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You are now a member of Hotgamesforgirls.com!
You'll find more kinds of funny games here,
enjoy yourself!
It's Saturday night. Everyone is going out tonight and many want to dance at the disco. There's a great party mood in this disco. Plenty guys and girls. Choose who you'd like to be tonight and go hunting for cute guys! In this game you are trying to conquer as many boys as possible. Make sure to watch out for the other girls... they might have the same plan... But there is no way you will let them!
The little boy wants to meet his girlfriend,before that he want to collect the hearts,Make him to do so and earn points.
Walk through your school, flirt with all the boys and score points.
The weather is just wonderful, so perfect for a nice sunbathing session on the beach and....a flirting session, too! This sweet looking beach girl here has put on her most stylish bathing suit and her loveliest charms and is ready to flirt! Since competition is so fierce and there are other pretty looking summer girls there ready to use their charms,too, start playing the flirt on the beach skills game and help her make all the boys fall madly in love with her!
Do you think you have what it takes to be the most popular and courted girl in school? Then it's time for you to learn some fun, helpful tips and tricks that will help you charm all the boys in school and make your own big fun club, too! Let this gorgeous teen girl teach you all of her seduction secrets, while playing the charming school skill girl game, and make sure those rivals don't stand a chance of making all those boys fall in love with them instead!
What are the odds that he should be the "Oneâ€, that this should be the perfect love match? Well, it's time to put am end to all of your mind-consuming questions and find out for sure whether Cupid has meant for you to be the perfect couple, for now your have the love test fun girl game to check your compatibility with. Have fun!
Do you believe in love at the first sight? Well if you do, you have come to the right place! Play this speed dating game and find a perfect match for the 6 single boys and girls. Yeah right, you are Cupid!
Sue fell in love recently, and her boyfriend always picks her up home from work. But this time he comes earlier. He stands outside of Sue�s office and gives her a phone. This is an exciting movement for there�re many others to interfere. They must avoid not to be watched. Help them make a successful phone and enjoy yourself.
Can you sneak a kiss while your boss is not looking?
Select a perfect dress for this couple on their romantic wedding proposal setting.
Can you build up your points and levels so that you can date the girls? Can you get the girl?
Help Pico's son in the future exist. How? Guide Pico to make a move to his future wife Nene so Pico Jr. could exist. Pico has 75 days to make a move on Nene and Nene must agree to go to the dance at the end of the 75 days. Now, make good use of all your charm and wits to win Nene's heart. Good luck!
You are now a member of Hotgamesforgirls.com!
You'll find more kinds of funny games here,
enjoy yourself!

subset: commoncrawl


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I was practicing piano in a practice room at Granoff when the light somehow went out, and I enjoyed a few moments of unconstrained playing in the darkness.
Black and white keys
Light out -
Fingers set free.
This week's discussion is our last on the order of here-and-now, and personally I find that I learned two things that are particularly noteworthy: one is a wrap-up of the structure itself, and the other is the proper way to write poems like Bashō did. Concerning the order of here-and-now, Professor Inouye's matching of "isolation" with pre-modern, "similarity" with modern, and "diversity" with post-modern particularly strikes me as informative (Lecture 02/25.) I have previously learned from Japanese literature and film that the post-modern is indeed a return to the pre-modern, and now I see that this return also is a return to the world of samsara out of compassion, or "awakening to the high and returning to the low" (Inouye 80.) Secondly, this week is also a fruitful one for me concerning poem writing. Bashō's poems flow from "the traditional impulse to identify with one's surroundings," generalizing and effacing the self (Inouye 76-77.) At the same time, the self, a modern concept, also reveals Bashō's personal relationship with the outside world (Inouye 78.) The following poem best exemplifies these two tendencies of Bashō's: "Even woodpeckers / Do not harm this little hut / Perched in summer trees" (Bashō 39.) This poem is apparently selfless; yet his unmistakably personal feelings for his teacher come effusing from the book once we learn the circumstances for the poem's composition. As I think back on how I have been writing poems for this course, I realize that at times I tend to assert my thoughts and emotions unnecessarily, which may in fact prevent my readers from feeling the poem for themselves. I believe that from now on I will write better poems.
- Zesheng Xiong (George)


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Reviewed Soy Glazed Green Beans
Dec 15, 2011 in Food Network Community Toolbox on FoodNetwork.com
"I just love this recipe!! I actually hate canned green beans but fresh, they're fantastic! Thank you Guy!!"""
Reviewed Glam Mac and Cheese
Oct 29, 2011 in Recipes on Cooking Channel
"Oh my gosh!! Fantastic!! My husband (bless his heart) doesn't quite yet understand why we go through "so much process" but he loves it anyway....! hahahaha... Thank you Lorraine for another wonderful recipe!!"""
Reviewed Lady and Sons Chicken Pot Pie
Oct 4, 2011 in Food Network Community Toolbox on FoodNetwork.com
"I love this recipe but yes, the first I made it, it was way... too salty because of the soup base... Now I cheat and use Cream of Chicken soup! It still tastes fantastic but a little bit easier and no need for a roux! I use it for a quickie chicken and dumplings also...."""


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Sorel® Mens' "Caribou" Cold Weather Boot
Highly regarded for keeping feet warm and dry in the worst conditions, the waterproof Caribou leather boot from Sorel offers both function and fashion.
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- Featured in Brown
- Waterproof nubuck leather upper
- Seam-sealed waterproof construction
- Removable 9mm ThermoPlus™ felt InnerBoot
- Sherpa Pile™ snow cuff
- 25mm bonded felt frost plug
- Handcrafted waterproof vulcanized rubber shell
- Sorel® AeroTrac™ non-loading outsole
- Shaft Height: 10"
- Imported
This item cannot be gift boxed.
This item should only be returned to the warehouse from which it was originally shipped.
Use the pre-addressed return shipping label attached to the packing slip included with your shipment. In the event that you have misplaced your packing slip, this product should be sent to the address below:
The Bon-Ton Stores, Inc.
ATTN: Returns
1340 Dayton-Yellow Springs Road
Fairborn, OH 45324
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F-1 and J-1 students who are eligible to work on-campus and have been offered an on campus job, can apply for a Social Security Number (SSN). Students can start working before the get a SSN, but they need to apply for a Social Security card immediately and report this number to the USF Student Employment office within 45days of beginning employment.
To apply for a Social Security card students need to have their on-campus supervisor complete a form confirming that they have been offered a position on-campus. The supervisor will need to print this form on letterhead, complete it and sign it. Students should bring the completed letter to ISSS for an ISSS advisor to review.
Once ISSS has complete the review and issued a signed letter, students can bring it along with the other needed documents in-person to the Social Security Administration. For complete details about this application process download this form for F-1 students, and this form for J-1 students.
Not working on campus and still need a Social Security Card? If you are a student who has been approved for Optional Practical Training you should use your I-20 and Employment Authorization Document (EAD card) in place of the ISSS Work Authorization form. For students who have been approved for Curricular Practical Training you should use your I-20 instead of the ISSS Work Authorization form. J-1 students who are approved for Academic Training, can use the DS-2019 instead of the ISSS Work Authorization form.
*IMPORTANT: Please note that Social Security Numbers do not grant work authorization. You will need to make sure you are authorized to work before beginning any employment, whether or not you already have a Social Security Number.
International Student and Scholar ServicesCenter for Global Education University of San FranciscoUniversity Center 5th Floor 2130 Fulton Street San Francisco, CA 94117-1080Tel: +1 (415) 422-2654Fax: +1 (415) 422-2412Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Like ISSS on Facebook to receive info on workshops, upcoming events, job opportunities, and announcements


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Hi there,
I used to set my Atheros wireless card as an Ap in Ubuntu 12.04 with hostapd package and success.
Now I need to set my Atheros wireless card as an Ap in Ubuntu 13.10 with hostapd package.
I found that error:Code:sudo hostapd -B /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf
Configuration file: /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf
nl80211: Failed to set interface wlan0 into AP mode
nl80211 driver initialization failed.
Is that Ubuntu 13.10 linux doesn't support for the nl80211 driver, or could I use other way to resolve this problem?
Thanks for your suggestion!


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EON SHENTON rises at the coveted site of 70 Shenton Way, illuminating the Tanjong Pagar waterfront with its majestic grandeur. Here in the Central Business District, each and every angle gives rise to international recognition and promises impressive city and sea views that extend towards the waterfront bungalows of Sentosa. Interweaving both residential and commercial spaces seamlessly, it is the epitome of work, live and play. The world is truly at EON SHENTON, an address that everyone recognises.
At EON SHENTON, your ownership is not just an office. It's your life. You will see a huge different starting from your very day here. Be pampered by the convenience of being close to everywhere. Own the beautiful views of the city everyday and night from your exclusive unit that boasts a 4.8m high ceiling. And indulge in the luxury of high-end finishes and fittings within your working space. Let your world begin here at EON SHENTON.
Official Website: http://www.eonshentonsg.com


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Let them Eat Tofu! Tags: Politics
Letter to my Congressional Representative Dear Sir: I urge you and all the Representatives of Texas to strongly oppose H.R. 1022, the renewal and expansion of the assault weapons ban. H.R. 1022 goes much further than its predecessor to extend to semi-auto shotguns and their receivers! Please oppose H.R. 1022 on our behalf. H.R. 1096 […]
Machine Gun Auction
Category: Guns | Comments Off
Traction Control has entered a bid! Should A FELLOW TEXAN prevail, Traction Control's proprietor offers a no-fee FFL transfer. (The BATFE tax will still be $200). I hope we see more of these transfer opportunities in the future so that we can highlight the legal aspects of private machine gun ownership. Contact me through the […]
Vote Tancredo
Category: Politics | Comments Off
From Lastango at Daily Pundit: Vote Tancredo Today Tom Tancredo is asking for support in the voting at an online poll. Also, the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review has an article about Tancredo's candidacy. It includes this bit: "(Tancredo) has very little chance to secure the nomination because you have some big names in the primary," says pollster […]
CPU Drag Races: Overclocking
Category: Uncategorized | Comments Off
Laptop Drag Races! Acer Ferrari 1000 (Source Link):
With blame and scorn to Carolyn McCarthy, a Democratic Representative from New York, we have a bill to "reauthorize the assault weapons ban, and for other purposes." If you can believe it, H.R. 1022 goes much further than the Clinton Gun Ban of 1994 did. Also there is no 10-year expiration in H.R. 1022. A […]
Headline Summaries: Border Security
Category: Border Security | Comments Off
Headlines and quotes from all over (2/14/2007 – 2/22/2006): Hat tips up-front (in order of appearance) to missionaryman, Bill Quick, Lastango, Pamela, Patterico, DRJ, PoliPundit, John Robb, Hot Air.com, PowerLine, SondraK, Jihad Watch, Tammy Bruce, Kim du Toit, SeeDubya, and Publicola. 2/22/2007 Groups Seek Shutdown of Immigration Center Groups seek shutdown of Texas center for immigrant […]
Who knew? CLEO's and their designated procurement department representatives are invited to contact me via the Commercial site (See top of Sidebar) to upgrade their arsenals. All NFA rules apply. Police needing heavier weapons Chiefs cite spread of assault rifles By Kevin Johnson USA TODAY WASHINGTON — Law enforcement agencies across the country have been upgrading […]
House Roll Call on Iraq Measure
Category: GWOT, Politics, Support for Our Military | Comments Off
Includes 17 Republicans who decided to put a permanent end their political careers with a "Yes" vote.I oppose all 229 Democrats and the following 17 Republicans from this day forward in ANY capacity for failure to support our troops. I also question their patriotism. The list of the disgraceful republicans are below the fold:
Dennis Miller, tonight on O'Reilly (Fox News) says this should be a bumper sticker. Me too. I hope Tom Tancredo has time to kill some terrorists before the elections. Tags: Politics
(Click for LARGE image) When you care enough to only send the very best (down-range), the John Moses Browning designed M2's from FN Herstal are widely considered the ultimate heavy machine gun. "… the M2/M3 series are simple, highly reliable, extremely effective guns that adapt to a range of battlefield roles." – FNH USA Tags: […]
Traction Control address Modification
Category: Admin Notes | Comments Off
While the old links to Traction Control are still valid, I've setup the blog in a subdomain. The new addy is: TractionControl.Well-RegulatedMilitia.org Tags: Software
I Survived Vista! (I think.)
Category: Uncategorized | 4 Comments
Traction Control does a clean install of Vista Ultimate – eliminating all partitions and upgrading new video drivers. Elapsed time: 1 hour, 19 minutes. No biggie. The previous thread about the Dell Customer Service Countdown Clock went nowhere. Mr. Dell, so far you owe me $432.99 for failure to deliver the products I purchased four months […]
Link: Armed America
Category: Gun Stuff | Comments Off
Portraits of Gun Owners in their Homes Photographs by Kyle Cassidy Some interesting pics. Tags: Guns, Gun Pr0n
By Tony Long via Wired News 1840: Hiram Maxim, inventor of the machine gun, is born. Although multi-shot weapons existed in one form or another for centuries, Maxim's gun, which made its debut in 1881, is considered the first true machine gun. The key to the Maxim gun was that it eliminated the need for hand […]
The combined standings for the 2006 Season are in!
For those Stephen Hunter fans, Shooter is scheduled to appear in theaters on March 16, 2007 (now) March 23, 2007. The Director of Training Day brings us the story of Bob Swagger's expertise with long range riflery being used to defend against an assassination attempt. Based on the Stephen Hunter's excellent novel Point of Impact. […]
Gun Pr0n – M1 Garand
Category: Guns, Pr0n | 2 Comments
The Civilian Marksmanship Program (The CMP) is planning to offer a large lot of M1 Carbines for sale as early as March 1, 2007. The next update is expected February 16 – 18, 2007. Mark the link, and while you are waiting, you can shop the rest of the site, for, as an example this […]
Headline Summaries: Border Security
Category: Border Security | Comments Off
Headlines and quotes from all over (1/24/2007 – 2/2/2006): 2/2/2007 Hunter's Promise Duncan Hunter: ""As president, I will complete the border fence in six months."… Rep.: Congress to Review Authority of Border Agents Congress will revisit the amount of enforcement authority Border Patrol agents are permitted following the conviction and imprisonment of two former agents […]


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Become our Sicily Travel Expert
We are looking for contributors for our Sicily travel guide. If you are a local, a regular traveller to Sicily or a travel professional with time to contribute and answer occasional forum questions, please contact us.
iExplore designs made-to-order, privately-guided adventure tours to Italy and over 200 other world wonders. Come Back Different!


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Bond redemption funds of a public hospital district may not be invested.
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
November 18, 1957
Honorable Walter J. Deierlein, Jr.Prosecuting AttorneySkagit CountyMount Vernon, Washington Cite as: AGO 57-58 No. 132
Dear Sir:
In your letter of October 11, 1957, previously acknowledged, you ask the following question:
"May the County Treasurer legally invest money of the special fund established to redeem the General Obligation Bonds of a Public Hospital District in government securities when requested to do so by the directors of the Public Hospital district?"
We answer your question in the negative.
As a municipal corporation a public hospital district has only the powers conferred upon it by statute. State ex rel. Clausen v. Burr, 65 Wash. 524; State ex rel. Cornell v. Smith, 149 Wash. 173; City of Aberdeen v. National Surety Co., 151 Wash. 55.
An examination of chapter 70.44 RCW, which authorizes such hospital districts, discloses neither express nor implied authority for the investment of their bond redemption funds. The only statutory provision relative to the handling and [[Orig. Op. Page 2]] disposition of district funds is found in RCW 70.44.170, which provides as follows:
"The treasurer of the county in which a district is situated shall be the treasurer of the district, and all funds of the district shall be paid to him as such treasurer and shall be disbursed by him on warrants drawn and signed by an auditor appointed by the commission, upon order of or vouchers approved by the commission.
"The treasurer shall create a fund for the district, to be known as public hospital district fund, into which shall be paid all money received by him from the collection of taxes in behalf of the district, and he shall maintain such other special funds as created by the commission, into which shall be placed such moneys as the commission may by resolution direct. All district funds shall be deposited with the county depositaries under the same restrictions, contracts, and security as are provided for county depositaries, and all interest collected thereon shall belong to the district."
It is therefore our conclusion that a county treasurer may not invest moneys of the special fund established to redeem the general obligation bonds of a public hospital district in government securities.
We trust that the foregoing satisfactorily answers your inquiry.
Very truly yours,
JOHN J. O'CONNELLAttorney General
FRANKLIN K. THORPAssistant Attorney General


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Tom (Top Gun Pilot) next to his F-4 Phantom Jet circa early 1970′s
My boss, mentor and friend Tom McLaughlin passed away somewhat unexpectedly on Sunday after losing his battle with cancer. He was 63. He was the President/CEO and Partner of our company, Teamworks. I have learned so much about him and even more so about myself in the past week, that it will take me some time to organize and reflect upon my thoughts.
I worked closely with a hero the last 5 years (have known him for 15) and never knew it…and he wanted it that way. In a world where its all about what I can do, look at me, I have this, his life was SO uncommon because it was exactly the opposite; and what a blessing to have known a man that lived that way. I am truly better for it. Below are some things I learned about Tom THIS week:
- He graduated Magna Cum Laude from Yale where he played varsity football
- Is an American Hero representing us with uncommon valor in battle
- Finished 1st in his Top Gun Flight School class
- Appeared on the cover of TIME Magazine at 25 years old representing the Man of the Year issue
- Graduated from Harvard Business School with his MBA, he played Rugby for the Business School
- Built several very successful businesses, including ours at Teamworks…
- Always put us (his employees and families) ahead of the business/bottom line
- He coached, played and loved sports with a passion believing in their ability to shape youth and people to become better human beings
- He will be buried in Arlington National Cemetery
What an amazing man! His life, and his passing, has taught me a lot about what it should mean to be one…among other things, service, humility, honor and the pursuit of personal excellence without ever telling anyone about it…that was Tom.
We will miss him, I will never forget him.
I pray that you would be fortunate enough to know someone like Tom, and that his story (or that someone) helps you reconnect with what matters most to you in life…your talents are too great, and this life is too short, to live it otherwise.
God Bless you Tom, rest in peace.


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Published 06/08/2013 12:00 AM
Updated June 10. 2013 4:11PM
Seniors from ten local high schools reflect their time in school, graduation day, and what the future may hold.
Senior Profiles: Grasso student faces crash course in growing up
Waterford senior, family had to adjust to mom's illness
Ledyard senior, an 'amazing person,' inspires classmates
Stonington senior on a roll toward goals
Yale-bound Williams School senior combines diverse interests
East Lyme senior isn't waiting for his dream to come true: 'You have to fight for it'
St. Bernard senior looks ahead to stint as Peace Corps doctor
Senior Profiles: Norwich Tech student hopes for future that takes the cake
New London Police union asks for ouster of police community relations member over letter
Groton police charge man in attempted stabbing of officer
Three charged after heroin discovered in Mohegan Sun hotel room
Gunshot victim takes the stand at Vega murder trial
Blumenthal, Murphy stump for 'clean' homeland security funding
Submarines that go nowhere
Police say DNA links Norwich man to 2009 assault and rape
Bernese mountain dog likes to visit the young and the old
Dominion shows off new emergency operations center
Blumenthal, Murphy view snow cleanup efforts in New London, Norwich
Blizzard time lapse: downtown New London
Highlights: New London 72, Ledyard 70
New London's Parker approaching 400 career wins
Blizzard time lapse: drifting snow in Waterford
UConn scholarship a dream come true for Cespedes
Can Pats fans really handle the truth now?
Climate change upheaval seen brewing in atmosphere, oceans
A chance to answer my fans
Blizzard is coming, and it's a big one
Malloy tours snow-shrouded Stonington


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Beat – One-Page HTML5 Music & Band Template
Beat it's a unique one-page HTML5 Template, especially designed & developed for bands, music events and any kind of performers linked to the music and dance industry like DJ's, singers, musicians and dance groups.This template offers a lot of useful features that will help your work stand out from the crowd. With Beat Template you will find a Social Feed Grid that show the latest tweets, Instagram photos and news; Events location map (integrated with google maps); Event Countdown; audio player; video and image gallery; unique product slider to sell your merchandise products; news/blog page; contact form and much more!
Sales Page & Demo :
Download :


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In order to insure that we are providing a healthy environment for our children, we have established the following wellness policy. Below are guidelines for you to follow if your child is ill.
If your child shows any of the following signs of illness, your child must be kept at home:
- Temperature of 101 or higher
- Questionable rash
- Vomiting and/or diarrhea
- Reddened, runny eyes
- Any communicable diseases (mumps, rubella, measles, etc.)
- Any serious injury
Please call the Center as soon as possible if you are keeping your child home due to illness.
Prescription medication may be given only upon written order of a physician stating that the child care provider may administer such medication and specifying the circumstances, if any, under which the medication must not be administered, and accompanied by written instructions from the parent.
Prescription medication must be in the original container and labeled with the child's complete name, the medication name, recommended dosage, time intervals for administration, method of administration, expiration date and prescribed name and license number. Such medications will be stored according to the instructions on the label, kept beyond the reach of children and returned to the parent when no longer needed.
Please see the Director or Program Coordinator for the necessary medication administration paperwork
Over the counter medication may be given on an infrequent, non-routine basis under written instructions from the parent, provided such instructions are consistent with the directions on the manufacture's label. If a child develops symptoms which indicate a need for an over the counter medication while in care at the Center, such medication may be given under oral instructions from the parent for that day only. The provider will document that oral approval was given by the parent. Topical ointments may be applied as needed for protection against the sun or diaper rash under parental instructions.
Over the counter medications must be in the original container with the manufacturer's label and directions for administration. Such medication must be labeled with the child's complete name, stored according to the instructions on the label, kept beyond the reach of children and returned to the parent when no longer needed.
Please see the Director or Program Coordinator for the necessary medication administration paperwork.


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Photos from the 2014 Foundation Scholarship Banquet
The Foundation was formed in 1977 as a non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation to raise and administer funds to support the mission and enhance the growth and development of Jackson State. Foundation funding provides for scholarships, programs, capital improvements, equipment and facilities, and other projects for which institutional funds are either not available or are in short supply.
The mission of the Jackson State Community College Foundation is to raise funds, develop friendships and provide futures.
Our purpose is to raise funds to provide access to higher education and workforce development training to all qualified West Tennesseans. Our goal is to never turn a potential student away for financial reasons or because of inadequate facilities.
Please take a moment to explore the links that appear on this page to find out more about Jackson State and our development programs. The information contained here is not comprehensive. If you need further details simply contact our office via any of the methods listed below. We look forward to hearing from you!
Title | Name | Position |
Chair | Cary Vaughn | CEO/President, Love Worth Finding |
Secretary | Reggie Smith | Owner, Town & Country Realtors |
Title | Name | Position |
Exec. Director | Dee Henderson | Director, Development and Alumni Relations, JSCC |
Treasurer | Horace Chase | Vice President for Financial & Administrative Affairs, JSCC |
Bobby Smith | Vice President for Student Services, JSCC |
Name | Company/Affiliation | County |
Chris Allison | The Allison Insurance Group, Inc. | Madison |
James W. Ayers | Owner/Chairman, First Bank | Decatur |
Richard Ayers | CFO, Jones Companies | Gibson |
Allen Barker | Citizen | Gibson |
Bruce Blanding, Ph.D. | President, Jackson State Community College | Madison |
Tracy Chism | Vice President, Trustmark National Bank | Shelby |
Tony Emison, M.D. | Regional Director, Jackson-Madison County Health Department | Madison |
Patty Easley | Assistant Professor, JSCC | Madison |
Lowe Finney | Attorney - Spragins, Barnett and Cobb; State of Tennessee Senator | Madison |
Floyd Flippin | Attorney, Flippin and Atkins | Gibson |
Jonas Kisber | Tennessee Board of Regents | Madison |
Randy McKinnon | President, TLM Associates, Inc. | Chester |
Neta B. McKnight | Retired, Radiography Dept., Jackson State | Madison |
Walter Nelms, Ph.D. | Retired President, Jackson State | Madison |
Paul Phelan | Manager of Government Relations-West, Tennessee Valley Authority | Madison |
Reggie Smith | Owner, Town & Country Realtors | Madison |
Cary Vaughn | CEO/President, Love Worth Finding Ministries | Shelby |


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Jackson Davis Collection of
African American Educational Photographs
Explanation of Database Topics and Organizations
Below are definitions of various topics and organizations that are mentioned in the Jackson Davis database.
Country Life Movement
The Country Life Movement took place across the United States in the early part of the twentieth century. The movement was a widespread and eclectic mixture of rural nostalgia, a desire to make agriculture more efficient and profitable, humanitarianism, and economic self-interest. The industrial revolution of the late nineteenth century contributed greatly to the decline of the farm population. By 1910, less than one-third of the United States' population was involved in agriculture. Spurred by a desire to rebuild the attractiveness of rural life, a conglomeration of academics, government employees, country-dwellers, capitalists, and reformers tried to increase the popularity and efficiency of country living.
Bailey, L.H., The Country Life Movement in the United States. (New York: MacMillan, 1911.
Bowers, William. The Country Life Movement in America, 1900-1920. (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kinnekat Press, 1974.)
Demonstration Farming
The General Education Board's (GEB) farm demonstration program grew out of Wallace Buttrick's 1905 observation that "the fundamental problem of the South is the recovery of the fertility of the soil." Southern farmers, both white and black, the GEB discovered, had no knowledge of modern farming techniques. Because most of these farmers were also illiterate, the GEB saw no value in printing how-to manuals for the farmers. They instead decided to sponsor demonstration agents who toured the south teaching farmers to use modern techniques. While farmers were at first skeptical of changing their agricultural methods, the success of these demonstrations won converts and "modern" farming slowly spread through the rural south. As a result, the GEB found communities with improved farming revenues more willing to build schools and to sponsor educational programs in their regions.
Fosdick, Raymond B. Adventure in Giving: The Story of the General Education Board. (New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1962.)
General Education Board
The General Education Board grew out of a movement initiated by both southern white educators and northern philanthropists, aimed at improving the educational system in the South. In 1901 a group of these men commenced a Pullman train tour of the South. Upon their arrival in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, the members of this tour attended a public meeting, the Fourth Conference for Education in the South. Also present at the meeting was Governor Charles B. Aycock, a white supremacist and ardent advocate of the disenfranchisement of the black vote and universal public education for both whites and blacks. During the conference, the men of education and philanthropists agreed upon the need to establish and execute a regional campaign for universal public schooling. They created the Southern Education Board and the General Education Board, both charged with implementation of this goal. John D, Rockefeller had been one of the distinguished guests on the Pullman tour and was instrumental in the creation of the General Education Board. In 1902, he provided one million dollars for it first endowment and continued to appropriate large sums of financial support in the subsequent years. Members of the General Education Board subscribed to the belief that agricultural and industrial training was the foundation of an educational system for African-Americans. Unsurprisingly, General Samuel C. Armstrong of the Hampton Institute and Booker T. Washington served as the General Education Board�s example for the rest of the southern educational establishment for African- Americans. This philosophy evolved out of the fundamental belief that African-Americans were incapable of acquiring a comparable education to their white counterparts.
Anderson, James D. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1930. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.)
Home Makers Clubs
Home Makers Clubs were an outgrowth of the efforts of the General Education Board and the Jeanes Fund to promote industrial training for girls in southern rural, African-American schools. Supervising teachers were instructed to cooperate with local farm-demonstration agents and to create clubs of African-American girls, whom they assumed would be home makers in the future, to plant gardens of vegetables and fruits for winter use. Members in these Home Maker groups also received instruction in sewing, canning and cooking. They frequently put on exhibitions of their goods at local schools and other public facilities.
Davis, Jackson. "Practical Training in Negro Rural Schools." The Southern Workman (42 December 1913: 657-71.)
Indian Mission School, Amherst, Virginia
The surviving descendents of the Monacan Native American tribe center their tribal life around Bear Mountain, Virginia, which traditionally has been an important spiritual site and burial ground. One plot of land, named after nearby Falling Rock Creek, has a special connection to the education of the tribe's children. Just after the turn of the twentieth century, Reverend Arthur Gray II, a University of Virginia graduate, opened an Episcopal mission at Falling Rock to offer schooling and religious services to the Monacan families who had remained in the area. Initially, a lone log cabin, seen in several of the photographs, stood as the mission's only major non-residential building and was used for school lessons, prayer sessions and meetings. The small structure, which was originally only 16' x 18', was soon extended in size and reserved mostly for school use by Gray. After Gray left in 1910, Episcopal deaconesses took over the administration of the mission and built new facilities, including a new schoolhouse in 1922. The school offered primarily an elementary-level curriculum and was kept open until the early 1960s when several Monacans successfully petitioned to have their children attend public schools in the wake of desegregation. The white frame church seen in several of the photographs was constructed shortly after the mission was founded, but was burnt to the ground in 1930. It was replaced with a close replica that still stands today.
Houck, Peter W. and Maxham, Mintcy D. Indian Island in Amherst County. (Lynchburg: Warwick House Publishing, 1993.)
Industrial Education
In the early twentieth century, pressure from northern philanthropy groups forced southerners to address, albeit often in a very limited manner, the needs of African-American education. The white communitity, believing in the limited intellectual capabilities of African-Americans, embraced the teaching methods of the Tuskegee and Hampton Institutes, also known as "industrial training." The philosophy of industrial training asserted that African Americans only needed to learn basic skills and good work habits in order to fulfill their educational needs and to improve their lives. This teaching method did not prepare African-American students for entry into higher education. Despite its racist undertones, however, many African-Americans used the industrial training system in order to secure better facilities and funding for their schools. Under the mantle of industrial education, they were able to train students in the liberal arts and to further the cause of African-American higher education.
Link, William A. Jackson Davis and the Lost World of Jim Crow Education.
Industrial Exhibits
African-American schools often held industrial exhibits to which they invited white county residents and state and private-foundation officials. These events allowed school teachers and administrators to display student-made products and farming methods, in the hope of increasing school funding. State and foundation representatives often awarded prizes for the best products as a way to encourage African-American children to pursue industrial training.
Anderson, James D. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.)
Jackson Davis in Africa
Jackson Davis took two trips to Africa during the 1930s and 1940s. In 1935, he travelled as a Carnegie visitor. During that trip, Davis attended the Inter-Territorial Jeanes Conference in Salisbury, Rhodesia. Davis and many of his collegues believed that the successful Jeanes teaching work in the American South could be replicated throughout Africa. The second trip, in 1944, was sponsored by the Foreign Missions Conference of North America, the British Conference of Missions, and the Phelps-Stokes Fund, and resulted in the publication of Davis's book, Africa Advancing. With a small team, Davis travelled throughout West Africa and the Belgian Congo to study missionary attempts at teaching Africans modern agricultural techniques and general education. Davis believed that Africa, as an "uncivilized" territory, held great potential for advancement, as long as the Africans were given the "proper" training. Davis remained committed to the African cause for the remainder of this life; at the time of his death he was president of the board of trustees of Booker T. Washington Institute in Libera, president of the New York State Colonization Society, and a member of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation and of the Advisory Committee on Education in Liberia
Davis, Jackson, et al., Africa Advancing. (New York: Friendship Press, 1945.)
Jim Crow
"Jim Crow" was a minstrel character first performed by Thomas Dartmouth Rice in 1828. In his show, Rice, a white man, painted his face black and impersonated an African American. This impersonation, intended for white audiences, perpetuated stereotypes of African-American intellectual inferiority and their inability to relate to white society. Over time, "Jim Crow" became an ephitet to characterize all African Americans. As such, Jim Crow laws, which were validated by the United States's ruling in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, were laws that mandated the "separate but equal" social separation of blacks and whites.
Named after Dr. Maria Montessori, the first Italian woman to obtain a medical degree, the Montessori method of education, today and in the past, stresses the creation of a supportive learning environment to encourage each child to learn at his or her individual pace. Montessori developed her method after finding that the principles that she applied to working with handicapped and socially deprived children worked met with equal success in working with all children. As such, proponents of Montessori education believe that by giving a child freedom within a structured environment, the child can develop to his or her fullest, both psychologically and physically.
Patron's Days
In the early twentieth century, "patron" was the term commonly used to refer to community members, business people, local government officials, and other individuals who contributed to the funding of local schools. Patrons and parents of school children had tremendous influence over the hiring and firing of teachers, the use of public and philanthropic school funds, the locations of schools, and the course of school consolidation. To foster community support for both white and African-American schools, public education and private foundation officals often arranged annual events like Patron's Days for students' families and the local community. Specifically, the purpose of these days was to display new facilities and the products or results of new curriculum programs in the hopes of garnering continued community support and funding.
Anderson, James. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1988.)
Link, William A. A Hard Country and a Lonely Place: Schooling, Society, and Reform in Rural Virginia, 1870-1920. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.)
Philanthropic Funds
Philanthropic foundations provided financial grants to schools throughout the American south. The administration and distribution of such funds brought men and women from all over the United States into frequent personal contact and promoted enlightened and sympathetic understanding of the South's educational problems following the Reconstruction period. Often, several philanthropic foundations cooperated to provide more aid across a wider area. For example, the Rosenwald Fund would provide money for county buildings or school bus transportation; the General Education Board would give aid towards procuring modern equipment; the Slater Fund would subsidize a vocational teacher; and the Jeanes Fund would provide a supervisor for remote rural community programs. State agents were responsible for coordinating cooperative programs between foundations.
- Peabody Fund (1867)
The Peabody Education Fund was the first multi-million dollar education foundation in America. In 1867, George F. Peabody, a successful investment banker, entrusted large sums of money in to a Board of Trustees to be administrated "for the welfare of the suffering South" through the education of white and black students. He specified that his gift be used "not for the college education of some gentlemen, but for elementary education to children of the common people." The Peabody Fund employed a general agent in the South who was responsible for determining how the money could best be used. Most important, the fund's money was used to encourage the establishment of state systems of free schools. In order to further this mission, the fund's agents also worked to swing public opinion in support of taxation to support schools and urged the formation of state teachers associations and normal schools. Before the fund closed in 1910, it cooperated in the employment of the first state agents in southern African-American schools.
- Slater Fund (1882)
John F. Slater of Norwich, Connecticut, sought to repeat the educational benefits to the South that had been gained from the wise administration of the Peabody Fund. In 1882, he committed one million dollars to a Board of Trustees for the "furthering of Negro education," particularly on the secondary and college levels. As such, the Slater Fund became the first philanthropy in the United States devoted specifically to the education of African-Americans. Grants from the Slater Fund helped to develop private African-American colleges and four-year high schools, stimulated the spread of vocational and industrial training, and helped to originate the idea of county training schools. Slater also set the precedent for public reporting by foundations, instructing his trustees to distribute an annual printed description of their work to the Library of Congress and state libraries.
- Anna T. Jeanes Foundation (1907)
In 1907, Anna T. Jeanes's will appointed Booker T. Washington and Hollis B. Frissell as trustees of an endowment fund worth $1 million for "the purpose of assisting in the Southern United States, Community, Country or Rural Schools, for that great class of Negros, to whom the smaller Rural or Community Schools are alone available..." Miss Jeanes specified that the endowment was to be used solely for "the assistance of Rural, Community, or Country Schools for Southern Negros, and not for the benefit or use of large Institutions, but for the purpose of rudimentary education and to encourage moral influence and social refinement which shall promote peace in the land, and good will among men." In accordance with conventional thought in the early twentieth century, the trustees believed that teaching practical skills to African-Americans was much more desirable than teaching the traditional liberal arts. As such, the Fund for Rudimentary Schools for Southern Negroes, commonly known as the Jeanes Fund, came to provide money for industrial training throughout the south. Specifically, the Jeanes Fund supported a cadre of industrial teachers who traveled from school to school in the rural South teaching subjects such as sewing, canning, basketry and woodworking.
- Jeanes Teachers
In 1908, Jackson Davis sent a letter to to the Board of Trustees of the Jeanes Endowment to request funding for the salaries of two traveling industrial teachers in Henrico County, Virginia. Later that year, Virginia Estelle Randolph became the first offical Jeanes teacher. Following Randolph's example, Jeanes teachers throughout the south traveled to rural schools to help the regular teachers with their duties. They also taught simple industrial skills such as sewing, canning, basketry and woodworking; raised money for numerous building needs, school materials and salary supplements; held meetings; distributed supplies and generally promoted the welfare of the African Americans in the school and in their larger communities. In order to improve the rural, Southern education system, the Jeanes Teacher program promoted schemes for the building or renovating of schools, visited homes in order to enlist help from parents and to increase school attendance, fostered health talks to promote good hygiene and cleanliness, and introduced more effective ways of teaching school subjects.
- Julius Rosenwald Fund (1917)
In 1914, Julius Rosenwald announced that he, through the Tuskegee Institute, would give aid toward the building of 100 rural African-American schools in Alabama over a three-year period of time. Rosenwald's offer to Booker T. Washington came with the condition that the state department of education, local school officials, and good citizens, both white and black, would cooperate in the program. The success of the Tuskegee experiment led Rosenwald to incorporate his fund in 1917. The Rosenwald Fund provided aid for state agents to build modern schools for thousands of rural African-American communities. In all, the fund provided for the building of 5,358 rural African-American schools in fifteen southern states. The Virginia Randolph Fund (1937) In 1936, the Jeanes Teachers established a memorial fund to honor the first Jeanes Teacher, Virginia Randolph of Henrico County, Virginia. Randolph's committment to teaching had served as a successful model for the Jeanes Program as a whole. For the fund, which was considered as a supplement to the Jeanes Fund, each Jeanes Teacher was asked to raise $50 from her community. The money was set aside "for the promotion of the ideas and ideals typified by Miss Randolph."
- Phelps-Stokes Fund
The Phelps-Stokes Fund was established in 1909 by the will of Caroline Phelps Stokes, a New York woman with a special interest in African-American education. The fund was committed to providing money to African-American schools in the American South and to the promotion of interracial copperation. The Phelps-Stokes Fund is best known for its work in connection with Africa. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, the fund sent American educators, including Jackson Davis in 1944, to Africa. The purpose of these trips was to help American educators better understand the origins of African Americans and to promote American forms of education to help civilize African natives.
Dillard. James H. et al. Twenty Year Report of the Phekps-Stokes Fund, 1911-1931. New York City: The Phelps-Stokes Fund, 1933.
Wright, Arthur D. The Negro Rural School Fund, Inc. (Anna T. Jeanes Foundation) 1907-1933. Washington, D.C.: Phelps-Stokes Fund, 1933.
Jones, Lance G.E. The Jeanes Teacher in the United States. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937.)
Smith, S. L. Builders of Goodwill. (Nashville: Tennessee Book Company, 1950.)
Rural Life Week
Rural Life Week was an education exhibition held at the Rotunda of the University of Virginia in 1912 (and possibly other years). The records of the Southern Education Board indicate that Jackson Davis presented a display at the 1912 event. The exhibition was held so that public school teachers and members of the Virginia Co-operative Education Association, a branch of the National Congress of Parents and Teachers, could learn about successful teaching methods in rural environments.
Douglas (?). Letter to Mrs. B.B. Munford c/o Mrs. Adam Pottle. 26 July 1912. Southern Education Board Records. Series 1.2, Folder 29. Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
State Agents/General Education Board Field Agents
in the first decade of the twentieth century, Dr. Hollis Frissell, principal of the Hampton Institute in Virginia, decided that a special state agent was needed to oversee the African- American schools in the state. Frissell asked the Peabody Education Fund to provide funds to pay the salary and expenses of the special agent as a new, experimental aspect of the Virginia State Department of Education. Jackson Davis, the Superintendent of Henrico County, was the first individual appointed to this post. His success in raising awarenesss about the needs of African-American schools in Virginia led the General Education Board to sponsor such agents throughout the south. The state agents, along with their assistants, toured their states extenisvely, inspecting already-established schools and encouraging the construction of new schools. Their ultimate goal was to bring industrial education to all African-American communities. In 1916, the General Education Board appointed Davis as their the general field agent. In this capacity, Davis was responsible for coordinating the policies and activites of state agents throughout the south. His tireless work as general field agent led members of the General Education Board to nickname Davis the "dean of state agents."
Smith, S.L. Builders of Goodwill. (Nashville: Tennessee Book Company, 1950.)
Stingray Conferences
Stingray Conferences were informal meetings of the leaders of various philanthropic organizations that first took place in 1932 at the Virginia summer home of Dr. Jackson Davis. Davis's house, on the west shore of the Chesapeake Bay, reportedly was close to the place where Captain John Smith had an encounter with a stingray; thus, the appellation "stingray." Davis called the conference, an annual event through 1943, so that these leaders could consult with one another regarding the future direction of Southern education. In addition to two two-hour meetings a day on educational issues, those men who attended the conference also spent time swimming, fishing, boating, walking, and eating.
Smith S. L. The Stingray Conferences. (Nashville, TN: 1954).
Records of the General Education Board. 586.1. (Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, N.Y.)
Southern Progressivism
In the late ninteenth and early twenieth centuries, American intellectuals developed a renewed faith in human progress. Known as Progressives, these men and women worked to reform society and to intervene, through bureaucratic means, in the lives of those less fortunate than themselves. Progressives fought, amongst other things, for prohibition, public health codes, universal public schooling, woman suffrage, and child labor laws. In the South, the large African-American and rural white population posed the largest hurdles for Progressives. Reformers like Jackson Davis firmly believed that progress could not be made in the South unless reform efforts were undertaken to lift African Americans and rural whites out of their unparalleled poverty. Southern Progressives made great strides in helping African Americans and rural whites to gain access to education, better agricultural methods, and the like. Largely paternalistic, these reformers believed that they knew what was best for the less fortunate classes, and often did not recognize that their work failed to remedy the deep structural problems in southern society. In addition, Southern Progressives, including Jackson Davis, did not challenge the South's "separate but equal" racial policy and therefore not challenge the deep-seated racism held throughout the South at this time.
Link, William A. The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880-1930. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1992.)
Teacher Training Schools
In the first decade of the twentieth century, northern philanthropists discovered the need for better trained African-American teachers for one-room schools throughout the rural south. In 1913, James Hardy DIllard, the head of the Slater Fund, decided that the establishment of county training schools would best solve this problem. Schools dedicated to training teachers soon spread throughout the South. Many training schools provided potential African-American teachers with only an eighth grade education. Additionally, not all of these schools were dedicated to training teachers and instead only taught an industrial curriculum.
Fosidck, Raymond B. Adventure in Giving: The Story of the General Education Board. (New York: Harper and Row, 1962.)
Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute
The Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute was founded in Petersburg, Virginia in 1882. The school's purpose was to train African-Americans from throughout Virginia to teach in the state's African-American schools. In 1902, the Virginia state legislature ended the school's collegiate affiliation. They decided, in other words, that the state did not need to support a liberal arts college for African Americans. Instead, the legislators mandated that the school focus exclusively on industrial training for African Americans. The men who attended the school were required to study agriculture for at least one year and the women had to take courses in gardening, cooking, sewing, handicraft, and housekeeping. In 1923, the school regained it collegiate status and in 1930 it was renamed the Virginia State College for Negroes. Today, the school is named Virginia State University.
Some Facts Concerning Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute, Petersburg, Virginia. (Ettrick, Va.? : Virginia Normal, 1917.)


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Grab a Friend and Sign Up to Knit Together!
Thinking about learning to knit? Sign up for a Knitting Basics class starting in September (Session 9 or 11) together with a friend and receive 50% off class fees (buy one get one free). All beginning knitters or knitters who have not knitted for a while and need a refresher are welcome!
To take advantage of this deal, both you and your friend must sign up together either in person or over the phone (277-1164). Purchases of all class supplies are required. Grab a friend, learn to knit, and make new friends in class!


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NEWTON's HOME PAGE
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Trains and Steam Engines
Name: Judith M. Status: Educator Age: 40s Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A
Are there any experiments about trains or steam engines?
I am teaching a 2 hr class for 5-11 year olds on trains and am looking for any experiments on steam engines, or anything else that I could tie into the study of trains. I have lots of the history and social impact but no experiments (which is what the kids really want!)
There are a number of companies that make model steam engines. They are rather expensive. The one I use in my demos is made by Jensen. If you do a web search, you will likely find suppliers for these.
If your budget does not allow this kind of investment, you might consider a Hero's engine. Designed in Alexandria in about 62AD, it is a demonstration of steam power (though not a steam engine). A drawing of the original can be found at
Models of it are available from science supply houses for about $25. Or build the economy (requires a pop can) from the drawings at
Good luck and full steam ahead.
Larry Krengel
Click here to return to the Engineering Archives
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One of my Facebook friends posted something about her Bucket List the other day.
You know, the things she wants to do before she kicks the bucket...
AND at the top of her list? Skydiving. And I gotta tell ya, I don't get it, because I have no desire. No. Desire.
She's MY. AGE. A GROWN-UP, for Pete's sake. And it occurred to me, not for the first time in my life, I might add, that compared to other people my age I'm sort of a grandma. I've always thought I should have lived in a different era...
...like the 1930s. I'm really drawn to things from the 1930s. The architecture. The Depression Glass. The Waltons. I loved that show as a kid...
So basically what I'm trying to say is, skydiving won't be on my bucket list. Wanna know what is? First of all, I want to love my husband and children and for them to know it. I want them to call me blessed someday.
But besides all that? 1. I want to learn how to sew.
I mean, I know it's not rocket science, and I did take Home Ec in Seventh Grade, but the last thing I created with a sewing machine was a Hunter Green floral valance for the window in my dorm room. If that gives you any indication of how long ago it's been...
I have grandiose ideas about sewing the bedding for the baby's room, but... I think it's safe to say a chronic case of A.D.D might prevent such.
2. I want to bake all my own bread. I love to bake. It's one of my favorite stress-relievers, and it makes the house smell so cozy and homey. And such a grandma thing to do.
4. I'd LOVE to know how to play the piano.
I sort of know how, but I'm not good at it. My mom taught me how to read music, my grandmother taught me which keys were which, I (mostly) taught myself a few songs, and I had about five minutes of real piano lessons before I got bored and refused to go anymore. I sold my piano last year, and I miss it.
My grandmother plays the piano in this dramatic silent-movie style. It's like nothing you've ever seen before. One day, I need to get a video. THAT is how I'd love to be able to play... like my grandmother.
5. I'd like to serve fresh vegetables at every meal. Prepared while wearing an apron. Yes. An apron. Because it's what my grandmother does.
6. Vegetables from my own garden, of course. We're off to a pretty good start. It's something I'd love to be really good at though.
7. And I want to learn how to can. Because I'm going to have an abundance of home-grown vegetables and I need to know what to do with them.
And I'm so proud to say... I canned my own purple-hull peas last week. I had no idea there are different processes, times, and temps to can depending on what it is you're canning... but I'm on my way.
I'll show you how it's done, but it's gonna have to wait until after the Early Bird special down at Luby's, and then of course I'll be going to bed at 7pm.
Definitely more appealing than jumping out of an airplane...
Pin It


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Lars von Trier's latest art-house provocation, Nymphomaniac: Volume I, is a dirty movie that isn't nearly as scandalous as it thinks it is. In fact, it's both exhausting and laughable in its eagerness to shock. That's the bad news. The worse news is that Volume II comes out next month.
The opening chapter begins with the brutal sight of a woman named Joe (Charlotte Gainsbourg) lying bruised and bloodied in an alley, where she's rescued by Seligman, a bookish bachelor played by Stellan Skarsgard. He takes her to his apartment to nurse her back to consciousness. When Joe comes to, she launches into the tale of how she arrived at her sad state, explicitly recounting her sexual history and quest for erotic liberation, or oblivion, or both. In a flashback to her carnal awakening (the teen Joe is played by French model Stacy Martin), we see her hook up with strangers on a train, among other places. Little is left to the imagination. As Joe numbly tells her story, she clearly wants to get a reaction out of her confessor (''I'm just a bad human being,'' she says fatalistically). But he doesn't judge her. Instead, he draws loopy connections between her exploits and fly-fishing, Bach, and Fibonacci number sequences, at which point my pretentiousness meter short-circuited. Shia LaBeouf pops up with a dodgy British accent as Joe's first love, and Uma Thurman is hysterically shrill as a cuckolded wife. But really, the star of the film is von Trier's own messy private demons, which he's decided to grapple with publicly instead of in a shrink's office. It's a shame, because he's capable of making great films, like 1996's Breaking the Waves. But now it's starting to feel like he's become a sad cinematic oxymoron: a talented hack. D


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customs union
customs union
Trade agreement by which a group of countries charges a common set of tariffs to the rest of the world while allowing free trade among themselves. It is a partial form of economic integration, intermediate between free-trade zones, which allow mutual free trade but lack a common tariff system, and common markets, which both utilize common tariffs and allow free movement of resources including capital and labour between members. Well-known customs unions include the Zollverein, a 19th-century organization formed by several German states under Prussian leadership, and the European Union, which passed through a customs-union stage on the path to fuller economic integration. See also European Community; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; North American Free Trade Agreement; World Trade Organization.
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise.
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6 Filmmaking Tips From Steven Soderbergh
Features By Landon Palmer on November 8, 2012 | Be the First To CommentSteven Soderbergh is one of the most prolific filmmakers of our era. Though his early retirement is immanent, he's released more films – and a greater variety of films – in his twenty-three years of directing than some filmmakers helm in a lifetime. Since bursting on the American independent film scene in 1989 with sex, lies, and videotape, Soderbergh has made studio blockbusters and micro-budget experiments, strange remakes and films that blur the line between narrative and documentary, not to mention semi-biopics of public figures as diverse as Spalding Gray, Che Guevara, Erin Brockovich, and Channing Tatum. He's been a leader in exploring the possibilities of new digital filmmaking technologies, and it seems there isn't a genre or scale of filmmaking that he hasn't yet touched. He's even made a film that you'll never see. Last week, the trailer for Side Effects, Soderbergh's last theatrical film and his penultimate film project (the final, final one being the made-for-HBO Liberace biopic Beyond the Candelabra), made its debut on the web. So with the supposed final days of an impressive career by a prolific filmmaker upon us, here's a bit of free film school from a guy that considers both George Clooney and Sasha Grey his muses.
Culture Warrior: An Analysis of Home Alone's Film Within a Film
Culture Warrior By Landon Palmer on December 21, 2010 | Comments (4)One odd thing about being a child of the 80s is that you learn movie history backwards. In watching anything from Animaniacs to Pulp Fiction, I became acquainted with references and homages to classical Hollywood cinema long before I ever watched the movies referenced or the moments paid homage to. Thus, my knowledge of cinema's past was framed through cinema's present: I learned about old movies because of what new movies did with them. One of the most formidable moments of this backwards cinematic education occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s when major event kids' movies became especially preoccupied with 40s film noir in movies like Robert Zemeckis's Who Framed Roger Rabbit? (1988) or Warren Beatty's Dick Tracy (1990). These movies embodied a world of double crosses, femme fatales, and cynical detectives without requiring their viewers, young or old, to have seen any of the films these genre tropes are indebted to. Thus, because of my exposure to new tweaks on an old form, conventions became familiar to me long before I could name the films from which such conventions originated. But one movie was exceptionally influential in formulating a distinct impression of film noir in my childhood imagination, and that movie was – oddly enough – Home Alone (1990).
Neil Miller
Scott Beggs
Rob Hunter
Kate Erbland
Christopher Campbell


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Fri, Feb 8, 13 at 9:13
It starts to spray for a split second, and then it quits. Is there a secret to fixing this myself or is it unfixable? Thanks! |
Follow-Up Postings:
It may be fixable and depending on your skill level you may be able to fix it. But first, is it a pull down spray, is it a side spray, who makes it, what model is it, did you try calling the manufacturer? |
Kohler side spray. I will call or email them today. It's only 2 years old. |
grrrrrrr |
Side sprays are usually easier to fix than pull downs. This may well be a DIY project. |
I hope so! And I can't even blame the kids for this one; it happened while I was doing dishes! ;-D |
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How do I manually create a backup copy of my Personal Filing Cabinet?
How do I manually create a backup copy of my Personal Filing Cabinet? |
The AOL Desktop Software creates a backup copy of your Personal Filing Cabinet (PFC), which includes the Saved on My PC folder, every four weeks. The backup process begins once the AOL Desktop is closed. Note: The option to back up your PFC is not available on the AOL Desktop v10.1; however, you can import the PFC from an older version of the AOL Desktop Software into AOL Desktop v10.1. To manually create a backup of your PFC:
Note: You must be signed in to AOL Desktop when creating a backup of your PFC.
3. Click AOL, then click AOL System Information. Note: If you are unable to access AOL System Information, go to the help article Open Data Folder for instructions on how to manually open the Data Folder. When finished, continue from step 4. 4. Open Data Folder:
5. Right-click the Organize folder, and then click Copy.
8. You can now send this folder as an attachment through email, save it to your USB drive to either keep it as a backup or transfer it to another computer. |
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Last updated: 06-24-2014 |
© 2013 AOL Inc. |


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New day. New Daily Deals. Get them before they are gone!
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Scott McClellan Testifies To House Panel On Valerie Plame Case
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Former White House Press Secretary Scott McClellan speaks during a... Fotografía de noticias 81646281Blanco,Comité Judiciario de la Cámara,EE.UU.,Hablar,Hogar,Horizontal,Política,Prensa,Previamente,Scott McClellan,Secretaria,Washington DCPhotographer Brendan SmialowskiCollection: Getty Images News 2008 Getty ImagesWASHINGTON - JUNE 20: Former White House Press Secretary Scott McClellan (R) speaks during a hearing of the House Judiciary Committee on Capitol Hill June 20, 2008 in Washington, DC. McClellan, a former White House press secretary for US President George W. Bush, appeared before the committee to testify about the leak CIA agent Valerie Plame's identity. (Photo by Brendan Smialowski/Getty Images)


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slideshow Take a trip though fishing seasons past! Enjoy photographs from the archives of the Delaware County Historical Association and excerpts from the John Burroughs essay, Speckled Trout, as you relive the history of fishing in Delaware County.
slideshow We took a trip back to the winters of years past and unearthed a selection of photographs depicting winter life in the Catskills. From skiiing to logging, snow storms to snow forts, the winter white was plenty in the Delaware County days of old.
slideshow The Delaware County Historical Association (DCHA) is currently hosting a major exhibit featuring the photography of local photojournalist Bob Wyer (1908-1982). View the slideshow of some of the images not on display, then head to DCHA to experience the full exhibit!
Web users can now search and browse the Margaretville-based newspaper from July 13, 1902 to April 28, 1961. Visit http://history.catskill.net to find this treasure trove of history, made possible by several individual donors and the O'Connor Foundation.
video Video highlights the history and architecture of Deposit.
The Hanford Collection is the work of Horace D. Hanford and his son, James Ralph Hanford, taken from the early 1890s to the early 1920s. The Collection represents the themes of people and family, life and work, and change over time.
Part of the ongoing film series from the Delaware County Historical Association - check it out!!! Norm Studer's film about the construction of the Cannonsville Dam along the west branch of the Delaware River. Awesome soundtrack. Free Admission. Donations gratefully accepted!
Built in 1938 as the clubhouse for the Catskill Mountain Chapeter of the Izaak Walton League, this building outisde Margaretville became the New Kingston Valley Grange Hall in the mid-1990s. The Grange recently deeded it to the Historical Society of the Town of Middletown.
Update - the latest batch of Catskill Mountain News microfilm has been scanned and posted online at http://history.catskill.net. Check it out.
History for the Holidays?? Why not!! A Pictorial History of the Town of Kortright is now available for $20 at the Delaware County Historical Association.


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We are not aware of anywhere on the Internet where an individual can download the pink SR-22 form. We have attempted to facilitate it and most state motor vehicle agencies still require an agency or company printed form.
If you are in need of an SR-22 form than you need to have it filed for you by an insurance company after purchasing the insurance coverages you are required to by the state. Once you do so than the insurance carrier would file the SR22 with the proper state department. This is usually done within 3 days electronically.
You do not get the form yourself until you have bought the coverages you are mandated to by the state. The SR-22 form is something that the insurance company has and will file once you have purchased the insurance required of you by the state. Policyholders may be given the form to take to the license office depending upon what your state requires. Some carriers like Progressive may allow you to print proof of the filing when you buy through us.
In some situations, the SR-22 filing can be downloaded online or mailed to the state's Department of Motor Vehicles, or whatever state agency needs you to file this document. Some carriers offer instant SR-22s, while others require it to be filed before mailing it to you. We have also had state agencies call us and we were able to verify over the phone or with a fax, but that is not always available.
If you are required to file a SR-22, then you should contact your car insurance agent and advise them of the needed filing with your state. The form must be filed by an insurance company licensed through your state's insurance regulatory body normally.
Not all insurance companies file the SR22, certificate of financial responsibility, so you will need to make sure the insurance provider you have your auto insurance policy through does offer the filing of the SR22. If not you will need to change insurers by finding one that does file SR-22 forms for their policyholders.
On the Internet there are some examples of what SR-22 forms look like. For example here at the Missouri Department of Revenue site you can see an example of the SR-22 MO uses.
Each state has different form requirements, but the SR-22 form typically is a pink form that has your name, policy number, etc. The insurance carrier will electronically or manually (depending on the state) file with the Motor Vehicle department an acknowledgement that you have the SR-22.
If you are shopping for car insurance and need to file an SR-22 with the state be sure to tell any insurance company you get quotes with so you can verify they do offer this SR22 service. CarInsurance.com currently offers an SR-22 in most states through Progressive or Direct General.


text: | Seanad Éireann - Volume 124 - 28 February, 1990 Death of Former Oireachtas Member: Expression of Sympathy. An Cathaoirleach An Cathaoirleach An Cathaoirleach: I am calling on Senator Lanigan to move a motion of sympathy. I will afford time to the leaders of the different political groupings of the Seanad to make a contribution if they so wish. Mr. Lanigan Mr. Lanigan Mr. Lanigan: It is with regret that I rise to propose a vote of sympathy of the House to the family of the late John L. O'Sullivan, who served this House extremely well when he was here and, indeed, served the other House for very many years. Apart from serving in the Houses of the Oireachtas, he served in many public bodies throughout his long years of public life and, even though he was quite elderly, he remained active in public life until very recently. He was a man who had seen the formation of this State and he served the State. After he left the Houses of the Oireachtas, he continued to serve at local and national level. To his family I propose a vote of sincere sympathy. Go raibh rath Dé ar a anam. Mrs. Doyle Mrs. Doyle Mrs. Doyle: I second the Leader's motion of sympathy to the family of the late Councillor L. O'Sullivan. John L. was a tremendously colourful character throughout his long life. He served in the Houses of the Oireachtas, as has been said, from 1969 to 1977, including a term here as a Senator. He was a member of the much esteemed Old IRA, a man who took up arms for his country, a man who was sentenced to death, a man whose life was spared because of the Treaty. Indeed, many a colourful story he told to those of us who knocked at his door over the years for advice and support, and for electoral support when the time was right. He was, indeed, a wonderful local councillor, chairperson of his county council, as well a parliamentarian in these Houses. He was a true Corkman, a man of very strong views, a man of great character but, above all, he is the last of a generation and a great Irishman. Professor Raftery Professor Raftery Professor Raftery: I, too, would like to be associated with this vote of sympathy to the O'Sullivan family. Of few people can it be said that they were a legend in their own lifetime, but I believe that can be said of the late Councillor John L. O'Sullivan. He served his country fearlessly from an early age and he served on the local authority and Cork County Council right up to his death. He was a remarkable man, who did not suffer fools gladly, a man of integrity and of extraordinary courage. To his family I would like to extend very sincere sympathy. As they say, ní bheidh a leithéid ann arís. Ar dheis Dé go raibh a anam. Dr. Upton Dr. Upton Dr. Upton: I, too, would very much like to be associated with the vote of sympathy to the family of the late John L. O'Sullivan. I met John L. O'Sullivan just once, during the Seanad campaign at the Cork County Council offices and I thought at that stage he was a truly remarkable fellow, given his age. It was wonderful to meet somebody who had been around since before the foundation of the State. He was exceptionally courteous and kind to me. One of the things which particularly struck me on that occasion was the way the other councillors, of all shades of political opinion, looked after him and took him around. What was perfectly obvious to me was the tremendous respect in which he was held by people of every shade of opinion in the Cork County Council on that day last June. Ar dheis Dé go raibh a anam. Mr. Norris Mr. Norris 227 [227] Mr. Norris: I would like to join in the expression of sympathy on behalf of the Independent group. I asked especially of my colleagues that I should be allowed this honour and privilege, which was graciously yielded to me, even though Senator John A. Murphy would have liked to speak, a real recognition of the fact that this was a great Corkman. The reason I particularly wanted to speak is because I had some slight personal acquaintance of John L. O'Sullivan. He was a big man in every way. I first met him at the General Council of County Councils in Ballybunion, County Kerry, when I was invited to speak by a member of the Government party. I always believe in speaking my mind, and speaking the truth, and it caused some little controversy. At the end of the meeting a very large man advanced upon me and I was not quite sure what were his intentions. He stretched out a hand and said: "You are a great little fighter". I felt he was a big-hearted, generous person, somebody who was a fighter, a clean fighter, a decent fighter in the early days of this State and somebody who maintained this very honourable tradition throughout his parliamentary career. It is a great sadness to me that he has passed away. I was unaware he was ill. His death has caused a genuine feeling of regret on the Independent benches. Mr. Dardis Mr. Dardis Mr. Dardis: On behalf of the Progressive Democrats, we would like to join with the other tributes that have been made to John L. O'Sullivan. We recognise his qualities as a great Corkman and a great Irishman and his contribution to public life. We extend out sympathy to his family. May he rest in peace. Professor Murphy Professor Murphy Professor Murphy: I did not realise that John L. O'Sullivan had passed away until the Leader of the House rose. I had the privilege of giving the oration in Béal na Bláth in 1982 and on that occasion he was full of life, vigour and pride. He gave me a very warm welcome. I am very happy to say these few words in his memory. 228 [228] Members rose in their places. Seanad Éireann 124 Death of Former Oireachtas Member: Expression of Sympathy. General Debate 19900228 | ||||||||||||||||||||||


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Outspark Raises $8.3 Million in Series C Funding to Accelerate
Outspark Raises $8.3 Million in Series C Funding to Accelerate Global Growth
Premier Media and Communications VC Fund Syncom Venture Partners Joins SBI Investment and Mille Plateaux to Back Leading Online Gaming Company
San Francisco, Calif. July 14, 2009 Outspark, a leading virtual playground combining Freemium games with personalized social experiences, today announced it has closed an $8.3 million Series C financing round. New investor Syncom Venture Partners led the financing with participation from SBI Investment and Mille Plateaux. Previous investors in the company include DCM, Tencent and Altos Ventures.
The funding will help accelerate the companys continued global expansion through both internal growth initiatives and strategic investments and acquisitions. Concurrent with the funding, Stan Smith, Principal at Syncom Venture Partners, will join Outsparks board of directors.
Outsparks virtual playground represents a fresh approach to interactive entertainment, said Stan Smith of Syncom. The company has successfully married compelling multi-genre online game play with community and personalization to offer users an entirely new and exciting online entertainment experience. Moreover, Outsparks world class team and innovative business model which unites publisher, portal and platform capabilities ensure that the company will continue to be a leader in the evolution of next-generation interactive entertainment services. We are impressed with Outsparks accomplishments to date and are excited about joining a tremendous team of visionary operators and investors to exploit the tremendous global opportunity.
Founded in January 2007, Outspark has enjoyed rapid success with a unique business model that has created a flourishing online community around the idea of engaging social events, in-game and around-game networking, user-generated content, and a personalized user experience. Since the company launched service 1.5 years ago, traffic to Outspark has grown to 5.4 million unique visitors a month. Outspark currently offers five mid-casual massively multiplayer online (MMO) games with more games launching through 2009. With a registered user base of more than 4.7 million globally, Outspark boasts the largest free-to-play MMO North American audience after Nexon, and a rapidly growing European community.
Outspark offers a compelling portfolio of games that, along with highly effective marketing employing proprietary data analytic technology, efficiently attracts a highly desirable audience and also encourages them to spend money. As a result, the companys Freemium model features one of the highest monetizations per paying user, with approximately $50 Average Revenue Per Paying User (ARPU) monthly.
In less than two years, Outspark has signed deals with leading Internet service, distribution and game developer partners, including BestBuy, Yahoo! Games, YouTube, Xfire and Meebo among many others.
Outspark recently opened its online platform on which game developers or publishers can plug into, to self publish their online games, while leveraging the infrastructure, business intelligence data, existing users, portal and social network community features.
Our pioneering game publishing platform and portal combines social networking features, retailing tools for online content and best-in-class marketing across gamers to address the need for rich game entertainment, stated Susan Choe, CEO and founder of Outspark. In addition, the easily accessible publishing platform and services weve created for mid-session MMOG players and developers has resulted in leading game designers across the U.S., Europe and Asia signing up to publish with Outspark. As we continue to grow our network of partners we look forward to adding more developers around the world as well as media companies who want to jump start their mid-session games business.
Outsparks continued growth, strong revenues and demonstrated ability to attract financing have positioned the company as one of the top players in the online media segment. Part of its strength also resides in its culturally and geographically diverse team of outstanding talent.
To sign up for a free Outspark player account or learn more about Outspark please visit www.outspark.com.
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About | Projects | Docs | Forums | Lists | Bugs | Get Gentoo! | Support | Planet | Wiki
Hi, As requested by multiple devs in my last mail thread about this I have written a GLEP. I send this here before sending to gentoo-dev@ so that I can gather what devrel thinks about it. Please have a look. Best regards, - Stefan
GLEP: 52 Title: Bugzilla access for contributors Version: $Revision: 1.1 $ Last-Modified: $Date: 2006/08/16 19:25:14 $ Author: Stefen Schweizer <email@example.com>, Status: Draft Type: Standards Track Content-Type: text/x-rst Created: 01-Sep-2006 Post-History: 01-Sep-2006 Abstract ======== To improve the development flux in Gentoo, we should allow more people to manage bugs in our large bugzilla database. Current situation ================ Currently there are specific deals with arch testers and devrel/infra to allow arch testers to edit bugs. This GLEP is written to standardize the process and make it available for all aspects of Gentoo where work is being done by people who are no full developers. Requirements ============ Bugzilla permissions ------------ It is needed that contributors who work on bugs can edit them on their own and do not have to rely on their mentoring or supervising developers to reassign or modify bugs. An example for this has been obvious since the overlays project was established. Bugs for overlays should be filed on bugs.gentoo.org and will most likely get assigned to the developer/herd. This does allow a contributor to fix the bug but only to mark it as fixed in bugzilla when he is also an arch tester. Security ----------------- To ensure that not everyone who asks for it can get access to edit bugs it is required to complete the ebuild quiz prior to requesting access Management --------------- This cannot be managed by devrel, because they lack the resources to do it. Instead a developer who mentors more people gets access to edit bugzilla permissions and can add people there where he has checked the ebuild quiz. The developer will also take care of removing them again if needed. This reflects current arch tester practice. Copyright ========= This document has been placed in the public domain.
Updated Jun 17, 2009
Summary: Archive of the gentoo-devrel mailing list.
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text: please,please help me my focus 6000 rds stereo is not working as i flattenned the battery on the car and I have lost the code grrrr! the M number i found after struggling to take the damn thing out is: m243248, anyone who can help me or point me in the right direction of help I shall be eternally grateful to. thanks in advance to anyone, x


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This week the Tennessee Supreme Court handed-down a decision that may open the door for new lawsuits. In Cullum v. McCool, a customer sued Wal-Mart after she was run-over in the parking lot by another patron. It so happened that the woman who struck her was intoxicated, and had just been kicked-out of the store by Wal-Mart employees for belligerent conduct. So after sustaining personal injuries, Ms. Cullum sued the woman who had struck her in the parking lot—Ms. McCool—as well as the store. But, there was a major question as to whether Cullum could advance her lawsuit against Wal-Mart because the store was not responsible for McCool's actions.
Cullum argued that Wal-Mart knew—or should have known—that McCool was intoxicated when it expelled her from the store. She argued that the employees should have done something to prevent McCool from driving under the influence, or that—at the very least—the employees should have reported their concerns to the police.
When the case worked its way up to the Tennessee Supreme Court, NFIB Legal Center filed an amicus brief out of concern that a bad decision could pave the road for new lawsuits, or worse—place small business owners in a catch-22, wherein they might face lawsuits no matter what they do when dealing with intoxicated patrons. We primarily argued that businesses should not be held liable for the actions of a drunken patron when the business in no way contributed to the customer's intoxication. Such a rule is consistent with common law principles in our view. But, in handing-down its decision yesterday, the Court held that there may be special cases where a business owner might owe its customers a duty to guard against the actions of another patron. Specifically, such a duty exists when the business knows—or should know—that another patron poses a likely threat of harm to others.
While we were disappointed that the Court left the door open for plaintiffs to bring suits against businesses failing to report potentially intoxicated employees to the authorities, the truth is that this was a mixed-bag decision. Though disappointed that the opinion has allowed this lawsuit to move forward, we were pleased that the Court responded to some of our essential policy concerns. In fact, the Court made clear that businesses have only limited obligations when dealing with intoxicated patrons.
We were especially concerned that an overly broad rule, requiring employers to restrain intoxicated patrons from driving, would put business owners in a catch-22. On the one hand, they would risk being sued if they failed to prevent a drunken customer from leaving the store; but they might also face potential lawsuits for false imprisonment if they tried restraining a customer whom they thought to be intoxicated. Moreover, a rule requiring businesses to restrain potentially intoxicated patrons would also likely put businesses in a difficult position because of the potential for injuries in altercations between employees and belligerent customers. So, we sought to emphasize these practical concerns, and the Court responded by making clear that business owners are not required to restrain customers from leaving, and are under no duty to assess whether a customer is intoxicated either. In a footnote the Court emphasized that it was giving a very narrow opinion:
"We are not holding in this case that retailers must install the safety-screening procedures adopted by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) for airline passengers at airports. We are not holding that retailers must ask patrons entering their businesses to submit to Breathalyzer tests. We also are not requiring retailers to conduct thorough security screenings of all patrons, similar to what fans encounter at sports stadiums or music concerts. Such procedures could impose burdens on business owners."
While we are somewhat relieved that the Court made clear that businesses cannot be sued for failing to take these sort of security precautions, or in failing to restrain belligerent patrons, there is still some cause for concern that the decision leaves room for plaintiffs to name businesses as defendants whenever they fail to report concerns over intoxication to the police. Though the opinion makes clear that businesses can only be held liable for failing to do so where they know, or reasonably should know, that the patron poses a significant threat to others, that is easy enough to allege. And the reality is that—once hit with a lawsuit—businesses owners are sucked into a black-hole of litigation, which becomes costly very quickly, regardless of whether you are in the right. So again, the decision in Cullum v. McCool was a mixed-bag. It does nothing to discourage frivolous legal claims, but it could have been worse.


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