text:
The apostle, after an exhortation to follow him, (1) corrects some abuses. (2-16) Also contentions, divisions, and disorderly celebrations of the Lord's supper. (17-22) He reminds them of the nature and design of its institution. (23-26) And directs how to attend upon it in a due manner. (27-34)
Verse 1 The first verse of this chapter seems properly to be the close to the last. The apostle not only preached such doctrine as they ought to believe, but led such a life as they ought to live. Yet Christ being our perfect example, the actions and conduct of men, as related in the Scriptures, should be followed only so far as they are like to his.
Verses 2-16 Here begin particulars respecting the public assemblies, ( 1 Corinthians 14 ) the Corinthians, some abuses had crept in; but as Christ did the will, and sought the honour of God, so the Christian should avow his subjection to Christ, doing his will and seeking his glory. We should, even in our dress and habit, avoid every thing that may dishonour Christ. The woman was made subject to man, because made for his help and comfort. And she should do nothing, in Christian assemblies, which looked like a claim of being equal. She ought to have "power," that is, a veil, on her head, because of the angels. Their presence should keep Christians from all that is wrong while in the worship of God. Nevertheless, the man and the woman were made for one another. They were to be mutual comforts and blessings, not one a slave, and the other a tyrant. God has so settled matters, both in the kingdom of providence and that of grace, that the authority and subjection of each party should be for mutual help and benefit. It was the common usage of the churches, for women to appear in public assemblies, and join in public worship, veiled; and it was right that they should do so. The Christian religion sanctions national customs wherever these are not against the great principles of truth and holiness; affected singularities receive no countenance from any thing in the Bible.
Verses 17-22 The apostle rebukes the disorders in their partaking of the Lord's supper. The ordinances of Christ, if they do not make us better, will be apt to make us worse. If the use of them does not mend, it will harden. Upon coming together, they fell into divisions, schisms. Christians may separate from each other's communion, yet be charitable one towards another; they may continue in the same communion, yet be uncharitable. This last is schism, rather than the former. There is a careless and irregular eating of the Lord's supper, which adds to guilt. Many rich Corinthians seem to have acted very wrong at the Lord's table, or at the love-feasts, which took place at the same time as the supper. The rich despised the poor, and ate and drank up the provisions they brought, before the poor were allowed to partake; thus some wanted, while others had more than enough. What should have been a bond of mutual love and affection, was made an instrument of discord and disunion. We should be careful that nothing in our behaviour at the Lord's table, appears to make light of that sacred institution. The Lord's supper is not now made an occasion for gluttony or revelling, but is it not often made the support of self-righteous pride, or a cloak for hypocrisy? Let us never rest in the outward forms of worship; but look to our hearts.
Verses 23-34 The apostle describes the sacred ordinance, of which he had the knowledge by revelation from Christ. As to the visible signs, these are the bread and wine. What is eaten is called bread, though at the same time it is said to be the body of the Lord, plainly showing that the apostle did not mean that the bread was changed into flesh. St. Matthew tells us, our Lord bid them all drink of the cup, ch. ( Matthew 26:27 ) , as if he would, by this expression, provide against any believer being deprived of the cup. The things signified by these outward signs, are Christ's body and blood, his body broken, his blood shed, together with all the benefits which flow from his death and sacrifice. Our Saviour's actions were, taking the bread and cup, giving thanks, breaking the bread, and giving both the one and the other. The actions of the communicants were, to take the bread and eat, to take the cup and drink, and to do both in remembrance of Christ. But the outward acts are not the whole, or the principal part, of what is to be done at this holy ordinance. Those who partake of it, are to take him as their Lord and Life, yield themselves up to him, and live upon him. Here is an account of the ends of this ordinance. It is to be done in remembrance of Christ, to keep fresh in our minds his dying for us, as well as to remember Christ pleading for us, in virtue of his death, at God's right hand. It is not merely in remembrance of Christ, of what he has done and suffered; but to celebrate his grace in our redemption. We declare his death to be our life, the spring of all our comforts and hopes. And we glory in such a declaration; we show forth his death, and plead it as our accepted sacrifice and ransom. The Lord's supper is not an ordinance to be observed merely for a time, but to be continued. The apostle lays before the Corinthians the danger of receiving it with an unsuitable temper of mind; or keeping up the covenant with sin and death, while professing to renew and confirm the covenant with God. No doubt such incur great guilt, and so render themselves liable to spiritual judgements. But fearful believers should not be discouraged from attending at this holy ordinance. The Holy Spirit never caused this scripture to be written to deter serious Christians from their duty, though the devil has often made this use of it. The apostle was addressing Christians, and warning them to beware of the temporal judgements with which God chastised his offending servants. And in the midst of judgement, God remembers mercy: he many times punishes those whom he loves. It is better to bear trouble in this world, than to be miserable for ever. The apostle points our the duty of those who come to the Lord's table. Self-examination is necessary to right attendance at this holy ordinance. If we would thoroughly search ourselves, to condemn and set right what we find wrong, we should stop Divine judgements. The apostle closes all with a caution against the irregularities of which the Corinthians were guilty at the Lord's table. Let all look to it, that they do not come together to God's worship, so as to provoke him, and bring down vengeance on themselves.
1 Corinthians 11:1-34 . CENSURE ON DISORDERS IN THEIR ASSEMBLIES: THEIR WOMEN NOT BEING VEILED, AND ABUSES AT THE LOVE-FEASTS.
1. Rather belonging to the end of the tenth chapter, than to this chapter.
followers--Greek, "imitators."
of Christ--who did not please Himself ( Romans 15:3 ); but gave Himself, at the cost of laying aside His divine glory, and dying as man, for us ( Ephesians 5:2 , Philippians 2:4 Philippians 2:5 ). We are to follow Christ first, and earthly teachers only so far as they follow Christ.
2. Here the chapter ought to begin.
ye remember me in all things--in your general practice, though in the particular instances which follow ye fail.
ordinances--Greek, "traditions," that is, apostolic directions given by word of mouth or in writing ( 1 Corinthians 11:23 , 15:3 , 2 Thessalonians 2:15 ). The reference here is mainly to ceremonies: for in 1 Corinthians 11:23 , as to the LORD'S SUPPER, which is not a mere ceremony, he says, not merely, "I delivered unto you," but also, "I received of the Lord"; here he says only, "I delivered to you." Romanists argue hence for oral traditions. But the difficulty is to know what is a genuine apostolic tradition intended for all ages. Any that can be proved to be such ought to be observed; any that cannot, ought to be rejected ( Revelation 22:18 ). Those preserved in the written word alone can be proved to be such.
3. The Corinthian women, on the ground of the abolition of distinction of sexes in Christ, claimed equality with the male sex, and, overstepping the bounds of propriety, came forward to pray and prophesy without the customary head-covering of females. The Gospel, doubtless, did raise women from the degradation in which they had been sunk, especially in the East. Yet, while on a level with males as to the offer of, and standing in grace ( Galatians 3:28 ), their subjection in point of order, modesty, and seemliness, is to be maintained. Paul reproves here their unseemliness as to dress: in 1 Corinthians 14:34 , as to the retiring modesty in public which becomes them. He grounds his reproof here on the subjection of woman to man in the order of creation.
the head--an appropriate expression, when he is about to treat of woman's appropriate headdress in public.
of every man . . . Christ--( Ephesians 5:23 ).
of . . . woman . . . man--( 1 Corinthians 11:8 , Genesis 3:16 , 1 Timothy 2:11 1 Timothy 2:12 , 1 Peter 3:1 1 Peter 3:5 1 Peter 3:6 ).
head of Christ is God--( 1 Corinthians 3:23 , 1 Corinthians 15:27 1 Corinthians 15:28 , Luke 3:22 Luke 3:38 , John 14:28 , 20:17 , Ephesians 3:9 ). "Jesus, therefore, must be of the same essence as God: for, since the man is the head of the woman, and since the head is of the same essence as the body, and God is the head of the Son, it follows the Son is of the same essence as the Father" [CHRYSOSTOM]. "The woman is of the essence of the man, and not made by the man; so, too, the Son is not made by the Father, but of the essence of the Father" [THEODORET, t. 3, p. 171].
4. praying--in public ( 1 Corinthians 11:17 ).
prophesying--preaching in the Spirit ( 1 Corinthians 12:10 ).
having--that is, if he were to have: a supposed case to illustrate the impropriety in the woman's case. It was the Greek custom (and so that at Corinth) for men in worship to be uncovered; whereas the Jews wore the Talith, or veil, to show reverence before God, and their unworthiness to look on Him ( Isaiah 6:2 ); however, MAIMONIDES [Mishna] excepts cases where (as in Greece) the custom of the place was different.
dishonoureth his head--not as ALFORD, "Christ" ( 1 Corinthians 11:3 ); but literally, as "his head" is used in the beginning of the verse. He dishonoreth his head (the principal part of the body) by wearing a covering or veil, which is a mark of subjection, and which makes him look downwards instead of upwards to his Spiritual Head, Christ, to whom alone he owes subjection. Why, then, ought not man to wear the covering in token of his subjection to Christ, as the woman wears it in token of her subjection to man? "Because Christ is not seen: the man is seen; so the covering of him who is under Christ is not seen; of her who is under the man, is seen" [BENGEL]. (Compare 1 Corinthians 11:7 ).
5. woman . . . prayeth . . . prophesieth--This instance of women speaking in public worship is an extraordinary case, and justified only by the miraculous gifts which such women possessed as their credentials; for instance, Anna the prophetess and Priscilla (so Acts 2:18 ). The ordinary rule to them is: silence in public ( 1 Corinthians 14:34 1 Corinthians 14:35 , 1 Timothy 2:11 1 Timothy 2:12 ). Mental receptivity and activity in family life are recognized in Christianity, as most accordant with the destiny of woman. This passage does not necessarily sanction women speaking in public. even though possessing miraculous gifts; but simply records what took place at Corinth, without expressing an opinion on it, reserving the censure of it till 1 Corinthians 14:34 1 Corinthians 14:35 . Even those women endowed with prophecy were designed to exercise their gift, rather in other times and places, than the public congregation.
dishonoureth . . . head--in that she acts against the divine ordinance and the modest propriety that becomes her: in putting away the veil, she puts away the badge of her subjection to man, which is her true "honor"; for through him it connects her with Christ, the head of the man. Moreover, as the head-covering was the emblem of maiden modesty before man ( Genesis 24:65 ), and conjugal chastity ( Genesis 20:16 ); so, to uncover the head indicated withdrawal from the power of the husband, whence a suspected wife had her head uncovered by the priest ( Numbers 5:18 ). ALFORD takes "her head" to be man, her symbolical, not her literal head; but as it is literal in the former clause, it must be so in the latter one.
all one as if . . . shaven--As woman's hair is given her by nature, as her covering ( 1 Corinthians 11:15 ), to cut it off like a man, all admit, would be indecorous: therefore, to put away the head-covering, too, like a man, would be similarly indecorous. It is natural to her to have long hair for her covering: she ought, therefore, to add the other (the wearing of a head-covering) to show that she does of her own will that which nature itself teaches she ought to do, in token of her subjection to man.
6. A woman would not like to be "shorn" or (what is worse) "shaven"; but if she chooses to be uncovered (unveiled) in front, let her be so also behind, that is, "shorn."
a shame--an unbecoming thing (compare 1 Corinthians 11:13-15 ). Thus the shaving of nuns is "a shame."
7-9. Argument, also, from man's more immediate relation to God, and the woman's to man.
he is . . . image . . . glory of God--being created in God's "image," first and directly: the woman, subsequently, and indirectly, through the mediation of man. Man is the representative of God's "glory" this ideal of man being realized most fully in the Son of man ( Psalms 8:4 Psalms 8:5 ; compare 2 Corinthians 8:23 ). Man is declared in Scripture to be both the "image," and in the "likeness," of God (compare James 3:9 ). But "image" alone is applied to the Son of God ( Colossians 1:15 ; compare Hebrews 1:3 ). "Express image," Greek, "the impress." The Divine Son is not merely "like" God, He is God of God, "being of one substance (essence) with the Father." [Nicene Creed].
woman . . . glory of . . . man--He does not say, also, "the image of the man." For the sexes differ: moreover, the woman is created in the image of God, as well as the man ( Genesis 1:26 Genesis 1:27 ). But as the moon in relation to the sun ( Genesis 37:9 ), so woman shines not so much with light direct from God, as with light derived from man, that is, in her order in creation; not that she does not in grace come individually into direct communion with God; but even here much of her knowledge is mediately given her through man, on whom she is naturally dependent.
8. is of . . . of--takes his being from ("out of") . . . from: referring to woman's original creation, "taken out of man" (compare Genesis 2:23 ). The woman was made by God mediately through the man, who was, as it were, a veil or medium placed between her and God, and therefore, should wear the veil or head-covering in public worship, in acknowledgement of this subordination to man in the order of creation. The man being made immediately by God as His glory, has no veil between himself and God [FABER STAPULENSIS in BENGEL].
9. Neither--rather, "For also"; Another argument: The immediate object of woman's creation. "The man was not created for the sake of the woman; but the woman for the sake of the man" ( Genesis 2:18 Genesis 2:21 Genesis 2:22 ). Just as the Church, the bride, is made for Christ; and yet in both the natural and the spiritual creations, the bride, while made for the bridegroom, in fulfilling that end, attains her own true "glory," and brings "shame" and "dishonor" on herself by any departure from it ( 1 Corinthians 11:4 1 Corinthians 11:6 ).
10. power on her head--the kerchief: French couvre chef, head-covering, the emblem of "power on her head"; the sign of her being under man's power, and exercising delegated authority under him. Paul had before his mind the root-connection between the Hebrew terms for "veil" (radid), and "subjection" (radad).
because of the angels--who are present at our Christian assemblies (compare Psalms 138:1 , "gods," that is, angels), and delight in the orderly subordination of the several ranks of God's worshippers in their respective places, the outward demeanor and dress of the latter being indicative of that inward humility which angels know to be most pleasing to their common Lord ( 1 Corinthians 4:9 , Ephesians 3:10 , Ecclesiastes 5:6 ). HAMMOND quotes CHRYSOSTOM, "Thou standest with angels; thou singest with them; thou hymnest with them; and yet dost thou stand laughing?" BENGEL explains, "As the angels are in relation to God, so the woman is in relation to man. God's face is uncovered; angels in His presence are veiled ( Isaiah 6:2 ). Man's face is uncovered; woman in His presence is to be veiled. For her not to be so, would, by its indecorousness, offend the angels ( Matthew 18:10 Matthew 18:31 ). She, by her weakness, especially needs their ministry; she ought, therefore, to be the more careful not to offend them."
11. Yet neither sex is insulated and independent of the other in the Christian life [ALFORD]. The one needs the other in the sexual relation; and in respect to Christ ("in the Lord"), the man and the woman together (for neither can be dispensed with) realize the ideal of redeemed humanity represented by the bride, the Church.
12. As the woman was formed out of (from) the man, even so is man born by means of woman; but all things (including both man and woman) are from God as their source ( Romans 11:36 , 2 Corinthians 5:18 ). They depend mutually each on the other, and both on him.
13. Appeal to their own sense of decorum.
a woman . . . unto God--By rejecting the emblem of subjection (the head-covering), she passes at one leap in praying publicly beyond both the man and angels [BENGEL].
14. The fact that nature has provided woman, and not man, with long hair, proves that man was designed to be uncovered, and woman covered. The Nazarite, however, wore long hair lawfully, as being part of a vow sanctioned by God ( Numbers 6:5 ). Compare as to Absalom, 2 Samuel 14:26 , and Acts 18:18 .
15. her hair . . . for a covering--Not that she does not need additional covering. Nay, her long hair shows she ought to cover her head as much as possible. The will ought to accord with nature [BENGEL].
16. A summary close to the argument by appeal to the universal custom of the churches.
if any . . . seem--The Greek also means "thinks" (fit) (compare Matthew 3:9 ). If any man chooses (still after all my arguments) to be contentious. If any be contentious and thinks himself right in being so. A reproof of the Corinthians' self-sufficiency and disputatiousness ( 1 Corinthians 1:20 ).
we--apostles: or we of the Jewish nation, from whom ye have received the Gospel, and whose usages in all that is good ye ought to follow: Jewish women veiled themselves when in public, according to TERTULLIAN [ESTIUS]. The former explanation is best, as the Jews are not referred to in the context: but he often refers to himself and his fellow apostles, by the expression, "we--us" ( 1 Corinthians 4:9 1 Corinthians 4:10 ).
no such custom--as that of women praying uncovered. Not as CHRYSOSTOM, "that of being contentious." The Greek term implies a usage, rather than a mental habit ( John 18:39 ). The usage of true "churches (plural: not, as Rome uses it, 'the Church,' as an abstract entity; but 'the churches,' as a number of independent witnesses) of God" (the churches which God Himself recognizes), is a valid argument in the case of external rites, especially, negatively, for example, Such rites were not received among them, therefore, ought not to be admitted among us: but in questions of doctrine, or the essentials of worship, the argument is not valid [SCLATER] ( 1 Corinthians 7:17 , 14:33 ).
neither--nor yet. Catholic usage is not an infallible test of truth, but a general test of decency.
17. in this--which follows.
I declare--rather, "I enjoin"; as the Greek is always so used. The oldest manuscripts read literally "This I enjoin (you) not praising (you)."
that--inasmuch as; in that you, &c. Here he qualifies his praise ( 1 Corinthians 11:2 ). "I said that I praised you for keeping. the ordinances delivered to you; but I must now give injunction in the name of the Lord, on a matter in which I praise you not; namely, as to the Lord's Supper ( 1 Corinthians 11:23 , 1 Corinthians 14:37 ).
not for the better--not so as to progress to what is better.
for the worse--so as to retrograde to what is worse. The result of such "coming together" must be "condemnation" ( 1 Corinthians 11:34 ).
18. first of all--In the first place. The "divisions" (Greek, "schisms") meant, are not merely those of opinion ( 1 Corinthians 1:10 ), but in outward acts at the love-feasts (Agapæ), ( 1 Corinthians 11:21 ). He does not follow up the expression, "in the first place," by "in the second place." But though not expressed, a second abuse was in his mind when he said, "In the first place," namely, THE ABUSE OF SPIRITUAL GIFTS, which also created disorder in their assemblies [ALFORD], ( 1 Corinthians 12:1 , 1 Corinthians 14:23 1 Corinthians 14:26 1 Corinthians 14:33 1 Corinthians 14:40 ).
in the church--not the place of worship; for ISIDORE OF PELUSIUM denies that there were such places specially set apart for worship in the apostles' times [Epistle, 246.2]. But, "in the assembly" or "congregation"; in convocation for worship, where especially love, order, and harmony should prevail. The very ordinance instituted for uniting together believers in one body, was made an occasion of "divisions" (schisms).
partly--He hereby excepts the innocent. "I am unwilling to believe all I hear, but some I cannot help believing" [ALFORD]: while my love is unaffected by it [BENGEL].
19. heresies--Not merely "schisms" or "divisions" ( 1 Corinthians 11:18 ), which are "recent dissensions of the congregation through differences of opinion" [AUGUSTINE, Con. Crescon. Don. 2.7, quoted by TRENCH, Greek Synonyms of the New Testament], but also "heresies," that is, "schisms which have now become inveterate"; "Sects" [CAMPBELL, vol. 2, pp. 126, 127]: so Acts 5:17 , 15:5 translate the same Greek. At present there were dissensions at the love-feasts; but Paul, remembering Jesus' words ( Matthew 18:7 , Matthew 24:10 Matthew 24:12 , Luke 17:1 ) foresees "there must be (come) also" matured separations, and established parties in secession, as separatists. The "must be" arises from sin in professors necessarily bearing its natural fruits: these are overruled by God to the probation of character of both the godly and the ungodly, and to the discipline of the former for glory. "Heresies" had not yet its technical sense ecclesiastically, referring to doctrinal errors: it means confirmed schisms. ST. AUGUSTINE'S rule is a golden rule as regards questions of heresy and catholicity: "In doubtful questions, liberty; in essentials, unity; in all things, charity."
that . . . approved may be made manifest--through the disapproved (reprobates) becoming manifested ( Luke 2:35 , 1 John 2:19 ).
20. When . . . therefore--Resuming the thread of discourse from 1 Corinthians 11:18 .
this is not to--rather, "there is no such thing as eating the LORD'S Supper"; it is not possible where each is greedily intent only on devouring "HIS OWN supper," and some are excluded altogether, not having been waited for ( 1 Corinthians 11:33 ), where some are "drunken," while others are "hungry" ( 1 Corinthians 11:21 ). The love-feast usually preceded the Lord's Supper (as eating the Passover came before the Lord's Supper at the first institution of the latter). It was a club-feast, where each brought his portion, and the rich, extra portions for the poor; from it the bread and wine were taken for the Eucharist; and it was at it that the excesses took place, which made a true celebration of the Lord's Supper during or after it, with true discernment of its solemnity, out of the question.
21. one taketh before other--the rich "before" the poor, who had no supper of their own. Instead of "tarrying for one another" ( 1 Corinthians 11:33 ); hence the precept ( 1 Corinthians 12:21 1 Corinthians 12:25 ).
his own supper--"His own" belly is his God ( Philippians 3:19 ); "the Lord's Supper," the spiritual feast, never enters his thoughts.
drunken--The one has more than is good for him, the other less [BENGEL].
22. What!--Greek, "For."
houses--(compare 1 Corinthians 11:34 )--"at home." That is the place to satiate the appetite, not the assembly of the brethren [ALFORD].
despise ye the church of God--the congregation mostly composed of the poor, whom "God hath chosen," however ye show contempt for them ( James 2:5 ); compare "of God" here, marking the true honor of the Church.
shame them that have not--namely, houses to eat and drink in, and who, therefore, ought to have received their portion at the love-feasts from their wealthier brethren.
I praise you not--resuming the words ( 1 Corinthians 11:17 ).
23. His object is to show the unworthiness of such conduct from the dignity of the holy supper.
I--Emphatic in the Greek. It is not my own invention, but the Lord's institution.
received of the Lord--by immediate revelation ( Galatians 1:12 ; compare Acts 22:17 Acts 22:18 , 2 Corinthians 12:1-4 ). The renewal of the institution of the Lord's Supper by special revelation to Paul enhances its solemnity. The similarity between Luke's and Paul's account of the institution, favors the supposition that the former drew his information from the apostle, whose companion in travel he was. Thus, the undesigned coincidence is a proof of genuineness.
night--the time fixed for the Passover ( Exodus 12:6 ): though the time for the Lord's Supper is not fixed.
betrayed--With the traitor at the table, and death present before His eyes, He left this ordinance as His last gift to us, to commemorate His death. Though about to receive such an injury from man, He gave this pledge of His amazing love to man.
24. brake--The breaking of the bread involves its distribution and reproves the Corinthian mode at the love-feast, of "every one taking before other his own supper."
my body . . . broken for you--"given" ( Luke 22:19 ) for you (Greek, "in your behalf"), and "broken," so as to be distributed among you. The oldest manuscripts omit "broken," leaving it to be supplied from "brake." The two old versions, Memphitic and Thebaic, read from Luke, "given." The literal "body" could not have been meant; for Christ was still sensibly present among His disciples when He said, "This is My body." They could only have understood Him symbolically and analogically: As this bread is to your bodily health, so My body is to the spiritual health of the believing communicant. The words, "Take, eat," are not in the oldest manuscripts.
in remembrance of
25. when he had supped--Greek, "after the eating of supper," namely, the Passover supper which preceded the Lord's Supper, as the love-feast did subsequently. Therefore, you Corinthians ought to separate common meals from the Lord's Supper [BENGEL].
the new testament--or "covenant." The cup is the parchment-deed, as it were, on which My new covenant, or last will is written and sealed, making over to you all blessings here and hereafter.
in my blood--ratified by MY blood: "not by the blood of goats and calves" ( Hebrews 9:12 ).
as oft as--Greek, "as many times soever": implying that it is an ordinance often to be partaken of.
in remembrance of me--Luke ( Luke 22:19 ) expresses this, which is understood by Matthew and Mark. Paul twice records it ( 1 Corinthians 11:24 and here) as suiting his purpose. The old sacrifices brought sins continually to remembrance ( Hebrews 10:1 Hebrews 10:3 ). The Lord's Supper brings to remembrance Christ and His sacrifice once for all for the full and final remission of sins.
26. For--in proof that the Lord's Supper is "in remembrance" of Him.
show--announce publicly. The Greek does not mean to dramatically represent, but "ye publicly profess each of you, the Lord has died FOR ME" [WAHL]. This word, as "is" in Christ's institution ( 1 Corinthians 11:24 1 Corinthians 11:25 ), implies not literal presence, but a vivid realization, by faith, of Christ in the Lord's Supper, as a living person, not a mere abstract dogma, "bone of our bone, and flesh of our flesh" ( Ephesians 5:30 ; compare Genesis 2:23 ); and ourselves "members of His body, of His flesh, and of His bones," "our sinful bodies made clean by His body (once for all offered), and our souls washed through His most precious blood" [Church of England Prayer Book]. "Show," or "announce," is an expression applicable to new things; compare "show" as to the Passover ( Exodus 13:8 ). So the Lord's death ought always to be fresh in our memory; compare in heaven, Revelation 5:6 . That the Lord's Supper is in remembrance of Him, implies that He is bodily absent, though spiritually present, for we cannot be said to commemorate one absent. The fact that we not only show the Lord's death in the supper, but eat and drink the pledges of it, could only be understood by the Jews, accustomed to such feasts after propitiatory sacrifices, as implying our personal appropriation therein of the benefits of that death.
till he come--when there shall be no longer need of symbols of His body, the body itself being manifested. The Greek expresses the certainly of His coming. Rome teaches that we eat Christ present corporally, "till He come" corporally; a contradiction in terms. The showbread, literally, "bread of the presence," was in the sanctuary, but not in the Holiest Place ( Hebrews 9:1-8 ); so the Lord's Supper in heaven, the antitype to the Holiest Place, shall be superseded by Christ's own bodily presence; then the wine shall be drunk "anew" in the Father's kingdom, by Christ and His people together, of which heavenly banquet, the Lord's Supper is a spiritual foretaste and specimen ( Matthew 26:29 ). Meantime, as the showbread was placed anew, every sabbath, on the table before the Lord ( Leviticus 24:5-8 ); so the Lord's death was shown, or announced afresh at the Lord's table the first day of every week in the primitive Church. We are now "priests unto God" in the dispensation of Christ's spiritual presence, antitypical to the HOLY PLACE: the perfect and eternal dispensation, which shall not begin till Christ's coming, is antitypical to the HOLIEST PLACE, which Christ our High Priest alone in the flesh as yet has entered ( Hebrews 9:6 Hebrews 9:7 ); but which, at His coming, we, too, who are believers, shall enter ( Revelation 7:15 , 21:22 ). The supper joins the two closing periods of the Old and the New dispensations. The first and second comings are considered as one coming, whence the expression is not "return," but "come" (compare, however, John 14:3 ).
27. eat and drink--So one of the oldest manuscripts reads. But three or four equally old manuscripts, the Vulgate and CYPRIAN, read, "or." Romanists quote this reading in favor of communion in one kind. This consequence does not follow. Paul says, "Whosoever is guilty of unworthy conduct, either in eating the bread, or in drinking the cup, is guilty of the body and blood of Christ." Impropriety in only one of the two elements, vitiates true communion in both. Therefore, in the end of the verse, he says, not "body or blood," but "body and blood." Any who takes the bread without the wine, or the wine without the bread, "unworthily" communicates, and so "is guilty of Christ's body and blood"; for he disobeys Christ's express command to partake of both. If we do not partake of the sacramental symbol of the Lord's death worthily, we share in the guilt of that death. (Compare "crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh," Hebrews 6:6 ). Unworthiness in the person, is not what ought to exclude any, but unworthily communicating: However unworthy we be, if we examine ourselves so as to find that we penitently believe in Christ's Gospel, we may worthily communicate.
28. examine--Greek, "prove" or "test" his own state of mind in respect to Christ's death, and his capability of "discerning the Lord's body" ( 1 Corinthians 11:29 1 Corinthians 11:31 ). Not auricular confession to a priest, but self-examination is necessary.
so--after due self-examination.
of . . . of--In 1 Corinthians 11:27 , where the receiving was unworthily, the expression was, "eat this bread, drink . . . cup" without "of." Here the "of" implies due circumspection in communicating [BENGEL].
let him eat--His self-examination is not in order that he may stay away, but that he may eat, that is, communicate.
29. damnation--A mistranslation which has put a stumbling-block in the way of many in respect to communicating. The right translation is "judgment." The judgment is described ( 1 Corinthians 11:30-32 ) as temporal.
not discerning--not duty judging: not distinguishing in judgment (so the Greek: the sin and its punishment thus being marked as corresponding) from common food, the sacramental pledges of the Lord's body. Most of the oldest manuscripts omit "Lord's" (see 1 Corinthians 11:27 ). Omitting also "unworthily," with most of the oldest manuscripts, we must translate, "He that eateth and drinketh, eateth and drinketh judgment to himself, IF he discern not the body" ( Hebrews 10:29 ). The Church is "the body of Christ" ( 1 Corinthians 12:27 ). The Lord's body is His literal body appreciated and discerned by the soul in the faithful receiving, and not present in the elements themselves.
30. weak . . . sickly--He is "weak" who has naturally no strength: "sickly," who has lost his strength by disease [TITTMANN, Greek Synonyms of the New Testament].
sleep--are being lulled in death: not a violent death; but one the result of sickness, sent as the Lord's chastening for the individual's salvation, the mind being brought to a right state on the sick bed ( 1 Corinthians 11:31 ).
31. if we would judge ourselves--Most of the oldest manuscripts, read "But," not "For." Translate also literally "If we duly judged ourselves, we should not be (or not have been) judged," that is, we should escape (or have escaped) our present judgments. In order to duly judge or "discern [appreciate] the Lord's body," we need to "duly judge ourselves." A prescient warning against the dogma of priestly absolution after full confession, as the necessary preliminary to receiving the Lord's Supper.
32. chastened--( Revelation 3:19 ).
with the world--who, being bastards, are without chastening ( Hebrews 12:8 ).
33. tarry one for another--In contrast to 1 Corinthians 11:21 . The expression is not, "Give a share to one another," for all the viands brought to the feast were common property, and, therefore, they should "tarry" till all were met to partake together of the common feast of fellowship [THEOPHYLACT].
34. if any . . . hunger--so as not to be able to "tarry for others," let him take off the edge of his hunger at home [ALFORD] ( 1 Corinthians 11:22 ).
the rest--"the other questions you asked me as to the due celebration of the Lord's Supper." Not other questions in general; for he does subsequently set in order other general questions in this Epistle.


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Verse 1 These words recommend family love and peace, as needful for the comfort of human life. Verse 2 . The wise servant is more deserving, and more likely to appear one of the family, than a profligate son. Verse 3 . God tries the heart by affliction. He thus has often shown the sin remaining in the heart of the believer. Verse 4 . Flatterers, especially false teachers, are welcome to those that live in sin. Verse 5 . Those that laugh at poverty, treat God's providence and precepts with contempt. Verse 6 . It is an honour to children to have wise and godly parents continued to them, even after they are grown up and settled in the world. Verse 7 . A fool, in Solomon's Proverbs, signifies a wicked man, whom excellent speech does not become, because his conversation contradicts it. Verse 8 . Those who set their hearts upon money, will do any thing for it. What influence should the gifts of God have on our hearts! Verse 9 . The way to preserve peace is to make the best of every thing; not to notice what has been said or done against ourselves. Verse 10 . A gentle reproof will enter, not only into the head, but into the heart of a wise man. Verse 11 . Satan, and the messengers of Satan, shall be let loose upon an evil man. Verse 12 . Let us watch over our own passions, and avoid the company of furious men. Verse 13 . To render evil for good is devilish. He that does so, brings a curse upon his family. Verse 14 . What danger there is in the beginning of strife! Resist its earliest display; and leave it off, if it were possible, before you begin. Verse 15 . It is an offence to God to acquit the guilty, or to condemn those who are not guilty. Verse 16 . Man's neglect of God's favour and his own interest is very absurd. Verse 17 . No change of outward circumstances should abate our affection for our friends or relatives. But no friend, except Christ, deserves unlimited confidence. In Him this text did receive, and still receives its most glorious fulfilment. Verse 18 . Let not any wrong their families. Yet Christ's becoming Surety for men, was a glorious display of Divine wisdom; for he was able to discharge the bond. Verse 19 . If we would keep a clear conscience and a quiet mind, we must shun all excitements to anger. And a man who affects a style of living above his means, goes the way to ruin. Verse 20 . There is nothing got by ill designs. And many have paid dear for an unbridled tongue. Verse 21 . This speaks very plainly what many wise and good men feel very strongly, how grievous it is to have a foolish, wicked child. Verse 22 . It is great mercy that God gives us leave to be cheerful, and cause to be cheerful, if by his grace he gives us hearts to be cheerful. Verse 23 . The wicked are ready to part with their money, though loved, that they may not suffer for their crimes. Verse 24 . The prudent man keeps the word of God continually in view. But the foolish man cannot fix his thoughts, nor pursue any purpose with steadiness. Verse 25 . Wicked children despise the authority of their father, and the tenderness of their mother. Verse 26 . It is very wrong to find fault ( proverbs 17:27-28 ) wise man, by the good temper of his mind, and by the good government of his tongue. He is careful when he does speak, to speak to the purpose. God knows his heart, and the folly that is bound there; therefore he cannot be deceived in his judgment as men may be.
1. sacrifices--or, "feasts" made with part of them (compare Proverbs 7:14 , Leviticus 2:3 , 7:31 ).
with--literally, "of."
strife--its product, or attendant.
2. (Compare Proverbs 14:35 ).
causeth shame--( Proverbs 10:5 ).
shall . . . inheritance--that is, share a brother's part (compare Numbers 27:4 Numbers 27:7 ).
3. God only knows, as He tries ( Psalms 12:6 , 66:10 ) the heart.
4. Wicked doers and speakers alike delight in calumny.
5. (Compare Proverbs 14:31 ).
glad at calamities--rejoicing in others' evil. Such are rightly punished by God, who knows their hearts.
6. Prolonged posterity is a blessing, its cutting off a curse ( Proverbs 13:22 , Psalms 109:13-15 ), hence children may glory in virtuous ancestry.
7. Excellent speech--(Compare Margin). Such language as ill suits a fool, as lying (ought to suit) a prince ( Proverbs 16:12 Proverbs 16:13 ).
8. One so corrupt as to take a bribe evinces his high estimate of it by subjection to its influence ( Proverbs 18:16 , 19:6 ).
9. seeketh love--(Compare Margin). The contrast is between the peace-maker and tale-bearer.
10. Reproof more affects the wise than severe scourging, fools.
11. Such meet just retribution ( 1 Kings 2:25 ).
a cruel messenger--one to inflict it.
12. They are less rational in anger than wild beasts.
13. (Compare Psalms 7:4 , 35:12 ).
evil--injury to another ( Proverbs 13:21 ).
14. letteth . . . water--as a breach in a dam.
before . . . meddled with--before strife has become sharp, or, by an explanation better suiting the figure, before it rolls on, or increases.
15. abomination . . . Lord--as reversing His method of acting ( Proverbs 3:32 , 12:2 ).
16. Though wealth cannot buy wisdom for those who do not love it, yet wisdom procures wealth ( Proverbs 3:16 , 14:24 ).
17. To the second of these parallel clauses, there is an accession of meaning, that is, that a brother's love is specially seen in adversity.
18. (Compare Proverbs 6:1-5 , 11:15 ).
in the presence, &c.--that is, he either fails to consult his friend, or to follow his advice.
19. strife--contention is, and leads to, sin.
he that exalteth his gate--gratifies a vain love of costly building.
seeketh--or, "findeth," as if he sought (compare "loveth death," Proverbs 8:36 ).
20. The second clause advances on the first. The ill-natured fail of good, and the cavilling and fault-finding incur evil.
21. (Compare Proverbs 23:24 ). Different words are rendered by "fool," both denoting stupidity and impiety.
22. (Compare Proverbs 14:30 , 15:13 ). The effect of the mind on the body is well known.
medicine--or, "body," which better corresponds with "bone."
drieth--as if the marrow were exhausted.
23. a gift . . . bosom--Money and other valuables were borne in a fold of the garment, called the bosom.
to pervert--that is, by bribery.
24. Wisdom . . . him--ever an object of regard, while a fool's affections are unsettled.
25. a grief--or cross, vexation (compare Proverbs 17:21 , Proverbs 10:1 ).
26. Also--that is, Equally to be avoided are other sins: punishing good subjects, or resisting good rulers.
27, 28. Prudence of speech is commended as is an excellent or calm spirit, not excited to vain conversation.


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- May 3:
- Shifting grades approved for Brookside and Blosser
- Apr 25:
- Parents, district staff debate school reconfiguration
- May 1:
- Sixth-grade WCS students will have help in making transition from elementary school
- Sherwood students raise field trip funds with walk-a-thon
- Apr 25:
- Sherwood School: Dixie chicks
- Saturday Sock Hop raises funds for senior prom and trip
- Apr 23:
- Students strike gold at Willits Elementary Charter School
- Apr 18:
- Every 15 Minutes: Role-playing exercise points out danger of teen drinking
- Apr 17:
- Action-packed science at Brookside Elementary School
- Willits High School's former media center gets a new, tougher lease on life
- Brookside plans kindergarten open house Thursday
- Apr 11:
- Time to think tri-tip take-home: Sober Grad fundraiser tickets now on sale
- Apr 9:
- Willits students headed to state Science Fair
- Apr 4:
- WECS kindergartners study the 'circle of life'
- Brookside Elementary School first-graders get their Science Fair rewards
It's the biggest moment of the year for student artists. The 14th Annual Art Under 20 show opens today at the Willits Center for the Arts. All artists under 20 years of age were invited to participate in the exhibit; more than 100 student artists are showing their current works.
Carolyn Bakewell, chairwoman of the Visual & Performing Arts Department at Willits High School; Gwen Ware, Sarah France and Leigh Normandin, Fine Arts & Ceramics
instructors at Willits Charter School curated the exhibit.
The essence of the show according to Bakewell is the worldview of Willits teens.
"It's the teenage world," Bakewell said. "It's their take on life."
Art Under 20 is the formal high point of the student artist's year with artists from Willits High School and Willits Charter School showing their current work.
For many, this will be their gallery debut. The skilled and powerful artworks are getting the full treatment from the students themselves. The artists put together the exhibit themselves, writing their artist statements, helping with publicity and label making, hanging and sitting the show."Art is important to [teens] because it gives them a chance to express themselves," Bakewell said. "The community can get a feel for what teenagers are doing."
The public is invited to the formal reception Friday, April 12, from 4 to 7 p.m. The evening is a celebration of the artists and their work.
The event will feature the Willits High School Jazz Band under the direction of Mr. Robert Hillhouse and a dance performance by the "Moving Steps Dance Company" under the guidance of Eryn Schon-Brunner.
Immediately following the artist's reception, the Willits High School Peaceworks! Club
will host a candlelight walk through town called "Shedding The Light Of Peace In
Our Community". Everyone is encouraged to take part. Please bring a candle and your wishes for peace.
The 2013 show runs from Friday, April 5 through Sunday, April 28. Gallery hours are Thursday and Friday from 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. and Saturday and Sunday from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. The Willits Center for the Arts is located at 71 East Commercial Street.
Information: Bakewell, 459-7700, ext. 1533 (WHS).


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They're breaking locks to vote in Naperville — sort of
By Cindy Cain email@example.com April 9, 2013 11:10AM
Lockport resident Brian Boland steps back from the booth after marking his ballot in Central Square Tuesday, April 9, 2013, in Lockport. | Matthew Grotto~Sun-Times Media
Article Extras
Updated: May 11, 2013 6:26AM
When Will County Clerk Nancy Schultz Voots says voting is important, she means it.
Voots authorized her first forced entry into a polling place early Tuesday when election judges reported for duty and found the building locked tight.
Election judges are supposed to start their day at 5 a.m. setting up election materials before the polls open at 6 a.m. But the Tall Grass Clubhouse at 3324 Deering Bay Drive in the Naperville portion of Wheatland Township was closed.
Voots said two contact numbers she had for the building led only to voicemail messages and no one could be reached to open the clubhouse. Voots even sent police to the contacts' homes, but no one answered.
After consulting with the Will County State's Attorney's Office, Voots authorized her field technician to break into the building. He used a screwdriver to pry the lock open, she said. All the alarms were set off in the building, but the judges were able to get in and open on time so no voters were turned away, Voots said.
"We did get it open," Voots said. "In the long run, it turned out pretty good."


text:
Beth Williams
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Nearly 50 dogs, ranging in age from 12 weeks to five years, were found yesterday living in the windowless basement of a six-story apartment building in the Bronx. The space, which served as a makeshift dog fighting arena, was littered with crude wooden cages and had the capacity for roughly 100 spectators. Raul Sanchez, the building's superintendant, was taken into custody and charged with animal fighting, a felony.
Working closely with the NYPD Vice Enforcement Division and the Bronx District Attorney's Office, our team played a critical role in the rescue of the dogs, forensic evidence collection and on-scene documentation.
Also discovered on scene were a loaded .25-caliber handgun, U.S. currency, and other equipment associated with dog fighting—including dog treadmills, harnesses, muzzles, syringes and a shopping cart full of raw chicken parts.
"Organized dog fighting is a brutal form of animal abuse where dogs are exploited and forced to fight as their owners profit from their torture," says Howard Lawrence, Senior Director of Operations for the ASPCA's Humane Law Enforcement. "The dogs we saw today exhibited scarring and injuries consistent with fighting dogs. We're determined to protect New York City's animals from this form of cruelty."
The dogs, many of whom showed scars from fighting, were transported to a temporary shelter for further evaluation by our emergency response medical team. The ASPCA will continue to provide legal support to the Bronx District Attorney's Office to help prosecute the case.
The investigation is ongoing.
Please do not kill them! as for the organizer of these horrible dog fight seriously lock him up.
You know what else is "a brutal form of animal abuse "? Dumping these dogs at MACC where they are likely to get sick and where other dogs will be killed for space because of all these extra dogs. WIth your millions in funds, you can't put aside a better spot for confiscated animals to wait for evaluation? Not that you won't probably kill them anyway, but why take MACC dogs out, too?
These dogs that were "rescued" are already starting to be dumped at a high kill shelter, where they will kill a bunch of other dogs to make space. When the legal hold is up, those not pulled by rescues will be sick from the horrible conditions at the ACC. This will serve as justification for killing them too. Stop acting like heroes, when you are just dumping them and compounding the issues at the ACC.
They should throw everyone in jail. The super, the owner of the building, the tenants of the building, the cowards that went to see the beautiful pups fight for their own life, and the neighbors of the building for being suck morons and not saying anything as 100 ppl came in and out of a basement! Rot in hell all of you!
Thank you ASPCA for all that you do! Please tell me these DOGS are NOT IN KILL SHELTERS!!! The MONSTERS that abuse and fight these amazing creatures need to pay for what they've done. Thank you NYPD for helping these babies :)God Bless you All
"Dear ASPCA,
At least 15 of these dogs are currently at the Manhattan KILL shelter, NOT in the custody of ASPCA. I guess that's what they mean by "temporary shelter?" Manhattan Animal Care & Control is just a few blocks from the ASPCA but it is a world apart. The cages are tiny and filthy, with upper respiratory infections running rampant. It is so bad there, that dogs often die in their cages due to pneumonia (caused by kennel cough/URI caught at the very same facility). It is not only misleading but also unethical for ASPCA to be proclaiming that they "saved" these dogs, when all they did was pick them up and drop them off at a KILL shelter that routinely euthanizes about 35% of all dogs who come in. While these dogs are stuck there on legal hold, other dogs will die in their place. This is disgusting. Please stop lying about your "rescue efforts" here in NYC and stop misleading people about where their money goes."
How is dumping many of these dogs at high-kill NYC ACC considered "rescuing" them? From one hell hole to another? I hear many dogs had to be moved from MACC to already-full BACC to make room for these poor souls. Last night, there were 29 dogs on the euth list. How many of them did you save? Zero? Now you added 15+ more? I guess we should be expecting long euth lists again.
When are you going to stop lying?!
For shame, ASPCA. You took these dogs and dumped some of them -- including 4 week old puppies -- at the kill shelter 10 blocks down the road from your shiny office building. You haven't saved them, you've CONDEMNED them to sickness and then, within three days, being killed without sedative at the ACC. Go back to doing what you do best, selling pet insurance, because you sure as hell aren't SAVING these dogs. You're just transporting them from one bad situation to another.
Anyone who doesn't believe me, go to NYCACC.org and inquire about these dogs, all on the First Alerts yesterday: JO 93626, JACK 936271, GETTY 936272, BLUE 936276, RONNIE 936276, LEO 936282, BETTY 936283, LISA 936284, JOHN 936286, GABY 936287, SWEETIE 936288, ELSA 936289, KATTY 936290, DORA 936291, TARA 936293


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Your location: Home > > National Reports > Reporting and review for Annex I Parties
Existing Requirements for Reporting and Review for Annex I Parties under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol Recent developments - link
Overview of existing reporting and review requirements for Annex I Parties under the Convention
National communications are submitted by Annex I Parties every 4–5 years following decisions for each submission by the Conference of the Parties (COP). They are prepared and reported periodically by Annex I Parties based on agreed reporting guidelines (decision 4/CP.5). They are reviewed, within 1–2 years from the submission date, by international expert review teams (ERTs) following specific mandates included in COP decisions, including the general procedures for review that are enshrined in decision 2/CP.1. Also, the UNFCCC secretariat prepares the so-called "compilation and synthesis reports" on Annex I NCs, which are considered by the SBs and COP, as a basis for a substantive discussion on the implementation of the Convention by Annex I Parties. Reporting and review of national GHG inventories of Annex I Parties are based on reporting and review guidelines (decisions 18/CP.8, 19/CP.8 and 14/CP.11). National GHG inventories are reported annually by Annex I Parties following reporting guidelines agreed by the COP and methodology developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). They are reviewed annually by ERTs following agreed review guidelines. Reporting comprises a National Inventory Report (NIR) and Common Reporting Format (CRF) tables. The NIR includes qualitative and qualitative information, such as a description of methodologies used, emission factors, activity data and emission trends and analysis thereof, uncertainties, quality assurance and quality control. The CRF tables include data and results from inventory estimates. Reviews are co-ordinated by the secretariat and conducted by international ERTs. In-depth reviews of the national communications as a rule are conducted through in-country visits. Reviews of GHG inventories are conducted through centralized reviews and in-country reviews. In accordance with the review guidelines, at least once in five years, the review of a Party's GHG inventory should be conducted through an in-country review. The review guidelines also envisage an option of a desk review, but this option has rarely been used. The purpose of the review by ERTs is to provide a thorough and comprehensive technical assessment of the implementation of the Convention by Annex I Parties, and to ensure that the COP has sufficient information to carry out its responsibilities to review the implementation of the Convention. The outcome from review is reflected in review report, which is prepared under the collective responsibility of the ERT. The draft report is provided to Party for review and comments before its publication and placing on the UNFCCC web-page. To ensure that the review process is comprehensive and rigorous, the secretariat has prepared training courses for review of GHG inventories. It organizes training of experts that conclude with a training seminar and examination. Only experts who successfully pass the examination can participate in the reviews. There are no special arrangements for training of experts for national communication reviews.
Reporting for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol As in the case of the Convention, the Kyoto Protocol imposes two regular, ongoing reporting requirements for Annex I Parties: an annual report and a periodic national communication. In both cases, Parties should submit the information elements as required by the Convention and include additional information related to the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. For the annual report, each Annex I Party is required to submit an national GHG inventory, as required by the Convention, plus supplementary information on its implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. This supplementary information covers:
Each Annex I Party must also provide the following supplementary information on its implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in its periodic national communications:
In addition to the annual report and national communication, Annex I Parties had to submit two additional one-time reports, namely the demonstrable progress report in the context of Article 3, paragraph 2, and the initial report. A separate report covering the true-up period should be submitted for that period. Figure 1 illustrates the four types of report that are required from Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol. Initial reports had to be submitted by Annex I Parties by 31 December 2006 or one year after the entry into force of the Protocol for the Party, and contained the following information:
The true-up period report, due at the end of the commitment period, is intended to enable the determination of the Party's compliance with its Article 3, paragraph 1, commitment. This report must contain final information on the Party's holdings of and transactions of Kyoto Protocol units, including all units retired for compliance purposes.
Figure 1. Kyoto Protocol reports
Review for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol
Each report submitted by an Annex I Party is subject to review by international ERTs. Similarly to the review under the Convention, the purpose of the review under the Kyoto Protocol is to provide a thorough technical assessment of the Party's implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. and to ensure that the CMP has sufficient information to carry out its responsibilities to review the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. The outcome from review is reflected in review report, which is prepared under the collective responsibility of the ERT. The draft report is provided to Party for review and comments before its publication and placing on the UNFCCC web-page.
However, the review process under the Kyoto Protocol is much more rigorous than the review under the Convention. In particular, if the ERT identifies a problem with a Party's implementation of a particular commitment that is not resolved by the Party during the review, the ERT has the authority to list the problem as a 'question of implementation' in its final review report. An ERT can raise questions of implementation only when there is an unresolved problem regarding implementation by a Party of a mandatory commitment. All review reports, including those that do not list any questions of implementation, are forwarded to the Compliance Committee for its consideration.
In contrast to the Convention, the ERTs have specific responsibilities with respect to the accounting of emissions and assigned amounts. If an ERT is of the opinion that a Party's inventory is incomplete, or has been prepared in a manner which is not consistent with the IPCC methodologies, IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF, and the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, it may recommend the application of an 'adjustment'.
During the annual review and in the true-up period, ERTs should assess reported information on holdings of Kyoto Protocol units and on their transactions, and compare this information with that maintained by the International Transaction Log (ITL). ERTs should also review any information on problems identified by the ITL. If an ERT identifies a problem with a particular transaction, it may recommend a 'correction' to the Kyoto units. A correction is analogous to an inventory adjustment. However, whereas adjustments are applied to inventory estimates, corrections are applied to a Party's holdings of Kyoto Protocol units.
To ensure that the review process is comprehensive and rigorous, similarly to the approach taken under the Convention, the secretariat has prepared training courses for review under the Kyoto Protocol. In addition to the training under the Convention GHG inventories, these courses include training on the national system, national registry, accounting for the assigned amount and review of information reported under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4. It organizes training of experts that is performed through on-line courses for those experts that have already taken the Convention courses and successfully passed the examinations. Only experts who successfully pass the examination can participate in the annual reviews.
Reporting and review for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol and linkages to compliance
The fundamental difference between the reporting and review system under the Convention and under the Kyoto Protocol is that the latter is linked to compliance. Given the binding nature of emission targets, e.g. QELROs, any problem relating to these targets, identified through the reporting and review system, should be considered by the Enforcement Branch of the Compliance Committee. In addition, the Enforcement Branch considers any issues related to eligibility to participate in the Kyoto Protocol mechanisms. Any unresolved question of implementation that affects the eligibility requirements, for example a question related to the national system and national registry, can lead to the suspension of eligibility until this question has been resolved.
Any consideration and decision by the Enforcement Branch of the Compliance Committee is reported to the CMP.
Figure 2 summarizes the main reporting and review requirements under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol. For the Kyoto Protocol it shows the linkages between the reporting and review system and compliance.
Existing reporting and review methodologies, guidelines and requirements
A large number of guidelines underpin the operationalization of the reporting and review requirements under the current climate change regime, which are primarily applicable to Annex I Parties. The reporting and review guidelines are prepared by the subsidiary bodies to the Convention and adopted by COP or CMP through decisions. For GHG emission inventories the guidelines usually include reference to the guidelines prepared by the IPCC as a methodological basis for GHG inventory preparation.
Most of these guidelines are technical in nature, extensive in scope and complex in content, which reflects the complexity of the relevant issues and processes, such as the preparation of national GHG inventories or reporting on national policies and measures, and financial assistance. The existing guidelines and the related key methodological documents are listed below.
For national GHG inventories, the key documents are:
For national communications, the key documents are:
The elements of additional reporting that is required from Kyoto Protocol Annex I Parties, including accounting information, are defined through the following documents and decisions:1
Figure 2 Summary of the main reporting and review requirements under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol
1 See also the Kyoto Protocol Reference Manual which presents in detail the accounting rules under the Kyoto Protocol, available here.
The Conference of Parties, by decision 1/CP.16, decided that developed country Parties should enhance reporting in national communications (NC) and submit biennial reports (BR) which outline progress in achieving emission reductions and the provision of financial, technology and capacity-building support to non-Annex I Parties, building on existing reporting and review guidelines, processes and experiences. It also established a new process, international assessment and review (IAR), under the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) for developed country Parties that aims to promote the comparability of efforts among all developed country Parties with regard to their quantified economy-wide emission limitation and reduction targets.
The detailed guidelines for the preparation of BRs contained in annex I to decision 2/CP.17 as well as modalities and guidelines for IARs contained in annex II to decision 2/CP.17 were adopted by COP 17 in Durban. The COP also decided, among other things, that:
According to the adopted modalities and guidelines, the IAR of BRs from developed country Parties will be conducted under the SBI in two steps:
SBSTA 37 (Doha) concluded with the adoption of a work programme for the revision of review guidelines in 2013 and 2014 (FCCC/SBSTA/2012/L.28). According to the work programme, the review guidelines for national communications and biennial reports will be developed and adopted by the end of 2013, and the revised review guidelines for GHG inventories will be adopted by the end of 2014. These review guidelines aim to improve the rigor, robustness and transparency of the IAR process.
SBSTA 38 progressed with the discussion on the development of the review guidelines for national communications and biennial reports. Emphasis was given to the need to streamline the review process and the development of training materials for experts reviewing national communications and biennial reports.
The "Guidelines for the technical review of information reported under the Convention related to greenhouse gas inventories, biennial reports and national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention" were adopted by Parties at COP 19 in Warsaw (decision 23/CP.19). These review guidelines provide a solid foundation for the upcoming technical reviews of NC6 and BR1 in early 2014 under the new IAR process.
The section on the guidelines for the review of GHG inventories is currently a placeholder in these newly adopted review guidelines. The elaboration of these guidelines will be the focus of work under SBSTA in 2014. Two technical workshops will be held in 2014 to progress with the revised review guidelines for GHG inventories, which will be adopted at COP 20 according to the work programme under SBSTA.


text:
Popular Songs
Latest News
- INTERVIEW: Elvis Perkins Shares Stories From On The Road
- The ACMs Turn 50! What Do Luke Bryan & Blake Shelton Have Planned?
- North West Stars In Kanye's "Only One" Video
- Share Your Thoughts On Kelly Clarkson's 'Piece by Piece' Lyrics
- Rumor Has It: Will Rihanna Perform 'FourFiveSeconds' At The 2015 GRAMMYs?


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Vogue can be uncomfortable if it is one thing you might be not utilised to. You might not know in which to start off. There are many factors that you need to consider when dressing fashionably. The following write-up has suggestions and methods that can support.
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What do you get as a gift for that geeky gamer in your life? How about a gift that keeps on giving? If you stop by the Mom's Basement Charity shop, you may find just that.
The items in the charity shop have been donated by our best geeky artists, and 100% of the proceeds go to Child's Play Charity, a charity that raises money to provide children's hospitals with video games, toys, movies and other entertainment for the patients.
Miss RAWR Monster has donated this fantastic perler art screen shot from Zelda. Take a closer look and go visit today!


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The Duncansville VFW is sponsoring a Sock Hop on October 5th, from 7-11pm to benefit the
American Rescue Workers Food Pantry. Tickets are on sale now for $20! Price includes
your meal and a chance to win a NEW 14.8 cubic foot chest freezer donated by The
Diamond Supply Store in Hollidaysburg. There will be contests for dancing, best costume
and games plus lots of chance baskets and plenty of fun featuring 'The Ultimate DJ'! Step
into the past while helping to feed our neighbors that are struggling. Tickets are on sale at
the American Rescue Workers and the Duncansville VFW. Call Michelle at 814-695-0762 for
more information.
Saturday, October 5, 2013 - 7:00pm to 11:00pm


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Changing with the Fire Service
Education. Training. Technology.
Exhibit Hall Days and Times
Tuesday, Jan. 27 | Noon to 5:00pm
Wednesday, Jan. 28 | 9:00am to 3:00pm
The largest exhibit hall on the West Coast showcases products, technologies, and training that will directly improve your success on the fire ground:
- 250+ exhibitors — see new products debuting at the show
- 30 minute sessions in the Exhibit Hall covering topics such as firefighter health, fitness and education for mechanics and engineers
- Daily drawing for prizes
Firehouse World is the largest gathering of fire service professionals on the West Coast.
Firehouse World provides superior education and affordable education and learning opportunities to the fire service at all levels, including:
- 120+ educational sessions taught by top industry experts
- Unmatched networking opportunities — connect and share solutions
- Exclusive preconference workshops, Command Competency Clinic, hands-on training and moderated panel discussions
New Conference hours!
Conference sessions will be held from Tuesday, Jan. 27th through Thursday, Jan. 29th. The exhibit hall will not be open the last day of the show providing you more time to get the education you want.
Interested in Presenting?
Submit your presentation here.
Hear from Firehouse World Keynote Speaker, Derek Alkonis
For registration information contact:
508-743-8523, Toll free: 877-398-6943
For exhibiting information contact:
Brian Cassell, Show Manager
800.547.7377 ext. 2710
Carly Brink
800.547.7377 ext. 2750
Companies A-K and Numerical
Caitlin Bieda
800.547.7377 ext. 1425
Companies L-Z


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$59 for a Red Carpet Brightening Facial ($120 Value)
Sparrsh Massage & Facial Spa
- Retail $120.00
- You save 51%
- You Pay $59.00
Expires 3 months from date purchased
Limit 1 per customer, may purchase 1 additional as a gift. Limit one voucher for self and one as gift to give to someone else. Valid only for option purchased. No cash value, no cash back. Appointment required; subject to availability. 24 hour cancellation policy applies or voucher subject to forfeiture. Entire value must be redeemed by the same person. Cannot be combined with other discounts or special offers. Gratuity not included, please be kind and base your gratuity on the entire service prior to the discount. To book your appointment, call (803) 746-4657 and provide your voucher code to confirm.


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Office of Continuing and Distance Education
Lincoln Building
120 North Lincoln Street
Kent State University
PO Box 5190
Kent, OH 44242-0001
Tel: 330-672-3100
Fax: 330-672-2079
Office of Continuing and Distance Education Directory
Office of Continuing and Distance Education
The Office of Continuing and Distance Education (OCDE) expands access to Kent State University resources in Ohio and beyond. Credit courses, conferences, professional development programs and more are offered on campus or online to meet the unique educational and professional development needs of traditional students, working professionals and adult learners. We build on university strengths in business, health and bio-sciences, technology, education, communication and information, and other areas to turn ideas into new programs for continuing education. Continuing and distance education courses are an excellent way to stay on top of your industry or to continue the lifelong pursuit of knowledge for personal growth and development.
Virginia Hamilton Conference
Please join us for the 31st annual conference!
Thursday and Friday, April 9 and 10, 2015
Keynote Speakers:
David Macaulay, Grace Lin and Rita Williams-Garcia
Join us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/#!/VHamiltonConf
5th Annual International Conference on Information & Religion
June 4 & 5, 2015


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- May 31:
- Willits bypass court case coming down to the wire
- Letter:Wake Up Willits! about the bypass
- Letter: Protecting pot growers while raising highway stink (bypass)
- Letter: Little Lake Wick Drilling Model.
- May 24:
- City holds course on Willits bypass relinquishment efforts
- May 22:
- Piles, wick drains and protests
- May 17:
- Letter: Bypass Scam
- Willits bypass route remains an area of conflict
- May 9:
- Brooktrails to reconsider bypass support on Tuesday
- May 8:
- CalTrans poised to begin major bypass work
- May 3:
- Last two Willits tree-sitters slip away
- May 1:
- CalTrans violated bypass construction permits, Water Board charges
- Willits bypass construction update
- Willits protesters off to Sacramento and LA
- Apr 25:
- Farm Bureau, CalTrans issue statements on bypass settlement
- Two arrests as bypass protesters stage sit-in
- Apr 18:
- Willits bypass update: On the use of wick drains; Why they are being used
- Violent tree sitter pleads guilty to felony; sentencing scheduled May 31
- Apr 11:
- Large crowd objects to Brooktrails' bypass support
- Apr 9:
- Willits bypass progress report
- Apr 4:
- Willits: All five tree-sit protesters removed from CalTrans' Willits bypass right of way
- Apr 2:
- Updated at 5 p.m. Tree sitters blocking Willits bypass route pulled from trees
- Mar 29:
- Tree-sitter declares hunger strike
- BOS remains committed to Willits bypass
- Mar 28:
- Tree-sitter declares hunger strike
- Mar 26:
- Willits bypass construction continues
- Mar 21:
- CHP arrives in force to clear bypass protesters
- Union members call for end to bypass delay
- Mar 19:
- Showdown likely between protesters and CalTrans
- Mar 16:
- Showdown likely between protestors and CalTrans
- Mar 14:
- Rally supports Willits bypass, while protestors shut down worksite
- Mar 12:
- Commentary: Phase 1 of the Willits bypass is unsafe, destructive and wasteful
- Commentary: Local first or Interregional?
- Commentary: CalTrans' bypass; who's costing the taxpayers what?
- LETTER: Hearing from the whole community
- LETTER: Consider consquences
- CalTrans bypass: The waiting game continues
- Mar 8:
- LETTER: Bypass-- 'Un'occupy the highway
- LETTER: Bypass--There are 'better ways'
- LETTER: Bypass plan is 'unsafe'
- LETTER: The public should know more on the bypass boondoggle
- LETTER: Out on a limb on the bypass
- Mar 5:
- Bypass protests and counter 'statements'
- Feb 28:
- Bypass project halted by the birds and Department of Fish and Wildlife
- Feb 26:
- Commentary: Bypass means a safer, healthier Little Lake Valley
- Bypass construction starts, then stops
- Letter: The bypass--Is there 'a better way'?
- Feb 19:
- Commentary: Why is there a tree sit in Willits to protest the CalTrans bypass?
- Letter: Supports the bypass
- Letter: Near catastrophe by CalTrans save only by luck
- CalTrans gives bypass contractor a green light
- Feb 12:
- Tree sitter's protest against the Willits bypass continues
- Feb 5:
- Bypass lawsuit rolls on as Warbler sits
A federal judge signed an April 15 order, agreeing to a California Farm Bureau request to dismiss its part of the lawsuit contesting the Highway 101 bypass around Willits against CalTrans and the US Army Corps of Engineers.
Farm bureau officials were not available to comment on the ruling.
"This doesn't change our strategy going forward," says Gary Hughes of the Environmental Protection Information Center, one of the original plaintiffs in the suit.
"We were happy to have [the California Farm Bureau] intervene [in the lawsuit]," says Ellen Drell of Willits Environmental Center. "In this case, our interests intersected when it came to protection of agricultural lands.
"Even though the project takes 500 acres out of agricultural use, CalTrans considered this to be of no significance to farm land."
The final order closing out the bureau's participation in the case said, "In accordance with the terms of a settlement reached by the California Farm Bureau and defendants" CalTrans and the Corps of Engineers, the bureau asked to dismiss its claims on April 12.
Details of the settlement terms have not been disclosed, but spokespersons at both CalTrans and the Farm Bureau have indicated press releases are forthcoming.
The Center for Biological Diversity, Sierra Club, Willits Environmental Center and Environmental Protection Information Center filed the original Willits bypass lawsuit against CalTrans and the Corps in May 2012.
The Farm Bureau joined the suit in August 2012. Its main interest, as stated in court documents, involved the substantial project impacts on agricultural resources, which came after the project's environmental impact statement was approved.
The original environmental impact statement claimed only 150 acres of farmland in Little Lake Valley would be affected by the project. "Six years later, the total acreage of farmland affected by this project has grown to more than 2,000 acres, and there has been no meaningful environmental review of the cumulative effects of such a large-scale conversion of agricultural lands," the Farm Bureau's early motion noted.
CalTrans and the Bureau advised the judge they were near a settlement April 4 and requested a one-week delay in some court filing deadlines to allow the parties to reach a settlement. The judge allowed the delay on April 8. By April 12, all parties to the suit were notified CalTrans and the Bureau had negotiated a separate settlement that was finalized by the judge on April 15.


text:
Processing Time - Orders typically ship in 2-5 business days. Transit via UPS Ground can take up to 6 business days. Braided and custom-made products may take 2 to 3 weeks for delivery.
Free Shipping to Contiguous United States - We do not ship to Alaska, Hawaii or the Caribbean Islands at this time.
Oversized items - Orders that ship freight may take up to 2 weeks from shipment date to be delivered. You will be contacted by the trucking company to schedule a delivery appointment.
Shipping to Canada - Orders shipping to Canada will be subject to a 15% shipping surcharge fee. The shipping surcharge does not cover duties, customs, taxes or brokerage fees which may be charged to you by the shipping courier at time of delivery. At this time we are not shipping to Yukon and the Northwest Territories in Canada.
Pin It | Houzz |
Safavieh Chatham CHT715 Dark Grey Ivory Rug
Item #: 101CHT715A-P Add to Wishlist
Description: The Chatham collection is a sophisticated contemporary rug that uses a chevron design. Made in India with a 100% wool pile, this rug is highlighed with Moroccan patterns with modern colors.
- Collection: Chatham
- Brand: Safavieh
- Material: 100% Wool
- Weave: Hand Tufted
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- Origin: India
- Available in the following sizes: 2' x 3', 4' x 6', 6' x 9', 8' x 10', 7' Round, 9' Round, 7' Square, 2' 3" x 5' and 2' 3" x 7'
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This rug is great! I purchased the purple and ivory. The colors are great and the rug is nice and thick. I put it in front of my washer and dryer and it is comfortable to stand on. When I first got it I swept it and it seemed like there were little pieces of fuzz on it. You can't sweep lines into it like you can a carpet. I think it is just because it is wool. Once I got used to that, I really liked it. I am thinking of purchasing another one because my husband keeps moving it in front of his tool bench.
RECOMMENDED: Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.Very nice and thick. Great quality and construction. Brand new still so black and cream fibers mix in the stripes. Lots of vacuuming right now but hope after use this will decrease.
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text:
That was then, this is now.
"Two years ago, we broke away and went to a global food safety-certified" program that enhanced the program New Limeco already had in place, Edgar said. "Rather than just follow the procedures of GMP and GAP, now we have a complete profile, a food safety diagram laid out by our management team."
Edgar said New Limeco learned many lessons from the story of Jensen Farms, the Colorado cantaloupe shipper responsible for a 2011 listeria outbreak that killed at least 33 people and sickened 147 in 28 states.
New Limeco hired a company that specializes in building customized traceability plans for businesses to help ensure that, in the event of a recall, the company would have what Edgar called a "complete circle" of accountability.
"They helped us devise a new inventory management and accounting system," he said.
Now, Edgar says New Limeco is in the process of "taking PTI a step further" by helping its grower-partners add serial numbers at the case level to match what New Limeco is doing at the receiving end.
Within two years, Edgar said, the company hopes to have its major growers on board with the project. By February, New Limeco should have one of its major papaya suppliers up and running, and by June 2014, the company expects to add at least a few more growers to the list.
Central American growers already have taken huge steps to get up to speed when it comes to food safety and traceability, Edgar said.
"We've gotten the growers on board to receive certification," he said. "If you're supplying Wal-Mart or another company, you have to be third-party audited. And they're all up and running with Global GAP and Primus."


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- beauty
50 Shades of Grey...For Your Face and Nails
50 Shades of Grey has inspired everything from cookbooks to classical music, and there's so much more allegedly in the works, including beauty products. While the former items may only appeal to fanatics, even a girl who has never read the trilogy (What? Who are you?), can get down with some makeup.
We may have to wait for what is sure to be a slew of licensed products, but that doesn't mean we can't get a head start. Grey eye shadow was a hot beauty trend on the Fall 2012 runways of DVF and Chanel, so there's plenty of grey, graphite and silver shades to be found.
Bobbi Brown has even released a collection of Come Hither Shades, a line of eye shadows in varying shades of grey. The collection's tagline reads, "When did grey become so naughty?" We'd argue that a smokey eye has always been sexy, but perhaps never as blush-inducing.
Click through for 50—count 'em 50—shades of grey in the form of eye shadow, liner, nail polish and primers that you can get your hands on right now. But please, be gentle.
Keep up with the Lucky team on Twitter: Follow @LuckyMagazine
- beauty
- beauty


text:
The Global Intelligence Files,
files released so far...
Index pages
by Date of Document
Our Partners
Al Akhbar - Lebanon
Al Masry Al Youm - Egypt
Asia Sentinel - Hong Kong
Bivol - Bulgaria
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La Jornada - Mexico
La Nacion - Costa Rica
Malaysia Today - Malaysia
McClatchy - United States
Nawaat - Tunisia
NDR/ARD - Germany
Owni - France
Pagina 12 - Argentina
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Publica - Brazil
Publico.es - Spain
Rolling Stone - United States
Russian Reporter - Russia
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Taraf - Turkey
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The Yes Men - Bhopal Activists
Sunday Star-Times - New Zealand
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The Global Intelligence Files
On Monday February 27th, 2012, WikiLeaks began publishing The Global Intelligence Files, over five million e-mails from the Texas headquartered "global intelligence" company Stratfor. The e-mails date between July 2004 and late December 2011. They reveal the inner workings of a company that fronts as an intelligence publisher, but provides confidential intelligence services to large corporations, such as Bhopal's Dow Chemical Co., Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon and government agencies, including the US Department of Homeland Security, the US Marines and the US Defence Intelligence Agency. The emails show Stratfor's web of informers, pay-off structure, payment laundering techniques and psychological methods.
G3 - US/AFGHANISTAN/PAKISTAN/GV - US says its civilian aid to Afghanistan has peaked
Released on 2012-10-12 10:00 GMT
Email-ID | 2341429 |
Date | 2011-11-04 09:21:26 |
From | email@example.com |
To | firstname.lastname@example.com |
List-Name | firstname.lastname@example.com |
here [chris]
yet another example of the changing shape of the us role in afghanistan as
the military drawdown is being coupled by a drawdown in economic
assistance, I cannot find this report anywhere on the state department
website--perhaps it hasnt been posted yet [johnblasing]
US says its civilian aid to Afghanistan has peaked
04 Nov 2011 02:26
Source: Reuters // Reuters
* High water mark of foreign aid to Afghanistan was 2010
* Congress slips on promised nonmilitary aid to Pakistan
By Susan Cornwell
WASHINGTON, Nov 3 (Reuters) - U.S. civilian aid to Afghanistan has peaked,
the State Department said in a new report, declaring the United States
would spend less on development assistance there as it withdraws troops
from the country.
"We have reached the high water mark of our civilian funding levels" for
Afghanistan, the department said in a status report on civilian efforts in
Afghanistan and Pakistan that was sent to congressional offices and
obtained by Reuters on Thursday.
U.S. economic and humanitarian aid to Afghanistan has fallen from $4.1
billion in 2010 to $2.5 billion this year, the report by the Office of the
Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan said.
These amounts do not include tens of billions of dollars Washington has
spent on training the Afghan army and police.
President Barack Obama and allied leaders committed last year to turning
security in Afghanistan over to Afghan control by 2014. By the end of next
year, Obama plans to pull out 33,000 troops that he deployed in surge
aimed at turning around the flagging decade-old conflict.
The State Department report said the United States is now shifting from
funding stabilization projects in Afghanistan to "long-term sustainable
development at lower funding levels."
It said future U.S. aid in Afghanistan would focus on economic growth,
such as in agriculture and mining, as well as infrastructure, such as
energy and water, and in educational and vocational development.
The number of American government civilians serving in Afghanistan has
nearly quadrupled from around 320 to more than 1,200, the report said, but
it was silent on whether some would now be withdrawn along with U.S.
The Obama administration announced an increase in civilian advisers --
experts on matters ranging from agriculture to courts -- to Afghanistan in
2009 to accompany the influx of 33,000 U.S. combat troops there.
Part of what was dubbed a "smart power" strategy, the idea of sending the
civilians was to build on military gains with improvements in the lives of
ordinary Afghans.
But the "smart power" idea is on the wane as U.S. lawmakers prepare to
carve chunks out of overseas spending to try to address budget shortfalls.
Support on Capitol Hill for aid to Afghanistan's neighbor, Pakistan, has
plummeted amid accusations that some in the Pakistani government have
aided anti-U.S. militants.
The State Department report said Congress had slipped on its 2009 promise
to triple nonmilitary aid to Pakistan over five years. The appropriations
reached the promised level of $1.5 billion in 2010, but last year amounted
to only $1 billion, the document said.
It said, however, that the Obama administration intended for assistance to
Islamabad to continue and wants to focus on "signature" projects in
Pakistan. U.S. officials are currently looking to select a major new
infrastructure project "that would both contribute to power generation and
water management" in Pakistan, it said. (Editing by Vicki Allen)
Chris Farnham
Senior Watch Officer, STRATFOR
Australia Mobile: 0423372241
Email: email@example.com


text: This guy is classically unlucky as his prison experience charts some of the worst periods and places in the absolutely dreadful history of the U.S. Penal system. The ignorant moral hypocrites that call (the majority) of these inmates scum and uncivilizable etc. are in fact the real scum of our society who do nothing to solve problems but everything to blame others and wash their hands of it. With 700,thousand( about one third) inmates incarcerated for drug offenses, MOSTLY MARIJUANA the attitude of selfish conservative leeches hurling moral indignation about a world they primarily created is laughable, or it would be if it didn't translate to sociopathic political influences like the "tea party" impeding social progress. As usual, real world gains elude the great United States thanks to the idiocy of those that overstate "American Exceptionalism" and refuse to admit fortune plays a hand in all lives.. The founding fathers would hang most for treason.