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Man charged with fatal stabbing remains jailed
MIDDLEBURG – A Mifflinburg man charged with third-degree murder for a fatal stabbing in Snyder County will remain behind bars pending a retrial in February. The Daily Item reports bail has been denied for 20-year-old Seth Hornberger.
Snyder-Union President Judge Mike Sholley denied bail Thursday, citing Hornberger's prior problems obeying house-arrest rules. Hornberger was found guilty by a Snyder County jury in the fatal stabbing of 21-year-old Alan Martin of Winfield in March of 2011. Sentencing was postponed pending an appeal and a few months later, Sholley granted Hornberger a new trial, stating the jury was given faulty instructions.
Hornberger claims the stabbing was self-defense and that he was trying to help a friend who was being assaulted by Martin. A new trial is set for February. (Ali Stevens)
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Wycliffe (WYC) | New International Version (NIV) |
2 Ye covet, and ye have not; ye slay, and ye have envy, and ye be not able to get [ye slay, and have envy, and ye be not able to get]. Ye chide, and make battle; and ye have not, for that ye ask not. | 2 You want something but don't get it. You kill and covet, but you cannot have what you want. You quarrel and fight. You do not have, because you do not ask God. |
Copyright © 2001 by Terence P. Noble. For personal use only. (Wycliffe Bible) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |

subset: commoncrawl


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Kids will "heart" this special recipe for a fun Valentine's Day lunch-box treat.
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The crackers won't spread as they bake, so place them as close together as you want without allowing them to touch.
Pack these into little snack-size resealable plastic bags. Use a permanent marker to write a special Valentine message on the outside of the bag.
Savory and Sweet Breakfast Biscuit Sliders
Chili Dog Boats
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Quick and Easy Herb Flatbread
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2014 Mazda MX-5 Miata in Dayton, OH
If you are in the market for a new convertible than you are in luck, the hottest new convertible in the auto industry is the new 2014 Mazda MX-5 Miata in Dayton, OH and it is now available at Matt Castrucci Mazda. This powerful yet small two-seat convertible offer power and sporty handling with the right mix of interior comfort features that every serious driver will enjoy. A convertible offers a driving experience like no other vehicle in the world. Roll down the windows, put the top down and enjoy every ride like you never have before in your new 2014 Mazda MX-5 Miata in Dayton, OH.
Interior Design and Features
When you look for a new two-seat convertible roadster the interior cabin should be designed for one thing; the driver. In order for this to happen Mazda strategically positioned the Miata's pedals to provide quick heel-and-toe action and even used sensors to determine the perfect position for the shift lever. A great feature that the 2014 Mazda MX-5 Miata in Dayton, OH offers drivers is the available Bluetooth® hand-free system with voice command. This features lets the driver keep their hands on the wheel for complete control while also being able to make and receive calls with the push of a button. For a true luxury feel and you can opt for the available heated leather-trimmed bucket seats and automatic climate control.


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Start learning with our library of video tutorials taught by experts. Get started
Explore the rendering features of Revit, including photometric lighting, sun, and exposure, and its basic animation tools such as walk-throughs.
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text: 3 Sprouts was created by three friends who share a love of babies and an appreciation for unique and modern products. Having worked in design in New York and Toronto for many years for companies such as Kate Spade, Barneys New York and more, these friends were inspired to create a collection that appealed to both parents and children. |


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This season, 442 forwards played 20 or more games at the NHL level. That total rises to 477 players when we count everyone who plays 10 or more games. All told, 580 forwards played at least one game in the NHL. On the blue line, 230 defencemen played 20+ games, 249 defenceman played more than 10 games and 299 defencemen played at least one game at the NHL level.
This means that in 2009-10, on average, each team used the following:
- 15 forwards who played 20+ games
- 16 forwards who played 10+ games
- 19 forwards who played at least one game
- Eight defencemen who played 20+ games
- Eight defencemen who played 10+ games
- 10 defencemen who played at least one game
I think the implications of this are fairly obvious. In addition to the 14 forwards and seven defencemen who start each year on an NHL roster, each team will see one minor league defenceman and one minor league forward play a significant role on the team. Aside from that, another forward would play 10 or more games, and three additional forwards and two additional minor league defencemen will play at the NHL level.
This means that aside from the task of developing players, an AHL team can expect to lose their best forward and best defencemen for a good portion of the season to the NHL. It also means that at some point in the season the average AHL team can expect to be without its top five forwards and three best defencemen.
More importantly, this means that NHL organizations need to be sure they have at least one NHL-calibre forward and one NHL-calibre defenceman at the AHL level to start the season, and that there should be at least six other players that they'd be okay playing at least limited minutes at the NHL level.
It goes without saying that for teams with more significant injury problems, even more players might be expected to play minutes in the NHL. At a minimum, I think an NHL manager would be well advised to have two NHL-calibre forwards in the AHL, and one NHL-calibre defenceman in the AHL, as well as being sure that his 13th and 14th forwards and his seventh defenceman are capable of playing regular minutes, because they'll be required to at some point over the course of the season.
It's easy to get trapped in thinking that injuries are freak occurrences, and as a result cutting a general manager slack when his call-ups are outmatched at the NHL level. I know I've done that fairly often over the years. But the reality is that injuries are inevitable, and that a good general manager has prepared for them in advance – particularly if he employs players with a history of injury. The logical extension of this is that when looking at a team's AHL system, if they don't have at least two NHL-ready players there at the start of training camp, the G.M. probably hasn't done his job.


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Port Saint Lucie fl Free & Income Based Clinics
We are the largest online directory of free and affordable medical clinics.
Home » Florida Free Clinics » Port Saint Lucie Free Medical Clinics
Free & Income Based Clinics in Port Saint Lucie, Florida
We have listed all of the free and income based health clinics we have located in Port Saint Lucie, FL. For the most part these clinics are for low income persons.Review all of the information we have provided for the clinics. Some of them provide a wide array of services ranging from free to sliding scale services. We have provided as much detailed information including phone numbers, emails, and websites where available.
We had to search a 30 mile radius around Port Saint Lucie, Florida for free clinics. We list the location from Port Saint Lucie, Florida on each listing below.
Port St Lucie Childrens Hc - Port St Lucie
1701 S.E. Hillmoor Dr. Ste 19
Port St Lucie, FL - 34952
Location: 6.05 miles from Port Saint LuciePort St Lucie, FL - 34952
Clinic hours: Monday: 8:00 am - 7:00 pm Tues/Wed: 8:00 am - 5:00 pm Thursday: 8:00 am - 7:00pm Friday: 8:00 am - 4:00 pm Provides family practice and pediatric clinic. FCHC is a private, non-profit, tax exempt 501(c) 3, consumer directed corporation which is designated as a Federal see full details..
St Lucie Women Children Cent - Port St Lucie
1871 S.E. Tiffany Ave. Ste 200
Port St Lucie, FL - 34952
(772) 337-4000
Location: 6.06 miles from Port Saint LuciePort St Lucie, FL - 34952
(772) 337-4000
The mission of Florida Community Health Centers, Inc. (FCHC) is to provide accessible, cost-effective, high-quality, comprehensive primary and preventive health care to all persons regardless of their socioeconomic circumstances. Clinic hours: Mon/Thurs: 9:00 am - 7:00 pm Tues/W see full details..
Hands Clinic Of St Lucie County - Ft Pierce
Ft Pierce, FL - 34982
(772) 344-2541
Location: 6.90 miles from Port Saint LucieFt Pierce, FL - 34982
(772) 344-2541
This clinic provides primary health care, health education, and referral services. They are located at the St. Lucie County Logistics Center (3855 South U.S. 1, Suite B), and is staffed by volunteer physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals. The clinic opened on October 25, 2010. H see full details..
Vim Clinic Inc Stuart - Stuart
417 Balboa Ave.
Stuart, FL - 34994
(772) 463-4128
Location: 11.17 miles from Port Saint LucieStuart, FL - 34994
(772) 463-4128
The VIM Clinic helps fills that gap in care thanks to caring medical professionals who donate their time and services so that we can provide free primary care to qualified individuals. VIM patients are the people who build our homes, maintain our roads, serve our coffee and care for our children. see full details..
Ft Pierce Community Health Center - Fort Pierce
1505 Delaware Ave.
Fort Pierce, FL - 34950
Location: 11.49 miles from Port Saint LucieFort Pierce, FL - 34950
Permanent Clinic. see full details..
Christian Community Center Dental / Medical Clinic - Stuart
3337 S.E. Salerno Road
Stuart, FL - 34997
(772) 283-4400
Location: 14.98 miles from Port Saint LucieStuart, FL - 34997
(772) 283-4400
Low income dental & medical care (sliding scale fees) .The CCCC is a Christian based, not-for-profit, ministry established to provide free emergency dental care (extraction of abscessed, non-restorable teeth) and complete dental care to Medicaid and low income patients at a reduced fee. see full details..
Indiantown Community Health Ct - Indiantown
15858 S.W. Warfield Blvd.
Indiantown, FL - 34956
Location: 18.69 miles from Port Saint LucieIndiantown, FL - 34956
Permanent Clinic. see full details..
Indiantown Clinic - Indiantown
16401 S.W. Farm Road
Indiantown, FL - 34956
Location: 18.94 miles from Port Saint LucieIndiantown, FL - 34956
Martin County Health Clinic. Hours of operation: Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday 8 am-5 pm, Tuesday 8 am- 5 pm Fees charged: Call for information. Medicare/Medicaid. Intake procedure: Contact by phone or walk in. Services: Primary Care Services: pediatric health care, pre-natal health see full details..
South Indian River County Medical Offices Dental Offices - Vero Beach
1545 9th Street SW (Oslo Road)
Vero Beach, FL - 32962
Location: 21.98 miles from Port Saint LucieVero Beach, FL - 32962
HOURS OF OPERATION: Medical Hours Dental Hours Monday: 8:00 a.m.- 5:00 p.m. Monday: 8:00 a.m.- 5:30 p.m. Tuesday: 9:30 a.m.- 7:00 p.m Tuesday: 7:00 a.m.- 6:30 p.m. Wednesday: 9:30 a.m.- 5:00 p.m. Wednesday: 8:00 a see full details..
Treasure Coast Community Health Inc. Admin - Vero Beach
1555 US Hwy 1, Suite 105
Vero Beach, FL - 32960
(772) 257-8224
Location: 23.19 miles from Port Saint LucieVero Beach, FL - 32960
(772) 257-8224
Medical Hours Monday 9:00 a.m.- 5:00 p.m. Tuesday 9:00 a.m.- 5:0 p.m. Wednesday 9:00 a.m.- 7:00 p.m. Thursday 9:00 a.m.- 5:00 p.m. Friday 9:00 a.m.- 5:00 p.m. SERVICES PROVIDED: Family Medicine, Pediatrics, Health Navigation, Minor Emergencies, Hypertension, Diabetes. Sliding F see full details..
Free Clinic City Search
Type the name of a city in Florida.


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Welcome to the Rise of Flight Store
Here is where you can purchase field modifications for Rise of Flight aircraft. Simply check the box for the field mod(s) you wish to purchase and then click the Buy button. You must have a Rise of Flight customer account, activated copy of the game and the aircraft itself to purchase a field mod for it.
Field Mods for the Albatros D.Va and SPAD XIII.C1 are already available to you and not available for additional purchase.
When you purchase multiple Field Mods you qualify for a quantity discount. The discount rate is determined by the number of Field Mods you buy at one time.
Refer to the chart below for the breakdown:
If you have any questions about your field mod purchase, please write to email@example.com


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Revised Standard Version (RSV) | New International Version (NIV) |
28 And when he had said this, he went on ahead, going up to Jerusalem. | 28 After Jesus had said this, he went on ahead, going up to Jerusalem. |
29 When he drew near to Beth'phage and Bethany, at the mount that is called Olivet, he sent two of the disciples, | 29 As he approached Bethphage and Bethany at the hill called the Mount of Olives, he sent two of his disciples, saying to them, |
30 saying, "Go into the village opposite, where on entering you will find a colt tied, on which no one has ever yet sat; untie it and bring it here. | 30 "Go to the village ahead of you, and as you enter it, you will find a colt tied there, which no one has ever ridden. Untie it and bring it here. |
31 If any one asks you, 'Why are you untying it?' you shall say this, 'The Lord has need of it.'" | 31 If anyone asks you, 'Why are you untying it?' tell him, 'The Lord needs it.' " |
32 So those who were sent went away and found it as he had told them. | 32 Those who were sent ahead went and found it just as he had told them. |
33 And as they were untying the colt, its owners said to them, "Why are you untying the colt?" | 33 As they were untying the colt, its owners asked them, "Why are you untying the colt?" |
34 And they said, "The Lord has need of it." | 34 They replied, "The Lord needs it." |
35 And they brought it to Jesus, and throwing their garments on the colt they set Jesus upon it. | 35 They brought it to Jesus, threw their cloaks on the colt and put Jesus on it. |
36 And as he rode along, they spread their garments on the road. | 36 As he went along, people spread their cloaks on the road. |
37 As he was now drawing near, at the descent of the Mount of Olives, the whole multitude of the disciples began to rejoice and praise God with a loud voice for all the mighty works that they had seen, | 37 When he came near the place where the road goes down the Mount of Olives, the whole crowd of disciples began joyfully to praise God in loud voices for all the miracles they had seen: |
38 saying, "Blessed is the King who comes in the name of the Lord! Peace in heaven and glory in the highest!" | 38 "Blessed is the king who comes in the name of the Lord!" "Peace in heaven and glory in the highest!" |
39 And some of the Pharisees in the multitude said to him, "Teacher, rebuke your disciples." | 39 Some of the Pharisees in the crowd said to Jesus, "Teacher, rebuke your disciples!" |
40 He answered, "I tell you, if these were silent, the very stones would cry out." | 40 "I tell you," he replied, "if they keep quiet, the stones will cry out." |
41 And when he drew near and saw the city he wept over it, | 41 As he approached Jerusalem and saw the city, he wept over it |
42 saying, "Would that even today you knew the things that make for peace! But now they are hid from your eyes. | 42 and said, "If you, even you, had only known on this day what would bring you peace--but now it is hidden from your eyes. |
43 For the days shall come upon you, when your enemies will cast up a bank about you and surround you, and hem you in on every side, | 43 The days will come upon you when your enemies will build an embankment against you and encircle you and hem you in on every side. |
44 and dash you to the ground, you and your children within you, and they will not leave one stone upon another in you; because you did not know the time of your visitation." | 44 They will dash you to the ground, you and the children within your walls. They will not leave one stone on another, because you did not recognize the time of God's coming to you." |
Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright 1952 [2nd edition, 1971] by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved. (Revised Standard Version - Holy Bible) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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True Freedom: Men Serving Women
Some of you that know me (especially the NJ / NY group) know that the biggest thing that gets underneath my skin are church telling single men things that are so opposite to the NMMNG and my recommended program because they ignore toxic shame, sex addictions, ladder theory, covert contracts, and many other issues. I struggled with these issues for many years until I found NMMNG, and then I still struggled with them because it took me so long to believe what is NMMNG. When I give you all plans, or get on your case about things, it's because of my own past pain.
The church we used to go to, for many years, did a series on dating. I was so upset by this series in 2009, that over the next several months, I wrote a 36 page letter to the pastor outlining my objections. I also included my own life story, with detail of the church girl, whose abandonment of me hit me extremely hard, and other ladies in my life. Probably everything I wrote is somewhere on this board posted by me. In 2010, they did not do a dating series at the time they normally do it. We don't go anymore, but still get their E-mails. Then I hear about this Man Made series. Then I get an E-mail with the subject I used for this thread "True Freedom: Men Serving Women" about doing repairs at a woman's shelter. If it weren't for the title, I might have actually gone, since I like doing repairs and learning from others. Here is a link to the three sermons of Man Made. I have not listened to them. I am inviting you to listen to them, and tell me if he says anything of value. I can't, because he might make me so mad. Or perhaps he listened to what I wrote. Note, I do NOT want this to be a thread debating about religion - Dr. Glover already started one of those here PLEASE TRY TO POST REGARDING THE VIDEO - PERHAPS WATCH #2 OR #3 http://internetcampus.liquidchurch.c...page_id=111566 Last edited by RufWarrior; July 8th, 2010 at 07:11 AM.. |
I can see why that would make you angry. The fact is, many churches are out of touch, are afraid of the REAL issues affecting people, or don't have the whole story. My church split about 10 years ago - one group wanted to be more "progressive"; with worship, how the message was delivered, etc. The other wanted to stay more in the traditional realm. My family opted to stay with the progressive "side", and I'm glad. The messages are generally pretty good; there were even some on sex addictions, drug addictions, struggling relationships (parents, sig. others) and whatnot. Our senior pastor once flat-out said: "The number one addiction for Christians is sex." He even linked it to shame!
The purse of society still lays claim to the cojones of the average male. It's sad churches don't see this for the most part (I guess mine is an exception). |
Why don't you listen to those podcasts yourself? It would be a great desensitization exercise, and could lead to a great psychological release. Imagine them having success in their lives, even if they don't understand or don't follow your new way of thinking. And watch yourself slowly letting go, accepting them for who they are, and learning to enjoy the very things that you're currently perceiving as their unchanging eternal flaws. May be, you should even video-record yourself once in a while as you're regularly doing this exercise. I bet that your body will be completely rigid at first, that your facial expression will be tense, but that over time, one of the main side-effects will be that you see your body language become more relaxed and much more open (when confronted with the same stimuli, or any of your Nice Guy christian friends, at your workplace or on your doorstep). - Jack
Great firefox extension for filtering threads: http://tycamtech.com/extensions/firefox/ffvb/ Last edited by JackNicholson; July 7th, 2010 at 09:15 AM.. |
This guy is the whole reason I left my church
Being a man, according to this guy, means shutting up, doing a job you hate, taking responsibility for everything and everyone around you, expecting nothing in return, and so on. No, thanks. Find a different church. Incidentally, this advice comes from someone who's been a teacher and a pastor, and as far as I can tell from the first 30 minutes of the first sermon, never held a job at an actual business ever.
I believe that many churches cater to women that make poor choices in men. Several people here have mentioned this in the past. The Preacher gets up there and blasts guys that love them, impregnate them and leave them. At the same time many of these women do not give the time of day to safer, more Christian men. Too many Church Ladies want the dangerous guy and want to tame them. Then they get really bitter if they can't tame them.
Preachers need to cover both sides of the problem. These ministers should not set up their good males to fail. They should also remind certain ladies that THEY made poor decisions and continue the same mistakes repeatedly. LouisianaMan
Homey Don't Play That! I am NOT always NICE! Ron White says: "If Life gives you lemons, make lemonade! Then find someone that Life gave Vodka and then party!" |
Guys, please don't get me started. This subject makes my blood broil. I'll just say this: Fem-think has completely taken over many churches. In most congregations the leadership is lead by women(even if the pastor is a man), to the benefit of women. The obligations of servitude and being more like Christ usually center around the duties of men. Meanwhile the instruction to women is that they are inherently the weaker vessel. Since they're weaker men MUST be called to higher service in the body of Christ. Rubbish.
There is no difference in the subtle teachings of men/women in the church than in society at large. Both are feminized, both reward or tolerate bad behavior among women and excoriate men and their masculinity for the slightest misstep. That's one of the reasons why few churches teach Proverbs 31 and when it's taught it's to remind men that the man depicted in the scripture was a hard working, hard earning man that took care of her needs. This shows no sign of letting up in our lifetime. This is why I'm grateful for the message of Dr. G because he along with many others "gets" us. I'm not a slave, I'm free. I'm not a paycheck with a penis. |
Why can't women do the repair work on the women's shelter? We're all the same, right?
If you could watch one of the videos (preferably #2 or #3 since Mr.Bulky saw #1) before posting, that would be good.
Read "Wild at Heart"
Great book about the exact opposite point of view.
And look at Jesus himself. He wasn't meek, cooperative, or anyone's slave. This was the guy who attacked the moneychangers at the temple, hung around with whores, tax collectors and other untouchables, and literally baited and antagonized the Romans until they killed him, which he knew they would. He had a temper. He was almost completely uncooperative, in the service of what he believed. The thing that really got me angry about this dickhead (this is a guy who also seems to believe in, among other things, the Rapture, which is one small step away from wearing a tinfoil hat) is the part of the first sermon where he talks about how, as a young man, your first job(s) are inevitably going to absolutely suck -- boring, low pay, etc -- but that's your fate. You are supposed to just accept it. Where is that written? It doesn't matter whether you're a baker, a mechanic, a lawyer or a cowboy, the idea that if you want anything more out of a first job than a paycheck and suffering, you're being selfish -- is just plain evil. This is pure propaganda, intended to serve the church, not you or me, and it's very loosely connected to actual faith. |
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Can we get more pics to look at….
Lol hai……the thing that the bride is holding it is a bouquet????? I just love the flower girl ya bona fela felo mo
Bennie is so round yooh , with that skirt I thought he was the bride. hahahah drag queen
#rolling my eyes… where is Mandoza's wedding?
dead ka bouquet ya makoti
hahahahahaha!!!! i missed that
Haa hai maan was this really a wedding guys..clap once
so Benney o latlha culture ya gaabo o apara ya gaabo mosadi?????
No guys that can't be a bouquet maybe its the baby's toy.
Nothing interesting here but the flower girl is cute though. Dead by the bouquet*******dibloggers mara tltltltltltltl
i thought Bennis wife is a model,joo da dress…..aowa
Tjo! The dress looks like twas bought from the pawn shop. Ay-ke, as for the boquet um jst speechless!!!
Does Benni have any culture?
ijoo, no no no – benny is lost, is that a wedding? the flower gal so adorable, mom and dad….. a big fail.
ijooo, no no no….the wedding is a big fail, the flower gal is so adourable…mom and dad a big NO
mokgonyana le makoti aowaaaa….. te baby so adorable


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On my existing computer i started getting all kinds of messages about too much memory being used and to close and reopen program. then i started getting the blue screen of death and my computer would shut down. then i started getting kicked off the internet constantly. it would always come right back but then do it over and over. because i am a medical transcriptionist and rely on a good functioning computer i ordered a new one. i got a dell 8 gb memory, 1 tb hard drive with the newer i5 processor. i have barely even used this new computer because it is unbearably slow. so slow that it takes at least 25 to 30 seconds to open a web page and when it does, it too constantly kicks me off.
my router is upstairs in my bedroom not that far from where i work upstairs, but usually i use my computers (laptops) in the basement and have about 3 lines on the signal strength. I am wondering if the being kicked off the internet on both computers may be a sign i need a new router? how about my new computer? why is it so slow? could it be becuase of bloatware? i looked though all the stuff on the computer and was confused as to what programs etc could safely be removed. also, could it be the mcaffee on there hogging resources? should i just remove it and use AVG? i dont know where to start. it is seriously bad. Any help would be great. |
Follow-Up Postings:
pcdecrapifier read its name carefully to see what it does. For new computers it selects some of the well known not needed junk you might not want. Plus it lists all programs seperately and offers to remove there too .. but your choice then. Sounds like wifi interfierence or just a bad internet connection. Could be the router. Maybe you have a neighbor with new wifi messing you up... inSSIDer is a handy thing for that.. http://www.metageek.net/support/downloads/ |
Here is a link that might be useful: http://www.pcdecrapifier.com/download
- Posted by polarprincess (My Page) on Mon, Oct 1, 12 at 1:02
thanks. i will check those out tomorrow. |
Try connecting via lan cable and see if the slow web loading goes away. |
- Posted by mike_kaiser (My Page) on Mon, Oct 1, 12 at 9:02
A poor internet connection wouldn't cause as BSOD. They're typically driver or hardware related. Did you happen to write down the exact error name and any codes? You might want to take a look at the attached article. |
Here is a link that might be useful: BSOD
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Brand new characters for Project X Zone unveiled
Some brand new characters for Project X Zone have been announced in the latest issue of Japanese gaming publication Famitsu. Chun Li from Street Fighter, Morrigan from Darkstalkers, Haken Browning and Kaguya Nanbu from Super Robot Taisen OG Saga: Endless Frontier, Erica and Gemini from Sakura Wars, Bruno from Dynamite Deka, and Valkyrie from Valkyrie no Densetsu will be included on the roster.
[Source: Nintendo Everything]


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The Tallgrass Prairie: An Endangered Landscape (Released November 2011)
Sherry A. Leis and Lloyd W. Morrison.
Rangeland Ecology & Management, Vol. 64, No. 1, Jan 2011, pp. 99-103.
Fuel loading information is important for prescribed fire planning, evaluating wildfire risk, and understanding fire effects in grassland. Yet fuel loads in grasslands often go unmeasured because of the time required to clip plots and process samples, as well as limited access or proximity to a drying oven. We tested the digital photography biomass estimation technique for measuring fuel load in grasslands in two national parks in the eastern Great Plains. The method consists of using percentage image obstruction, as determined by digital photography, to estimate vegetation biomass based on a linear transformation (i.e., regressing dry clipped weights against percent digital obstruction). We used the technique with some modification and measured digital obstruction at two sites at Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, Missouri (WICR), and three sites at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas (TAPR). The method did not result in strong correlations at either of the two sites at WICR (Site 1: r2 = 0.02; Site 2: r2 = 0.32), but performed relatively well at TAPR (Site 1 [[ 0.05). In general, the denser the vegetation, the weaker the relationship between the vegetation biomass of clip plots and the percentage image obstruction of digital images. The digital photography technique may not be useful for estimating fuel loads in grasslands with relatively high biomass (> 80 g .. 0.1 m -2) or digital image obstruction > 50%%. Large amounts of litter may also potentially reduce the accuracy of the technique.
Marcus A. Bingham and Mario Biondini.
Plant Ecology, Vol. 212, No. 3, Mar 2011 2011, pp. 413-422.
Two, two-factor experiments manipulated species and functional form plant richness and the spatial scaling of either nitrogen (N) or phosphorous (P) in restored tallgrass prairie in North Dakota, USA. Nitrate (NO3-) leaching was measured in these plots and analyzed for its response to the treatment factors and measured plant community parameters. Nitrate extracted from anion exchange resin was regressed against the first principal component of species and functional form richness, the spatial scaling of N or P, the measured biomass of the functional forms used and the plot values for plant parameters based on weighted averages by species biomass. The treatments applied in the N and P experiments were 1, 2, 5, 10, or 20 plant species taxa, and the application of fertilizer in a random fractal pattern with either fine-scale or coarse-scale heterogeneity. Nitrate leaching decreased with plant diversity and increased by a factor of two going from fine-scale to coarse-scale N. It was also related to a number of plant functional parameters, and was positively correlated with the biomass of late successional C3 grasses (Koeleria cristata (Lam.) Beauv., Poa pratensis L., Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr., and Stipa viridula Trin.), which are known from previous studies to have negative mycorrhizal responsiveness and are characterized by high root lateral spread per unit of root biomass. Our results show that while plant diversity has a highly significant influence on plant community uptake of NO3-, this effect is mediated by the scaling of soil N and the functional traits of the species comprising the plant assemblage.
DJ McGlinn, PG Earls and MW Palmer.
Ecology, Vol. 91, No. 6, Jun 2010, pp. 1872.
We present data that were collected as part of a monitoring project on vascular plant composition at the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in Osage County, Oklahoma, USA. The purpose of these data are to promote the study of multi-scale patterns of species composition for both theoretical and applied questions. Furthermore, these data will provide a reference point for tallgrass prairie restoration projects in the Flint Hills: Over the course of the 12-year period, we sampled 20 permanent plots annually. The permanent plots were selected semirandomly from a UTM grid using the criteria that they contain less than 20% of woody cover, standing water, or exposed rock. Plant species presence was recorded at five spatial scales: 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 m2) in each of the four corners of a 100-m2 square quadrat. Plant species were assigned to a percent cover class at the 100-m2 grain. In addition to information on plant composition, we provide data on topography, soil variables, monthly total rainfall, monthly average temperature, and management records related to fire and grazing history. We hope this data set will stimulate further research into the scaling of biodiversity and insight into the functioning and conservation of tallgrass prairie plant communities.
Kamlesh Jangid, Mark A. Williams, Alan J. Franzluebbers, John M. Blair, David C. Coleman and William B. Whitman.
Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 42, No. 2, Feb 2010, pp. 302-312.
Soil microbial communities were examined in a chronosequence of four different land-use treatments at the Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas. The time series comprised a conventionally tilled cropland (CTC) developed on former prairie soils, two restored grasslands that were initiated on former agricultural soils in 1998 (RG98) and 1978 (RG78), and an annually burned native tallgrass prairie (BNP), all on similar soil types. In addition, an unburned native tallgrass prairie (UNP) and another grassland restored in 2000 (RG00) on a different soil type were studied to examine the effect of long-term fire exclusion vs. annual burning in native prairie and the influence of soil type on soil microbial communities in restored grasslands. Both 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and phospholipid fatty acid analyses indicated that the structure and composition of bacterial communities in the CTC soil were significantly different from those in prairie soils. Within the time series, soil physicochemical characteristics changed monotonically. However, changes in the microbial communities were not monotonic, and a transitional bacterial community formed during restoration that differed from communities in either the highly disturbed cropland or the undisturbed original prairie. The microbial communities of RG98 and RG00 grasslands were also significantly different even though they were restored at approximately the same time and were managed similarly; a result attributable to the differences in soil type and associated soil chemistry such as pH and Ca. Burning and seasonal effects on soil microbial communities were small. Similarly, changing plot size from 300 m2 to 150 m2 in area caused small differences in the estimates of microbial community structure. In conclusion, microbial community structure and biochemical properties of soil from the tallgrass prairie were strongly impacted by cultivation, and the microbial community was not fully restored even after 30 years.
JM Orlofske, WJ Ohnesorg and DM Debinski.
Ecological Restoration (North America), Vol. 28, No. 3, Sep 2010, pp. 250.
Prairie management and restoration have traditionally emphasized plant communities but could benefit from the development of ecological indicators that incorporate animal communities to provide tangible benchmarks of ecosystem function and process (Hodkinson and Jackson 2005). Arthropods are useful bioindicators in terrestrial and aquatic systems because, in addition to being diverse and abundant, they represent key components in food webs, nutrient cycles, plant reproduction, and soil formation (Hodkinson and Jackson 2005, Kremen et al. 1993).
Tracey N. {a} Johnson and Brett K. Sandercock.
Rangeland Ecology & Management, Vol. 63, No. 6, 2010, pp. 679-688.
Restoration of grasslands dominated by tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub) to native tallgrass prairie usually requires burning, herbicides, or reseeding. We tested seasonal grazing by livestock in winter, combined with cessation of fertilization, as a restoration tool for modifying the competitive dynamics among herbaceous plants to restore tallgrass prairie communities in southeastern Kansas. In 2004-2005, we compared responses of grassland plants and birds across a chronosequence of pastures that were winter-grazed from 1 yr to 5 yr. We compared winter-grazed pastures to pastures grazed year-round and to local native prairie remnants as starting and endpoints for restoration, respectively. Abundance of native warm-season grasses increased from 2% to 3% mean relative frequency in pastures grazed year-round to 18% to 30% in winter-grazed pastures, and increased with duration of winter-grazing. Native warm-season grasses accounted for 1-6% of total live aboveground biomass in pastures grazed year-round, 1-34% in winter-grazed pastures, and 31-34% in native prairie remnants. Tall fescue abundance and biomass were similar among grazing treatments, with a trend for tall fescue to be less dominant in winter-grazed pastures. Tall fescue made up 9-40% of total aboveground biomass in year-round grazed pastures and 10-25% in winter-grazed pastures. Grassland birds showed variable responses to winter-grazing. Dickcissels (Spiza americana) and Henslow's sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii) were more abundant in winter-grazed pastures, whereas eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) and grasshopper sparrows (A. sauannarum) had similar abundance in pastures grazed year-round and during winter. Winter-grazing of pastures dominated by tall fescue combined with suspension of nitrogen fertilization could be an effective restoration technique that allows use of prairie rangeland while improving habitat for sensitive grassland birds.
PM Kittelson, MP Priebe and PJ Graeve.
Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 115, No. 1-4, Jan-Dec 2008, pp. 28-32.
There is little basic information about ant species richness and abundance in tall grass prairie restorations despite the importance of ants to plant community structure and function. We compared ant abundance and richness, vascular plant cover and richness, and soil compaction at two southern Minnesota grassland restoration sites, a prairie reconstruction and a prairie remnant undergoing rehabilitation. We collected a total of 3,523 ants from 12 different species. Plant species richness ranged from 45 in the prairie reconstruction to 95 in the remnant prairie. We found five more species of ants and significantly higher mean ant species richness per plot in the more heterogeneous prairie remnant with higher plant diversity, especially forbs, than in the prairie reconstruction where plant species diversity was lower. Our study found 10 new ant species records in Le Sueur and Nicollet counties, Minnesota. Because of the paucity of information about ant species in the upper Midwest, it is difficult to fully compare our results to those of other restored or natural areas in the area. Our study provides an important baseline census for two different types of tallgrass prairie restorations.
Paul D. Mutch.
Thesis, 2008.
Tallgrass prairie restoration is an important conservation activity in rural areas. However, little is known about prairie restoration in urban environments. The overall objective of this study was to characterize and better understand urban prairie restoration. This was carried out through an examination of 29 restoration sites within Winnipeg, Manitoba. The results indicated that actively restored urban prairies were successful and high in diversity. Multiple attributes of the restorations were examined as indicators of success including vegetation, the propagule bank and insects. However, not all attributes delivered equivocal results. This suggests that multiple measures should be used to assess a restoration site. Anthropogenic and biophysical variables were found to influence vegetation of the restorations equally, highlighting the importance of incorporating a human component in urban ecological research. These urban restorations were seen to surpass larger rural restorations in quality; thus, efforts should be made to increase their prevalence.
JM Mclndoe, PE Rothrock, RT Reber and DG Ruch.
Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, No. 1, 2008, pp. 16-28.
Floristic Quality Assessment (FQA), a tool that allows botanists to quickly and effectively determine a site's natural quality, has primarily been used to identify and rank areas of remnant natural quality. In this study FQA was employed for long-term monitoring of the Upland Prairie, an ecological restoration project in Grant County, Indiana. In 1993, the year of planting, permanent transects were established to monitor community development as well as the effects of nitrogen enrichment and intermittent seasonal flooding. FQA was applied to species cover data collected nine times from 1993 through 2006. Analysis revealed that mean conservatism (MC) and floristic quality index (FQI) values rose with increasing site age as species dominance shifted from native and exotic weeds to native prairie grasses and forbs. Quadrat level metrics were more valuable for elucidating trends because transect level metrics were easily affected by slight differences in species composition year to year. FQA monitoring confirmed the impact of nitrogen enrichment reported in previous, intensive studies of the site. Areas prone to intermittent flooding scored lower MC and FQI scores because flooding inhibited the establishment of most prairie species. Mean wetness scores for these transects indicated that the vegetation was more representative of a wet meadow than mesic tallgrass prairie. This research determined that FQA is a useful, cost-effective tool for examining trends and responses to treatments and disturbances in prairie restorations.
Ryan P. Klopf.
Thesis, 2007.
Dominance of warm-season grasses modulates tallgrass prairie ecosystem structure (e.g., community composition) and function (e.g., net primary production). Reintroduction of these grasses is a widespread practice to conserve soil, improve water quality, and restore tallgrass prairie ecosystems degraded from human land use changes such as agriculture. Seed sources for re-introduction of dominant prairie grass species include non-cultivar (collected from local remnant prairie) and selected (cultivar) populations. The overall objective of this study was to quantify whether intraspecific variation in developing root systems exists between population sources (non-cultivar and cultivar) of three dominant grasses used in restorations: Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem), Sorghastrum nutans (Indiangrass), and Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem). Non-cultivar and cultivar population sources of each species were isolated and grown in 7.62-cm diameter x 20 cm depth PVC cores inserted in a newly established experimental tallgrass prairie restoration at the Konza Prairie Biological Station (KPBS), Manhattan, KS. Non-cultivar source population seeds were collected from local remnant ecotypes at KPBS and recommended cultivar seeds were acquired from the USDA. I measured above- and below-ground net primary production (ANPP and BNPP), root architecture (root length, surface area, and volume), root tissue quality, and plant available inorganic nitrogen in each core at the end of the first growing season. Cultivars tended to have greater root length, surface area, and volume than non-cultivars for both S. nutans and S. scoparium. Two important soil resources, available inorganic N and water, were present in lower amounts in soil proximal to roots of cultivars than non-cultivars. Additionally, soil nitrate was negatively correlated with root volume in S. nutans and A. gerardii cultivars. Conversely, there were no correlations between soil N and root architecture among non-cultivars. While cultivars had greater below-ground net primary productivity (BNPP) than non-cultivars, this was not reflected above-ground, where ANPP was not different between cultivars and non-cultivars. There were no intraspecific differences in percent N, resulting in no difference in root tissue quality among species or sources. Overall, my results suggest there are some differences between cultivar and non-cultivar sources of the dominant prairie grasses used in restoration. These phenotypic differences may scale up to affect community and ecosystem properties, and consequently should be taken into consideration in the context of setting restoration goals and objectives.
Keith S. {a} Summerville, Anson C. Bonte and Lena C. Fox.
Restoration Ecology, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2007, pp. 179-188.
Understanding the degree to which species assemblages naturally vary over time will be critically important when assessing whether direct management effects or contingency is responsible for species gain or loss. In this study, we tested three predictions related to short-term variation in prairie moth communities: (1) communities would only exhibit significant temporal variation in newly restored sites (1-3 years old); (2) prairie size and age would positively influence community reassembly, with larger, older restorations sampling a greater proportion of the regional species pool; and (3) older restorations (7-10 years old) would have yet to converge on the community composition of prairie remnants. Moths were sampled from 13 Tallgrass prairie restorations and remnants in central Iowa in 2004-2005. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant effects of sampling year on moth species richness and abundance as well as on the richness of two functional groups, but difference among prairie types was only observed in 2005. Rarefaction analysis revealed that older restorations and prairie remnants supported higher species richness compared to recently planted sites, and nonmetric, multidimensional scaling ordination indicated that restorations older than 7 years were clearly converging on the species composition of remnants. These results suggest that moth communities in restorations and remnants are highly variable in time but that as restorations age, they appear to reaccumulate moth species found in prairie remnants. The long-term persistence of a particular species assemblage within a given site, however, might be a difficult endpoint to attain in central Iowa prairies because of significant annual variation in species occurrence.
Leanne M. Martin and Brian J. Wilsey.
Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 43, No. 6, Dec 2006, pp. 1098-1109.
Grassland restorations often lack rare forb and grass species that are found in intact grasslands. The possible reasons for low diversity include seed limitation, microsite limitation and a combination of both. Native ungulates may create microsites for seedling establishment in tallgrass prairie restorations by grazing dominant species or through trampling activities, but this has never been tested in developing prairies. We experimentally tested for seed and microsite limitation in the largest tallgrass prairie restoration in the USA by adding rare forb and grass seeds in two trials inside and outside native ungulate exclosures. We measured seedling emergence because this stage is crucial in recruiting species into a community. We also measured light, water and standing crop biomass to test whether resource availability could help to explain seedling emergence rates. Ungulates increased light availability for each sampling time and also increased above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) during summer. Seedling emergence of rare prairie forbs and grasses was consistently greater when we added seeds. Seedling emergence was conditionally greater with a combination of seed additions and grazing, but grazing alone was unable to increase emergence. When ungulates increased seedling enhancement, the mechanism was partially associated with increased water and light availability. Exotic and cosmopolitan weed seedling emergence was not affected by grazing. Synthesis and applications. These results suggest that tallgrass prairie restorations are primarily seed limited and that grazing alone may not be able to increase seedling emergence of rare species without the addition of seeds. Therefore, adding seeds to grassland restorations may increase seedling emergence of rare species, and mimicking effects of grazing may increase emergence when seeds are added.
John B. Taft, Christopher Hauser and Kenneth R. Robertson.
Biological Conservation, Vol. 131, No. 1, Jul 2006, pp. 42-51.
Indices are needed in habitat conservation and restoration to provide repeatable measures relevant to conservation goals. A monitoring and research program was established at Nachusa Grasslands in north-central Illinois (USA) to assess progress in tallgrass prairie restoration and reconstruction efforts and evaluate the effectiveness of indices used to measure community-level properties related to vegetation integrity. Indices selected for comparison included standard diversity measures (e.g., Shannon-Weiner Index, Evenness, Species Richness) and indices developed specifically to estimate vegetation integrity. These latter indices included two unweighted diversity indices, the Species Richness Index and Native Richness Index, and two indices weighted by characteristics of species composition, the Floristic Quality Index (FQI) and its component Mean Coefficient of Conservatism (Mean C). A coefficient of conservatism (CC) is an integer ranging from 0 to 10 assigned a priori to each taxon in a regional flora that estimates the fidelity of a species to natural areas (non-native and most ruderal species are assigned 0 or low values, respectively; species known primarily from natural areas are assigned higher values). All indices compared in this study were calculated using vegetation data collected from equal-sized sampling grids stratified across seven prairie units. The units included remnants and plantings representing a wide range of habitat quality. The FQI and Mean C explained the most variation among sites and were most effective at distinguishing recognized qualitative differences indicating they can be more informative than traditional species-diversity measures in assessing floristic integrity within community types. The FQI and Mean C are applicable to both quantitative ecological monitoring and plotless survey methods.
Leanne M. Martin, Kirk A. Moloney and Brian J. Wilsey.
Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 42, No. 2, Apr 2005, pp. 327-336.
We do not know which aspects of community structure and ecosystem processes are restorable for most ecosystems, yet this information is crucial for achieving successful restoration. We quantified three success criteria for 8-10-year-old grassland plantings in large-scale tallgrass prairie restoration (reconstruction) sites relative to three nearby prairie remnant sites. The restoration sites included management of native ungulates and fire, important regulators of diversity and patchiness in intact grasslands. These have not been incorporated simultaneously into previous studies of restoration success. We used the additive partitioning model of diversity, where alpha is neighbourhood (quadrat) scale diversity, beta is accumulation of species diversity across neighbourhoods, and gamma is total diversity. We decomposed alpha into richness and evenness to determine if both were equally restored. The proportion of exotic biomass was similar between the restoration and remnant sites, but the proportion of exotic species and above-ground net primary productivity remained between two and four times higher in the restoration sites. Alpha diversity (Simpson's 1/D) and richness (S) values were exceptionally high in remnant sites, and approximately twice those of the restoration sites. Alpha evenness was similar between the restoration and remnant sites. Distance per se between quadrats was not related to diversity after accumulated quadrat area was taken into account. Therefore, we may be able to use the additive partitioning model of diversity in areas that differ in size, at least at the scale of this study. Contrary to our original predictions, the proportion of beta diversity (1 - D) was approximately twice as high in the restoration sites than in remnant sites, possibly because patches of individual species were larger in the restoration. Synthesis and applications. We have shown that current restoration methods are unable to restore plant diversity in tallgrass prairie. Grassland restoration will be improved if the number of species that co-exist can be increased. New, local-scale restoration techniques are needed to replicate the high levels of diversity observed in tallgrass prairie remnant sites.
SM McLachlan and AL Knispel.
Biological Conservation, Vol. 124, No. 1, Jul 2005, pp. 75-88.
Ecological restoration is important in mitigating degradation and habitat loss of tallgrass prairie in North America. In 2002, we assessed the progress of a long-term tallgrass prairie restoration initiated in 1987 in southern Manitoba (Canada). Nine restoration and three reference sites were examined, as was a neighbouring site of future restoration that is now used for agriculture. Vegetation diversity, species composition, and associated soil properties were compared among restoration and reference sites, and changes associated with restoration identified. Restoration had a substantial effect on diversity and species composition, although restoration sites had significantly lower native and higher exotic diversity than reference sites. Overall and native diversity decreased over time, as both exotic and seeded native species were lost from the restoration sites. Particularly vulnerable were native forb species, which represent much of the diversity of prairie habitats. Forb presence was negatively associated with that of warm season native grasses, especially Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem). Similarity of restoration and reference vegetation increased over time, particularly for seeded native graminoids. When species that had been seeded elsewhere and had colonized restorations were examined, similarity between restoration and reference also increased with time, suggesting that older sites may be self-propagating. No significant differences in soil properties variables were observed among restoration sites, indicating that changes in these factors are slow relative to vegetation changes. Although time-since-restoration had a substantial impact on diversity and species composition, this habitat will require ongoing restoration.
Diana R. {a} Lane and Hormoz BassiriRad.
Pedobiologia 49(4) 2005: 359-366., Vol. 49, No. 4, 2005, pp. 359-366.
It is well recognized that mound-building ants affect soil and vegetation heterogeneity, yet little is known about the extent to which such changes are propagated through time. We compared soil properties from ant mounds (built by Formica montana and Acanthamyops claviger) and from adjacent prairie soils at three tallgrass prairie restoration sites in the Midwestern United States, ranging in age from 8 to 26 years post-restoration of native species on former row-crop agriculture plots. We were particularly interested in N-dynamics on and off the mounds. All of the soil variables measured showed the greatest difference between mound and prairie soils at the 8-year old site. At that site, we found that ant mounds had significantly higher concentrations of total N, dissolved organic N, and NH4+ compared to prairie soil. Differences in concentrations of these nitrogen pools between mound and prairie soils were, however, lost with increasing time since restoration. The tack of N-enrichment at the older sites suggests that nutrient enrichment of ant mounds may be a transient phenomenon in certain ecosystems. To our knowledge, this is the first report that illustrates a critical, but a temporally dynamic rote of ant mounds in creating resource heterogeneity in a restoration project. [copyright] 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
P. Camill, MJ McKone, ST Sturges, et al.
Ecological Applications, Vol. 14, No. 6, 2004, pp. 1680-1694.
Changes in the plant community and ecosystem properties that follow the conversion of agriculture to restored tallgrass prairies are poorly understood. Beginning in 1995, we established a species-rich, restored prairie chronosequence where (similar to)3 ha of agricultural land have been converted to tallgrass prairie each year. Our goals were to examine differences in ecosystem properties between these restored prairies and adjacent agricultural fields and to determine changes in, and potential interactions between, the plant community and ecosystem properties that occur over time in the restored prairies. During the summers of 2000-2002, we examined species cover, soil C and N, potential net C and N mineralization, litter mass, soil texture, and bulk density across the 6- to 8-year-old prairie chronosequence and adjacent agricultural fields in southern Minnesota. We also established experimentally fertilized, watered, and control plots in the prairie chronosequence to examine the degree of nitrogen limitation on aboveground and belowground net primary production (ANPP and BNPP). Large shifts in functional diversity occurred within three growing seasons. First-year prairies were dominated by annuals and biennials. By the second growing season, perennial native composites had become dominant, followed by a significant shift to warm-season C4 grasses in prairies (greater-than or equal to)3 yr old. Ecosystem properties that changed with the rise of C4 grasses included increased BNPP, litter mass, and C mineralization rates and decreased N mineralization rates. ANPP increased significantly with N fertilization but did not vary between young and old prairies with dramatically different plant community composition. Total soil C and N were not significantly different between prairie and agricultural soils in the depths examined (0-10, 10-20, 20-35, 35-50, 50-65 cm). We compared the results from our species-rich prairie restoration to published data on ecosystem function in other restored grasslands, such as Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and old-field successional sites. Results suggest that rapid changes in functional diversity can have large impacts on ecosystem-level properties, causing community- and system-level dynamics in species-rich prairie restorations to converge with those from low-diversity managed grasslands.
Jack M. Averett, Robert A. Klips, Lucas E. Nave, Serita D. Frey and Peter S. Curtis.
Restoration Ecology, Vol. 12, No. 4, Dec 2004, pp. 568-574.
Restoration of tallgrass prairie on former agricultural land is often impeded by failure to establish a diverse native species assemblage and by difficulties with nonprairie, exotic species. High levels of available soil nitrogen (N) on such sites may favor fast-growing exotics at the expense of more slowly growing prairie species characteristic of low-N soils. We tested whether reducing N availability through soil carbon (C) amendments could be a useful tool in facilitating successful tallgrass prairie restoration. We added 6 kg-m super(2) hardwood sawdust to experimental plots on an abandoned agricultural field in the Sandusky Plains of central Ohio, United States, increasing soil C by 67% in the upper 15 cm. This C amendment caused a 94% reduction in annual net N mineralization and a 27% increase in soil moisture but had no effect on total N or pH. Overall, plant mass after one growing season was reduced by 64% on amended compared with unamended soil, but this effect was less for prairie forbs (-34%) than for prairie grasses (-67%) or exotics (-62%). After the second growing season, only exotics responded significantly to the soil C amendment, with a 40% reduction in mass. The N concentration of green-leaf tissue and of senescent leaf litter was also reduced by the soil C treatment in most cases. We conclude that soil C amendment imparts several immediate benefits for tallgrass prairie restoration--notably reduced N availability, slower plant growth, and lower competition from exotic species.
IJ Renne, BG Rios, JS Fehmi and BF Tracy.
Basic and Applied Ecology, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2004, pp. 261-269.
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), a highly competitive European grass that invades US grasslands, is reportedly allelopathic to many agronomic plants, but its ability to inhibit the germination or growth of native grassland plants is unknown. In three factorial glasshouse experiments, we tested the potential allelopathic effects of endophyte-infected (E+) and uninfected (E-) tall fescue on native grasses and forbs from Midwestern tallgrass prairies. Relative to a water control, at least one extract made from ground seed, or ground whole plant tissue of E+ or E- tall fescue reduced the germination of 10 of 11 species in petri dishes. In addition, the emergence of two native grasses in potting soil was lower when sown with E+ and E- tall fescue seedlings than when sown with seeds of conspecifics or tall fescue. However, when seeds of 13 prairie species were sown in sterilized, field-collected soil and given water or one of the four tall fescue extracts daily, seedling emergence was lower in one extract relative to water for only one species, and subsequent height growth did not differ among treatments for any species. We conclude that if tall fescue is allelopathic, its inhibitory effects on the germination and seedling growth of native prairie plants are limited, irrespective of endophyte infection. On the other hand, the apparent inability of these plants to detect tall fescue in field soil could hinder prairie restoration efforts if germination near this strong competitor confers fitness consequences. We propose that lack of chemical recognition may be common among resident and recently introduced non-indigenous plants because of temporally limited ecological interactions, and offer a view that challenges the existing allelopathy paradigm. Lastly, we suggest that tall fescue removal will have immediate benefits to the establishment of native grassland plants. (copyright) 2004 Published by Elsevier GmbH.
KR Brye, JM Norman and ST Gower.
American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 148, No. 2, Oct 2002, pp. 218-235.
Assessments of ecosystem restorations are necessary to improve restoration practices and goals. Restoration assessments, whether quantitative or qualitative, are also a vital part of managing previously degraded ecosystems. This study examined some of the key structural and functional characteristics and processes of a tallgrass prairie restoration near Arlington, Wisconsin for 5 y, 19 to 24 y after beginning restoration from cultivation, including mean annual drainage, N and C leaching, soil organic matter, pH, extractable P and K, total N and C contents, above- and belowground net primary production, leaf area index, soil surface CO2 flux and net N-mineralization. Total soil N and C contents of the prairie restoration were compared to other nearby prairie restorations, remnants and an adjacent agricultural field, all on similar soil, to determine the degree of change in ecosystem properties as a result of ecological restoration. Soil properties and processes and vegetation characteristics varied annually throughout the 5-y assessment period, but most soil properties showed no significant temporal trend. Only soil N content in the 0-30 cm layer increased significantly in the 5-y period, but the rate of N increase did not coincide with the rate typical of N inputs to a prairie. Results suggest that most soil properties have either already come to some equilibrium with the surrounding environment or their rates of change were too small to measure over 5 y. This study demonstrates the difficulties of ascribing changes in ecosystem properties to restoration. The spatial and temporal variability and slow rates of change make it difficult to discern differences between restored, disturbed and natural ecosystems.
American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 148, No. 1, Jul 2002, pp. 28-42.
Prescribed burning recycles essential plant nutrients and stimulates growth in prairie restoration. While reducing the content of nutrients in dry matter, prescribed burning may also alter the spatial variability and distribution of nutrients, which in turn could negatively impact long-term productivity. A study was conducted in a tallgrass prairie restoration at the Audubon Society's Goose Pond Sanctuary near Arlington, Wisconsin to characterize the content and spatial variability and distribution of macro- (i.e. , N, C, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and micro-nutrients (i.e. , Zn, B, Mn, Cu, Fe, Al and Na) in the aboveground litter before burning and in the ash after burning following 3- and 6-y burn intervals. Aboveground litter mass was significantly higher in 2001 after the 3-y burn interval than in 1998 after the 6-y burn interval. The amount of preburn litter was consistently reduced by >90% for both burn intervals, but the reduction of dry matter and the reductions in mass of N, C, P, K and S were significantly higher in 2001 than in 1998. The 6-y burn interval resulted in nutrient export that was similar to nutrient inputs from atmospheric wet deposition, whereas the 3-y burn interval resulted in the export of N, K, Ca and Mg faster than they were replenished. Prescribed burning significantly affected the spatial variability of dry matter and the concentration and content of most macro- and micronutrients. However, prescribed burning had little effect on the pre- and postburn spatial distributions of macro- and micro-nutrient masses, which were similar to pre- and postburn spatial distributions of litter and ash masses, except for Fe and Al which had atypically large concentration variances.
TE Copeland, W. Sluis and HF Howe.
Restoration Ecology, Vol. 10, No. 2, Jun 2002, pp. 315-323.
North American prairie remnants and restorations are normally managed with dormant-season prescribed fires. Growing-season fire is of interest because it suppresses dominant late-flowering grasses and forbs, thereby making available light and other resources used by subdominant grasses and forbs that comprise most prairie diversity. Here we report a twofold increase in mean frequency and richness of subdominant species after late-summer fire. Stimulation of subdominants was indiscriminate; richness of prairie and volunteer species increased in species that flowered in early, mid-, or late season. Early spring fire, the management tool used on this site until this experiment, had no effect on subdominant richness or frequency. Neither burn treatment affected reproductive tillering of the tallgrasses Sorghastrum nutans or Panicum virgatum . Flowering of Andropogon gerardii increased 4-fold after early-spring fires and 11-fold after late-summer fires. These preliminary results suggest that frequency and species richness of subdominants can be improved by late growing-season fire without compromising vigor of warm-season tallgrasses.
DJ Gustafson, DJ Gibson and DL Nickrent.
International journal of plant sciences, Vol. 163, No. 6, 2002, pp. 979-990.
Allozyme and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were used to characterize the genetic relationships of Dalea purpurea from remnant and restored Illinois tallgrass prairies and a large remnant tallgrass prairie in Kansas. The remnant Illinois populations were less genetically diverse than the restored Illinois populations and the Kansas population. These restored Illinois populations were established with at least two seed sources that were locally collected. There was little population divergence (FST = 0.042), which is consistent with other perennial forbs, while the genetic relationships among populations reflected geographic proximity. In a greenhouse competition experiment, differences in performance between seedlings was not related to the remnant or restored status of Illinois populations, but plants from Kansas were significantly smaller than Illinois plants. Genetic diversity and competitive ability were not associated with the size of the original source population. Our data indicate that using multiple local seed sources for restoration projects will maintain the local gene pool while enhancing the regional genetic diversity of this species.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: Washington DC, 2002.
PURPOSE: The implementation of a 10- to 15-year land and resource management plan for the 16,000-acre Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie in Will County, Illinois is proposed. The area is located 45-miles southwest of Chicago, 15 miles south of Joliet, and three miles north of Wilmington. A large part of the former Joliet Army Ammunition Plant was transferred to the Forest Service in 1997, allowing for the establishment of the prairie reserve. Previous land uses have severely altered the prairie landscape and ecosystem. Much of the area was plowed for agricultural purposes and is underlain with a complex system of drain tiles. Crop production and cattle grazing continue today. Stream channels were straightened and numerous ditches constructed by the Army. During Army administration, a complex road and rail system connected the extensive system of warehouses, cement bunkers, and other facilities used for ammunition production. While only three percent of what is now Medwin survived as native plant communities, the site is able to host a rich assemblage of plant and animal species, including three species on the federal list of threatened and endangered species and 26 species recognized as sensitive by the Forest Service. Habitat types include rare dolomite prairie, short and medium stature agricultural grasslands, wetlands, woodlands, and native prairie surviving as small isolated remnants. Key issues identified during the scoping process include those related to visitor safety and health, habitat diversity, amount and structure of grassland habitat, restoration of native prairie and wetlands, recreational developments and opportunities, re-introduction of bison and/or elk, and educational and research opportunities. Six alternatives, including a No Action Alternative (Alternative 1), are considered in this final EIS. The preferred alternative (Alternative 4) would focus on upland and wet prairie/sedge restoration, with less grassland habitat, in order to maximize native prairie restoration. The alternative would offer moderate recreational development, providing a mix of opportunities compatible with restoration, a visitors' center, campground, and a mix of trail lengths and trail types. Present net value for the preferred alternative is expected to result in a loss of $291.8 million. POSITIVE IMPACTS: The plan would manage land and water resources to conserve and enhance native wildlife, fish, and plant populations and habitat, including habitat for threatened and endangered species; provide opportunities for scientific, environmental, and land use education and research; allow for continuation of agricultural land use for resource management purposes; and provide for a variety of recreational opportunities that would be compatible with other plan purposes. Water quality and watershed conditions would improve, and the area restored to historic or more natural patterns of flooding would increase. NEGATIVE IMPACTS: Water pumped for livestock could affect aquifer levels, but this impact can be mitigated by limiting use to less than 2,000 gallons per day. Prescribed burning would result in short-term reduction of visibility and degradation of air quality. Agricultural revenues would decline. LEGAL MANDATES: Illinois Land Conservation Act of 1995. PRIOR REFERENCES: For the abstract of the draft EIS, see 01-0286, Volume 25, Number 3.
SK Allison.
Ecological Restoration, Vol. 20, No. 1, Mar 2002, pp. 10-17.
A survey of the third oldest tallgrass prairie restoration in the Midwest demonstrates the difficulty of achieving a "complete restoration."
MR Smith, I. Charvat and RL Jacobson.
Canadian Journal of Botany, Vol. 76, No. 11, 1998, pp. 1947-1954.
The effect that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculum has on the development of an early successional tallgrass prairie restoration was investigated in field plots of a recently disturbed area in Minnesota, U.S.A. Mycorrhizal inoculum reproduced from a native prairie was placed below a mix of prairie seed. Two sets of control plots were established, those with seed only and those with seed and a sterilized soil. By the end of 15 months, plants in the inoculated plots had a significantly greater percentage of roots colonized by AM fungi. While inoculation had no effect on total percent cover of plants, percent cover of native planted grasses was significantly greater in the inoculated plots than in the two sets of controls. The increase in percent cover of native grasses may increase the rate of succession, by allowing these grasses to outcompete the ruderal species also present at the site. Our findings suggest that inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizae promotes the development of early successional tallgrass prairie communities.
K. Kindscher and LL Tieszen.
Restoration Ecology, Vol. 6, No. 2, Jun 1998, pp. 181-196.
We studied two tallgrass prairies and adjacent restoration areas in northeast Kansas to analyze (1) the invasion of native tallgrass prairie species from native prairie source populations into replanted areas; (2) the establishment of planted prairie species five and 35 years after being sown; and (3) the effects of native prairie species on soil organic matter. For the majority of dominant species, composition differed statistically between sampled areas even though seed rain was available from the native tallgrass prairie remnants. Plant community differences were statistically different between each native prairie area and all respective restoration sites according to the Multiple Response Permutation Procedure. In addition, species richness was greatly reduced in replanted areas compared to adjacent native prairie remnants. Soil carbon isotope ratios indicated that the planting of warm-season grasses resulted in substantial replacement of old soil organic matter by the newly replanted grasses but that it did not create substantial increases of soil organic matter beyond replacement. The lack of accumulation reflects a nutrient-poor system (nitrogen-poor in particular), and the relative absence of native or introduced nitrogen-fixing plant species on the replanted areas may be a significant factor. It appears that restoration of the original highly diverse vegetation component of the tallgrass prairie ecosystem, even when aided by seeding and an adjacent prairie seed source, will occur on carbon- and nitrogen-depleted soils only over very long periods of time (perhaps centuries), if at all.
JD Jastrow.
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 74, No. 11, 1987, pp. 1656-1664.
To investigate the dynamics of soil aggregation associated with the restoration of cultivated soil to tallgrass prairie, changes in soil aggregation and aboveground production were compared in a corn field, restored prairie plantings of various ages (second, fifth, eighth, and eleventh growing season), and an uncultivated prairie remnant. The restored prairie was also compared with a long-term (fourteenth growing season) ungrazed pasture dominated by Eurasian grasses. Results suggest that C4 prairie graminoids may confer some advantage over introduced C3 Eurasian grasses for the development of water-stable aggregates in soils of the Prairie Peninsula.


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MDCV.23 No.27 | newsThe Daily Word in Doritos Roulette, Sarah Palin opened her mouth and Insane Clown Posse fans are a "gang"A Mason Jar exploded in the Jemez Mountains. New Mexico made the top of another list, this time for slowest internet speeds in the nation. Obama is asking Congress for 4 million dollars to help deal with all the unaccompanied immigrant children crossing the US-Mexico border. Insane Clown Posse's lawsuit over their "gang" status was tossed out. State declarations and nuclear-free zones. Sarah Palin is calling for President Obama's impeachment. "Doctor Death" Jack Kevorkian's Deathmobile (a bubble window VW microbus, a real deathtrap!) was purchased from a Detroit pawnshop. One fifth of Detroit is slated for demolition. Three new species of mushroom were found in a package of dried mushrooms from China. If you live in Canada you can try the new Doritos flavor: "Doritos Roulette". V.23 No.21 | 5/22/2014 ArtsTheir Hearts Into ArtIncarcerated students' work exhibits ingenuity and passionWhere Juli Cobb teaches, the school uniform is orange, the attendance rate is almost perfect, and the atmosphere can be stressful, to say the least. View/Add Comments [ 2 ] V.22 No.44 | newsThe Daily Word in Anal Obsessed Cops, Crack Smoking Mayors and Perfect (Mechanical) StudentsDon't forget to use your turn signal in New Mexico. Our cops are waaaay into butts. Bill de Blasio becomes New York City's first Democratic mayor in 20 years. Some say his son's impressive Afro made the difference. Toronto Mayor Rob Ford admits to smoking crack, but it was probably when he was "in a drunken stupor," so no big deal. Teachers who complain about students on social media should probably stop doing that. Especially if their status update contains the words "I can just kill these kids." But here's a perfect student: a 240-year old mechanical boy that can be programmed to write just about anything. And the Metropolitan Detention Center faces more overcrowding: This time it's from 30,000 pounds of unpopped popcorn. V.21 No.52 | newsThe Daily Word in divorce, child support, gay marriage in Maine and Swedish pizzaFormer Republican Congressional candidate Gary Smith is accused of slashing opponent Janice Arnold-Jones' tires. Albuquerque Journal editorial endorses cessation of Metropolitan Detention Center's methadone program. Joe Arpaio is in the news again. Kansas seeks to force sperm donor to pay child support for lesbian couple's kid. The woman who was gang raped in New Delhi died. Congress renewed the FISA act without any of the amendments that might have protected Americans' digital privacy. Gay marriage is now legal in Maine. Video of Russian cops giving hugs. Did the U.S. government kill Marilyn Monroe because she was a commie? Interesting history of clothing sizes. Silvio Berlusconi will pay his former wife 132,000 dollars a day according to their divorce settlement. Swedes like kabobs on their pizza. In 1997 this was a dark day for the fowl of Hong Kong. V.21 No.48 | newsThe Daily Word in Lindsey Graham, methadone at MDC, The Farm, and the unicorn's lairThe Metropolitan Detention Center is planning to end their methadone treatment program. The Albuquerque Journal bought the Rio Rancho Observer. What is the Journal publisher thinking? The higher admission fees for the Rio Grande Zoo take effect on Sunday. Comprehensive coverage of the Chinese "aircraft carrier style" meme. The Chinese government finally got the owner of a house in the middle of the road to move out so they could demolish it. A utility pole materialized in the middle of a road in Quebec. "When I Say Jesus, You Say Die," Foggy Mountain Blasphemy" and other bargain bin record finds. So you want to grow a mustache. Why was Christian Slater's vote rejected in Florida? Learn about Argentina's infamous "Death Flights" during the 1970's and 80's. Stephen Gaskin's commune The Farm is still around. The Farm founder Stephen Gaskin's wife, Ina May Gaskin, wrote the book on American midwifery. The North Koreans have discovered the remains of a unicorn and it's lair. Today is World AIDS Day. Girls dressed as modern conveniences. Lindsey Graham reminds us that the Guantanamo prisoners don't want to steal our cars. There is a vampire in Zarozje, On this day in 1986 the beautiful Musee d'Orsay opened in Paris. V.21 No.4 | 1/26/2012 NewsCity to pipe landfill methane to the jailOne of the tidbits in this week's Council Watch got a lot of attention. Albuquerque is going to build a line from a local dump to our Westside lockup. The excess methane that's usually burned off at the landfill with be used to heat water in the jail's boiler room. It's predicted the project will save the Bernalillo County Metropolitan Detention Center thousands every year for about a century. Council WatchA No-Bike RoadBicyclists spoke out about the first-ever bike ban on a 3,000-foot stretch of Chappell between Osuna and Singer. Signs stating "no bicycles" went up in early January. The city says that stretch is too dangerous for cycling. | Today's EventsTime Served at Tricklock Performance LaboratoryPoetry and prose inspired by a writer and performer's years spent teaching incarcerated students. Part of the Revolutions International Theater Festival. Karma to Burn • Sierra • salsa • Marsupious • stoner rock • Supercabra at LaunchpadMonthly Meeting of the Mind (& Brain) at North Domingo Baca Multigenerational CenterMore Recommented Events ››
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We will strive to build a community based on respect, honesty, and courage.
The mission of The Haverford School Honor Code is to facilitate the moral, social, and character development of each boy and prepare students to address moral challenges honorably. The Honor Code promotes a strong sense of community based on respect, honesty, and courage.
The following questions are guidelines to help members of The Haverford School community make the right choices:
The Honor Council is the disciplinary body of The Haverford School and it is a student run organization. The Honor Council is made up of:
Learn more about the Honor Code and the Honor Council in our Honor Code Handbook: Honor Code Handbook


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Climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for a broad range of human and natural systems. Human activities largely determine the evolution of the Earth's climate, which not only impact the next few decades, but the coming centuries and millennia. This collection emphasizes the importance of 21st century choices regarding long-term climate stabilization through improving understanding of the causes and consequences of climate change and expanding the options available to limit the magnitude of climate change.
Climate Change: Evidence and Causes is a jointly produced publication of The US National Academy of Sciences and The Royal Society. Written by a UK-US team of leading climate scientists and reviewed by climate scientists and others, the publication is intended as a brief, readable reference document for decision makers, policy makers, educators, and other individuals seeking authoritative information on the some of the questions that continue to be ...[more]
The Arctic has been undergoing significant changes in recent years. Average temperatures are rising twice as fast as they are elsewhere in the world. The extent and thickness of sea ice is rapidly declining. Such changes may have an impact on atmospheric conditions outside the region. Several hypotheses for how Arctic warming may be influencing mid-latitude weather patterns have been proposed recently. For example, Arctic warming ...[more]
Climate is changing, forced out of the range of the past million years by levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases not seen in the Earth's atmosphere for a very, very long time. Lacking action by the world's nations, it is clear that the planet will be warmer, sea level will rise, and patterns of rainfall will change. But the future is also partly uncertain -- there is considerable ...[more]
Climate theory dictates that core elements of the climate system, including precipitation, evapotranspiration, and reservoirs of atmospheric and soil moisture, should change as the climate warms, both in their means and extremes. A major challenge that faces the climate and hydrologic science communities is understanding the nature of these ongoing changes in climate and hydrology and the apparent anomalies that exist in reconciling their extreme manifestations. ...[more]
Scientific evidence shows that most glaciers in South Asia's Hindu Kush Himalayan region are retreating, but the consequences for the region's water supply are unclear, this report finds. The Hindu Kush Himalayan region is the location of several of Asia's great river systems, which provide water for drinking, irrigation, and other uses for about 1.5 billion people. Recent studies show that at lower elevations, glacial retreat is unlikely to cause ...[more]
Tide gauges show that global sea level has risen about 7 inches during the 20th century, and recent satellite data show that the rate of sea-level rise is accelerating. As Earth warms, sea levels are rising mainly because ocean water expands as it warms; and water from melting glaciers and ice sheets is flowing into the ocean. Sea-level rise poses enormous risks to the valuable infrastructure, development, and wetlands that ...[more]
Climate change is occurring. It is very likely caused by the emission of greenhouse gases from human activities, and poses significant risks for a range of human and natural systems. And these emissions continue to increase, which will result in further change and greater risks. America's Climate Choices makes the case that the environmental, economic, and humanitarian risks posed by climate change indicate a pressing need for substantial action now ...[more]
Climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for--and in many cases is already affecting--a broad range of human and natural systems. The compelling case for these conclusions is provided in Advancing the Science of Climate Change, part of a congressionally requested suite of studies known as America's Climate Choices. While noting that there is always more to learn and that the scientific process ...[more]
Global climate change is one of America's most significant long-term policy challenges. Human activity--especially the use of fossil fuels, industrial processes, livestock production, waste disposal, and land use change--is affecting global average temperatures, snow and ice cover, sea-level, ocean acidity, growing seasons and precipitation patterns, ecosystems, and human health. Climate-related decisions are being carried out by almost every agency of the federal government, as well as many state and local ...[more]
Across the United States, impacts of climate change are already evident. Heat waves have become more frequent and intense, cold extremes have become less frequent, and patterns of rainfall are likely changing. The proportion of precipitation that falls as rain rather than snow has increased across the western United States and Arctic sea ice has been reduced significantly. Sea level has been rising faster than at any time in recent ...[more]
What is climate? Climate is commonly thought of as the expected weather conditions at a given location over time. People know when they go to New York City in winter, they should take a heavy coat. When they visit the Pacific Northwest, they should take an umbrella. Climate can be measured as many geographic scales - for example, cities, countries, or the entire globe - by such statistics as average ...[more]
Climate change is occurring, is very likely caused by human activities, and poses significant risks for a broad range of human and natural systems. Each additional ton of greenhouse gases emitted commits us to further change and greater risks. In the judgment of the Committee on America's Climate Choices, the environmental, economic, and humanitarian risks of climate change indicate a pressing need for substantial action to limit the magnitude ...[more]
Climate change can reasonably be expected to increase the frequency and intensity of a variety of potentially disruptive environmental events--slowly at first, but then more quickly. It is prudent to expect to be surprised by the way in which these events may cascade, or have far-reaching effects. During the coming decade, certain climate-related events will produce consequences that exceed the capacity of the affected societies or global systems to manage; ...[more]
The polar regions are experiencing rapid changes in climate. These changes are causing observable ecological impacts of various types and degrees of severity at all ecosystem levels, including society. Even larger changes and more significant impacts are anticipated. As species respond to changing environments over time, their interactions with the physical world and other organisms can also change. This chain of interactions can trigger cascades of impacts throughout entire ecosystems. ...[more]
The global scientific and policy community now unequivocally accepts that human activities cause global climate change. Although information on climate change is readily available, the nation still seems unprepared or unwilling to respond effectively to climate change, due partly to a general lack of public understanding of climate change issues and opportunities for effective responses. The reality of global climate change lends increasing urgency to the need for effective education ...[more]
The indoor environment affects occupants' health and comfort. Poor environmental conditions and indoor contaminants are estimated to cost the U.S. economy tens of billions of dollars a year in exacerbation of illnesses like asthma, allergic symptoms, and subsequent lost productivity. Climate change has the potential to affect the indoor environment because conditions inside buildings are influenced by conditions outside them. Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health addresses the impacts ...[more]
In response to a request from Congress, Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years assesses the state of scientific efforts to reconstruct surface temperature records for Earth during approximately the last 2,000 years and the implications of these efforts for our understanding of global climate change. Because widespread, reliable temperature records are available only for the last 150 years, scientists estimate temperatures in the more distant past by analyzing ...[more]
There is little dispute within the scientific community that humans are changing Earth's climate on a decadal to century time-scale. By the end of this century, without a reduction in emissions, atmospheric CO2 is projected to increase to levels that Earth has not experienced for more than 30 million years. As greenhouse gas emissions propel Earth toward a warmer climate state, an improved understanding of climate dynamics in warm environments ...[more]


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Originally published Thursday, October 25, 2012 at 5:30 AM
Weekend Preview: Halloween and history at Fort Nisqually
A lineup of entertainment options for the weekend of Oct. 26-28, 2012, include Fort Nisqually's Bonfires, Beaver Pelts & Bogeymen Halloween Storytelling; Ft. Lawton Cemetery Adventure; and Only in Seattle Capitol Hill Shopping Event/Hilloween. Films opening include "Cloud Atlas" and "Fun Size."
Around Town
Fort Nisqually's Bonfires, Beaver Pelts & Bogeymen Halloween Storytelling: Follow a trail of jack o'lanterns to a bonfire and storytellers, 7 p.m. Friday-Saturday, Fort Nisqually Living History Museum, Point Defiance Park, Tacoma; $4-$6 (253-591-5339 or www.fortnisqually.org).
Ft. Lawton Cemetery Adventure: Walk and history stories in the cemetery at Fort Lawton for ages 12 and older, 2 p.m. Saturday, Discovery Park, 3801 W. Government Way, Seattle; free, preregister online, course #90991 (www.seattle.gov/parks).
Only in Seattle Capitol Hill Shopping Event/Hilloween:Discounts at businesses and restaurants, trick or treat, Hilloween music and games at the park, noon-6 p.m., costume parade, 3 p.m. Sunday, Cal Anderson Park, 1635 11th Ave, Seattle (www.onlyinseattle.org/).
At the movies
"Cloud Atlas": The film adaptation of David Mitchell's book starring Tom Hanks, Halle Berry, Jim Broadbent, Susan Sarandon and others has midnight previews Thursday, and opens Friday at several theaters.
"Fat Kid Rules the World": Matthew Lillard's directing debut is a coming-of-age story with Seattle locations. It opens Friday at the SIFF Cinema at the Film Center.
"Chasing Mavericks": Gerard Butler and Jonny Weston star in this drama based on the true story of surfer Jay Moriarity. It opens Friday at several theaters.
"Wake in Fright": A re-release of the 1971 Australian drama, starring Gary Bond as a schoolteacher during the holidays, opens Friday at the SIFF Cinema at the Film Center.
"War of the Buttons": A film version of a popular French tale about feuding boys from rival villages opens Friday at the Varsity.
"The Other Son": This drama about two young men — one Israeli, the other Palestinian — who discover they were accidentally switched at birth, opens Friday at the Egyptian Theatre.
"The Other Dream Team": A documentary about the 1992 Lithuanian Olympic men's basketball team opens Friday at the Guild 45th.
"Fun Size": A comedy about a high schooler (Victoria Justice) who loses her little brother on Halloween opens Friday at several theaters.
"Two Years at Sea": A portrait of Scottish Highland hermit Jake Williams opens Friday at the Northwest Film Forum.
"Silent Hill: Revelation": This sequel to the 2006 film — which was also based on the video-game series — follows a young woman (Adelaide Clemens) and her father (Sean Bean) on the run. It has midnight previews Thursday, and opens Friday at several theaters (at many in 3D).
For reviews and showtimes, go to seattletimes.com/movies or to Friday's Weekend Plus section.
For more fun this weekend, see Friday's Weekend Plus.
For advance planning, see Sunday's NW Traveler.


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Find Me On:
Wow, I am shocked, in a good way. "He Would Have Laughed" is also my favorite Deerhunter song. Have been a pretty big Deerhunter fan for around five years now–I celebrate their entire catalogue. Surprised to see this at #1 as it's not their most popular song by any means.
"I know where my friends are now" — love the lyrics in the 2nd half of the song.
Haha. Oh Man. Hahahahaha.
I mean, you deem The Idler Wheel "not wholly satisfying" but then state it is your #1 pick in another reader poll.
I bet you would give music as a whole a 6.8 huh:
Life is far too short to be so bitter. Just listen to an album for what it is. Who cares who else likes it? Who cares if Tame Impalas fanbase is comprised "entirely of Triple J Gen Y-ers"? Although I would bet that the majority of their fanbase has never even heard of Triple J. Haha.
Jeez dude. Take a chill pill.
Caleb does make a good point.
As it turns out, my girlfriend and I were just discussing all things indie. It was a rather profound conversation, she of course proclaiming "indie this," myself retorting "bull$hit, indie that."
I fell for it too, but nonetheless I should have known better. KOL are 100% marketing. RCA signed them before they were even a band, before they were even musicians.
From wikipedia:
Drummer Nathan added, "When we signed the deal with RCA, it was just me and Caleb. The label told us they were going to put a band together, but we said, 'We're going to buy our little brother a bass, he's a freshman in high school. Caleb will teach himself the guitar. Our cousin Matthew played guitar when he was 10 and I'll play drums.' The record label agreed,"
The Ultrabeat one is by far the best (worst)


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Between mediterranean sea and mountains, Camping les terrasses is setting in the vignobles of Saint Chinian, Swimming-pool, tennis course, river at 800 meters. Safe and quiet.
Add to my Shortlist
Know more about Saint-ChinianVirtual visit of the HéraultCreate an itinerary around Saint-Chinian
Sliding scale prices according to duration, Tourist tax in addition, Down payment of 30% of the rent10% reduction for a 2 weeks stay and 15% for 3 weeks.