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Big Read: Félix Houphouët-Boigny: Builder of modern Ivory CoastThursday, February 05, 2009 Félix Houphouët-Boigny (18 October 1905 - 7 December 1993) was the first President of Côte d'Ivoire. Originally a village chief, he worked as a doctor, an administrator of a plantation, and a union leader, before being elected to the French Parliament and serving in a number of ministerial positions in the French government. From the 1940s until his death, he played a leading role in the decolonization of Africa and in his country's politics. Under Houphouët-Boigny's politically moderate leadership, Côte d'Ivoire prospered economically. This success, uncommon in poverty-ridden West Africa, became known as the "Ivorian miracle" and was due to a combination of sound planning, the maintenance of strong ties with the West (particularly France), and development of the country's significant coffee and cocoa industries. However, the exploitation of the agricultural sector caused difficulties in 1980, after a sharp drop in the prices of coffee and cocoa. Throughout his presidency, Houphouët-Boigny maintained a close relationship with France, a policy known as Françafrique, and he built a close friendship with Jacques Foccart, the chief adviser on African policy in the de Gaulle and Pompidou governments. He aided the conspirators who ousted Kwame Nkrumah from power in 1966, took part in the coup against Mathieu Kérékou in 1977, and was suspected of involvement in the 1987 coup that removed Thomas Sankara from power in Burkina Faso. Houphouët-Boigny maintained an ardently anticommunist foreign policy, which resulted in, among other things, severing diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in 1969 (after first establishing relations in 1967), refusing to recognise the People's Republic of China until 1983, and providing assistance to UNITA, a United States-supported, anti-communist rebel movement in Angola. In the West, Houphouët-Boigny was commonly known as the "Sage of Africa" or the "Grand Old Man of Africa". Houphouët-Boigny moved the country's capital from Abidjan to his hometown of Yamoussoukro and built the world's largest church there, the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro, at a cost of US$300 million. At the time of his death, he was the longest-serving leader in Africa's history and the third longest-serving leader in the world, after Fidel Castro of Cuba and Kim Il-sung of North Korea. In 1989, UNESCO created the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize for the "safeguarding, maintaining and seeking of peace". After his death, conditions in Côte d'Ivoire quickly deteriorated. From 1994 until 2002, there were a number of coup d'états, a currency devaluation, an economic recession, and, beginning in 2002, a civil war. Birth, childhood and education According to his official biography, Houphouët-Boigny was probably born on 18 October 1905, in Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire to a family of chiefs of the Baoulé people.[2] Unofficial accounts, however, place his birth date up to seven years earlier. Born into the animist Akouès tribe, he was given the name Dia Houphouët: his first name Dia means "prophet" or "magician" and his surname came from his father, N'Doli Houphouët. Dia Houphouët was the great-nephew of Queen Yamousso and the village chief, Kouassi N'Go. When N'Go was murdered in 1910, Dia was called on to succeed him as chief. Due to his young age, his stepfather Gbro Diby ruled as regent, Dia's father having already died. Houphouët-Boigny descended from tribal chiefs through his mother, Kimou N'Drive (also known as N'Dri Kan), who died in 1936. Doubts remain as to the identity of his father, N'Doli. Officially a native of the N'Zipri of Didiévi tribe, N'Doli Houphouët died shortly after the birth of his son Augustin, although no reliable information regarding his death exists. This uncertainty has given rise to rumors, including a widespread one that his father was a Sudanese-born Muslim named Cissé. Houphouët-Boigny had two elder sisters, Faitai (1898?-1998) and Adjoua (d. 1987), as well as younger brother Augustin (d. 1939). Recognising his place in the hierarchy, the colonial administration sent Houphouët to school at the military post in Bonzi, not far from his village, despite strenuous objections from relatives, especially his grand-aunt Yamousso. In 1915, he was transferred to the école primaire supérieure (secondary school) at Bingerville in spite of his family's reluctance. The same year, at Bingerville, he converted to Christianity; he considered it a modern religion and an obstacle to the spread of Islam. He chose to be christened Félix. First in his class, he was accepted into the École William Ponty in 1919, and earned a teaching degree. In 1921, he attended the École de médecine de l'AOF (French West Africa School of Medicine) in Senegal, where he came first in his class in 1925 and qualified as a medical assistant. However, he never completed his studies in medicine and could only aspire to a career as a médecin africain,[12] a poorly-paid doctor. Medical career On 26 October 1925, Houphouët began his career as a doctor's aide at a hospital in Abidjan, where he founded an association of indigenous medical personnel. This undertaking proved short-lived as the colonial administration viewed it unsympathetically, considering it a trade union. As a consequence, they decided to move Houphouët to a particularly insanitary hospital in Guiglo on 27 April 1927 After he proved his considerable talents, however, he was promoted on 17 September 1929 to a post in Abengourou, which until then had been reserved for Europeans. At Abengourou, Houphouët witnessed the mistreatment of indigenous cocoa farmers by the colonists. In 1932, he decided to act, leading a movement of farmers against the influential white landowners and for the economic policies of the colonial government, who favoured the farmers. On 22 December, he published an article under a pseudonym titled On nous a trop volés (They have stolen too much from us), which appeared in the Trait d'union, an Ivorian socialist newspaper. The following year, Houphouët was summoned by his tribe to assume the responsibilities of village chiefbut preferring to pursue his medical career, he deferred in favour of his younger brother Augustin. However, wishing to live closer to his village, he obtained a transfer to Dimbokro on 3 February 1934 and then to Toumodi on 28 June 1936. While Houphouët had displayed professional qualities, his attitude had chafed those around him. As a result, in September 1938, his clinical director demanded that he choose between his job as a doctor and his involvement in local politics. The choice was quickly made for him: his brother died in 1939, and Houphouët became chef de canton (an office created by the colonial adminstration so to collect the demanded tax-quota). Due to this, he ended his medical career the next year First marriage In 1930, Houphouët married Kady Racine Sow (1913-2006) in Abengourou despite the fact that he was a practising Catholic, and she was the daughter of a wealthy Muslim from Senegal.[ The families of the two eventually overcame their opposition and accepted the interfaith union, the first ever celebrated in Côte d'Ivoire. The couple had five children: Felix (who died in infancy), Augustine, Francis, Guillaume and Marie, all raised as Catholics. Chef de canton and union leader By becoming chef de canton, Houphouët assumed responsibility for the administration of Akouè, a canton which comprised 36 villages. He also took charge of the family plantation-at the time one of the most important in the country-and worked to diversify its rubber, cocoa and coffee crops. He soon became one of Africa's richest farmersOn 3 September 1944, he established, in cooperation with the colonial administration the African Agricultural Union (Syndicat agricole africain, SAA). Under his presidency, the SAA brought together African farmers who were dissatisfied with their working conditions and worked to protect their interests against those of European planters. Anti-colonialist and anti-racist, the organisation demanded better working conditions, higher wages, and the abolition of unfree labor. The union quickly received the support of nearly 20,000 plantation workers, together with that of the left-wing French administrators placed in office by the Provisional Government. Its success irritated colonists to the extent that they took legal action against Houphouët, accusing him of being anti-French for never seeking French citizenship. However, Houphouët befriended the Inspector Minister of the Colonies, who ordered the charges dropped. They were more successful in obtaining the replacement of the sympathetic Governor André Latrille with the hostile Governor Henry de Mauduit. Houphouët entered electoral politics in August 1945, when elections for the Abidjan city council were held for the first time. The French electoral rules established a common roll: half of the elected would have to be French citizens (who were mostly Europeans) and the other half non-citizens. Houphouët reacted by creating a multi-ethnic all-African roll with both non-citizens and citizens (mostly Senegalese with French citizenship). As a result, most of the African contenders withdrew and a large number of the French protested by abstaining, thus assuring a decisive victory for his African Bloc. In October 1945, Houphouët moved onto the national political scene; the French government decided to represent its colonies in the assemblée constituante (English: Constituent Assembly) and gave Côte d'Ivoire and Upper Volta two representatives in Parliament combined. One of these would represent the French citizens and another would represent the indigenous populatio, but the suffrage was limited to less than 1% of the population. In an attempt to block Houphouët, the governor de Mauduit supported a rival candidature, and provided him the full backing of the administration. Despite that and thanks to the SAA's strong organization, Houphouët, running for the indigenous seat, easily came first with a 1,000-vote majority. He failed, however, to obtain an absolute majority, due to the large number of candidates running. Houphouët emerged victorious again in the second round of elections held on 4 November 1945, in which he narrowly defeated an Upper Voltan candidate with 12,980 votes out of a total of 31,081 At this point, he decided to add "Boigny" to his surname, meaning "irresistible force" in Baoulé and symbolizing his role as a leader. Member of Parliament The Palais Bourbon, where Houphouët-Boigny was appointed to the territorial commission In taking his seat at the National Assembly in Palais Bourbon, Houphouët-Boigny had first thing to decide with which group side, and he opted for the Mouvement Unifié de la Résistance (MUR), a small party composed of Communist sympathizers but not formal members of the Communist Party. He was appointed a member of the Commission des territoires d'outre-mer (Commission of Overseas Territories) During this time, he worked to implement the wishes of the SAA, in particular proposing a bill to abolish forced labor-the single most unpopular feature of French rule. The Assembly adopted this bill, known as Loi Houphouët-Boigny, on 11 April 1946, greatly enhancing the author's prestige not only in his country. On 3 April 1946, Houphouët-Boigny proposed to unify labour regulations in the territories of Africa; this would eventually be completed in 1952. Finally, on 27 September 1946, he filed a report on the public health system of overseas territories, calling for its reformation. Houphouët-Boigny in his parliamentary tenure supported the idea of a union of French territories. Such a union would, in his view, create a policy that was "métropolitaine et démocratique" (metropolitan and democratic), the other "coloniale et réactionnaire" (colonial and reactionary). As the first constitution proposed by the Constituant Assembly was rejected by the voters, new elections were held in 1946 for a second constituant assembly.[27] For these elections Houphouët-Boigny organized on 9 April 1946, with the help of the Groupes d'études communistes (English: Communist Study Groups), the Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI), whose structure closely followed that of the SAA. It immediately become the first successful independent African party when the new party Houphouët-Boigny easily swept the elections with 21,099 out of 37,888 votes, his opponents obtaining only a few hundred votes each. In this he was helped by the recall of Governor Latrille, whose predecessor had been fired by the Overseas Minister Marius Moutet for his opposition to the abolition of the indigénat. With his return to the assembly he was appointed to the Commission du règlement et du suffrage universel (Commission for Regulation of Universal Suffrage); as secretary of the commission from 1947 to 1948, he proposed on 18 February 1947 to reform French West Africa (AOF), French Equatorial Africa (AEF), and the French territories' federal council to better represent the African peoples. He also called for the creation of local assemblies in Africa so that Africans could learn how to be autonomous. Foundation of the RDA and Communist alliance During the holding of the second Constituent Assembly the African representatives witnessed a strong reaction against the colonial liberalism that had been embedded in the rejected constitution drafted by the previous assembly. The new text, approved by the voters on October 13, 1946, reduced the African representatives from 30 to 24, and reduced the number of those entitled to vote; also, a large number of colonial topics were left in which the executive could govern by decree, and supervision over the colonial administation remained weak. Reacting to what they felt was a betrayal of the MRP's and the Socialists' promises, the African deputies concluded they needed to build a permanent coalition independent from the French parties. Houphouët-Boigny was the first to propose this to his African colleagues, and obtained their full support for a founding congress to be held in October at Bamako in French Sudan The French government did all it could to sabotage the congress, and in particular the Socialist Overseas Minister was successful in persuading the African Socialists, who were originally among the promoters, from attending. This ultimately bacfired, radicalizing those convened; when they founded the African Democratic Rally (RDA) as an inter-territorial political movement, it was the pro-Communist Gabriel d'Arboussier who dominated the congress. The new movement's goal was to free "Africa from the colonial yoke by the affirmation of her personality and by the association, freely agreed to, of a union of nations". Its first president, confirmed several times subsequently, was Houphouët-Boigny, while secretary-general became d'Arboussier. As part of the bringing of the territorial parties in the organization, the PDCI became the Ivoirian branch of the RDA. Too small to form their own parliamentary group, the African deputies were compelled to join one of the larger parties in order to sit together in the Palais Bourbon.[13] Thus, the RDA soon joined the French Communist Party (PCF) as the only openly anti-colonialist political faction and soon organised strikes and boycotts of European imports. Houphouët-Boigny justified the alliance because it seemed, at the time, to be the only way for his voice to be heard: "Even before the creation of RDA, the alliance had served our cause: in March 1946, the abolition of compulsory labour was adopted unanimously, without a vote, thanks to our tactical alliance." As the Cold War set in, the alliance with the Communists became increasingly damaging for the RDA. The French colonial administration showed itself increasingly hostile toward the RDA and its president, whom the administration called a "Stalinist". Tensions reached their height at the beginning of 1950,[12] when, following an outbreak of anti-colonial violence, almost the entire PDCI leadership was arrested; Houphouët-Boigny managed to slip away shortly before police arrived at his house. Although Houphouët-Boigny would have been saved by his parliamentary immunity, his missed arrest was popularly attributed to his influence and his prestige. In the ensuing chaos, riots broke out in Côte d'Ivoire; the most significant of which was a clash with the police at Dimbokro in which 13 Africans were killed and 50 wounded. According to official figures, by 1951 a total of 52 Africans had been killed, several hundred wounded and around 3,000 arrested (numbers which, according to an opinion reported by journalist Ronald Segal in African Profiles, are certainly underestimated). In order to defuse the crisis, Prime Minister René Pleven entrusted the France's Minister for Overseas Territories, François Mitterrand, with the task of detaching the RDA from the PCF, and in fact an official alliance between the RDA and Mitterrand's party, the UDSR, was established in 1952. Knowing he was at an impasse, in October 1950, Houphouët-Boigny agreed to break the Communist alliance. Asked in an undated interview why he worked with the communists, Houphouët-Boigny replied: "I, a bourgeois landowner, I would preach the class struggle? That is why we aligned ourselves with the Communist Party, without joining it." Rehabilitation and entry into government In the 1951 elections, the number of seats was reduced from three to two; while Houphouët-Boigny still won a seat, the other RDA candidate, Ouezzin Coulibaly, did not. All in all, the RDA only garnered 67,200 of 109,759 votes in that election, and the party in direct opposition to it captured a seat. On 8 August 1951, Boigny, speaking at René Pleven's inauguration as president of the board, denied being the leader of a communist group; he was not believed until the RDA's 1952 affiliation with UDSR. On the 24th of that same month, Boigny delivered a statement in the Assembly contesting the result of the elections, which he declared tainted by fraud. He also denounced what he saw as the exploitation of overseas deputies as "voting machines", who, as political pawns, supported the colonial government's every action. Thereafter, Houphouët-Boigny and the RDA were briefly unsuccessful before their success was renewed in 1956; at that year's elections, the party received 502,711 of 579,550 votes cast. From then on, his relationship with Communism was forgotten, and he was embraced as a moderate. Named as a member of the Committees on Universal Suffrage (distinct from the aforementioned committee regulating said suffrage), Constitutional Laws, Rules and Petitions. On 1 February 1956, he was appointed Minister Discharging the Duties of the Presidency of the Council in the government of Guy Mollet, a post he held until 13 June 1957. This marked the first time an African was elected to a leading position in the French colonies' governments. His principal achievement in this role was the creation of an organisation of Saharan regions that would help ensure sustainability for the French Unionand counter Moroccan territorial claims in the Sahara. On 6 November 1957, Houphouët-Boigny became Minister of Public Health and Population in the Gaillard administration and attempted to reform the public health code. He had previously served as Minister of State under Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury (13 June - 6 November 1957). Following his Gaillard ministry, he was again appointed Minister of State from 14 May 1958[2];- 20 May 1959). In this capacity, he participated in the development of France's African policy, notably in the cultural domain. At his behest, the Bureau of French Overseas Students and the University of Dakar were created On 4 October 1958, Houphouët-Boigny was one of the signatories, along with de Gaulle, of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic. The last post he held in France was Minister-Counsellor in the Michel Debré government, from 23 July 1959 to 19 May 1961. Leading up to independence Until the mid-1950s, French colonies in west and central Africa were grouped within two federations: French Equatorial Africa (AEF) and French West Africa (AOF). Côte d'Ivoire was part of the AOF, financing roughly two thirds of its budget. Wishing to liberate the country from the guardianship of the AOF, Houphouët-Boigny advocated an Africa made up of nations that would generate wealth rather than share poverty and misery. He participated actively in the drafting and adoption of the framework of the Defferre Loi Cadre, a French legal reform which, in addition to granting autonomy to African colonies, would break the ties that bound the different territories together, giving them more autonomy by means of local assemblies. The Deffere Loi Cadre was far from unanimously accepted by Houphouët-Boigny's compatriots in Africa: Léopold Sédar Senghor, leader of Senegal, was the first to speak out against this attempted "Balkanization" of Africa, arguing that the colonial territories "do not correspond to any reality: be it geographical, economic, ethnic, or linguistic". Senghor argued that maintaining the AOF would give the territories stronger political credibility and would allow them to develop harmoniously as well as emerge as a genuine people. This view was shared by most members of the African Democratic Rally, who backed Ahmed Sékou Touré and Modibo Keïta, placing Houphouët-Boigny in the minority at the 1957 congress in Bamako Following the adoption of the Loi Cadre reform on 23 June 1956, a territorial election was held in Côte d'Ivoire on 3 March 1957, in which the PDCI-transformed under Houphouët-Boigny's firm control into a political machine-won many seats. Houphouët-Boigny, who was already serving as a minister in France, as President of the Territorial Assembly and as mayor of Abidjan, chose Auguste Denise to serve as Vice President of the Government Council of Côte d'Ivoire, even though Houphouët-Boigny remained, the only interlocutor in the colony for France. Houphouët-Boigny's popularity and influence in France's African colonies had become so pervasive that one French magazine claimed that by 1956, the politician's photograph "was in all the huts, on the lapels of coats, on the corsages of African women and even on the handlebars of bicycles". On 7 April 1957, the Prime Minister of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah, on a visit to Côte d'Ivoire, called on all colonies in Africa to declare their independence; Houphouët-Boigny retorted to Nkrumah: Your experience is rather impressive ... But due to the human relationships between the French and the Africans, and because in the 20th century, people have become interdependent, we considered that it would perhaps be more interesting to try a new and different experience than yours and unique in itself, one of a Franco-African community based on equality and fraternity. Unlike many African leaders who immediately demanded independence, Houphouët-Boigny wished for a careful transition within the "ensemble français"because, according to him, political independence without economic independence was worthless. He also invited Nkrumah to meet up with him in 10 years to see which one of the two had chosen the best approach toward independence. On 28 September 1958 Charles de Gaulle proposed a constitutional referendum to the Franco-African community: the territories were given the choice of either supporting the constitution or proclaiming their independence and being cut off from France.[57] For Houphouët-Boigny, the choice was simple: "Whatever happens, Côte d'Ivoire will enter directly to the Franco-African community. The other territories are free to group between themselves before joining." Only Guinea chose independence; its leader, Ahmed Sékou Touré, opposed Houphouët-Boigny, stating that his preference was "freedom in poverty over wealth in slavery". The referendum produced the French Community, an institution meant to be an association of free republics which had jurisdiction over foreign policy, defense, currency, common ethnic and financial policy, and strategic raw materials. Houphouët-Boigny was determined to stop the hegemony of Senegal in West Africa and a political confrontation ensued between Ivorian and Senegalese leaders. Houphouët-Boigny refused to participate in the Inter-African conference in Dakar on 31 December 1958, which was intended to lay the foundation for the Federation of Francophone African States. Although that federation was never realised, Senegal and Mali (known at the time as French Sudan) formed their own political union, the Mali Federation. After de Gaulle allowed the Mali Federation independence in 1959, Houphouët-Boigny tried to sabotage the federation's efforts to wield political control in cooperation with France, he managed to convince Upper Volta, Dahomey, and Niger to withdraw from the Mali Federation, before it collapsed in August 1960. Two months after the 1958 referendum, seven member states of French West Africa, including Côte d'Ivoire, became autonomous republics within the French Community. Houphouët-Boigny had won his first victory against those supporting federalism. This victory established the conditions that made the future "Ivorian miracle" possible, since between 1957 and 1959, budget revenues grew by 158%, reaching 21,723,000,000 CFA francs. Early years and second marriage Houphouët-Boigny officially became the head of the government of Côte d'Ivoire on 1 May 1959. Although he faced no opposition from rival parties and the PDCI became the de facto party of the state in 1957, he was confronted by opposition from his own government. Radical nationalists, led by Jean-Baptiste Mockey, openly opposed the government's Francophile policies. In an attempt to solve this problem, Houphouët-Boigny decided to exile Mockey in September 1959, claiming that Mockey had attempted to assassinate him using voodoo in what Houphouët-Boigny called the "complot du chat noir" (black cat conspiracy). Houphouët-Boigny began drafting a new constitution for Côte d'Ivoire after the country's independence from France on 7 August 1960. It drew heavily from the United States Constitution in establishing a powerful executive branch, and from the Constitution of France, which limited the capacities of the legislature. He transformed the National Assembly into a mere recording house for bills and budget proposals; the representatives were to be appointed by the head of government, and the PDCI was to act like an intermediary between the people and the government. On 27 November 1960, Houphouët-Boigny was elected unopposed to the Presidency of the Republic, while the list of candidates of the PDCI-the only participating party-was approved for the National Assembly. 1963 was marked by a series of alleged plots that played a decisive role in ultimately consolidating power in the hands of Houphouët-Boigny. There is no clear consensus on the unfolding of the 1963 events; in fact, there may have been no plot at all and the entire series of events may have been part of a plan by Houphouët-Boigny to consolidate his hold on power. Between 120 and 200 secret trials were held in Yamoussoukro, in which key political figures-including Mockey and the president of the Supreme Court Ernest Boka-were implicated. There was discontent in the army, as the generals grew restive following the arrest of Defense Minister Jean Konan Banny, and the president had to intervene personally to pacify them. From then on, Houphouët-Boigny governed Côte d'Ivoire as a dictator. Nevertheless, once he had consolidated his power, he freed political prisoners in 1967. Under his "unique brand of paternalistic authoritarianism", Houphouët-Boigny subdued dissent by offering government positions instead of incarceration to his critics. According to Robert Mundt, author of Côte d'Ivoire: Continuity and Change in a Semi-Democracy, his power was never seriously challenged from 1963 until his death. In order to foil any plans for a coup d'etat, the president took control of the military and police, reducing their numbers from 5,300 to 3,500. Defence was entrusted to the French armed forces that, pursuant to the treaty on defence cooperation of 24 April 1961, were stationed at Port-Bouët and could intervene at Houphouët-Boigny's request or when they considered French interests to be threatened. They subsequently intervened during attempts by the Sanwi monarchists to secede in 1959 and 1969, and again in 1970, when an unauthorised political group, the Eburnian Movement, was formed and Houphouët-Boigny accused its leader Kragbé Gnagbé of wishing to secede . Félix Houphouët-Boigny and his wife Marie-Thérèse Houphouët-Boigny with John F. Kennedy and Jackie Kennedy in 1962 Houphouët-Boigny married the much younger Marie-Thérèse Houphouët-Boigny in 1962, having divorced his first wife in 1952. The couple had no children of their own,[19] but they adopted two: five-year-old Hélène in 1960, the granddaughter of King Baoulé Anoungbré, and Olivier Antoine in 1981. The marriage was not without scandal: in 1958, Marie-Thérèse went on a romantic escapade in Italy, while in 1961, Houphouët-Boigny fathered a child (Florence, d. 2007) out of wedlock by his mistress Henriette Duvignac. Leadership in Africa Following the example of de Gaulle, who refused proposals for an integrated Europe, Houphouët-Boigny opposed Nkrumah's proposed United States of Africa, which called into question Côte d'Ivoire's recently acquired national sovereignty. However, Houphouët-Boigny was not against African unity which developed on a case by case basis. On 29 May 1959, in cooperation with Hamani Diori (Niger), Maurice Yaméogo (Upper Volta) and Hubert Maga (Dahomey), Houphouët-Boigny created the Conseil de l'Entente (English: Council of Accord or Council of Understanding). This regional organisation, founded in order to hamper the Mali Federation, was designed with three major functions: to allow shared management of certain public services, such as the port of Abidjan or the Abidjan-Niger railway line; to provide a solidarity fund accessible to member countries, 90% of which was provided by Côte d'Ivoire; and to provide funding for various development projects through low-interest loans to member states (70% of the loans were supplied by Côte d'Ivoire). In 1966, Houphouët-Boigny even offered to grant dual citizenship to nationals from member countries of the Conseil de l'Entente, but the proposition was quickly abandoned following popular protests. The ambitious Ivorian leader had even greater plans for French-speaking Africa: he intended to rally the different nations behind a large organisation whose objective was the mutual assistance of its member states. The project became a reality on 7 September 1961 with the signing of a charter giving birth to the l'Union africaine et malgache (UAM; English: African and Malagasy Union), comprising 12 French-speaking countries including Léopold Sédar Senghor's Senegal. Agreements were signed in various sectors, such as economic, military and telecommunications, which strengthened solidarity among Francophone states. However, the creation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in May 1963 affected his plans: the supporters of Pan-Africanism demanded the dissolution of all regional groupings, such as the UAM. Houphouët-Boigny reluctantly ceded, and transformed the UAM into the Organisation africaine et malgache de coopération économique et culturelle (English: African and Malagasy Organization of economic and cultural cooperation). Considering the OAU a dead end organisation, particularly since Paris was opposed to the group, Houphouët-Boigny decided to create in 1965 l'Organisation commune africaine et malgache (OCAM; English: African and Malagasy Organization), a French organization in competition with the OAU. The organisation included among its members 16 countries, whose aim was to break revolutionary ambitions in Africa. However, over the years, the organisation became too subservient to France, resulting in the departure of half of the countries. In the mid-1970s, during times of economic prosperity, Houphouët-Boigny and Senghor put aside their differences and joined forces to thwart Nigeria, which, in an attempt to established itself in West Africa, had created the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The two countered the ECOWAS by creating the Economic Community of West Africa (ECWA), which superseded the old trade partnerships in the French-speaking regions. However, after assurances from Nigeria that ECOWAS would function in the same manner as the earlier Francophone organisation Author: DO |
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Thu, Nov 13, 08 at 20:32
Follow-Up Postings:
zzzz - sleepy time for dahlias - :) |
- Posted by plantlady2008 (My Page) on Sun, Nov 16, 08 at 21:48
- Posted by vikingcraftsman 6/7LINY (My Page) on Sun, Nov 16, 08 at 22:10
Thanks plantlady, I have spent the day going over pictures of other gardens including yours to inspire me to build a bigger garden next year. I am going from 100 dahlias to over 400. Yesterday I borrowed my neighbors rototiller and wore my self out. |
A beautifull arrangement. All the fall colors. I am now pouring over pictures trying to decide what to get for next year even though I have saved all my tubers. I am just so afraid they won't make it and than what would I do? |
- Posted by vikingcraftsman 6/7LINY (My Page) on Mon, Nov 17, 08 at 18:03
PDShop check you tubers ever month, they willmake it. |
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Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke on Tuesday took aim at proponents of the gold standard, saying that such a system handicaps the government's ability to address economic conditions.
Bernanke spoke in the first of a series of four public lectures at George Washington University that is the central bank's latest effort to counter a raft of negative public sentiment that has arisen from its handling of the financial crisis. The former Princeton economics professor delivers a second lecture on Thursday and two more next week.
"Since the gold standard determines the money supply, there is not much scope for the central bank to use monetary policy to stabilize the economy," Bernanke said. "Under a gold standard, typically the money supply goes up and interest rates go down in a period of strong economic activity – so that's the reverse of what a central bank would normally do today."
Bernanke talked about the gold standard in a way much different than its proponents do. Here's John Tamny of Forbes:
To begin, Bernanke observed that to maintain a gold standard would require the discovery of more of the metal itself; essentially that we don't have enough gold for a standard. The problem with this assertion is that in the same speech Bernanke acknowledged that the Bank of England in the 19th century defined the pound in terms of gold, and did so with gold in its vaults that was a very small percentage of total pounds in circulation.
To put it plainly, the U.S. Treasury or the Fed could give the dollar a stable gold definition with little to no gold backing. If the standard were thought to be credible, as was England's long ago, there would be very little demand for gold in exchange for currency. Gold can't earn interest, while currency can. Bernanke's dissembling about gold supplies existing as a barrier to the shedding of floating money comes off as dishonest in light of his own knowledge of central banking history.
Tamny ably sums up the modern gold standard argument as it is, not as the distorted Bernanke version. Definitely worth a read.
During that speech, Bernanke also said the Fed was not responsible for the financial crisis. Interestingly, however, a new study from a visiting scholar at the Dallas Fed seems to suggest otherwise:
We do find significant evidence that rising real income and falling interest rates are important determinants of credit booms. This evidence is more consistent with the alternative story of Borio and White (2003) attributing credit booms and crises in the past three decades to the Great Moderation which created a benign environment conducive to rising credit. It is also consistent with other empirical work that covers the period 1960-2002 (Mendoza and Terrones, 2008). The negative and significant relationship of short-term interest rates and credit growth may also be consistent with the story of for example Taylor (2009) or Meltzer (2010) who attribute the U.S. housing boom to expansionary policy by the Federal Reserve in the early 2000s in an attempt to prevent perceived deflation. Moreover, housing booms and busts in other countries did not reflect redistributive housing policy. In the period before the Great Moderation they occurred during episodes of expansionary monetary policy. Regardless of whether the Borio and White story or a simpler monetary policy story is the true explanation for credit booms that lead to financial crises it now seems fairly clear from our examination of the data that neither have much to do with rising income inequality


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Walt Disney World Marathon Weekend 2011 Recap Roundtable
Hello and welcome to The WDW Radio Show - Your Walt Disney World Information Station. I am your host, Lou Mongello, and this is show #205 for the week of January 16, 2011.
This past weekend, more than 54,000 athletes from around the world descended on Walt Disney World, as many do year after year, not for the attractions, shows or dare I say even the wonderful dining options, but to run. And run a lot.
The Walt Disney World Marathon weekend encompassed a series of endurance events, in which individuals came out to fulfill personal goals, experience the parks like never before, and for many, to make a difference in not just their own lives, but the lives of others. So on this week's roundtable, we'll look at the Walt Disney World Marathon as well as some other endurance events, and possibly introduce you to the idea that it's not just for athletes, but for friends and entire families as well. Whether you visit to run, cheer, volunteer or for your favorite charity, it's one of the most amazing experiences any Disney enthusiast can enjoy.
Ill have a few announcements, and then play some of your voicemails at the end of the show, so sit back, relax, and enjoy this week's episode of the WDW Radio Show.
You can email the show at email@example.com or call the voicemail TOLL FREE at 888-703-2171.
Visit the web site at wdwradio.com and talk about the show by visiting and posting in the WDW Radio Show message forums
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Get some Disney magic delivered right to your door! Subscribe to Celebrations Magazine at http://CelebrationsPress.com
Thanks for listening! Be sure to tune in next week!


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About | Projects | Docs | Forums | Lists | Bugs | Get Gentoo! | Support | Planet | Wiki
Zac Medico posted on Thu, 26 Apr 2012 08:21:02 -0700 as excerpted: > On 04/26/2012 02:55 AM, Duncan wrote: >> Zac Medico posted on Wed, 25 Apr 2012 23:26:24 -0700 as excerpted: >> >>> On 04/25/2012 11:18 PM, Duncan wrote: >>>> IOW, let's quit letting the perfect be the enemy of the good >>> If that means settling on something that's fragile and prone to lots >>> of bug reports, then it's not really practical >> IMO[,] If all it does is the patching, but it /always/ does the >> patching[,] and people know they need to use the overlay-ebuild >> method to do anything beyond patching, [including eautoreconf,] >> then it should "just work". > Ignoring the problem doesn't make it go away. If we ignore the problem, > then we end up dealing with bug reports of the form "FEATURES=userpatch > doesn't work with this particular patch set" until the end of time. Standard boilerplate resolved/DUP, pointing to the first one, resolved like this: NOTABUG/INVALID. The feature does what it says on the label and is working as designed. The files are patched and the build bails out if the patch fails. The userpatch feature is deliberately limited to patching, thus keeping the problem manageable and the code transparent and maintainable. For anything fancy, including patches that need eautoreconf called afterward, the userpatch feature isn't the right tool. Copy the ebuild to an overlay and edit it as necessary to both apply the patch and eautoreconf or whatever else needs done afterward. > Also, don't forget to consider the possibility of interference between > FEATURES=userpatch and epatch_user (applying same patches twice). The existing phaselock-file solution should continue to work there. Test for the existence of a file and punt if it's found; touch the file on first invocation. The only caveat is that the existing eclass solution has changed the filename before. Once the corresponding feature exists, both the eclass and the feature will have to use the same filename so as not to conflict with each other, thereby effectively locking down the name and preventing further changes to it. > Overall, the "apply_user_patches_here" approach [1] seems pretty > reasonable to me. > > [1] > http://archives.gentoo.org/gentoo-dev/ msg_c228be85e0c4e577ad194e6004d59062.xml With the requirements that if the ebuild never calls it, it's still run immediately after source_prepare, thus ensuring that it gets called, AND that calling either autoreconf or eautoreconf without calling apply-user- patches first is a repoman-checked error, it looks like it should work, agreed. But I'm a bit wary as to the robustness. And without a mechanism to apply the patches at a particular point (arguably, post-src-prepare) even in the absence of a specific apply-user-patches-here call, we're back where we were without a global solution, but if the hard-invocation is done, then we're back to either inefficiently running eautoreconf twice or forced into doing likely failure-prone detection, thus the worry over robustness. But of course he who codes, decides. We have existing and already proven code for the simple case, but if someone actually codes that complex approach, and it actually does both get us global coverage and avoid duplicated autoreconf runs, without hard to track down failures, I for one will certainly bless them! =:^) I just don't want to have to wait until kingdom come for the "perfect" solution, when we already have a demonstrated "good enough 80-90% of the time" solution ready to roll out globally, if we'd just do it. It's also worth pointing out that nothing prevents rolling out the "good enough" solution right away, then growing the complexity to cover the harder autoreconf cases when a solution for them actually gets coded. -- Duncan - List replies preferred. No HTML msgs. "Every nonfree program has a lord, a master -- and if you use the program, he is your master." Richard Stallman
Updated Jun 29, 2012
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WA3381 - Arts for a Better Future
(SPRING) (3 graduate credits) Blended (online with two-week residential component)
In this course, students will learn to help a community recognize, value, and plan to use its own arts to meet local needs and goals. The course provides a compact overview of the Create Local Arts Together (CLAT) model of community engagement. The CLAT process consists of seven flexible steps grounded in ethnographic and appreciative inquiry approaches: meet a community and its arts; specify goals; select communication genre and content; analyze the genre; spark creativity; improve new works and creative systems; integrate and celebrate for continuity. Students will engage with the model through three pedagogical cycles, culminating in applying it to a real-life context.


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Rep Appointments: KidCuteTure, Zio Sport, Mini Maniacs
Brands add to their U.S. sales networks.
Macy's Reveals Plans for Back-to-School Promos
Macy's has announced a series of special family events and promotions meant to make it a destination for back-to-school shopping. "Our goal for back-to-school is to create an environment where moms and kids can have fun together as they prep for a new school year," said Martine Reardon, executive vice president of marketing. "Our task is to make the experience easy, enjoyable and entertaining, so we continue to layer on new elements that offer education and interactivity."
Walmart Announces Executive Team Changes
Walmart has a new American leader: Bill Simon has been named the new president and CEO of the retailer's U.S. stores, reporting directly to Mike Duke, president and CEO of Walmart. Simon takes over from Walmart's vice chairman Eduardo Castro-Wright, who has been named president and CEO of the company's global online business and sourcing.
Zutano Expands With Bedding, Decor
Zutano has partnered with Kids Line, LLC, a leading infant bedding and accessories company, to create a full line of nursery decor and accessories based on its popular designs. The line, which will launch at the October ABC Kids Expo in Las Vegas, is geared for the specialty market and online shops.
American Eagle's Little77 to Carry Exclusive Aden + Anais Line
Baby brand Aden + Anais, which produces muslin swaddles, bibs, blankets and bathing cloths, is partnering with American Eagle to produce a collaborative collection for the retailers new children's offshoot, Little77. "We are thrilled to be one of the first brands chosen to join the launch of Little77," said Aden + Anais founder Raegan Moya-Jones. "By uniting our iconic products with the remarkable design aesthetic of Little77, we are creating a truly unique new must-have for families."
LIMA Elects New Executive Committee, Board Members
Three of the International Licensing Industry Merchandisers' Association's (LIMA) board members have been selected for new executive committee positions, while five new members were elected to its board of directors. The appointments were determined via votes by LIMA members and their posts will run from July 1 through June 30, 2013.
Taking on new executive committee positions are:
~ Christina Miller, SVP of Cartoon Network Enterprises, who moves from vice chair to chairwoman
Showroom News: Jamari, Patti Bergstrom Sales, KidStuff Inc.
The latest brand additions to reps coast to coast.
Fendi Launches Children's Collection
Designer brand Fendi has unveiled a new collection created for kids in partnership with Italian manufacturer Simonetta. Designer Silvia Venturini Fendi is creating the collection, which will be available for boys and girls up to size 12. The line, which debuted at Florence's Pitti Immagine Bimbo, features Liberty and checkered prints on a soft palette of pearl gray, powder pink and chalk white mixed with bolder hues of yellow, hot pink and green. Jamari International of New York will be the exclusive distributor for the U.S. market.
34W33 Prepares for Kids Market Week
The children's showrooms located in the 34 W. 33rd Street building in New York are ramping up for their Aug. 9-13 Kids Market. This time around, Allison Moroze of Ali's Market promises oodles of special promotions, manufacturer specials, discount parking, showroom giveaways and Market Week raffles. The showrooms will be open late (until 7pm) on Monday and Tuesday, and Moroze said all of the participating showrooms will be offering snacks and happy hour.
American Eagle Reveals 77kids Locations, Adds Baby Line
American Eagle has announced the location of its newest 77kids stores and revealed that it will extend the apparel brand to babies 0 to 18 months. The newborn collection will comprise boys', girls' and unisex pieces that combine fashion and function.


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I need a script (preferably in PHP) that will determine what country my website visitor resides in. If the user resides in Canada or the USA they will be redirected to page X. If they live in the UK they will be redirected to page Y, if they live any where else in the world they will be redirected to page Z.
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Not sure how much this will cost. It does not seem very hard but I do not know what this will entitle doing. I was hoping for it to cost $50.00 or less. If this is not an appropriate price please let me know.
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PM me a quote or Leave me a comment in this thread. The most important part is to determine if the user is from the USA or not. If only figuring out if the user resides in the USA will significantly reduce the cost then give me a separate quote for that as well. Thanks.
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He provided a very good and timely service. Highly recommended to anyone in need of some work.


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Sponsored by: Desert Diamond Casino
Oct 22, 2013 11:35 PM by Jacquelyn Abad
TUCSON - St. Elizabeth's Health Center will be hosting a community health fair Wednesday, Oct. 23 from 9 a.m. to noon.
The health fair is open to the public and will take place at St. Elizabeth's Health Center, 140 W. Speedway Blvd.
The University of Arizona medical students will be there to provide free stroke risk assessments, blood pressure and glucose screenings. In addition, free dental tips, toothbrushes, flu vaccines, food, cooking demonstrations and a raffle will be provided at the event.
Attendees can also learn more about the Affordable Health
Care Act through the centers Medicare and Medicaid Services Navigator Site.
For more information please click here.
26 minutes ago


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Lewis County deputy arrested for DUI resigns
Sheriff Steve Mansfield said Tuesday that Deputy Christopher P. Fulton likely would have been fired.
The 31-year-old Napavine man was arrested Jan. 4 by a state trooper on Interstate 5 near Chehalis.
The Chronicle reports Fulton has pleaded not guilty to driving under the influence.


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Clippings by ag2005 |
Sort by: Last Updated Post Date Post Title Forum Name | |
posted by: ag2005 on 12.24.2013 at 11:46 pm in Tool Shed Forum Hello tool shed forum,
I am looking for a machine, preferably electric, that will shred leaves and shred plant litter from garden. Mainly tomato and squash vines and also okra and corn stalks. Just looking for recommendations. Thanks and merry Christmas to everyone Joseph NOTES: <none>
clipped on: 12.24.2013 at 11:46 pm last updated on: 12.24.2013 at 11:47 pm
preserving jalapenos
posted by: ag2005 on 11.05.2013 at 09:57 am in Hot Pepper Forum I have tons of jalape�os, I can a lot of them with carrots and onions to make spicy relish or make jalape�o jelly. What I am really wondering if anyone has had success vacuum sealing jalape�os? Can I just wash them thoroughly and then just seal them? or does anyone have a good recipe that will use up 100's of jalapenos? Also, I know bell peppers aren't spicy but I have a ton of those too can I vacuum seal them as well.
Thanks NOTES: <none>
clipped on: 11.05.2013 at 09:59 am last updated on: 11.05.2013 at 10:00 am


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Why You Can Make Your Own 'Sherlock' But Can't Make Your Own '3:10 to Yuma'
Culture Warrior By Landon Palmer on January 7, 2014 | Be the First To CommentThe beginning of a calendar year is an active time for the serious movie-watcher. Besides providing the most accelerated moment of awards pre-season and a profusion of top 10 lists, the new year also portends surprises from the influx of films annually chosen for preservation by the NFPB and the new streaming contracts that motivate some heavy updates on your Netflix queue. But the Duke School of Law has also annually contributed another litany of films to these annual aggregations: films (and other creative works) that, as of January 1st of each year, they argue should be, but aren't, added to the public domain. According to the Center for the Study of the Public Domain, if the Copyright Act of 1976 (which went into effect in 1978) had never been passed, as of last week many works from 1957 would go into public domain in the United States, including classic films like David Lean's Bridge on the River Kwai, Federico Fellini's Nights of Cabiria, Ingmar Bergman's The Seventh Seal, the great Elvis flick Jailhouse Rock, the original 3:10 to Yuma, Sidney Lumet's 12 Angry Men, and so on. Some of these works have gone into public domain in Canada and Western Europe as a result of more lax copyright laws abroad.
The 14 Most Insane Ways Movie Characters' Lives Changed Overnight
Cinematic Listology By David Christopher Bell on November 7, 2013 | Comments (1)Everyone has had one of those insane nights that you couldn't have possibly planned for in a million years. It usually ends with you walking home barefooted or, at the worst, discreetly burying a camelback trunk filled with human remains. Point is, it's harder to appreciate when this happens in film, so now I present to you 14 surprise movie nights that – for better or for worse – definitely had to suck for the characters involved.
'Night of the Living Dead' Resurrected Yet Again For Another 3D Remake
Movie News By Samantha Wilson on August 16, 2013 | Comments (4)Because one 3D remake was not enough, George Romero's 1968 horror classic Night of the Living Dead will be resurrected once more, this time by director Zebediah de Soto as Night of the Living Dead: Origins 3D. As you might have briefly registered somewhere in your mind, there was a 3D Night of the Living Dead remake in 2006, as well as a follow-up called Night of the Living Dead 3D: Reanimation. To put it bluntly, they were not great. De Soto has the power of time and quality on his side, though. He has a solid cast, consisting of Bollywood star R. Madhavan, and a slew of B-movie horror favorites, like Tom Sizemore, Tony Todd (who was actually in Tom Savini's 1990 remake), Danielle Harris, Sydney Tamiia Poitier, Bill Mosley, Sarah Habel and Joseph Pilato battling the zombies. And when I say time, I mean that we are now in the hey-day of zombie-themed programming. Romero's classic created the modern zombies that we see dragging their weary limbs across our televisions and theater screens today, so a lot of people might be interested in seeing the story of "where it all began," so to speak. Granted, we might also be nearing the edge of peak zombie saturation, and yet another zombie movie, especially an unoriginal remake (that's not even the first remake), may not go over so well. Per Deadline, Night of the Living Dead: Origins 3D is scheduled to crawl out of the grave and into theaters in October 2014.
How Long Would the Zombie Apocalypse Really Last?
Features By Kevin Carr on August 8, 2013 | Comments (39)If you've spent any time watching movies, reading news stories about bath salts, enjoying AMC original programming, or farting around on Facebook, you've encountered the question about whether a zombie apocalypse could actually happen. Zombie stories range from the absurd (in films like Chopper Chicks in Zombietown) to the allegedly realistic (most recently in World War Z), but they all hinge on the question of what you would do in a worldwide outbreak of brain-eaters. Now that zombies have become possibly the most revered monster in horror and popular cinema (with Twilight vampires not counting because they aren't real monsters), some people have wondered how fictional the day rising up is, but since we like to think outside the coffin, we started wondering: If a zombie apocalypse did happen, how long would it actually last?
Talking Scary Scores, Getting Away with Murder, and All Hallows Eve with Horror Composer, Tyler Bates
Aural Fixation By Allison Loring on October 31, 2012 | Comments (1)If you have ever grabbed your arm rest in fright while watching the recent Halloween remake or buried your face in your scarf (as I often do during the scary parts of movies) when a particular stanza in the Dawn of the Dead score made you jump, you are already familiar with composer Tyler Bates' work. With Halloween upon us, I thought it only appropriate to sit down with Bates to pick his brain about all things horror from his favorite scary movies to what he loves about composing for them to his favorite Halloween memories (and costumes.) Read on to hear about his experience working with directors Rob Zombie and Neil Marshall, how his early exposure to horror films may have set his current career in motion, and what may happen when you attend a wedding on Halloween.
26 Things We Learned From the 'Night of the Living Dead' Commentary
Commentary Commentary By Jeremy Kirk on October 11, 2012 | Comments (2)October continues, and we're moving to our next batch of favorite on-screen monsters. This week we're talking about zombies and all the glorious ways George Romero changed that sub-genre forever. Originally an urban legend in Voodoo culture, the term "zombie" was forever married to an image of mobs of the undead searching for flesh to sink their rotting teeth into. It's a friendly image, no doubt. We've already turned our eardrums over what Romero had to say on the commentary track for Dawn of the Dead, the sequel to this groundbreaking classic, but now we're going back to the source. This time around, Romero has brought along two members of the cast and his co-writer, John Russo, so the conversation should be a bit livelier than creatures they all had a hand in creating on screen. So here we go, all 26 things we learned from the commentary track for Night of the Living Dead.
Criterion Files #63: Things Aren't What They Seem in 'Carnival of Souls'
Criterion Files By Landon Palmer on October 27, 2011 | Comments (2)Flesh for Frankenstein and Blood for Dracula. Island of Lost Souls. The Most Dangerous Game. The Night of the Hunter. The Blob. For a company perhaps best known for releasing pristine editions of international arthouse classics, The Criterion Collection certainly has a healthy amount of cult films in its repertoire. Cult cinema is often a difficult beast to recognize, for such films avoid the roads best travelled in their journey towards recognition and renown. Unlike seminal films in the collection including The 400 Blows, 8 ½, or Rashomon, cult films aren't typically met with immediate cultural or institutional recognition upon release, aren't made by internationally-recognized talent, and don't always have an immediately traceable history of influence. That is, however, what makes cult films so interesting and so valuable: they emerge without expectation or pretense and signal the most populist and anti-elite means by which a film can gain recognition, pointing to the fact that there are always valuable films potentially overlooked between the pages of history. Herk Harvey's low-budget drive through horror masterpiece Carnival of Souls (1962), like many cult films, emerged into the top tier of film culture in some of the unlikeliest of ways. Harvey was an industrial and educational filmmaker; the $33,000 Carnival was his only feature work. The film had ten minutes lobbed off of it for its drivethru run to fit more screenings, and was largely a non-event when it first graced American screens. Carnival's success is owed mostly to genre film festivals, late-night television […]
Vintage Trailer of the Day: Night of the Living Dead (1968)
Features By Scott Beggs on May 3, 2011 | Be the First To Comment"They're coming to get you Barbra!" This movie is a lesson to never, ever abide your elderly mother's wishes and visit your father's grave hundreds of miles away. If you do, you'll get eaten to death. Or, you'll have to hole up in a farmhouse that's slowly but surely becoming overrun with the hungry undead. Night of the Living Dead is the first film from George A. Romero, the one that started a massive genre craze, the movie with working titles like Night of Anubis and Night of the Flesh Eaters and Monster Flick. It was a case of accidental racial and social commentary that has resonated throughout decades. It is the standard for how zombies should look and act like. Yet, for some strange reason, it doesn't have a pie fight.
Whether it's a mythical beast or a horrifying monster, we love it when characters change into something right before our eyes. Here's a look at the best flicks featuring transformations.
Romero Plays a Game of 'Zombie Survivor' in New Film
In Production By Adam Sweeney on October 3, 2008 | Comments (8)We're only a few weeks from Halloween and who better to get some ghoulish buzz going than director George Romero, who is beginning production on an untitled zombie film.
31 Days of Horror: George A. Romero's Living Dead
31 Days of Horror By Robert Fure on October 1, 2008 | Comments (16)Before zombies were everywhere, they were terrorizing the citizens of Pittsburgh, PA, directed by the disturbed mind of a kindly man named George A. Romero.
Ten Movies That Will Keep You Indoors
Cinematic Listology By David Hartman on July 20, 2008 | Comments (31)If it's hot where you live, but you still feel like you haven't gotten all you can out of summer and it's relentless, unforgiving, soul-crushing heat, here are ten movies you can watch that'll help change your mind and keep you indoors.
It's been 40 years since George A. Romero introduced the world to his special brand of flesh-eating zombies, and the landscape of American cinema hasn't been the same since.
Neil Miller
Scott Beggs
Rob Hunter
Kate Erbland
Christopher Campbell


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MSDS Solutions
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MSDS Solutions is now 3E Company Canada
3E Company acquired MSDS Solutions in August 2007. Both companies held strong positions in the MSDS and chemical management market. MSDS Solutions' multilingual technology and workforce provides 3E Company with additional opportunities for market expansion and globalization. The continued globalization of 3E Company's products and services will enable customers worldwide to optimize their regulatory compliance practices, reduce operational costs, increase efficiencies and better manage and mitigate corporate risk.
MSDS Solutions brings a powerful combination of leading-edge technology and a highly successful, subscription-based ASP business model to the acquisition. With one of the leading MSDS document management operations in the industry, MSDS Solutions offers 3E Company a robust set of innovative technology, efficient tools and processes, and a highly qualified workforce. By joining forces, they deliver market leadership, providing comprehensive global MSDS management solutions to meet the MSDS and chemical management needs of companies of all sizes and industries across the globe.
You can read the press release here.
To learn more about MSDS Solutions, visit their website at www.msdssolutions.com.


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Jul 21, 2014 10:02 AM by Associated Press
SEAL BEACH, Calif. (AP) - Police say a man found floating dead in the ocean near a jetty in Seal Beach last week has been identified as a 60-year-old Artesia resident.
Seal Beach police Sgt. Philip Gonshak tells City News Service that Edward Manuel Garcia was identified by his fingerprints.
Garcia's shirtless body was found face down near the town's southern jetty last Thursday morning.
The death has been ruled accidental.
An autopsy is planned.
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Filed under: Campgrounds & RV Parks, Destination Camping & RV Resorts, RV Campgrounds, Tent Campgrounds
Video Campground Review: Beaver Lake Campground, Custer, South Dakota
July 5, 2010 by Good Sam Team · 2 Comments
Beaver Lake Campground, in the heart of the Black Hills of SD…and just 3 miles West of Custer on Hwy 16, has spacious, shaded camping sites that will accommodate the largest RV to any tent. Located on 20 acres of Pine-covered hills, they also have a variety of modern cabins and tipi's. There is cable, free DSL & Wi-Fi, a 360′ Waterlide ($) and heated pool, game room, C-Store, immaculate restrooms, and even the drudgery of laundry becomes a much more pleasant experience with a choice of two spotlessly clean laundry rooms. A brand new Hall is perfect for reunions or other large groups. They cater to families and pet owners.
Nearby is Custer, the oldest town in the Black Hills, with its picturesque downtown area of Art and craft galleries and a variety of excellent eateries. Nature's marvels abound in the Black Hills, so Beaver Lake Campground is conveniently located to visit them all. Mount Rushmore, Crazy Horse Memorial, the Needles Highway, Custer State Park (where the buffalo still roam!), Jewel Cave National Monument, the Museum of Woodcarving — are just a few things to see and do near Beaver Lake Campground. Plan to stay awhile!
For more details on this park go to: Beaver Lake Campground.


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Blinded Veterans Association
Accredited Charity
Meets Standards
Accredited Charity
Meets Standards
Standards Legend
- Meets Standards
- Standards Not Met
- Did Not Disclose
- Review In Progress
- Unable to Verify
Standards For Charity Accountability
Board Oversight
Oversight of Operations and Staff: Standard 1
Organizations shall have a board of directors that provides adequate oversight of the charity's operations and its staff. Indication of adequate oversight includes, but is not limited to, regularly scheduled appraisals of the CEO's performance, evidence of disbursement controls such as board approval of the budget, fund raising practices, establishment of a conflict of interest policy, and establishment of accounting procedures sufficient to safeguard charity finances.The organization meets this standard.
Board Size
Number of Board Members: Standard 2
Soliciting organizations shall have a board of directors with a minimum of five voting members.The organization meets this standard.
Board Meetings
Frequency and Attendance of Board Meetings: Standard 3
An organization shall have a minimum of three evenly spaced meetings per year of the full governing body with a majority in attendance, with face-to-face participation. A conference call of the full board can substitute for one of the three meetings of the governing body. For all meetings, alternative modes of participation are acceptable for those with physical disabilities.The organization meets this standard.
Board Compensation
Compensated Board Members: Standard 4
Not more than one or 10% (whichever is greater) directly or indirectly compensated person(s) serving as voting member(s) of the board. Compensated members shall not serve as the board's chair or treasurer.The organization meets this standard.
Conflict of Interest
Conflict of Interest: Standard 5
No transaction(s) in which any board or staff members have material conflicting interests with the charity resulting from any relationship or business affiliation. Factors that will be considered when concluding whether or not a related party transaction constitutes a conflict of interest and if such a conflict is material, include, but are not limited to: any arm's length procedures established by the charity; the size of the transaction relative to like expenses of the charity; whether the interested party participated in the board vote on the transaction; if competitive bids were sought and whether the transaction is one-time, recurring or ongoing.The organization meets this standard.
Measuring Effectiveness
Effectiveness Policy
Board Policy on Effectiveness: Standard 6
Have a board policy of assessing, no less than every two years, the organization's performance and effectiveness and of determining future actions required to achieve its mission.The organization meets this standard.
Effectiveness Report
Board Approval of Written Report on Effectiveness: Standard 7
Submit to the organization's governing body, for its approval, a written report that outlines the results of the aforementioned performance and effectiveness assessment and recommendations for future actions.The organization meets this standard.
Program Expenses
Program Service Expense Ratio: Standard 8
Spend at least 65% of its total expenses on program activities.The organization meets this standard.
Fund Raising Expenses
Fund Raising Expense Ratio: Standard 9
Spending should be no more than 35% of related contributions on fund raising. Related contributions include donations, legacies, and other gifts received as a result of fund raising efforts.The organization meets this standard.
Accumulating Funds
Ending Net Assets: Standard 10
Avoid accumulating funds that could be used for current program activities. To meet this standard, the charity's unrestricted net assets available for use should not be more than three times the size of the past year's expenses or three times the size of the current year's budget, whichever is higher.The organization meets this standard.
Audit Report
Financial Statements: Standard 11
Make available to all, on request, complete annual financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. When total annual gross income exceeds $500,000, these statements should be audited in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. For charities whose annual gross income is less than $500,000, a review by a certified public accountant is sufficient to meet this standard. For charities whose annual gross income is less than $250,000, an internally produced, complete financial statement is sufficient to meet this standard.The organization meets this standard.
Detailed Expense Breakdown
Detailed Functional Breakdown of Expenses: Standard 12
Include in the financial statements a breakdown of expenses (e.g., salaries, travel, postage, etc.) that shows what portion of these expenses was allocated to program, fund raising, and administrative activities. If the charity has more than one major program category, the schedule should provide a breakdown for each category.The organization meets this standard.
Accurate Expense Reporting
Accuracy of Expenses in Financial Statements: Standard 13
Accurately report the charity's expenses, including any joint cost allocations, in its financial statements. For example, audited or unaudited statements which inaccurately claim zero fund raising expenses or otherwise understate the amount a charity spends on fund raising, and/or overstate the amount it spends on programs will not meet this standard.The organization meets this standard.
Budget Plan
Budget: Standard 14
Have a board-approved annual budget for its current fiscal year, outlining projected expenses for major program activities, fund raising, and administration.The organization meets this standard.
Fund Raising & Info
Truthful Materials
Misleading Appeals: Standard 15
Have solicitations and informational materials, distributed by any means, that are accurate, truthful and not misleading, both in whole and in part. Appeals that omit a clear description of program(s) for which contributions are sought will not meet this standard. A charity should also be able to substantiate that the timing and nature of its expenditures are in accordance with what is stated, expressed, or implied in the charity's solicitations.The organization meets this standard.
Annual Report
Annual Report: Standard 16
Have an annual report available to all, on request, that includes: (a) the organization's mission statement, (b) a summary of the past year's program service accomplishments, (c) a roster of the officers and members of the board of directors, (d) financial information that includes (i) total income in the past fiscal year, (ii) expenses in the same program, fund raising and administrative categories as in the financial statements, and (iii) ending net assets.The organization meets this standard.
Website Disclosures
Web Site Disclosures: Standard 17
Include on any charity websites that solicit contributions, the same information that is recommended for annual reports, as well as the mailing address of the charity and electronic access to its most recent IRS Form 990.The organization meets this standard.
Donor Privacy
Privacy for Written Appeals & Internet Privacy: Standard 18
Address privacy concerns of donors by (a) providing in written appeals, at least annually, a means (e.g., such as a check off box) for both new and continuing donors to inform the charity if they do not want their name and address shared outside the organization, (b) providing a clear, prominent and easily accessible privacy policy on any of its websites that tells visitors (i) what information, if any, is being collected about them by the charity and how this information will be used, (ii) how to contact the charity to review personal information collected and request corrections, (iii) how to inform the charity (e.g., a check off box) that the visitor does not wish his/her personal information to be shared outside the organization, and (iv) what security measures the charity has in place to protect personal information.The organization meets this standard.
Cause Marketing Disclosures
Cause Related Marketing: Standard 19
Clearly disclose how the charity benefits from the sale of products or services (i.e., cause-related marketing) that state or imply that a charity will benefit from a consumer sale or transaction. Such promotions should disclose, at the point of solicitation: (a) the actual or anticipated portion of the purchase price that will benefit the charity (e.g., 5 cents will be contributed to abc charity for every xyz company product sold), (b) the duration of the campaign (e.g., the month of October), (c) any maximum or guaranteed minimum contribution amount (e.g., up to a maximum of $200,000).The organization meets this standard.
Complaints: Standard 20
Respond promptly to and act on complaints brought to its attention by the BBB Wise Giving Alliance and/or local Better Business Bureaus about fund raising practices, privacy policy violations and/or other issues.The organization meets this standard.
Blinded Veterans Association meets the 20 Standards for Charity Accountability.
Number of complaints processed by the BBB: 1
Check Reimbursement/Mailing List Removal
The organization addressed the complaint issue brought to its attention: 1
The organization did not address the complaint issue brought to its attention: 0
(This complaint involves an individual seeking reimbursement of a donation and seeking to have their name and address removed from the organization's mailing list.)
Year, State Incorporated: 1945, Connecticut
Stated Purpose
"to promote the welfare of blinded veterans so that, notwithstanding their disabilities, they may take their rightful place in the community and work with their fellow citizens toward the creation of a peaceful world."
BVA operates a field service program comprised of blinded veterans who travel around the United States finding and counseling blinded veterans and their families. These field service representatives encourage veterans to take charge of their lives, link veterans with services, medical and rehabilitation training, job training and placement, and other benefits. The organization reports that it produces a BVA Bulletin which is offered free of charge to blinded veterans. The BVA Bulletin is a quarterly publication through which blinded veterans and their families keep in touch and stay informed about services, benefits, and legislative updates. Furthermore, through funding from the Kathern F. Guber Scholarship program, BVA annually awards scholarships to spouses and dependent children of blinded veterans. The organization's regional offices offer blinded veterans and their families opportunities for recreation, social activities, and support groups. Some ($973,426 or 26%) of BVA's program activities are carried out in conjunction with fund raising appeals.
For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2011, BVA's program expenses were:
Field service programs | 1,252,152 |
Education | 2,520,005 |
Total Program Expenses: | $3,772,157 |
Governance & Staff
Chief Executive
Thomas H. Miller, Executive Director
Chair of the Board
Samuel L. Huhn
Chair's Profession / Business Affiliation
Board Size
Paid Staff Size
*2010 compensation includes annual salary and, if applicable, benefit plans, expense accounts, and other allowances.
Fund Raising
Method(s) Used:
BVA incurred joint costs of $2,010,951 for informational materials and activities that included fund raising materials. Of those costs, $982,453 was allocated to fund raising expenses, $973,426 was allocated to program expenses, and $55,072 was allocated to administrative expenses.
Fund raising costs were 23% of related contributions. (Related contributions, which totaled $5,957,958, are donations received as a result of fund raising activities.)
Tax Status
This organization is tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. It is eligible to receive contributions deductible as charitable donations for federal income tax purposes.
The following information is based on BVA's audited financial statements for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2011.
Source of Funds | |
Contributions | 5,957,958 |
Investment return | 960,924 |
Other | 276,219 |
Total Income | $7,195,101 |
- Programs: 72%
- Fundraising: 26%
- Administrative: 2%
Total Income | $7,195,101 |
Program expenses | 3,772,157 |
Fundraising expenses | $1,341,101 |
Administrative expenses | $101,412 |
Other expenses | $0 |
Total expenses: | $5,214,670 |
Income in Excess of Expenses | 1,980,431 |
Beginning Net Assets | 7,947,530 |
Ending Net Assets | 9,927,961 |
Total Liabilities | 268,799 |
Total Assets | 10,196,760 |
Note: According to BVA's audited financial statements for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2011, the organization received in-kind contributions in the amount of $791,065 for donated air time.
An organization may change its practices at any time without notice. A copy of this report has been shared with the organization prior to publication. It is not intended to recommend or deprecate, and is furnished solely to assist you in exercising your own judgment. If the report is about a charity and states the charity meets or does not meet the Standards for Charity Accountability, it reflects the results of an evaluation of information and materials provided voluntarily by the charity. The name Better Business Bureau is a registered service mark of the Council of Better Business Bureaus, Inc.
This report is not to be used for fund raising or promotional purposes.


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So my two squash plants are growing really fast (both the zucchini and yellow kind). Some of the giant leaves are starting to push into or cover other things, like my eggplant.
I've already cut off a long stem from each of the two plants. I'd like to get a bit more aggressive however, with the goal of keeping the leaves away from other plants, and maybe even to encourage more upward growth. Will it harm the plants if I prune another one or two stems from each? How will it affect the yield? By the way, I can't say definitively if these are bush or vine types because the seed packets didn't specify. I've never grown veggies before so take my opinion with a grain of salt... but they don't appear to have any inclination to climb, so I'm thinking they're the bush variety. Thanks for the help! |
Follow-Up Postings:
Most summer squash varieties are bush and don't spread out more than, say, four or five feet from their roots. You can prune some. But try to remove only growing tips so as not to leave large wounds to draw squash bugs. Also, after a point, the plant may stop thriving. George |
- Posted by orangeblood 7 (My Page) on Tue, Jun 5, 07 at 23:54
Thanks George! I pruned three stems away from each... we'll see how it goes. I see you live in Tallequah... my parents are in Checotah. (But I'm a long way from them here in Va.) |
I have a similar dilemma, but with winter squash plants. I am growing Buttercup squash for the first time in the NW UK. I usually grow marrows, so this is a new crop for me, and I foolishly thought the plants would be about the size of a large trailing marrow plant... I think I'm going to have to prune the plants - they are well on the way to overgrowing and smothering nearby crops with the vines. The problem is that most of the female flowers are developing near the ends of the growing vines. What I would like to know is, if I prune off the longer vines, will the plant produce new side shoots with more female flowers, or will I have cut off most of the potential crop? |
- Posted by lakedallasmary 7/8a - north texas (My Page) on Wed, Jul 25, 07 at 19:38
YOU could try redirecting the vines. I read someone curled the vines around and around the center of the plant. |
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This document describes the process of setting up a VM running an OpenShift development environment inside VirtualBox.
You need to have a virtualization application such as KVM, or VirtuaBox installed on your workstation and you will need at least 25GB of free disk space. The compressed download is about 1.3GB and when you unpack it the resulting image file is almost 4GB vmdk file or 20 GB uncompressed RAW disk file (Linux only).
1. Download VM
Download the VM from the OpenShift "mirrors" site:
$ wget https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/origin-server/release/4/images/openshift-origin.tgz
2. Unpack VM files
The download package is a compressed tar archive. Unpack it with tar xzf openshift-origin.tgz
or your system's archive utility. This can take a while, as the files being uncompressed are pretty large.
Once unpacked, you will find an "OpenShift Origin v4" directory with these contents:
$ ls -1t OpenShift\ Origin\ v4/ OpenShift Origin v4.vbox origin-vm.vmdk OpenShift Origin v4.vmx OpenShift Origin v4.nvram OpenShift Origin v4.vmsd OpenShift Origin v4.vmxf
3. Configure mDNS
The VM image is configured to use mDNS to provide DNS name resolution so that your browser and RHC client can resolve the URL of the broker and applications running on the VM. mDNS services are built-in on MacOSX (bonjour) and Windows (zeroconf) system, but require a few addition steps on Fedora and other Linux-based systems.
Install the mDNS resolver RPM:
$ yum install -y nss-mdns
Edit your
file. Search for a list beginning with "hosts:" and add mdns4 to the end of the line. After the edit, it should look like:hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns myhostname mdns4
This will allow your browser and RHC client to properly resolve the hostname and application URLs.
4. Set up the Virtual Machine
The base VM image is distributed as a VMDK file and will run on a variety of virtualization technologies. Specific setup instructions are included below. Skip down to the one you intend to use.
libvirt/KVM - Kernel Virtual Machine (Linux)
VirtualBox - Process based virtualization (Linux, Windows, MacOS)
KVM or "Kernel Virtual Machine" (aka libvirt) is a Linux native virtualization mechanism. With KVM/libvirt installed on a Linux host you can run virtual machines for any Ix86 or x86_64 based operating system.
4.1.1. Installing KVM Tools
Start by installing the KVM/libvirt RPMs:
$ yum install -y virt-manager libvirt
This step may take a while depending on the speed of your internet connection. |
4.1.2. Convert The Image
KVM requires a RAW disk image file. We can use qemu-img command to convert the VMDK image to RAW format.
Install the qemu-img RPM:
$ yum install -y qemu-img
Run qemu-img to convert the image file and then copy it into the libvirt directory.
$ qemu-img convert -O raw origin-vm.vmdk /var/lib/libvirt/images/origin-vm.dsk
4.1.3. Create New VM
Ensure that libvirt is running:
$ systemctl start libvirtd.service
Start virt-manager on the command line:
$ virt-manager
Once virt-manager starts, click on the "Create a new virtual machine" icon or right click on localhost and select New.
Enter "openshift_origin" as the name of the virtual machine, select "Import existing disk image" and click "Forward".
4.1.4. Select VM Disk Image
Select "Linux" as the "OS Type" and "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6" as the version then click "Browse…" to select the disk image.
Select the "origin-vm.dsk" image and click "Choose Volume"
Once you are back to the setup screen, click "Forward".
4.1.5. Set VM Memory Size
Set the memory size to something reasonably large. 1GB should be a good start. Click the "Forward" button.
4.2. VirtualBox
If Virtualbox is installed on your system, you should be able to click on the Openshift Origin v4.vbox
file from a window manager to automatically register the VM and launch it.
If this doesn't work, or if you would like to modify the VM configuration, read on.
4.2.1. Create New VM
You can start VirtualBox either by clicking on the desktop item in the startup menus or from the command line:
$ virtualbox &
When you start VirtualBox and you should see the welcome page. Click the New button in the upper left to begin the process of creating creating a new VM and importing the OpenShift virtual disk.
Fill in the name. It feels like VirtualBox knows that things called "OpenShift" will be Linux, but you should change the version to Fedora (64 bit) and click Next.
4.2.2. Set VM Memory Size
VirtualBox gives some of your computer's memory to the virtual machine. You want it to be large enough so that the machine runs well, but not so large that it consumes all of your computer's memory.
Set the memory size to something reasonably large. 1GB should be a good start. Click the Next button.
4.2.3. Select VM "Hard Drive" Image
Normally Virtualbox will create a new virtual hard drive for you. In this case you want to select the virtual disk image which contains the OpenShift Origin virtual machine.
Check the radio button labeled "Use an existing virtual hard drive file" and click the little folder icon with the green circumflex in the lower right corner.
VirtualBox will present a file selection dialog. Browse to find the "openshift-origin.vmdk" file and select it. Press the button labeled "Open".
Press the button labeled "Open".
When the disk has been selected click "Create". VirtualBox will create the stopped virtual machine and present the VM manager display.
4.2.4. Add Bridged Networking
By default VirtualBox uses Network Address Translation (NAT) to create a virtual network interface for your virtual machines. NAT will not let you connect back into your virtual machine. You need to add a second network adaptor configuration to use Bridged networking. Then your virtual machine will get an IP address from your DHCP server, and you will be able to use that address to browse or log in.
Highlight the OpenShift virtual machine (if it's the only one, it will be already) and click the Settings icon (shaped like a gear) in the upper left corner. When the Settings window opens, select Network in the settings list.
Leave Adapter 1 as NAT and select the tab for Adapter 2.
First, check the Enable Network Adapter box, which will unlock the other adapter settings.
Next, set the Attached to: value to "Bridged Adapter"
Finally, set the Name value to the network adapter that you want to bridge.
Each system may have different names for their physical network adaptors. |
Press "OK" to finish changing the VM settings and return to the main window. Highlight the OpenShift Origin VM in the left hand column and click the "Start" button. VirtualBox will display the VM console as a black window and you can observe the boot process.
Virtualbox may show several informational dialog messages during startup about "Auto capture keyboard" and "mouse pointer integration". It is safe to click them away and to check the "don't show me again" box when you do.
When the VM has finished booting. It will go through some initialization and then present you with the URL a menu where you can start working with your VM.
4.2.5. Odd Behavior on VirtualBox?
During testing we stumbled into a problem while running the OpenShift VM on VirtualBox. Specifically, VirtualBox chose a NAT subnet that our local network was already using. This led to a lot of confusion until we realized that requests to our VM were never reaching it; instead they were going out through the host's network interface and getting lost in the digital wilderness. You may be encountering the same problem if:
You can't connect from your host system to the VM via
ssh root@<VM_IP_ADDR>
The VM's welcome screen doesn't list an IP address
App creations always time out in the console
So if you think this is affecting you, you can try an alternate network interface configuration in VirtualBox.
This configuration will prevent you from reaching the network beyond your host machine. Among other things, that means that you will not be able to create quickstart applications, even though they show up as options in the console. |
If the OpenShift Origin v4 VM is running, shut it down.
In the main VirtualBox app, go to File ⇒ Preferences (or VirtualBox ⇒ Preferences on OS X). The Preferences window will appear.


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Faculty Council of Community Colleges |
State University of New York |
The SUNY Chancellor's Awards for Excellence Program is a system-wide program to honor and recognize "consistently superior professional achievement and to encourage the ongoing pursuit of excellence". Each campus is allocated a specific number of nominations in each category, depending on the college's FTEs. A campus awards committee reviews nominations and recommends nominees in each category.
There are five categories for the Chancellor's Awards:
To view the past award winners, select:
For more information about the SUNY Chancellor's Award for Excellence, visit: http://system.suny.edu/academic-affairs/faculty-staff-awards/chancellors-excellence-awards/


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I thought maybe I had a yeast Infection but i have no other symptoms, no burning when i pee, no itchy-ness, no discharge, no discomfort at all only a odor. Any one know what this could be?
**factors you may need to know of***
I am 9 weeks pregnant with number 2.
I just had my daughter in October.
(Needless to say depo did not work.) I received my depo shot one month to the day of having my daughter (Nov. 22nd) . I am a clean Person I take showers, its not caused because of me being dirty. Lets be mature about this, and if any one who isn't i hope the true Yahoo' ers out there will give you a bad rating! Thank you!
**edit** No I don't take any medicine at all, never have , not even tylenol, or any headache… not much of a pill taker, Haven't even taken any prenatal s (I know I need to just haven't got any yet)
Here is the selected answer for your question:
An eight-year vaginosis sufferer myself, I will show you how I cured my bacterial vaginosis in three days the natural way and helped thousands of women do the same.
I'm about to reveal to you, scientifically-proven secrets that cured my bacteria vaginosis in three days, without any harsh prescription drugs or the never-ending cycle expense of over-the-counter products that don't work, and how it changed my life forever.
- i dodnt have vaginal odor when pregnant with my daughter but i am 3 weeks and have an odor