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Oral History Program Evelyn Wilson Brunson Interviewed by Marci Farr 22 October 2010 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Evelyn Wilson Brunson Interviewed by Marci Farr 22 October 2010 Copyright © 2010 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description The St. Benedict's School of Nursing was founded in 1947 by the Sisters of Mount Benedict. The school operated from April 1947 to 1968. Over the forty-one year period, the school had 605 students and 357 graduates. In 1966, the program became the basis for Weber State College's Practical Nursing Program. This oral history project was created to capture the memories of the graduates and to add to the history of nursing education in Ogden. The interviews focus on their training, religion, and experiences working with doctors, nurses, nuns, and patients at St. Benedict's Hospital. This project received funding from the Utah Humanities Council and the Utah Division of State History. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Evelyn Wilson Brunson, an oral history by Marci Farr, 22 October 2010, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Evelyn Wilson Brunson Graduation Photo Class of 1966 Evelyn Wilson Brunson October 22, 2010 1 Abstract: This is an oral history interview with Evelyn Wilson Brunson, conducted by Marci Farr and Melissa Johnson, on October 22, 2010. In this interview, Evelyn discusses her recollections and experiences with the St. Benedict's School of Nursing. MF: This is Marci Farr, and we are interviewing Evelyn Brunson. She graduated from St. Benedict's School of Nursing in 1966. It is October 22, 2010, and we are interviewing her in her home in Kaysville, Utah. Evelyn, just start a little bit and tell us about where you grew up, a little bit about your family, and about where you attended grade school and high school. EB: I was born and raised in Brigham City, the fourth of five children, and went to Box Elder High School. I had never planned on a nursing career, ever. A good friend, Martha Mortenson and I had taken all secretarial courses in high school, and Marty Mortenson, Marty Bills now, said "Just come over to the hospital and work one night with my mom at the old Cooley Hospital in Brigham." Her mother was an LPN. So I went over there and worked one night with her, and they just let me do it, just tag her. You'd never see that today. I loved it, absolutely loved it. So then it was a real stretch to get me into St. Benedict's due to pre-requisites. MF: So how did you get to St. Benedict's? Was it because that was the option for getting into nurses' training? EB: That was the closest option with a dorm then. Marty was going there, so that's how that all kind of worked out. MF: Okay. So was she a few years older than you? 2 EB: No, she was the same age. MF: She was the same year as you. Okay, that's good to know. Was this your first time being away from home? EB: Yes. MF: How was that, when you first got to training? EB: I really got homesick. Then, of course there were no cell phones. There was a phone in the hall that you could call on, but Brigham City was long distance. So I would call my sister who lived in Clearfield, and she had three little boys, and I just bugged her because I was so homesick. I would just call her up and talk to her. MF: Tell us about your roommate. Who did you room with during training? EB: The first year I roomed with Marty Mortenson, and then the second and third year I actually roomed by myself. I needed more study time, so I just roomed by myself. MF: So how was that? It was probably nice to have your little bit of peace. Or would you rather have had a roommate? EB: No, I would rather not have had a roommate, because the problem was that you would be right in the middle of studying, and a roommate would come in, and two or three others to visit – so I just didn't get to study. So that was hard for me, to concentrate. I mean, I was very social, but I enjoyed being able to go to study. Then a group of people would go down to the common area and study, but it really wasn't an effective study time. MF: Right; more talking, chatting. 3 EB: No, it didn't work out really well. MF: Who were some of your other classmates that you had in training? EB: Let's see. Mary Weibel; she was from California. So Mary, Marty and I were good friends. Linda Ladett and Linda Smith; Ladett was from California, and Smitty was from Smithfield. Jeanie Campos was from California, and Carmen Maes – just Maes – she was from Wyoming. MF: So you all got along really well? EB: Yes. MF: It wasn't a big class – your class wasn't very big. How many were in there? Maybe ten, fifteen girls? EB: Oh no, not starting out. Starting out we had a lot more – we probably had thirty. We dropped – by the end of the first year we had dropped half the class. MF: That is a large drop. Because of grades, do you think, or do you think just not working out? EB: Everything. MF: You still couldn't be married at this time, right? EB: No, you could be married. MF: Oh, you could? EB: You could be married, because one of the girls, Barbara Hendricks was married. She was the only one then in our class. One of the other girls, who later dropped out, got married while we were in the program. We were so rude. She needed to catch a train, and we put her on the wrong train, after she was married, to go 4 meet her husband. We were really bad. I was not in charge of that, but we did it. It's terrible. She left the program soon after that. MF: Not because of the train thing. EB: No, not at all. She left for other reasons. Then there was Diane Cafarelli, and Dana Dona; we just called each other by our last names. MF: That is interesting; that's good. Did you ever try sneaking out? EB: A few times. Lena was the house mother. You had to know where Lena was at certain times. But everyone knew where Lena was at certain times, so it's true, we'd sign out, and we wouldn't make curfew. We'd come and check back in at the front desk of the hospital, then leave again, then come back later, and somebody would let us in. There was a little – I guess it was for sun tanning – a little fenced area or something, but we'd go in there and hide until somebody would let us in the dorm. MF: That's good. We're glad to know about that. What do you remember most about the sisters when you first got to training? EB: It was very foreign to me. Should I just be perfectly honest? It was just extremely foreign. Sister Cassian was director my first year there, and it was her first year there. Sister Cassian was an interesting nun. She was extremely strict; she wanted us to wear white gloves when we went home; dresses and white gloves. No one did, of course. I mean, none of us did it. She'd get really upset with us. Somebody was always in trouble with her, and truly, we weren't doing anything wrong. 5 The nuns schedule a retreat for the students, and it was a weekend retreat. I usually would go home on weekends; Brigham City's not that far. My sister would pick me up. She worked at Hillfield, and she would take me home and then bring me back down Sunday night because I didn't have a car. I agreed to stay for the Catholic retreat, but I asked to go to my own church. Even though I graduated top in my class, and even though I was there at the retreat, Sister Cassian was going to kick me out of the program because I'd asked to go to my own church. MF: Really? Oh my goodness. EB: Yes. I did end up going to Mass but she was upset. Had it not been for the instructors, especially Effie Etcheverry and another tall instructor, I can't remember her name – I think she would have succeeded. MF: That is so crazy. EB: Now, the other nuns were fantastic. Sister Mary Gerald was so wise. One night we snuck in her room – because she didn't live in a separate dorm; she lived in the dorm with the students. So we snuck in her room and toilet-papered it. We used so much toilet paper from the bathroom – we just did a number on her room. Bless her heart; she came in, and we were all just laughing and giggling. So she just sat there and rolled up the toilet paper and visited with us. Pretty soon we were all helping her roll up the toilet paper so none of it got wasted. We had to re-roll all that toilet paper. She was delightful. She was probably the best instructor I have ever had. It was because of Sister Mary Gerald, when I went into the Air Force, I also graduated first in the class in flight school from the Air 6 Force, and it was students all around the United States that were at the Air Force at Brooks, in Texas. Some of them of course had college degrees, and some of them had diploma degrees, and I was able to just hold my own, but it was really because of Mary Gerald. She was so dedicated – an excellent instructor. MF: So Sister Berno was gone, because Sister Cassian had taken her place, right? EB: Yes. I do not remember Sister Berno at all. I remember hearing of her, but I don't remember her. MF: So that's when that happened. We weren't sure of the date. That's good. So did you have any instructors that weren't nuns? EB: Oh, yeah. Effie Etcheverry and – I'm trying to remember. A tall, dark-headed gal and another shorter gal. Yes, great instructors. Like I say, they saved my bacon. MF: That's a good thing. What about the doctors? Do you remember any of the doctors? EB: Oh, yes. Van Hook, and who was the orthopedic surgeon? MF: Dr. Swindler? EB: Yes, Swindler. MF: He was still there – he was there forever. EB: Yes. MF: How were they in classes? Did they teach? EB: They taught, yes. Nobody understood what Van Hook was saying – he was a neurologist. Nobody understood, and he'd get so upset with us. We'd scrub with Swindler, and he was just a bear in operating room. So Ladett was scrubbing for him, and at the time, they had a big flu epidemic. It just wiped out the OR. So 7 they brought the students in circulate and with very little supervision to scrub. We were just running the operating room, because the physicians of course wanted to continue. So we were managing far more than we were really competent to manage. So Ladett went in and was scrubbing for Swindler, and she had a bandaid on her hand. She scrubbed, gloved, and was retracting for him, and about halfway through he saw the bandaid through the glove, and he hit the ceiling. She left the OR in tears, and the next morning he came to the dorm. She was not going to go back to the OR ever, because he just exploded at her. He had quite a temper. So anyway, he came over to the dorm and got her and said, you are going to come and scrub for me. He was much nicer to her then; otherwise, I think she would have dropped out of the program. MF: That's so crazy. EB: It was because there were so many students in the OR; things were not going well. Jeanie Campos was circulating and I was scrubbing, and we were helping with a vaginal hysterectomy. Now, this is back in the day and it was different. You had to pick the right needle, suture, and needle holder. Of course many different kinds of each are used in one surgery. Each surgeon had their own combinations and right or left directions. The opened suture needed to be stretched and laid in a towel and then labeled. If you didn't, it would just crumple up and tangle with other sutures into messes the size of basketballs. So the surgeon had two students in there with him, and no graduate. It never should have been done. I can't remember who the doctor was but he finally lost it. Jeanie's tray was just like this foot high pile of curled, dry suture. 8 Literally, here's the tray, and there was just this pile of all different kinds of suture. He had been getting so mad at me, because I kept handing him the wrong suture that Jeanne kept handing to me. Well, I looked at her pile, and she hadn't laid any suture in towels. She would just open a new package each time he needed a bit of suture. I looked over at her, and I just started to laugh. He picked up the needle holder with a needle on it, and he threw it over his shoulder at me, and he said, "I'll take it any way but backwards." He was so mad at us, and we just started to laugh. It was just hysterical. The poor woman – I hope she was okay. Anyway, what do you do? MF: That's a great story. You just go on. EB: Yeah, you just go on. I mean, we were trying to help. They told us we had to do it, and we weren't qualified. MF: You're like, we haven't been trained that much yet. That is crazy. So what would you do if you had some time off, with your classmates or your roommate? EB: We would play different games on the back lawn- that was fun. We would hang out in the TV room. Then there was a pool room, down across from the administrator's office, but right in the same building. There was a girl there from Thailand; Sirong Sirongsuman. She was a year older than us, but then she repeated with us, because of the language barrier. Her father was very wealthy, from Thailand. He was going to build her a hospital if she would come back to Thailand to practice. MF: Wow. 9 EB: Yeah. So Sirong and Campos and Maes and I would go down and we'd shoot pool. I didn't play pool, and they didn't either. But we'd turn on Flight of the Bumblebee, because there was only classical music down there, and we'd run around the table so fast, trying to keep up with Flight of the Bumblebee. It started out slow, and then it would pick up in tempo, and we would just laugh, and fall down; just silly stuff. We'd walk downtown, and walk back up the hill. MF: That's good. When you were on your rotations, how long were you on each rotation while you were in the hospital? If you had surgical floor or whatever. EB: Three to four months. MF: You were on three to four months for each of those? EB: Yeah, three to four month rotations. MF: Now, did you have time at Children's Hospital in Denver at that time, or did you do all of your stuff at St. Benedict's? EB: Denver, yes. But the psych rotation we did at the University of Utah. MF: So that changed too; you didn't go to Hastings. EB: No. We were the first year that we didn't go to Hastings. MF: Okay. Tell us a little bit about Children's. What was that experience like? EB: Children's was good; I mean, again, we just learned a lot. Heart-wrenching to see the little ones. I never did work peds after that; didn't like it. I mean, I loved to rock them, but I don't like to hurt them. MF: Right; you have to see their misery and pain and know there's not a lot you could do for them. 10 EB: It was just a different day. Burns were treated so differently and this one little fellow came in; he was about two or three, and he was in a step-down. Not ICU, but a step-down. I had to start an IV in his skull, as we do in children, and he didn't whimper at all. Just did nothing, just looked at his mom and dad. He had a boot imprint on his stomach and back; bruising from a boot. He died from internal injuries due to abuse and nothing was ever done to the parents. We weren't asked to testify. But it was a different day back then. The dorms in Denver were interesting. You could sit on your bed and touch your dresser and anything else in your room. You never had to get off your bed. It was a building called Tammen Hall and it was seven or eight floors high. Barbara Hendricks made coffee in her room, which she wasn't supposed to do. There was a little tiny sink; not a bathroom, but a little tiny sink in your room. So she made coffee in her room and she kept putting the coffee grounds down the drain so she wouldn't get caught. She wouldn't put them in the garbage. It plugged up the whole building. She got in a lot of trouble over that one. MF: Call the plumber out. EB: Oh, yeah. MF: When you were at St. Benedict's, which do you think was your favorite rotation as far as the different hospital floors? EB: I really liked surgical. MF: And you said peds was probably your least favorite at that time? EB: Medical was probably my least, least favorite. 11 MF: Why do you think that? Just because they were in there for so long they came to die, maybe? EB: It was just a different feel. Your goal back then was more palative care on medical than it is now. On surgical it was get them up, get them going, get them better, get them home. MF: That's true; that would be hard, because you see them every day and you become attached. Talk to them and get to know them personally, then have to come in one day and they're gone. EB: Yeah. I've got another funny story for you – do you want it? MF: Oh, yes, absolutely. EB: When I was on surgical rotation and this guy came in who was really ill. It was something in his gut – I can't remember what it was – but he had been ill for days. It was probably a bowel obstruction or something. I can't remember now, but he was really ill. Full beard on, hadn't bathed – was just so ill. So they took him to surgery and we recovered him in his room. Once again, I think it was Campos that was with me. So while he was sound asleep from the anesthesia – because then, people didn't recover as quickly. We bathed him and shaved him while he was out, because he was just so ill, and got him all fixed up. His wife walked in the room and just stopped at the doorway and said, "What did you do?" We thought, what? He had had a moustache ever since she had known him, and his beard had grown so long we just shaved everything off. He was a good sport about it when he woke up, but it wasn't good. MF: That's awesome. 12 EB: We just shaved him clean. MF: She probably didn't recognize him. That's a good story. Tell us a little bit about your capping ceremony. Do you remember about that? EB: I can't remember that. I thought, wow, we must have had one. I know I was eager to get a cap; I know I wanted a black stripe on my cap – which, of course, St. Benedict's caps didn't have. MF: The Dee School did. EB: Yeah, and we all loved those black stripes on those square caps. Ours were little round jobbers. No, I really can't remember my capping ceremony. MF: That's okay. I remember – we talked to Judy. She said she was so excited when she got capped that she slept in it all night. She was so proud. EB: That sounds like Judy. MF: I just thought, well, that's a good thing. You should be proud. That was a major accomplishment. EB: That's right. You had to have something on your head to get caught in all that traction gear. MF: What do you think was your greatest challenge while you were in nurses' training? EB: Has anyone talked to you about when Cafarelli got shot? MF: Someone mentioned it – I don't know who told us about that, but just had said something about it, but not into detail. I can't remember who we talked to about that. 13 EB: That was really difficult for me, and it was so scary. It was so traumatic for the whole class. I had been gone on the weekend, and I had come back and it was Sunday night. Everybody was playing Red Rover, Red Rover out on the back lawn. I went out on the back lawn and started to play, so we hadn't talked; we were just playing a game. Dez was an x-ray student from Colorado. She had been expelled the previous Friday or Saturday from St. Benedict's. I didn't know anything of it, because I wasn't there at the time. As we were downstairs playing Red Rover, she came down the back stairs of the dorm that led right onto the grass, and 'pop-pop-pop'. I thought it was silly – I mean, I thought it was a game. You know? I was looking at her thinking, what are you doing? She had a gun, and she just came down the stairs, 'pop-pop-pop', and I turned around, and no one else was on the grass, except for Cafarelli, who was on the ground close to me. I started to walk over to her, and I was still confused, thinking, what's going on here? But looking at Cafarelli's face – there wasn't any blood or anything, but looking at her face, I knew something was really wrong. I started to go over to her, and Dez said, "If you touch her, I will shoot you." I stood there for a moment, and she commanded me to go back in the dorm. So I did, and I left Cafarelli out there. That took me a long, long time to get over, that I left her out there. But years later, looking back on it, there was nothing else I could have done. I couldn't have helped her. So then – she held Cafarelli out on the lawn for about three hours. Cafarelli had numerous wounds. She'd been hit low abdomen – part of her ovary 14 was gone, numerous punctures in her bowel. So all this time she's just oozing into her peritoneum, and just getting sicker and sicker by the moment. They brought Cafarelli's folks up. The reason that Dez was holding her out there was to get Dona to come. She wanted to talk to Dona. She'd made an inappropriate advance to Dona, and that's why Dez had gotten kicked out of school. So she held Cafarelli out there, because Cafarelli and Dona were best friends, and she held Cafarelli out there to get them to bring Dana back. They wouldn't bring her back. So we were sequestered in the dorm, but nobody was answering the phones in the office. Now it's on the news, so Mary and I went down to the desk and we were talking to media and talking to parents, saying everything's okay, and whatever. But Dez would shoot up to the different dorm windows, or if she thought she saw someone she would shoot. So poor Cafarelli's folks were on the grounds, and they just kept hearing more shots; but they wouldn't let them see her. The dorm was in an L shape, and on the other side were more buildings and trees. Then the open side was partially blocked off too, with another building. So you couldn't see the back of the grounds at all. So the only way to see what was going on were from the windows, or from on top of the building. Well, we found out after that they had sharpshooters on top of the building. Then they brought in a psychiatrist, and he told Kathleen Motichka, a senior, what to say. She started to talk to Dez over a microphone, and talked her in. Again, this is a different day. So Cafarelli went to surgery. Cafarelli was a cheerleader, a tiny little thing. They said, had her abdomen not been so tight, she 15 would have bled out. So they took her to surgery, put her in a room, but right next to her, on the same floor, was Dez. And they didn't arrest her, because of the nuns. She was in the hospital that night with Cafarelli. When Cafarelli's folks saw that, it was just – but anyway, that's where she was. MF: What a crazy story. EB: It was. MF: I can't even imagine that something like that could – that's like today's stuff, like a normal day – but back then, that's just… EB: It would never have happened. And to keep those girls on the same floor would never have happened. But then, it was just a different day. Then - Cafarelli didn't go to Denver, because Dez was from Colorado, and she was sent to some type of reform thing in Denver. It was either Dana or Cafarelli that didn't go to Denver. I can't remember which one. I think it was Dana that ended up going to the University of Utah for her peds rotation, because Cafarelli was at Mass in Denver, and was in a little alcove and was lighting candles, and Dez was right behind her. So then Dana didn't go. I think that's the way it was; it was Dana that didn't go and Cafarelli that was at Mass. Dana was never the same after that. She just had many problems. It was a rough little episode. MF: It would take a while to get over something like that. EB: Very scary. MF: Yes, very scary. Tell us about graduation. When was graduation held? 16 EB: Graduation was held at St. Joseph's in Ogden, and it was just so exciting. You could always tell the really new students, because their neck and arms were so chafed from the uniforms. Has anyone talked to you about the uniforms? MF: They've just told us they were starched. EB: Oh – they were so starched. So it was just a dress, with a button-down front, and a belt that then buttoned over with two buttons. Short-sleeved, and a collar. But you had to get calluses built up, because you were just raw. I mean, they were starched. You put those babies on, and that skirt was just out straight, and it didn't move. So you wore the uniform for one day, and the next day they were just crumpled, but you had to wear them for more than one day. Anyway, so we all had on our uniforms and our caps, and it was just grand. Walked across the front and got our diploma; the physicians were there, and other nurses were there, and families were there. It was just grand. MF: That's great; it was a great accomplishment, to be done. You survived. EB: Yes, we survived – only the tough survived. MF: Did you stay at St. Benedict's after you graduated? EB: I did. Loved surgical, but the director of the hospital at that time wanted me to go to psych. So I worked psych for – oh, I started there and worked there for a long time. Connie Van Hook – have you interviewed her? MF: We haven't. We talked to her older sister, Joan, though. EB: She was a flight nurse for the Air Force Reserve and my husband was in the Air Force. I joined the Air Force Reserves and did that, and then I just stayed at St. Benedict's until – I took a year off, and I was going to go back, but in that year I 17 got pregnant. So then I didn't go back. Then I went back to Ogden Regional and just worked the med/surg floor a couple nights a week, and then we went to Egypt. Then when I came back I started doing home care, and I did home care the majority of the time. MF: So have you retired? EB: I have retired. MF: When did you retire? EB: I retired before we went on our mission, so – seven years ago. A long time ago; it doesn't seem that long. MF: Well, that's great. Thanks for letting us come visit with you. EB: Thank you.
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DJs Sam Towndrow and George Conomos are Mesan. Two artists whose passion for music brought them together to collaboratively create a unique and distinctive sound.
Mesan has played alongside some of the biggest names in underground music scene. These incude artists such as Sasha, Funk D'Void, Robert Babicz, Oliver Huntemann, Eelke Kleijn, Desyn Masiello, Russ Yallop, Alexkid, Pezzner, Guido Schneider, Adultnapper, Ernesto Ferreyra, Fabrizio Maurizi, Matthew Dekay, SQL, Lee Van Dowski, Michel Cleis and more.
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ya....really amazing
good when used in proper context...
not soooooooooooooo nice
this card is ok not so nice...........
Wish someone a beautiful day.
A beautiful flower with a beautiful message.
Wish someone a great day with this fun e-card.
Send over warm hugs to someone to wish a special and beautiful day...
Send cheerful butterflies and lovely flowers to wish get well.
Make someone feel better by sending this cute get well card.
Send this to someone whom you miss dearly.
Put a smile on someone's face and send your get well soon wishes with this card.
Send this teddy ecard to your loved ones.
Some sunshine and a beautiful message.
Send these fun tips along with your get well soon wishes.
A nice caring ecard...
Send this beautiful ecard to your friends & family to show you care about them.
Send your get well soon wishes with this interactive card.
A cute way to tell someone that you're really sorry.
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text:
Bleeding in the Digestive Tract
Bleeding in the digestive tract is a symptom of a disease rather than a disease itself. A number of different conditions can cause bleeding. Most causes of bleeding are related to conditions that can be cured or controlled, such as ulcers or hemorrhoids. Some causes of bleeding may be life threatening.
Locating the source of bleeding is important. Different conditions cause bleeding in the upper digestive tract and the lower digestive tract. The upper digestive tract includes the esophagus, stomach, and upper portion of the small intestine, also called the duodenum. The lower digestive tract includes the lower portion of the small intestine; large intestine, which includes the colon and rectum; and anus.
What are the signs of bleeding in the digestive tract?
The signs of bleeding in the digestive tract depend on the site and severity of bleeding.
Signs of bleeding in the upper digestive tract include:
- Bright red blood in vomit
- Vomit that looks like coffee grounds
- Black or tarry stool
- Dark blood mixed with stool
- Stool mixed or coated with bright red blood
Signs of bleeding in the lower digestive tract include:
- Black or tarry stool
- Dark blood mixed with stool
- Stool mixed or coated with bright red blood
Sudden, severe bleeding is called acute bleeding. If acute bleeding occurs, symptoms may include:
- Weakness
- Dizziness or faintness
- Shortness of breath
- Crampy abdominal pain
- Diarrhea
- Paleness
A person with acute bleeding may go into shock, experiencing a rapid pulse, a drop in blood pressure, and difficulty producing urine.
Light bleeding that continues for a long time or starts and stops is called chronic bleeding. If bleeding is chronic, a person may notice that fatigue, lethargy, and shortness of breath develop over time. Chronic blood loss can also lead to anemia, a condition in which the blood's iron-rich substance, hemoglobin, is diminished.
A person may not notice a small amount of bleeding in the digestive tract. This type of bleeding is called occult bleeding. Simple tests can detect occult blood in the stool.
What causes bleeding in the digestive tract?
A variety of conditions can cause bleeding in the digestive tract. Causes of bleeding in the upper digestive tract include the following:
- Peptic ulcers. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, are common causes of peptic ulcers.
- Esophageal varices. Varices, or enlarged veins, located at the lower end of the esophagus may rupture and bleed massively. Cirrhosis is the most common cause of esophageal varices.
- Mallory-Weiss tears. These tears in the lining of the esophagus usually result from vomiting. Increased pressure in the abdomen from coughing, hiatal hernia, or childbirth can also cause tears.
- Gastritis. NSAIDs and other drugs, infections, Crohn's disease, illnesses, and injuries can cause gastritis—inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the stomach.
- Esophagitis. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common cause of esophagitis—inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the esophagus. In GERD, the muscle between the esophagus and stomach fails to close properly, allowing food and stomach juices to flow back into the esophagus.
- Benign tumors and cancer. A benign tumor is an abnormal tissue growth that is not cancerous. Benign tumors and cancer in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum may cause bleeding.
Causes of bleeding in the lower digestive tract include the following:
- Diverticular disease. This disease is caused by diverticula—pouches in the colon wall.
- Colitis. Infections, diseases such as Crohn's disease, lack of blood flow to the colon, and radiation can cause colitis—inflammation of the colon.
- Hemorrhoids or fissures. Hemorrhoids are enlarged veins in the anus or rectum that can rupture and bleed. Fissures, or ulcers, are cuts or tears in the anal area.
- Angiodysplasia. Aging causes angiodysplasia—abnormalities in the blood vessels of the intestine.
- Polyps or cancer. Benign growths or polyps in the colon are common and may lead to cancer. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States and often causes occult bleeding.1
1 Common cancer types. National Cancer Institute website. www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/commoncancers#1. Updated May 7, 2009. Accessed October 26, 2009.
How is bleeding in the digestive tract diagnosed?
The first step in diagnosing bleeding in the digestive tract is locating the site of the bleeding. The doctor will take the patient's complete medical history and perform a physical examination. Symptoms such as changes in bowel habits, black or red stools, and pain or tenderness in the abdomen may tell the doctor which area of the digestive tract is bleeding.
The doctor may need to test the stool for blood. Iron supplements, bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), or certain foods such as beets can give the stool the same appearance as bleeding from the digestive tract. Stool tests can also show bleeding that is not visible to the patient.
A blood test can help determine the extent of the bleeding and whether the patient is anemic.
Nasogastric lavage is a procedure that can be used to determine whether the bleeding is in the upper or lower digestive tract. With nasogastric lavage, a tube is inserted through the nose and into the stomach. The contents of the stomach are removed through the tube. If the stomach contains bile and does not contain blood, the bleeding either has stopped or is likely in the lower digestive tract.
Endoscopy is the most common method for finding the source of bleeding in the digestive tract. An endoscope is a flexible tube with a small camera on the end. The doctor inserts the endoscope through the patient's mouth to view the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. This examination is called esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). An endoscope can also be inserted through the rectum to view the colon. This procedure is called colonoscopy. The doctor can use the endoscope to do a biopsy, which involves collecting small samples of tissue for examination with a microscope.
Bleeding that cannot be found with endoscopy is called obscure bleeding. The doctor may repeat the endoscopy or use other procedures to find the cause of obscure bleeding.
Enteroscopy is an examination of the small intestine. Because traditional endoscopes cannot reach the small intestine, special endoscopes are used for enteroscopy.
Enteroscopy procedures include
- Push enteroscopy. A long endoscope is used to examine the upper portion of the small intestine.
- Double-balloon enteroscopy. Balloons are mounted on the endoscope to help the endoscope move through the entire small intestine.
- Capsule endoscopy. The person swallows a capsule containing a tiny camera. The camera transmits images to a video monitor as the capsule passes through the digestive tract. This procedure is designed to examine the small intestine, but it also allows the doctor to examine the rest of the digestive tract.
Other procedures
Several other methods can help locate the source of bleeding:
- Barium x rays. Barium is a contrast material that makes the digestive tract visible in an x ray. A liquid containing barium is either swallowed or inserted into the rectum. Barium x rays are less accurate than endoscopy and may interfere with other diagnostic techniques.
- Radionuclide scanning. The doctor injects small amounts of radioactive material into the person's vein. A special camera, similar to an x-ray machine, can detect this radiation and create images of blood flow in the digestive tract. Radionuclide scanning is sensitive enough to detect very slow bleeding, but it is not as accurate as other procedures.
- Angiography. A dye is injected into the person's vein to make blood vessels visible in x-ray or computerized tomography (CT) scans. Dye leaks out of the blood vessels at the bleeding site. In some cases, the doctor can use angiography to inject medicine or other material into blood vessels to try to stop the bleeding.
- Exploratory laparotomy. If other methods cannot locate the source of the bleeding, a surgical procedure may be necessary to examine the digestive tract.
How is bleeding in the digestive tract treated?
Endoscopy can be used to stop bleeding in the digestive tract. A doctor can insert tools through the endoscope to
- Inject chemicals into the bleeding site
- Treat the bleeding site and surrounding tissue with a heat probe, electric current, or laser
- Close affected blood vessels with a band or clip
Endoscopy does not always control bleeding. Angiography can be used to inject medicine or other material into blood vessels to control some types of bleeding. If endoscopy and angiography do not work, the patient may need other treatments or surgery to stop the bleeding.
To prevent bleeding in the future, doctors can treat the conditions that cause bleeding, such as
- H. pylori and other infections
- Ulcers
- Hemorrhoids
- Polyps
- Inflammatory bowel diseases
- Bleeding in the digestive tract is a symptom of a disease rather than a disease itself.
- A number of different conditions can cause bleeding in the digestive tract.
- Finding the location and cause of the bleeding is important.
- Most causes of bleeding can be cured or controlled.
- Endoscopy is the most common tool for diagnosing and treating bleeding in the digestive tract.
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) sponsors research to improve treatment for patients with digestive diseases that cause bleeding in the digestive tract, including diverticular disease, GERD, and inflammatory bowel diseases.
Participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research. For information about current studies, visit http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/.
American College of Gastroenterology
P.O. Box 342260
Bethesda, MD 20827–2260
Phone: 301–263–9000
Internet: www.acg.gi.org
American Gastroenterological Association
National Office
4930 Del Ray Avenue
Bethesda, MD 20814
Phone: 301–654–2055
Fax: 301–654–5920
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: www.gastro.org
You may also find additional information about this topic by visiting MedlinePlus at http://www.medlineplus.gov/.
This publication may contain information about medications. When prepared, this publication included the most current information available. For updates or for questions about any medications, contact the U.S. Food and Drug Administration toll–free at 1–888–INFO–FDA (1–888–463–6332) or visit http://www.fda.gov/. Consult your doctor for more information.
Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts. This publication was reviewed by David A. Peura, M.D., University of Virginia Health System.
The U.S. Government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial product or company. Trade, proprietary, or company names appearing in this document are used only because they are considered necessary in the context of the information provided. If a product is not mentioned, the omission does not mean or imply that the product is unsatisfactory.
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
2 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892–3570
Phone: 1–800–891–5389
Fax: 703–738–4929
Email: email@example.com
Internet: www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov
The National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1980, the Clearinghouse provides information about digestive diseases to people with digestive disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. The NDDIC answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about digestive diseases.
Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts.
This publication is not copyrighted. The Clearinghouse encourages users of this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.
NIH Publication No. 10–1133
January 2010
Page last updated March 27, 2012


text:
Cataclysm Currency Changes
Moderators: Fridmarr, Worldie, Aergis, Sabindeus, PsiVen
53 posts
• Page 4 of 4 • 1, 2, 3, 4
Re: Cataclysm Currency Changes
Mutley wrote:You'll get JP every time you would've received either a triumph or frost emblem on live.
Sure, but I was wondering how many you get? Current conversion rates imply about 5 JP where you would have got 2 emblems. But with current JP prices for T10, that means it will take it would take four times as many ICC boss kills to get T10 as before. I guess being able to use JP from heroic boss kills to get T10 will offset that to a greater or lesser extent.
But I suspect they will have to award more JP from ICC bosses than 5 man ones or it will be very odd. ICC will be empty for a month as raiders continually rampage through five mans.
- econ21
- Posts: 1381
- Joined: Tue Apr 01, 2008 8:53 am
Re: Cataclysm Currency Changes
I'm still getting triumphs on the ptr, so something isn't working yet.
Vek'nilash EU
Vek'nilash EU
- Mutley
- Posts: 242
- Joined: Fri Sep 05, 2008 6:52 am
Re: Cataclysm Currency Changes
I'm most curious what justice points can buy me at 85. Anything useful? Starter blues? I'm grasping at straws to find a reason not toturn them into money.
Kelaan - Posts: 4037
- Joined: Thu Jan 03, 2008 12:01 pm
Re: Cataclysm Currency Changes
Kelaan wrote:I'm most curious what justice points can buy me at 85. Anything useful? Starter blues? I'm grasping at straws to find a reason not toturn them into money.
Have a roll and contemplate -
Bashiok wrote:A couple common questions I've seen, and some answers.
Q: So wait, wait, wait... wait. What can I buy with these new Justice Point things?
Justice Points are the lower tier of the two PvE currencies. When this change hits they'll be used for pretty much everything. In Cataclysm terms you'll be able to buy level 85 heroic dungeon gear with them. Same item level as level 85 heroic boss drops. But Valor, the higher tier currency, will buy tier 11.
Q: So wait... can't I just keep them and then buy the best tier?
No, Justice will always buy the tier below the top tier at the time. So when new content comes out (4.1?) Valor will be used to buy the new tier (12?) and Justice will be used to buy the tier below, the 85 heroic items, and everything else.
Q: Ok, so like, can't I just be completely awesome now with all this moneys?
Yes this does mean tier 10 is easier to get right before the expansion comes out. Enjoy them, you'll be replacing them as you level. And you can certainly stockpile your 4000 points and use them to buy a heroic level item or two at level 85! WOOOO!
Korola - Maintankadonor
- Posts: 779
- Joined: Fri Jul 31, 2009 7:57 am
Re: Cataclysm Currency Changes
Bashiok wrote:Yes this does mean tier 10 is easier to get right before the expansion comes out. Enjoy them, you'll be replacing them as you level.
Ok so how I interpret this is, EoT and EoF are being converted to the new Justice Points. So once that goes live, we farm Heroics for Justice Points and therefore can buy all our T10.
Cata goes live, we hit 85 and we still get Justice Points by doing Heroics and dailies...we can buy Blue heroic loot that drops from heroic boses only. kk...
Now, they release the first raid content, it drops Valor Points from bosses which we can use to buy High end loots/T11...kk
When new raid content comes out, Valor still is the same but will buy the newest high end loot/T12 and Justice will buy blue heroics/T11.
Is that pretty much it? Sounds cool to me! So, I think all my EoT and EoF will be converted to Conquest badges for the 5.5g per badge and make a couple thousand gold. No need to waste them on a few upgrades (T10) and have them replace the first week of cata. As for saving for blues at 85...Im a dam Pally tank and will insta cue my way to full heroic loot drops...not like im DPS waiting 15mins for a fricken dungeon cue.
- Cronus
- Posts: 104
- Joined: Wed Feb 24, 2010 8:31 am
Re: Cataclysm Currency Changes
It might depend on what sort of level 85 heroic dungeon drops are out there, though, and how they compare toquest/etc rewards. .... otoh, 3k seems like a lot of money to someone as broke as me.
Kelaan - Posts: 4037
- Joined: Thu Jan 03, 2008 12:01 pm
Re: Cataclysm Currency Changes
Not a bad idea. I wonder how they will handle T12 though. By the time that hits, plenty of guild will have a ton of Valor Points saved up. I can't imagine they want people to buy T12 gear a s soon as content is released. I guess they'll convert any remaining valor points into justice points at the release patch.
Sounds like a good idea overall though.
Sounds like a good idea overall though.
trellian - Posts: 671
- Joined: Wed Jul 16, 2008 3:02 am
- Location: Silvermoon, EU
Re: Cataclysm Currency Changes
That's what they said woul happen when they announced the currency changes a few months back. Each tier will convert existing higher tier points into the lower tier version.
- KysenMurrin
- Posts: 7144
- Joined: Thu Jun 26, 2008 6:37 am
- Location: UK
53 posts
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text:
The event is designed to raise much-needed donations for utility assistance for low-income, less fortunate families with small children and senior citizens.
All proceeds through sponsorships, participant pledges and donations will be designated to help families stay warm in their homes this winter.
"It's a family-fun event for all ages and all fitness levels," said Sgt. Ruthie Forgey, who heads the Salvation Army's Cleveland operations. "There will be lots of energy and bells and caring people who want to make a difference."
Local businesses, civic clubs, service organizations, churches and concerned individuals can help by taking part in the Jingle Bell Jog/Walk or by making a monetary contribution.
Jim Welch, corps support for The Salvation Army said, "All of the monies raised will go to utilities assistance."
"Last month we were only able to serve about 38 percent of the requests for utility assistance. That was even before it got as cold as it is now," Welch said.
"We have a tremendous need now and in the winter months there will even be a greater need. We want to make sure everyone is warm, especially the children and the elderly."
Awards and prizes will be given to overall winners in each age bracket. Refreshments will be available as well as vendor/information booths from sponsoring businesses. For their contribution, each runner will receive a Jingle Jog/Walk long-sleeved shirt.
The (5-kilometer) route is runnable for those who choose to run and walkable for those who prefer to walk. All participants and bystanders are encouraged to wear jingle bells as a festive way to raise money and awareness, and to let the families in need know they are not alone, organizers said.
Registration begins at 7 a.m. for the 5K run and one-mile walk. Pre-registration can be done by calling 423-380-8178 or by picking up a registration form at The Salvation Army Family Store at 699 17th St. Registration is $20 per entrant for the 5K run and 1 Mile Jog/Walk and $25 for families for the 1 Mile Jog/Walk.
The annual event is sponsored by SkyRidge Medical Center, My Mix 104.1, SouthEast Bank & Trust, Kathy Lee of Coldwell Banker, Check Into Cash and The Plastic Surgery Clinic of Cleveland.
Donations can be mailed to The Salvation Army, Attn: Jingle Bell Jog, The Salvation Army, P.O. Box 5325, Cleveland, TN 37320. For more information, please call Jim Welch at 423-380-8178.
Directions to Fletcher Park: From Interstate 75 Exit 25 turn east. Go right at the red light onto Georgetown Road. Follow Georgetown to Harrison Pike. Turn right on Harrison Pike. Turn right on Old Harrison Pike and continue straight onto Tennessee Nursery Road. Fletcher Park is on the left.


text:
Accelerating AMBA Protocol-Based Design
VPE-301 executes much faster than real RTL by 'giving-up' execution of functions within the substituted device in favor of emulating its traffic, and by replacing real data values with constrained random data.
In conclusion, for the purposes of system performance exploration, it takes significantly less development time to capture and reproduce realistic traffic profiles for different Systems IP using VPE-301 than it does to write a cycle-accurate model of the same device.
Complementing other Conventional Verification Tools
VPE-301 complements conventional verification tools in the following areas
- Directed testing
- Protocol checking
- Coverage of AMBA 3 AXI interfaces
Comprehensive Set of Features Provided
VPE-301 provides a comprehensive set of adaptable tools to stimulate and monitor AMBA 3 AXI interfaces at both block-level and system-level. VPE-301 enhances the verification process and enables you to keep control in a clear and simple way. It simplifies verification and speeds up the verification process. VPE-301 supports traditional functional verification, but also enables you to generate traffic profiles. Traffic profiles based on statistical distributions of selected AXI parameters include timing that you can either generate manually or collect from existing systems and then replay.
Key Feature | Benefit |
Performance exploration using traffic profiling | Ease of system performance exploration using realistic traffic, speed of development of what-if scenarios, fast turnaround and high visibility without needing SystemC models, RTL or software components to be in place first |
Channel-level directed traffic generation and checking | Ease of reuse of bus functional model directed vectors |
Transaction recording and visualization in simulator waveform view | Makes it easier to build score-boarding and debug/decision making down to transaction level |
Transaction recording and visualization | Visibility of system performance at an early stage of development |
Slave memory behavior | Fully programmable slave memory device speeds up test bench generation and aids controllability |
Protocol Checking and Coverage Monitoring | Reduces risk by checking that AXI interfaces are protocol compliant at the same time as executing a minimum set of functionality corner-cases |


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text:
Frankfort teen has a role in stage production of 'Annie'
By Ginger Brashinger Correspondent December 24, 2012 3:10PM
Kayla Rea (back row, far left), plays lil' orphan Duffy in "Annie" at the Paramount Theatre in Aurora.
Updated: January 25, 2013 6:07AM
Kayla Rea, 12, has been studying singing, dancing and acting since she was a toddler.
All that hard work is paying off for the Frankfort pre-teen.
In the last two years, she's appeared in several musical productions, made commercial recordings and even danced in a foreign film.
Kayla's now performing one of her biggest roles as "Duffy," one of the optimistic orphans in the production of "Annie" at the Paramount Theatre in Aurora.
Kayla is all smiles about her role.
Duffy "is the oldest orphan so she gets to be in charge, and she gets to sing this solo, 'You're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile,'" she said.
And if she had the chance to trade her role for the lead part of Annie?
"I think it would be fun, but I don't think that's me," Kayla said.
Her show biz role reflects her family role as the oldest of four children. Rea lives with her parents, Evan and Lynette, and siblings Alyson, 10, James, 7, and Tyler, 4, and Barney, the family's pet beagle.
Although she's a typical pre-teen in many ways — texting her best friend, shopping, or doing her homework — Rea's free time is all about entertainment.
She's not only willing to spend long hours in rehearsals and performances — sometimes eight hours at a time — but to spend long periods away from home.
At 10, Kayla was on tour for four months with "A Christmas Story, the Musical," playing the "swing" role of four different characters.
"She totally nailed it," Evan Rea said.
Kayla's father knows what he's talking about.
Evan Rea is an entertainer in his own right, a musician and a music teacher who teaches from his home studio, Evan Rea Studios.
He's currently the musical director for "Annie," but said he had no input into his daughter's casting. In fact, Rea said, he was actually hired after his daughter landed her role.
Inheriting her father's musical ability was only half of the genetic equation for Kayla.
Lynette Rea is the music director at St. Anthony Catholic Church in Frankfort and has encouraged her daughter on several occasions to audition for parts in musicals.
The Reas said because their daughter spends her free time at home singing, dancing and writing her own plays, they encourage her to do what she loves.
"She's constantly making up dances and singing around the house — nonstop," her parents said.
And although Kayla will confess to being "a little nervous" about some of her auditions, that's a distant second to how nervous she becomes until she finds out if she got the part.
For Kayla, nothing compares to being onstage.
"It's so much fun," she said. "I'd do it, like, a million times."
"Annie" plays through Sunday at the Paramount Theatre, 23 E. Galena St., Aurora. For information call (630) 896-6666 or visit ParamountAurora.com.