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In a MDOC press release, Commissioner Christopher Epps said, "Tough times make you make tough decisions. A budget shortfall and fewer non-violent inmates eligible to be housed at community work centers are the reasons for the decision."
Rosedale's facility, commonly referred to as the Bolivar County Community Work Center, will be one of the four to close its doors.
The center typically holds between 75-100 inmates.
Local municipalities, which utilize inmate labor to work with governments, agencies and schools, greatly benefit from the program.
Those involved, incarcerated for light offenses, can be seen around the county cutting grass, picking up trash, performing janitorial work and assisting at local schools.
One inmate even played an integral role in the major reconstruction of the Bolivar County Courthouse in Rosedale.
Offenders already at the closing centers will be transferred to other MDOC facilities and staff will be offered positions at other locations.
Bolivar County Board of Supervisors President Andrew Williams said the move would be a big blow locally, as the workers help with jobs across Bolivar County.
"The labor they provide probably saves the county about $2.5 million in wages," Williams said. "They do the labor and the jobs that nobody has the budget to pay for.
"We're talking about some of them who are really skilled workers."
Williams said many local leaders, including mayors, law enforcement officials and elected officials, are planning to meet at Rosedale's center on Tuesday morning to come up with a plan to convince MDOC to keep the facility running.
Rosedale Mayor Carey Estes agreed the program is a big asset.
"A lot of people are concerned," said Estes. "We need the help of our inmate laborers, not only in Rosedale but across Bolivar County."
Cleveland-Bolivar County Chamber of Commerce Executive Vice President Judson Thigpen said the chamber has depended on the workers for a number of major events, including Octoberfest, Italian Festival and Crosstie.
"It's unfortunate anytime you lose a labor like that, especially since we've been able to rely on them for some time," said Thigpen. "We're going to have to fill a void for those events.
"Obviously this will be a setback and it's going to effect a lot of people and groups. It's going to start hitting the pocket book."
The platform also makes a significant statewide impact.
Offenders in the community work centers contributed $17,772,600 in free labor to local, county, state and non-profit charitable organizations throughout the state during the 2012 fiscal year.
A goal of the MDOC is to provide the greatest amount of public protection while making the most efficient use of the state's resources.
"Being a good steward of taxpayer money is part of my responsibility as commissioner," said Epps. "Closing these four facilities will save taxpayers about $2.3 million."
MDOC will also close Yazoo County Community Work Center in Yazoo City, Jefferson County Community Work Center in Fayette and George County Community Work Center in Lucedale.


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Dog Field coursing practices May 5,2014
Location: Clinton State Park
Type: Field Coursing Dog Run
Date: Sunday, May 18, 2014
Contact: Vickie Jacobs
Phone No: 785-379-5430
Time: 9:00 am - 12:00 pm
Other Information:
Heartland Coursing Assocation is having a open to the public dog practice run. At the Picnic Area across from shelter #1.
Dog lure coursing feild trial. (A course is mapped out with a guided lure for the dogs to chase for the fastest time.) Located at Picnic Area.

subset: commoncrawl


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Through Nov. 10, 1.21 bilion pounds of apples had been shipped in the U.S. year-to-date, up from 1.09 billion last year at the same time, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
About 644 million pounds had shipped from Washington, up from 494 million pounds last year.
Demand was strong and prices higher across the board for St. Louis-based retailer William A. Straub, said Greg Lehr, produce category specialist.
On average, prices in mid-November were about 50 cents per pound higher than the year before, Lehr said. And products including three-pound bags of Michigan jonathans were substantially higher.
But Lehr said he expects to have supplies of jonathans, mcintoshes, empires and other Midwestern and Eastern varieties at least through the end of the year.
"They're still available, and I think they'll be there for a little while," he said. "The pricing has been the biggest difference."
About 35 million bushels of red delicious had yet to be shipped on Nov. 1, up from 34 million last year at the same time, according to the U.S. Apple report.
Supplies of fresh-market galas, fujis and golden delicious also are up from 2011.
Gala volumes rose from 18 million to 20.6 million bushels, fujis from 11.8 million to 15.5 million bushels and golden delicious from 11.3 million to 12.3 million bushels.
Granny smith holdings fell slightly, from 11.6 million bushels on Nov. 1, 2011, to 11.5 million bushels this year.


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- Parents Community
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- Birthday Clubs
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- January 2014 Babies
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- New Mom2B seeking opinions about vaccines
The internet can be a great source of information- from movie reviews to new recipes. Even researching health information can be done online through a variety of websites. However, it's imperative that parents thoroughly research the source of their information. Parenting forums are a good place to start for ideas, but when it comes done to making importance decisions about your children's health, make sure the information your using is accurate up-to-date and correct. My favorite websites that share important vaccination information are:
- The Vaccine Education Center-http://www.chop.edu/service/vaccine-education-cent
- Vaccinate Your Baby- www.vaccinateyourbaby.org
- CDC- http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/infants-toddle
-Immunization Action Coalition -http://www.vaccineinformation.org/infants-children
It's always so important to make sure your source of information is a reputable website and has the proper credentials to speak about the topic at hand.
I am so skeptical about vaccines but I could never just not vaccinate my kids. My son is now 14 months old and at his 1-year checkup I had decided that there was no way I was going to let them stick him with up to six vaccines and take his blood so my husband and I decided to do one shot at a time- a specialist told us that one shot at a time reduces his exposure to all the preservatives and aluminum in the vaccines. He said the aluminum is the problem when people associate vaccines with Autism. The massive amount kids receive when they get 4-6 shots at a time is a concern but he also said not to mention Autism as my main reason for doing the shots one at a time to my pediatrician because they will just jump all over me with statistics and reports about how safe the vaccines are. I just simply told my son's doctor that I was concerned about reactions and not knowing which vaccine is causing what reaction when he gets more than one at a time- which is true. I bring my son to the pediatrician every 30 days for one booster shot and a dose of popsicle or lollipop! Giving babies sugar (or sugar water) a couple minutes before the injection raises dopamine and naturally lessens the pain. I found out when my son was born that you are not supposed to give kids any pain reliever before their shots- if the vaccine causes a fever you want to let it go because it raises the child's immunity to whatever the injection was for. Ten years ago, when I had my daughter, we were encouraged to dose her with Tylenol an hour before the shots to get it working in her system and to reduce the amount of time between doses so she could get another after the shots were given. So much has changed since then! I hope this helps you some- this is such a hard topic and there really is no right or wrong choice. You just have to follow your heart <3
Hi. I can totally relate to your desire to hear what others are doing regarding vaccines. I have 3 boys...all 4 years apart. An 8, 4 and 2 month old. My 8 year old was vaccinated according to the normal schedule. Back then we didn't have a computer and I hadn't heard of autism yet. Excema and allergies and all the other crazy things weren't as common either. I vaccinated without thinking about it. By the time I was pregnant with my 4 year old most people knew someone that had autism and vaccines were in the hot seat, so I started researching them. My son had his 2 month shots and I still felt like I needed to research more before deciding not to continue. He had his 4 month shots and I felt this impending doom feeling in my heart during his visit. He never had another shot. My 2 month old has not had any. Let me give some insight to our lifestyle. I am a stay at home mom. I homeschool. My kids have never been in a daycare setting accept at church. I breastfed both my older boys till they were 2. Same plans with this new baby. I waited till my kids were at least 6 months old to start on any foods. I rarely take my kids to the doctor nor have they been on many meds. I can count on 1 hand the # of meds they have been prescribed, one being for pinkeye, combined. I let virtually everything they get run its course so as to build their immune system naturally. I do not go out of my way to limit their interaction with other kids that have basic colds. I give them Tylenol/Ibuprofren at bedtime when they have a fever but rarely during the day. All my babies were born with no complications and full term. AND I pray for them often and thank God for showing them favor regarding good health. So far my vaccinated 8 year old and mostly unvaccinated 4 year old are equally healthy which makes it hard to decide if vaccinating is better or worse. Knowing the things that are in vaccines makes vaccinating very scary. I also had a hard time thinking of my perfectly happy, smiling baby changing overnight into a withdrawn "lights turned off inside" child after getting a vaccine like so many others have experienced. I have prayed and prayed about this and have come to the conclusion that whichever choice one makes they should be praying for their child. If they vaccinate, pray for no reactions or long term effects, if they don't vaccinate, pray that your child becomes immune to the disease by having only a very light case of it or doesn't get it at all. Either way there are very real risks. I was very lucky to have found a dr that acknowledges the risks on both sides and supported my decisions. Good luck with your decision and my advice...go with your intuition, not letting anyone change your end decision because ultimately you, not they, have to live with any consequences. Also take into consideration your lifestyle...smoking, working, breastfeeding, etc. if some of these variables had been different in my life, I may have made different decisions.
This is a great website with information regarding vaccines.It is a non-profit group started by Barbara Fisher.I would listen to other parents before listening to the CDC and doctors who profit from the vaccines and rarely have done research on them.
The reason most people think that vaccines are ok is because they aren't educated as to the side effects.
Usually, what they know about them is from the drs or the drug companies....not exactly a neutral source of info.
You can find more info at the vaccine machine......I can't remember the exact addy but you can google it.
Hope this helps.
My grown daughter, her 2 girls, my numerous neices and nephews have had no vaccines and NO childhood diseases. I am 67 and never had a flu shot or pneumonia shot and have not had either illness.
Furthermore, autism was the least of my worries. If they are so safe, why do patients have to sign a waiver?
Just sayin'...............
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Please read the forum guidelines.
For questions about the community, send a message to our moderator, Christine.


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Although California table grapes have been given the green light to be shipped into Western Australia, some grape growers in that state remain opposed, fearing the imports could carry a devastating grape disease.
Graham Morgan, owner of Bullfrog International, imported the first load of California grapes and said there was nothing to fear because all imports had to meet strict phytosanitary requirements, according to an article in the July 29 issue of The West Australian newspaper.
In fact, the Canning Vale, Western Australia-based importer accused local grape growers of scaremongering about the risk from phomopsis cane and leaf spot, a fungal disease.
"This is good for retailers and consumers at a quiet time of the year for the fruit and vegetable industry," Morgan said in the article. "Our argument as wholesalers is that it encourages people to eat grapes so that when local grapes are in season, they will eat more."
His comments come slightly more than a week after the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry decided to allow California table grape imports into Western Australia, providing they meet the same quarantine pest requirements set by the country's other states and territories.
Those regions began receiving California table grape imports in 2002, but Western Australian state legislation banned the importation of any out-of-state grapes, said Kathleen Nave, president of the Fresno-based California Table Grape Commission.
Morgan's load also marks the first time that any entity outside of Western Australia has been able to ship table grapes into the state, she said.
"It's pretty big news," Nave said, adding that the U.S. Department of Agriculture played a huge role in gaining access.
During the 2012-13 season, Australia imported about 1.6 million 19-pound boxes of California table grapes, according to commission figures.
Western Australia has a population of 2.1 million to 2.2 million people, most of those living in Perth, she said.
"It's kind of one big major market, but it's a big deal to have the rest of the (Australian) market open," Nave said. "There will be no counter-seasonable grapes that are in there other than ours, and Australians love grapes."
California exporters will continue to ship grapes into Western Australia until November or December, when local production begins to hit the market, she said.
In making its decision, the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry first conducted a joint risk assessment with the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and Food about whether table grape imports could harbor phomopsis and grapevine fanleaf virus, another grape disease of concern. Both are harmless to humans and other animals.


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Weekend Passions: the secret lives of everyday folk
We humans are a passionate, but complex bunch. For the most part, only our loved ones and close work colleagues gain any sort of insight into what makes us tick. Some of us go through our entire lives intentionally or unintentionally keeping our dreams, aspirations or wishes close to our chest. Maybe it's just something about being British. It's often only through our actions, perhaps in the form of a pastime, hobby or even a part-time job that these "passions" come to the surface.
Click for the full story
The 'Weekend Passions' project hopes to give voice to the silent majority who may be hiding their true selves behind the public face that is presented to the world at large. It's a long term project to photograph friends, family, colleagues and the good folks of, mainly, Hampshire (UK) and the surrounding area involved in a sport, event, pastime, hobby or even a part-time occupation that they are 'passionate' about. There has been no imposed limit on age, ethnicity, ability or any other arbitrary restrictions other than that the area of interest should not be a full time occupation. Wishful thinking doesn't count!As the owner of Retina Photography, my "passion" is photographing people. In general, most folk who request a portrait are thinking in terms of a posed or semi-posed set-up in a photographer's studio or some form of modern 'lifestyle' format. As a working portrait photographer, I have very little time to actually get to know the people in front of my camera. During a photographic session, I concentrate on capturing, in the split second that it takes for the camera shutter to open and close, a smile, a wistful look or some other expression that is aesthetically pleasing to the sitter or other viewers. These pictures have their place and are a perfectly valid form of expression, but by their very nature, they cannot explore the personality of the person in front of the photographer's lens.
This is an opportunity to indulge my interest in people, whilst giving the subject a 'voice' by being photographed in an environment or situation that reflects their personality or interest. With the luxury of the extra time, not usually available during a normal portrait session, I have tried to get to know and, in some small way, understand the person a little more.
All the people who have volunteered to take part in these photographic essays have a story to tell. I am extremely grateful for their time and co-operation and hope that, between us, we have captured a small part of who they are in the portraits that you can see on this site and elsewhere.
Enjoy …


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Oh boy! I'm not there yet but I feel your anxiety. The only thing I can say is be there to love her every day. For me, high school was painful, I hated it and I remember feeling the same way towards my mom. I don't like to admit it, but that is the truth.
I think about what I would do different for my own daughter and I would make sure she knows that her home is where she can softly land after a rough day at school. I would remind her that she is beautiful every day and that if her friends can't see that then they are not true friends.
High school years are delicate ones. Be open to listening and not judging.
I have a feeling both you and your daughter will do just fine
I totally understand what you are saying! I remeber a friend getting a phone in her room and what a big deal it was. That was in 10th grade
Social media is a tough one. My feeling is that if it can't be monitored by you, then it shouldn't be an option. I think of safety issues. Can a phone (used responsibly) help keep my child safe=yes. Can facebook help keep my child safe=no. Thats just my opinion.
I used to be 100% against my children having cell phones. I'm still not ready for them to have one, I think they are too young at 3,7 and 9. I do think it's important for them to know how to use one though. I talked with my mom about this issue because she is a teacher and she sees it all. She said that these times are so different than when you and I were kids. A phone could save a life or help when someone is in trouble so she thinks at middle school ages kids should have a cell phone with limited functions.
The way I see it is that I can't mess my child up any more than my mom messed me up
Whether your child is moving to middle school or high school the first few weeks are going to be filled with excitement as well as anxiety. Being a parent it's your responsibility to make effort as a team and keep a positive focus. Encourage your teenager to participate in one or two activities to which she is interested.
Welcome to the community!
Please read the forum guidelines.
For questions about the community, send a message to our moderator, Christine.


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OWENSBORO, Ky. (8/1/13) -- Cheryl Kreke began her leadership for Campus Crusade for Christ (CRU) in her freshman year of college at Eastern Kentucky University. Not only did she make her closest friendships, but she also found it was good for her spiritual growth.
All throughout her college years, she was challenged to lead teams of girls in bible studies, and weekly music meetings and she loved playing the violin while serving Jesus Christ. In 2010, she went to Milwaukee, WI for eight weeks to serve God and the poor in the inner-city. The trip gave her real insight on what life is like in a diverse community; she learned the lingo, about poverty, and more."I found what it really looked like to walk with the Holy Spirit," Kreke said.
After she graduated from EKU, Kreke wasn't sure what she wanted to do with her psychology degree; she wasn't sure she was ready for the work force or a graduate program. An internship with Cru, "Here's Life Inner City", sparked her attention when she realized she could go back to Milwaukee to help serve those she helped before.
Kreke became very close with sisters who were 15 and 16 years-old and were part of a family of 13 children. She was excited to be part of their lives and get them excited about their futures. She would "walk beside them", helping them make decisions for college and careers.
Last summer, Kreke earned the amount it took to send her to Milwaukee for the second time through family, friends, church members, and local Owensboro residents. She said that people with less money tended to give more as a "matter of heart".
"It's really cool to have people interested in wanting to give," Kreke said.
12 percent of the money raised goes administration costs and 88 percent goes to personal costs like living expenses. The funds make it easier for her to reach out to other young girls, funds bible studies that Kreke leads, and helps local churches and outreaches for the community to find Jesus.
Kreke is now raising money to go to Milwaukee for a third trip for Sept. 2013 to July 2014.
"It's hard to be back here when I know there's so much to do back there," Kreke said.
If you would like to help Kreke in her crusade to Milwaukee, you can give gifts at www.give.cru.org and use her account number: 0660177.
"Prayers would also be appreciated," said Kreke.
Kreke is the daughter of Kathleen Kreke and Mike Kreke.
Taylor Riley
SurfKY News
Photos provided by Cheryl Kreke
© Copyright 2015 SurfKY News Group, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, or rewritten without permission. SurfKY News encourages you to share this story by using one of the social media links below.
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Hotel Hastal's Kambala Restaurant and Café
Virtuální prohlídky
A traveler's delight, Hotel Hastal's Kambala Café offers elite cuisine prepared using the freshest ingredients Prague has to offer.
Much like the flat fish the café is named after, Kambala Café is a hidden treasure in the vast sea of Prague's eateries.
The name Kambala was chosen because it is unique and is easily spoken in all dialects.
Additionally, the Kambala is a very peculiar looking fish and is extremely rare and delicate.
We welcome you.
Owners Petr Sampalik (Head Chef) and his beloved wife Barbara are both Prague natives who share a passion for fine cuisine, food education,
and a belief the fresher the food consumed, the healthier and more energetic life can be. Chef Petr's love for food started at a very young age.
His pursuit to master the kitchen originated from his Belgian grandmother and his culinary education continued during the few years he spent as a chef in Camaiore, Italy.
His exposure to Italian and seafood cuisine are the inspiration for many of his elegant dishes.
Barbara Sampalik was raised in Canada and returned to Prague in 2003. As a world traveler, she gained an exceptional and eclectic palate and lives to eat the very best cuisine.
A master of her own kitchen, she understands the importance of nutrition, fresh foods, and the correlation between what you eat and how you feel.
What started as a small catering company has now transpired into a modern café as Petr and Barbara are living out a dream to provide the very best cuisine
while sharing their passion and love for culinary arts.
Hotel Hastal located in the heart of Prague provides pleasurable accommodations for those traveling through the magical city.
Kambala Café is an extension of the hotel, providing a warm atmosphere for locals and travelers
alike to tickle their taste buds with the freshest cuisine.
Kambala Café provides an elite dining experience at an affordable price.
When you are here, you're family.


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Ever since a desperate man in Tunisia burned himself to death last December, pro-democracy movements have exploded across the Arab world. The revolutionary wave of demonstrations continues to seize our attention, raising headlines and hopes that democracy can replace dictatorship.
After Secretary General Thorbjørn Jagland visited Tunisia in February and offered the Council of Europe's practical cooperation, efforts are underway – from the Parliamentary Assembly and the Venice Commission, to the Pompidou Group and the North-South Centre.
The Council of Europe supports women's rights in Africa and the Middle East
Women have been at the forefront of the Arab Spring. Many relished the promise of positive change when a series of democratic uprisings erupted in Tunisia and...
- Council of Europe steps up cooperation with Morocco
- Supporting judicial reforms in the countries of Southern neighborhood – Cooperation with Tunisia
- Equality after the Arab Spring – women call for change at Parliamentary Assembly
- Tunisia and Morocco in focus
- Syria: Assembly welcomes the emergence of a common position within the international community
- King of Jordan meets with Secretary General
- Calling for women's rights in Lebanon
- Arab Spring: overcoming violence and upholding women's rights
Olfa Belhassine, journalist for the Tunisian daily "La Presse"
In July 2011, Olfa Belhassine, journalist for the Tunisian daily "La Presse", visited Strasbourg to report on the Council of Europe. "In a situation of transition, things are far from simple," she...


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Chapter 7: It's Not Easy Being Green: Caring for Urban Trees
It takes five years to plant a tree. ALDEN KELLEY TREE SOCIETY OF ORANGE COUNTY |
It's Not Easy Being Green: Caring for Urban Trees
A tree's needs are few and simple: healthy soil, air, water, and light. We all know trees have grown without human help for thousands of years. So what's the fuss? Why can't the trees we plant in the city fend for themselves? Why does it take five years of care to be sure that an urban tree will survive its infancy?
Unfortunately for the urban forest, towns and cities have not been designed by the laws of nature, but by the law of human supply and demand. Trees are included as amenities and are established in an artificial habitat that usually falls short of supplying basic needs. In this setting, trees are further stressed by pollutants and by human-inflicted injuries. It is necessary to give urban trees special care, not only for their survival and well-being but also to protect people and property from the hazards trees can become when abandoned to a hostile environment.
Urban Soils Are Not Like the Forest Floor
The urban underground habitat is particularly ill-suited for healthy tree growth. The soil is typically a mixture of subsoil, bedrock, and construction wastes, compacted to a density that eliminates 80 to 90 percent of the soil porosity through which air and water must move. Drainage is frequently so poor that routine irrigation leads to a waterlogged environment in which the roots are unable to grow. The nutrient level may be too low for normal tree growth or too high in sodium or trace chemicals, making them toxic to trees.
The living and dead look well together in woods. Trees receive a most beautiful burial. Nature takes fallen trees gently to her bosom—at rest from storms. They seem to have been called home out of the sky to sleep now. JOHN MUIR |
Trees are planted close to concrete or asphalt surfaces and are routinely installed near established trees. Compacted soil conditions, and light and frequent watering schedules designed for lawns, encourage tree-root growth close to the surface, forcing the roots to grow near driveways and sidewalks. When the man-made structure becomes damaged as a result, the roots are cut back or the tree is removed.
What Is Soil? Soil is a mixture of mineral particles, air, water, and organic materials. The mineral particles are made of rocks battered by water, wind, heat, and cold into minute pieces. The organic materials are decaying remains of plants and animals. The solid components of soil provide thirteen of the sixteen elements that plants need to grow. Soil Texture Soil particles have varying shapes and sizes, and the proportion of particle types give the soil its texture. For instance, clay particles are microscopically small, flat wafers that cling together easily. Clay soils are typically called heavy and look dark and moist. Clay particles have large surfaces that are able to hold water and nutrients, but unless the particles are clumped together, there is often little room for air between them. In contrast to clay is sand. Sand grains are relatively large and round or irregular in shape, naturally forming large pores between the grains. Sandy soils are thought of as light and are easy to dig in, but water—and the nutrients dissolved in it—will drain away quickly. Between clay and sand is silt, and the combination of all particle types, along with organic matter, is called loam. Loam has a nearly ideal combination of soil texture and pore sizes. It usually holds a good balance of moisture and nutrients and is loose and aerated. Water moves through the soil in air pockets between particles. When the soil is saturated, water fills the openings between particles. As the soil drains, these air pockets fill with life-giving oxygen for the roots and microorganisms. The normal combination of soil features is approximately 50 percent soil particles, 5 percent or more organic matter, and 45 percent pore space. Soil Fertility Plants require sixteen chemical elements for healthy growth. Three of these elements—carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen—are provided by the air and water. The other essential elements are provided by the soil, and if any are deficient, this will adversely affect the growth of your tree. Deficiency symptoms usually show up in leaf discoloration or in abnormal growth patterns; a number of problems may cause nutrient deficiencies even though all elements are present in the soil. An arborist or urban forester may be able to recognize the problem and point you toward a solution. The acidity or alkalinity of soil, which is expressed in pH units, affects chemical reactions and can influence the availability of nutrients to the tree. Acid soil has a low pH, while alkaline is higher, with a pH of 7 being neutral. Most trees grow better in soils that are slightly acidic, while some kinds do well in alkaline soil. Find out if the pH of soils in your area may cause problems for the species you want to grow. You may want to test your soil before you plant, then choose a tree that will dike growing there! Simple and inexpensive pH meters and test kits are available at retail nurseries or garden centers. Better yet, ask a local expert for advice. Also see Resources for more on soils. |
Fighting for Life above the Ground
The urban habitat can be just as harsh above ground as it is below. Overhead utility lines, buildings, and traffic-ways often occupy the space into which a tree's branches normally grow. The consequent clearance pruning is often performed with little regard for the tree's structure or health.
A System That Works
One Citizen Forester and two TreePeople volunteers have staged their tree-care event so regularly they have it down to a science. It takes their ten-person crew only three hours to care for fifty trees over two miles of a major Los Angeles thoroughfare. When volunteers arrive, they gather for a refresher demo, then divide into teams by task. The pruning team, which has the most sophisticated job, leaves first to get ahead of the group. The watering team follows close behind, laying out full buckets at each tree (not emptying them yet!). Two well-cleaning teams set about clearing trash and sucker growth from around the tree base. Two cleanup crews follow, picking up leftover debris and watering the trees. Two small trucks circulate around the site, distributing water and taking trash to the dumpster. When the task is complete, everyone gathers for a brown-bag lunch and debriefing. |
Maintenance crews wound the bark of trees with devices for trimming grass around tree bases, interrupting the flow of food from the leaves to the roots and thereby starving roots. Mowers and other motor-driven vehicles collide with trees, and people carve their initials in bark or break off limbs carelessly, tearing away bark and exposing the wood to decay organisms.
The light a city tree receives may be all or nothing. Trees next to buildings can be shaded most of the day or subjected to full sun plus reflected light from light-colored walls and windows.
City trees are frequently doomed to short lifetimes by improper management in the production nurseries. One of the most common flaws in container-grown stock is circling roots. Trees that cannot develop a normal root system may blow down, or their roots may strangle one another.
Be an Intensive Care Unit
As a certain little frog is accustomed to reminding us, it's not easy being green, especially in the city. That's why you can make a huge difference by paying attention to urban tree care. You'll find that the amount of work required to keep a tree growing and glowing isn't very time-consuming. Many trees require only a little up-front attention to be saved from an early death or the gradual loss of health and vigor.
Tree-care operations shouldn't be perceived as drudgery, either. The nurturing of trees and plants is a soul-renewing activity, full of rewards. You'll feel a great sense of accomplishment when you look up at a towering tree and know you are personally responsible for its health and presence.
It's easy to lose track of maintenance tasks, because the work is spread over weeks, months, and years. Before taking the time and effort to plant the right tree in the right place the right way, do everyone a favor and keep track of the care those trees are going to receive. A tree-care schedule can ensure that all necessary tasks are done on time, especially if your trees are on private property where no regulations guide maintenance. A tree-care schedule should spell out what and when watering, mulching, weeding, monitoring, and pruning tasks need to be done.
It's also a good idea to assign each task to a specific person or group and make the responsibility clear. Some organizations keep group calendars with all tasks clearly marked. The amount of attention you pay to tree care should equal that which you pay to planting. Show your commitment to the trees!
WHAT'S GOING ON INSIDE THAT LEAF? Leaves have a lot of responsibility: they produce food for all parts of the tree. Leaves produce food by a chemical process called photosynthesis. It is the only natural process that makes food from substances that are not foods, and it is one of the few sources of oxygen to the atmosphere. The materials required for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, light, and chlorophyll. Cell layers inside the leaf contain millions of tiny green chlorophyll cells, which give the leaf its color. Carbon dioxide from the air enters the leaf through small openings called stomates, while water is carried up by xylem vessels from the roots. When sunlight passes through the leaf, chlorophyll captures sunlight energy and uses it to combine the other elements to produce sugars, which the tree uses for growth and storage. The other byproduct of photosynthesis, oxygen, is released through the stomates. Leaves control the amount of water present in the tree through a process called transpiration. When water is scarce, some trees' stomates close completely or partially, minimizing water loss. Leaves of some trees change color in the fall. Shorter days and lower temperatures cause a decrease in green pigment, so the yellow and red pigments in the leaf become visible. Air pollution may also affect leaf color. Ozone and sulphur dioxide, chief components of smog, enter through the stomates and attack the chlorophyll cells, yellowing leaves and needles. The normal life span of a leaf ranges from less than a year to five or more years, depending on the species. Some trees lose all their leaves at the end of the growing season, then put out a crop of new leaves in the spring. Trees that shed all their leaves annually are deciduous. Evergreen trees have leaves that live for more than a year, so they remain green year-round. Most evergreen species undergo a seasonal surge of new growth in the spring, and they usually shed old leaves in greater numbers at that time. Evergreens can be either of the needle-leaf or the broad-leaf species. |
Assuming responsibility for the care of all the trees you plant can be difficult if you're a zealous planter. If you can't be the one looking after the tree, it shouldn't be planted before you have a commitment from an agency, organization, or individual to provide maintenance for at least the first few years. If you plant it and no one adopts it, you must assume the responsibility for tree care. It is also more difficult to enroll someone in caring for a tree that has been planted by someone else.
Many tasks must be left to well-equipped, trained, and authorized professionals. In most instances, if an operation requires taking one or both of your feet off the ground, don't attempt it. Likewise, root pruning and sidewalk and curb repairs should not be done by a nonprofessional.
You can encourage healthy growth and head off maintenance problems by caring for trees in the following ways during the first three to six years after planting.
- watering accurately
- pruning dead or diseased limbs and sucker growth
- training to provide strong branch structure and adequate clearance for the site
- ensuring that stakes and ties are properly installed, adjusted, and then removed when they begin interfering with the tree
- mulching
- clearing trash and weeds from around trunk base
- reporting conditions that require professional attention (for example, diseases, pests, or damage)
- reporting conditions caused by professional malpractice (such as topping, equipment-induced injuries, or inappropriate irrigation)
- requesting immediate replacement of dead trees
Though you are planting with every intention of being a diligent tree-care giver, there's only so much you can do without professional training. As the tree grows, it will be increasingly difficult for members of your community group to carry out the required work without help from a professional. Tree-care operations are vital to newly planted trees for the first three to five years after planting. Once the trees reach a size at which they must be pruned for clearance to city requirements or when any major work must be done, liability and safety issues require that city crews or contractors take over the job.
Care for trees planted on property other than the parkway strip is another story, as in the case of parks, vacant lots, front or backyards, flood-control channels, and play or mall areas. On these sites, maintenance is the responsibility of the planting organization, unless the agency in charge of the site agrees to take over as trees grow. All trees planted on private property are the responsibility of the property owner.
A study by Dr. K. D. Coder states that "eighty to ninety percent of the variation in tree growth is because of water supply problems." Try asking any professional how often you should water a tree. Most likely he or she will give you an answer like "get to know your tree" or "it depends. . . ." We know how it feels to be on both sides of the watering question, so we're taking a deep breath and offering a suggested watering schedule to start you off. For a tree planted in spring, water the root ball twice a week for the first month, then widen the watering basin to include the whole planting area and water weekly for the next two months.
A TREE LOVER "The more I learned about pruning, the more I practiced on my own trees, the more I could see—almost hear- some of the trees in my neighborhood crying out for help. I found myself imagining how I'd prune a particular tree: where to make the cuts and how the tree would look. Finally I decided to just do it. I grabbed ray pruning saw and shears and a pair of loppers, walked around the block, introduced myself to an elderly neighbor, and asked if I could work on her tree. Once I assured her I was doing it for love rather than money, she gave me the go-ahead. The work took less than an hour and felt so good that I did it again with another neighbor's apple tree. Aside from doing something charitable, I've discovered that the time invested is continuing to pay me back. Nearly every day I deliberately walk by the trees to admire them and see how they're doing. The pruning was a creative act that liberated the tree's grace and beauty. Now when I walk by, I feel not just tremendous satisfaction but something else—I feel a degree of safety and warmth, like I'm in the company of friends." |
Decrease to every two weeks, sticking to that schedule until fall, and water monthly throughout winter if you live in a mild climate. Water every four to eight weeks through the second and third years after planting. A tree chosen appropriately for any particular climate, once established (after about three years), shouldn't need watering more than three or four times between July and October unless there are drought conditions. Your watering schedule and the volume of water applied each time should vary with soil texture. For instance, clay soils store twice as much water as sandy soils. If your soil is sandy, irrigate sooner with less water; if heavy clay, space waterings farther apart but add more water each time.
Of course, rain must be taken into account (in general, it takes one inch of rain to soak down six inches in clay loam and the same to soak down ten inches in sandy loam, depending on how moist the soil was before the rain). Frequent overwatering can be as serious a hazard as underwatering.
HOW CAN I TELL IF MY SOIL IS WET OR DRY? You can tell approximately how much water your soil will hold by examining the soil around the tree. The following guidelines can help in deciding whether or when to change your watering schedule. Watch leaves for signs of wilting to be sure the time between irrigations is not too long. Check texture. Is it mostly sand or clay? Does it have a lot of fine particles, smaller than sand grains (silt)? If, as is normal, it is a mixture of these, which one is more abundant? Smell the soil. Does it have the odor of fresh, rich garden soil or woods soil? Or does it have a rank, soured smell, something similar to a faint odor of sewer gas? Use the table at right to interpret your examination results. Regardless of soil texture, the following conditions indicate excessively wet soil.
Soil Characteristic Diagnosis Soil Characteristic Diagnosis Soil Characteristic Diagnosis Soil Characteristic Diagnosis Soil Characteristic Diagnosis Soil Characteristic Diagnosis |
One way to be sure about soil moisture is to use a soil probe before watering and examine a core sample from a foot under the soil surface, both from the root ball and from the backfill soil. You should only have to do this a few times to get to know your soil's water holding capacity. Though many kinds of scientific measurement are available, watering trees is not an exact science. Your intuition will be your best watering guide! When you become a tree guardian, you'll have a heightened awareness of how much it's rained recently and how long it's been since you watered.
It's important to water deeply and slowly, using a hose or drip irrigation system. This encourages the growth of deep roots, which anchor well, make the tree more drought tolerant, and are less likely to encounter and damage curbs and sidewalks. If the water is only sprinkled on the ground, it seeps no deeper than the surface and the tree develops surface roots. If water is poured onto the ground faster than the soil can absorb, it will run off, doing the tree no good.
Pay attention to newly planted container and ball-and-burlap plants that are in leaf. During the early part of their growing season, they will need water more frequently than at the nursery. Container root balls hold less water in the ground than they do in the container. Also, the root systems of balled-and-burlapped plants are greatly reduced when the plants leave the nursery. In arid climates, watering is the most vital care you will provide for trees. Don't forget it!
Maintaining Watering Basins
Six months after planting, schedule a maintenance event to visit the trees and widen or eliminate the watering basins you built so carefully around the root ball. Check the root crown to see if it's buried, and remove that excess soil.
The wrongs done to trees, wrongs of every sort, are done in the darkness of ignorance and unbelief, for when the light comes, the heart of the people is always right. JOHN MUIR |
Pruning can ensure a structurally strong tree and help keep it healthy by removing dead, diseased, or damaged wood and branches that will grow to interfere with one another. Proper pruning can also increase the quality or size of fruits, nuts, or flowers; direct and control growth; and ensure public safety.
Every Cut Is a Wound
Every pruning cut in live wood injures the tree and opens the cut area to the possibility of infection. Every removal of foliage reduces the tree's capacity to sustain itself. Be certain, therefore, that each pruning cut will benefit the tree enough to offset the resulting injury and leaf loss and the chance of infection. Also, make each cut in a way that causes the least injury and ensures healthy recovery.
Trees can be pruned year round. Some people think that trees should be pruned when they're dormant; others advise pruning during the growing season, when the tree has energy to heal quickly. Check with an expert for information about your species' pruning needs.
Proper pruning technique takes advantages of the tree's natural protective mechanisms. A protective chemical zone resides within the branch collar, a donut-shaped bulge at the base of the branch where the trunk and branch tissues meet. When the collar is left intact after pruning off a branch, the trunk tissue is not damaged, so the trunk is less likely to become decayed.
Whether or not you can locate it on the branch of the species you're pruning, visualize this collar and cut outside it.
See enlarged section on page 158.
What to Look for
1. Forked top. If left on the tree, this will cause the development of two leaders, thus wasting growth energy. Later, as the two tops get larger, the fork may split and damage the tree.
2. Remove for street-tree clearance.
3. Parallel branch.
4. Branch growing at a sharp angle. When this branch becomes larger, it may rub on the trunk, split out, or even cause rot to develop by giving water a chance to collect.
5. Temporary branch.
6. Crossing branches. These interfere with each other's growth and create bad form.
7. Water sprouts.
8. Basal sprouting from the root crown. This saps energy from the tree, looks messy, and can collect trash.
Cutting a living branch
Make the top of your cut just outside the branch-bark ridge, if apparent, in the crotch between the trunk and branch. Angle the cut outward from the top part, roughly opposite the branch-bark ridge, to the point where the branch collar ends.
The angle formed should be equal to the angle between the branch-bark ridge and the trunk. For a branch smaller than 4 inches, if you can't find either the branch collar or the branch-bark ridge, start the cut l/8- to 1/4-inch from the source stem and angle the cut outward 10 to 20 degrees. For larger branches, increase the dimensions of the cut.
Cutting a dead branch
A dead branch still attached to a tree usually will have a collar of tissue formed around its base. This tissue is trunk tissue. Prune the dead branch outside the collar, making sure not to cut into it.
Pruning Priorities
Go easy with those pruning shears! The more foliage trees have, the more they can grow. In fact, when you're pruning, never remove more than one-third of the leaves and branches; doing so will severely weaken the tree. Keep side branches unless you suspect they'll be damaged by traffic; these branches help to produce a thicker trunk.
Dead and broken limbs are your main concern, and there shouldn't be many of them. On planting day, check the tree for dead or broken limbs and for large stubs left by the nursery. Go ahead and prune them off, leaving the branch collars intact. You can always be sure that these branches should be removed.
Don't leave stubs. When you figure out where the branch collar is, cut as close to it as possible. Cutting beyond this, or leaving a stub, interrupts the circulation of sap in the branch and upsets the healing process.
Don't flush cut. A flush cut is a pruning cut that is even with the branch or trunk surface, thus removing the branch collar and cutting into tissues in the trunk. It creates a wound much larger than the collar area and opens up the trunk tissue to decay organisms.
One event put together by a TreePeople volunteer was less of a burden than a planting and produced instant results at least as gratifying as putting trees in the ground. A main thoroughfare in Los Angeles was lined with beautiful young trees in wells that were being choked by trash, weeds, and sucker growth. The beauty of the trees was virtually hidden by five-foot suckers. A day's work brought the trees back to the street. It was like creating a whole new planting of large trees—in one day. |
Promote a ban on topping! Topping, a practice employed by untrained tree workers and by utility companies to protect power lines, shears off the top part of the tree regardless of branching structure, causing dense new growth that is weakly attached and increasing the likelihood of damage from wind. Topping reduces both tree value and life expectancy. If an existing tree is likely to interfere with overhead obstructions, the proper technique is to thin or shorten branches periodically to direct growth away from wires. Miles better is to plant a tree that is small when mature.
Don't paint wounds. There is no evidence that conventional wound dressings stop rot. In fact, some dressings create conditions favorable for rot. Allow the tree's protective mechanisms to work as nature designed them.
Make three cuts when removing large branches. If the branch you're removing is too large to be held and controlled with one hand while you cut with the other, three separate cuts should be made. First, to avoid having the bark tear away as the branch falls, make a partial cut one third to halfway through the branch, about a foot away from the main stem and on the underside of the limb. Next make a complete cut a little farther out on the branch to remove the bulk of it; then make the final cut just outside the branch-bark ridge and branch collar.
Removing water sprouts and sucker growth can be a lifetime commitment. Species that are naturally large, multistemmed shrubs and have been trained to a single trunk will often produce suckers around the base of the trunk. The most effective was to eliminate them is to pull them off when they are very small, ideally by removing the buds at the bases. If they get large enough to require shears or loppers, you know those suckers will rise again! Be sure you're willing to undertake this maintenance task before you purchase such a tree. One positive note: removing sucker growth can be a very satisfying work project with existing trees!
Care for your pruning tools. Dull shears or saws make jagged cuts, which are more difficult for a tree to heal. If you are pruning a tree known to be infected with a systemic disease (such as fireblight), disinfect pruning tools with household disinfectant between each cut.
Remember, pruning either shortens or removes branches, and it is permanent. Your main job is to remove dead or broken branches and sucker growth at the base of the trunk.
Training Young Trees
Another type of pruning is called training. The objective in training is to help the young tree develop a strong branch structure. Properly trained trees will require little corrective pruning as they mature. The following guidelines will help you identify trees that need training. It's best at this point to call in a certified professional or experienced pruner to help you select the main branches so that you don't mistakenly maim your favorite tree.
The growth habit of a tree and its function in the landscape determine how much it needs to be trained. Trees with a strong central leader, or main trunk, and a conical shape like conifers, liquidambar, and pin oak will probably need little or no pruning. On the other hand, round-headed trees or trees with irregular growth habits don't naturally develop a strong branch structure but can be trained as follows.
1. Keep the leader dominant. If several shoots are competing to be the tallest, select one and prune back the others. A forked top is an example of competing leaders.
2. Select the lowest main branch at a safe and appropriate height, depending on the use of the tree. (Most cities have specifications for the clearance requirements of street trees.) The position of a limb on a trunk remains essentially the same throughout the life of the tree. In fact, as a branch increases in diameter, the distance between it and the ground decreases.
3. On large-growing trees, select main branches that are at least six inches vertically apart. When parallel and spaced closely together, main branches will be long and thin and have little structural strength. Main branches should be less than three-quarters the diameter of the trunk just above the branch.
4. Remove or cut back branches attached to the trunk at a sharp angle. A wide angle between branch and trunk allows strong connective wood to form in the crotch and all around the branch attachment. A narrow angle of attachment may have bark imbedded in the crotch, leaving no room for connective wood to form and making the attachment weak. As foliage grows and makes the limb heavy, it's likely to split off and damage the tree.
5. Branches that cross one another should be removed.
6. Keep small shoots as temporary branches along the trunk for a few years. Leave small branches along the trunk below the lowest main branch and between main branches, and keep them shorter than 12 inches long. These small branches should be kept on for one to five years after planting to increase lower-trunk size and taper and to protect the trunk from sun and vandals.
So How Do You Get Those Stakes Out of the Ground?
There's always the time-honored method of breaking off the stake and leaving the remainder in the ground, but it's not half as satisfying or as clean a job as removing the whole thing. You can force the edge of a shovel blade into some stakes at ground level and raise them, but what about the ones that are entwined in tree roots and can't be budged? Local Los Angeles tree saver, Alex Man, has developed a tree-stake removal tool. The tool resembles a large plumber's pipe wrench. You tighten the wrench jaws around the stake, then pull the end of the tool handle back and forth (not up and down) several times to break the roots loose. An eight-foot-long wood lever (two-by-four), mounted on an adjustable fulcrum stand, slips under the tool jaws next to the tree stake. By pulling down on the end of the lever, you can pull almost any stake out of the ground. For more information on how to construct your own stake remover, write to Alex at P.O. Box 1711, Santa Monica, CA, 90406. If you're stuck without Alex's tool, you can use a piece of chain to tie the lever to the stake and any fulcrum (rock, cement block) you can find. This method is definitely a step, back into the stone age, but it does the trick. |
Removing stakes and ties is an often-neglected job—even by people who plant trees for a living. Just look around your city streets if you don't believe us! There are lots of trees choking to death out there. Stakes and ties should be viewed as temporary, in constant need of removal or replacement as the tree grows. This is a valuable service that you can provide.
When you come across a tree that has the original square nursery stake still attached, remove it. If the tree can't support itself, tie the tree to support stakes loosely, in such a way that it is upright but can sway in the wind.
For trees you've planted, go back and remove the support stakes six to eighteen months after planting. If any stake is rotten or broken, or if it interferes with the tree's growth, remove it and replace it if needed.
Tree Guards
If the tree still needs protection from outside hazards but can stand on its own, try installing protective barriers or tree guards. For seedlings and small trees, a number of tree guards are on the market; you also can make them from wire and small stakes. You can use three or four short stakes (2 1/2 feet above ground) around the trunk of a large tree to protect it from maintenance equipment. For more serious protection from vandals or vehicles, the stakes should be four to five feet tall, made of two-by-fours or equally strong material, such as metal pipe or rebar, and connected by cross-pieces at the top.
Fix ties that have broken or slipped down. Check for ties cutting into the tree. If the tree has grown around a wire, don't try to remove it, but loosen it as much as possible and cut off any free ends. Replace ties made of materials that can cut into the bark, such as wire or rope. Remove any ties you see beginning to bind, or ties on trees that can stand on their own.
It's best to maintain an area at least two feet in diameter free of turf and weeds around the base of tree trunks. Turf and weeds compete for water and nutrients, and some produce chemicals toxic to other plants. A small turf-free zone around a tree also reduces the need for mowers to come close. After four or five years, tree roots are extensive enough that other plants close to their trunks are not as much of a problem, although mower operators should still exercise caution. One energy saving way to control weeds is to apply a thick layer of mulch.
Trees should be mulched at the time of planting. A two- to four-inch layer of mulch in a two-to-six-foot-diameter circle around the base of the tree (or within the watering basin) will control most weeds, protect the soil from compaction and erosion, conserve moisture, moderate soil temperatures, and improve the soil as it degrades.
Leave a small circle bare around the tree's trunk to deter fungus, diseases, and rodents. Mulch should stay in place for as long as possible.
Mulch is commonly made of organic substances, such as composted or shredded bark, wood chips, dry leaves, dried lawn clippings, or similar materials. Inorganic mulches such as decomposed gravel, pea gravel, marble chips, and concrete well covers do not need to be replaced and are usually better suited for trees along city streets than for those in home landscapes.
Much debate surrounds the use of fertilizers. Some professionals recommend no soil amendments or fertilizer be added to trees, since the tree must ultimately adapt to local conditions. Others recommend the application of fertilizer to furnish essential nutrients, especially if the tree is under stress or producing food. Nitrogen is almost always deficient in the soil, and some tree experts feel that a modest amount of nitrogen should be applied to trees regularly. If you suspect fertilizer is needed, take foliage exhibiting mineral-deficiency symptoms to your local nurseryman and determine the plant's exact needs. See Resources for further information.
Roots have two important jobs to do. They anchor the tree to the ground so that it can stand erect, and they absorb water and nutrients for all the processes that take place in the tree, from photosynthesis to root growth. Roots will grow best wherever they can find water, oxygen, nutrients, and warm temperatures—typically within the top three feet of soil. Contrary to the popular myth, the root system does not mirror the tree above ground. A better analogy is to imagine the complete tree as a wineglass set on a dinner plate, with the roots extending far beyond the crown. There are two main types of roots: absorbing roots and structural roots. Absorbing roots are masses of fine feeder roots that take in water and nutrients. They cover an area several times the leaf spread of the tree, but they seldom grow thicker than 1/8 inch and may live only a short time. Absorbing roots grow in horizontal fans near the soil surface. These fans are eventually attacked and consumed by soil organisms. Structural roots provide the framework for the root system. There are several major roots on a tree, radiating outward and downward from the base of the tree. They are woody, grow thicker every year like branches, and have bark. Structural roots primarily grow horizontally and seldom grow deeper than 3 to 7 feet. |
For the first year after planting, inspect your trees every month when watering. For the following two to four years, try to inspect your trees every six months. It takes at least one full growing season for trees to adjust to a new site after transplanting (not including the season of planting), so problems may not show up immediately. They may begin when the roots grow beyond the root ball and into the surrounding soil.
If you find a problem or potential problem, get help immediately! Sources of assistance include local nursery people, landscape professionals, university-extension or agricultural commissioners' offices, and private groups. When providing an expert with information about your tree, start by naming the tree species and then describe the problem. What are the symptoms? Is any part of the tree dead or dying? Are there mushrooms at its base? Is the trunk scraped or girdled? If possible, take a photograph of the tree parts that exhibit symptoms of illness of damage. Take a sample of the infected foliage with you, showing the arrangement of leaves on the stem and both healthy and diseased tissue. A thorough tree inspection may uncover evidence of:
- pest or disease infestations
- inhibited or stunted growth
- binding or restriction due to stakes and ties
- broken, dead, or diseased branches
- inadequate clearance from traffic under and around the tree
- wilted, curled, or distorted leaves or dried-out buds
- leaf color abnormalities (spots, yellowing, or brown margins); early leaf drop
- cracks in bark from sunburn
- sucker growth at the base or on the sides of the tree's trunk
- holes or substances oozing from the trunk
- a sickly appearance; lack of normal leaf luster or sheen
- a site that appears unmaintained or abandoned and invites vandalism
- litter or weeds around the tree base
- dead or dying trees nearby, which may infect surrounding vegetation
- severe erosion, sunken holes in the root-ball area, or an inadequate watering basin that threatens the young tree's water supply
- flooding or poor drainage
- holes, gouges, or strange growths that might indicate disease or vandalism
- surface roots beginning to grow
- algae or mosses around tree base, indicating excess watering
- burrowing rodents, such as gophers and ground squirrels
- a heavy layer of soot or particulate matter from air pollution (can be hosed off)
If you're not certain how to treat the tree for whatever problem your inspection reveals, contact a tree professional. Take a moment to prepare yourself for the person's questions by collecting the following information.
- How and when the tree was planted. Sometimes a problem may be as simple as the fact that the tree container was never removed!
- Water and drought history. The effects of drought or letting the tree's roots become extremely dry may not show up until months or years later.
- Previous uses of the site. If the area was used for parking, cars may have compacted the soil. If the site was used for garbage disposal or storage of old oil or machinery, the soil may be contaminated with chemicals.
- Activities at surrounding sites. If a neighbor has recently fumigated or applied herbicide to his or her soil, it may be the cause of your tree's poor health. If a surrounding parcel or building has been treated for a pest infestation, it might have caused pests to migrate to your trees. If neighbors have overwatered, runoff from their yard may cause problems for your trees.
- Care of surrounding vegetation. What nearby plants are receiving fertilizer? Does nearby vegetation drop leaves that make the soil acid?
- History of growth. How old is the tree? Has the weather recently been abnormal? Was past growth especially vigorous or slow? Was the tree ever blown over or severely cut back?
Unfortunately, some people enter the tree-care business with no experience, training, or certification. While it's a toss-up as to whether they leave your tree looking pretty or decimated, either way they could unknowingly cause severe, irreparable damage. Topping or unintentional disease spread can lead to future liability and an ugly tree with all sorts of potential health problems.
Fortunately, a way exists to tell a tree-care professional—one who'll know how to prune or properly diagnose and treat your tree—from those who are just in the business of cutting, topping, shaping, and cleanup. The International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) is a professional association that provides a number of services, including a testing and certification program. Those in the business of tree care must demonstrate a certain level of competence, knowledge, and experience to be certified.
Ask to see ISA certification but don't stop there. Make sure to get and check a couple of references. It's not even too extreme to actually look at the work that's been done by someone you're planning to hire to ensure that your aesthetic styles match. Good tree care is expensive. Make it worth every penny.
Now that you know what it takes for trees to be planted and grown in urban environments, you'll begin to notice the trees around you. You'll notice not only the beautiful shapes, colors, flowers, and fruits of the trees in your city but also the bad pruning, stakes that need removal, unkempt tree wells, and trees dying from wounds, drought, and pollution. Become a special kind of gardener—a tree guardian. Start caring for trees the way you care for your friends, your body, and your car: give them the care and love needed to keep them alive for you. Begin by finding one tree in the city that speaks to you, then wash its leaves, give it a drink, and see if it needs any special care. Then take on another and another. Check up on them every once in a while to see how they're doing. To quote a recent six-year-old participant at TreePeople, if you take care of trees, they'll take care of you.
Copyright 1990 by TreePeople with Andy and Katie Lipkis
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing by the publisher.


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CERRITOS, Calif. — The Fresh Produce & Floral Council, La Mirada, Calif., raised more than $116,000 for a local charity during its annual holiday luncheon and charity auction.
Guest auctioneers for the Dec. 4 event were Petros Papadakis, co-host of "Petros & Money" on Fox Sports Radio, and Fred Roggin, sports anchor for NBC4 in Los Angeles.
FPFC members bid on high-end electronics, sports memorabilia and designer items as well as lunch, dinner or golf with retailers representing Albertsons, Food 4 Less, Northgate Market, Ralphs, Smart & Final and Stater Bros.
Local talk radio station KFI also donated a breakfast and a dinner with two of its hosts.
Auction proceeds benefit Caterina's Club, an Orange County organization that provides meals to homeless children.
Sylvano Ibay, general manager at White House Restaurant in Anaheim and vice president at Caterina's Club, said the charity now provides healthful meals for 500 "hotel kids" — children of low-income parents who live in area motels — every day.
That number is expected to increase to 1,000 by Jan. 1.
Caterina's Club, founded by Ibay's uncle, Bruno Serato, also provides financial support to move families into permanent housing.
In all, the FPFC event took in $116,423:
- Silent auction, $7,600
- Live auction, $103,700
- Raffle, $1,123
- Additional contributions, $4,000
Rick Cruz, manager of division operations for produce for Vons/Safeway, was master of ceremonies, and Andrew Bivens, salesman at Westlake Produce Co., Irwindale, Calif., is chairman of the luncheon committee.
The event was at the Sheraton Cerritos hotel.


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Re: Highlights - KC - 111107
Released on 2012-10-12 10:00 GMT
Email-ID | 1534373 |
Date | 2011-11-08 15:02:19 |
From | email@example.com |
To | firstname.lastname@example.com |
List-Name | firstname.lastname@example.com |
simply isn't on the table, and even if it were that'd be a sign of a
weaker europe, not a stronger one because it would mean that germany's
economic governance plans had failed
as to the semantic point, no on that too -- the UK doesn't want ANYONE in
charge of Europe, whether that be Paris or Berlin or Brussels
From: "Bayless Parsley" <email@example.com>
To: "Analyst List" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Sent: Tuesday, November 8, 2011 7:54:42 AM
Subject: Re: Highlights - KC - 111107
yeah, obviously the UK banking sector is pulling for the survival of
europe. that's why everyone is pulling for europe's survival. because it
benefits no one who is in any way interlinked with the system.
i feel like maybe i didn't articulate myself clearly enough when this
entire thread began. i'm not saying the UK consciously wants a
strengthened europe. i'm just saying that what the UK wants - the ECB to
intervene - is most likely only going to happen once Germany has convinced
those who are in need to agree to sell their souls in exchange for greater
economic governance. this will be sold to the public as "austerity," but
it is the mechanisms by which austerity is enforced that will lead to a
more integrated system.
this will thus be a more consolidated "power" in europe, though we would
have a really, really long way to go before this ever posed a true threat
to the UK. quite the opposite would be the case in fact once implemented.
this is just a semantic debate. our assessment has always been that the UK
doesn't want to see the emergence of a consolidated power in europe.
people that want to argue with what i'm saying now will claim, "no, no,
it's always been that the UK doesn't want to see the emergence of a strong
either way i don't think what i'm asserting is really all that
significant. it's more of a "wow how ironic" type situation, not some
really important geopolitical observation. and i'm kind of wishing i
hadn't even brought it up now. :)
On 11/8/11 7:43 AM, Peter Zeihan wrote:
there is one angle to this that fits with your concern that the UK is at
least partially supporting a stronger Europe
the UK banking sector is pretty damaged and will take years to recover
-- for financial/economic reasons they'd really rather not go thru
another major financial crisis right now =\
From: "Bayless Parsley" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
To: "Analyst List" <email@example.com>
Sent: Tuesday, November 8, 2011 7:41:39 AM
Subject: Re: Highlights - KC - 111107
sorry i should have included in my reply the implicit understanding that
the ECB card will only be used once the crisis reaches such extreme
levels that Germany is able to lock down measures that will lead to
greater economic governance. this would create a more unified bloc than
the one that currently exists in the form of the EZ-17 today.
in that sense, the UK wanting expansion for dilution's sake is a
completely different phenomenon.
On 11/8/11 7:09 AM, Peter Zeihan wrote:
no its not
the UK has always been in favor of certain aspects of european integration, mostly because they would prevent the formation of a europe that does not have a single consolidated power at its center
so they push for expansion (even to ukraine) so that there are so many voices no one can rise above
so they push for the ECB to print in order to dilute the call for greater economic governance
From: "Bayless Parsley" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
To: "Analyst List" <email@example.com>
Sent: Tuesday, November 8, 2011 7:05:21 AM
Subject: Re: Highlights - KC - 111107
" What I am saying is that they are calling for the ECB to step in, that is not the same as calling for stronger EU17 decision making process."
I am saying that though they may only technically desire the preservation of the euro for their own benefit, the Brits, in taking this stance of calling for an ECB intervention, are calling for a measure that will lead to a more integrated Europe.
even a "two speed Europe" creates a more integrated bloc of countries involving Germany.
On 2011 Nov 8, at 06:36, Michael Wilson < email@example.com > wrote:
not saying its a grand plan to weaken Germany. What I am saying is that they are calling for the ECB to step in, that is not the same as calling for stronger EU17 decision making process. In fact a week or two age they expressly warned against that. ECB stepping in to solve the problem does not mean a more integrated Europe on its own. ECB is what the southern europeans who dont even really want tighter rules want.
Now stepping back from that you do have to wonder when it comes down to stronger eurozone integration and control outside of UKs grasp vs Eurozone dissolution what they would say
On 11/8/11 6:19 AM, Bayless Parsley wrote:
that's the item I was referring to, yes. the UK wants the eurozone to be preserved and the only way that happens is if it is strengthened and made even more integrated. that goes against the basic framework through which we typically analyze the UK in terms of it's geopolitical imperatives. preisler (of course) found some obscure historical anecdote which proves that this is in fact well documented in British history, but for all intents and purposes, it is new and historically ironic. (I think that is irony, but you should ask ben west since he is the irony police.)
How would this be some grand plan to weaken Germany? I am not even gonna address that.
On 2011 Nov 7, at 20:55, Michael Wilson < firstname.lastname@example.com > wrote:
Which OS item are we looking at that is sparking the argument about the UK wants European powers to congeal? I saw that UK wants ECB to step in but am wondering if I missed something else. UK is interested in saving the European market, and the ECB option, if it weakened Germany as Peter says it would, wouldnt be that bad of an idea.
But in general this is something that we do need to look at. If it comes down to it, it seems UK would want greater EU17 powers (which they are not part of ) over EU or Eurozon dissolution
We brought it up in a blue sky a week or two ago but didnt really get too far. We were talking about two speed Europe. Cameron said recently he was worried about EU17 decisions being divorced from EU27 decisions, and called the EU economy and UK's banking center in London a national interest.
Oct 28 - Cameron said that a**London is the center of financial services in Europe....Ita**s under constant attack through Brussels directives. Ita**s an area of concern, ita**s a key national interest that we need to defend.a** This weeka**s agreement to bolster the euro areaa**s defenses against the sovereign debt crisis will lead to a**more meetings alonea** and the prospect of a**caucusinga** among the 17 nations that share the single currency, he said. That will increase chances that decisions taken without Britain, may damage Londona**s standing as the continenta**s leading financial center and benefit Paris or Frankfurt. ....
a**It is very important that the institutions of the 27 are properly looked after and that the Commission does its job as the guardian of the 27,a** Cameron said. a**As the 27, we need to make sure that the single market is adequately looked after.a**
We talked about how UK faces a dilemma in that in order for Europe to not tank they would have to accept greater core European control. would definitely be interesting to revist. And more generally speaking that idea of EU17 and some sort of greater control there is interesting explained in this reuters article from today
Insight: Euro has new politburo but no solution yet
PARIS | Mon Nov 7, 2011 10:18am EST
(Reuters) - Europe has a new informal leadership directorate intent on finding a solution to the euro zone's debt crisis , but it has yet to prove its ability to come up with a lasting formula.
Forged in the fire of a bond market inferno, the shadowy so-called Frankfurt Group has grabbed the helm of the 17-nation currency area in a few short weeks.
The inner circle comprises the leaders of Germany and France, the presidents of the executive European Commission and of the European Council of EU leaders, the heads of the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the chairman of euro zone finance ministers, and the European Commissioner for economic and financial affairs.
Europe's new politburo met four times on the sidelines of last week's Group of 20 summit in Cannes, i ssuing an ultimatum to Greece that it would not get a cent more aid until it met its European commitments, and arm-twisting Italy to carry out long delayed economic reforms and let the IMF monitor them.
In a tell-tale recognition of the new ad hoc power center, members wore lapel badges marked "Groupe de Francfort."
U.S. President Barack Obama attended one of the meetings, getting what he joked was a "crash course" in the complexity of Europe's laborious decision-making processes and institutions.
"He proved to be a quick learner," one participant said.
Two people familiar with the discussion said he argued for the euro zone to make its financial backstop more credible by harnessing the resources of the ECB, but German Chancellor Angela Merkel and ECB President Mario Draghi resisted.
Obama also supported a proposal to pool euro zone countries' rights to borrow from the IMF to help bolster a firewall against contagion from the Greek debt crisis, but Germany's central bank opposed this too, the sources said.
The president referred obliquely to the debate at a news conference the next day, saying: "European leaders understand that ultimately what the markets are looking for is a strong signal from Europe that they're standing behind the euro."
Hours earlier, a television camera in the Cannes summit conference room caught Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron discussing the issue while waiting for the start of the final working session.
Cameron, whose country is not in the euro, has called publicly for the ECB to act as the lender of last resort for the euro zone, as the Federal Reserve does for the United States, and the Bank of England for Britain.
When Merkel entered the room, Obama pulled her aside for a private conversation. An open microphone caught his opening words: "I guess you guys have to be creative here."
The Frankfurt Group came about on the hoof to try to fashion a crisis response in something closer to the short timespan of frantic financial markets.
It seems destined to endure, not least because the growing imbalance between a stronger Germany and a weaker France means other players are needed to broker decisions.
Crucially, it aims to bridge the ideological gulf between northern and southern Europe, and between supporters of the orthodox German focus on fiscal discipline and an independent central bank with the sole task of fighting inflation, and advocates of a more integrated and expansive economic and monetary union.
The presence of IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde gives the group greater credibility in the markets, as well as providing a reality check on what international lenders expect and the limits to their willingness to support the euro zone.
It all began with a blazing row at the Old Opera House in Frankfurt on October 19 that spoiled Jean-Claude Trichet's farewell party after eight years as president of the ECB.
As the fallout from Greece's debt crisis singed European banks and panicky investors dumped euro zone government bonds, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, who had snubbed the ceremony in honor of Trichet, flew in at the last minute to meet a visibly irritated Merkel.
Sarkozy himself said that day that France and Germany were at odds over how to leverage the euro zone's financial rescue fund. The French wanted to let the European Financial Stability Facility operate as a bank and borrow money from the ECB.
"In Germany, the coalition is divided on this issue. It is not just Angela Merkel whom we need to convince," Sarkozy told lawmakers, according to Charles de Courson, who was present.
At the Frankfurt meeting, described by one participant as "explosive," Merkel and Trichet firmly opposed the idea, which they said would violate the European Union's treaty prohibition on the central bank financing governments.
Germany insisted on that clause when the ECB was created because of its own history of fiscal abuse of the central bank that fueled hyperinflation in the 1920s and funded the Nazis' massive rearmament in the run up to World War Two.
As French officials tell it, Merkel is not so hostile to the proposal as her finance minister, Wolfgang Schaeuble, and the head of the German Bundesbank, Jens Weidmann.
The French are convinced that Merkel understands the ECB will have to be more centrally involved in fighting bond market contagion, but she cannot get it through her divided coalition for now. They see the ECB as the main center of resistance.
After hearing a chorus of Obama, Cameron and the leaders of India, Canada and Australia at the G20, Merkel acknowledged that the rest of the world found it hard to understand that the ECB was not allowed to play the role of lender of last resort.
But the crisis may have to get still worse before the Germans and the ECB relent, if they ever do.
The Frankfurt Group has already had an impact in euro zone crisis management but like all informal core groups it has begun to stir resentment among those who are excluded, and it has yet to prove its ability to craft a convincing longer-term solution.
North European creditor countries such as the Netherlands, Slovakia and Finland, where public hostility to further euro zone bailouts is fierce, are already grumbling about decisions being taken behind their backs.
In Greece and Italy, there has been strong criticism of the perceived arrogance of "Merkozy," as the Franco-German duumvirate are increasingly nicknamed, in summoning their prime ministers to receive ultimatums.
German and French officials shrug off such complaints as inevitable, noting that EU partners are even more unhappy when France and Germany do not agree, since that paralyses Europe.
"There is always a trade-off between legitimacy and efficacy," said an EU official involved in the Frankfurt Group. "The euro area institutions were not designed for crisis management so we need innovative solutions.
"In an emergency like this, we have to have a structure that works," he said, adding that the presence of the European Commission and of European Council President Herman Van Rompuy guaranteed that the interests of smaller member states would be taken into account.
EU officials had held conference calls with the 15 other euro zone states during the Cannes summit "to keep them in the loop." The head of the EFSF, Klaus Regling, was secretly flown to Cannes to brief the leaders on the state of accelerated preparations to leverage the rescue fund, one source said.
Merkel long resisted French pressure to create more of an "economic government" in the euro zone, not least because she did not want Germany to be in a minority on issues such as bailouts, free trade or the EU budget.
She also did not want to alienate German allies and neighbors such as Denmark, Poland and the Czech Republic, which are not in the euro zone.
But recent problems in smaller countries that aggravated market turmoil -- Finland's demand for collateral on loans to Greece and Slovakia's parliamentary wrangling over increasing the EFSF's powers -- convinced her of the need for stronger leadership to impose order.
Whether the Frankfurt Group will be the forum that finally convinces Germany to accept a bigger crisis-fighting role for the ECB, or the creation of jointly issued euro zone bonds, remains to be seen.
On 11/7/11 8:33 PM, Reva Bhalla wrote:
the UK perspective on the financial crisis is an interesting angle we haven't really talked about yet
From: "Bayless Parsley" < email@example.com >
To: "Analyst List" < firstname.lastname@example.com >
Sent: Monday, November 7, 2011 10:25:55 PM
Subject: Re: Highlights - KC - 111107
Pointless question at this point, since Iran has already been chosen, but if pressed into thinking of a new angle for a diary on something like this, I would talk about one of the following:
- How far we've come in Europe, where we don't even bat an eye at the news that Ollie Rehn is making announcements about what Greece can and can't do re: forming a new government
- How ironic it is that the euro crisis has turned the UK into a country that desperately wants for powers on the Continent to actually congeal into an even more integrated bloc, as opposed to its age old geopolitical imperative of preventing the unification of powers on the Continent
But I'm not sure why this question is even being asked.
On 11/7/11 7:14 PM, Kristen Cooper wrote:
What would you say about events in Europe that is different from what we have said before?
I'm genuinely interested if you think there is something worth saying.
I know diary is supposed to be the most important thing of the day - not about equal representation. That's not my point - I'd like to know what you think is noteworthy here that isn't a continuation of trends we've already addressed.
Kristen Cooper
On Nov 7, 2011, at 18:21, Bayless Parsley < firstname.lastname@example.com > wrote:
I wasn't saying any of these things were brand new. I was disagreeing with the statements by you and Peter that Europe had had a ho-hum day. It didn't.
Iranian nukes - that's hardly a new development.
On 11/7/11 4:55 PM, Kristen Cooper wrote:
None of those are really new developments - Italian bonds have hit record highs several times in the past couple of weeks, Roesler was actually one of the first politicians to openly admit that it was a possibly that Greece might be expelled from the eurozone - way over a month ago - was one of the first public rifts in Merkel's coalition, the IMF has been all over the place lately - remember that whole directly buy sovereign debt thing - and European politicians of all stripes haven't been subtle about informing Greece what their new government should look and act like - remember Papabdreou deciding to drop the referendum the day after holding meetings with Merkel and Sarkozy.
Kristen Cooper
On Nov 7, 2011, at 17:41, Bayless Parsley < email@example.com > wrote:
ha ok. well that's like saying the 10th inning of Game 6 of this year's World Series wasn't very exciting.
BURN , Rangers fans. Ouch.
On 11/7/11 4:37 PM, Peter Zeihan wrote:
nothing happened when compared to last week
----- Original Message -----
From: "Bayless Parsley" < firstname.lastname@example.com >
To: "Analyst List" < email@example.com >
Sent: Monday, November 7, 2011 4:36:38 PM
Subject: Re: Highlights - KC - 111107
I don't see how nothing major happened in Europe today. Italian bond rates at record highs, IMF basically telling the Russians, "Don't bother, just protect yourselves," UK/Ireland openly calling for the ECB to step up and save the day, Roesler saying it's not out of the realm of possibility that Greece be expelled (can you imagine something like that just a month ago?), Ollie Rehn somehow thinking it's appropriate to openly state how another member state should arrange its new government.
Not saying that Iran isn't an important topic, but am saying that Europe had several important developments today.
On 11/7/11 3:58 PM, Kristen Cooper wrote:
Highlights - KC - 111107
World - I was actually thinking yesterday that it had been a long time since we laid out our view on the likelihood of attacking Iran and, if an attack was going to be undertaken, how it would and wouldn't appear to the public. What are the national interests in bringing this issue up again? Nothing major happened in Europe today - which as Peter points out - isn't a great sign in and of itself - but it would be nice to do a diary on the Middle East and things that explode rather than Europe and finances for a change of pace.
Europe - Greece talk about the formation of Greece's unity government and who will be the interim Prime Minister - but none of that matters to anyone who isn't a Greek politician. Nobody else cares what that government looks like as long as it has the authority to pass the bailout agreement, get $$ and hold elections. Between Poland's issues with Gazprom today, Nord Stream coming online tomorrow and the increasing talks about whether a Greek bankruptcy could derail plans to diversify gas supplies for Southern Europe with Azerbaijani gas via interconnectors in Greece - it could be interesting to do a diary specifically on the implications of the financial crisis for Europe's energy environment.


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