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AGLO 1971 No. 98 - August 23, 1971
Slade Gorton
| 1969-1980 | Attorney General of Washington
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
August 23, 1971
Honorable M. A. Allan
Highline Community College
Midway, Washington 98031 Cite as: AGLO 1971 No. 98 (not official)
Dear Sir:
By letter previously acknowledged you have requested an opinion of this office on a number of questions relating to the authority of a community college in this state to provide scholarships, loans and grants, deferral of tuition, and certain designated awards to the students enrolled therein. We believe that the legal issues raised by your request may best be met and resolved through paraphrasing your questions as follows:
(1) May a community college receive and disburse federal funds for the purpose of financing programs authorized by, and approved under, federal statutes without regard to the constitutional limitations which are set forth in Article VIII, § 5 of the Washington constitution?
(2) May a community college receive and disburse, without constitutional limitation, funds contributed or donated by private individuals or other private sources?
(3) Is the expenditure by a community college of funds derived from student activity fees, gate receipts from athletic events and school plays, concerts, etc., and television or radio broadcast receipts related to such events, governed by the provisions of Article VIII, § 5 of the Washington constitution which prohibits a loan or gift of the state's credit or its public funds?
(4) If question (3) is answered in the affirmative, under what circumstances may such funds be expended for scholarships, or grants or loans, or for providing awards such as engraved plaques, sweaters, warm-up jackets, chenille letters, rain clothes, monogrammed dress jackets, and the like, to students who have served or are serving as members of athletic teams, cheer leaders, outstanding scholars, outstanding participants in drama, debate, student government, and the like?
(5) May a community college defer the collection of fees from students at the time of registration when the college is to bill certain programs or funds and subsequently to receive payment for the fees from some other source, such as state vocational rehabilitation, or employment security, the federal veterans' administration or the like?
[[Orig. Op. Page 2]]
We answer questions (1), (3) and (5) in the affirmative and questions (2) and (4) in the manner set forth in our analysis.
Two fundamental propositions must be initially noted with regard to all of the activities referred to in your request, both arising from the fact that a community college, acting through its board of trustees as provided for in RCW 28B.50.100, is an agency of the state.1/ Because of this, it must first be understood that a community college has only such authority to do those things which you have referred to as the legislature has granted to it, either expressly or by necessary implication. State ex rel. Holcomb v. Armstrong, 39 Wn.2d 860, 239 P.2d 545 (1952); see, also, State ex rel. Eastvold v. Maybury, 49 Wn.2d 533, 304 P.2d 663 (1956).
Secondly, it likewise is to be understood that a community college, as a state agency, is restricted in its activities by such limitations as are contained in our state constitution ‑ including the following provisions of Article VIII, § 5, which are particularly pertinent to operations in those areas described in your questions:
"The credit of the state shall not, in any manner be given or loaned to, or in aid of, any individual, association, company or corporation."
This constitutional provision, although somewhat differently worded than is § 7 of the same Article dealing with municipal funds,2/ has been construed by the court to have essentially the same meaning in so far as state funds are concerned. See, Washington State Highway Comm. v. Pac. N.W. Bell Tel. Co., 59 Wn.2d 216, 367 P.2d 605 (1961); State v. Guaranty Trust Co., 20 Wn.2d 588, 148 P.2d 323 (1944); and Morgan v. Dept. of Social Security, 14 Wn.2d 156, 127 P.2d 686 (1942). Thus, in effect, it inhibits not only state guarantees of private loans, cf., Gruen v. State Tax Commission, 35 Wn.2d 1, 211 P.2d 651 (1949), but direct state loans as well, together with state gratuities or gifts.
[[Orig. Op. Page 3]]
Basically, we are dealing in this opinion with three separate categories of funds which may be available to a community college; namely, (1) earmarked federal funds; (2) earmarked private donations, etc.; and (3) public funds. The areas of activity involving the use of these funds with regard to which we have been asked to advise include the following four categories: Scholarships and similar grants; loans; awards (plaques, letter sweaters, etc.); and deferral of tuition. In line with the two analytical guideposts which must be considered in determining the legality of expenditures for these programs, some statute must first be found which either expressly or impliedly authorizes the activity. Then, secondly, some basis for the avoidance of a collision with Article VIII, § 5 limitations must be demonstrated ‑ either on the basis that the funding sources involved are not within the purview of the constitution or that because of some performance required of the recipient, or because of his status and circumstances, the expenditure in any event does not constitute an unconstitutional gift or loan of state funds.
We have paraphrased and organized your questions so as first to draw your attention to the constitutional lines of demarcation to be drawn between the various funding sources to which you have referred, starting with two instances (federal funds and private donations) where the scope of authority appears to be rather clearly spelled out. See questions (1) and (2). Then, with questions (3) and (5) we will move from the area of constitutionally uninhibited funding sources to that of restricted sources where the scope of authority must be viewed within the confines of the constitution. In this manner, we will attempt to provide you with not only an answer to your specific questions but, as well, a set of guidelines which you may apply in determining the legality of other related community college activities.
Question (1):
The authority of a community college to receive and disburse federal funds for the purpose of financing programs authorized by, and approved under, federal statutes, is spelled out in RCW 28B.10.280 and RCW 28B.50.520, reading respectively, as follows:
"The boards of regents of the state universities and the boards of trustees of the state colleges and community college districts may each create student loan funds, and qualify and participate in the National Defense Education Act of 1958 and such other similar federal student aid programs as are or may be enacted from time to time, and to that end may comply with all of the laws of the United States, and all the rules, regulations and requirements promulgated pursuant thereto." (Emphasis supplied.)
[[Orig. Op. Page 4]]
"The state board for community college education or any community college board of trustees is authorized to receive federal funds made available for the assistance of community colleges, and providing physical facilities, maintenance or operation of schools, or for any educational purposes, according to the provisions of the acts of congress making such funds available."
From the standpoint of the limitations contained in Article VIII, § 5, supra, we turn to a recent prior opinion, AGO 1970 No. 24 [[to David G. Sprague, State Representative and George Fleming, State Representative on November 5, 1970]](copy enclosed), in which we concluded that such constitutional limitations as this and its municipal counterpart, Article VIII, § 7, do not prohibit state agencies or municipal corporations from gratuituously disbursing, in accordance with applicable federal law, such funds as may have been made available to them by the federal government for a specified purpose.
In thus concluding we reasoned that these constitutional limitations were only intended by the framers of the constitution to inhibit the expenditure of funds which would otherwise be available to be spent on general and proper agency or municipal purposes. Since such federally granted funds as are referred to in RCW 28B.10.280 and RCW 28B.50.520, supra, would not thus be "otherwise available" for general community college purposes, it follows that their expenditure, in accordance with the applicable federal and state statutes, would not be unconstitutional.3/
[[Orig. Op. Page 5]]
Question (2):
The authority of a community college to receive and disburse funds contributed or donated by private individuals or other private sources will be found in RCW 28B.50.140, providing in material part as follows:
"Each community college board of trustees:
". . .
"(8) May receive such gifts, grants, conveyances, devises and bequests of personal property from private sources, as may be made from time to time, in trust or otherwise, whenever the terms and conditions thereof will aid in carrying out the community college programs as specified by law and the regulations of the state college board; sell, lease or exchange, invest or expend the same or the proceeds, rents, profits and income thereof according to the terms and conditions thereof; and adopt regulations to govern the receipt and expenditure of the proceeds, rents, profits and income thereof;
". . ."
Under this statute, the various boards of trustees of the several community colleges in this state are specifically authorized to receive gifts, grants, conveyances, devises and benefits of property from private sources ". . . whenever the terms and conditions thereof will aid in carrying out the community college programs as specified by law and the regulations of the state college board; . . ."
The statute further provides that the board may ". . . adopt regulations to govern the receipt and expenditure of the proceeds, rents, profits and income thereof;"
Therefore, this language indicates a legislative intent that such gifts, grants, etc. be treated as a separate class of funds, separate and apart from the regular public funds of the institution.4/
[[Orig. Op. Page 6]]
To this extent the board may control the receipt and expenditure of such funds in accordance with regulations it adopts, which regulations would be applicable to the receipt of these private funds but would not be applicable to public funds. As a result, the limitations on unrestricted gifts received under this statute are subject only to the regulations of the board and are not subject to the restrictions of Article VIII, § 5, supra.
Question (3):
Your third question inquires as to whether the expenditure by a community college of funds derived from student activity fees, gate receipts from athletic events or school plays, concerts, etc. and television or radio broadcast receipts related to such events, is governed by the provisions of Article VIII, § 5, supra.
In this area, we are no longer dealing with earmarked monies granted or donated either by the federal government or by private individuals or other private sources. Instead, we are here dealing with revenues derived from the operational activities of the college.
The mere fact that these funds may be collected and retained locally rather than being placed in the state treasury for expenditure only in accordance with the legislative appropriation5/ by no means immunizes them from the limitations of Article VIII, § 5, supra. Accord, State ex rel. Collier v. Yelle, 9 Wn.2d 317, 115 P.2d 373 (1941); see also, State ex rel. O'Connell v. Pt of Seattle, 65 Wn.2d 801, 399 P.2d 623 (1965). Although both of these cases dealt with proprietary operating revenues of municipalities rather than of the state, we entertain no doubt as to the likelihood that our court would apply the same principles in the case of any attempt to disburse the operating revenues of a state agency in a manner not in conformity with the ban against loans or gifts of state funds or credit which is contained in Article VIII, § 5, supra.6/
[[Orig. Op. Page 7]]
Question (4):
This question presupposes the foregoing affirmative answer to question (3), and inquires as to the circumstances under which the funds therein referred to may be expended for scholarships, or grants or loans, or for providing awards such as engraved plaques, sweaters, warm-up jackets, chenille letters, rain clothes, monogrammed dress jackets, to students who have served or are serving as members of athletic teams, cheer leaders, outstanding scholars, outstanding participants in drama, debate, student government, and the like.
An appropriate beginning point for answering this question is chapter 28, Laws of 1971, Ex. Sess. (Senate Bill No. 35). This act, which was passed by the legislature following our receipt of your opinion request, has added the following two new sections to chapter 28B.10 RCW:
Section 2:
"The governing boards of each of the state universities, state colleges, and community colleges in addition to their other duties prescribed by law shall have the power and authority to establish programs for intercollegiate athletic competition. Such competition may include participation as a member of an athletic conference or conferences, in accordance with conference rules."
Section 3:
"Funds used for purposes of providing scholarships or other forms of financial assistance to students in return for participation in intercollegiate athletics in accordance with section 2 of this 1971 act shall be limited to moneys received as contributed or donated funds, or revenues derived from athletic events, including gate receipts and revenues obtained from the licensing of radio and television broadcasts."
Manifestly, this statute was enacted with both of the fundamental analytical propositions stated at the outset of this opinion in mind. Thus, it first authorizes the use of gate receipts and other operating revenues of intercollegiate athletic events for the purpose of ". . . providing scholarships or other forms of financial assistance to students . . ."; and then it spells out a requisite quid pro quo for the purpose of avoiding the "unconstitutional gift" limitations of Article VIII, § 5, supra, ‑ namely, that the scholarships or other financial aid in question be awarded [[Orig. Op. Page 8]] "in return for participation in intercollegiate athletics."7/ In other words, because athletic scholarships or other financial aid funded out of operating revenues may only be expended in return for student participation in intercollegiate athletics, their constitutionality is preserved ‑ even though the funds in question may readily be said to constitute "public funds" to which Article VIII, § 5, supra, applies.
On the other hand where this sort of performance relationship is not required, an alternative rationale for the constitutionality of scholarships or grants to students attending our public colleges and universities must be utilized. In AGO 57-58 No. 226 [[to R. R. (Bob) Greive, State Senator on October 31, 1958]], copy enclosed, recently affirmed in an opinion dated March 23, 1971, to State Senator Jonathan Whetzel, we concluded that an exception to the general constitutional ban against gifts exists in those cases wherein the recipient student is in "financial need." In accordance with this rationale, the 1969 legislature enacted chapter 222, Laws of 1969 (currently codified as RCW 28B.10.802-28B.10.824). This act (commonly called the student financial aid act) is administered by the state commission on higher education which is a part of the council on higher education. In order to comply fully with the constitution and to resolve any doubts as to its constitutionality, the act is limited in its application to "needy students," a term which is expressly defined in RCW 28B.10.802 (3) as follows:
"The term 'needy student' shall mean a post high school student of an institution of higher learning as defined in 28B.10.802 subsection (1) above who demonstrates to the commission the financial inability, either through his parents, family and/or personally, to meet the total cost of board, room, books, and tuition and incidental fees for any semester or quarter."
[[Orig. Op. Page 9]]
Summarizing, then, it will be seen that from a constitutional standpoint, a scholarship, grant or loan program, and likewise, any program of awards to be made to community college students, must be predicated upon either (a) a concept of an award presented in return for, and preconditioned upon, the certain performance which it is within the authority of the college to solicit, or (b) financial need on the part of the recipient. This leaves us, then, with the "authority" side of the coin with respect to the matters which are involved in this question.
First, in the area of scholarships, loans or grants, we have already, of course, noted the recent 1971 enactment with respect to athletic scholarships ‑ as well as chapter 222, Laws of 1969, supra, with regard to the state administered student financial aid program for "needy students." In addition to these two acts, several other statutory authorizations for the awarding of scholarships to community college students were listed and discussed in our letter dated November 16, 1970, to the president of Fort Steilacoom Community College, copy enclosed, as follows:
"RCW 28B.10.280 specifically authorizes community college districts to create student loan funds and qualify and participate in the National Defense Education Act of 1958 and other such similar federal student aid programs as may be enacted. It is my understanding that recipients under the National Defense Education Act must make a showing of financial need, and, based upon that showing, the federal government will provide $9 to every $1 of state money to provide financial assistance to students in institutions of higher education.
". . .
"RCW 28B.10.210 allows community colleges to provide certain financial assistance to blind students who are able to show that they do not have the resources with which to finance their education.
"RCW 28B.10.250 also allows community colleges to provide financial assistance to children of deceased or totally incapacitated veterans whose children are attending an institution of higher education.
"RCW 28B.15.520 allows community colleges with approval of the college board to waive tuition fees, incidental fees and other fees for students who are enrolled in a course of study which will enable them to finish their high school education."
[[Orig. Op. Page 10]]
In addition to the foregoing, the recently enacted provisions of chapter 279, Laws of 1971, 1st Ex. Sess. contain certain further statutory authorizations for the expenditure of public funds by a community college for scholarships or other forms of financial assistance. Section 4 of this 1971 act allows one dollar per quarter to be deducted from the "service and activities fees" paid by each student for the purpose of establishing a "student loan fund for needy students." Section 11 allows for a waiver of 3% of tuition and fees for resident students who are "needy or disadvantaged students." Section 22 exempts veterans of the southeast Asia theater of operations from any increase in tuition and fees established by enactment of House Bill No. 740, chapter 279, Laws of 1971, 1st Ex. Sess. Cf., § 77, chapter 275, Laws of 1971, 1st Ex. Sess. at page 49 (appropriations act).
Thus, to the extent that a particular financial aid program is to be funded with "public monies" as we have used this term in this opinion, as distinguished from earmarked federal or private grants or donations, the necessary legislative grant of authority can only be said to exist, at this time, to the extent that it is spelled out in one of these statutes.
The matter of providing awards must be approached somewhat differently than that of scholarships, for here we find no pattern of legislation comparable to that relating to scholarships; i.e., a pattern of express legislative authority in those areas wherein the legislature has intended to authorize such financial assistance ‑ thereby negating any rational basis for finding any such authority by implication. By way of contrast, in the area of such awards as you have referred to, there is no express authorization and thus the requisite authority must be found, if it exists, on the basis of the doctrine of implied powers. Accord, State ex rel. Holcomb v. Armstrong, supra.
Under this case, the approach to be applied in searching for an implied power (having failed, first, to find an express grant to perform the activity in question) as expressed by the court at page 865, is as follows:
" . . . Failing an express grant, the regents may only exercise those powers necessary or fairly implied in or incident to the powers expressly granted or those essential to the declared objects and purposes of the university ‑ not simply convenient but indispensable. . . ."
The "declared objects and purposes" of the various community colleges within the state system which was established through the enactment of chapter 8, Laws of 1967, Ex. Sess. are spelled out in § 2 thereof (RCW 28B.50.020) as follows:
[[Orig. Op. Page 11]]
"The purpose of this chapter is to provide for the dramatically increasing number of students requiring high standards of education either as a part of the continuing higher education program or for occupational training, by creating a new, independent system of community colleges which will:
"(1) Offer an open door to every citizen, regardless of his academic background or experience, at a cost normally within his economic means;
"(2) Ensure that each community college district shall offer thoroughly comprehensive educational, training and service programs to meet the needs of both the communities and students served by combining, with equal emphasis, high standards of excellence in academic transfer courses; realistic and practical courses in occupational education, both graded and ungraded; community services of an educational, cultural, and recreational nature; and adult education;
"(3) Provide administration by state and local boards which will avoid unnecessary duplication of facilities or programs; and which will encourage efficiency in operation and creativity and imagination in education, training and service to meet the needs of the community and students;
"(4) Allow for the growth, improvement, flexibility and modification of the community colleges and their education, training and service programs as future needs occur; and
"(5) Establish firmly that community colleges are, for purposes of academic training, two year institutions, and are an independent, unique, and vital section of our state's higher education system, separate from both the common school system and other institutions of higher learning, and never to be considered for conversion into four-year liberal arts colleges."
Based upon the foregoing express authority, and the rationale in Holcomb, supra, we believe there is implied authority for a community college to provide awards such as those to which you referred.
The basis for this conclusion is threefold: First, such awards are of an entirely different category from those of scholarships or tuition and fee waivers which are monetary in nature; secondly, the granting of awards by higher education institutions has been a long established practice and a matter of common knowledge [[Orig. Op. Page 12]] of which official notice may be taken; and thirdly, the legislature has never seen fit to further delineate or speak to this specific category of awards traditionally made by institutions of higher education.
The cardinal rule of statutory construction applicable here has been clearly enunciated by our court in In re Lloyd's Estate, 53 Wn.2d 196, 332 P.2d 44 (1958). Therein the court stated:
"The tax commission has interpreted the pertinent statutes in a consistent manner for twenty-three years. We believe it is significant that during that time the legislature has not amended the statute, but, in effect, has acquiesced in the administration of it by the tax commission.
"[2] In Morin v. Johnson (1956), 49 Wn.2d 275, 300 P.2d 569, we pointed out:
"'It is a familiar rule of statutory construction that, in any doubtful case, the court should give great weight to the contemporaneous construction of an ordinance by the officials charged with its enforcement. This is especially true where the administrative construction has been accompanied over a period of years by the silent acquiescence of the legislative body. . . .'"
Thus, it is our opinion that the granting of such awards as are delineated in question (4) is within the implied authority of institutions of higher education based upon the administrative construction of its statutes by the governing body of the institution to include the granting of awards, accompanied by the silent acquiescence of the legislature.
We believe such awards to be an intrinsic part of not only athletics but scholastics, drama, debate, student government and the like. As long as such awards are personal to the recipient and reasonable under the circumstances8/ and are not monetary awards, [[Orig. Op. Page 13]] we believe the authority to grant them is within the implied authority of the governing body of the institution of higher education based upon the reasoning of our supreme court in the Holcomb and Lloyd cases, supra.
Thus, the requisite authorization to make such awards may be said to exist, but can only be presented on the basis of "return for participation."
It also follows that, if the individual does not meet the criteria established by the institution for the provided awards, then the performance or effort expended by the individual is insufficient to entitle him to such award.
Question (5):
By your final question you have inquired as to the legal ability of a community college to defer the collection of fees from students at the time of registration in those instances where the college is to bill and receive payment from some other source ‑ such as state vocational rehabilitation or employment security, the veterans' administration, or the like.
The statutory authority of the various boards of trustees of the several community colleges to charge tuition and other fees is spelled out in RCW 28B.15.500 (as amended by House Bill No. 740, chapter 279, Laws of 1971, 1st Ex. Sess.), as follows:
"General tuition fees ((and incidental)), operating fees and services and activities fees charged students registered at each community college other than at summer quarters shall be as follows:
"(1) Full time resident students:
"(a) General tuition ((fees)) fee, ((fifty)) forty-one dollars and fifty cents per quarter; ((and))
"(b) ((Incidental)) Operating fees ((not more than twenty)), twenty-seven dollars per quarter; and
"(c) Services and activities fees, not more than fourteen dollars and fifty cents per quarter.
"(2) Full time nonresident students:
"(a) General tuition ((fees)) fee, one hundred ((fifty)) thirty-one dollars and fifty cents per quarter; ((and))
[[Orig. Op. Page 14]]
"(b) ((Incidental)) Operating fees, ((not more than twenty)) eighty-one dollars per quarter; and
"(c) Services and activities fees, not more than fourteen dollars and fifty cents per quarter.
"Tuition ((and incidental)) , operating fees and services and activities fees consistent with the above schedule will be fixed by the state board for community colleges for summer school students.
"The board of trustees shall charge such fees for part time students, ungraded courses, noncredit courses, and short courses as it, in its discretion, may determine, not inconsistent with the rules and regulations of the state board for community college education."
However, we find no legislative mandate that these fees be collected from students at the time of enrollment ‑ or at any other specific time, for that matter, except to the extent necessary to comply with RCW 28B.50.360 (as amended by House Bill No. 740, § 20, chapter 279, Laws of 1971, 1st Ex. Sess.). This statute, relating to the community college bond retirement fund, requires that:
"Within thirty-five days from the date of start of each quarter ((sixty percent of)) all general tuition fees of each such community college shall be paid into the state treasury, . . ."
Moreover, we would not regard a delay in the collection of fees ‑ to an extent not inconsistent with this statute ‑ as posing any constitutional problem, for the constitution does not forbid the state, pursuant to a valid contract, from rendering some part of its performance first, before payment or other reciprocal performance is obtained from the other party. See, Washington Nat. Gas Co. v. P.U.D. No. 1 of Snohomish County, 77 Wn.2d 94, 459 P.2d 633 (1969). Accordingly, we answer this concluding question in the affirmative.
This, we believe, completes the presentation necessary to answer your questions, as we have paraphrased them. We trust that the foregoing will be of some assistance to you. If we can be of any further help in regard to any of the matters discussed herein, please advise.
Very truly yours,
Richard M. Montecucco
Assistant Attorney General
1/See, AGO 1967 No. 17 [[to Doris J. Johnson, State Representative on May 8, 1967]], copy enclosed.
2/Article VIII, § 7, provides as follows:
"No county, city, town or other municipal corporation shall hereafter give any money, or property, or loan its money, or credit to or in aid of any individual, association, company or corporation, except for the necessary support of the poor and infirm, or become directly or indirectly the owner of any stock in or bonds of any association, company or corporation."
3/However, it should be noted that RCW 28B.10.280, supra, in so far as it allows "participation" in the National Defense Education Act of 1958, contemplates that a portion of federal funds be matched with state funds and to this extent Article VIII, § 5, is applicable. Since the National Defense Education Act is for the benefit of needy students, this creates no problem in view of what our office has previously advised in a letter to Edmonds Community College dated August 18, 1970. (Copy attached.)
4/Most institutions, if not all, have existing foundations or trusts which have been established by private individuals to receive specific or general gifts and donations for the general benefit of the institution involved. The foundation or trust thus administers the gift or donation consistent with the overall programs and needs of the institution. Such a private foundation or trust, not being public, is thus exempt from any of the limitations which would be placed upon the authority of the institution itself.
5/See Article VIII, § 4 (Amendment 11) of the state constitution.
6/Additionally, in the specific case of student body fees, we would refer you to AGO 55-57 No. 267 [[to William A. Gissberg, State Senator on May 10, 1956]], copy enclosed. In that opinion, we concluded that the associated student body at a state college or university is to be considered an arm and agency of the governing board of such institution. Therefore, any of the operating revenues of any such associations, whether derived from required membership fees or otherwise, must be said clearly to fall within the ambit of Article VIII, § 5, supra, for the reasons above explained.
7/Ballentine's Law Dictionary (3rd Ed.) defines a gift as:
"A voluntary transfer of property by one to another without any consideration or compensation therefor; anything given or bestowed, or any piece of property voluntarily transferred by one person to another. 24 Am.Jur. 1st Gifts § 2 . . ."
This same law dictionary further defines a gift of public money as:
"Any appropriation of public money for the benefit of one who has no claim to be compensated which is enforceable at law or in equity, . . ."
8/We believe those awards delineated in question (4) such as engraved plaques, sweaters, warm-up jackets, chenille letters, rain clothes, monogrammed dress jackets and awards of a similar type to be personal to the recipient and reasonable under the circumstances. However, the granting of awards within this general class or category would be prohibited as beyond the implied authority of the institution if the award is not personal to the recipient (has no intrinsic sentimental or personal value) or is not reasonable under the circumstances (has far more than nominal monetary value).
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text:
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Asterisk* = playing Denver or Boulder in the near future :)
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subset: commoncrawl


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Call the Listener Line - enter a Contest or Giveaway - and Say Hi at a Concert or Event! We would love to meet you in person. Tell us about what God is doing in your life. Let us pray with you on both the good and bad days.


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Four Brothers Sequel Five Brothers Is A Go
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Christopher Campbell


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Very interesting news! Having been a parent of a special needs child who was a guest of Make-a-Wish in 11/2012 I can say we've been there and experienced the full range of responses from visitors in line. For full disclosure, my (then 6 yr old) son has a heart defect that has required 4 open-heart surgeries, 2 heart caths, 50+ echo's, 30+ pediatric cardiologist checkups, etc... Diagnosed with CP and flatfooted. He's seen more hospitals & doctor's rooms than a child EVER should.
Through all that, he's a "normal" boy and it'd be hard to look at both him and his twin brother to figure out which had the surgeries, but lift his shirt and it looks like the map of a trainyard. So his outward appearance and even physical abilities for the most part are equal to a normal 6 yr old.
So we show up to MK to start his dream trip of 3 days in the parks. We ride it's a small world first (because, come on! You have to!!) and then it's off to Haunted Mansion where both had no waits. Then over to Country Bear Jamboree and on to Splash Mountain. No waits over 6 minutes. Finally! A wait... Woody and Sally are signing autographs and we wait about 10 minutes before a CM sees our Give Kids the World issued Disability Card (not sure of the official name). They say, "move right up here, we'll ask the next family if its ok". We said, we dont want to make a fuss. The CM's walked us right up there and we felt about 4 inches tall. But all the families were supportive! It was at this time that that CM explained how that card worked. But we're an honest family and only used it where we needed to due to a reservation or scheduling conflict.
Why do I say all this? Disney (even with the new plan) does FAR MORE than any other entertainment venue for special needs children (and adults for that matter). However, the original plan just seemed like it was not prepared with a lot of thought and really relied on the honor code. This new plan sounds like it will issue a timestamped item to someone in need at that time, on that day. Not a pre-issued card for a timeframe (seemed like it was for 14 days). Yes, it will be a little more rigid with a scheduled time but I support the proactive move. Something needs to be done. Personally, I would be more than happy to inform Disney of our medical need with a letter from our cardiologist. I also feel if this doesnt work, I'm afraid Disney's next move would be to limit these acts of pixie dust to cards issued through pre-approved groups like Give Kids the World and Make a Wish.
Lets get talking about this WDW Radio folks!


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At Atria Sugar Land, residents receive exceptional senior care from our experienced care staff and enjoy many opportunities for entertainment and relaxation. Make new friends on weekly outings to restaurants, museums and attractions, including Houston Astros games. Entertain family on the front porch, or, on a chilly evening, retreat to the fireplace inside. Atria Sugar Land is located just outside Houston, Texas, and is close to doctors' offices and shopping centers.
Atria Sugar Land's gorgeous exteriors and luxurious décor create a retirement living community that is both comfortable and pleasant. Caregivers continually supply the perfect balance of assistance and freedom, producing an assisted living experience far superior to neighboring Texas retirement living communities.


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Welcome to our Farm |
Edy's Mills Fine Fibres We have been operating our 'Mini-Mill' natural fibre processing mill since 2002. Over the years, we have processed thousands of pounds of natural fibres from various fibre animals, mainly concentrating on Alpaca of course. We continue to make the most of the fibre we work with each day, always amazed at the wide range of quality of natural fibre and its' end use possibilities. We now will only accept lots of fibre in 10 pound minimum per mill run. The fibre must be of similar staple length and grade to make the minimum. It must be well skirted meaning no manure, large amounts of vegetation, or foreign matter in the fleece ( see Olds College Best Skirting Practices ). Mixing colours can make for unique blends, length and quality are the only parameters. We offer services from washing, picking, fibre separating, to carding, including roving, batting, felt and jute-core rug yarn. Please email for pricing. We will do our best to make suggestions for your fibre to make the most of what you bring to the mill. Remember…only bring to the mill what you really want back in your finished product ! E.M.F.F. reserves the right to refuse fibre, return shipping at customer expense.
Prices subject to change without notice. |
Brier Run Alpacas - The Alpacas Place - Edy's Mill Fine Fibres |


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Speaking of triples
First, the California Triple Crown. Then the Triple Bypass ride. And then, a triple whammy … My right shoulder injury has meant three of my favorite recreational activities are temporarily not possible: cycling, yoga (asanas), and playing the fiddle. I sure did a number on … Continue reading


text: No recent wiki edits to this page. Domino Master is a collection of five different types of Domino play styles; Straight, All 3's, All 5's, Bergen, and Mexican Train.The Single player game has three difficulty levels Including Beginner, Master, and Guru. Domino Master features 4 player online play on XBOX Live in either Player or Ranked matches.The Game also has custom rules allowing you to play the way you want. Domino Master also includes a variety of Domino sets including double sixes, double nines, or double twelve domino configurations.


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Nutiva has been a pioneer in getting hemp and coconut oil food products to consumers. Nutiva started out sharing space with an organic coffee company, then moved into its own office and warehouse space two years ago. Now we're moving to a larger building in Oxnard, CA.
All the best on the move. Love you food products! I share them with my audiences.
Adam Hart
Thanks Adam.
Great site. Would you mind terribly if we shared your site with OUR Audience?-
I appreciate it, please do. I also have my first book just published called e3 for LIFE. I would love to send you guys a copy to take a look at. Lots of great plant based recipes. Who should I send it to?
I look forward to staying in touch
Hi folks, congrats on the expansion. A note on the bamboo flooring…… It is grass, and is not as hard as a wood. Plan to repair it more frequently, and cover it where the chairs move at the desks. I know by experience in my home. There are chair mats made for a hard surfaces.
Enjoy! Bruce from Clearwater Florida
Thanks for the Head's Up on the flooring Bruce. Much appreciated! We'll keep an eye out for wear. We're using it only in the foyer now.
Happy to know your business is thriving. I love your products and glad to support a local company here in Souther California.
~ Lea
Healthy Coconut (http://healthycoconut.wordpress.com)-
Thanks Lea.
Great blog. Have you tried our Coconut Manna yet? We'd love to see you try it out in a few recipes. Let us know if you're interested, we're looking for some new recipes to link our readers to.
hey…congrats…great seeing your dream come more alive each day…beautiful space…YES JR
been using your coconut oil for a while now for SOOOOO many things and sharing it with everyone I know ….. it is WONDERFUL in so many ways …. THANK YOU !!!!!


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As a J-1 Exchange Visitor (EV) in the Research Scholar or Professor category, you may participate in occasional lectures or consultations related to your Exchange Program activity. You must receive written approval, however, from your Exchange Program's Responsible Officer (RO) or Alternate Responsible Officer (ARO). If you are sponsored by Emory University, an International Scholar Advisor in the ISSS office must review and authorize in writing approval for such lectures and consultations before they occur. You may be authorized to perform up to two occasional lectures or consultations per month during the course of your exchange program.
The RO/ARO, in accordance with regulations [22 CFR § 62.20(g)(1)(iv)], must determine that the proposed lecture or consultation is:
Furthermore, the RO/ARO will be required to enter the institutional address where the lecture or consultation will occur in the Student Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) as a new site of activity. Once approved by the RO/ARO, the J-1 EV will be authorized to perform such activity and will be issued the letter approving the occasional lecture or consultation. This letter can then be given to the institution, company, or entity that issued the invitation, and used as evidence for authorization of payment of expenses and/or honorarium if such payment has been offered.
Procedures for Approving Occasional Lecture or Consultations
You must obtain a letter from the inviting institution/entity on its letterhead stating all of the following:
Present this letter to your supervisor to determine whether the supervisor can recommend this activity and certify how it will enhance your exchange program. If the supervisor agrees to recommend this activity, you must log into ISSS Link and initiate the Occasional Lecture/Consultation e-form in ISSS Link. You must save the inviting entity's letter in either .pdf or .jpg format and have it available to upload when you initiate your portion of the Occasional Lecture/Consultation e-form. After completing the form and uploading the invitation letter, you will submit the e-form which will generate an email notifying the supervisor to login to ISSS Link to recommend the activity and describe how the activity will enhance the J-1 EV's program.
After your supervisor has completed his/her portion of the e-form and submits, ISSS will review the e-form and attached invitation letter to determine whether or not the request meets the regulatory guidelines for approving the activity. If approved, both you and your supervisor will receive an email confirming its approval, and a letter will be generated for you to submit to the inviting institution/entity authorizing the activity and any payment. You will be notified when the letter is available for pick up in the ISSS Office.
IMPORTANT:Each invitation received by a J-1 EV from an institution, company or other entity to perform an occasional lecture and/or short-term consultation MUST follow the above procedure to be authorized for such activity in advance of conducting that activity and receiving payment
Authorization to Work beyond Occasional Lectures/Consultations
The authorization to accept compensation described above is meant only for occasional lectures or consultations. Under these circumstances, you will not be considered an employee of the institution or organization that has invited you to lecture or consult. You will be considered an independent contractor. As such, your authorization to receive payment will simply be the letter issued by your RO/ARO approving the activity. You will need to present the letter to the inviting institution or organization to receive payment. You should also keep a copy of the letter for your permanent records, proving that you had authorization to receive such payment.
If the activity will be more than incidental or occasional, for example you will be teaching a course at another school for an entire academic term or perform collaborative research over a sustained period of time, then you will likely not be considered an independent contractor but rather an employee of the institution or organization that has invited you to perform the activity. Your Exchange program's RO/ARO must issue an amended DS-2019 reflecting this activity and indicating the amount and source of funding on the DS-2019. You should discuss this activity with your RO/ARO who will then instruct you on what procedures must be followed to receive the amended DS-2019. The amended DS-2019 can then be used as one of the documents necessary for completing the Form I-9, "Employment Eligibility Verification," which must be complete before you may commence this activity at the institution or organization.


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CBS 2 - Search Results
2 Federal Judges in IA Plan to Retire Next Year
IOWA CITY, Iowa (AP) -- Two federal judges from Iowa plan to retire next year, and Democratic U.S. Sen. Tom Harkin is recommending replacements.
U.S. District Judge Mark W. Bennett, who is based in Sioux City, has informed President Barack Obama that he intends to retire July 4, 2015. Bennett is known as a critic of harsh sentencing policies for nonviolent drug offenders.
Harkin says that he's recommending Obama appoint Cedar Rapids attorney Dave O'Brien to replace Bennett. O'Brien lost in a Democratic primary for U.S. House earlier this month.
Separately, U.S. District Judge James Gritzner plans to go on senior status next March. Gritzner, who's based in Des Moines, is chief judge for Iowa's southern district.
Harkin's recommending U.S. Attorney Nicholas Klinefeldt and Polk County Judge Karen Romano as potential replacements for Gritzner.
Copyright 2014 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Click here for fullscreen. Use your Back button to return to this page. |
Lights OutLights Out - Season 3, Episode 26 - 19th February 1951 - "Strange Legacy" To Download or Embed this video, go to this link. Back to the Lights Out Library back to Uncle Earl's Classic TV Channel |


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Hear Karen O and David Lynch's collaboration 'Pinky's Dream'
Yeah Yeah Yeahs frontwoman Karen O and cult film director David Lynch have posted their collaboration track 'Pinky's Dream' online – scroll down to the bottom of the page and click to listen.
The track is taken from Lynch's debut album 'Crazy Clown Time', which is released on November 7 on the Sunday Best label.
Lynch, who is best known as the visionary behind films such as Blue Velvet and Mulholland Drive, has described the LP as "modern blues". He said: "The love of experimenting with sound and music is what was driving this boat. All of the songs on the album started as a jam. The jams eventually found a form and lyrics appeared."
The director will play the guitar and sing on the album. The full tracklisting for 'Crazy Clown Time' is as follows:
'Pinky's Dream'
'Good Day Today'
'So Glad'
'Noah's Ark'
'Football Game'
'I Know'
'Strange And Unproductive Thinking'
'The Night Bell With Lightning'
'Stone's Gone Up'
'Crazy Clown Time'
'These Are My Friends'
'Speed Roadster'
'Movin' On'
'She Rise Up'
Latest music and film news on Uncut.co.uk.
Uncut have teamed up with Sonic Editions to curate a number of limited-edition framed iconic rock photographs, featuring the likes of Pink Floyd, Bob Dylan and The Clash. View the full collection here.


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I am seriously considering growing hops in North Los Angeles County (Santa Clarita). I am in zone 18 (Western Garden) and have a East facing slope area. My soil is a little clayey, but can amend the heck out of it and get some good drainage - no problem. Has anyone been successful growing in this climate? I'm thinking of planting in late Feb, which should be safe from any frost.
I live in south Orange county and was thinking of the same thing. I know a guy who grows some, but I have yet to discuss this with him in detail. I think if you have a nice sunny area, and keep them watered you should be fine. - Dirk
Bier frisch und gut, schafft frohen Mut.
Many years ago my uncle who lived in Anaheim grew hops on a trellis on the west side of the house, he said he made tea with them. I didn't really understand what they were back then but when I would rub the little cones in my hands they sure smelled like some other thing I was familiar with at the time. AP
Thats what I'm thinking. I would hook up a drip system to take care of vacation times. I'll let you know if I follow up this season.
I've often wondered how well they'd do out here too. Hops sure love sun so we have that one checked off the list and as you mentioned, soil is an easy fix. Temps are really the key IMO. It gets so damn hot in the summer. If you could ensure good root growth with regular watering and good soil structure I'd venture to say that you'd have some hops in a couple of years. I've read that Cascade might be a good choice for our area and have been thinking about it more and more as of late (tis that time of year), the issue I would have is rigging up 20ft of vertical space!
I just got a tig welder at harbor freight. I have 1.3 acres, so space is not an issue. I just need to design the poles and braces. I'm think to plant 4-6 different varietals along a line about 25 feet long. Steel braced poles (about 20' high) at each end and plastic coated wire for the span.
Put some eye hooks up high on the house and string heavy twine or cable to stakes in the ground near where you plan. They'll climb that.
My LHBS (Culver City Home Brewing Supply Co.) has a number of different hop bines going every year. They are in planters behind the store. They have cables from the planters to the top of the second story building and train the bines up the cables. Give them a call and ask about varieties. I don't remember exactly which ones they grow.
Primary: , Boddington's Clone, Mirror Pond w/Marris Otter Secondary: Bottled: Fullers ESB Clone Kegged: Mirror Pond Clone Drinking: BM's Kona Fire Rock, Dead Guy Clone, Alaskan Amber Alt Clone, Firestone DBA Clone, Magnum/Crystal IPA Next up: Burton IPA
The Nov/Dec issue of Zymurgy has an article talking about a "wall of hops" stating that very good yields can be had just growing the plants like a hedge or a bush. If I do it, I am planning to have them grow across my back fence. That is pretty much my only option with the HOA (that other SoCal buzzkiller)


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that's just what young teenagers do. everything is a "look at me" contest. i'm sure that kid that said "i'm gonna die?" was one of the loudest screamers. "are you gonna cuss?" smartass was second loudest.
Agreed. It was a good episode. Californians ran a little long, that's true. .. but it always does. The non-singy parts of the monologue, the iPhone skit, the dance skit, weekend updates, Odysseus, the commercials.. all pretty solid. AND I liked Passion Pit.
That's not Wrigley – it's the Foxfield Races in VA.
A couple of points-
1. Dunn's passenger has been "unidentified" because s/he was literally unidentifiable. Dunn was so badly burned that they used his tattoos and hair to identify him. They may still be unknown.
2. Dunn was out having drinks before the accident, but he was also traveling at more than 100mph on a windy, dark road. The chance of a horrible thing happening were great even if he hadn't been drinking. Of course, the drinks may have made him think that speeding was a great idea, and may have inhibited him when things started to go wrong. There are many, many people that drive drunk every night and get home safely, partly because they are not driving 100mph. This is not intended as a defense of drunk driving — it is more an indictment of dangerous speeding, especially after drinking.
3. Twitter has basically allowed one person who is removed from the situation to instantly affect another that is in it with the whole world able to watch. This is a new thing that our culture is not used to. Both things (commenting from afar, vulnerability from within) have been happening separately for quite some time, obviously, but Twitter has allowed the two to clash. Could Ebert have practiced some more humanity and remembered that people that loved Dunn are devastated? Yes. Could Margera have remembered that celebrity is a fucked up thing and comments regarding/because of it are usually worthless? Yes. In any case, the sympathy should lie with Margera (and those that knew Dunn), as he is the vulnerable one, and I think anyone in his position would appreciate the same consideration.
The thing with Spielberg-associated movies is that they turn everyone into Ebert. For some reason we just get really serious about them and how good of a "film" it is or isnt. I found myself doing this too, looking for symbolism and over-thinking camera angles and all of that annoying crap when I finally just decided to stop and enjoy the damn movie. Of course it doesn't have the style of something like ET (it is so difficult to use direction like that and not have it come across as pompous), but it's still a pretty fun movie.
And the kid with braces was an amazing little actor.
Er,… for when season 3 starts. Obvs.
So, now that we're Soft Gabe-less, anyone know where to go for some recaps?
"At the very least it didn't have any celebrity impersonations in it. ENOUGH WITH THE CELEBRITY IMPERSONATIONS ALL THE TIME, SATURDAY NIGHT LIVE!"
? There was a whole skit of celebrity impersonations (the celebrity teen crisis line), complete with Jay Pharoah flubbing a line.
That woman is 25? Damn.


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First, I KNOW clover is supposed to be our friend, and that it's not supposed to get out of control in a healthy lawn, but I have had enough. We've had a couple of clover patches in our lawn over the last several years, but nothing I thought we needed to worry about. Suddenly this year the patches grew to twice their original size and showed no signs of stopping. I've sprayed the really bad spots judiciously with the Ortho product that works on clover, and have spent HOURS hand weeding. I've gotten to be master of a very small talent, gently ripping out two-foot clover stolons without injuring the grass.
I'm also planning to address the soil compaction that's the cause of the really bad areas, but it's difficult to do when your natural "soil" is solid clay! Before we put in our sod, we amended the soil with yards and yards of compost, and tilled it twice...but clay is clay. From now on, any time I see one of those deceptively innocuous-looking leaves, I'm going to find its stoloniferous headquarters and make mincemeat of it! |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by joepyeweed 5b IL (My Page) on Tue, Oct 23, 07 at 11:08
There are different types of clover. The friendly one that is nice in a lawn is dutch white clover. It probably wouldn't have two foot stolons... so what you have is probably red clover or landino clover, which aren't so nice in a lawn. good luck on your mincemeat operation... |
Here is a link that might be useful: types of clover
Lisa, I too am over run with clover. It even grows in the potted plants which I summer outside. We sodded an area of the yard a couple of years ago and the clover is now growing on the edge of the beds. My clover is white clover and it's so prolific that during it's flowering season I can't let the kids play on the lawn for fear of being stung. I hate it!! |
Here is a link that might be useful: White clover
I'm not familiar with the Ortho product for clover; however, any product with Clopyralid will completely kill clover when used at the proper rate. Another method is to apply nitrogen fertilizer frequently to allow the grass to out compete the clover. |
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I bought a peace lily about a month and a half ago, and everything was fine until a few days ago, when I noticed a number of yellow and brown leaves at the base. I hadn't watered it in a long time, maybe a couple weeks--I'd read that I should wait for the leaves to droop, and they never did. I thought maybe it needed water, so I watered it. Then I read that yellow leaves at the base could mean root rot. It's possible that when I first got it I overwatered it. I have a tendency to do that. Is there anything I should do at this point? I may have just made the problem worse. I should note that it's unlikely it's getting too much light. My apartment faces onto a courtyard surrounded by other tall buildings, so it's pretty dim in my apartment. Any light it does get is indirect. I keep the plant about five feet from the window. Thanks! |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by ronalawn82 z9FL (email@example.com) on Fri, Jan 6, 12 at 5:15
Raquel E, the plant may have reacted to its new location by "throwing" some yellow leaves; this is a common thing. Here is a link to what a moisture-stressed Spath may look like. |
There is a significant clue in what you offered in the background information, that being the two week interval between water applications, but still there was no indication of drought stress. While we can't be sure of what's wrong, the odds strongly favor the cause would lie within the triangle formed by watering habits, a soil that is overly water-retentive, or an accumulation of salts in the soil. Reduced exposure to light intensity could also be at work too, but the entire leaf would likely be affected if light was the culprit. Since we can probably rule out under-watering because the plant didn't wilt, we're left with the probability that over-watering (perhaps due in part to a overly water-retentive soil) or a high level of salts in the soil are culpable. Did you fertilize the plant after you brought it home? How large is the plant? By that, I mean is it easy to carry about, or unwieldy? Would you guess the light level is lower where it is sited now than it was before you acquired it? Your goal should be to develop a plan whereby you can water without over-watering, but at the same time prevent salts from accumulating in the soil. This is a very common issue with houseplants and is always more severe in winter when growth is slow and humidity low. If you answer the questions I'm sure we can help you do better. Al |
Thanks for your responses! All help is appreciated since I know very little about growing plants. I looked at the photo, and my plan looks a little different. The leaves seemed to turn all yellow, or mostly all yellow, before they got brown. There were just a few and I didn't see them right away because they were at the bottom, but when I cut them, most were all yellow and not yet brown, although there was one or two brown ones. I've already cut them, but I don't remember any of them being yellow and/or brown just at the tips. To answer the questions, I didn't fertilize it, and it's small enough to move very easily. When I bought it, it was inside the florist shop, so I'm not sure how to compare the light levels. |
- Posted by hopefulauthor z5IL (firstname.lastname@example.com) on Fri, Jan 6, 12 at 13:20
Hello Raquel...Welcome There are two rumors floating around about Peace Lily's. One, water when leaves wilt. The only advantage is one would know it's time to water. But, if leaves wilt too much, and often, eventually wilting may harm a Peace Lily. Two, Peace Lily's thrive in low light. False. PL's prefer medium light and higher. Since you're up east, low light is more of a concern, especially now that it's winter. An unobstructed east will be fine, but during prolonged gray days a south or west window is even better. You mentioned the leaves never wilted, which indicates the soil was still moist/wet...below soil surface. To test soil, 'if potted in a small pot, 4" or less,' insert your finger deep within. For larger containers use a stick/probe, whatever you have handy. If finger/stick comes out clean, 'not muddy' the soil is dry, if muddy, don't water. If you ever baked a cake, using a toothpick for doneness, same concept. You also said you have a tendency to overwater. Hide your watering can, lol. Do you happen to have a photo? Toni |
Ok - nothing definitive on the light or fertilizer issue then ..... so we probably need to at least address the probability that over-watering is the problem. The best thing to do would be to lift the plant from the pot and inspect the roots and crown for rot. You'll be looking for dark, slimy, or sour-smelling roots or crown that indicate(s) a fungal root rot infection. If you find crown rot, the plant's fate is likely irreversible. If you find root rot, you should bare root and prune all compromised root tissue back to healthy tissue. If you decide not to go that far, then you should make sure the soil is NOT wet. If it IS wet, unpot the plant and allow it to rest on a section of newspaper or several layers of paper bags. This will pull the excess water from the soil, after which you can return the plant to the pot until it's time to water next. There is little effort involved in flushing the soil to ensure that a too high level of salts is not a problem. Simply flush the soil thoroughly and repeatedly by pouring a volume of water equal to the volume of the container through the soil several (5-10) times - the more the better. After this treatment, you should fertilize with a half strength dose of a soluble fertilizer. If you decide to follow my directions, we can talk about fertilizers. The right fertilizer choice can make a significant difference in your ability to keep soluble salts at their lowest levels - a very important consideration to keep foliage nice & roots happy. To help you keep excess water in the soil to a minimum, I recommend these two things. First, insert a wick through one of the drain holes. A wick will 'fool' the excess water in the soil into 'thinking' the pot is deeper than it really is. The water will flow down the wick, 'looking' for what it 'thinks' is the bottom of the pot, and will be pushed off the bottom of the wick by the water flowing down from above. Second - when you water - water thoroughly, so you flush the soil each time you water. Then, after the pot stops draining, hold it over the sink at eye level. Move it down toward the sink, then abruptly reverse directions and quickly raise the pot. When the pot is moving downward, inertia of motion will cause the water in the pot to 'want' to continue to move downward. The quick upward movement forces the downward moving water from the drain hole. You should be able to remove all the perched water from the soil via this operation; which should make a SIGNIFICANT increase in the prospects for your plant to grow to it's potential. It's still much better to use a soil that eliminates the need for the measures I described, one that has none of the inherent issues associated with heavy, water-retentive soils, but I'll wait to see how you respond to my offering and if you'd like to learn more about the influence soil choice has on o/a vitality and your margin for error. When it comes to the choice of the lesser of two evils, it's better to habitually subject your plant to the (drought) stress associated with the beginning stages of wilt, than it is to habitually allow soil to remain soggy for extended periods. It's much easier, and easier on the plant as well, to correct mild drought stress than it is to reverse the effects of compromised root function or root rot - though neither condition can be considered desirable. I hope you found that helpful, Raquel. Al |
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Dom Pérignon by David Lynch – Limited Edition Champagne
Director, photographer, visual artist, David Lynch's surreal images are, in reality, accurate facsimiles of everyday lives. How's that to be? Well, have you ever heard of the term "more real than real?" As the three times Oscar-nominated director explained "It is a process of tuning in and … READ MORE
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Uwajimaya has everything you need to become an Asian chef. The giant grocery store is crammed with over 20,000 delicacies from Japan, China, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, India, the Philippines, and Indonesia. The meat department offers Asian and American cuts of fresh lamb, duck, all natural beef, pork, poultry, and—yes—even chicken feet. The seafood section's saltwater tank system ensures clams, lobsters, and oysters are fresh no matter the season. Uwajimaya's deli prepares ready-to-eat Asian foods, sans trans-fat oil. The store also bills its selection of Japanese, Korean, and domestic sake as the largest in the Pacific Northwest.
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Sound Tests
Pulling out the TES 1350A Sound Level Meter we find ourselves quickly yelling into the top of it to see how loud we can be.
After five minutes of that we get a bit more serious and place the device two CM away from the fan on the card to find the maximum noise level of the card when idle (2D mode) and in load (3D mode).
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Nuclear could provide almost one-quarter of the world's electricity by 2050, making a major contribution to cutting greenhouse gas emissions.
16 June 2010
This is the result of the new Nuclear Energy Technology Roadmap developed by the IEA and the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). IEA Executive Director Nobuo Tanaka presented the roadmap on 16 June at the East Asia Climate Forum in Seoul.
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Information for Homestay Hosts
Whatcom Community College's Homestay Program offers the opportunity for a unique cultural experience by placing students with local families in Bellingham and surrounding areas. Living with a host family allows students a chance to learn about American culture by participating in the homestay's daily activities.
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President Barack Obama nominated Mark Mazur in November 2011 to serve as the Treasury Department's Assistant Secretary for Tax Policy, and he was confirmed in August 2012. In this role, he is responsible for developing, analyzing, and coordinating Treasury's and the Administration's agenda, policies, and guidance on tax issues.
Assistant Secretary Mazur sat down with DDF to discuss an array of topics and industry priorities including the corporate tax structure and opportunities for reform, tax extenders, and corporate inversion.
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