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This past Saturday, September 20th, marked the start of Munich's most famous festival – Oktoberfest! Sixteen days celebrating Bavarian culture, agriculture, and, of course, BEER.
Posts Tagged 'Octoberfest'
Oktoberfestbier 2014!
Posted in Beer, Germany, tagged Ayinger, Bavaria, Beer, Brocktoberfest, cellaring beer, food, Germany, Idle Hands, Märzen, Munich, Octoberfest, Oktoberfest, Oktoberfestbier, Weihenstephaner on September 24, 2014 | 3 Comments »
Our Favorite Oktoberfest Beers
Posted in Beer, Beverages, Pairings, tagged ale, Ayinger, Beer, beer pairings, Berkshire Brewing, cheese pairings, October Fest, Octoberfest, Oktober Fest, Oktoberfest, Wiehenstephaner on September 24, 2010 | 2 Comments »
Before the advent of modern brewing, the traditional German brewing season would finish in March just as the temperatures got high enough to create uncertainty in the brewing process. Because these beers (known as Märzenbier) would be cellared through the summer, they needed to be heartier brews that could hold up until the next brewing season began in September. These malty, robust lagers with their deep copper color and higher alcohol content are traditionally enjoyed during Oktoberfest in the final month before the new brews arrive.
Today, Oktoberfest is a massive party with 6 million people enjoying 7 million liters of beer over the span of 16 days. Despite the lure of such a gathering, we prefer to stay States-side and enjoy our beer buyer Eric's selection of special seasonal beers available in our stores from September through October.
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(AP) Davis-White match US record with 5th dance title
By NANCY ARMOUR
AP National Writer
OMAHA, Neb.
Add another title to Meryl Davis and Charlie White's impressive collection.
Davis and White won their fifth straight ice dance crown at the U.S. Figure Skating Championships on Saturday, matching a record held by four other couples. As the audience stood and cheered, Davis knelt close to the ice for several seconds, her head bowed.
The Olympic silver medalists and 2011 world champions had had such a big lead after the short dance they had to do little more but step on the ice to win. But they did so much more than that with their dramatic and powerful routine to "Notre Dame de Paris," setting personal bests for both overall score (197.44 points) and free dance (118.42).
They finished more than 20 points ahead _ yes, you read that right _ of Madison Chock and Evan Bates (175.91). Maia and Alex Shibutani were docked a point for an extended lift and finished third (174.21).
The only team in the world that can give Davis and White a real fight is Canada's Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir, who edged the Americans at both the Vancouver Olympics and 2010 and 2012 world championships. But that doesn't mean Davis and White take it easy when they come to nationals.
Far from it.
Their performance was spellbinding, so intense no one in the arena dared breathe. Every inch of the ice, every nuance of music was filled with intricate and elegant moves, one more difficult than the next. Their skating skills have always been superb, their edge quality so fine that coaches pop in DVDs of them to show their students.
But it is the way they combine the athletic strengths with the beauty and elegance of a dance that makes them so breathtaking. They are a sporting event and a theater show rolled into one. Their lifts can barely be described they were so intricate and innovative. In one, White twirled Davis like a rifle and whipped her from his front to back all while skating and turning at full speed.
They oozed emotion, using the tips of their eyelashes all the way down to the toes of their feet to express the character of the dance, and the audience was as exhausted as Davis and White when they finished.
Chock and Bates and the Shibutanis have the misfortune of trying to compete with that, and there was no way they could come close. At least, not now.
Chock and Bates' lifts are filled with unique positions, and they were done with great speed and control. But it was the love story they displayed to "Dr. Zhivago" that was so delightful. Close your eyes, and you could almost see the horses and the sleigh in the falling snow.
The Shibutanis' routine to "Memoirs of a Geisha" was seamless, the elements flowing from one to the other so perfectly it was impossible to tell where one ended and the next began. The siblings opened with a pairs spin that was better than anything seen during the actual pairs competition earlier in the afternoon, and it lasted for what seemed like forever _ no easy feat to maintain that speed and momentum.
Their twizzles _ traveling spins _ are, simply, exquisite. They are done in perfect unison, right down to the raising of their arms while they spin. Their big flaw was that he held his sister too long on a lift, a mistake they also made in the short dance.
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JK Rowling's first adult novel will be "blackly comic"
NEW YORK (Reuters) - J.K. Rowling's first book for adults will be a "blackly comic" novel set in an idyllic English town where all is not what it seems, its publisher said on Thursday.
The title of the closely guarded 480-page novel by the prolific "Harry Potter" author will be "The Casual Vacancy." It and will be available worldwide in English on September 27 in hardback, e-book and in audio form, Little, Brown and Company said in a statement.
The publisher promised it will be "blackly comic, thought-provoking and constantly surprising," and offered some general plot details.
Rowling's foray into the adult fiction world begins when a character called Barry Fairweather dies unexpectedly, leaving a town called Pagford in shock, before readers will realize that behind Pagford's facade is a town at war, according to the publisher.
"Rich at war with poor, teenagers at war with their parents, wives at war with their husbands, teachers at war with their pupil ... Pagford is not what it first seems," said the statement.
"And the empty seat left by Barry on the parish council soon becomes the catalyst for the biggest war the town has yet seen. Who will triumph in an election fraught with passion, duplicity and unexpected revelations?"
When the novel was first announced in February, Rowling, 46 said the successful "Harry Potter" series had given her the "the freedom to explore new territory." The seven-book series sold 450 million copies worldwide and resulted in eight top-grossing movies.
"The Casual Vacancy" is the British writer's first novel directly aimed at the adult market.
(Reporting by Christine Kearney; editing by Patricia Reaney)
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After wave of QE, onus shifts to leaders to boost economy
DAVOS, Switzerland - Central banks have done their best to rescue the world economy by printing money and politicians must now act fast to enact structural reforms and pro-investment policies to boost growth, central bankers said on Saturday.
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From Oscars to Sundance, Sharma and Revolori discuss India's 'Umrika'
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Wednesday, 18 Apr 2012 09:48 PM
ORLANDO, Fla. (AP) — The judge presiding over the Trayvon Martin shooting case has removed herself after George Zimmerman's attorney said she had a possible conflict of interest.
Florida Circuit Judge Jessica Recksiedler recused herself Wednesday because of a potential conflict that relates to her husband.
He works with Orlando attorney Mark NeJame, who was first approached by Zimmerman's family to represent the neighborhood watch volunteer.
But NeJame declined and referred them to Mark O'Mara, who is now representing Zimmerman. NeJame has since been hired by CNN to comment on the case.
Judge Kenneth M. Lester Jr. will preside over the case after a second judge also had a conflict.
Zimmerman is charged with second-degree murder for the Feb. 26 shooting of the 17-year-old Martin. Zimmerman said he shot Martin in self-defense after Martin attacked him. Martin was unarmed.
© Copyright 2015 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Most Popular "Reference To Jennifer Love Hewitt" Titles
- Movies or TV
- Genres
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- IMDb Rating
- Instant Watch Options
- In Theaters
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1. Mayor of the Sunset Strip (2003)
R | 94 min | Documentary, Biography, Music
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Writer: George Hickenlooper | Director: George Hickenlooper | Stars: Rodney Bingenheimer, David Bowie, Joey Ramone, Exene Cervenka
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Cartman goes to infiltrate the NSA for his personal file, but doesn't like what he finds.
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The maid of honor just puked.
so i texed my mom when i was trashed last night and said "i know its 3 am, just go to bed and i'll be back by the time we leave for the airport"
You know how you thought that you put on a condom last weel?
turns out that you did...and i just found it.
we talked about european history as he fucked me from behind in the shower... i think it was a success
We've only been driving for two hours and I'm already down 3 vicodin...I'm not going to survive this family vacation.
im already regretting the extreme lack of break up sex that took place
Dude, sorry for live texting you my binge drinking. If you'd like me to do the same for my hangover, I can share that I just had to sit down while q-tipping my ears.
I just made an agreement with this milf to shoot her daughters wedding in exchange for blow jobs. Going pro was the best choice I ever made.
Sleeping with random people is the same as soul searching, right? Ps that wasn't a team name suggestion.
So last night I kicked a beer can off of a frat guys head and it nailed one of my sisters in the face. Think i'll be brought up on standards?
i was trying to figure out what "tidy fucking" was when i realized he meant "titty fucking" and i need to start banging smarter people....
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Did you leave ur panties in the sink?
Kitchen or bathroom?
He was only in jail for 4 hours before he was someone's prison wife
I just really wish I could go back and unsex him. Waste of my vagina.
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- Product Information
Product Description
Our individually packed YELLOW 6" glow stick makes the perfect prize or favor. Easily snap to light the night. If YELLOW fits your color scheme, our yellow glow 6" stick with attached lanyard is a perfect choice for your loot bags and outdoor events.
Please Note: Packaging Design May Vary
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- They were a hit! Review by Music Teacher
Rating These worked great for our "Firefly" song. Next time we won't order the ones with lanyards...the teachers just handed out the sticks and they lasted for both the 2:30 and 7pm performances.
(Posted on 6/7/13)
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Spice up Your Winter with a Casino Night Party!
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Latest Candida Stories
NaturesMagicGift.com releases a review of Linda Allen's Yeast Infection No More system which promises to permanently eliminate Candida, yeast infections and help to restore the body's
A yeast infection treatment product is now released for adults online courtesy of Yeastrol.
Yeast Infection No More, created by Linda Allen, is a new yeast infection cure that helps people eliminate this disease naturally and effectively.
Free4Candida is the latest treatment method created by Dr. Nilda Carez that claims to offer people home remedies for yeast infection.
Ultimate Candida Diet is the newly updated treatment method developed by Lisa Richard that claims to give people home remedies for yeast infection.
Natural Cure For Yeast Infection is the newly updated Candida cure created by Sarah Summer, who promises to help patients get rid of yeast infection quickly.
Ultimate Candida Diet is a new and useful Candida cure made by Lisa Richard, who promises to help sufferers get rid of Candida permanently and quickly.
Yeast Infection No More is a newly updated guide developed by Linda Allen, who promises to bring people the Candida treatment to help them combat the yeast infection forever.
- A poem in which the author retracts something said in an earlier poem.


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Which Bar?
There are a few bars/nightclubs in Kelowna. Here's what each generally features:
Flashback's: Downtown on Ellis St. Best general bar all-round bar. Mix of music, crowd, and customers. Ladies night strippers on Fridays in the Summer generally.
Splash's: might be renamed. Downtown on Leon. Underage crowd. younger music. MEAT MARKET.
Gotcha's: Downtown on Leon. Occassionaly underage crowd. Sometimes decent music. MEAT MARKET.
Blue Gator: Downtown on Lawrence. Older crowd, pure blues music.
OK Corral: Midtown on Kirschner. My personal favorite, but I like country music. However, you can ask someone to dance and not worry about them thinking you are looking to get laid.
All ages, from legal to 90+. There's this old guy that's there everytime I go and he's gotta be 90+ if he's a day and entirely entertaining to watch or dance with. If he wasn't so old he might be creepy but the age factor just makes it amusing.
Rose's. Downtown on Water. Don't have much to say one way or the other. Not bad anyway. Just don't go there for some reason.
Plenty of pubs all over town but no real dancing. Strippers of the female kind are available too, but I could care less.
Dress Code: None of them have dress codes
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Quebec City, QC Suppliers
This heritage urban resort offers a truly inspirational venue for a meeting, seminar, or conference in Québec City. The hotel offers 23 meeting and function rooms which can accommodate up to 1000 people. This hotel also provides 611 guestrooms.
Northstar Ratings are powered by Northstar Travel Media and are based on objective and unbiased evaluations from experienced editors that individually analyze, research, and evaluate hotels. Hotels and suppliers are not required to pay any fees or pay for memberships to have their property rated.
Northstar Ratings are powered by Northstar Travel Media. Please email firstname.lastname@example.com if you have any questions or comments regarding the rating of an individual property.
Conveniently located on the Plains of Abraham, one of the most prestigious city parks in Canada, and just a five-minute walk from Old-Quebec, Hotel Chateau Laurier is in close proximity to all of Quebec City's major events.
AAA Rating is a rating system for lodgings and restaurants in North America by American Automobile Association.
This rating was reported by the venue and has not been verified by Cvent.
Nestled between the mighty St. Lawrence River and the imposing Laurentian Mountains, there's no place like Québec City. For a successful convention or business meeting, Québec City is your ally!
Located at the doorstep of Old Québec, the Delta Québec hotel offers 14 meeting rooms for over 12000 sq. ft of meeting space and is linked to the Convention Center. Our 377 elegant and spacious guestrooms are charming and bright.
Experience Hotel Pur, where new urban design emerges following a multi-million dollar metamorphosis, where high style & contemporary design clear your mind. Hotel not only guarantees an interesting experience, it offers 12,000 Sq ft of meeting space.
Located across the street from the Old City, with indoor access to the Québec City Convention Center and Place Québec shops, the Hilton Québec provides 20 luxurious meeting/banquet rooms and 571 guest rooms.
Auberge Saint-Antoine is ideally located at the heart of Québec City's Old Port and across from the majestic St. Lawrence River, the Auberge is just steps from the fortifications, museums, and bustling streets of the Petit Champlain district.
Quebec City Marriott Downtown offers a completely renovated and upgraded product and enhanced services to provide you with the refreshing experience you deserve. It offers 111 rooms and 3 meeting rooms.
Located within the Muse de la civilization complex in Quebec City, Centre de reference de l'Amérique française holds the key to a rich historical heritage. The Museum helps you planning a reception, cocktail or your next conference.
Auberge Internationale de Québec is perfect for everyone who want to be in the heart of our vibrant city. Our meeting rooms are available for special events and parties.
A 40-seat sobre and classical environment with its harmony of colors, highlights and enhances this distinctive architecture which immerses you in a soft and calm atmosphere where the hummms! and ahhhhhs! of Chef Lebrun's kitchen are murmured.
Quality Suites - Ste Anne de Beaupre offers spacious and well appointed guest rooms with modern amenities. Corporate travelers will appreciate conveniences like a meeting room, business center and access to copy and fax service.
Right in the heart of historic Québec City, this magnificent theatre has hosted nearly a century's worth of the greatest in arts and entertainment. Once used mostly for cultural events, it has evolved into much more than a concert hall.
A prestigious and small boutique hotel located in the upper part of Quebec City and near Old Quebec City. Aux Deux Lions Inn hotel is 5 to 10 minutes walking from Quebec City Convention Center, Old Quebec walls, Plains of Abraham & other attractions.
Near Chateau Frontenac, Cafe de la Paix offers one of the best places for fine dining. It has private dining rooms that can accommodate groups of 10 to 40 people.
Search Quebec City, QC Venues


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Exercise bikes pedal into the RPI
Wednesday 24 March 1999
The Office for National Statistics has also deemed dried catfood, television and computer repairs, and electric keyboards popular enough for inclusion in the Retail Prices Index, the official measure of inflation.
Among the casualties are traditional children's knee-length coats, which have been replaced in the index by shorter children's jackets after falling out of favour with modern parents. Car brake pads and washing machine repairs also number among the new inclusions.
The exclusions include packet soup and malt vinegar, both of which have been dropped as part of the annual RPI update. Surveys show that these account for such a small proportion of expenditure that changes in their price have virtually no impact on real income.
Despite the statisticians' best efforts, RPI changes are often slow to pick up on new consumer behaviour. Personal computers were only included last year, while Doc Martens and mobile phones were in every high street long before they turned up in official price measures. Women's cardigans have been reinstated to the index after several years' absence, even though their foray into the fashion spotlight is now well and truly over.
Officials at the Office for National Statistics stress that RPI changes are based on careful study of expenditure surveys, not individual tastes. These reassurances aside, few were surprised yesterday to learn that anoraks have, for many years, been a key RPI constituent.
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Hietzinger Hauptstraße 22, 13. Hietzing, 1130 Vienna, Austria – Show map
The hotel is just 3 minutes from Schonbrunn Palace and 5 minutes from the nearest Ubahn station. It took us only around 7-10 minutes by train to many attractions. It's surrounded by quite a few restaurants and marts, and is very easy to locate.
United Kingdom
Excellent situation in a very attractive suburb. High quality shops adjacent to hotel. Very good transport links, bus, tram, U-Bahn. Breakfast facilities in the roof terrace was a highlight of the Hotel.
United Kingdom
The breakfast was excellent and great value for money.
United Kingdom
Wifi signal is very very weak. But the location is very good, not far awary from the metro station.
United Kingdom
I liked the friendly service and cleanliness. I appreciated the lift.
United Kingdom
Good location, (very!) friendly, helpful reception staff and cleaning ladies. We are returning guests, knew what to expect. The cafeteria has a very nice city view. All in all a good value for the money. Vienna is not cheap.
big room near the subway very good shops nearby
It is close to metro station and to Schonbrunn Palace. It is clean and warm in the winter. I recommend it to you!
Location Staff Room size
- staff - big room - comfortable beds - location - value comparing to price
The Ekazent Schönbrunn is only 150 metres from Schönbrunn Palace Gardens and a 12-minute walk from Schönbrunn Palace. Free WiFi and a 24-hour reception are available.
The spacious rooms feature satellite TV, a minibar, a seating area, and a private bathroom.
A 4-minute walk from the hotel, the Hietzing Underground Station provides direct connections to Vienna's city centre (line U4) in just 10 minutes.
The Ekazent Schönbrunn is located on the upper floors of a shopping centre with various shops, cafés and restaurants.
13. Hietzing is highly rated by guests for: Zoo, Parks, Relaxation
We speak your language! Hotel Rooms: 40 This property has been on Booking.com since 9 Feb 2009.
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Hotel Ekazent Schönbrunn's staff speak: English, German
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Food & Drink
Breakfast in the room
WiFi is available in all areas and is free of charge.
Private parking is possible on site (reservation is not needed) and costs EUR 19.20 per day.
Airport shuttle (surcharge), 24-hour front desk, Express check-in/check-out, Tour desk, Ticket service, Luggage storage, Laundry, Dry cleaning, Ironing service, Shoeshine, Daily maid service, Business centre, Fax/photocopying
Newspapers, Safety deposit box, Shops (on site), Facilities for disabled guests, Family rooms, Lift, Heating
English, German
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All children are welcome.
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There is no capacity for extra beds in the room.
The maximum number of children's cots/cribs in a room is 1.
Pets are allowed. Charges may be applicable.
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Austria Trend Hotel Ananas Wien
Latest booking: 1 hour ago There are 8 people looking at this hotel.
Only 200 metres from the Alser Straße Underground Station, the Hotel Geblergasse enjoys a quiet location in Vienna's Hernals district. It offers simply furnished rooms and free internet access.
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The Lenas Donau Hotel enjoys a quiet location directly at the Alte Donau waterfront, only a 5-minute walk from the Alte Donau Underground Station.
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Hotel Hadrigan in Vienna's district of Ottakring is a 15-minute ride on public transport away from the very heart of Vienna. Buses and trams stop in front of the house.
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MEININGER Hotel Wien Downtown Franz Featuring a bar and a games room, this contemporary hotel has a guest kitchen and offers free Wi-Fi in the entire building.
Score from 3017 reviews
Very good
Good location, (very!) friendly, helpful reception staff and cleaning ladies. We are returning guests, knew what to expect. The cafeteria has a very nice city view. All in all a good value for the money. Vienna is not cheap.
Hotel parking (if used) could be fairly expensive. Although the place in general kept clean, it is an aging hotel, crying for an upgrade. (carpet, new paint, and larger flatscreen TV's. - seriously ;) Breakfast choices are limited to cold cuts only. (Hot stuff, like scrambled eggs, ham&eggs, hot sausage, etc. would cost extra.) Besides that, the food was good :)
big room near the subway very good shops nearby
smell of cigarette in the towels and on the corridor.
It is close to metro station and to Schonbrunn Palace. It is clean and warm in the winter. I recommend it to you!
Breakfast menu/price should memuch better therefore I did not use it.
- staff - big room - comfortable beds - location - value comparing to price
- small bathroom, hairs in it
The hotel is just 3 minutes from Schonbrunn Palace and 5 minutes from the nearest Ubahn station. It took us only around 7-10 minutes by train to many attractions. It's surrounded by quite a few restaurants and marts, and is very easy to locate.
there was no hot water flask for boiling water.
It was clean and comfortable. Value of the money is high.
It was not so close to the central.
Nice area, excellent connections to the city centre (U4 station only 4 minutes away), very spacipus room, minibar as a nice surprise for 3*** hotel. Would recommend to everyone.
Rooms are very large and the hotel is very central.
Entrance of the hotel seems to be quite abandoned.
The room was large and clean. The bathroom had a bathtub.
+Comfortable bed if you fit in. +Nice hot water in the shower. +Close to a metro station. +Big room ++I checked in earlier around 10:30
-To much noise. -Curtains! Where are they? What they have is not enough to darken the room and to keep people from watching inside. -No hair dryer.
better than expected..big room
The room layout is a little strange..simple furniture
Clean, convenient, friendly staff Very good sized room. Breakfasts excellent Outstanding value.
No carpets in bedrooms. No English language on TV. This should be easy to fix. Even CNN would do! Mr Stan. London
Location - easy access to all tourist attractions Substantial breakfast Cleanliness Value for money
No complaints
The location just nearby the Schonbrunn Garden (Hitzinger Gate), the subway station (Hitzinger); fine restaurants and stores in the area.
The carpets in the lobby are old, ugly and dirty. The old lady in the breakfast room behaves with the guests as she is making them a favor when she is serving them. If she doesn't like her job she should quit; I don't think the guests likes to see a sour face early in the morning.
+ Perfect location for a tourist but also business: Schoenbrunn in 100m, U-Bahn 200m, restaurants around + Very attractive price + Three beds rooms for family with a child + Nice staff + Underground parking in house plus free parking on streets in 200m distance + Free WiFi + Separate room as a wardrobe
- Noise from traffic (rooms close to the street) - Old TV-set - Old furniture and flooring - Small bathroom
Nice location, safe parking, friendly staff.
The hotel was quite old, furniture a bit weary.
It was very convenient for the city centre and right next to the Schoenbrunn Palace which we wanted to visit. Everything else was very clean and adequate. Staying in Vienna is not cheap so it was excellent vfm.
The appearance was a bit run down and it was difficult to park there.
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Digital Home & Smartphones Help
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nero 8
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Posted August 29, 2010 at 9:56PM
hi helpers, i have been trying to burn a dvd with nero 8 with partial success, what i cant seem to do is make a video without a break in the recording, ive downloaded video from camcorder to pc then made a project from the files. I then click on next then open saved project ( in nero vision 5 ) then burn, it seems to do that ok but when i play it on cd player it either plays one title then goes onto another screen showing "orbit" with a list of the other numbered files or it plays continuous but pauses between files
I have changed the disc menu there are 3.. title and chapter... title menu only... do not create title but without much luck
so i dont know if its something simple i aint done as i am not too techno hope you can help thanks poshman
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Posted September 14, 2010 at 9:03PM
Have you tried playing the final result on the PC before burning?
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After years spent building a career on the enduringly romanticized Stillwater archetype, Kings of Leon have laterally shifted from one easily understood linear narrative (festival band) to another (arena rock band). Dropping the transparently hayseed act, the band could have turned an artistic corner; yet the first single from Only By the Night is called "Sex on Fire", so if there was any debate about whether Kings of Leon are in on their own joke, I think it can be put to rest. If we're misreading them, we're missing out on one corker of a comedy album based on an "SNL"-level premise: What if Bono got lost in the Blue Ridge Mountains and was replaced by a local yokel? (Suggested band name: Y'All2.)
But even the move from "southern Strokes" to "southern U2" is way better in theory than in practice-- these are the same clunky Kings of Leon songs, just now presented in an incredibly weird context. It all starts with Caleb Followill's never-ending need to play to type, and if you've kept up to this point, you know the drill-- though his band has toured the world several times over, dude can't see past his own dick. He sings terribly on Only By the Night, any modicum of youth and young manhood compromised by "real talk" overemoting and an accent that seems to have no geographical origin.
But why go on when Followill is more than happy to hoist himself on his own petard, doling his typical mix of stock characterization, open misogyny, and bizarre non-sequitirs. You can hear the brooms sweeping as the lonesome guitars of "Revelry" attempt some sort of last-call poignancy, but it's spoiled from the time Followill opens a mouth full of Meatloaf-- "What a night for a dance, you know I'm a dancin' machine/ With the fire in my bones and the sweet taste of kerosene." This goes on before you get the dominant KoL ethos on the chorus: "With the hardest of hearts I still feel full of pain/ See the time we shared it was precious to me/ But all the while I was dreaming of revelry." It's basically "The One I Love" with no riff and no irony.
Meanwhile, "Sex on Fire" turns out to be disturbingly literal, while the dopey travelogue of "Manhattan" has Caleb waxing with the naïve enthusiasm of a senior yearbook quote: "We're gonna set this fire we're gonna stoke it up/ We're gonna sip this wine and pass the cup/ We're gonna show this town how to kiss these stars," and it's nearly impossible to stifle your laughter when he punctuates each verse with a smarmy soul-papa "I SAAAAIIIID!" All that's missing is the attendant video where Caleb walks the NYC streets and gives dap to passers-by while the band taps away at their idea of funk. You'd figure "17" would be right in their wheelhouse, because what's a better Kings of Leon topic than underage pussy? But after the first line (I'll spot you "Winger" as a hint and let you guess what it is), it just sort of trails off, leaving the last memorable moment of an album that still has about 20 minutes to go.
No longer steeped in Dixieland signifers, Kings of Leon now weirdly owe a debt to Washington state. If the rumbling toms, splashy cymbals, and cascading synth strings of songs like "Notion" or "I Want You" sound familiar, I'm willing to bet you have a copy of Sunny Day Real Esate's The Rising Tide or a recent Death Cab record. Strange bedfellows, and not really the right ones-- while the latter two were trying to adjust their modest hooks and personal lyrics to a larger scale, Kings of Leon have always been as emotionally cavernous as the drum sound here, and when the tempo slows, ladies and gentlemen, we are floating in swamp. Followill is haunted by all that he can't leave behind, trying to have it both ways with riffs that are supposed to bellow with reverb and bite with distortion. The band never soars, instead mostly muddling in a bog of muffled echo that liberally applies Caleb's cottonmouth to every other instrument.
At its best, Only By the Night at least gives the impression that Kings of Leon is actually an interesting band that would be exponentially and immediately improved with someone even average at the controls (call it the Tavaris Jackson Corollary). Musically, "Closer" sets the bar unrealistically high for the rest of the album, building on squeaking, modulated keys, tricky polyrhythms, and a solid melody unfortunately piledrived by Followill's self-pity ("You took my heart and you took my soul.../ Leaving me stranded in love on my own"). "Crawl" could pass for something off the first Secret Machines record with its hydraulic, distorted bass and hotly mixed percussion, but even before they can seal the deal with some dubious conspiracy mongering (something about the red, white, and blue crucifying you), you get the usual KoL idea of sweetalk: "You better learn to crawl before I walk away." Next thing you know, "Sex on Fire" starts and Kings of Leon's fourth album has peaked after seven minutes. Surely, we can do better for the platonic ideal of a rock band than four guys gunning for a spot rightfully inhabited by My Morning Jacket but instead coming up with the best songs 3 Doors Down never wrote.
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Conference Paper
An Analytical Model of a New Packet Marking Algorithm for TCP Flows.
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, DIE, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, DIE, Università degli Studi di Roma, Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
DOI: 10.1016/j.comnet.2005.09.003 Conference: Quality of Service in Multiservice IP Networks, Third International Workshop, QoS-IP 2005, Catania, Italy, February 2-4, 2005, Proceedings Source: DBLP
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ABSTRACT: Network devices put packets on an Internet link, and multiplex, or superpose, the packets from different active connections. Extensive empirical and theoretical studies of packet traffic variables --- arrivals, sizes, and packet counts --- demonstrate that the number of active connections has a dramatic effect on traffic characteristics. At low connection loads on an uncongested link --- that is, with little or no queueing on the link-input router --- the traffic variables are long-range dependent, creating burstiness: large variation in the traffic bit rate. As the load increases, the laws of superposition of marked point processes push the arrivals toward Poisson, the sizes toward independence, and reduces the variability of the counts relative to the mean. This begins a reduction in the burstiness; in network parlance, there are multiplexing gains. Once the connection load is sufficiently large, the network begins pushing back on the attraction to Poisson and independence by causing queueing on the link-input router. But if the link speed is high enough, the traffic can get quite close to Poisson and independence before the push-back begins in force; while some of the statistical properties are changed in this high-speed case, the push-back does not resurrect the burstiness. These results reverse the commonly-held presumption that Internet traffic is everywhere bursty and that multiplexing gains do not occur. Very simple statistical time series models --- fractional sum-difference (FSD) models --- describe the statistical variability of the traffic variables and their change toward Poisson and independence before significant queueing sets in, and can be used to generate open-loop packet arrivals and sizes for simulation studies. Both science and engineering are affec...06/2003; - [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the stationary behavior of the TCP congestion window performing ideal congestion avoidance when the packet loss probability is not constant, but varies as a function of the window size. By neglecting the detailed window behavior during fast recovery, we are able to derive a Markov process that is then approximated by a continuous-time, continuous state-space process. The stationary distribution of this process is analyzed and derived numerically and then extrapolated to obtain the stationary distribution of the TCP window. This numerical analysis enables us to predict the behavior of the TCP congestion window when interacting with a router port performing Early Random Drop (or Random Early Detection) where the loss probability varies with the queue occupancy. Keywords---TCP, distribution, variable, loss. I. INTRODUCTION In this paper, we present a quantitative analysis of the stationary behavior of the evolution of the TCP congestion window (cwnd) ([1]) when the ...Proceedings - IEEE INFOCOM 02/1999; -
Conference Paper: A quantitative study of differentiated services for the Internet
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ABSTRACT: The differentiated services architecture provides router mechanisms for aggregate traffic, and edge mechanisms for individual flows, that together can be used to build services with varying delay and loss behavior. We compare the loss and delay behavior that can be provided using the services based on combinations of two router mechanisms, threshold dropping and priority scheduling and two packet marking mechanisms, edge-discarding and edge-marking. We compare the delay and loss behavior of the two router mechanisms coupled with edge-discarding for a wide range of traffic arrivals. We observe that priority scheduling provides lower expected delays to preferred traffic than threshold dropping. In addition, we find that a considerable additional link bandwidth is needed with threshold dropping to provide same delay behavior as priority scheduling. We further observe little difference in the loss incurred by preferred traffic under both router mechanisms, except when sources are extremely bursty, in which case threshold dropping performs better. We examine the throughput of a TCP connection that uses a service built upon threshold dropping and edge-marking. Our analysis shows that a significant improvement in throughput can be achieved. However, we find that in order to fully achieve the benefit of such a packet marking, the TCP window must take the edge-marking mechanism into considerationGlobal Telecommunications Conference, 1999. GLOBECOM '99; 02/1999
Data provided are for informational purposes only. Although carefully collected, accuracy cannot be guaranteed. The impact factor represents a rough estimation of the journal's impact factor and does not reflect the actual current impact factor. Publisher conditions are provided by RoMEO. Differing provisions from the publisher's actual policy or licence agreement may be applicable.


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Jan 31 | 7:00 PM | Behind the Screen: Blogger Panel presented by UCSD F.A.M.E. | Get Details |
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Since the venue's opening in 1993, the UCSD Price Center schedule has featured a wide variety of acts and events from the worlds of music, film, dance and more. In 2003, students voted in favor of the creation of a larger platform on which to experience the wealth of talent on offer at the UCSD Price Center. A referendum was passed, and a $64 million expansion plan was put into operation - a plan which would see the UCSD Price Center increase to almost twice its original size. The university marked the official opening of Price Center East on May 18, 2008.
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Starz Announces Two-Year Deal with Executive Producer David Knoller
Starz has entered into an overall deal with David Knoller. Under the pact, Knoller will focus on producing, writing and directing. Knoller will serve as Executive Producer for BLACKBIRDS and the recently renewed series POWER, while continuing to develop original programming for STARZ.
"David is one of those rare people who is able to make everything he's involved in better. As a producer and creator we believe in David's ability and look forward to our continued relationship," said Carmi Zlotnik, managing director of Starz.
Executive Producing BLACKBIRDS with Knoller, is John Shiban, who will adapt the stories of Miriam Black, a hitchhiker who struggles with a unique ability to see how and when you die when she touches you. Based on the novels by Chuck Wendig, BLACKBIRDS is being developed under his Knollwood Productions banner with Ian Williams serving as the company's Director of Development.
Knoller will return to New York in the fall to executive produce and direct episodes of POWER, created by Courtney Kemp Agboh. Executive producing the second season along with Knoller and Kemp Agboh, are Curtis "50 Cent" Jackson, Mark Canton and Randall Emmett.
"It has been a creative reunion to work with Chris [Albrecht] and Carmi again, since our HBO days, and I am humbled and appreciate the opportunity and their confidence in me to help bring exciting programming to STARZ," Knoller said.
Knoller produced and/or directed more than 50 episodes of the award winning drama series "Big Love" and "Carnivale" for HBO. His producing efforts garnered him both Emmy(R) and Golden Globe(R) nominations.
Knoller is represented by ICM Partners.
About Starz
Starz (NASDAQ: STRZA, STRZB) is a leading integrated global media and entertainment company with operating units that provide premium subscription video programming on domestic U.S. pay television channels (Starz Networks), global content distribution (Starz Distribution) and animated television and movie production (Starz Animation), www.starz.com.
Starz Networks is a leading provider of premium subscription video programming through the flagship STARZ(R) and ENCORE(R) pay TV networks which showcase premium original programming and movies to U.S. multichannel video distributors, including cable operators, satellite television providers, and telecommunications companies. As of March 31, 2014, Starz and ENCORE serve a combined 56.3 million subscribers, including 21.9 million at STARZ, and 34.4 million at ENCORE, making them the largest pair of premium flagship channels in the U.S. STARZ(R) and ENCORE(R), along with Starz Networks' third network MOVIEPLEX(R), air over 1,000 movies monthly across 17 linear networks, complemented by On Demand and authenticated online offerings through Starz PLAY, ENCORE PLAY, and MOVIEPLEX PLAY. Starz Distribution develops, produces and acquires entertainment content, distributing it to consumers globally on DVD, digital formats and traditional television. Starz Distribution's home video, digital media and worldwide distribution business units distribute original programming content produced by Starz, as well as entertainment content for itself and third parties. Starz Animation produces animated TV and movie content for studios, networks, distributors and audiences worldwide.
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The stories behind some of literature's best-known novels
Would 'Catch-22' still be a masterpiece if it was called 'Catch-18'? Why did T S Eliot change the name of 'He Do the Police in Different Voices' to 'The Waste Land'? Gary Dexter tells the stories behind some of literature's best-known novels
Monday 26 November 2007
Catch-22 (1961)
"Catch-22" has passed into the language as a description of the impossible bind. Joseph Heller complained that the phrase "a Catch-22 situation" was often used by people who did not seem to understand what it meant. Given the mental contortions of the catch, this is not surprising.
There are no catches 1 to 21, or 23 onwards, in the book. "There was only one catch and that was Catch-22." Like the final commandment left at the end of Animal Farm, "Catch-22" is an entire rule book distilled into one lunatic decree. Its very uniqueness meant that Heller had to think carefully before naming, or numbering it. And his choice was – Catch-18.
In the Second World War, Heller was a bombardier with the 12th Air Force, based on Corsica, and flew 60 missions over Italy and France. Yossarian in Catch-22 is a bombardier flying the same missions. In 1953, Heller began writing a book called Catch-18, the first chapter of which was published in the magazine New World Writing in 1955. When, three years later, he submitted the first large chunk of it to Simon & Schuster, it was quickly accepted for publication, and Heller worked on it steadily – all the time thinking of it as Catch-18 – until its completion in 1961. Shortly before publication, however, the blockbuster novelist Leon Uris produced a novel entitled Mila 18 (also about the Second World War). It was thought advisable that Heller, the first-time novelist, should be the one to blink.
Heller said in an interview with Playboy in 1975: "I was heartbroken. I thought 18 was the only number." A long process of numerical agonising began in which the author and his editor at Simon & Schuster, Robert Gottlieb, worked their way through the integers looking for the right, the unique formula. Catch-11 was one of the first suggestions, but was rejected because of the film Ocean's Eleven. Heller at one point settled firmly on Catch-14, but Gottlieb threw it out for being too nondescript. When 22 came up, Gottlieb felt it had the right ring: "I thought 22 was a funnier number than 14," he told the New York Times Review of Books in 1967. Heller took two weeks to persuade.
But the journey from 18 to 22, although tortuous, was worth making. The reason is this: 22 has a thematic significance that 18 and most of the other choices do not. In Catch-22, everything is doubled. Yossarian flies over the bridge at Ferrara twice, his food is poisoned twice, there is a chapter devoted to "The Soldier Who Saw Everything Twice", the chaplain has the sensation of having experienced everything twice, Yossarian can name two things to be miserable about for every one to be thankful for, all Yossarian can say to the dying Snowden is, "There, there", all Snowden can say is: "I'm cold, I'm cold", Yossarian overhears a woman repeatedly begging "please don't, please don't", and Major Major is actually Major Major Major Major.
Doubling is thus a stylistic device suggestive of the qualified nature of reality. Nothing is singular, unblurred or unambiguous. The title, with its doubled digits (2 representing duality, itself doubled to make 22) conveys this in a way that Catch-18 could never have done.
It seems clear therefore that what happened when Simon & Schuster found out about Leon Uris's book was a piece of great good luck.
My Man Jeeves (1919)
My Man Jeeves (1919) was the first PG Wodehouse book with Jeeves in the title. There were 10 more, and several novels or story collections about Jeeves and Bertie but without Jeeves in the title (such as The Mating Season, 1949). Although My Man Jeeves was the first Jeeves title, Jeeves the gentleman's gentleman himself first made an appearance in the story "Extricating Young Gussie" in the Saturday Evening Post of 18 September 1915. He had two lines: "Mrs Gregson to see you, sir," and, "Very good, sir. Which suit will you wear?"
Wodehouse said in the introduction to the anthology The World of Jeeves (1967): "It was only some time later, when I was going into the strange affair of 'The Artistic Career of Corky', that the man's qualities dawned upon me. I still blush to think of the off-hand way I treated him at our first encounter." "The Artistic Career of Corky" was in fact a later title for the story "Leave It to Jeeves", which appeared in the Saturday Evening Post of 5 February 1916.
One more tale deserves mention, one which has misled some into thinking it features Jeeves's debut. This is "Jeeves Takes Charge", a short story published, again in the Saturday Evening Post, on 18 November 1916, more than a year after "Extricating Young Gussie".
Jeeves, then, was born in 1915 or thereabouts – during the first battles of the First World War. Wodehouse was working in the New York theatre at the time, having been living in the USA on and off since about 1909. Before he left permanently for America, however, he went to a cricket match in Cheltenham. And this was where war, cricket and Jeeves met and coalesced.
Percy Jeeves was, by all accounts, a very useful player. Born in 1888, in Earls-heaton, Yorkshire, he played for Goole and then Hawes cricket clubs before signing up for the Warwickshire County side. An attacking right-hand bat, and right-arm medium-fast bowler, he played first-class cricket from 1912 to 1914. The season when he really began to distinguish himself was 1913, taking 106 wickets and scoring 785 runs. It was also the year in which Wodehouse, a keen cricket fan, saw him play at Cheltenham.
Several decades later, RV Ryder, the son of the Warwickshire club secretary who had originally signed Percy Jeeves, wrote to Wodehouse to ask for confirmation that the Jeeves of literature really was named after the Jeeves of cricket. Wodehouse replied: "You are quite right. It must have been in 1913 that I paid a visit to my parents in Cheltenham and went to see Warwickshire play Glos on the Cheltenham College ground. I suppose Jeeves' bowling must have impressed me, for I remembered him in 1916, when I was in New York and just starting the Jeeves and Bertie saga, and it was just the name I wanted. I have always thought till lately that he was playing for Gloucestershire that day (I remember admiring his action very much)."
Percy Jeeves went on to even greater distinction in the 1914 season, and was tipped by England captain Plum Warner as a future England player. On 4 August 1914, however, Britain declared war on Germany, and Jeeves signed up with the 15th Battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. In July the following year he was in the thick of the fighting in the battle of the Somme. On the night of 22/23 July the order was given for a major assault, in which the 15th Battalion was a small component. The assault made no headway whatever.
Jeeves's body was never found. It was only in September 1915 that High Wood was captured, after the loss of around 6,000 men. September 1915 was also, coincidentally, the month of the appearance of the first Jeeves story. Jeeves never got to play for his country, but did die for it.
The Great Gatsby (1925)
F Scott Fitzgerald agonised over the title of his third novel. Among the candidates he rejected, and then lighted on again, and then re-rejected, in a series of letters and telegrams to his editor Max Perkins, were Trimalchio, Trimalchio's Banquet, Among the Ash Heaps and Millionaires, The High-Bouncing Lover, The Great Gatsby, Gold-Hatted Gatsby, Gatsby, On the Road to West Egg, Incident at West Egg, Trimalchio in West Egg and several others. Perkins steered him gently towards The Great Gatsby, despite Fitzgerald's doubts.
By the time The Great Gatsby was at the printers, Fitzgerald had changed his mind once again, asking Perkins for the book to be retitled Under the Red, White and Blue – a reference to the American Dream so horribly mutilated in the book – and continued to swing back and forth, later writing to Perkins: "I feel Trimalchio might have been best after all," but by then it was in the bookshops. The Great Gatsby it had to stay.
Why Gatsby? Gatsby, as a name, echoes the violence. One must recall that in the book Jay Gatsby is the hero's assumed name, not his real name. His real name is James Gatz. (His father, Henry Gatz, makes an appearance in the book's last few pages.) The significance of Gatsby and Gatz is in "gat" – the gun that ends Gatsby's life. Violent death lingers around Gatsby. As the book opens he is just back from the war in Europe, which he is reputed to have quite enjoyed. Gatsby, it has also been pointed out, sounds, if you say it out loud, rather like the French verb gaspiller, to waste.
If "Gatsby" is significant, so is "Great". In early drafts Fitzgerald had Gatsby refer to himself as "great": "Jay Gatsby!" he cried in a ringing voice, "There goes the great Jay Gatsby! That's what people are going to say – wait and see. I'm only thirty-two now."
But despite his legendary parties Gatsby is not "great". He is rootless, friendless, loveless, ultimately lifeless. Only three people come to his funeral. "Great" is irony. Gatsby is a rich nobody.
Perhaps there is another echo in the "great" of The Great Gatsby: that of "the Great American Novel". This was an artefact Fitzgerald was consciously trying to construct, after the pattern of Melville or James, and to which he paid homage in one of his final choices of title, Under the Red, White and Blue. Fitzgerald thought of The Great Gatsby as his greatest work; many of his readers have agreed.
The Great Gatsby, then, can be seen as Fitzgerald's attempt to represent his country in the medium of the novel. If this is so, then the title he finally chose is perfect, whatever his doubts. In the book, the dreams of greatness, wealth and success that form the nation's myth are brutally dispelled. In an atmosphere of high-class squalor Gatsby is meaninglessly shot down. In calling his book The Great Gatsby it seems that Fitzgerald was gunning for America.
Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)
The early 1980s were not the most cheerful of times. Two heavily armed power blocs were keeping the world in a state of perpetual phoney war. There were authoritarian governments and repressive police forces. The Western world was looking forward to a date signalling the obliteration of all hope and human values. The countdown to 1984 was more "millennial" than the real millennium 16 years later.
Attempts were made from the moment of its publication to find significance in the date of Nineteen Eighty-Four. The best known explanation was the "year-reversal" theory; Orwell finished the book in December 1948, and "48" reversed is "84". But when Orwell began writing the book, in 1943, the action was set in 1980. As time wore on he advanced the date to 1982, and then to 1984. He may well have been aware of the year-reversal as he completed the manuscript, but fundamentally the date of 1984 was a product of the fact that he had taken such a long time to write the book.
The next best-known theory is the "Jack London" argument. In London's dystopia The Iron Heel (1908), a book Orwell admired greatly, the USA is run along fascist lines by a group of Oligarchs who control the population via the Mercenaries. In the story, the date of the completion of the "wonder-city" Asgard is – 1984. But 1984 is not a particularly prominent date in London's book. In fact it appears in a footnote.
An intriguing third argument concentrates on a poem by Orwell's first wife, Eileen O'Shaughnessy, which was published in a school magazine in 1934. It is called "End of the Century: 1984" and deals with a future society in which "scholars" are controlled by telepathy. Orwell could have been thinking of this in 1948 when he came to name the book, but it does not seem very likely: again, it would probably have appeared much earlier in the manuscripts.
Rarely can a date chosen with such little particularity have exercised such a frightful grip on the imagination. A collective sigh of relief was exhaled as 31 December 1984 slipped away and 1985 began (despite the fact that Anthony Burgess had written a rather indifferent book about it). The date that was, more than any other, symbolic of "the future" was now past.
Orwell had cast a shadow over us for four decades, staring out from old photographs and book jackets with his pencil moustache and his silly haircut. We had put up with his prediction of a new Dark Age, and now Nineteen Eighty-Four could be consigned to the memory hole.
Lolita (1955)
Lolita is one of those novels in which the protagonist-narrator is so coruscatingly brilliant that we are ready to forgive him almost anything. Twelve-year-olds? Well, she did seduce him. And she'd already had that boy at summer camp. For prose this dazzling, this ardent, this clever... tout comprendre c'est tout pardonner... But plagiarism?
In 1916 a German journalist, Heinz von Eschwege, writing under the name of Heinz von Lichberg, published a collection of stories, The Accursed Gioconda. One – only 12 pages long – was called "Lolita".
The story is short, silly and uninvolving. But the similarities with Nabokov's Lolita seem too many to discount. The main ones are these: both have a first person narrator who turns up at a boarding house; Lolita in both cases is the daughter of the house; she "seduces" him; sex and death (and death after birth) are presented as different aspects of the same violence, or as cause and effect; and finally, the title.
Of course, Nabokov would probably not have read those 12 pages in an obscure, untranslated book by a minor German writer, published when he (Nabokov) was 17 and still in Russia. Or would he? Nabokov left Russia with his family in 1919, and after three years studying at Cambridge, settled in Berlin in 1922. He remained there for 15 years, married there, had a son, wrote several novels, and made his reputation. These were 15 years in which Von Lichberg was a fellow Berliner, living in the same part of Berlin. The book was still in the shops, and Nabokov read German quite adequately. Von Lichberg became a quite prominent public figure.
It is common for authors to forget they have not invented phrases or situations which they then regurgitate in their own work. But to reproduce, unconsciously, something with this number of matches surely strains credulity.
Moby-Dick (1851)
Moby-Dick was a real whale. In the days when whales were not sages of the deep but floating oil repositories, sailors would give names to individual whales who were particularly dangerous or unkillable. One of the most famous was "Mocha Dick", named after the island of Mocha off the Chilean coast. An albino sperm whale (like Moby-Dick), Mocha Dick was said to have drowned over 30 men, sunk five ships and been harpooned 19 times, which probably accounted for his mood.
Herman Melville's chief source was an article by Jeremiah N Reynolds in the Knickerbocker Magazine of 1839 entitled "Mocha Dick Or, the White Whale of the Pacific". He also took from the article the ship's name the Penguin, changing it to the Pequod.
The change from Mocha to Moby is more difficult to explain. It may have had its origin in another project that was on Melville's desk at the time he was writing his whale story: this was "The Story of Toby" about a seafaring friend, Tobias Greene. It may be that "Toby" influenced the change from Mocha Dick to Moby-Dick.
So much for the title of Moby-Dick, one might think. But there is an odd twist in the tale. Moby-Dick was not the title of the book at all. The title was The Whale when it was first published in London by Richard Bentley on 18 October 1851. Now rare, the English edition was substantially different textually from the American Harper edition, which followed later on 14 November 1851, and bore the familiar title Moby-Dick.
And, as if to give its imprimatur to the true, the pure American edition, an odd circumstance heralded its publication. On 5 November 1851, just nine days before its appearance, news reached New York that the whaler Ann Alexander, out of New Bedford, had been rammed and sunk by a whale. Despite stories of vicious and malignant whales, this was still a rare event, and the news spread rapidly throughout the globe.
Melville could barely hide his glee. On 7 November he wrote animatedly to his friend Evert Duyckinck: "Crash! comes Moby Dick himself, & reminds me of what I have been about for part of the last year or two. It is really & truly a surprising coincidence – to say the least. I make no doubt it IS Moby Dick himself, I wonder if my evil art has raised this monster."
Hamlet (c.1600)
The legend of Hamlet dates to at least 400 years before Shakespeare. The story made its first appearance in English in 1608. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet in around 1600, which means that the tale would have been available to him only in French.
There was, however, another source, this time in English: a play, now lost, referred to in Shakespearean circles as the ur-Hamlet, often ascribed to Thomas Kyd, the author of The Spanish Tragedy. Two diaries also yield mention of the ur-Hamlet: the first is that of the theatrical impresario Philip Henslowe, in 1594; the second is that of the playwright Thomas Lodge. These, then, were Shakespeare's two known sources.
But an odd fact exists. Shakespeare had a son called Hamnet. "Hamnet" and "Hamlet" are so close that he must either have named his son after his play, or his play after his son. Hamnet was born in 1585, and Hamlet was written 15 years later in 1600, and so the obvious conclusion is that it must have been the latter. Hamnet died, aged 11, in 1596, four years before Shakespeare came to write Hamlet.
There are several theories about the influence of Hamnet on Hamlet. The first is that father and son were not close (Shakespeare spent all of Hamnet's life in London) and that the story of the Danish prince was just a random subject for a revenge tragedy. A second has Shakespeare turning to the Hamlet legend as a way to explore his grief over the death of his son.
A third theory, however, gives Shakespeare as the author – or co-author – of the ur-Hamlet. In this scheme, the choice of the Hamlet-legend as a subject for a play would have been made at the same time as Shakespeare named his son Hamnet. It would have been a christening present.
It is an intriguing possibility. If he did write his first Hamlet in 1585, in a spirit of celebration at the birth of Hamnet, and perhaps with a happy ending – both earlier versions have happy endings – it would probably not have occurred to him that in 15 years' time he would feel compelled to revisit the play with a new, darker understanding of the bond between a father and a son.
Around the World in Eighty Days (1872)
Around the World in Eighty Days, as a title, is simple, descriptive and enticing. It has generated a huge number of parodies, puns and spin-offs. Of course, it all began with Jules Verne, and his Le Tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours. Or did it?
Verne himself claimed that the idea was sparked in 1871 when he read an article about a Thomas Cook round-the-world tour package. But there is one man whose career so closely parallels the fictional Phileas Fogg that it would be rash to ignore him: an eccentric American rail magnate called George Francis Train.
Born in 1829, Train began his career as a shipping merchant and opium trader. Moving to Britain, he introduced the country's first trams, which were taken up in every major city and spread throughout Europe. With the fortune he gained, he returned to America and ploughed all his money into financing and publicising the Union Pacific railroad.
By now his ambitions were turning to politics. He began campaigning in 1869 with the ultimate ambition of the US presidency. In the middle of his campaign, "Citizen Train" announced that he would make a trip around the world in 80 days or less. He started from New York in late July 1870, taking the Union Pacific Railroad to California, and on 1 August boarded the Great Republic for Yokohama. From there he sailed to Hong Kong, then Singapore, the Suez Canal and Marseilles.
In Marseilles, his trip struck the rocks. Delegates from the Commune burst into his hotel room and demanded that he speak in favour of the revolution. Train became embroiled in revolutionary politics. He delivered public harangues and led a march on the military fortifications in Marseilles, which surrendered. In Lyons, he was thrown into prison. After appealing to the international media for help, Train was released, but not before 13 days had been wasted. He arrived back in late December, missing his deadline by at least two months. The 1872 election was won by Ulysses S Grant.
And there the matter might have rested, except for Jules Verne. Verne needed a new idea. In late 1870 and early 1871 news of Train's exploits was arriving in France. Verne very probably saw – the coincidences are surely suggestive – the news about Train. He quickly finished the tale of Phileas Fogg and Passepartout and sold the idea as a serial to Le Temps, who published it in daily instalments from late 1872.
Verne never acknowledged Train as the inspiration. Train lived until 1904 and made three more round-the-world trips, beating his record each time, finally achieving 60 days. He once told an English journalist: "Remember Jules Verne's Around the World in Eighty Days? He stole my thunder. I'm Phileas Fogg. But I have beaten Fogg out of sight."
The Waste Land (1922)
"The Waste Land" begins (of course):
April is the cruellest month,
breeding Lilacs out of the dead land,
mixing Memory and desire,
stirring Dull roots with spring rain.
Not so the first version:
First we had a couple of feelers down at Tom's place,
There was old Tom, boiled to the eyes, blind
(Don't you remember that time after a dance,
Top hats and all, we and Silk Hat Harry,
And old Tom took us behind, brought out a bottle of fizz...
The transformation occurred in January 1921. TS Eliot met Ezra Pound in Paris and showed him a draft of a long poem he had written. It was called "He Do the Police in Different Voices" and was the proto-"Waste Land". It took its title from a passage in Dickens's Our Mutual Friend, in which "Sloppy" (a young man so named because he had been found in the street on a "sloppy" night) is praised by Betty for his reading.
Pound, given the job of editor, slashed through page after page, reducing the poem almost by half. He cut the embarrassing scenes above of a drunken spree in Boston with old Tom and Silk Hat Harry; he cut 27 lines on the further adventures of the typist and the young man carbuncular; a further 160 lines dealing with the doings of Fresca and Phlebas; and junked 84 lines of part IV, making it the shortest of the five parts. He made around 200 suggestions and emendations. By the time he had finished, the poem was radically different.
In Pound's version, the poem began with the prophetic voice of Tiresias ("April is the cruellest month...") and this voice went on to dominate the poem. Gone was the archness, the vaudevillian scenes of lowlife, the period-piece flavour. "He Do the Police in Different Voices", which had originally been chosen – apologetically? – to suggest a miscellany of voices, was now not quite so accurate. The poem had gained structure.
Casting around for a title, Eliot settled on "The Waste Land", and the poem was published as such in The Criterion in October 1922 (and later as a small book).
A Clockwork Orange (1962)
Anthony Burgess gave at least three possible origins for the title A Clockwork Orange, none convincing. The first was that he had overheard the phrase "as queer as a clockwork orange" in a London pub. He wrote in the introduction to the 1987 US edition: "The image was a bizarre one, always used for a bizarre thing."
Then, in an essay, "Clockwork Marmalade", published in 1972, he claimed he had heard the phrase several times, usually in the mouths of aged cockneys. But no other record of the expression in use before 1962 has surfaced. Several commentators have doubted it ever existed. Why an orange, in particular? Why not a clockwork apple? The phrase does not seem to have much wit or accuracy when describing something queer, odd or strange.
The second explanation was that the title was a pun on the Malay word orang, meaning man. Burgess taught in Malaya from 1954 to 1959. He wrote in Joysprick, his study of Joyce: "I myself was, for nearly six years, in such close touch with the Malay language that it affected my English and still affects my thinking. When I wrote A Clockwork Orange, no European reader saw that the Malay word for 'man' – orang – was contained in the title..." This conjuring of a clockwork man, central to the book's ideas, is clever, but sounds like an afterthought. Burgess wrote elsewhere that the orang echo was a "secondary" meaning – probably shorthand for a happy accident.
This leads to the third possibility, which is, as he wrote in a prefatory note, that the title is a metaphor for an organic entity, full of juice and sweetness, being turned into an automaton. This idea is built into the book. The story of Alex is one in which two unpleasant alternatives for future societies are contrasted. The first is one in which malefactors are allowed to exercise free will to torture and murder, and are, if caught, punished; the second is one in which they have their freedom of choice cauterised, resulting in a safe society populated by automata.
Burgess intended to contrast two ways of looking at the world, the Augustinian and the Pelagian. The Augustinian is that man's freedom is guaranteed, but original sin makes suffering inevitable. The Pelagian (heretical) view is that mankind is perfectible and original sin can be overridden. Burgess leant heavily towards the Augustinian side. The phrase "a clockwork orange", as representative of the Pelagian nightmare, appears in the book itself, in fact as the title of a book.
There is one other possibility. Did Burgess mishear that phrase in the pub? Terry's began making Chocolate Oranges in 1931. "Chocolate" and "clockwork" aren't homophones, but they might sound alike in a noisy pub. Perhaps Burgess misheard. Perhaps he knew it but liked what he had misheard. Perhaps – I speculate – he did not want to admit to the drab origins of his title.
© 2007 Gary Dexter
Why Not Catch-21? by Gary Dexter (£9.99) is published by Frances Lincoln ( www.franceslincoln.com). To order a copy (free P&P) call Independent Books Direct on 0870 079 8897 or visit www.independentbooksdirect.co.uk
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Uploaded on: | 09-03-13 © video-doctor |