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Lunchtime in the Sahel
Posted on March 31, 2014 by Randall Wood, resident country director, Senegal
If Oumou Khairy Fall and Téty Fall are smiling in this picture, it's because their lives are already better off—economically and socially—since the beginning of MCC's investment in Senegal. And the work has just begun!
Both come from the northern village of Mboubéne in the Senegal River Valley, part of Africa's dusty Sahel but the heartland of Senegal's rice production zone. Production there is expected to increase by 10,500 hectacres by the time MCC's five-year, $540 million compact ends in September 2015, and the dramatic improvements to irrigation channels, pumps and water conduits will help local rice farmers plant three crops per year instead of one.
That's big news in a country that imports nearly 70 percent of its rice, Senegal's main staple food.
Speaking of rice, Oumou and Téty would like to offer you some. They competed and won the right to manage the cafeteria for local contractor Eiffage Senegal, a contractor involved with the construction funded through the compact's $170 million Irrigation and Water Resources Management Project. It's hot in Senegal's north this time of year, and construction is hot, sweaty work that stirs up an appetite in a hurry.
Oumou smiles. "These men are always hungry," she says. "And they come back and back for more."
"I think they like our food," laughs Téty.
Oumou and Téty start serving breakfast while the first rays of the sun are still throwing long shadows and the desert air is cool. The day's heat will arrive in less than an hour as the Eiffage crew lines up for their first meal of the day. "Coffee," Téty explains, "with lots of powdered milk, fresh bread and some stew."
While the crew heads out to pour concrete and lay the iron rebar that will eventually bring the additional irrigation waters over the rice fields, Oumou and Téty begin preparing for lunch. When the sun is overhead, the temperature soars to well past 90 degrees. The Senegal River Valley swelters. The workers come back in for some nourishment, camaraderie—and shade. Lunch is a stew of local red beans in tomato sauce, a specialty of the region.
"It seems like no matter how many beans we buy in the market, we need more," Téty explains. "These men are always hungry, and food is so important."
Téty has neatly summed up just one way this project itself is important. When construction concludes in 2015, MCC's investments in rice production and irrigation will help the Senegalese people get closer to meeting their demand for the staple. But it's paying dividends already in the local economy. With well over $100 million in construction contracts ongoing in Senegal's north, MCC's investments are indirectly generating jobs for many hundreds of laborers, drivers, engineers, surveyors, community interpreters, social organizers, technicians, specialists, and more.
The impact these workers are having on the local economy—from food to gas to equipment to haircuts to lodging and more—is rippling through the Senegalese economy. The beans Téty purchases at the local market are just the beginning.
MCC's program in Senegal places a special emphasis on gender equality from project design to implementation to evaluation, and these two women are an example of that. MCC's construction contracts stipulate that women be given opportunities to join the workforce in whatever jobs they qualify for and are willing to do. Women are increasingly taking up positions such as flag person, gas station attendant and warehouse overseer. Moreover, if Senegal has any female welders, they are to be given an equal chance to work.
There are many opportunities for women to benefit from the sudden influx of capital and labor in Senegal's north. This cafeteria is just one of them.
The compact is expected to benefit more than 1.1 million people over the next 20 years. As I finish my scalding hot glass of attaya—sweet, Senegalese tea—I watch Oumou and Téty manage their kitchen as the lunchtime crew cleans their plates and prepares to head back out for the afternoon's work. I'll be proud when this program is complete, and the people of Senegal benefit from this investment. But I'm even prouder to see the impact the investment is already having.
Part and parcel: women's access to land in Burkina Faso
Posted on March 31, 2014 by Christopher Davis, Development specialist, Burkina Faso
Scents of onions, tomatoes and damp earth permeated the morning air as we spoke with representatives of women's associations in the Dî Perimeter, one of the Millennium Challenge Corporation's principal investments in Burkina Faso. My colleagues and I were visiting the construction site to listen to community members who received their newly irrigated land last spring.
Located only a few miles from the country's border with Mali and near the convergence of the Sourou and Mouhoun rivers, the village of Dî and its namesake 5,535-acre perimeter provide the region's farmers with irrigation all year. In the past, most of these farmers could cultivate only during the rainy season. The women told us they were grateful to finally have the opportunity to farm land of their own.
"Before the MCC project, women [in this area] didn't have the right to cultivate on their own land unless they were widows," said Sayibata Ki, president of Association Benkadi No. 3. "We took care of the kids at home, prepared meals and had little work to do outside of market days. Now we can go out to farm our fields and make our own decisions about which part of our harvest we keep or sell."
MCC's five-year, $481 million compact with Burkina Faso contains four projects: agriculture, roads, rural land governance, and education. In addition to the irrigation of the Dî Perimeter, the compact's $141.9 million Agriculture Development Project is working with the Burkinabe to improve water management, diversified agriculture and access to rural finance.
An estimated 4,500 farmers and their families in Dî are expected to be working in the perimeter by the time the compact ends in July, and the trip gave us an opportunity to talk personally with some of them following their first growing season. Preliminary reports indicate that farmers harvested more than 1,800 acres of corn, soybeans and other legumes on the land on which construction had already been completed.
The project included a strong focus on ensuring benefits reach local women, who are often not recognized as landholders and are therefore last in line to receive land security. More than 130 agricultural associations are receiving land in the Dî Perimeter, composed entirely of women and youth from neighboring communities. Each cooperative member receives a plot of about one-tenth of an acre; last year, more than 2,000 individuals formed organizations to be eligible to receive the land.
Cooperative members are receiving kits containing tools, seeds and fertilizers. MCC is also funding trainings on how to plant and apply fertilizers to maximize yields, efficient irrigation methods and ways to increase soil fertility.
Most of the cooperative members are learning these techniques for the first time.
"We were taught how to make compost in our courtyards with things we can easily find around our village," Ki said. "I give my children a bit of money to go and search for the supplies and then I use the compost on my land. It is much cheaper than buying fertilizer."
The association members dug canals to deliver water directly to their parcels and learned that they would manage water resources that feed their canals.
"Mastering the irrigation schedule and working well together was very difficult in the beginning," said Elisabethe Tiama, a member of the Hérakaura cooperative. "[MCA-Burkina Faso contractors] helped us to get organized and we were able to set a five-day watering calendar based on the rotation of the village markets. They also showed us the best ways to grow our corn and onions."
All of the farmers we spoke with said they were pleased with their yields and looking forward to harvesting the lucrative dry-season cash crops they planted a couple of months ago. I was most impressed with the initiative and ingenuity some of these entrepreneurs exhibited, quickly solving problems and adapting to a more formal and communal irrigation schedule.
By April 2014, these businesswomen will be joined by their neighbors from throughout the region as the full 5,535 acres are delivered to beneficiaries. Additional plots of land will be distributed via a lottery before then.
Ki can't wait.
"My husband and I both put our names into the land lottery," she said. "We are ready for more farmland!"
Addressing Zambia's social and economic truths: a key to water and sanitation for the urban poor
Posted on March 28, 2014 by Michelle Adato, Director, Social and Gender Assessment, Department of Compact Operations
MCC is marking World Water Day with a blog series on our investments in the delivery of clean water, effective sanitation services and long-term solutions that help build economic growth. This is the seventh and final blog in the series.
The Millennium Challenge Corporation's $354.7 million compact in Zambia will build water, sanitation and drainage infrastructure in greater Lusaka's poor communities. The challenge, though, is ensuring that the projected benefits reach the poor. Recognizing that this means addressing the complex social dimensions in those vulnerable communities, MCC is putting great effort and resources into a holistic approach to these projects.
MCC's Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation, and Drainage (LWSSD) project must address not only the engineering complexities of building water and sewer networks in dense, under-planned neighborhoods, but also the social and economic complexities of getting people connected, keeping them connected and bringing about the behavior changes necessary to enable and sustain the intended benefits.
The cases of the "white elephants," as referred to by one Zambian water and sanitation regulator – where water or sewer networks are built but lie unused because people do not connect or stay connected – happen because not enough focus is placed on the importance of social dimensions of planning for water and sanitation service delivery.
A global literature review commissioned by MCC found that the rate of household network connections is significantly increased when infrastructure is combined with well-designed and executed information and education campaigns that address the why and how of connecting, accompanied by policies that make connections affordable, such as pre-financing and permitting repayment over time. A tariff structure that addresses affordability and social equity principles is also important.
The LWSSD project involves mostly infrastructure but is also strengthened on the institutional side with initiatives that improve the long-term ability of the Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company to manage aspects of service planning and delivery. Some of these aspects include developing policies and planning tools that ensure the integration of social and gender inclusion across the utility, and improving the utility's capacity to design and implement information and education campaigns on connecting and staying connected; household water management; care and maintenance of facilities; hygiene; keeping drains clean and safe; and employment opportunities in the sector. The goal is to support the utility in adopting best-practices, so that Zambia's most vulnerable populations can access affordable services and be able to rely on these services into the future.
While the challenges are immense, the ultimate ability of the infrastructure project in Zambia to meet its objectives is dependent on addressing these social dimensions.
In Malawi, one hand helps the other to improve land use and boost economic opportunities
Posted on March 28, 2014 by Ben Campbell, Director, Environmental and Social Assessment, Department of Compact Operations
MCC is marking World Water Day with a blog series on our investments in the delivery of clean water, effective sanitation services and long-term solutions that help build economic growth. This is the sixth in the series.
Population pressures in Malawi have pushed poor and vulnerable farmers up the steep hillsides where they scratch out a living growing maize. Having grown up an Iowa farm boy, I would have never contemplated planting corn on such steep slopes—but of course, we were nowhere near as desperate for land or production as the farmers in Malawi.
Unfortunately, there is a knock-on effect to the poverty-driven hillside planting: Tons of topsoil sediment makes its way into the Shire River, where it flows into and fills the head ponds, damaging the hydroelectric plants. The topsoil's rich nutrients feed invasive weed blooms which get caught in the turbines, leading to power blackouts all over the country.
The effect represents a real long-term threat to MCC's Malawi Compact, which includes the rehabilitation of the hydroelectric plant on the Shire River and an upgrade of the electric grid through much of southern and central Malawi.
In response, the project on which we are working in partnership with the Malawians seeks long-term financing to promote better land-use practices in the Upper and Middle Shire Basin, the source of much of the soil runoff. Working with private and government-owned companies, we aim to establish an environmental trust.
These downstream companies that make up the trust—including sugarcane producers, bottlers, water utilities, and the electric company—are affected by the same sediment as the hydroelectric plant. Individually, there is little they can do. Together, though, they can contribute the money needed to provide grants to local non-government and community-based organizations which, in turn, can help farmers improve their methods through conservation agriculture, forestry and soil erosion techniques.
For the farmers, the use of one or all of these practices should lead to improved yields. For the trust companies and the hydroelectric plant, these plans will reduce pressure on the forests and hillsides that are the source of the water.
By linking the land-use interests of the downstream entities with the upstream communities, our project hopes to create long-term funding to support these efforts, even after MCC has left.
The Nacala Dam: delivering more water to a rapidly expanding area of Mozambique
Posted on March 28, 2014 by Evan Freund, Deputy Resident Country Director, Mozambique
MCC is marking World Water Day this week with a blog series on our investments in the delivery of clean water, effective sanitation services and long-term solutions that help build economic growth. This is the fifth in the series.
Nacala, home to Mozambique's deep water port and access point for trade through much of east and southern Africa, is a city whose rapid growth punctuates the entire country's challenges with access to a clean and reliable water source.
In the towns and villages surrounding Nacala, and in the city itself, the lack of an element so vital for daily life and commerce is a considerable constraint to economic growth.
The road to Nacala's port is cluttered with new and expanding businesses – many of which are voracious water consumers – and the coast is increasingly crowded with large container ships, transporting the world's goods into, and out of, the region. The region's growth is evident at every turn in Nacala.
The MCC-funded expansion and rehabilitation of the aging, inefficient and undersized bulk water supply dam in Nacala – the principal source of Nacala's water – was an ambitious and technically complex plan which, in part, helps the city meet the growing demand for water. The project also embodied many of the very best characteristics of the MCC model and the necessary characteristics of good project execution: broad engagement and involvement with community entities and people who have a stake in the project's success, a planning process that included participation by public and private organizations, and country-led solutions.
Piecing together a collaborative and productive partnership between multiple beneficiaries and participants at the international, national and local levels over a three year period prior to construction was critical to ensuring the safe and timely completion of the project. But it was not without its secondary challenges. The announced promise of more water led to understandable expectations of immediate results, especially among the project's intended beneficiaries. It was important to explain in clear language that considerable front end work on the project would avoid problems on the back end.
So, led by MCA-Mozambique, countless technical meetings, outreach and educational awareness workshops and discussions took place from 2008 to 2011 in order to ensure a project as technically complex and large as this could go forward with as few problems as possible… and that everyone at each level understood what it was going to take.
With a lot of hard work and a little luck, a tight two-year construction period proceeded smoothly and one of MCC's most technically sophisticated – and one of Mozambique's most high profile – projects was delivered as planned. The end result is an expanded dam (from 17 to 19 meters) and a reservoir with increased capacity (4.2 million to 6.6 million cubic meters) that now provide a stable foundation for Nacala's continued development.
Water, sanitation and hygiene services for everyone in water-scarce Cabo Verde
Posted on March 27, 2014 by Joana Brito, Deputy Resident Country Director, Cabo Verde
MCC is marking World Water Day this week with a blog series on our investments in the delivery of clean water, effective sanitation services and long-term solutions that help build economic growth. This is the fourth in the series.
How do you take a fragmented, poorly run water and sanitation utility in an extremely dry country like Cabo Verde and make it run efficiently enough to bring high-quality service to a half million people?
This question is moving toward a real solution through the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Project, part of Cabo Verde's second compact with MCC. At the start of the project's design, inefficiencies at the utility level were bad enough to pose significant barriers to economic growth. The problems needed to be tackled aggressively and reforms put in place if people were to benefit from a water utility at all.
The WASH Project aims to sustain the long-term delivery of services and goods through a three-pronged strategy: first, motivating reforms at national policy and regulatory agencies so real change can take place; second, operating utilities more efficiently through best commercial practices; and third, improving the quality and reach of the water and sanitation infrastructure through an accountable system for integrated water resource management.
There are about 19 small utilities spread throughout 22 municipalities of the nine inhabited islands of Cabo Verde, each serving a few thousand people in a population of a half million people. These small utilities, called SAASs, suffer from significant bureaucratic interference by municipal authorities, are over-staffed, have a shortage of technically qualified staff, and are not financially sustainable.
The proposed approaches will make the utilities more efficient and more financially sustainable. These include:
• Grouping nine of the small operators of the island of Santiago, Cabo Verde's biggest island, into a single corporatized, commercially run operator shielded from political interference;
• Improving operations and management by adopting business practices used by commercial entities; and
• Extending service coverage by decreasing the loss of water through leaky pipes and pumps and making sure the most vulnerable people get service.
This, coupled with a strong public information campaign, will increase awareness of the health benefits of better water and sanitation services as well as hygiene practices. Together, it will prompt consumer willingness to pay for good service.
By focusing on transforming the utilities and the way they do business now, the people of Cabo Verde will enjoy increased access to water and sanitation, with reliable service and improved quality… keys for healthy living.
Transforming water access in Lusaka
Posted on March 26, 2014 by Cassandra Q. Butts, Senior Adviser
MCC is marking World Water Day this week with a blog series on our investments in the delivery of clean water, effective sanitation services and long-term solutions that help build economic growth. This is the third in the series.
In the fight against poverty, investing in innovative approaches, enhanced technologies and new techniques to improve development outcomes or reduce costs are essential. Partnerships between the public and private sectors are not new, but they are key to reaching people with new technologies and models for services, often with greater efficiency and impact than what could be achieved working alone.
I recently traveled to Zambia's capital of Lusaka to participate in the public launch of an exciting program that will leverage public-private partnerships to better support access to clean water, reliable sanitation and services to improve the functioning of Lusaka's drainage system, especially in the city's poorest areas.
The Innovation Grant Program intends to confront pressing issues affecting Lusaka's water sector and limiting economic growth in Zambia. Through calls for proposals to introduce improved technology, best practices and targeted services, the grant program aims to decrease incidences of disease spread through contaminated water as well as reduce the cost of sanitation services and business losses from flooding. With improved service delivery in targeted areas, people will spend less on health care, be more productive in their work and abilities to care for their families, kids will miss less school, and businesses will not have to close as often during the rainy season. New models of service delivery can also create new employment opportunities, support entrepreneurship in the city and empower women and youth.
This program will offer the private sector, universities and other organizations in Zambia, the United States and throughout the world, an opportunity to compete for funding in a transparent manner to complement and supplement the other investments in infrastructure and institutional strengthening being carried out through Zambia's five-year, $355million MCC compact. Together with the Government of Zambia, the Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company and the Lusaka City Council, MCC's investment will impact more than one million Zambians.
The promise and potential of the Innovation Grant Program will serve the most vulnerable members of society, ensuring that women, children, the poor, and other disadvantaged groups are able to benefit from access to clean water and sanitation services.
Stay tuned: MCA-Zambia will soon announce when it will start accepting proposals. I am excited to see these advances in action!
Questions about adopting a regional approach
Posted on March 25, 2014 by Sheila Herrling, Vice President for Policy and Evaluation
The Center for American Progress recently published a paper exploring the potential benefits and costs of expanding MCC compact and Threshold Programs—which currently focus at the country level—to a regional level. The paper is a welcome contribution to conversations about what's next for MCC, giving some great food for thought on some of the legislative and operational issues that would be involved in MCC working regionally.
It's easy to imagine cases where working regionally could indeed bring economic benefits beyond what could be accomplished by working in a single country. The most obvious example is probably transportation infrastructure, where making sure roads connect across borders to promote effective trade and transport would benefit all countries involved. In addition, working together on transportation projects across borders would allow for countries to find efficiencies by standardizing customs procedures or aligning cross-border trucking regulations.
Putting the principle of a regional approach into practice, however, would need to be done in a way that respects key foundational elements of MCC's model—country selectivity, evidence-based decision making and country ownership. Not to say these are insurmountable challenges, but let's consider them together:
Country selectivity: While a regional approach might be appropriate in cases where MCC works with countries that border one another, MCC is legally prohibited from doing more than one compact in a country at the same time. Given MCC's extremely selective process for selecting countries, the CAP authors are right to suggest that it would be difficult for MCC's Board of Directors to select groupings of neighboring countries that do not already have compacts under way or in development.
MCC also requires countries to maintain good governance standards throughout program implementation or risk suspension and/or termination. Therefore, what happens if conditions in one country within the regional block decline precipitously?
Evidence-based decision making: Even if our Board picked several bordering countries at the same time that did not have compacts under way, how would our current evidence-based approach apply when it came to developing the compact? Specifically, since MCC tailors its investments to address the binding constraints to economic growth in each country—a process that takes place after a country is selected—a regional approach would require constraints to be uniform in the region.
Country ownership. Finally, our emphasis on country ownership would require each country to prioritize regional work more than—or at least as highly as—work focused on their own country priorities. While there are often economic incentives to cross-border cooperation, it is also common to find countries competing with one another.
As I said, none of these challenges is insurmountable, and the idea of regional work is well worth considering, particularly in the spirit of maximizing growth impact. At MCC, we are always interested in engaging new ideas, especially those that offer potential for us to enhance our impact. I would like to commend CAP on this thoughtful report.
I would also like to hear from you. What do you think about CAP's proposal? Do you have any other ideas to help make MCC more efficient in the fight against global poverty?
In Jordan, harnessing the lifecycle of water
Posted on March 25, 2014 by By Erin S. Ansell, Associate Director for Infrastructure, Department of Compact Operations
MCC is marking World Water Day this week with a blog series on our investments in the delivery of clean water, effective sanitation services and long-term solutions that help build economic growth. This is the second in the series.
Most people have a passing familiarity with what is known as the hydrologic cycle. For those who don't know the term, it's the process by which water falls to earth as rain, drains to streams and rivers and eventually makes its way into surface water bodies such as lakes and oceans. From there, water evaporates and makes its way back into the earth's atmosphere, and the process begins again.
But this process only describes the hydrologic cycle in nature, in areas devoid of human dwellings and influence. In fact, most water is used in some way by humans during this cycle, mostly in urban areas. There is, one might say, an urban hydrologic cycle through which potable water from groundwater wells, desalination plants, reservoirs, or other sources, is transported into homes, businesses and industries, where it gets used. From there, it is piped into a centralized wastewater collection system where it heads to a wastewater treatment plant and is discharged back into the natural system. In water-poor countries, such as Jordan, using water efficiently during this urban hydrologic cycle is critical to making the most of a limited natural resource.
Jordan is a highly urbanized Middle Eastern country of some 6 million people and, because of its limited access to surface water or naturally recharged aquifers, ranks among the world's five most water-poor countries.
MCC's compact with Jordan addresses the entire urban hydrologic cycle in a heavily populated, poor region of the country called Zarqa Governorate. First, the compact focuses on increasing the effective supply of potable water by repairing and rehabilitating the pipes and pumps in the potable water network that reaches end users.
Once the water is used at household or commercial levels, expansion and repairs in the wastewater collection system network make it possible to increase the quantity of wastewater that is sent to the As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant, the largest in Jordan. The plant itself is also being expanded to accommodate the increased volume. This, in turn, generates additional supplies of high-quality treated water appropriate for use in irrigated agriculture in the Jordan Valley, which allows more freshwater to be diverted to higher-value uses in urban areas.
When that treated wastewater is used for irrigation in the Jordan Valley, the same amount of freshwater can be diverted to higher value uses in the urban areas. This arrangement effectively allows two uses for each unit of water. In this way, the compact is designed to enhance economic growth by increasing the availability of fresh water for individual households, small businesses in urban areas and the vibrant service sector, including tourism facilities. It also reduces the need to develop increasingly expensive sources of water, decreases unsustainable off-take levels from Jordan's aquifers and eases pressures that could erode household and business incomes over time.
Finally, the program helps poor households get more water through the water distribution network at reasonable prices. By designing a program that addresses each phase of the urban hydrologic cycle, MCC and Jordan are working holistically to protect and preserve a limited natural resource.
Country ownership for an AIDS-free generation
Posted on March 21, 2014 by Deborah von Zinkernagel, Acting U.S.Global AIDS Coordinator, and Daniel W. Yohannes, Chief Executive Officer
Today, our agencies opened a new collaborative chapter by signing a memorandum of agreement to advance the sustainability of PEPFAR (the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief) programs. This agreement launches a three-year partnership between the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) and the State Department's Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, which manages PEPFAR, that will tap into what we each do best.
MCC's experience with country-owned assistance programs together with PEPFAR's excellence in providing support to national programs will come together to help evolve and enhance how PEPFAR resources are planned strategically together with partner countries, with the aim of making real and impactful progress toward an AIDS-free generation.
What does this mean, and why does it matter?
It means strengthening partnerships between the United States and PEPFAR countries built on mutual responsibility, accountability, transparency, and leadership. To be sustainable, it is critical that partner countries increasingly lead, manage, and implement their own HIV/AIDS response. These solutions must truly be national and include stakeholders across government and party lines, civil society, faith-based organizations, the private sector, and donor partners. This level of engagement captures homegrown expertise and builds on it, giving countries a huge stake in delivering the results. As countries take the reins, they move toward greater self-sufficiency. Simultaneously, scientific evidence and proven programmatic approaches must continue to inform our efforts.
Guided by science and the principle of country ownership, our collaboration will allow us to learn from one another. It will deepen our knowledge, advance best practices and add to the growing body of evidence about what makes foreign assistance successful.
Signing the memorandum between our two offices is a promising start. What is key now is turning that promise into convincing proof that country-designed and country-driven strategies—grounded in science, shared responsibility, accountability, and transparency—can most sustainably provide prevention, treatment and care for those living with HIV/AIDS and contribute, ultimately, to an AIDS-free generation. We look forward to seeing that future unfold.
Deborah von Zinkernagel is the Acting U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, and Daniel W. Yohannes is the Chief Executive Officer of the Millennium Challenge Corporation.
Water: the essence of life and economic prosperity
Posted on March 21, 2014 by Stephen B. Gaull, Senior Adviser, Finance, Investment and Trade Team
When it comes to water, there is universal agreement that it is vital for life. It is also an essential element for key economic production activities such as power, agriculture and industry. Yet, the reality is, the world's water supply is scarce – only 2.5 percent of the world's water is fresh. It is unevenly distributed across and within countries. And it is often poorly managed and inefficiently used. Still, the demand for water is increasing while competition for its finite supply intensifies.
In observance of this year's World Water Day, MCC will kick off a blog series starting next week, illustrating what we are doing with our partner countries to improve access to clean water and sanitation services, and secure the sustainability of resources into the future. We hope you'll find these stories as interesting and illuminating as we do …
Water needs for domestic, agricultural and livestock uses create acute sustainability pressures. Climate change and urban sprawl worsen the environmental pressures on water and sanitation supply and quality. All of this creates the need for greater efficiency, management and use of water services.
At MCC, we are keenly aware of these challenges and the imperatives for improved stewardship of this precious resource. We also view water as more than a molecule, and recognize it's an economic good, whose cost of production requires appropriate pricing to ensure sustainable, high-quality service levels. We also realize the critical social and gender dimensions that must be factored into program designs to achieve the intended goals.
Since 2004, MCC has invested more than $2.1 billion in water. This includes drinking water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); water resources management; and improved water productivity. Our programs have all been defined as priorities by our partner countries, who poignantly understand the challenges and opportunities that water availability presents for economic development and human health. Indeed, we have seen a significant uptick recently in countries requesting MCC assistance with water management, including Cabo Verde, Jordan and Zambia. Countries currently developing MCC compacts are also considering investments in water. In addition to its investments, MCC is playing a leadership role in the development of the U.S. Water Partnership, a public-private platform that mobilizes the best of U.S. expertise to work on global water issues.
Please bookmark this space to read our upcoming blog series on how MCC is partnering to improve water-related services around the world, including at the critical water-energy nexus.
Spreading the message
Posted on March 17, 2014 by Maisa Tawil, program assistant, Jordan, and Alex Russin, resident country director, Jordan
How do you help promote safety and awareness when you are building hundreds of miles of new pipelines through dense urban areas? We decided to educate and involve dozens of local students and ask them to talk about what they learned with their parents, schools and the community.
MCC and MCA-Jordan, the local organization implementing the country's five-year, $275 million compact, recently hosted a community outreach event to discuss the upcoming improvements to the country's water and wastewater treatment systems. We spoke with about 100 teenage girls from Zarqa Governorate whose families will soon benefit from MCC's investments.
MCC is funding the construction of almost 500 miles of new drinking water pipes and more than 100 miles of new wastewater pipes to improve water-use efficiency in one of the world's driest countries. Speakers discussed the water crisis in Jordan and MCC's approach to address these challenges—including the role of women, measures to protect the environment and health and safety concerns.
Following the presentation, the girls were appointed junior ambassadors of the compact to talk about MCC investments in Jordan. Each girl received a backpack filled with educational materials about MCC and MCA-Jordan. Our request to them was simple: Be aware of the construction in your neighborhood, share safety tips with your family—and go spread the good news about what MCC and MCA-Jordan are doing in your community.
The importance of program logic
Posted on March 14, 2014 by Cynthia Berning, program officer, agriculture and land
Developing a clear and well-defined program logic—the chain of events by which a given project is expected to lead to increased household income—is a crucial step in designing MCC projects. The clearer a project's program logic, the easier it is to design activities, implement them, monitor them, and evaluate results.
As MCC assesses its portfolio from its first 10 years, what's clear is that projects without well-defined program logics are much more difficult to implement and evaluate.
We also learned that having a clear program logic makes it a lot easier to explain:
- Why we are doing this project?
- What are the results we expect?
- What are the benefits of those results?
- What do we need to do to get there?
When a wide range of stakeholders understand a project and its intended outcomes, they are likely to be more engaged in implementing it and delivering results.
When decision-makers and stakeholders understand "why", they can better explain the project to others, becoming more supportive advocates and champions. Finally, when decisions need to be made along the way due to budget or timeline issues, the program logic helps the team determine how proposed changes might affect achieving key outcomes and, ultimately, income growth.
MCC's develops a program logic by:
Step 1: Defining the problem
Farmers' incomes might be low, land rights might be hard to define or enforce, or rural populations might have limited access to irrigation or financial services. It is important to define the root causes of these problems and the economic challenges they create. For example, why are land rights difficult to enforce? What behaviors are affected by insecure land tenure? Do people invest less in their agricultural production than they might if they were more confident that they would reap the eventual gains? Do they spend an excessive amount of time resolving land-related disputes or attempting to complete land transactions?
Step 2: Identify the links between these problems and incomes
For MCC to make an investment, we need to demonstrate how it will result in higher incomes for beneficiaries. Determining the specific pathways through which incomes will rise is the tricky—but important—part. For example, do we hope that registering property rights will make landholders more secure? Do we envision then that they will make longer-term investments in their land through irrigation equipment, improved tools or perennial crops like fruit trees, increasing their land's productivity and their incomes? Are there other ways to provide landholders with the security of ownership that might be less costly than registration? Or is the reason people aren't planting perennial crops related to poor land-use planning in their village rather than insecure rights? Sector experts and economists at MCC and in partner countries must probe questions like these. .
Once we have defined the outcomes that lead to increased income, we must think strategically about the activities that will produce those outcomes. This means focusing on the outcomes that are essential for increased income and avoiding funding activities that matter less. For example, stakeholders might identify lack of credit as a constraint to increasing land productivity; however, the data does not link resolving land tenure problems to resolving the credit problem because there might be other reasons why access to credit is limited. In this example, a credit activity or credit-related outcomes may not be included among the proposed pieces of the project in the program logic.
Step 3: Use program logic to track progress toward results
MCC then uses program logic diagrams as guides in tracking progress on outcomes. The logic diagram will help the team select indicators to monitor throughout the compact and set realistic targets based on assumptions of how long it will take for certain activities to produce outcomes and for those outcomes, in turn, to produce increases in income. By returning often to the program logic, project teams and evaluators can make sure to ask the important questions, measure the right things and gather evaluation data at a time that makes logical sense.
Does your organization use a similar approach—or a completely different methodology—to define program logic and ensure that projects and activities lead to measurable results? Any suggestions to improve MCC's approach?
Responsible (development) data rule No. 1: know thy data
Posted on March 12, 2014 by Alicia Phillips Mandaville, Managing Director of Development Policy
Yesterday, the Center for Global Development published a data-savvy critique of MCC's control of corruption selection indicator. They bring to bear some serious empirical analysis, and after reminding the reader that the indicator is a hard hurdle that acts as the sole difference between passing or failing the MCC scorecard for some countries, they raise a number of tough questions about why we use the data that we do. The authors point to the difficulties in measuring corruption accurately, empirical work that shows weak correlation between corruption and development outcomes and the indicator's slow, opaque relationship with policy reform efforts—and conclude that MCC should deeply question how it can rely on this data as a hard hurdle.
I love this. Seriously.
In January, I promised I would discuss what constitutes a responsible use of data for development or foreign assistance purposes. This is a perfect opportunity to talk about the most fundamental principle: know thy data.
The CGD paper is constructive because it unpacks what is actually rolled up in the data that we rely on for the corruption hurdle—and it does so objectively and with no assertion that this is particularly unfair to any individual country. Rather, they are talking about fundamental data content and behavior. It's technical and it's detailed. It requires math. It's the stuff most people would prefer to skip over.
But if decision making about a country rests on that data, and if you care about real progress on the measured issue itself, the math matters.
I have been working with this data for years now, and understanding what is and isn't measured—what annual composite data can and can't tell us about any one country—has been a critical part of building a holistic approach to investigating and briefing MCC's Board of Directors on anti-corruption and accountable governance in candidate countries. That's not unique to this dataset. What we do now is something we would need to do for any new or improved indicator measuring corruption or accountability.
Which is another reason I am glad to see this paper: It suggests alternative data sources we could look at and is upfront that none of the suggested data is yet available for every country. That isn't just a problem for us. For MCC to use a data set as a hard hurdle—or for others to seriously consider using a data set to measure progress against global development goals—that data set must actually cover all low and lower middle income countries at a decent (preferably annual) frequency. At present, very few anti-corruption measures or proxies do. That's a subject that—as people debate the possibility of a governance-focused goal on the Post-2015 Development Agenda—the world needs to come back to: Why do we still have the same predictable gaps in governance data? And it's a topic you'll hear more about from us.
In the meantime, we have built a practice around making sure MCC remains a responsible user of development data. If you look at the annual Selection Criteria and Methodology Reports, you will see that the section on supplemental information has grown over time. In 2012, we introduced a public guide to supplemental information that includes reference to country performance on international initiatives (like the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative or Open Government Partnership) that weren't fully operational when MCC got started. And if you look at our on our approach to corruption, you will see we've built a thoughtful methodology for tracking corruption concerns.
My colleagues and I sincerely welcome the questions raised by this paper and look forward to participating in the conversation.
Why I love March
Posted on March 6, 2014 by Cassandra Q. Butts, Senior Advisor
Gender is one of MCC's top priorities and for good reason. Creating better opportunities for women and girls is not only the right thing to do—a core value we share with our partner countries across the globe—but also because inequality can stifle a country's fight to lift its people out of poverty.
My role at MCC is in part to prioritize MCC's gender work to ensure that women and men are equal beneficiaries at the forefront of our approach to development.
On March 8—International Women's Day—MCC is partnering with Devex and other development leaders on a month-long campaign called She Builds that highlights the role women play in building communities, economies, innovations, and the future.
Together, we will unveil a series of stories and videos of women who have seen their lives change through gender inclusion projects, as well as profiles and interviews of female Millennium Challenge Account CEOs who are leading the charge in implementing MCC-funded programs. From Burkina Faso and Cabo Verde to the Philippines and beyond, these stories will describe how our partnerships are making a positive impact across the world.
We're also excited about our participation in the White House Council on Women and Girls' celebration of Women's History Month, which will highlight some of our achievements in ensuring women and girls benefit from our projects.
But that's not all. Today, MCC is presenting the latest issue of Milestones, which focuses on our approach to gender. And later this month, I will be sharing my experiences from a recent trip to Malawi.
MCC's gender investments are paying off, and I am proud of the strides we have made toward greater gender equality. Together with our partner countries, we are helping ensure a better future for all by standing up for women and girls.
Keep checking mcc.gov throughout March to read more about MCC's progress on advancing gender equality.
A lot (of data) happens on the way to spending money
Posted on March 4, 2014 by John Underwood, MCC chief economist
MCC watchers pay a lot of attention to how our Board of Directors selects countries. Performance-based selection is one of our signature features—but it's just the first step in an exacting process that MCC and partner countries undertake before taxpayer money is ever spent in the country. The process isn't easy, and money doesn't always flow at the end of it. But as MCC's chief economist, I see it as a real strength of the institution.
This is what happens after MCC's Board selects a country as eligible for assistance—based on a commitment to good governance and investing in sound economic and social policies—but before we fund projects:
1. Undertake a joint search for the most likely binding constraints to private investment and economic growth. I lead our team of MCC economists who, together with our partner country colleagues, undertake a constraints analysis. The results, informed by and tested through broad in-country consultations, enable us to jointly select activities that are most likely to promote sustainable poverty-reducing economic growth. The binding constraint in many MCC countries is in infrastructure, particularly transportation and energy. Governance issues are also common. Education comes up in several cases, notably in countries in the lower middle income category, representing situations in which countries will at best only slowly move further up the income scale and create what people want—jobs—without addressing education quantity and quality. The table below shows MCC's country-by-country constraints analysis findings to date:
Along with the constraints analysis, countries conduct a social and gender analysis and look for private sector investment opportunities. Both contribute to the constraints analysis findings. In addition, the social and gender analysis looks for barriers that may inhibit groups from benefiting from the proposed investments. The investment opportunities analysis explores possibilities to directly or indirectly leverage private sector investment. Both provide valuable data for the next step.
Identify a program to address one or more binding constraints. The partner country, with MCC collaboration and further in-country consultation, undertakes further work to get at root causes behind the binding constraints to growth. The aim is a coherent program logic that explains how policy and institutional reform and investments will help address the constraint. MCC uses cost-benefit analysis to measure the likely impact of proposed projects. It's a straightforward comparison of costs and benefits; the costs are the MCC-funded grants and related costs funded by the country or other donors, and the benefits are increases in incomes of the country's targeted households and firms. MCC analyzes proposals as investments, with payoffs going to households and firms. We only include benefits when there is evidence to support the logic and look at who benefits across the income spectrum.
The cost-benefit tool allows a back and forth between country project teams and MCC to improve the cost-effectiveness of projects, notably by looking for cost savings while retaining the benefits. MCC expects projects to pass a "hurdle rate" of at least a 10 percent expected economic rate of return (ERR). As part of project preparations, the country works with MCC to set out the framework for monitoring and evaluation to help keep projects on track during implementation and for careful independent evaluations after completion.
The rigorous combination of the constraints analysis, social and gender analysis, investment opportunity analysis, program logic development, project cost-benefit analysis leading to an ERR, and planning for monitoring and evaluation helps ensure that MCC will support countries doing the right things and doing them the right way.
Selection may be the most well-known way we use evidence in our decisions, but the demanding, data-driven project development process is just as much a part of MCC's DNA. I hope it will get the attention it deserves and ultimately benefit from receiving your input on how it is working.
Thanks to Sandra Ospina and Natalie Kottke for contributing to this post.


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Virtual Console Heading To Wii U this Spring
This article was posted by 5amshift 2 years, 3 days, 8 hours, 2 minutes ago. Technology
Virtual Console games will be coming to the Wii U and the Nintendo eShop thanks to a forthcoming update.
After a Spring update, the WiiU will be a Virtual Console update, and it will feature an as-yet-unannounced selection of titles from the NES and SNES (it won't be the same selection currently available on the Wii Virtual Console). Game Boy Advance games will be added later on.
The prices for the titles will be the same as they were on the Wii, but if you already purchased them on that system, it will cost you $1 to get the "enhanced" Wii U version for NES titles, and only $1.50 for SNES games.
Also, to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Famicom in Japan, Nintendo is putting one NES or SNES title on sale per month through July for 30 cents. Each game will be available at this price for 30 days, and the first one up is Balloon Fight.
- Tags:
- Wii U,
- Nintendo,
- Virtual Console,
- Balloon Fight,
© 5amshift & 12ozProphet - Thursday January 24, 2013 at 10:00 AM

subset: commoncrawl


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Broadband Gets Boost with Stimulus Bill
from Broadcast Engineering
Washington - Feb 16, 2009 - Passage of the stimulus bill means about $7 billion in grants and tax incentives will be available to build broadband technology in the United States. The package boosts President Obama's campaign promise to re-establish a national priority for broadband technology after its decline under the Bush administration.
According to Public Knowledge and the Free Press, two public interest groups supporting the legislation, the compromise contains open network, interconnection and nondiscrimination provisions attached to the grant money. The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) will distribute the money, with some help from the FCC in defining who qualifies.
"The open network requirements were necessary because the public deserves benefits from the large sums of public money that will be distributed," Public Knowledge president Gigi Sohn told the Washington Post.
Ben Scott, policy director of Free Press, said the legislation has substantial funds both for "unserved and underserved areas to promote new and better deployment of broadband services nationwide."
A tax credit for companies that install new broadband service was cut from the stimulus bill. Originally proposed by Sen. John D. Rockefeller, the West Virginia Democrat who chairs the Senate Commerce Committee, the credit favored Verizon Communications.
The compromise plan also eliminated rules meant to encourage the deployment of very fast service. The House bill allocated three-quarters of the grant money to broadband systems that offered download speeds of at least 45Mb/s. Only Verizon's Fios service and some of the most advanced cable systems offer service at that speed.
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Can we talk about how it went from being summer to full-on fall pretty much overnight? You turned off your AC and slept with the windows open too, right? This air is cool and crisp and it's putting me in such a good mood. And then I remembered that it's FRIDAY. I usually don't post recipes on Friday, but you got me on a good day. A good day during a great CSA week. Now that the weather is starting to cool down, my farm has been sending less purslane (ugh) and more potatoes, and I am not complaining.
One of my favorite ways to prepare potatoes is to roast them – super easy, just cut them into chunks, toss with seasoning, pop into a hot oven and walk away – fold some clothes, read a magazine, take a shower. Multitask like a boss. After about 30 minutes or so, those 'taters will be golden brown and ready to grace your dinner table.
These particular roasted potatoes were inspired by my recent trip to Tuscany, where rosemary plants grow on the side of country roads like weeds, olive groves stretch far into the horizon, and lemons dangle from little potted trees on seemingly every piece of property we passed by. It's no wonder why all of the food in Italy tastes so dang good – with ingredients like this right outside your doorstep, it's hard to go wrong.
I used baby yellow potatoes from my weekly CSA share for this recipe, so the potatoes were already pretty small – the larger ones were cut into quarters, and the small ones were cut in half. Place them on a cookie sheet and toss with a good quality extra virgin olive oil, some lemon zest, fresh rosemary, and truffle salt. Please, tell me you have truffle salt? If not, you can always substitute regular old kosher salt in this recipe, but truffle truly makes everything better. (Don't believe me? Put the stuff on popcorn and talk to me then.)
These potatoes are so simple and delicious – the lemon zest really brightens them up and provides a lovely contrast to the woodsy rosemary and earthy truffle. I hope they make an appearance on your fall dinner table – enjoy!
- 2 – 2.5 pounds of baby yellow potatoes, cut into 1″ pieces
- 2 teaspoons lemon zest (approximately the zest of one medium lemon)
- 2 teaspoons minced fresh rosemary
- 2 Tablespoons extra virgin olive oil
- 1 teaspoon truffle salt (or kosher salt)
- Preheat the oven to 425 degrees.
- In a medium sized bowl, toss together the potatoes, olive oil, lemon zest, minced rosemary, and truffle salt. Spread the coated and seasoned potatoes evenly on a cookie sheet, and place in the oven to roast for 15 minutes. Remove from the oven and loosen the potatoes with a metal spatula and turn. Return the potatoes to the hot oven and continue to roast for another 15 minutes, or until potatoes are golden brown with slightly crisp edges. Serve immediately.


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financial advice for pre nursing students
0Dec 6, '11 by leana212i need help financing pre req courses before entering nursing school. going for second degree. cheapest accredited courses i have found: university of phoenix online: 1200 to 2000 bucks per course. heeeeeeeeeeeeeelllllllllllllpppppppp!!!!!!!
leana212 -
0Dec 6, '11 by leenakHave you looked at community colleges? I'm taking my classes at a community college but they aren't cheap. Each class costs me $550. You can apply for financial aid. Start by filling out the fafsa.
I didn't apply for financial aid because I really wouldn't have qualified but I know of others who have gotten financial aid for their pre-reqs. -
0Dec 6, '11 by crittytnCommunity colleges are much cheaper. I think you have to take a full-time course load to receive financial aid. But you'd be best off to talk to someone at a school's financial aid office. They have all the details and can look at your specific information to help you out better.
P.S. Shhhh...we can hear you! -
0Dec 6, '11 by Bound2cBSNI agree that a community college is your best bet. As far as financial aid goes, my CC would only help if you were seeking a degree, regardless of the number of credit hours. Since I already had a degree and was only taking pre-requisites I got nothing. Maybe things will work out better at your CC.
0Dec 6, '11 by futurenurseya33I agree with everyone else. I'm going for a second degree. Since I already have a bachelor's degree financial aid doesn't apply to me for an associate level degree. But, the classes are still cheaper and i'm able to have a payment plan. Hope that helps.


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laurmarie7 has reviewed 1 products.
Very disappointed - terrible sizing issues!!
I actually bought two of these shoes - at first I bought a size 8/9 because that's the size my son wears in the the original crocs. When we got them, I couldn't even squeeze my son's feet in them - they were incredibly small!! I returned them and ordered the 10/11 (the next size up) and they were SO big, I could have fit two of his feet in them! How there isn't an in between size is beyond me! I was really disappointed, and have to send these back. Icing on the cake? Crocs doesn't pay for shipping, I had to pay to ship back items TWICE. Not happy.
Runs Narrow
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Runs Small
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College Sports
Photos: CSU loses to Murray 58-41 in NCAA Tournament
LOUISVILLE, Ky. — No amount of timeouts could stop the bleeding. Colorado State coach Tim Miles' hands were in a consistent 'T' most of the second half as his team could do little more than succumb to the pressure. Murray State survived a shaky first half and swept CSU aside in the second, getting a 58-41 win at the KFC Yum! Center in today's second round of the NCAA Tournament.
Story: Rams bounced from tourney, lose to Murray State
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So after reading all the flavor text about the mighty Archmage (my name for him) who routed the Dragon Lords from the Firelands, beat down the Lord of the Pit , managed to sneak away with some of the Eagle King's precious gems and created the ultimate artefact: The Crown of Command! This guy then proceeded to rule the Land for several centuries before finally dying. But what kind of man was he? What was his reign like? Was he kindly and good or an evil, maniacal despot?
And what if he felt things were better off with him than without? That no one worthy has claimed his Crown? Think about what's happened recently: the Reaper is stalking the Land claiming souls, the Eagle King is hunting for the Crown in order to destroy it and thus destroy the Archmage's legacy, the Draconic Lords have returned, the Ice Queen is threatening to engulf the Land in an eternal winter, the Armies of Light and Dark are on the march and now there's a bloodthirsty Werewolf prowling the Realms. In short things are in Chaos. So what's a deceased Archmage to do? Why return from the grave, of course! And whether he was a nice guy in life or not, he sure isn't this time! He plans on resurrecting himself (perhaps with the help of a cult of followers), reclaiming his Crown and ruling the land of Talisman forever!!
And it's the heroes' job to stop him.
The new board is the NetherRealm (or Land of the Dead or Necropolis or whatever). This is the Realm that the Archmage is trying to climb out of so the heroes need to go in and stop him. It could be a corner board with the entrance at the Graveyard or another overlay for the Inner Region, whichever would work better. With the theme being what it is, obviously most/all of the cards would be based around undead things and the like.
That's about all I got so far. What do you all think?


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Available on 12″ Vinyl & MP3 download – click here to BUY now
"THEY were simply…A fkn mazing! Salute…follow this collective…Awesome PEformance! Flawless, putting USA acts to shame"
Quoted by Chuck D of Public Enemy.
Caxton Press are a London based Hip Hop group consisting of two rappers Manage and eMCee Killa, alongside rapper/vocalist
Amy True [also voted best female Hip-Hop artist 2012 by Wordplay Magazine]. The group name derives from the first printing press in England introduced by William Caxton during the 1400′s. Whilst in the process of recording their second album, Caxton Press have continued to stay active on the live circuit with their acclaimed stage shows backed by DJ Snuff and the 5-piece band Unexpected Guests. Headlining events across the country, as well as supporting honorary Hip Hop legends such as Immortal Technique, Jedi Mind Tricks, Ultramagnetic MC's, People Under The Stairs and The Pharcyde, gaining many fans in the process including a certain man by the name of Chuck D when they supported Public Enemy at Koko, London.
Following the release of their first album Shame The Devilin March 2012,Caxton Press have progressed very rapidly, having most certainly staked their claim amongst the UK
Hip Hop scene, and firmly seeded a growing international fan base. Towards the end of 2012 the debut LP 'Shame The Devil' was voted 'Best UK Hip Hop Album' of 2012 by Wordplay Magazine in their readers choice poll. Following that they were approached by the British Library to have the album submitted into their records for generations to come as part of their Sound and Culture exhibit.


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173 Prime Minister's Department to Mr S. M. Bruce, High Commissioner in London
Cablegram unnumbered 24 April 1940,
Your No. 264. [1] Anzac Day.
General Officer commanding First Australian Corps [2] today sending message in following terms to Marshal Chakmak [3] at Ankara begins:
On occasion of twenty-fifth anniversary of our first meeting Gallipoli all ranks of Australian military forces in Australia and abroad send friendly greetings to Turkish Army and people.
[AA: A981, DEFENCE, 59, i]


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It looks like music mogul Sean "Diddy" Combs will be getting hitched to his longtime girlfriend, singer Cassie Ventura.
He wrote, "Baby do you like it? I just want to get you wat you Like! I just wanna Mk you smile :)"
Cassie, who has been dating Diddy since 2007, responded, "It's perfect!" Congrats to the happy couple!


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New Video: "HOLD ON,HOLD ON"
▶ Click here to play video
Peace & Blessings all! Pls if you haven't already check out my video 4 "Hold On" I appreciate the support & pls. like my page & click play all. I was #2 on the Chicago hip hop Charts for 2 years & over night lost it,(& it was soooo much work getting to & maintaining that spot!)Y & how I don't know,how I lost it! Reverb made changes??? But please pass on my link & play,play,play!! I really need & appreciate your support! THANKS A MILLION!!! MUCH LOVE & SUCCESS P-MALIK
pls. add me, follow me, like me, subscribe... Thanks again!!


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great service. I will be back again to buy.
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Cambodia's inland fisheries yield 20 kilograms of fish per capita per year, which is more than anywhere else in the world. Six million people, or nearly half the population, fish at least part time. Fish provides 75-85% of the animal protein consumed and 12% of the gross domestic product. The Tonle Sap — the "great lake" at the heart of Cambodia that covers 2,700-12,000 square kilometers depending on the season — produces 235,000 tons of fish per year, or most of the annual Cambodian catch of 300,000-400,000 tons. But floodplains extend far from the lake, occupying 60% of the country, including areas with fish deficits and widespread malnutrition. These rice fields and seasonal wetlands have the potential to produce 100,000 tons of fish per year.
Community-based fishery management has expanded since 2001, when half of the country's normally auctioned commercial fishing lots were released to public access. Officials count 440 fishery management organizations, but many lack management capacity. Further complicating the introduction of community-based fish culture (CBFC) in Cambodia is the novelty of fish culture of any kind in the country, which makes fingerlings scarce and expensive.
Small-scale fisheries in flood plain, Cambodia |
Project Implementation The CBFC project was implemented by the Aquaculture Division of the Fisheries Administration (FiA). Nongovernmental organizations with long experience in the project area in southern Cambodia — Chamroeun Cheat Khmer in Takeo Province and CARE International in Pray Veng Province — assisted with selecting sites and organizing the first stakeholder meetings. Initially, four sites were selected in seasonal floodplains of the Bassac River, a distributary of the Mekong. In the dry season, the sites consisted of family rice plots, generally smaller than half a hectare. Few were irrigated. In the flood period from August to December, waters rose to 1.5-2.5 meters. Villagers interested in joining new community-based organizations (CBOs) to manage CBFC registered with the FiA, which facilitated a meeting at which 30-40 households discussed and voted on group regulations and benefit-sharing arrangements, elected the CBO leadership, and drafted a 6-month plan. Membership entailed a cash contribution of $2.50-5.00, which members of one CBO could pay with bamboo for constructing fences. Benefits were to be shared among members, with two CBOs setting aside 10% of the benefits for poor households. |
The culture sites measured 0.7-2.5 hectares* . The lack of embankments or natural features meant that CBOs depended on net fencing, which limited the size of enclosures and the number of beneficiaries. Stocking density per square meter was 1.4-2.0 fingerlings, which were fed rice bran, insects or duckweed collected in the village. The stocked species included silver barb, tilapia, and Indian carp.
As constraints on CBFC became apparent midway through the project, the focus of implementation shifted toward supporting government-led initiatives to create fish refuges for the dry season. This incorporated elements of fishery management and aquaculture, as fish were stocked in managed environments. Communities collectively managed the refuges. An elected management body agreed on the refuge allocation with the FiA, in the presence of commune and district authorities. The body's main duties were to manage ponds and dikes, release captured snakehead and catfish as broodfish, organize the night watch, and call meetings. In 2009, the project extended this model to three villages in Takeo, Svay Rieng and Prey Veng provinces that displayed the requisite willingness to participate and had perennial water bodies connected in the wet season to flooded rice paddies.
Summary of Outcomes
Each CBFC site recorded a loss on investment, for several reasons. The onset, duration and height of flooding were unpredictable and varied significantly from year to year. Wild fish productivity in enclosures was low. Cambodia's traumatic recent history of forced collectivization colored people's attitudes, constraining cooperation. Migration to jobs in urban centers during the flood season limited the availability of labor. Vandalism of enclosures caused high losses.
Farmers were nevertheless keen to try fish culturing. Most have shown a preference for individual fish culture on private plots, but some areas have seen a move toward CBFC by smaller groups of 10-12 households who practice it in 3-4 enclosed rice fields.
Cambodia has great potential for aquaculture once constraints such as limited market linkage and supplies of seed and feed are understood and tackled. CBOs and extension services require capacity building. The project laid the groundwork for identifying which aspects of fish culture, community-based action, and fish refuges interest communities, for incorporation into future CBFC initiatives.


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For those who thought that the six month product cycle wasn't long enough for a product obviously haven't seen Intel lately. It's only been about four months since the release of the Pentium 4 on the LGA 775 socket and the I9xx chipsets, Intel has thrown its next chipset and processor into the mix.
Today we take a look at the Intel Pentium 4 1066FSB processor along with the newest addition to the I9xx chipset family, the 925XE. Read on and find out if the 1066FSB results in any performance increase over the older 800FSB.
Find the lowest price on High-End Intel Processors!


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The Frisky has teamed up with Thrillist, the daily men's lifestyle and city guide, to bring you a weekly list of things for the guys in your life. Here's "Thrillist's Top 5 Things That Don't Suck".
Gear: OneLessDesk
Heckler Design's whip-smart, two-piece stainless steel desk nests into itself (a mere foot deep when stowed), and also features a concealed shelf, tidy wire/cord storage, and four holes to anchor laptop cable locks — though if you have four laptops, wouldn't you be more at home taking up half a Starbucks? [HecklerDesign.com]
Keep reading »


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Dog breed developed in Newfoundland, possibly from crosses between native dogs and the Great Pyrenees dogs that Basque fishermen introduced into North America in the 17th century. Noted for sea rescues, the gentle, patient Newfoundland stands 26–28 in. (66–71 cm) and weighs 110–150 lbs (50–68 kg). Powerful hindquarters, a large lung capacity, large webbed feet, and a heavy, oily coat enable it to swim in cold waters. It has also been used as a watchdog and draft animal. The typical Newfoundland is solid black; the Landseer Newfoundland is usually black and white.
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise.
For the full entry on Newfoundland, visit Britannica.com.
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Welcome to the HSI Stem Grant Webpage
Come to the info sessions:
Tuesday, February 3rd and Tuesday, February 17th
Time: 11:00 am - 12:00 pm Location: S-124
Please direct all questions to Professor
Matt Covill: firstname.lastname@example.com and Dr. Linda Waldman: firstname.lastname@example.com
Bridges to the Baccalaureate: Summer Research Experience
A research program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Supports Community College Students from Cerritos College & LBCC interested in the biomedical research field
The 2015 Bridges Program is schedule to run from Thursday, June 11th - Friday, August 7th
For more information, please visit: Long Beach Bridges to the Baccalaureate
Applications: Bridges to the Baccalaureate 2015
Application Deadline: Friday, February 27th 2015 by 4:00pm
If you're interested in Science, Technology, Engineering, and/or Math (STEM), take advantage of the opportunities and resources we have available to you on our website. Should you have additional questions, please contact:
Project Coordinator:
Vangie Moreno-Reichwein
Office: PST 107
Phone: 562-860-2451 ext. 2623
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Blank Rental Agreement
Blank Rental Agreement
Our high quality easy-to-use legal forms are designed to help protect your rights and to save you time and money. Our forms have been prepared by attorneys and include information and checklists to guide you. Get immediate access to your forms after you purchase. If you're not completely satisfied, you can rely on our no risk 100% money back guarantee.
Lease Form Combo Packages
Popular Lease Form Combo Packages which contain the forms most frequently used by landlords when leasing commercial or residential properties. Included are leases, subleases, assignments, notices and letters for use by landlords and tenants. These are some of our most popular forms
Premier Residential Lease Combo Packages
Popular - Premier Residential Lease Combo Packages which include the forms landlords most often need when renting residential property. Included are lease forms, consents to sublease and a comprehensive checklist to be used before and after a tenant occupies a premises.
Notice to Quit
Notice To Quit document for use in all states. Sometimes also called an eviction notice.
Residential Lease (with Option to Purchase)
Residential Lease Agreement with an Option to Purchase contains all relevant lease provisions along with an option for the tenant to purchase the property. This lease sets out all provisions including insurance requirements of both parties, amount of monthly rental and security deposit and the price for purchasing the property if the tenant opts to do so.
Residential Lease Agreements
Popular - Residential Lease Agreements for use when renting residential property. These leases include a residential lease, lease with option to purchase, apartment leases and leases for use when renting to roommates.
Residential Rental Applications
Popular - Residential Rental Application which will assist in screening a tenant. This application requests information about the applicant's prior rental history and credit, bank and personal references.
Amendment to Lease
Lease Amendment to be used when an existing lease must be amended. This amendment sets out the terms which will remain the same and those which are changed or amended.
Authorizations, Assignments, Guarantees & Offers
Various authorizations, assignments, guarantees and offers for use by both landlords and tenants.
Building Maintenance Agreement
Building Maintenance Agreement between an owner and a maintenance contractor who will perform services on a building. This agreement spells out the services to be performed and who furnishes materials and labor.
Building Management Agreement - Exclusive
Building Management Agreement sets out the arrangement between a building owner and an agent who will act as exclusive manager of the building premises. It sets forth the duties of the agent and how much the agent will be paid.
Commercial Lease Agreements
Commercial Lease Agreements used when leasing commercial property. These forms include lease and sublease documents, termination and extension agreements and tenant applications for both leases and subleases. An Occupancy Agreement is also included.
Farm Lease Agreement
Farm Lease Agreement to be used by a landlord when renting a farm. This lease agreement sets out all relevant terms including term of rental, amount, who is responsible for any damage to the property and if the tenant is allowed to make alterations to the farm property.
Garage Lease Agreements
Garage Lease Agreement for use when renting a garage. This agreement sets out the amount of monthly rental, lease term, how the garage premises may be used and if the lease may be assigned or sublet to another.
Landlord Consent to Assignment and Sublease
Landlord consent to assignment and consent to sublease forms for use in all states.
Lease Agreements
Lease Agreement forms to be used when renting residential property. These forms include all relevant provisions, including lease term, amount of monthly payment and default remedies. Included are a room lease, month-to- month lease and a lease with option to purchase.
Lease Extension Agreement
Lease Extension Agreements in both English and Spanish. This extension form will effectively extend a lease without entering into an entirely new lease agreement. It also sets out any lease provisions which may be changed due to the extension.
Lease Termination Agreement
Lease Termination Agreement which will terminate a lease prior to the end of its term. This agreement contains provisions regarding obligations which may remain under the existing lease and if any termination fees will be assessed.
Mobile Home Leases and Agreements
Mobile Home Leases and Agreements for use when leasing a mobile home. This lease form sets out detailed specifics including the amount of monthly rent, term of the lease and if the tenant may sublet or assign the lease.
Mobile Home Lot Lease Agreement
Mobile Home Lot Lease Agreement for use by a landlord when renting a mobile home lot. This agreement sets out the location of the lot, term of the lease and amount of monthly rent. It also sets forth the obligations of both the park owner and the tenant.
Move-In and Move-Out Inspection Checklist
This Move-In and Move-Out Inspection Checklist clearly documents the condition of rental property before and after a tenant moves in. It documents the condition of the premises, including appliances, walls and yard, and will be useful in deciding whether a security deposit should be returned to a tenant.
Notice of Lease Termination
Notice of Termination of Lease, which allows a Landlord to notify a Tenant of the termination of a lease. For use in all states.
Notices for Leases and Rentals
Notices forms which relate to landlord or tenant matters. Included are a notice to quit, notice to vacate and notice of default under a lease. Other notices relate to terminating a lease or performing a service within the leased premises.
Office Lease Agreement
Office Lease Agreement used by landlords when leasing an unfurnished office. This agreement sets out relevant provisions including lease term, rental payments and late fees, default remedies and use of common areas.
Real Estate Disclosure Kit
Forms to assist you in creating a real estate disclosure statement
Receipts (Rent & Deposits)
Receipts for use when renting or leasing property. These receipts include the amount paid, date and amount of any unpaid balance. Included are receipts for monthly rents and security deposits.
Residential or Commercial Lease Assignment
Residential or Commercial Lease Assignment forms for use when a tenant assigns a lease. These assignments contain the names of the parties, terms concerning the present tenant's indemnity and assumption of rights and obligations.
Room Lease Agreements - Furnished
Furnished Room Lease Agreements for all states and available for immediate download.
Roommate Agreements
Roommate Agreement for use when individuals decide to live together as roommates. This agreement sets out important terms including payment of rent and other expenses, sharing of household duties and if guests will be permitted.
Security Deposit Demand Letter
Security Deposit Demand Letter which will effectively demand that a landlord immediately return a tenant's security deposit. This demand letter states that all obligations of the lease were fulfilled, no rent is owing and that the property was returned without damage beyond ordinary wear and tear.
Security Deposit Letters
Security deposit letters for use in all states.
Spanish Forms for Leases and Rentals
Spanish Forms which are for use by landlord and tenants. Included are lease agreements, notices regarding security deposits and increase in rent and a rental application for use by a prospective tenant.
Storage Lease Agreements
Storage Lease Agreements for use when renting storage space. Included are agreements for a fixed term, month to month and for property storage. These agreements include relevant terms such as rental fee, security deposit and remedies in the event of default.
Warehouse Lease Agreement
Warehouse Lease Agreement is for use when renting a warehouse or space within a warehouse. This agreement sets out the specific location, monthly rent, term and insurance the parties must carry.


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Follow Us
326 Campgrounds & RV Parks - Private in British Columbia
Located 120 km west of Quesnel. Fishpot Lake has 8 log cabins overlooking the lake, 20 campsites all with picnic tables & firepits. We pride ourselves on the high quality home style meals that we provide in our licensed, casual dining area either in the lodge or on the patio overlooking the lake. We have a covered outside barbecue/picnic area for guest use and an adventure playground. Boat & canoe rentals, propane sales available.
Waterfront or ocean view; fully self-contained cottages with fabulous view of ocean, Denman Island & of the Vancouver Island mountains. Close to the Ford's Cove General Store, art gallery, government wharf & Mt. Geoffrey Provincial Park. In July/August fish & chips restaurant open & take out pizza available year round. Gourmet coffee available at the Ford's Cove General Store.
Fort Camping offers 156 camping sites, tent cabins, group tent camping area & 50 amp pull through sites. Located in historic Fort Langley on the banks of the Fraser River, discover the birthplace of British Columbia. We offer planned & supervised children's activities, heated outdoor pool, cafe & camp store. Theme weekends through out the summer. Walk to any of Fort Langley's local shops & services; visit one of the local museums or golf courses. We are central to many attractions throughout the Vancouver & Fraser Valley areas (including wineries!). Open all year round & offer extended winter stays.
Wake up next to the Rocky Mountains with a magnificent view of Fisher Peak. We are big rig friendly with 50 amp & large pull throughs. Choose from over 200 sites accommodating both RVs & tents with or without services. WiFi available. Open year round. Daily, weekly & monthly rates. Log Cabin also available & sleeps up to 6 people. Campground borders fields with lots of animals to enjoy - horses, donkeys & emus. Located directly across from the Fort Steele Heritage Town with lots of daily activities for all the family.
Centrally located with lots of things to see & do.
Situated in the heart of the Bulkley Valley, our comfortable, well designed & fully serviced riverfront RV park is ideally located halfway between Prince Rupert & Prince George.
Our RV sites are serviced with 30 amp or 50 amp electric, potable water, sewer, cable TV & WiFi. Sites are all overlooking the Bulkley River with views of the surrounding mountains.
A refreshing welcome is extended to you.
Full Hookups; 30 & 50 Amps; Free Showers; Free Cable TV; Free WiFi; Large Laundromats; Playground; Paved & Landscaped; City Bus to Downtown; Whale & City Sightseeing Tours.
Welcome to Fraser Bridge Inn & RV Park. We have 27 units & 10 RV Park/Campground spaces. Steps away from the River Front Walking Trail & the Fraser River Bridge, the longest wooden walking bridge in the world. To ensure privacy, a 15' tall cedar hedge surrounds the motel & RV park. West Park Mall is about a three minute walk away. Across the street from the mall is a 7-11 for coffee, snacks, gasoline, etc. Family restaurant & a neighbourhood pub are very close by. Enjoy large suites with kitchenettes & all amenities to make your stay with us as comfortable as it can be.
For decades, guests have enjoyed our private, spring-fed lake, sandy beach and immaculately maintained facilities. Gallagher Lake Resort is located on the only recognized desert in Canada almost always guaranteeing a hot, dry and sunny summer.
We offer shaded sites covered by majestic pine trees, full & partial hookups, pull throughs and 30 & 50 amp service. Guests will also enjoy the added comfort of hot showers and washrooms, a laundry facility, on-site convenience store, outdoor activities and so much more.
For cabin dwellers, we have 4 cabins, each featuring a double bed, 2 bunk beds and electricity.
Located next to Malaspina Strait & across from Texada Island, Garnet Rock RV Ocean Front Park offers a serene tranquillity that can only be enjoyed on the waterfront. This Park is a true hidden gem.
Full RV hookups in Gibsons. Electricity 30 + 50 amp, water, sewer. Tent sites. Showers & flush toilets, laundry, WiFi. Pets allowed. Close to beach, shops & ferry. Clean & quiet. Weekly rates savings!
Directions from BC Ferry Langdale Terminal: Follow traffic up long hill, funnels onto North Rd. Turn right at Cemetery Rd, Turn right at Gilmour Rd. We are at the top of the hill on your left.
Tweets by @TourismBC


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Public Meeting with Matthew Hancock.
30/01/2015West Suffolk MP Matthew Hancock will be holding a public meeting in Haverhill.
Sunday Car Boot starts on 1st February 2015 at Stonham Barns
01/02/2015First Car Boot of 2015 at Stonham Barns, Pettaugh Road IP14 6AT 8am start for sellers. From £5 to sell up to £10 for Large vans + we have covered stalls at £10 (no need for tables with these).
Table top sale ( in door carboot)
01/02/2015Slimming World Haverhill host, the 2nd monthly table top sale, this month we are raising money for The British Heart Foundation
Get fit this New Year with Glow
04/02/2015Join a new fitness and healthy eating class in Haverhill.


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- Baking and Cooking Blog – Evil Shenanigans - http://www.evilshenanigans.com -
IFBC 2010, or What I Did on My Summer Vacation
Posted By Kelly On August 31, 2010 @ 10:21 pm In Featured Articles | 36 Comments
Stepping out of the airport a chilly breeze carries the scent of salt water as well as a delicious shiver of anticipation down my spine.
I have arrived in Seattle for the International Food Bloggers Conference and consumption is the only thing on my agenda. Before me stretches three days of excellent of food, wine, beer and knowledge. I intended to partake fully. Gluttony of this sort is not out of bounds, in fact I expect 249 other food obsessed people to feel the same. In this moment I allow myself to live the glamorous delusion that there is no Monday, and no return to real life.
During the strangely intimate cocktail reception held in the dimly lit subterranean rooms of the Hotel Monaco, amid the crush of other like-minded individuals angling for savory nibbles, clinking glasses of wine, and bags bulging with swag, I have my first taste of what is to become an obsession. Bliss, thy name is Theo Chocolates.
Carefully I select my matte, mahogany prize, a Ghost Chili Caramel that promises a spicy sweet reward from the flecks of ruby chili on top, and place it on my tongue. Slowly the warmth of my body melts the creamy confection, and a symphony of flavor compounds are released that wrap me in a cocoon of theobromine bliss before the tingling burn of the chili flashes across my palate.
Hold it … wait … I can't do this.
On Writing:
What you have just read is me trying too hard to write with a voice that is not my own. I want you, dear reader, to feel as if you are sitting in my kitchen while I prepare dinner and prattle on about one thing and another. While I feel I can improve as a writer, I'm not changing who I am!
On Photography:
Penny De Los Santos, who presented a beautiful slide show of her work, gave what I consider to be the best presentation at IFBC. From her I learned that I am far too comfortable with what is comfortable, if that makes sense. I need to explore more angles, give my food more space, I need to get 'inside' the food, and I should stop 'taking' pictures and start 'making' pictures. Honestly, I struggle with my photography. Will I get my food to come across in the most appealing way? What props should I use? Does it look too much like every other shot in my portfolio? Will I get to eat the food before it is stone cold?
A funny thing happened after Blogging Ethics:
If you were following #IFBC on Twitter you know that there was a great deal of snark, humor, and *ahem* sexual innuendo during many of the panels. Get a bunch of over fed, over stimulated bloggers together with the ultimate instant social media tool and what you get is some of the funniest, and most creative, live blogging ever.
Anyway, during the panel on Ethics one of the panelists, Robin Goldstein of Fearless Critic Media and Blind Taste, became something of a fan favorite. Maybe it was the high ratio of women to men, perhaps it was the wine served with lunch, or perhaps it was the remnants of the sexual tension inspired by the 'lemon porn' written during the Writing with All Five Senses panel, but mid-way through Robin's part of the discussion ("Recent Advances in Bullshit Reduction") the Twitter feed nearly exploded with unrestrained lust.
There was breathless panting all around me. "He's so hot," one woman gushed. Twitter was much the same, if a little worse. I will be quite honest … I did not get it. He is very cute, as you can see from the picture on his site, but I did not get the vapors and quite bluntly said so. For example:
I think that sometimes hotness is amplified based on the ratio of men to women … #IFBC #NotTHATHot
Not saying he is not hot, just not epic hot … he is no Gerard Butler :D. #JustSaying #IFBC
After the panel my friend Linda from Salty Seattle met Robin and, after some discussion about the Twitter feed, brought him to meet me. I will admit I was slightly flustered, unprepared as I was for this face-to-face meeting. Not knowing his reaction to what I said I steeled myself for some sort of rebuke, but he was very kind. In fact, he was sort of amused and was nice enough to call me 'feisty'. I said to his face what I said on Twitter, that he is cute but I was not melting in my seat for him. We laughed about it, and I truly hope he was not offended by my candor, but I stand by my words.
Moral of the story: If you write it on Twitter you MUST own it in real life!
So, what did I think of IFBC?
I think these kinds of events are what you make of them, and I tried to make the most of my time there. What I am taking away with me, aside from some knowledge, is a group of new friends. It is exciting to bond over food, drinks, and laughs.
Overall, it was an excellent experience that I would gladly do over. Yes, there were moments I found insipid, and even insulting, but those were balanced by things that inspired me in ways I did not expect.
© 2010, Evil Shenanigans – Baking & Cooking Blog. All rights reserved.
Article printed from Baking and Cooking Blog – Evil Shenanigans: http://www.evilshenanigans.com
URL to article: http://www.evilshenanigans.com/2010/08/ifbc-2010-or-what-i-did-on-my-summer-vacation/
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Copyright © 2012 Evil Shenanigans - Baking & Cooking Blog. All rights reserved.


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Dr. Brown's Natural Flow Formula Caddy
Size/Count 1.0 ea
- Formula caddy for moms on-the-go
- Easy design spout fits any bottle
- Spout top inverts for use as a funnel
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BPA Free
At Dr. Brown's, our focus has always been to create
innovative feeding products to promote good health and optimal nutrition for baby.
Every Dr. Brown's product offers a unique design that yields a better functionality for mom and good health for baby. To maintain a brand that moms can rely on, we place a heavy focus on product research and development, making sure that each and every product achieves the best possible result. This means that we invest as much time as necessary to create quality feeding products with distinctive health-related benefits.
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Made in the USA
Remove cap and flip over to use as a funnel. Fill caddy compartments according to infant formula instructions. Snap cap back on to secure. To prepare a bottle, first rotate the cap until the marks on the side align. This positions the spout over the formula compartment. Then unplug the spout and pour formula into baby bottle. Follow infant formula instructions to complete preparations.
Cleaning: Wash all parts before use. Wash regularly with warm, soapy water, rinse well and air dry, or in a dishwasher - top rack only.
©2010 Handi-Craft Company
This product is not a toy. For adult use only. Do not heat in a microwave oven or boil. Not intended for use as a feeding device.
© Copyright 2015 Walgreen Co. All rights reserved.