebirds feed along coastal beaches and mud flats as they migrate through the State. Biddeford Pool serves as one of the top shorebird staging areas in southern Maine. The most common species observed in the fall include semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus), black-bellied plover (Pluvialis squatarola), least sandpiper (Calidris minutilla), greater yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca), short-billed dowitcher (Limnodromus griseus), and semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla). These species and others typically feed in the mudflats at low tide.Most shorebirds feed in salt pannes and roost in pannes and adjacent upland areas during high tides.
Herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and great black-backed gulls (L. marinus) are the most common gull species sighted on the refuge. They frequent all divisions throughout the year, but are most abundant in the fall and winter when they roost on the marsh and tidal flats, and occasionally steal food from diving ducks in tidal creeks. Ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) also are common throughout the refuge, particularly during non-breeding season. During fall and winter migration, Bonaparte's gulls (Larus philadelphia) feed and roost at the mouths of tidal creeks and rivers throughout the refuge, but they are most abundant on the Biddeford Pool, Upper Wells, and Lower Wells divisions. Least terns nest on the refuge in several locations. In the mid-1980s, commonterns nested in the salt marsh on the Lower Wells and Little River divisions. Roseate terns (Sterna dougallii) nested on West Goose Rocks Island in 1985, and lately, have been observed along Crescent Surf Beach in the Upper Wells Division. In 2003, Crescent Surf Beach hosted the largest nesting colony (157 pairs) of least terns in Maine. Early season crow predation and late season owl and coyote predation depressed productivity. We control diurnal predators such as crows and foxes with several techniques, including hazing, fencing, trapping, and shooting. Least terns also nest at Laudholm Beach, Goose Rocks, Higgins, and Reid State Park. During migration, large numbers of common terns, along with smaller numbers of roseate terns (15), stage at Crescent Surf Beach
Over 120 species of landbirds have been recorded at the refuge with over 72 nesting. Some of those include great crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus), tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus), black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea), and others. Forests, woodlands, and swamps surrounding Refuge salt marshes also provide habitat for many raptors. Many migrating raptors use forested areas next to marshes as hunting perches and feeding areas. Sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus), Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii), and broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus) have nested in forested habitat on the Refuge. Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) nest in the area. During migration (primarily fall), many raptors move through the Refuge. Northern harriers are the only raptor species thought to breed in the estuarine communities of the Refuge.
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are the mammal most commonly observed on the refuge. Their trails cut through certain portions of the salt marsh on each division, although they more typically are observed along marsh edges and in surrounding forests. The refuge lies entirely within Wildlife Management District (WMD) No. 24, which had an estimated winter population of 30 deer/mi2 in 1997. The Wildlife Division Research and Management Report (2000) stated that the herd has continued to grow at 15 percent per year, and the wintering population is now nearly 40 deer/mi2. In certain areas of the refuge, hunting (including white-tailed deer) is prohibited because of state designated Game Sanctuaries. Deer populations in those areas are estimated from 50 to more than 100 deer/mi2. Those populations far exceed the state target of 50 percent to 60 percent of carrying capacity. Raccoon (Procyon lotor) tracks and scats abound on all divisions. Their sign most often appears along the edges of tidal creeks and salt pannes, where they search for green crabs and small fish. Care must be taken to distinguish raccoon sign from that of river otters (Lutra canadensis), another mammal that forages extensively in the marshes, and is infrequently observed in the salt hay along the edges of tidal creeks. Most recently, river otters were seen in the Merriland River and Branch Brook in the Upper Wells Division. Mink (Mustela vison), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), red fox (Vulpes fulva), and coyote (Canis latrans) also hunt in the estuary. Beaver (Castor canadensis) and muskrat (Ondatra zibethica) are occasionally seen swimming in tidal creeks. A few harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) haul-out sites exist on the Brave Boat Harbor, Lower Wells, Mousam River, and Goose Rocks divisions. Peak use occurs during the winter, but individuals are observed throughout the year. The Lower Wells haul-out site receives the most use, with peak counts of 30 seals. During the winter months harp seals (Pagophillus groenlandicus), and occasionally hooded (Cystophora cristata) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), can be found basking on refuge salt marshes and in offshore waters. Seal strandings are a common occurrence, and are reported to marine animal rescue agencies. Many large mammals are found on or near the refuge. Moose (Alces alces) and black bear (Ursus americanus) are becoming more common in southern Maine as their populations continue to grow. They have been sighted on all refuge divisions except Moody. A bobcat (Lynx rufus) was reported as sporadically using the Upper and Lower Wells divisions in 1991 and 1992. Fishers (Martes pennanti) are increasingly sighted on the refuge; a vehicle killed a fisher near refuge headquarters in 1998, and several sightings around our headquarters have occurred since then. Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and short-tailed weasel (Mustela erminea) most likely use several refuge divisions. Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) and woodchucks (Marmota monax) are found throughout the refuge, where they occur in varied habitats.
Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) are found in forests throughout the refuge in areas with dense understory. White-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius), and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) occasionally use the edge of salt marsh habitat. Masked shrews (Sorex cinereus), short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda), red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi), and pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) have also been caught in salt marshes. Other small mammals that commonly are found on the refuge include eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), and grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). These species are most common in oak-pine forests where acorns are abundant. Southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) is recorded for the Upper Wells and Brave Boat divisions, but they probably also occur in other areas with mature oak-pine forest. Other small mammals that are known or are likely to occur on the refuge include hairy-tailed mole (Parascalops breweri), starnosed mole (Condylura cristata), smoky shrew (Sorex fumeus), and house mouse (Mus musculus). Refuge staff provide visitors a guide listing 47 refuge mammals.
The refuge has a limited amount of freshwater cattail marsh or pond habitat. However, within its uplands, the refuge protects an extensive network of rivers, uplands and vernal pools, which provide important amphibian and reptile habitat. Anuran call counts and limited vernal pool surveys were conducted on the refuge. American toad (Bufo americanus) , green frog (Rana clamitans), wood frog (Rana sylvatica), pickerel frog (Rana palustris), bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) and spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) are documented as breeding on most refuge divisions. In addition, yellowspotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum), red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) and eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) are recorded as common breeders. The blue-spotted salamander (Ambystoma laterale) and Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) are uncommon, but likely are breeders on the refuge. We have yet to conduct any formal surveys for turtles or snakes. However, the following species are documented on the refuge: garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), ribbon snake (Thamnophis sauritus, Maine—Special Concern), smooth green snake (Liocholrophis vernalis), redbelly snake (Storeria occipitomaculata), painted turtle (Chrysemys picta), snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) and spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata, Maine—Threatened). Species that are likely to use the refuge but are not documented include ringneck snake (Diadophis punctatus), milk snake (Lampropeltis triangulum), northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon), brown snake (Storeria dekayi, Maine Special Concern), Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii, Maine Endangered) and possibly, eastern racer (Coluber constrictor, Maine— Endangered), wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta, Maine—Special Concern) and common musk turtle (Sternotherus odoratus). Records indicate that both Blanding's turtle and spotted turtle occur in many locations along the refuge boundary. Wood turtle and black racer records are much less common, and musk turtle records in the vicinity of the refuge are nonexistent. Surveys targeted at detecting turtles and snakes should be developed and implemented on refuge lands with particular attention to the occurrence of the rare, secretive Blanding's turtle. Lands within the proposed acquisition boundary in Kennebunk and Biddeford have extensive vernal pool habitat that will benefit several species of concern.
Coastal marshes, bays, tidal creeks and rivers support diverse shellfish and finfish populations. Sunfish (Lepomis spp.), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus), golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), common mummichog, American eel (Anguilla rostrata) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) abound. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) are stocked in rivers and estuaries each year. The Ogunquit River sustains alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), pollock (Pollachius virens), bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus), and winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus). The Webhannet River has native species such as winter flounder, northern pipefish (Syngnathus fuscus), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), common mummichog, Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) and Atlantic mackerel. The Merriland River sustains populations of American eel,brown trout, and brook trout. The Mousam River attracts little skate (Raja erinacea), American shad (Alosa sapidissima), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), bluefish, cunner, Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), pollock, and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax). The Spurwink River supports blueback herring, Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), American shad, pollock, cunner, winter flounder, and little skate. Striped bass and brown trout are popular recreational fishing resources in the area. The National Marine Fisheries Service has designated as "essential fish habitat" areas that provide substrate necessary for fish spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity. Estuaries within the refuge boundaries are part of that essential fish habitat.
Rachel Carson NWR is approximately 35 percent tidal, 10 percent freshwater wetlands and 55 percent uplands. Tidal habitats include beach, dune, dune grassland, river, rocky shore, estuarine, bay and salt marsh. Freshwater wetlands include cattail marsh, bog, emergent scrub-shrub wetlands, pocket swamps, red maple swamps and floodplain forest. The majority of the upland forests consist of mixed oak and pine forest, however hemlock, spruce and pitch pine stands occur as well as hickory and maple forests. Viburnums, winterberry, blueberry, serviceberry, Virginia rose and male berry comprise much of the shrub understory. Other upland habitats are comprised of grassland units and thicket units. Habitats are quite diverse, containing elements from the more southern oak-pine forests and the softwood forests of the north. Southern Maine is where these two community types collide and blend, creating a wealth of biodiversity.
Coastal dune marsh ecosystem Spartina saltmarsh White oak – red oak forest Dune grassland Pitch Pine Bog
Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge Northeast Region National Wildlife Refuge System Home Northeast Region Home U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Home Page | Department of the Interior | USA.gov | About the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | Accessibility | Privacy | Notices | Disclaimer | FOIA


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I plan to buy some Sluggo Plus next week from my local Agway when it gets in (all they had was regular Sluggo, and someone here advised me that the SP killed another dahlia pest-I think it was earwigs).
Do the slugs eat underground BEFORE the dahlia emerges from the ground? Or is it something that just moves on top of the ground?
Hope these questions don't make everyone laugh...I just don't know what/where the potential critters eat! Thanks!
Follow-Up Postings:
No one will laugh when it comes to dahlia death Phylrae. That is a serious topic. We are in the slug capital of the country, possibly competing with Oregon gardeners. The little !*($#&(*% are many and large, nothing compared to the mere whiffs of slugs in the Midwest. They slime across the surface of the earth with mouth parts chomping and antennae sensing your most desirable plants. I learned long ago not to put a marigold anywhere in the earth; hanging planters or rail-rider planters only or I will put out a flat of healthy marigolds and overnight they are reduced to slime trailed stems devoid of bloom and leaf overnight. They love tender young dahlias and will mow them down like a hayfield. I have also found them as high as 4 ft up chomping foliage having climbed a mature dahlia. They slither up your sliding glass doors leaving disgusting slime trails. They must die! The Sluggo or Sluggo Plus will be elongated granules, very easy to scatter about the periphery of your garden or individual plants. It should be reapplied after a rainfall. I used to cover and uncover my young dahlias every night/a.m. with cut off milk jugs but those days are long gone. That was an effective anti-slug device though. This year I'm experimenting with putting slug bait away from one garden bed to lure them far from the dahlias. Hand to hand combat and destruction of the pearly packs of slug eggs one may find underground or under cover of a rock, pot, or other garden item are also good efforts to control the slug population. It's war here. The good news is, if they do take destroy a young sprout, it will likely regrow, but they can hamper early growth by taking off the leaves of even a robustly growing young dahlia. Best to get your bait out soon and replace as needed. |
I'm sorry that I didn't remember that it was you, Poochella, who had told me about Sluggo Plus. I have another question now. I remember seeing/touching my ONE & ONLY slug when I lived in Texas (in about 1987) and I was totally grossed out. Somehow it got inside my apt. north of Houston...and I walked downstairs barefoot to step on this slimy gross thing under my kitchen table! (I didn't even have a garden OR houseplants back then!) Since I have never encountered another one, and I have grown 2 dahlias now (one from a tuber two years ago & one from seed last year-large bush, BTW), would that suggest that maybe they don't come around these parts? Thanks for the explanation about where they arrive...I was expecting something chomping underground maybe. :0) Phyl |
If you haven't seen a slug in your area you are really living right! The little ones ride in on animal fur so I'll find one on the floor here and there. Have you seen earwigs? They are so damaging to flower petals and tough little creeps to catch. If you do have them, I would go to the expense of Sluggo Plus as none of the other methods that I've tried anyway seem to catch them: inverted pots atop dahlia stakes, hose lengths on the garden bed floor, rolls of newspaper etc. Never caught one. It's up to you. A spritz of ammonia will kill the stray slug you might encounter, and their eggs and is very cheap. |
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Codemasters has announced a Race Driver: Grid 2 release date of May 31 in the UK.
The publisher has also revealed a special edition of the Xbox 360, PS3 and PC racer. Customers who pre-order from GAME can choose the Grid 2: Brands Hatch Edition, which includes codes for two DLC packs to expand the game:
- McLaren Racing Pack: Receive the exclusive McLaren MP4-12C GT3 Special Edition car to race in single-player, multiplayer and a special online event; plus expand the game with two new routes around the Brands Hatch GP circuit
- Head Start Pack: Receive the exclusive Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren 722 GT car to race in single-player, multiplayer and enjoy discounts in the Car Upgrades Store in online game modes and a unique RaceNet bonus
Images of the DLC and the game's box art follow:


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STUDIO by Capezio Women's Alessandria Sports Bra
Save $14.03 (41%)
Product Information:
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text:
It seems like Rick Boucher is not the only one being forced to fight for his political life over the cap-and-trade bill. Tom Perriello, another Virginia Democrat, is also coming under fire for his support of the bill.
As the LA Times reports today, the bill is becoming a major flashpoint in large swaths of the US, especially the mid-Atlantic and Midwest.
The paper reports:
In much of the nation, "cap and trade" has become a dirty phrase this election season, and the political storm over global warming's causes and solutions may determine several key races.
For the first time in nearly a decade, not one Republican running for the Senate supports proposals to limit carbon emissions and trade pollution rights. Most openly question the science of global warming or denounce it as a hoax.
But Perriello knew all along this could risk his career. As he told Politico last year:
There's got to be something more important than getting reelected. If I lose my seat, and that's the worst that happens, I could live with that.


text:
Complete Jewish Bible (CJB) | New International Version (NIV) |
21 Again he told them, "I am going away, and you will look for me, but you will die in your sin -- where I am going, you cannot come." | 21 Once more Jesus said to them, "I am going away, and you will look for me, and you will die in your sin. Where I go, you cannot come." |
Complete Jewish Bible Copyright 1998 by David H. Stern. Published by Jewish New Testament Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. Used by permission. (The Complete Jewish Bible Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


text:
Tory Deputy Chairman Quits Citing Europe & Aspiration
If the horse jokes were not bad enough, while Cameron was still at the Despatch Box, the news emerged that one of the Vice-Chairman of the Conservative Party, Mark Pritchard, has quit his role in order to be able to speak out against the government.
This stalwart of the right was a key player in the referendum rebellion last year and away from the microphones is one of the PM's fiercest critics. Guido had a few beers with Mark Pritchard at Tory confernece back in October, he was a bit "What's it all about Alfie?" even then.
Expect fireworks here…


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Who do you think looks best today? (5 photos)
The best street style from London Fashion Week: http://ow.ly/p48HS via @StyleCaster
Burton paid $305,000 for the 33.19-carat Harry Winston ring in 1968. "This remarkable stone is called the Krupp diamond because it had been owned by Vera Krupp, of the famous munitions family that helped knock off millions of Jews," wrote Taylor. "When it came up for auction in the late 1960s, I thought how perfect it would be if a nice Jewish girl like me were to own it. In truth, though, there's nothing funny about the Krupp. When I look into it, the deep Asscher cutswhich are so complete and ravishingare like steps that lead into eternity and beyond. With its sparks of red and white and blue and purple, and on and on, really, it sort of hums with its own beatific life. To me, the Krupp says, 'I want to share my chemistrymy magicwith you.'"
The couple in Budapest for Taylor's 40th birthday in 1972.Read MoreLess


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Frank Pazienza's wife Lynne and son Matthew were sitting in the bleachers at the finish line when the first of two bombs exploded across the street at last year's Boston Marathon. It took almost an hour before the family from Saunderstown was reunited.
"My son had sent me a text message saying they were OK, and we set up a meeting area," Frank Pazienza said. "At that point, I broke down. And I did a second time once we were reunited."
Pazienza had just turned onto Hereford Street, with less than a mile to go, when the first bomb detonated. The second one went off just as he turned onto Boylston Street for the final stretch, ending his hopes of finishing. As with all of the other runners who had completed at least half the race before the marathon was stopped, Pazienza received an invitation to come back and run it again this year.
He accepted the offer and was back on the starting line in Hopkinton, Mass. this morning.
"I am so excited to get another chance to run the Boston Marathon," said Pazienza, 52, a dentist. "I am also extremely honored that the (Boston Athletic Association) invited me back. This event goes well beyond the participants and the many elite runners that take part. It is about perseverance, courage and not backing down."
Lynne and Matthew Pazienza are also back at the finish line today, ready to cheer him on.
"No fears here," said Lynne, noting that security checked her bag before allowing them up to the bleachers. "You can't let them get the best of you. We have learned that we have to live each day to the fullest."
On Twitter: @CThorntonProJo


text:
March 18, 2013
NFL commissioner Roger Goodell speaks during a news conference at the Arizona Biltmore, Monday, March 18, 2013, in Phoenix for the start of NFL football annual meetings (AP Photo/Matt York)
Stories this photo appears in:
Goodell: No expanded playoffs for 2013
Monday, March 18th, 2013 9:00 p.m.
PHOENIX (AP) — The NFL won't be adding playoff teams for 2013, and the champions of last season, the Baltimore Ravens, could open on the road because of a conflict with the Orioles.
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text:
News createt: 05-03-2012 11:00:00
Elvis Tribute Artist contest
Elvis Presley Enterprises Announces Preliminary Contests in the Search for the Ultimate Elvis Tribute Artist in 2012
Contests taking place during worldwide 35th anniversary celebration of the life and legacy of the King of Rock 'n' Roll.
MEMPHIS, Tenn., Jan 25, 2012. Elvis Presley Enterprises, Inc. announced today that a record number of preliminary contests will be taking place around the world as part of the sixth annual search for the "Ultimate Elvis Tribute Artist." Contestants will be chosen at licensed preliminary venues being held at fairs, festivals, theaters and other venues. The semifinal rounds and final round will be held during Elvis Week 2012 which will take place in Memphis, August 10 - 18, 2012.
"In 2012, during the 35th anniversary, you'll see Elvis' life and legacy celebrated with concerts, festivals, special events and unique product releases taking place in countries around the world," said Scott Williams, Vice President of Marketing and Media for EPE. "These contests give Elvis fans worldwide an opportunity to experience his music in a fun and unique way that we've seen continue to grow in popularity."
Judges at each venue will look for the "best representation of the Elvis legacy" in vocals, style, stage wear and stage presence. The best overall performer will be named the "2012 Ultimate Elvis Tribute Artist."
In addition to the preliminary contests, fans can also enjoy some of the previous ultimate Elvis tribute artists on tour now in Elvis Lives: The Ultimate Elvis Tribute Artist Event, which is performing in 29 U.S. cities through March 19, 2012.
The 2011 Ultimate Elvis Tribute Artist Contest winner, Cody Slaughter, can be seen performing the role of Elvis in the North American tour of "Million Dollar Quartet" and 2009 Ultimate Elvis Tribute Artist Contest winner, Brandon Bennett, is performing the role of Elvis in the Chicago cast of "Million Dollar Quartet."
Prizes for the 2012 Ultimate Elvis Tribute Artist Contest include:
Ultimate Elvis Tribute Artist Contest First Place Winner:
* Title of Ultimate Elvis Tribute Artist of 2012
* Performance Contract with Legends in Concert
* Cash prize of $20,000
* Fender Elvis Presley Kingman Acoustic Guitar
Ultimate Elvis Tribute Artist Contest Second Place Winner:
* Cash prize of $5,000
* Selection of other valuable prizes
Ultimate Elvis Tribute Artist Contest Third Place Winner:
* Cash prize of $3,000
* Selection of other valuable prizes
Source: Business Wire


text:
Development Style Guide¶
- Always follow PEP 8 the most you can. There are some times that we have technical impossibilities to follow PEP 8, but in the rest of the time you must.
- If you have any doubt, take a look at the coding styles of the scripts inside umit/core and umit/gui packages.
- What to put under umitcommon
This page is under development. If you have any doubt that wasn't explained here, ask in our development mailing list


text:
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Christopher Sardelli
The long journey to find a suitable home for both the Lancaster County Economic Development Corp. and the county's Veterans Affairs office is finally over.
Denyse Clark
small intimate group of local residents attended the Lancaster Alternative Policing Strategy (LAPS) annual candlelight vigil Thursday, Dec. 18 at Lancaster City Hall to simply remember.
Lancaster Police Chief Harlean Carter said the purpose of the event was to honor those who lost their lives to "senseless violence."
A trio of local company investments, including $21 million from health supplement company Nutramax Laboratories, were announced during Lancaster County Council's final meeting of the year on Dec. 8.
S.C. Supreme Court has determined the state must provide students in eight impoverished schools districts with an opportunity to receive a "minimally adequate education." A close look at the court's controversial decision offers a guide to how legislators ought to respond.
When I was a school boy, there was a kid down the street named Rodney who had an "attitude problem," or at least that's what the adults called it. To me and my friends, Rodney was just a jerk.
He had a big chip on his shoulder and was always complaining that others were taking advantage of him or whining about things not being fair to him. Rodney didn't have any friends, and our parents pretty much forced us to include Rodney in our activities.
Reece Murphy
A Lancaster man was arrested the day before Thanksgiving after he threatened to kill his wife and struck one of his children, according to a Lancaster Police Department incident report.
Pedro Luna Mendoza, 31, of the 400 block of Riley Circle, was arrested Nov. 26 for criminal domestic violence of a high and aggravated nature and unlawful neglect of a child.
Two men who briefly got away with shoplifting more than $2,000 in merchandise from the Indian Land Walmart were nabbed later in the evening when they pressed their luck and tried again at a Walmart in Charlotte.
Williams Zachary Stallings, 22, and Christopher Otman, 25, both of Matthews, N.C., both face charges in Lancaster County of grand larceny, according to a Lancaster County Sheriff's Office report.
Bands, floats, dancers and famous personalities were featured in the 2014 Lancaster Christmas Parade held Saturday, Dec. 13, in the city's historic downtown.
The grand marshal for this holiday event was a hometown heroine and the parade itself was "topnotch," said Caroline Hasty, events and promotions manager for See Lancaster, S.C.
The Homeless Food Order Simulator held Thursday, Dec. 18, at HOPE in Lancaster, 2008 Pageland Highway, showed volunteers what foods to give homeless individuals who have no ability to wash, cook or even heat their food.
The experience for the volunteers, many of them members of the Lancaster Area Coalition for the Homeless (LACH), was eye-opening, they said.
The 2015 racing season is still months away for Lancaster Super Speedway but the LSS staff has been busy this offseason scheduling races for the new racing season.


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Kirk - First Boot
Where do you begin when you're creating a new operating system? First, you're going to need a functioning base system to bootstrap the new one from–that is, if you want to do it the same way that Linux From Scratch (LFS) does it. But do we really need to bootstrap from an existing Linux distro? I think not.
If you've ever installed Arch or Gentoo Linux before, stop for a moment and think about exactly what was happening when you installed it.
When you install Arch, you're really just using a bunch of relatively simple shell scripts, found here (m4 preprocessed bash scripts, so they're slightly weird to read unless you build them, just make all
with m4 installed). These scripts create the base folders and then use the package manager, Pacman, to install packages onto the empty filesystem.
Sounds pretty simple, right? As it turns out, Pacman does 99% of the heavy lifting in the install process–nothing fancy or inordinately complex happens behind the scenes.
When bootstrapping a Linux distribution, you need an existing installation to work from–lest it's infinitely more difficult than it has to be. So we're going to hijack the Arch install process to take what we need, namely a nicely compiled Linux Kernel, a copy of Busybox, and a bootloader (syslinux), and then doing the rest by hand. Now this might sound like we're just going to install Arch Linux by hand and create a package-manager-less derivative of Arch. Trust me, it's not–it's just far easier to bootstrap from existing binary packages than to deal with the added complexity of compiling a kernel, utilities, and bootloader. Bootstrapping from binaries just makes getting off the ground much easier, but we're still going to come back and rebuild these in the future.
Development Environment
So what does our development environment look like? Lets start with Virtualbox, as everything is much simpler when we don't need to worry about hardware support and can easily create and destroy virtual hard drives (VHDs) at will. First, if you don't already have it, you'll need Arch Linux installed on its own VHD. Then, create another virtual hard drive, and attach it to the virtual machine containing your Arch Linux installation.
From here, we can really begin. Partition your new VHD so it has two partitions–it should appear as /dev/sdb/
if it's the second virtual hard drive.
Then format one as ext4, and the other as a swap partition (mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
and mkswap /dev/sdb5
as root, respectively).
From here, mount the primary partition (mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt
as root), and ensure you have permissions to read/write to it.
Before we go any further, make sure you have installed syslinux
, wget
, and base-devel
on your host system.
BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable. It provides replacements for most of the utilities you usually find in GNU fileutils, shellutils, etc. The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU counterparts. BusyBox provides a fairly complete environment for any small or embedded system.
Basically, Busybox is a GPLv2 licensed implementation of a Unix userland that is both highly portable and written in C.
It works in a rather interesting way: the utilities contained in it can either be called as busybox cat
or through a symlink. That is, busybox
symlinked to cat
recognizes that it's being called as cat
and runs the appropriate utility.
This works because *nix executables are not only sent arguments from the shell, but also the name that they were called as.
To take advantage of this, inspect argv[0]
in C, os.Args[0]
in Go, and @ARGV[0]
in Perl, but can be done in most languages without trouble. =
More clearly, argv[1]
would be the first argument passed to the executable, when each argument is separated by a space. So the executable called by cat -v example.txt
would be passed argv[0] = cat
, argv[1] = -v
and argv[2] = example.txt
To hijack the Arch Linux Busybox package, we need to download the package without installing it.
sudo pacman -Syp busybox | grep http:// | xargs wget
will download a statically compiled busybox, be sure to do this while in /mnt
Now, just extract the package (tar -xf <filename>
) and it will automatically create the neccessary folders.
Before you continue, make sure to create symlinks from /mnt/usr/bin/busybox
to /mnt/usr/bin/sh
and any other utilities you may want to use from it.
For now, we're not going to configure Busybox to provide anything more than a shell, as we're using it to aid in the process of bootstrapping a system, not as the system default.
Kernel Building
Unfortunately, we can't borrow the default Arch Linux kernel. We have to build our own, or else we get a kernel panic upon boot.
When Linux boots, it attempts to mount the storage device that it's installed on, but because of how the Arch-provided Kernel is built, all filesystem support and SATA drivers lie in dynamically loaded kernel modules, which we can't quite load right now.
We can verify this by looking at the auto-generated config for the Linux kernel (linux-lts
in the picture, but it's the same for both), as shown below.
is set to m
, which stands for module, instead of y
, which would compile support right into the kernel.
Therefore, we need to build our own kernel, with CONFIG_EXT4_FS
set to y
, so we can boot.
However, we can't simply use the Arch Linux provided kernel.
Therefore, obtain a copy of the Linux Kernel source with wget -c https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.11.6.tar.xz
Copy this file into a build directory in /mnt
, such as /mnt/linux-build
Extract it, and then make mrproper
to prepare for compilation.
Now we have to configure the kernel with make menuconfig
Only two things have to be changed from the default kernel configuration to get everything working properly.
Now type make
and wait for the kernel to compile.
Then copy arch/x86_64/boot/bzImage
to /boot/linux
(a sensible location, for once) and you're good to go! However, make sure to copy the bzImage, and not the vmlinux file in the root of the build directory, as the vmlinux file must be made bootable before being used as an operating system kernel by adding a multiboot header, bootsector and setup routines, which is already taken care of in the bzImage. Trying to boot from the vmlinux file results in an apparently undocumented Syslinux I/O error. I found this out the hard way. For more reading on vmlinuz/vmlinuz/bzImage, this is fairly helpful.
Installing a Bootloader
So now we have a kernel, but before we even think about booting, we need to install a bootloader. This can be quite challenging as the GNU bootloader, GRUB, needs to be installed from a chrooted, and we can't do that with out a huge amount of trouble, because the system lacks all of GRUB's dependencies.
Syslinux, however, is fun and easy to install onto a mounted partition. This is reasonably simple to do:
# Create an empty directory
mkdir /mnt/boot/syslinux
# Copy over the syslinux files
cp -r /usr/lib/syslinux/bios/* /mnt/boot/syslinux
# Install syslinux
extlinux --install /mnt/boot/syslinux
# umount /dev/sdb so we can install the syslinux master boot record (MBR)
umount -R /mnt
# Install the syslinux MBR files, where sdXX is your VHD with the new OS on it.
dd bs=440 count=1 conv=notrunc if=/usr/lib/syslinux/bios/mbr.bin of=/dev/sdXX
Now you need to create another file, /mnt/boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg
. Look here if you have trouble. Mine looks like this:
DEFAULT kirk
LABEL kirk
LINUX ../linux
APPEND root=/dev/sdb1 rw init=/usr/bin/sh
Now we can try to boot. Logout and reset the virtual machine, then when it's rebooting, hit F12 and choose HDD 2. If this works, then clearly you did everything right. But don't expect this to be usable for anything, as all there are quite literally 3 programs on the entire system: a kernel, a bootloader, and a barebones userland. Keep in mind that we still lack almost everything we need for even a remotely functioning system, but we'll solve those problems when the time comes.
Hopefully you've learned something from this post. If I wrote something that's blatantly wrong, or could be done in a better way, PLEASE let me know so I can fix it. Next time, we'll start down the long road to usefulness, instead of merely booting to a shell.
Development is always on GitHub - feel free to chime in, create an issue, and make pull requests.
As always, feel free to contact me on Twitter (@IanChiles) or by email (ianrchiles @ gmail.com) for any reason.
Finally, special thanks to Casey Chow (@digitxpc) for helping to edit this post.
References/Helpful Links
argv[0] references - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2050961/is-argv0-name-of-executable-an-accepted-standard-or-just-a-common-conventi
VFS not syncing errors - http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Knowledge_Base:Unable_to_mount_root_fs
Rather old, but helpful in confirming =m / =y in kernel configuration - http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/kconfig.html
Booting without an initramfs - http://crunchbang.org/forums/viewtopic.php?id=27213
vmlinux vs bzImage - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vmlinux#bzImage


text:
Ohio teen accused of drinking
An Ohio teen was kicked of the cheerleading squad for drinking. Read the story and take a look at the pictures. If the teen is telling the truth, why doesn't the mother find the original picture and not the cropped photo. Click here for the story.


text:
Get in2 China Group: Internship Program in China Experience the "NEW" Land of Opportunities with Paid Internships in Beijing & Shanghai! |
Verge believes in travel for change. International experience creates global citizens, who can change our planet for the better. This belief is at the core of everything we do.
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text:
Additional Lists of Available Housing
Apartments.com, an organization separate from the two newspapers' classified ad section, often contains listings geared for larger, multi-unit, suburban rental properties in both Minneapolis and St. Paul. For those without access to the web, the classified ad sections of both major Twin Cities newspapers-the Minneapolis Star Tribune and/or the St. Paul Pioneer Press-are helpful, but not as extensive as the web listings.
Twin Cities Smoke-Free Housing
Live Smoke Free offers FREE assistance to renters looking for relief from secondhand smoke and to landlords who wish to adopt smoke-free policies for their apartment buildings. For more information and a list of smoke-free apartments in Minnesota, visit www.mnsmokefreehousing.org or call 651-646-3005.
Riverton Community Housing maintains four student housing co-ops located on the East and West Banks of the University of Minnesota. Housing is reasonably priced. Visit www.riverton.org for rental information, or call (612) 331-3911.
Additional listings of available Twin Cities area housing
There are broader means available than William Mitchell's Housing Bulletin to search for housing in the Twin Cities area. For example, on the web, visit the Web site of St. Paul's major daily newspaper, pioneerpress.com. Choose the geographic category within the Twin Cities that interests you. Those particularly interested in living around the area of William Mitchell in St. Paul should enter keywords as follows: cathedral, crocus, grand, highland, mac, grove, merriam, summit. Those keywords indicate neighborhoods within a 2-mile radius of William Mitchell: Cathedral Hill; Crocus Hill; Grand (Grand Avenue); Highland/Highland Park; Macalester-Groveland; Merriam Park; Ramsey Hill; Summit Hill.
For rental properties focusing on the Minneapolis (and suburbs) side of the metro area, visit the website: startribune.com.
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text:
Hudson Waterfront Ferals - August 10, 2012
Rescue Actions - What We Do Every Day
Animalkind, Inc
August 10, 2012
Located on the waterfront of the City of Hudson, NY, is an area of shacks and "lean to's" where people spent time and simply gathered for summer overnights and such. After awhile, sanitation and safety concerns caused the City to close the area and begin demolition of the unauthorized structures.
This area had also been a dumping ground for unwanted cats, which left on their own, proliferated into dozens of cats and kittens which were being fed by the human "occupants" of the area. Once the area became "off limits", there was no one to feed the multitude of stray and unwanted cats and their progeny.
Animalkind was made aware of the situation and immediately went to
feed and trap those forgotten felines.
Unfortunately,most were feral and required relocation to responsible
farm/barn situations.
We have been able to relocate 12 thusfar, but desperately need places for 8 more!! All are altered, vaccinated, tested and ear-notched for identification as having been altered. 10-15 more cats need still need to be trapped.
Animalkind is trapping and feeding at the site everyday until all
felines are safe since soon, the shacks will be torn down.
Please donate to Animalkind NOW, so we can provide needed care for animals who are suffering and in need of help. |


text:
Yes! No Joke! It's finally here! (I spose, if I ever wanted to run a game company I'd have the perfect credentials!) Two things that need to be addressed: The Tara's First Assignment winners! Congrats to all the… Read More »
The official release date of the "Tara's first assignment" mini set is Wednesday, Jan 25th 2012.
Alright you guys chose the big cock, which…. has it's consequences! But you knew that when you hit the 'big cock' button, right!? His cock is about slide deep down Tara's mouth and throat, literally where no man as gone… Read More »
Tara's First Assignment – part 2 Tara seems just a little apprehensive as she actually comes face to face with the big cock, but apparently she quickly warms to the idea of wrapping her lips around that massive shaft and… Read More »


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Nov 10, 2012 5:19 PM by Kathy Kuretich
The National Weather Service has issued a freeze warning for the interior valleys of San Luis Obispo, and a frost advisory for Santa Barbara County's interior valleys, tonight into Sunday morning.
After that, a freeze watch goes into effect until Monday morning for both counties.
Very cold air behind the storm system will drop temperatures into the upper 20's overnight.
If possible, bring in your pets and plants.
It's also a good time to check your heating system to make sure it's functioning properly and replace your filter.
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Thank you! KSBY.com
8 hours ago


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Same thing happens here, goldscraps, but hopefully they'll fix that soon.
Type: Posts; User: buzziebie; Keyword(s):
Same thing happens here, goldscraps, but hopefully they'll fix that soon.
There's still some bugs, but I really really love it! I can't wait to get the real thing, cause I'm more then ready to upgrade my photoshop - the one I have now is a ps 7.0..... I'm not sure what's...
No way! False
Tpbm still has his/her teddybear as a decoration somewhere in the house (I know I do :) )
That's just one of the great things about scrapping :) To get to know people all over the world :)
I added me too :)
HaHA - funny :)
Heisann - så gøy flere av oss har funnet fram hit! Velkommen - welcome and enjoy :)
False(I make it myself)
tpbm rather drinks tea then coffee :)
I'm from Norway and I live here too ;) It's cold here now and almost storm and snow now...
Great stiching :)
True, lol :)
Tpbm has never fell of a horse before ;)
Oooh.... How beautiful!
What a nice welcome :) I'll check out the challenges. And just to have it said: I'm sorry for my bad english, but I will keep on babbling with it untill I learn haha :)
I've tried it and I love it.... Can't wait till the real deal's finally here :)
All the way from Norway I found this beautiful site :) I totally fell in love with it!! All that aside, I'm buzziebie - a scrapaholic and designaholic, I was bitten by the scrapbug for almost two...


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Genuine Parts
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Factory like Perfect fit and great looking...
Reviewed By Marcelo G (Miami, FL) Reviewed for a 2006 Audi A4 —12/6/2005 9:39 PM
Looks way much better than my old factory muffler tips. Perfect.
Reviewed By Drew P (Reno, NV) Reviewed for a 2004 Chevy Silverado —1/13/2015 9:36 PM
Awesome looking tip. I got the 3 inch adapter to the 5 inch tip. Had the muffler shop tack weld the adapter to the tip for theft purposes. Then weld the adapter to the exhaust pipe. Looks awesome. Well worth it!


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Elena Grigorenko, Ph.D.
Dr. Grigorenko received her Ph.D. in General Psychology from Moscow State University, Russia and her Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology and Human Genetics from Yale University. Currently, Dr. Grigorenko is Associate Professor of Child Studies Epidemiology and Public Health, and Psychology at Yale, USA and Adjunct Professor of Psychology at Moscow State University, Russia. Dr. Grigorenko's research focuses on understanding the cognitive texture and etiology of language and learning disabilities.
Denis G. Sukhodolsky Ph.D.
Denis G. Sukhodolsky, Ph.D. is Associate Research Scientist at the Yale Child Study Center. He received his Ph.D. in clinical and school psychology from Hofstra University in 1997, where he also stayed for three years to teach at the psychology department and to supervise psychological assessments at the university clinic. He arrived at Yale in 2000 for a postdoctoral fellowship in childhood neuropsychiatric disorders directed by Dr. James Leckman. Subsequently, he joined the Yale Faculty in 2003 and continued working in a clinical trials program directed by Dr. Larry Scahill. Dr. Sukhodolsky's research on behavior therapy for children with TS and OCD has been supported by awards from the Tourette Syndrome Association and Obsessive Compulsive Foundation. In 2008, he received a career development award from the National Institute of Mental Health with a focus on neurobiological mechanisms of behavior therapy. In addition to his research, Dr. Sukhodolsky is a licensed clinical psychologist working with children and their families. He has also conducted diagnostic and psychological evaluations of children with neurodevelopmental disorders including Tourette Syndrome, OCD, Autism, and ADHD.
Lesley Hart, Ph.D.
Dr. Hart received her Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from the University of Pittsburgh, with a concentration in neuroscience through the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition. Currently, Dr. Hart is an Associate Research Scientist at the Yale University Child Study Center. Her clinical and research interests focus on reading development, skilled reading performance, and impairments in language and reading processes. Dr. Hart is particularly interested in children with complex reading profiles including difficulties with reading decoding, encoding, fluency, vocabulary, and/or comprehension.
Susan Felsenfeld, Ph.D., CCC-SLP
Dr. Felsenfeld received her Ph.D. in Communication Disorders and Behavioral Genetics from the University of Minnesota. She is currently an Associate Professor of Communication Disorders at Southern Connecticut State University and is an Assistant Clinical Professor at the Yale University Child Study Center. Her research focuses on identifying etiological (i.e., genetic and neurobiological) factors that increase the risk for the expression of developmental disorders of speech and may be associated with a better response to intervention and more favorable long-term outcomes for these disorders. .
Support Personnel
Donna Macomber, M.A.
Ms. Macomber is our clinical coordinator and provides on-going communication between families and clinicians. She is available to answer questions and schedule appointments. Ms. Macomber has a Masters degree in Psychology specializing in Developmental and Educational psychology. She has also completed some post-graduate work in school psychology and school counseling. Ms. Macomber assists the clinicians with collecting and processing various relevant documents.
Cheri Stahl
Ms. Stahl handles the clinic billing and is available to answer billing related questions.
Melissa Wojciechowski
Ms. Wojciechowski is an accountant at the Yale Child Study Center and is a financial advisor to the Yale Academic Skills Clinic.


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[680] Colonic Dysplasia and Malignancy in Patients with SMAD4 Mutation-Associated Juvenile Polyposis-Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Zaid S Kamil, Frank Schwenter, Terri Berk, Aaron Pollett, Andrea Grin, Marie E Faughnan, Catherine J Streutker. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
Background: Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disease, usually associated with mutations in Endoglin and activin receptor like kinase 1 genes, characterized by telangiectasias and arteriovenous malformations. Juvenile polyposis (JP) is a syndrome characterized by hamartomatous polyps throughout the gastrointestinal tract, with increased risk of malignancy. SMAD4 and BMPR1A mutations can be identified in JP. A recently described SMAD4 mutation-associated syndrome combines the features of HHT and JP. In this study, we review the rate and types of dysplastic and malignant lesions in this population.
Design: 15 JP-HHT patients with confirmed SMAD4 mutation were identified from HHT clinic files. All available biopsies and resections were reviewed.
Results: The majority of the patients had only few juvenile polyps detected (3-5 polyps), but one patient had multiple (>100 polyps). Six of our fifteen patients (three male, three female) developed dysplastic and malignant colonic lesions; 26 dysplastic lesions and 2 adenocarcinomas were identified at a mean patient age of 27.5 years. Four patients had lesions developing within juvenile polyps, including low grade and high grade dysplasia and signet ring carcinoma, the remainder of the dysplastic lesions were tubular or villous adenomas. Two patients developed invasive adenocarcinoma one year after dysplastic lesions were identified on colonoscopy.
Conclusions: Though patient numbers are small, the rate of dysplasia and malignancy is elevated and the lesions are developing at an early age. Also, in two patients, the time period between the detection of colonic dysplastic lesions and adenocarcinoma was short (1 year). Patients with SMAD4 mutations and the combined JP-HHT syndrome develop colonic dysplasia and malignancies at an early age: this emphasizes the need for early, close surveillance of this population.
Category: Gastrointestinal
Monday, March 19, 2012 1:00 PM
Poster Session II # 122, Monday Afternoon


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Published April 16, 2010
This is a seriously great place to grab a quick and quality sushi
lunch. Pre-prepared boxes of maki and nigiri are reasonable priced and
really well made, amply filled with deliciously fresh ingredients. The
indoor seating area is limited to some stools and outward-facing
wall-mounted tabletops but there are a couple of tables and chairs set
up outside the front door for those wanting to watch the ships and
tourists in the harbour while they eat.
- Address: Geirsgötu 3, 101 Reykjavík
- Phone: +354 5173366
- Web: www.sushismidjan.is
- Show On Map: click here


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Hi. I'm Marissa, senior fashion editor at Seventeen.
And I'm Jasmine. I'm the accessories editor at Seventeen. And we wanted to show you guys some of our favorite sunglasses in the closet. We're working on some summer issues right now. So, we've had a lot of sunglasses coming in, and there are some really amazing ones here. My first one is Marc by Marc Jacobs, red aviators. I just feel like now, a bright-colored aviator is a classic that everybody needs to have. I love it.
I absolutely love the Elizabeth and James tortoiseshell sunglasses. I love the shape of them and I love anything tortoiseshell.
So, similar. I love these. They're kind of tortoiseshell but the shape is a sort of a rectangular-- which I don't normally wear this shape, but I'm gonna maybe try. It feels like something a little sportier.
And then, for my second pair. These are Converse. They're a really great price. And they're kind of like rosy color, and they have an ombre effect. And they're a little big but I have a really--
They're cute. And they have little stars in the side.
We have tiny faces. So, it's hard for us to find sunglasses. But I think these like kinda worked. I like-- I like them a lot. The colors, too.
I don't know whose the design yet, but last but not the least--
Try them on.
My favorite, with the mirrored lenses. Yes. These are--
They're fun.
enormous for my face. But anyway, I love them 'cause they're like a tiger, cheetah print. And then, they have the mirrored sunglasses which I just-- I think it's so cool to have the lenses like that. And these are Giant Vintage. So, they're about $20 on giantvintage.com-- it's a great deal.
So, those are our favorite sunglasses. Hope you like them and enjoy sunglass shopping.
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Document Actions
National drinking water protections range from excellent to abysmal
Ecojustice's drinking water report, Waterproof 3, has been released and the grades are out. How does your government measure up?
Waterproof 3 gives the federal government an 'F' for lagging in almost every aspect of water protection for which it is responsible. Of greatest concern is the government's reluctance to create rigorous national drinking water standards that protect all Canadians.
Provinces like Ontario (A) and Nova Scotia (A-), however, have been identified as leaders when it comes to drinking water protection — thanks in large part to strong treatment, testing and source water protection programs. In contrast, Alberta (C-) slipped in the rankings because of static treatment standards and poor source water protection efforts.
"The recommendations from the Walkerton Inquiry gave us a very clear framework for evaluating each jurisdiction's efforts to provide safe drinking water," said Randy Christensen, Ecojustice staff lawyer and author of the report. "Those recommendations spell out exactly what it takes to properly monitor and protect drinking water, and yet some provinces and territories, as well as the federal government, still haven't put them in place."
We need your help to make sure everyone has access to safe, clean water. Whether you live in Ontario or Nunavut, please join us in sending a message to the people that can make a difference – our leaders. Sign the petition today and call on the federal government to protect our right to water by developing national, legally-binding drinking water standards.
While you're at it, check out the full report, our summary document and a short video about source water protection. Then spread the word by sharing them – especially the petition – with your friends, family and colleagues.


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is PAN's Program & Policy Director. With training in international policy and social change strategies, Kristin oversees PAN's program work. She has been lead author on several PAN reports, with a particular emphasis on children's health. She serves on the Policy Committee of the Children's Environmental Health Network. Follow @KristinAtPAN
There's an interesting debate emerging in the public health world. It has to do with whether we need to rejigger our thinking about the risks pesticides and other chemicals pose to children's health.
Traditionally, we've had a "disease-oriented" approach, assessing risk based on the severity of a health outcome (think birth defects or cancer). But earlier this month a provocative Environmental Health Perspectives article argued that a "population approach" might be wiser — meaning that even when a health effect is not severe, if it's affecting a huge number of our children (think dropping IQs), we should be paying attention.
Part of my job here at PAN is keeping track of the latest research about how pesticides are harming children's health. This has kept me too busy of late, as studies seem to be coming fast and furious linking pesticides with childhood asthma, autism, birth defects, cancer and more.
One recent study gave me serious pause. We already understand that some chemicals can change how our genes function; now researchers know that this damage can be passed from one generation to the next. I'm no scientist, but I understand enough to know that compromising the DNA of future generations is not a good idea.
If we set our minds to it, we can turn back the rising tide of autism. But it will take the courage to embrace the following common-sense goal, in both policy and practice: Expecting parents and young children should not take in chemical contaminants that are known to harm developing minds.
This week, scientists released a list of exactly which contaminants we're talking about. The top 10 chemicals contributing to autism and learning disabilities include commonly used pesticides, as well as chemicals found in many consumer products. The scientists tell us the list is likely to grow. But for now, it's time to act on what we know.
Last week was a busy one for Sofía Gatica. On Monday, she won the global Goldman Environmental Prize for her efforts to protect her children and neighbors from pesticides. On Wednesday, she asked President Obama to investigate Monsanto's "pesticide poisonings and livelihood harms" in her community and beyond.
It makes perfect sense. After all, both the genetically engineered soy beans that now surround her small Argentine community — and the herbicide those beans are designed to withstand — were produced and aggressively marketed by a company based right here in the U.S. In St. Louis, Missouri, to be precise.
Hats off to this mother of three who got fed up and took charge. Thirteen years ago, Sofía Gatica's newborn died of kidney failure after being exposed to pesticides in the womb. After the despair came anger, then a fierce determination to protect the children in her community and beyond.
Today, she's one of six grassroots leaders from around the world receiving the Goldman Environmental Prize, in recognition of her courageous — and successful — efforts.


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I'm planning a home theater in a room of our basement. The dimensions of the room are 14x18' with a 9' ceiling. Any good links and advice for planning my project? Thank you. |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by jack_in_va (My Page) on Mon, Jan 3, 11 at 14:49
I am preparing to build a home theater/gaming room in my basement of approximately the same size this Spring. My goal is to create a room with good sound isolation. Easy when money is no object, but with me, it is an object. My son plays video games and while I do enjoy a movie now and then, I really enjoy watching concert videos. I want to create a room where no one else in the house is disturbed by noise. The room has half the walls already studded by the builder for it is load bearing. The walls are 2"x6" and I plan to make the other two walls the same. In the walls & ceiling, I will insulate with R19 insulation (or better in the ceiling based on budget - insulation seems to be dropping in price). A vinyl barrier will wrapped around the walls and ceiling. Next I will install 1/2" drywall then another layer of 1/2" drywall with green glue between as an accoustical sound deadener. All boxes for outlets and wiring will be sound insulated and caulked to stop sound leakage. There will be no recessed speakers or lighting to minimize sound leakage. I will install a ceiling fan because a sound isolated room also has minimal air movement. The room already has a central air/heating duct. Lighting will be via wall sconces. I will put down a 3/4" carpet pad with a nice soft frizee carpet so kids can sit on it and be comfortable. I plan to have one four row set of seats with a couple of gaming chairs which can be moved around. I will install a 36" wide exterior door with a glass window with a built-in blind to help with the sound isolation. I will install a tv and not a projection tv. (all gamers would agree) Vizio and others have talked about coming out with 72" led/lcd tvs. If not then I will stick with the 60-65" tvs on the market now. The tv will sit in a custom wall unit. I am looking at the Ikea Besta line that you can customize to your taste. In need lots of storage for 1000 cd's plus many videos. Very inexpensive. I plan to perform all installation except the mud & tape of the drywall and the electrical. I estimate this will cost about $4-5k (walls, ceiling, flooring, door, sconces,seating & wall unit). This does not include any electronics. That is my plan. Good luck to you. Jack |
It sounds like you have a great plan Jack. Thanks for the response, it was very useful. |
- Posted by seattleCraftsman (My Page) on Fri, Mar 11, 11 at 1:19
The room is a good place to focus. Mine isn't as nicely done as Jack's will be (jealous) but does have batts of insulation in the ceiling which insulate most of the sound from the dining room above. Speakers are your next most important area for investment. For a 2-channel system, it is generally alright to spend half of your budget on speakers and the other half on electronics. With a theater, typically with 3 front speakers, 2 surrounds, and a sub, if you only spend half of your budget on speakers, you'll be getting pretty cheap speakers. Treated well, your speakers will outlive all the electronics hooked up to them - don't skimp. Not to beat the topic of speakers to death, but 1) it is great to be able to listen to them before you buy, and 2) mark-up on speakers can be as high as 100%. Lots of great speakers available direct from manufacturers can save you $. A new TV will be out months after you purchase one that is cheaper and better in every way. I love my 50" plasma, but wish it sipped power like the new LCDs. And I'll keep using this plasma until it stops working. @Jack - rip those CDs to a Server and get a Squeezebox or Sonos! With that many discs, it stinks to try and find something in the CD books or jewel cases. |
wish i could help you, but i'm just jealous =) |
Jack (and others) I would recommend installing rc-1 channels on the walls and ceilings prior to installing the drywall. This will help create a vibration break and further enhance the sound deadening abilities of the wall for very minimal dollars. They are a couple bucks for a 8-10' piece, so well worth it. Make sure you install them correctly however. If you really want to step it up, save the green glue and 2 layers of 1/2" gyp. Frame up another wall (2x3 or 2x4) and create a staggard, double stud wall between the room. THis costs about $50 in wood, and will have the biggest impact of anything. go with 5/8" gyp on each side and you will have a wall assembly with really high STC ratings. |
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Reviewed Pan Fried Chicken Thighs with Pancetta Cream over Confit Potatoes
Nov 5, 2010 in Food Network Community Toolbox on Food Network
"This recipe was absolutely better than any similar restaurant dish. Not only was it delicious, but very easy to prepare. I was finished in a little under an hour and I had a 3 year old and an 18 month old running around."


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Liger | |
Female (left) and male (right) ligers at Everland amusement park, South Korea | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Carnivora |
Family: | Felidae |
Genus: | Panthera |
Species: | Panthera leo♂ × Panthera tigris♀ |
Liger | |
Female (left) and male (right) ligers at Everland amusement park, South Korea | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Carnivora |
Family: | Felidae |
Genus: | Panthera |
Species: | Panthera leo♂ × Panthera tigris♀ |
The liger is a hybrid cross between a male lion (Panthera leo) and a female tiger (Panthera tigris). Thus, it has parents with the same genus but of different species. It is distinct from the similar hybrid tigon. It is the largest of all known extant felines.[1][2]
Ligers enjoy swimming, which is a characteristic of tigers, and are very sociable like lions. Ligers exist only in captivity because the habitats of the parental species do not overlap in the wild. Historically, when the Asiatic Lion was prolific, the territories of lions and tigers did overlap and there are legends of ligers existing in the wild. Notably, ligers typically grow larger than either parent species, unlike tigons which tend to be about as large as a female tiger and is the cross between a male tiger and a lioness.[1][better source needed]
The history of ligers dates to at least the early 19th century in India. In 1798, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772–1844) made a colour plate of the offspring of a lion and a tiger.
In 1825, G. B. Whittaker made an engraving of liger cubs born in 1824.[3] The parents and their three liger offspring are also depicted with their trainer in a 19th-century painting in the naïve style.
Two liger cubs born in 1837 were exhibited to King William IV and to his successor Queen Victoria. On 14 December 1900 and on 31 May 1901, Carl Hagenbeck wrote to zoologist James Cossar Ewart with details and photographs of ligers born at the Hagenbeck's Tierpark in Hamburg in 1897.
In Animal Life and the World of Nature (1902–1903), A.H. Bryden described Hagenbeck's "lion-tiger" hybrids:
It has remained for one of the most enterprising collectors and naturalists of our time, Mr. Carl Hagenbeck, not only to breed, but to bring successfully to a healthy maturity, specimens of this rare alliance between those two great and formidable felidae, the lion and tiger. The illustrations will indicate sufficiently how fortunate Mr. Hagenbeck has been in his efforts to produce these hybrids. The oldest and biggest of the animals shown is a hybrid born on the 11th May, 1897. This fine beast, now more than five years old, equals and even excels in his proportions a well-grown lion, measuring as he does from nose tip to tail 10 ft 2 inches in length, and standing only three inches less than 4 ft at the shoulder. A good big lion will weigh about 400 lb [...] the hybrid in question, weighing as it does no less than 467 lb, is certainly the superior of the most well-grown lions, whether wild-bred or born in a menagerie. This animal shows faint striping and mottling, and, in its characteristics, exhibits strong traces of both its parents. It has a somewhat lion-like head, and the tail is more like that of a lion than of a tiger. On the other hand, it has no trace of mane. It is a huge and very powerful beast.[4]
In 1935, four ligers from two litters were reared in the Zoological Gardens of Bloemfontein, South Africa. Three of them, a male and two females, were still living in 1953. The male weighed 340 kg (750 lb) and stood a foot and a half (45 cm) taller than a full grown male lion at the shoulder.
Although ligers are more commonly found than tigons today, in At Home In The Zoo (1961), Gerald Iles wrote "For the record I must say that I have never seen a liger, a hybrid obtained by crossing a lion with a tigress. They seem to be even rarer than tigons."[5]
The liger is often believed to represent the largest known cat in the world.[1] Males reach a total length of 3 to 3.5 m,[6][7] meaning they are bigger than large Siberian tiger males.[8] Imprinted genes may be a factor contributing to huge liger size.[9] These are genes that may or may not be expressed on the parent they are inherited from, and that occasionally play a role in issues of hybrid growth. For example, in some dog breed crosses, genes that are expressed only when maternally-inherited cause the young to grow larger than is typical for either parent breed. This growth is not seen in the paternal breeds, as such genes are normally "counteracted" by genes inherited from the female of the appropriate breed.[10]
Other big cat hybrids can reach similar sizes; the litigon, a rare hybrid of a male lion and a female tigon, is roughly the same size as the liger, with a male named Cubanacan (at the Alipore Zoo in India) reaching 363 kg (800 lb).[11] The extreme rarity of these second-generation hybrids may make it difficult to ascertain whether they are larger or smaller, on average, than the liger.
It is wrongly believed that ligers continue to grow throughout their lives due to hormonal issues.[citation needed] It may be that they simply grow far more during their growing years and take longer to reach their full adult size. Further growth in shoulder height and body length is not seen in ligers over 6 years old, same as both lions and tigers. Male ligers also have the same levels of testosterone on average as an adult male lion, yet are azoospermic in accordance with Haldane's rule. In addition, female ligers may also attain great size, weighing approximately 320 kg (705 lb) and reaching 3.05 m (10 ft) long on average, and are often fertile. In contrast, pumapards (hybrids between pumas and leopards) tend to exhibit dwarfism.
Jungle Island, an interactive animal theme park in Miami, is home to a liger named Hercules, the largest non-obese liger, who is recognised by the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest living cat on Earth, weighing over 410 kg (904 lb).[12] Hercules was featured on the Today Show, Good Morning America, Anderson Cooper 360, Inside Edition and in a Maxim article in 2005, when he was only three years old and already weighed 408.25 kg (900 lb). Hercules is healthy and is expected to live a long life. The cat's breeding is said to have been a complete accident. Sinbad, another liger, was shown on the National Geographic Channel. Sinbad was reportedly similar in weight to Hercules.
Shasta, a ligress (female liger) was born at the Hogle Zoo in Salt Lake City on 14 May 1948 and died in 1972 at age 24.[citation needed] Valley of the Kings animal sanctuary in Wisconsin had a male liger named Nook who weighed around 550 kg (1,213 lb),[13] and died in 2007, at 21 years old.[citation needed] Hobbs, a male liger at the Sierra Safari Zoo in Reno, Nevada, lived to almost 15 years of age before succumbing to liver failure and weighed in at 450 kg (992 lb).[14] A liger lived for 17 years in Bloemfontein South Africa.[citation needed] This liger was born in 1943 and died in 1960. South Africa still has two ligers at its one zoo at Bloemfontein.[15]
The fertility of hybrid big cat females is well documented across a number of different hybrids. This is in accordance with Haldane's rule: in hybrids of animals whose sex is determined by sex chromosomes, if one sex is absent, rare or sterile, it is the heterogametic sex (the one with two different sex chromosomes e.g. X and Y).
According to Wild Cats of the World (1975) by C. A. W. Guggisberg, ligers and tigons were long thought to be sterile: in 1943, a fifteen-year-old hybrid between a lion and an 'Island' tiger was successfully mated with a lion at the Munich Hellabrunn Zoo. The female cub, though of delicate health, was raised to adulthood.[16]
In September 2012, the Russian Novosibirsk Zoo announced the birth of a "liliger", which is the offspring of a liger mother and a lion father. The cub was named Kiara.[17] In 2013 the same pair of an African lion and a female liger produced three more female cubs.[18]
Ligers have a tiger-like striped pattern that is very faint upon a lionesque tawny background. In addition they may inherit rosettes from the lion parent (lion cubs are rosetted and some adults retain faint markings). These markings may be black, dark brown or sandy. The background colour may be correspondingly tawny, sandy or golden. In common with tigers, their underparts are pale. The actual pattern and colour depends on which subspecies the parents were and on how the genes interact in the offspring.
White tigers have been crossed with lions to produce "white" (actually pale golden) ligers. In theory, white tigers could be crossed with white lions to produce white, very pale or even stripeless ligers. There are no black ligers. Very few melanistic tigers have ever been recorded, most being due to excessive markings (pseudo-melanism or abundism) rather than true melanism; no reports of black lions have ever been substantiated. Blue or Maltese Tigers are extremely endangered and rare, even or no longer exist, but grey or blue ligers are just exceedingly improbable. A liger can, within possibility, be white, but the phenomenon is quite rare.
Breeding of ligers has been banned in many zoos and animal sanctuaries due to no conservation value of the hybrid, and the risk it poses on the tigress that gives birth to it.[19][20] Keeping the two species separate has been standard procedure.[citation needed] However, ligers do occur by accident in captivity.