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Most people have heard about the harmful effects of pollution on human and plant health, but until recently, visualizing such effects took some imagination. Now, new "ozone gardens" at the University of Colorado Boulder's Museum of Natural History and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Mesa Laboratory make the evidence startlingly clear. Visits to the gardens are free and open to the public. Scientists at CU-Boulder and NCAR are growing plants that develop brown and black spots on their leaves when exposed to harmful air pollution. The ozone gardens feature particular … [Read more...]
Ozone gardens at CU-Boulder and NCAR reveal harmful effects of pollution
CU-Boulder and NCAR researchers seek to reduce deadly air pollution from cooking emissions
A $1.5 million grant from the Environmental Protection Agency will help researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder and the National Center for Atmospheric Research measure pollution from residential cooking and better understand a problem that kills millions of women and children each year in the developing world. According to the EPA, more than 3 billion people worldwide rely on the burning of wood, plant matter, coal and waste for cooking or heating. Exposure to cookstove emissions, particularly indoor exposure, ranks as one of the five worst overall health risk factors in poor … [Read more...]
Energy and water professionals: CU-Boulder offers expanded degree options
This is an excerpt of an article that originally appeared on Colorado.edu. A new educational partnership at the University of Colorado Boulder will provide expanded degree options for working professionals interested in specialized graduate education focused on energy and water. Beginning this fall, qualified students can earn both a Master of Engineering (ME) degree and a Professional Certificate in Renewable and Sustainable Energy or a Professional Certificate in Water Engineering and Management. The degree and certificates can be earned either via distance education or in campus … [Read more...]
CU-Boulder teams up with Mesa County to make snow-depth data free to water managers, farmers, public
New from Colorado.edu: A University of Colorado Boulder professor who developed a clever method to measure snow depth using GPS signals is collaborating with Western Slope officials to make the data freely available to a variety of users on a daily basis. CU-Boulder aerospace engineering sciences Professor Kristine Larson and her colleagues discovered in 2009 that GPS signals that bounce off Earth's surface before hitting the receivers, once considered bothersome "noise," could be used to measure snow depth, soil moisture and even vegetation moisture. Larson also is a pioneer in the … [Read more...]
CU climate scientists available to speak on National Climate Assessment (NCA)
Several University of Colorado Boulder scientists can talk about global climate change as it relates to the new National Climate Assessment (NCA) released May 6, 2014 by the White House This includes two co-authors of the assessment, Kristen Averyt and Mark Serreze. Kristen Averyt, associate director for science at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), a joint venture of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and CU-Boulder, can talk about water resources as they relate to a changing climate. She was at the White House for the release of the … [Read more...]
CLEAN Wins Webby Award for Teaching Climate on NOAA's climate.gov
Congratulations to our colleagues at the Climate Literacy and Energy Awareness Network (CLEAN)! The Teaching Climate portion of the NOAA climate.gov website, which draws most of its content from the CLEAN collection, won both the juried and People's Choice awards in the Green category of the 18th Annual Webby Awards. The overall site won in the Government category. Hailed as the "Internet's highest honor" by The New York Times, The Webby Awards, presented by the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences (IADAS), is the leading international award honoring excellence on the … [Read more...]
CU-Boulder researchers find common factors behind Greenland melt episodes in 2012, 1889
New from Colorado.EDU: In 2012, temperatures at the summit of Greenland rose above freezing for the first time since 1889, raising questions about what led to the unusual melt episode. Now, a new analysis led by the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder shows that some of the same weather and climate factors were at play in both 1889 and 2012: heat waves thousands of miles upwind in North America, higher-than-average ocean surface temperatures south of Greenland and atmospheric rivers of warm, moist air that streamed toward … [Read more...]
Seasonal Arctic summer ice extent still hard to forecast, NSIDC study says
The following is an excerpt from the National Snow & Ice Data Center. Read the entire press release at http://nsidc.org/news/press/2014_seasonalseaice_PR.html. Will next year's summer Arctic ice extent be high or low? Can ship captains plan on navigating the famed Northwest Passage—a direct shipping route from Europe to Asia across the Arctic Ocean—to save on time and fuel? A new study says year-to-year forecasts of the Arctic's summer ice extent are not yet reliable. Scientists at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), University College London, University of New Hampshire and … [Read more...]
Methane leaks from palm oil wastewater are climate concern, CU-Boulder study says
In recent years, palm oil production has come under fire from environmentalists concerned about the deforestation of land in the tropics to make way for new palm plantations. Now there is a new reason to be concerned about palm oil's environmental impact, according to researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder. An analysis published Feb. 26 in the journal Nature Climate Change shows that the wastewater produced during the processing of palm oil is a significant source of heat-trapping methane in the atmosphere. But the researchers also present a possible solution: capturing the … [Read more...]
Keeping up with CU-Boulder Researchers in Antarctica
The University of Colorado Boulder has multiple research projects going on in Antarctica every year. Here's a look at what teams from the Cooperative Institute for Environmental Sciences and the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research are up to this season. The McMurdo Dry Valleys--the largest relatively ice-free zone on the Antarctic continent--has been studied as part of the National Science Foundation's Long-Term Ecological Research Network since 1993. The principal investigator on the project is Outreach Award recipient Diane McKnight, a fellow at CU-Boulder's Institute of Arctic and … [Read more...]


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Video CategoriesVideos | ONE STROKE TUTORIAL Le Ortensie
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Comments:Author Rosanna Ceragioli (1 year) Ciao ! Brava! Puoi darmi qualche informazioni sui corsi ? Grazie in anticipo .rosanna ÔĽŅ Author namtip wsw (1 year) ONE STROKE TUTORIAL Le Ortensie ŗł≠ŗłīŗł≠ŗłī....ŗĻÄŗł≠ŗł≤ŗĻĄŗłßŗĻČŗłĒŗłłŗĻĀŗłēŗĻąŗłĀŗĻáŗĻÄŗłúŗł∑ŗĻąŗł≠ŗĻÄŗłěŗł∑ŗĻąŗł≠ŗłôŗĻÜ ŗłěŗłĶŗĻąŗĻÜŗłôŗĻČŗł≠ŗłáŗĻÜŗł≠ŗłĘŗł≤ŗłĀŗłĒŗłłŗłĒŗĻČŗłßŗłĘÔĽŅ Author THEponkie1 (3 years) bellissimo....pero gli sottotitoli sarano una buona idea... Author MariinhaOliveira (3 years) Lindo amei Author milenaphy (2 years) altri videooooooooooooo! grazie! Author Suzie Plum (1 year) I did not like the way this tutorial was put together, I didn't see the way to paint as much as blank screens and video effects.... disappointing. . Author Luca Sansone (5 years) Ma che brava! Le pennellate si vedono benissimo, la composizione √® perfetta! Brava la mia Patty :-) BacioBacio Author AKSHAY61000 (1 year) hey man luckily I discovered Dhoom3 whole film. you can see it type this goo.gl\_HASH Author kcsmitha (1 year) nice song Author Pablo Saavedra Mu√Īoz (1 year) Like si vienes por mama de Caelike Author mslegacy01 (3 years) @Pektopanti The name of the song is called "Que Sera, Sera" sung by 1950's/1960's singer & movie star, Miss Doris Day. The song was introduced in Alfred Hitchcock's 1956 film "The Man Who Knew Too Much" ] with Doris Day and James Stewart in the lead roles. Day's recording was a hit in both the U. S and the U. K. From 1968 to 1973, it was the theme song for the situation comedy "The Doris Day Show" and the song she would become most famous for singing. Author zuppetta 87 (4 years) Sei molto brava!!!Complimenti...se ti v√† fai un salto sul mio canale anche se con la one stroke sono solo all'inizio... Author THEponkie1 (3 years) in inglese Author Pektopanti (4 years) what is the music titile? Embed Video: | Search VideoTop Videos |


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MK Orbach takes leave from ministry as health deteriorates
Rivlin lauds Israeli ambassadors to Latin American countries
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בֵּין הַזְמַנִים
אַתְ לְבַדֵך תָבִינִי
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Les mots valent mieux que la violence
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Festival du film juif de Jérusalem, que la lumière soit !
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Une démocratie tronquée
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Islamophobie et antisémitisme : une comparaison problématique
Le 11 septembre français ?
Israeli Arab Christian candidate for Yisrael Beytenu: Arab parties do not represent me
Palestinians try to stop Israeli security barrier near West Bank monastery
Obama dismisses Muslim faith claims, says he is devout Christian
On first official visit to US, Rivlin addresses black Christian leaders in Brooklyn
In shadow of Paris attacks, UK faith leaders sign anti-hate declaration
Pope Francis calls for Christian Unity
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National News
By JUDY SIEGEL-ITZKOVICH \
04/24/2012 22:51
ABARBANEL HOSPITAL in Bat Yam 370. (photo credit:Wikimedia Commons)
The Abarbanel state psychiatric hospital has closed a hostel in Jaffa where recovering patients have been staying for the final stages of their rehabilitation.Tel Aviv University School of Social Work students and lecturers involved in the fight to get the facility reopened said the Health Ministry had given only the excuse that the hostel was in poor physical condition.The students said Tuesday they feared that the ministry was primarily interested in selling the property because of its high real estate value.The ministry issued a statement that the "Jaffa hostel is a dangerous structure, thus the residents had to be evacuated in an unplanned way. Ten residents remain there. One is going to independent housing, while the others are going to protected housing facilities, each according to his needs, on May 1."But the protesters from the Shapell School of Social Work said the facility, which has existed for over 25 years, has been a solution for the transition period of recovering psychiatric patients, including people who were homeless or suicidal, or who were hospitalized and needed social support and professional guidance before returning to the community.Abarbanel owns the building. Almost a year ago, the Tel Aviv-Jaffa municipal engineer said it needed renovation, but that this could be done while residents were living there. Although residents signed a new rental contract last February that would be in effect until March 2013, the management decided to evacuate the building with no commitment to reopen it, the activists said.They added that moving residents out against their will and sending them elsewhere would hurt their rehabilitation.Dr. Amir Fuchs-Paz of TAU's law clinic wrote to hospital director Dr. Yehuda Baruch, saying the activists had learned that management wanted to send the residents away and did not intend to let them return after renovations.Fuchs-Paz said he had been told that "the renovations will take a long time."The activists said they had been told that professionals working with the recovering patients were being dismissed.The TAU lawyer filed a plea in the Tel Aviv Magistrate's Court for an urgent order, in the name of residents, to prevent their eviction.Joining the activists in supporting this cause was Prof. Idit Weiss-Gal, head of the bachelor's degree program for social workers, the voluntary organization Yedid and a social work organization.
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Banner Pharmacaps bought by Patheon
- Matt Evans
- Reporter- Triad Business Journal
- Email | Twitter | Google+ | LinkedIn
Patheon chief of staff Gary Shope told the Triangle Business Journal, a sister publication, that the acquisition will help Patheon, which has its U.S. headquarters in Durham, expand its global footprint.
Shope says it's too early to know whether there will be layoffs or relocations. "We have an integration team we're already putting in place," he says, adding that the company will have more specifics in "the next week or so."
Matt Evans covers technology, entrepreneurship, higher education and financial services. Contact him at 336-370-2916.
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Christchurch Art Gallery built to highest standard
Relevant offers
Christchurch earthquake
The Christchurch Art Gallery was specially designed to withstand large earthquakes.
The building was unharmed in the Tuesday earthquake and has once again been transformed from a gallery into an Emergency Operations Centre for hundreds of workers from Civil Defence, police, fire services and other agencies.
The $47.5 million building was designed by architecture firm The Buchan Group and the Christchurch office of structural engineers Holmes Consulting.
The gallery, which opened in May 2003, is designed to distribute the force of the quake evenly throughout the building. The glass sculpture wall can stand up on its own and ball joints connecting the glass panels allow it to flex during a quake.
The foundation of the gallery is a concrete "raft slab" that sits on the surface of the ground and evenly distributes the quake forces through walls that are specially designed and braced to withstand quakes.
The design brief for the gallery did not state it would need to act as a Civil Defence headquarters in the event of an emergency, but did call for "very high levels of seismic tolerance" as it was a public building.
The Christchurch office of Holmes Consulting on Victoria St was badly damaged in the Tuesday earthquake but staff were unharmed. Holmes engineers are helping with search and rescue operations and building inspections.
Holmes engineers yesterday undertook a four-hour inspection of the Canterbury Museum and the Robert McDougall Gallery. Both buildings were green stickered.
Canterbury Museum director Anthony Wright said the museum building is structurally sound except for areas of loose stonework on the facade that were due to be removed yesterday.
Wright said the museum was "in some disarray" but estimates that 95 per cent of the collections are fine. He said there will have to be further investigations to assess the condition of the remainder.
"We were incredibly lucky. I am very relieved," said Wright.
The museum and the Robert McDougall gallery will remain closed to the public and staff until further notice.
The museum is thought to be one of the only 19th century Gothic Revival buildings in Christchurch to have escaped Tuesday's earthquake relatively unscathed.
- The Press
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As you put away your sandals, you don't have to hang up your subtle sexy style. These star worn pumps for work are beautifully bold and come in all styles!
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Line breaks: opop|anaxPronunciation: /ə(ʊ)ˈpɒpənaks/
Entry from British & World English dictionary
(also opoponax)
Definition of opopanax in English:
late Middle English: via Latin from Greek, from opos 'juice' + panax 'all-healing'; compare with panacea.
Definition of opopanax in:
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Graduate Student Mechanical Engineering Major at The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP)(GPA :4.0). My rate for tutoring is $10/hour
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MA UTEP, bilingual English/Spanish


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The room was ok for the price. It was plain, nothing fancy, the bed was comfortable. Breakfast OK, oatmeal, toast, coffee, boiled eggs, yougart, 2 brands of cearal and apples. We ask for a basic room, but was given the handicapped room for some reason. Friendly staff, towels were not very big or fluffy. Heater worked great.
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Forum - View topicNEWS: Piranha 3D's Aja Gets Space Adventure Cobra Film Rights
Note: this is the discussion thread for this article |
View previous topic :: View next topic | |||
Author | Message | ||
omnistry Posts: 856 |
Considering how much he loves "Cobra" I think it's safe to say that he won't do anything to tarnish the anime's legacy. Though I have a feeling "Piranha 3D" is going to be absolute crap, I think this guy might make "Cobra" his first really good film. | |||
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stararnold Posts: 206 Location: LaSalle, Quebec, Canada |
Although I never read or watched "Space Adventure Cobra", this news sounds like fun and easy. | |||
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GATSU Posts: 12794 |
Great. Two shitty remakes from the guy. But Cobra's hypotethically easier to pull off than Bebop, so good luck, anyway. | |||
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J-Syxx Posts: 1405 |
This better lead to a fricking DVD release already. | |||
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Zach Posts: 16 Location: Seattle, WA. |
Seriously, this. And not just the movie, but the original TV series, the new OAV's and the new series as well. It may be thirty years late, but it's Cobra's time now. |
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RedLeader Posts: 310 |
Indeed. Love to see the manga though, I think 1970s SJ stuff is simply too much for today's coddled Narukids. :p Seriously, I could see a lot of kids' heads exploding over the possibility of uncensored boobs in their SJ. Not that that would happen, of course. I'm sure the series would be HEAVILY censored, of course. Don't want kids to start thinking they could breathe underwater with cigars, right? | |||
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DTJB Posts: 590 Location: Dubuque, IA |
Never thought I'd see any mention of Piranha 3D on this site. | |||
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The Mike Toole Show - What's Up, Tiger Mask?
Mike gets piledrived AND powerbombed on the mat by an enormous load of wrestling anime.
― Last May, I hopped a bus to New York City, on a mission to explore more Japanese pop culture. I'd previously made similar trips to take in the likes of Tokyo Godfathers and Steamboy and The Girl Who Leapt Through Time, so you'd think that this was some sort of anime thing. A brisk few hours later, I was in Manha...
Citrus GN 1
Seven Seas' latest yuri title might be one of those rare manga that's better the second time you read it.
― Seven Seas continues to be the leading purveyor of yuri manga in English with this latest offering. Where their previous releases by Milk Morinaga or currently out of print titles (such as The Last Uniform) were all more sweet than sexy, Citrus treads some different ground. The story follows Yu...
The List - Long Lost Anime Twins
Were these anime characters separated at birth? Not quite.
― Were these anime characters separated at birth? Not quite. We're used to seeing certain style characteristics to easily signify which character is the tsundere, the quiet bookworm, the gung-ho fighter, or the sneaky villain. With the huge number of anime, light novels, and manga produced each year, there are bound to be some design overlap...
A Certain Magical Index II BD+DVD
Although this is the end of A Certain Magical Index II, it does not feel particularly conclusive. Granted, this could be because so many more novels exist after this point, but it does take away from the experience of watching it.
― There has been a trend recently of anime being self-aware. While generally not fully metafictional, the wink and nudge to the audience can waver between being clever and ...
Answerman - I've Got A Blank Space Baby
Justin just HAS to address Princess Kaguya's Oscar chances. Plus, the weirdness of Japanese names, the lack of Vancouver anime dubs, and what happens to recalled discs.
― Oscar nominations were announced last week, and so I got the usual questions this week about The Tale of Princess Kaguya's chances at taking home Oscar gold. I get these questions every year, so I'm not going to do the whole song a...
Fullmetal ANNCast: Brotherhood
Mike Toole joins Zac and Hope to finally decide, once and for all (and this is legally binding) which series is better: Fullmetal Alchemist 2003 or Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood?
― ANNCast 212 - Fullmetal ANNCast: Brotherhood Embedded audio player requires an HTML5-compliant browser. Mike Toole joins Zac and Hope to finally decide, once and for all (and this is legally binding) which series is be...
Silver Spoon Season 2 Sub.DVD
Silver Spoon's second season is as good as the first, delivering a well-told story that gently takes hold of you and doesn't let go.
― Silver Spoon, based on the manga of the same name by Fullmetal Alchemist's Hiromu Arakawa, is definitely one of the best depictions of farm life in the entertainment world...which means that if you're squeamish, you want to be prepared. Arakawa's story never flinches ...
House of 1000 Manga - Cat-Eyed Boy
Shaenon dares enter the vault of Kazuo Umezu's surrealist, ultraviolent horror serial, Cat-Eyed Boy.
― Cat Eyed Boy One of my all-time favorite pieces of comic art is a two-page spread from Jack Kirby's gonzo Planet of the Apes riff Kamandi, The Last Boy on Earth. It's a four-color map of Kamandi's postapocalyptic world, packed with detail and such intriguing labels as "Wild Human Preserve," "Island...
Anime Snowman and Winter Crafts Contest
Show off your creative side, and you could win a giant box of goodies!
― Anime News Network is hosting its first ever anime-themed holiday contest, and we want our readers to let their creativity run wild! Our amazing sponsors have donated a ton of fabulous prizes, and we have lots of ways you can win. We know that snow doesn't exactly hit every corner of the globe, so while one of the components of...


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« previous Page 91 of 199 next »
Soon after the explosions, there appeared on the website of The Boston Globe a video of the moment. Runners in the city's iconic marathon are jogging across the finish line and everyone is cheering, when there is a clap of thunder and an orange bloom of fire from within a ring of flags honoring the nations represented in the race. It is followed, seconds later, by another blast from just down the street.
It was a bookstore in an old house that also sold chocolate treats and bottled beer, pretty much a working definition of heaven. A group of convivial folks, mostly from the nearby college, had come to listen to Alabama author and veteran journalist Frye Gaillard talk about his latest, "The Books That Mattered, A Reader's Memoir."
The cold snap of the last few days has brought to mind an account of spring time 164 years ago. The plantation journal for a Billups farm in Lowndes County during the spring of 1849 has survived and paints an interesting picture.
It wasn't all that long ago that the idea of posting surveillance cameras in public places was considered as some sort of Orwellian nightmare come true as fears emerged of an ubiquitous "Big Brother" spying on the activities of law-abiding citizens.
The regulatory, administrative state, which progressives champion, is generally a servant of the strong, for two reasons.
I'm from Boston. Over the years, I lived in two apartments within a stone's throw of Monday's bombings. Over the years, I stood and cheered marathon runners countless times.
The Lowndes County School District's decision to make uniforms mandatory district-wide beginning next year has met vocal resistance from some quarters.
You know the feeling. You wake up filled with dread but, still groggy, you can't put your finger on the reason. Possibilities flitter across the landscape of near-consciousness: An exam? A deadline? A speech? What day is it? Oh my God, Boston.
By my estimation, it took the Columbus-Lowndes Convention and Visitors Bureau Board of Trustees almost six months to say no to Leroy Brooks.
It seems that in every news outlet over the past few days there has been discussion of education legislation passed in the 2013 session of the Mississippi Legislature. While there was no massive education reform package, numerous doors were opened.
A couple of years ago we tried to catch the armadillo. At night he would emerge from his lair to root around in our yard for grubs. Each morning the grass looked as though a foursome of golfers had spent the night practicing their chip shots.
Eight good-size turtles bask on the bank of the pond. A few years back we emptied the pond and had the silt dug out. When it refilled only one fallen limb remained in the pond. The pond turtles vie for it.
It was 30 years ago. She was a student any professor would consider ideal. Front row. Eyes up. Tidy. Attentive. Smiled easily, often. But after Thanksgiving break, she didn't come back.
We love letters to the editor. Not only do they affirm the vital role newspapers play in our communities, they often provide a fresh take on pressing local issues. My only problem with letters to the editor -- and I expect most newspaper editors of small town papers would say the same thing -- is the scarcity of them.
« previous Page 91 of 199 next »
1. Our View: An example, an inspiration, a challenge DISPATCH EDITORIALS
2. Voice of the people: Carl Lee LETTERS TO THE EDITOR (email@example.com)
3. Susan Estrich: Word games NATIONAL COLUMNS
4. Slimantics: Our greatest unofficial national holiday LOCAL COLUMNS
5. Lisa McLeod: One horrible thing wrong with schools NATIONAL COLUMNS


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KOA at Wilmington-Wrightsville Beach www.wilmingtonkoa.com OnlineWebsite - www.wilmingtonkoa.comSend an email - firstname.lastname@example.com & SeasonsSeasons - Year RoundAddress7415 Market StreetWilmington, NC 28411Mailing Address - 1900 Eastwood RoadWilmington, NC 28403PhonePrimary - (910) 686-7705Toll Free - (888) 562-5699 Wilmington KOA offers lodging and camping, including RV sites, cabins and deluxe cabins, all just 5 miles from Wrightsville Beach and 8 miles from Downtown Wilmington. Our relaxing nature retreat is hidden in the heart of Wilmington's city life, providing the perfect blend of solitude and entertainment. You and your family will experience the fun of camping with all the comforts of home, from a sparkling swimming pool, free cable, wireless internet access, to a playground and even a K-9 Bark Park! We are equipped with full hook-ups, pull-through RV sites with 30 or 50 amps and camping cabins with heating and a/c, flat screen TV, fire pit, picnic table and charcoal grill. Our more luxurious Deluxe Cabins offer the privacy of a full kitchen and bath and standard linens for up to 6 people. All cabins sleep 4-6 people. Call today to find the perfect fit for both your budget and desires! AmenitiesAmperage of electricArcade / game roomBathhouseCampgroundsFlush toiletsFree parkingHookup, full – water, electric, sewerInternet – wirelessKitchen – fullLaundry – services availableLinensMotorcoach / RV parkingNon-smoking rooms / rental units availablePet-friendlyPlaygroundPool – outdoorPrimitive campingPull-through designRV sitesTent sites
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Amazing Chain Reaction When Cutting Compressed Glass Hard as stone until you cut it. 11/21/2014 10:22:34 AM 21,130 136
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Co-op profits plunge amid strapline review
By Matthew Chapman, marketingmagazine.co.uk, Thursday, 23 August 2012 12:12PM
The Co-operative Group's banking division has witnessed a 68% nosedive in profits after it was hit by the consumer downturn, while the group experiments with new straplines to try and lead a turnaround.
Overall, operating profits at the Co-operative Group fell £90m from £264m to £174m in the 26 weeks ending 30 June.
Operating profits at its banking division, Co-operative Bank, dived 67.9% to £36.9m on the year. This was attributed to factors including the Eurozone crisis and PPI (Payment Protection Insurance) provisions.
Its food division, Co-operative Food, was hit by a "competitive environment" with like-for-like sales dipping 1.2% year-on-year, leading to operating profits falling from £142m to £119m. The group is considering shaking up its business by trialling a "You and Us. The Co-operative" strapline at a number of retail stores, and may also trial a "Here for you for life" strapline.
The Co-operative currently uses a "Good for Everyone" strapline, which it introduced in 2009, and has recently appointed Leo Burnett to its £50m account to refresh its advertising.
The group plans to invest £2bn over the next three years into "people, processes and systems" to lay strong foundations for the economic recovery.
Peter Marks, group chief executive at the Co-op, said it could afford the investment because of the company's mutual structure.
Marks said: "We have been able to continue to invest for the long-term development of all our businesses and to protect our customers even though we, like all businesses, have felt the impact of the tough headwinds of the unrelenting consumer downturn.
"A year ago I warned that we were operating in the worst conditions that I have seen in more than 40 years in business. The results we are announcing today show the full impact of that, with the profitability of our two biggest businesses affected."
The group claims its food business is undergoing the most ambitious change programme to date, with the company on track to deliver 80 new stores this year, while it also invests heavily in product development and longer trading hours.
Meanwhile, the banking business aims to create a "real challenger bank" with its acquisition of Project Verde from Lloyds Banking Group.
The completed transaction will create a banking network of nearly 1,000 branches, representing nearly 10% of the UK's bank network.
This article was first published on marketingmagazine.co.uk
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Kukla's Korner Hockey
Open Post- Team Canada vs. Team Slovakia
by Paul on 02/26/10 at 10:45 PM ET
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Anyone out there predicting an upset?
Game starts at 9:30pm ET on CNBC and CTV.
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Maidenhair Posters
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Book your room at Hilton San Francisco Downtown/Financial District
Please enter your travel dates.
Close to Union Square, Chinatown, and North Beach
With a stay at Hilton San Francisco Downtown/Financial District, you'll be centrally located in San Francisco, steps from Chinese Culture Center and Buddha's Universal Church.
This 4-star hotel is close to Union Square and Lombard Street.
Make yourself at home in one of the 543 air-conditioned rooms featuring flat-screen televisions. Your room comes with a pillowtop bed. Digital programming provides entertainment, and wired and wireless Internet access is available for a surcharge. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature designer toiletries and hair dryers.
Relax at the full-service spa, where you can enjoy massages. Additional amenities include wireless Internet access (surcharge), gift shops/newsstands, and wedding services.
Satisfy your appetite at the hotel's restaurant, which serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Dining is also available at a coffee shop/café, and room service (during limited hours) is provided. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.
Featured amenities include high-speed (wired) Internet access (surcharge), a 24-hour business center, and limo/town car service. Planning an event in San Francisco? This hotel has 20,000 square feet (1858 square meters) of space consisting of conference space and meeting rooms. Self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to 20,000 sq. feet (1,858 sq. meters) of flexible meeting space including outdoor areas, the Hilton San Francisco Downtown/Financial District provides a 24-hour business center, business services, and wireless Internet access.
The 24-hour fitness center offers views of the financial district. Onsite spa services include relaxing massages, reflexology, aromatherapy, and beauty treatments.
- Complimentary newspapers in lobby
- Coffee shop or café
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Meeting rooms
- Conference space
- Total number of rooms - 543
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- 24-hour front desk
- Porter/bellhop
- Express check-out
- Multilingual staff
- ATM/banking
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Fireplace in lobby
- Television in lobby
- Number of floors - 27
- Elevator/lift
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Wedding services
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Full-service spa
- Valet parking (surcharge)
- Luggage storage
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Conference space size (meters) - 1858
- Number of meeting rooms - 15
- Year Built 1971
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Use of nearby fitness center (discount)
- Wireless Internet access - surcharge
- Wired (high-speed) Internet access - surcharge
- 24-hour business center
- Conference space size (feet) - 20,000
Available in all rooms: Wireless internet access (9.95 USD per 24 hours surcharge), Wired internet access (9.95 USD per 24 hours surcharge)
Available in some public areas: Wireless Internet access - surcharge , Wired (high-speed) Internet access - surcharge
Self parking (surcharge), Valet parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Pay movies
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Premium bedding
- Room service (limited hours)
- Soundproofed rooms
- Climate control
- Complimentary weekday newspaper
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Refrigerator (on request)
- Daily housekeeping
- Designer toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Shower/tub combination
- In-room massage available
- Pillowtop mattress
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Coffee/tea maker
- In-room safe (laptop compatible)
- Wired high-speed Internet access (surcharge)
- Private bathroom
- Digital TV service
- Flat-panel TV
- Wireless Internet access (surcharge)
Where to Eat
750 Restaurant & Bar - Asian-inspired regional cuisine.
Flyte Coffee & Wine Bar - Serves Starbucks® coffee and local wines from Sonoma and Napa paired with small plates.
In-Room Dining - Guests can dine in the privacy of their own rooms.
Nearby Things to Do
The hotel offers a state-of-the-art fitness center with a stationary bike, treadmill, and elliptical machine (free of charge). The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or near the hotel; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Surfing/boogie boarding nearby
- Kayaking nearby
- Sailing nearby
- Scuba diving nearby
- Water skiing nearby
- Windsurfing nearby
- Mountain biking nearby
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Parasailing nearby
- Skydiving nearby
Spa Services
- Hot stone massage
- Deep tissue massage
- Prenatal massage
- Reflexology
- Manicures and pedicures
- Aromatherapy treatments
- Massages
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessibility equipment for the deaf
- Accessible bathroom
- Accessible path of travel
- Braille or raised signage
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Pets allowed, Only dogs and cats are allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
- Fee for in-room wireless Internet: USD 9.95 (for 24 hours, rates may vary)
- Fee for in-room high-speed Internet (wired): USD 9.95 (for 24 hours, rates may vary)
- Self parking fee: USD 45 per night (in/out privileges)
- Valet parking fee: USD 60 per night (in/out privileges)
- Pet fee: USD 50 per accommodation, per stay
We should mention
Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Construction is underway at a neighboring building and there may be noise disturbance from the construction work.


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big game
'Friday Night Lights' - 'Thanksgiving' Recap - Season Finale
(S04E13) One of the stranger things about 'Friday Night Lights' airing on DirecTV -- before this same season airs on NBC starting April 30th -- is the fact that this was the season finale and it was all set around Thanksgiving. We may be contemplating Valentine's Day on other shows and in our own lives, but in Dillon, Texas, it's a Thanksgiving turkey feast, time to hang Christmas decorations outside the house, and -- oh, yes -- the big local high school football game. The Clash of the Cats - Lions versus Panthers. More about the game, the guests, and the tough decisions to be made after the jump.
Monk: Mr. Monk and the Big Game
(S05E03) I think I may have made this comparison before, but Monk reminds me a lot of Scooby-Doo. It's not so much because both shows are about solving crimes, but because both follow essentially the same basic formula for every episode. Despite this, however, I still love the show.
In this episode, Julie's basketball coach is killed when a towel is left on the floor drain of the girl's locker room and a hairdryer is also left on the floor, causing the coach to become electrocuted when she steps into the water. This is yet another of those rather convoluted James Bond-style murders that always open an episode of Monk. Seriously, had she looked down at the floor before stepping out of the shower she would have seen the hair dryer, but lucky enough for the killer, she just happens to not be paying attention. Also, how many high school coaches actually use the showers in the locker room? Wouldn't they just go home for that sort of thing?
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Designer and supplier of high-capacity electric submerged-arc smelting furnaces Tenova Pyromet will see the completion of various projects over the coming years. →
By: Beth Shirley A proposed expansion of the Dilokong mine's tailings dam, as part of increasing production for chrome producer ASA Metals, is undergoing rigorous environmental-impact assessment (EIA) before operations can proceed. The mine is located in Limpopo province. →
By: Keith Campbell IN terms of number of projects, South Africa currently ranks second equal among African countries regarding Chinese investment in mining. There are five mining projects in this country with greater or lesser degrees of Chinese investment. →
By: Sheila Barradas The project aims to increase current production of ferrochrome at the Dilokong chrome mine to 365 000 t/y. →
By: Leandi Kolver Charge chrome producer ASA Metals has commissioned Tenova Pyromet to design, fabricate and install two 66-MWA ferrochrome furnaces at its Dilokong chrome mine. "This is the largest project the company has done to date in terms of value and scope of work," says Tenova Pyromet... →
By: Leandi Kolver ASA Metals, a joint venture between Eastern Asia Metals Investment, of China, and the Limpopo Economic Development Enterprise, of South Africa is expanding its Dilokong chrome mine. →
By: Jade Davenport Construction of a R30-million metal-recovery plant has officially started at local ferrochrome producer ASA Metals' Dilokong chrome mine, in Mpumulanga. →
Johannesburg-based smelting technology and equipment specialist, Pyromet Technologies, has been awarded the contract to design, construct and commission an additional submerged arc AC furnace at ASA Metals in Steelpoort, in Limpopo Province, as part of a R160-milion expansion. →


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US 7362525 B2 Abstract Apparatuses and methods for detecting reference marks on magnetic data storage mediums are described herein. In one variation, the apparatus comprises a magnetic servo position demodulator operable to extract information from the magnetic data storage medium utilizing Partial Response/Maximum Likelihood (PRML) technique. Synchronization marks stored within the PRML channel is then detected utilizing a digital filter. For each of the detected synchronization mark, a further refined position of the synchronization mark can be determined utilizing a mathematical prediction model.
Claims(41) 1. A magnetic servo position demodulator comprising:
a transducer operable to detect first and second reference marks on a magnetic medium;
a PRML detector connected to the transducer; and
a first digital filter and a second digital filter coupled to the PRML detector, the first and second digital filters operable to provide information regarding a position of the first reference mark and a position of the second reference mark, respectively, on the magnetic medium, wherein the first reference mark comprises a first synchronization mark and the second reference mark comprises a second synchronization mark, the second digital filter further adapted to modify a position of the second synchronization mark as determined by the PRML detector.
2. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
3. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
4. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
5. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
6. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
7. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
8. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
9. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
10. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
11. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
12. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
a circuit operable to calculate a position of the transducer relative to the magnetic medium based on the first and the second synchronization marks.
13. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
an actuator operable to displace the transducer based on the calculated position of the transducer.
14. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
15. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
16. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
17. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
18. The magnetic servo position demodulator according to
19. A method of determining reference marks on a magnetic medium comprising:
detecting a first synchronization mark on the magnetic medium in a synchronous fashion; and
detecting a second synchronization mark on the magnetic medium in an asynchronous fashion, wherein the detecting the first synchronization mark comprises PRML detection and the detecting the second synchronization mark comprises PRML detection in combination with an error adjustment.
20. The method according to
utilizing the first and the second synchronization marks to determine a position of a magneto-resistive head relative to the magnetic medium, wherein the magneto-resistive head is operable to read data stored on the magnetic medium.
21. The method according to
22. The method according to
measuring a magnetic flux on the magnetic medium with a transducer.
23. A method of determining reference marks on a magnetic medium comprising:
detecting a first synchronization mark on the magnetic medium in a synchronous fashion; and
detecting a second synchronization mark on the magnetic medium in an asynchronous fashion, wherein the detecting the second synchronization mark comprises calculating an approximate position of the second synchronization mark and utilizing an interpolation to determine a final position of the second synchronization mark.
24. The method according to
25. The method according to
26. A method of determining reference marks on a magnetic medium comprising:
detecting a first synchronization mark on the magnetic medium in a synchronous fashion; and
detecting a second synchronization mark on the magnetic medium in an asynchronous fashion, wherein the first synchronization mark is detected in a base tone on the magnetic medium.
27. The method according to
28. The method according to
29. The method according to
30. An apparatus for detecting a reference mark comprising:
a transducer operable to read information recorded on a data storage medium;
an analog to digital converter operable to covert an analog signal from the transducer into a digital data stream;
a first digital filter operable to detect the reference mark in the digital data stream; and
a second digital filter operable to refine a detected position of the reference mark, wherein the first digital filter comprises a state machine.
31. The apparatus according to
32. The apparatus according to
33. The apparatus according to
34. The apparatus according to
35. The apparatus according to
36. The apparatus according to
37. The apparatus according to
38. The apparatus according to
39. The apparatus according to
40. The apparatus according to
41. The apparatus according to
Description The invention is related generally to the field of data storage systems. In one aspect of the invention, apparatuses and methods disclosed herein can be implemented for detecting reference marks in magnetic data storage mediums. Various data recording and recovery schemes have been developed over the years for storage of information on a magnetic medium. One example utilizes peak detection to demodulate magnetically encoded data from a magnetic storage medium. Another example utilizes Partial Response/Maximum Likelihood (PRML) detectors, which offers an improvement in signal to noise ratio (SNR) in comparison to the peak detection approach. PRML have been widely adapted in various magnetic data storage medium in recent years. However, until recently, PRML read channels have been typically constructed with an analog to digital converter (ADC) inside the timing recovery loop, resulting in a complex integration process, which has slowed the adaptation into servo demodulation applications in tape drives. To improve data storage density and system reliability, reference marks, such as synchronization marks and position marks, have been introduced in some of the magnetic data storage medium. Although reference marks have been successfully implemented in various magnetic storage medium, detection of the precise locations of synchronization and/or position marks can be difficult. Therefore, there is a need for an improved mechanism for the detection of reference marks. In particular, the ability to improve the resolution of reference mark detection can enhance the performance of magnetic data storage system and make possible for effective integration of additional technology features. Disclosed herein are apparatuses and methods for detecting reference marks (e.g., synchronization marks, position marks, etc.) on magnetic storage mediums (e.g., magnetic data storage disks, magnetic data storage tapes, etc.). In one variation, the reference mark detection apparatus comprises a transducer for reading information recorded on a magnetic medium, an analog to digital converter to convert the analog signal from the transducer into a digital data stream representative of the signal read from the magnetic medium, a first digital filter for determining the sequence of bits in the digital data stream, and a second digital filter for detecting the positions (in time and/or in space) of the reference marks. The transducer can be configured to read a plurality of channels (e.g., multiple servo tracks, etc.) on the magnetic medium. The reference marks can be located on one or more of the channels. The analog to digital converter along with the first digital filter can be configured as part of a PRML detector (e.g., a device configured for detecting partial response targets, etc.). In one variation, the first digital filter comprises a state machine, and the second digital filter comprises a peak detector (e.g., error filter, FIR window filter, etc.) and a mathematical prediction model (e.g., Lagrange interpolation equation, etc.). The peak detector is configured for determining the approximate positions of the peaks, which represent the position of the reference marks, within the corresponding analog signal. The mathematical prediction model is configured to determine a more precise position for each of the reference marks based on the peak detector output. Another aspect of the invention includes methods for determining the position (in space and/or in time) of the reference marks within the magnetic medium. In one variation, the method comprises generating an analog signal representative of a signal recorded on a magnetic medium, converting the analog signal to a digital data stream, detecting the presence of a reference marker within the digital data stream, further determines a refined position (i.e., a position closer to the actual peak within the analog signal that represent the reference mark) of the reference mark. In one example, the analog signal is generated by a transducer (e.g., magnetic servo read head, magneto-resistive sensor, etc.). The transducer can be configured to simultaneously read a plurality of channels on the magnetic data storage medium. In one application, the method further comprises utilizing PRML to extract data from the analog signal. The PRML method can comprise sampling the analog signal at predefined intervals utilizing an analog to digital converter, and utilizing a state machine to determine the presence or absence of a recorded signal. The sampling nature of the PRML method can lead to loss in resolution of the recorded signal being processed, and thus, making it harder to detect the precise position of the reference mark. One approach in determining a refined position of the reference mark comprises determining an approximate position of a peak in the analog signal representative of the position of the reference mark, and further determine a more precise position of the reference mark utilizing a mathematical model (e.g., Lagrange interpolation equation, etc.). The mathematical model can be utilized to predict the actual peak position within the analog signal based on the calculation of the digital data stream. These and other embodiments, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art when taken with reference to the following more detailed description of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings that are first briefly described. The following detailed description should be read with reference to the drawings, in which identical reference numbers refer to like elements throughout the different figures. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict selective embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The detailed description illustrates by way of example, not by way of limitation, the principles of the invention. This description will clearly enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and describes several embodiments, adaptations, variations, alternatives and uses of the invention, including what is presently believed to be the best mode of carrying out the invention. PRML based magnetic servo position demodulator is used herein as an example application of the reference mark detection apparatus, in order to illustrate the various aspects of the invention disclosed herein. In light of the disclosure herein, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the methods and apparatuses disclosed herein can be implemented in various other magnetic storage systems for determining and/or calculating the position of the reference marks within their corresponding magnetic storage mediums. Furthermore, it is intended that PRML as used herein includes Extended PRML (EPRML), other variations of PRML that are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art, and improvements which are derived from traditional PRML methods. It must also be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms �a,� �an� and �the� include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, the term �a read head� is intended to mean a single read head or a combination of read heads, �an electrical signal� is intended to mean one or more electrical signals, or a modulation thereof. One variation of a reference mark detection apparatus is shown in Referring to Referring to The next stage in the filter for detecting second type of reference mark 17 is the peak detector 21. As the input digital data stream more closely matches the reference samples, the output of the error metric 19 will reach a minimum, after which as the match between the data stream and the samples degrades, this output will again increases. The peak detector 21 is configured to detect the presence of this negative peak, which corresponds to an approximate position of a second type of reference mark (e.g., Sync2 mark). The final block in the filter for detecting second type of reference mark 17 is a mathematical prediction model 23 that makes use of the samples in the peak detector 21, when a negative peak is detected, to estimate the phase relationship between the second type of reference mark (e.g., Sync2 mark) and the underlying tone and the first type of reference mark's pattern (e.g., Sync 1 pattern). This phase estimate is then utilized to improve the resolution of the distance measurement between the first type of reference marks (e.g., Sync1 marks) and their corresponding second type of reference marks (e.g., Sync2 marks). In another example, the reference detection apparatus is configured as a servo demodulator with a PRML channel for detecting reference marks on a magnetic data storage tape. In one variation, reference marks, in the form of synchronization marks, are provided on the magnetic tape in the tape drive to allow the magnetic servo demodulator to detect the servo demodulator's position relative to the magnetic tape. In one application, pairs of synchronization marks (e.g., Sync1 and Sync2) are placed along the length of the magnetic tape to define individual frames on the magnetic tape. By reading the position of the corresponding pairs of synchronization marks (Sync1 and Sync2) and calculating the distance between them, the servo demodulator can then determine the position of servo head relative to the magnetic tape. An example of a servo track 24 with synchronization marks (Sync1, Sync2) is shown in In one variation, the servo demodulator is broken up into two distinct functions. The first is a front end processor (FEP) 26, whose purpose includes amplitude normalization, filtering, providing magnetic read (MR) head non-linearity compensation, and converting the analog signal into the digital domain. The FEP converts the input voltage waveform into a digital representation. As shown in As one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure would appreciate, the functionality of the above described FEP is similar to the AFE (Analog Front End) functions contained in various read channel designs commonly used in data storage drives. One of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure would appreciate that there are various methods to implement the FEP functionality described herein. The second functional block is the digital demodulator 50. The purpose of this function is to demodulate the samples supplied from the FEP 26. As shown in In this example, a PR4 partial response target is utilized. This configuration, which implements a simple partial response target, may be particularly useful in applications where the data on the servo track is written at a lower density than is the data stored on the other tracks on the tape drive (e.g., customer data). The time domain step response for the PR4 target is (1, 1). This equates to a di-bit (or impulse) target of (1, 0, −1). In one variation, the target has been scaled to fit an 8-bit ADC, resulting in a target of (32, 0, −32). A state machine is then implemented to map the partial response target. In one variation, a modified Viterbi detector is utilized to locate the most probable path though the state space formed by the target. The state diagram for a PR4 target (with scaled levels) is shown in One additional ramification of this particular implementation of PR4 is the number of bits present in the tone field. In PRML, as for various other practical targets, the one-zero pattern (1T) has little or no output. The first run length with a significant output is the one-one-zero-zero (2T) pattern. In PR4 application, a minor gain change can lead to one of three paths through the trellis. The first is the intended path of states 0-2-3-1, which produces a 32, 32, −32, −32 output. Other paths that can produce this result are 2-3-3-2-1 which produces 32, 0, −32, 0, and 0-2-1-0 which produces 32, 0, −32, 0. Note that both of the alternative values occur at a phase offset of half a bit cell with just a small gain error (the peak value of the analog samples move from about 34 down to 32). As a consequence, the 2T pattern can have an ambiguous phase, and having a large content of it, such as the base tone in the servo frame, is best avoided. Therefore, in one variation, the base tone field of the servo pattern is defined as a 3T (three ones followed by three zeros producing a 32, 32, 0, −32, −32, 0), as there are no ambiguous phase and no gain offsets that may be mistaken for this result. This also leads to an easy path to supply the phase encoding specified in the pattern application: if an encoded bit is a �zero� the tone field is left unaltered; if it is a �one�, the tone field is modified to four ones followed by two zeros. The bit in the forth position contains the encoded bit. Another departure from the classic Viterbi detector is that the state machine in this example is configured without the path memory. Rather than use of a path memory to converge the most likely state, and hence the digital output, the digital output is obtained by using the best state estimate that is being used to drive the DPLL. This configuration allows the device to obtain the location of the first synchronization mark as soon as possible, and avoid the latency caused by the presence of a path memory. As a consequence, the samples after a given bit location will not effect the outcome of that specific bit. However, the most likely path into a given state is still being used. This design may permit simpler circuit implementation to support the functionalities. An example showing detailed mechanisms contained in a magnetic servo pattern is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/854,078, entitled �SERVO TRACK HAVING PERIODIC FRAMES OF TONE FIELD AND EMBEDDED SYNCHRONIZATION MARKS� filed May 24, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. As discussed early, in this example, there are two types of synchronization marks (i.e., Sync1 and Sync2). The function served by each type of synchronization mark is different. The first mark, denoted Sync1, is contained in the base tone. The decoding of this mark is done in the synchronous domain by observing the bit pattern decoded from the tape. Note that when the expected bit pattern for Sync1 is read, a distance measurement is started, and detection of the second sync mark will stop this distance measurement. The second mark, denoted Sync2, is decoded in an asynchronous fashion, as it is seldom in phase with the base tone. Since Sync1 is decoded in a synchronous fashion, a very simple mark will suffice, and for this particular variation of demodulator, a 9T length is implemented, where the tone spacing is 3T (i.e., three tone lengths was chosen). A more complex mark, because of the asynchronous decoding, was chosen for Sync2. This mark is formed from a 3-6-12-6-3 T pattern. Note that the 3Ts on either end of Sync2 are not considered part of the mark for the detection process: because Sync2 over-writes the tone field, there are points of constructive and destructive interference on either end of the mark, the end result being an uncertainty of the run lengths at these positions. The extra 3T lengths at either end of the mark serves as guard bands, guarantying the integrity of the 6T spaces. The two sync marks have the following characteristic: the first sync mark is one third of the tone field, implying that the third harmonic of the first sync mark is the tone. The second sync mark on the other hand is constructed of one half and one forth of the tone field, hence the second and forth harmonics of the mark are tone. This can be significant in certain applications, since odd harmonics exist in long run lengths, and an effort may be made in the MR head compensation within the FEP to minimize the even harmonic content. Hence, from a standpoint of frequency content, Sync1 is designed to appear similar to the base tone, whereas Sync2 is designed to maximize the difference in frequency content from Sync1 and the base tone. This configuration may allow one to improve the probability of detecting Sync2, and at the same time minimize the probability of false-positive detection. As was noted above, the Sync2 mark is detected in an asynchronous fashion. This can be done by using a peak detector, such as an error filter. Other digital filters may also be implemented to detect the approximate position of the peak in the waveform that represents the position of Sync2. In one variation, this is accomplished by storing the magnitude samples from the state machine (e.g., Viterbi detector, etc.) and comparing them with an ideal (reference) copy of the Sync2 mark. In this particular example, the following reference (i.e., ideal copy of the Sync2 mark) is utilized: (32, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, −32, −32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 32, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, −32, −32). This comparison can be done using an absolute error squared metric, such that each sample 102 is compared with the corresponding sample in the reference 104, a difference 106 is generated, the absolute value 108 of the difference is summed together 110, the result of this sum is squared 112, and then presented as the error (e.g., S2ERR). There are other forms of the calculation that are applicable (such as squaring the difference rather than taking the absolute, then summing the squares). However, this particular implementation (i.e., utilizing absolute error squared metric) can be implemented with limited hardware. The result of this calculation is that, as the channel samples better match the reference, the output of the error function varies in the form of an up facing parabola, where the point of best match is the vertex of the parabola. The Y input to this circuit is the interpolated magnitude samples from the DPLL, as shown in To detect the Sync2 mark a delta detector is employed which looks for the center of three consecutive samples to be less than the samples on the ends. Additionally this center sample must be below an absolute threshold. When both of these conditions are met a Sync2 mark detection is declared, and the distance measurement that was started when Sync1 was detected is stopped. The issue with this distance measurement between Sync1 and Sync2 is that since the length of the bits on the tape is fairly long, it still has a very poor resolution: if a 1micron tone space is assumed the resolution of this measurement is going to be on the order of 1.05 microns, clearly much higher than the 1/30 of a micron desired in many applications. The parabolic characteristic of the Sync2 error calculation is illustrated in To further improve the resolution of the Sync2 mark detection, thus, improving the accuracy of the detected position versus the actual position of the Sync2 mark, one can rely on the Sync2 mark error distribution pattern to calculate a refined position for the Sync2 mark. As noted above, the form of the error function of the Sync2 is a parabola. However, in most situations the vertex of that parabola is not one of the sampled points. Interpolation based on the three data points is then utilized to calculate the position of the vertex. Since the form of the parabola is a second order equation, one may utilize the Lagrange interpolation equation for a second order polynomial to determine the vertex. The Lagrange interpolation equation is differentiated, and then solved for the point for which the slope is zero, which corresponds to the location of the vertex. The resulting equation is:
This equation is also shown in In one variation, the above reference mark detection apparatus is implemented to allow a system to sample the analog single from the transducer at a lower frequency, while obtaining a reference mark determination with accuracy that is similar to a higher resolution system. For example, the apparatus may have a sample rate of 50 MHz while obtaining a position calculation for the reference mark with a resolution similar to 284 MHz. In another variation, the reference mark detection apparatus is implanted to achieve noise suppression. For example, approximately 2-dB improvement over peak detection method may be achieved by implementing a PRML channel. Furthermore, unlike designs which measures time between discrete peaks of the servo data, the reference mark detection apparatus can be configured to measure distance. In one variation, the measurement is averaged over multiple samples, improving the SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio). In the case of the Sync1 mark detection, the averaging can be a result of the DPLL, and the distance count is started from the point that the DPLL locates Sync1, not from a single bit location. The improvement in SNR in this case is a function of the DPLL bandwidth, which can be about 1.5% of the bit rate, resulting in an SNR improvement on the order of 15-dB. In the case of Sync2, the improvement can be a function of the number of magnitude samples contained in the error detection. For an implementation with 26 samples, an improvement in SNR on the order of 14-dB can be achieved. In view of the discussion above, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the methods for determining reference marks as described above can be implemented in various other hardware and/or software configurations, and these methods are not limited to the particular device configuration described above. Another variation of a method for determining the position of the reference mark is illustrated in One of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure would also appreciate that the position detection mythology disclosed herein can be utilized in various other applications where a precise peak position within an analog signal needs to be determined based on the digitally sampled data of the analog signal. As shown above, PRML detection in combination with further digital filtering and predictive calculation based on a mathematical model can prove to be particularly useful in such a task. This invention has been described and specific examples of the invention have been portrayed. While the invention has been described in terms of particular variations and illustrative figures, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited to the variations or figures described. In addition, where methods and steps described above indicate certain events occurring in certain order, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the ordering of certain steps may be modified and that such modifications are in accordance with the variations of the invention. Additionally, certain of the steps may be performed concurrently in a parallel process when possible, as well as performed sequentially as described above. Therefore, to the extent there are variations of the invention, which are within the spirit of the disclosure or equivalent to the inventions found in the claims, it is the intent that this patent will cover those variations as well. Finally, all publications and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually put forth herein. Patent Citations
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Interstate 69 project hits major milestone
Published: September 22,2010
Tags: bridges, construction, highways, interstates, roads, transportation, travel
MISSISSIPPI DELTA — A major milestone has been reached in the progress toward the Interstate 69 project for Northwest Mississippi as the Record of Decision on a significant Mississippi section of the highway was signed by the Federal Highway Administration Monday.
"The dream of Interstate 69 took a major step to completion yesterday with the signing of the Record of Decision," said Delta Council president Cass Pennington of Indianola. "There are many more steps that must be achieved, but this decision now allows transportation and public officials to focus attention on the highway's right-of-way and construction activities."
The decision officially validated the construction of a 120-mile multi-lane divided interstate highway in a southwest-northeast direction from south of Benoit near State Route 1 in Bolivar County to east of Robinsonville near State Route 304 – referred to as Section of Independent Utility 11 (SIU 11) of the national I-69 Corridor. The selected alternative is a modified version of what has been called the "Central Alternative," which uses an upgrade to U.S. 61 to the greatest extent feasible. In addition to the 120 miles of interstate highway, the selected alternative includes improving or constructing connector roads at interchange locations and the widening of State Route 8 to four lanes between State Route 1 and Cleveland.
For a copy of the Record of Decision and a map of SIU 11, visit www.deltacouncil.org.
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- BILL CRAWFORD — More jobs, but fewer with jobs, huh?
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