text:
Nixon v. Hardin County Board of Education et al
Filing 39
ORDER granting in part and denying in part 25 35 Motion for Summary Judgment. Signed by Chief Judge J. Daniel Breen on 12.27.13.(Breen, J.)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE EASTERN DIVISION MELANIE NIXON, individually and as parent and next friend of the minor child, A.N., Plaintiff, v. No. 12-1125 HARDIN COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION, et al., Defendants. _____________________________________________________________________________ ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT _____________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION The Plaintiff, Melanie Nixon, individually and as parent and next friend of the minor child, A.N., brought this action on May 30, 2012 against the Defendants, the Hardin County, Tennessee Board of Education; John Thomas, Director of Schools; Stephen Haffly, Principal of Hardin County Middle School ("HCMS"); and Stacey Stricklin, Assistant Principal of HCMS, alleging, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, violation of rights under the First, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. Plaintiff also asserts various state law claims. On September 30, 2013, the Defendants moved for summary judgment under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (D.E. 25.) An amended motion was filed on November 4, 2013. (D.E. 35.) The dispositive motion, as amended, is before the Court for disposition. STANDARD OF REVIEW Rule 56 provides in pertinent part that "[t]he court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). "To survive summary judgment, the nonmoving party must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Pucci v. Nineteenth Dist. Ct., 628 F.3d 752, 759-60 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1986)) (internal quotation marks omitted). "A genuine issue of material fact exists if a reasonable juror could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Id. at 759 (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986)). "Credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge." Bobo v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 665 F.3d 741, 748 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S. Ct. 2505). "Entry of summary judgment is appropriate against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." In re Morris, 260 F.3d 654, 665 (6th Cir. 2001) (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1986)) (internal quotation marks omitted). LOCAL RULE VIOLATIONS Prior to addressing the merits of the instant motion, the Court deems it necessary to address the Plaintiff's noncompliance with the Local Rules of this district concerning motions for summary judgment. The Local Rules require that "[m]emoranda in opposition to motions for summary judgment shall not exceed 20 pages without prior Court approval." LR 56.1(b). Plaintiff's response runs thirty-five pages despite the fact that a search of the docket reveals no request to exceed the Local Rule's page limitation. The same Local Rule further mandates that 2 [a]ny party opposing the motion for summary judgment must respond to each fact set forth by the movant by either: (1) agreeing that the fact is undisputed; (2) agreeing that the fact is undisputed for the purpose of ruling on the motion for summary judgment only; or (3) demonstrating that the fact is disputed. Each disputed fact must be supported by specific citation to the record. Such response shall be filed with any memorandum in response to the motion. The response must be made on the document provided by the movant or on another document in which the non-movant has reproduced the facts and citations verbatim as set forth by the movant. In either case, the non-movant must make a response to each fact set forth by the movant immediately below each fact set forth by the movant. Id. (emphasis added). In responding to the motion for summary judgment, the Plaintiff merely set forth numbered responses to the Defendants' statement of facts, without reproducing those facts prior to presenting her responses. Thus, Plaintiff has not complied with LR 56.1(b) on two bases. Counsel is admonished that this Court takes a dim view of Local Rule violations. In light of this matter's proximity to trial, the Court will not strike the Plaintiff's memorandum from the record for exceeding the page limit without prior consent of the Court or deem the movants' facts admitted. This Court has taken both actions in the past and will not hesitate to do so again in the event Plaintiff's counsel strays from the Local Rules' requirements in the future. FACTS The material facts in this case are as follows. A.N. entered HCMS after the sixth grade. (D.E. 26-1 (Dep. of A.G. Nixon) at 8.) According to her deposition, she had known K.N. since the two were in preschool together. (Id.) They were reunited at HCMS. (Id. at 10.) After A.N. began attending the middle school, she testified that she and K.N. "argued back and forth," that they talked 3 about one another to friends, and that K.N. made fun of her. (Id. at 10-33.) A.N. recalled that the two girls liked the same boy and that K.N. tried to break her and the boy up. (Id. at 12-13.) Following an incident in which K.N. called A.N.'s friend Lauren Smith from Smith's boyfriend's phone to tell her K.N. was with him, Smith, who was upset by the call, "tweeted"1 that she was going to "shoot [Nix] in the face," with an image of a girl's face, a gun and hashtags2 "nolie" and "hopeshereadsthis." (Id. at 34.) A.N. tweeted back stating that she would help Smith and "Look, just to the poem...It works everything,"3 followed by hashtag "isweear" and various smiley faces. (Id. at 35.) A.N. explained in her deposition that she didn't mean anything by the tweet and was joking. (Id. at 39.) When asked if there was anything in the tweet that would indicate she was joking, A.N. pointed to the "monkey faces" she added to the end, but she admitted that someone reading it might interpret it as not being a joke. (Id. at 39-40.) In a subsequent tweet to Smith, A.N. stated "Good Luck. Shoot her in the face," followed by pictures of a face and a gun. (Id. at 41-42.) As was the case with the preceding tweet, A.N. acknowledged in her deposition that an outsider reading the tweet would not have known whether she was joking. (Id. at 42.) These tweets occurred immediately following the phone conversation between Smith and K.N. (Id. at 41.) In another tweet conversation with Carli Hunt, a friend of both K.N. and A.N., A.N. stated 1 "Twitter is an online social media site whereby its users 'tweet' their thoughts." Roasio v. Clark Cnty. Sch. Dist., No. 2:13-CV-362 JCM (PAL), 2013 WL 3679375, at *5 (D. Nev. July 3, 2013). "A 'tweet' is a message by a user of Twitter. A user of Twitter has 'followers,' which are other users of the Twitter social media site, [who] may read an individual's thoughts or 'tweets.'" Id. 2 "Users of Twitter commonly place hashtags, signified by a number sign (#), in front of words to signify the topic, genre or style of the tweet; users can then search for or sort tweets by hashtag." In re Grand Jury Subpoena No. 11116275, 846 F. Supp. 2d 1, 3-4 n.5 (D.D.C. 2012). 3 The "poem" apparently refers to a poem Smith wrote about K.N. talking to or trying to steal Smith's boyfriend. (D.E. 26-1 at 39.) 4 "I hate her. That was my whole point. Carli, goodness, I'm funny. I'll kill her." (Id. at 46.) A.N. testified that she could not recall to whom she was referring but admitted it was "probably" K.N. (Id. at 46-47.) Again, A.N. denied that she was serious about wanting to kill K.N. but conceded that an outsider would not know from the tweet that she did not intend to harm K.N. (Id. at 47-48.) The parties appear to agree that these tweets were made in mid-October 2011. (D.E. 35-2 ¶ 4, 28-3 ¶ 4.) K.N.'s mother, a teacher, took the tweets seriously, stating in her deposition that I took it very serious, based on the history and all that had occurred, and been said, and transpired. I was not sure. Could I say yes, that I believe that they were going to kill her, I cannot say that. Did I feel that they might harm her, yes. (D.E. 26-9 (Dep. of Wendi Star Nix) at 344.) She called Stricklin at home to advise him of her concerns about sending her daughter to school the next day. (Id. at 29-30.) He told her he would tell Haffly the next morning. (Id. at 30-31.) On October 21, 2011, Stacy Lynn Moore, an employee of the Hardin County Sheriff's Department and a school resource officer, was directed by Haffly that an incident had occurred involving threats and that if Moore, who usually got to the campus at 7:00 a.m., saw A.N. and Smith prior to Haffly's arrival, he was to escort them to the school office. (D.E. 26-6 at 7, 11, 21-23.) Haffly read the tweets and passed the matter over to Stricklin to conduct interviews of the girls. (D.E. 26-7 (Dep. of Steven Haffly) at 40.) Haffly testified that he gave Stricklin a copy of the tweets and instructed him that, if he determined the girls "did it," Haffly would recommend a forty-five-day suspension as punishment. (Id. at 32.) He explained that, during the forty-five-day period, Smith and A.N. would be reassigned to an alternative school. (Id. at 36.) 4 Page numbers citing to the record herein refer to the page at which the cited material appears on the Court's docket rather than to any page numbering on the document itself. 5 In addition to being assistant principal of HCMS, Stricklin had also served as an athletic director and a teacher. (D.E. 26-12 (Dep. of Stacy Stricklin) at 15-16.) During the course of his tenure in the Hardin County schools, Stricklin had received continuing education on various subjects, including one seminar on discipline. (Id. at 25-28.) When he met with A.N. in the office, she recalled that he yelled at her angrily, face red, and asked if she thought K.N. deserved the treatment she and Smith had made her endure. (D.E. 26-1 at 56-58.) She tearfully told him they were "just joking," that they "didn't mean anything by it" and that they "weren't going to hurt her." (Id. at 58.) A.N. testified that Stricklin asked if she had a weapon in her bag. (Id.) When she replied that she did not, he appeared to believe her. (Id.) According to A.N., the interview lasted approximately thirty minutes. (Id. at 59.) After it was over, A.N.'s mother, Ms. Nixon, was called and instructed to come to the school. (Id. at 60.) At that point, both were advised by Haffly that A.N. would serve forty-five days in alternative school. (Id. at 60-61.) In his deposition, Haffly explained that students such as A.N. could appeal his decision to the Hardin County Discipline Hearing Authority and then to the Board of Education. (D.E. 26-7 at 36.) On October 27, 2011, Nixon requested and was granted a disciplinary hearing for her daughter. (D.E. 26-3 (Dep. of Melanie Rhodes5) at 56-57.) Following the hearing, the disciplinary authority reduced the number of days A.N. was to attend the alternative school to ten and required her to participate in counseling. (D.E. 26-5 at 1-2.) The alternative school, described by Haffly in his deposition as an "alternative placement," (D.E. 26-7 at 24), is located approximately two miles from the site of the middle school. (D.E. 26-2 5 Melanie Nixon is also identified herein as Melanie Rhodes. 6 (Dep. of Chuck Patton6) at 27.) Students assigned to the alternative school continue to perform work from the classes in which they were enrolled prior to the assignment and use the same textbooks. (D.E. 35-2 ¶ 26, D.E. 28-3 ¶ 26.) A.N. alleged that, on her first day at the alternative school, a male student asked her to sit on his lap. (D.E. 26-1 at 63-64.) She reported the incident to her mother. (Id. at 64.) While she did not tell anyone at the school about it, she thought her mother might have done so. (Id.) On her second day, when the students were told to play basketball, A.N. recalled that "boys kept on coming up behind [her and Smith] and messing with [them] and trying to get the ball and stuff." (Id. at 56.) "[T]he boys kept on," she stated in her deposition, "and [she] was feeling really uncomfortable, and . . . went and told [Patton] about it in the office they were in." (Id.) She remembered that Patton directed the boys to "quit" and "back off." (Id.) A.N. did not return to the alternative school. (Id. at 68.) Afterward, she related that she "stayed home for a while" and then began attending school in Corinth, Tennessee. (Id. at 69.) ASSERTIONS OF THE PARTIES AND ANALYSIS Agreement of Parties that Certain Claims Should be Dismissed. At the outset, the Court notes that the parties are in agreement that certain claims should be dismissed, including all allegations against Defendant Thomas and the official capacity claims as to Defendants Haffly and Stricklin. Federal Claims. § 1983 Claims Generally Title 42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides in pertinent part that 6 Charles Lane Patton is director of the Hardin County Alternative School/Learning Center. (D.E. 26-2 at 11.) 7 [e]very person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress . . . The statute "creates no substantive rights, but merely provides remedies for deprivations of rights established elsewhere." Flagg v. City of Detroit, 715 F.3d 165, 173 (6th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted), reh'g & reh'g en banc denied (June 18, 2013). In order to succeed on a § 1983 claim, a plaintiff must show that the defendant "acted under color of state law" and that its "conduct deprived the plaintiff of rights secured under federal law." Handy-Clay v. City of Memphis, 695 F.3d 531, 539 (6th Cir. 2012). The parties' assertions focus on the second element of the § 1983 claim. Alleged Constitutional Violations First Amendment "As a general matter, the First Amendment means that government has no power to restrict expression because of its message, its ideas, its subject matter, or its content." United States v. Alvarez, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 2537, 2543, 183 L. Ed. 2d 574 (2012) (quoting Ashcroft v. Am. Civil Liberties Union, 535 U.S. 564, 573, 122 S. Ct. 1700, 152 L. Ed. 2d 771 (2002)). Plaintiff has alleged in this case that the tweets posted by A.N. on her Twitter account constituted protected speech under the First Amendment and, therefore, school officials had no authority to punish her. The Defendants first argue in their dispositive motion that Tennessee law expressly authorizes school officials to suspend students for threats of violence against other students, citing Tennessee Code Annotated § 49-6-34017 and that Plaintiff's First Amendment claim is in essence 7 The Tennessee statute authorizes a principal or assistant principal of a public school to "suspend a pupil from attendance at the school . . . for good and sufficient reasons." Tenn. Code 8 a constitutional challenge to the statute. Such a challenge, they assert, should be brought before the state attorney general, who has the duty to defend the constitutionality of legislation enacted by the general assembly, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 8-6-109, and, thus, requests this Court to decline jurisdiction.8 Defendants do not contend that this Court lacks jurisdiction over this claim and have offered no caselaw supporting their request that the Court decline jurisdiction. As the Court is unconvinced at this stage that the relief sought by the movants is appropriate, it will continue its analysis of the First Amendment claim. "First Amendment rights, applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment, are available to teachers and students." Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. Cmty. Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503, 506, 89 S. Ct. 733, 736, 21 L. Ed. 2d 731 (1969). It was well-established that teachers and students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate." Id., 89 S. Ct. at 736. However, "school officials retain some authority consistent with fundamental constitutional safeguards to prescribe and control conduct in the schools." Defoe ex rel. Defoe v. Spiva, 625 F.3d 324, 331 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Tinker, 393 U.S. at 507, 89 S. Ct. 733) (internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 399, 181 L. Ed. 2d 255 (2011). "The constitutional rights of students in public school are not automatically coextensive with the rights of adults in other settings, and the Constitution does not compel school officials to surrender control of the American public school system to public school students." Id. (citing Bethel Sch. Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser, 478 U.S. 675, 682, 686, 106 S. Ct. 3159, 92 L. Ed. 2d 549 (1986)) Ann. § 49-6-3401(a). "Good and sufficient reasons for suspension include . . . [v]iolence or threatened violence against the person of any personnel attending or assigned to any public school." Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-6-3401(a)(3). 8 A review of the complaint reveals nothing that could be construed, in the Court's view, as a challenge to the constitutionality of any state statute, including that cited to by the Defendants. 9 (internal quotation marks omitted). In Tinker, the plaintiffs were part of a group that decided to wear black armbands to school to publicize their objections to the Vietnam war. Tinker, 393 U.S. at 504, 89 S. Ct. at 735. School officials became aware of the plan and adopted a policy that any student wearing an armband on campus must either remove it or face suspension. Id., 89 S. Ct. at 735. The United States Supreme Court concluded, however, that the "wearing of armbands in the circumstances of this case was entirely divorced from actually or potentially disruptive conduct by those participating in it" and was "closely akin to 'pure speech' which . . . is entitled to comprehensive protection under the First Amendment." Id. at 505-06, 89 S. Ct. at 736. The Court noted that [t]he school officials banned and sought to punish petitioners for a silent, passive expression of opinion, unaccompanied by any disorder or disturbance on the part of petitioners. There is here no evidence whatever of petitioners' interference, actual or nascent, with the schools' work or of collision with the rights of other students to be secure and to be let alone. Id. at 508, 89 S. Ct. at 737. The Court explained that a "mere desire to avoid the discomfort and unpleasantness that always accompany an unpopular viewpoint" was not sufficient to warrant a prohibition of speech. Id. at 509, 89 S. Ct. at 738. Rather, a student may express her opinions if she does so "without materially and substantially interfering with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school and without colliding with the rights of others." Id. at 513, 89 S. Ct. at 740 (internal quotation marks omitted). In subsequent cases, the Court made clear that school officials need not always justify regulation of student speech utilizing the Tinker framework. Defoe, 625 F.3d at 331. In Fraser, a student delivered a speech before a school assembly nominating a fellow student for a student government office. Fraser, 478 U.S. at 677, 106 S. Ct. at 3161. During the speech, the student "referred to his candidate in terms of an elaborate, graphic, and explicit sexual metaphor." Id. at 10 677-78, 106 S. Ct. at 3161. Before the Supreme Court was the question of whether his suspension for violating a school rule prohibiting the "use of obscene, profane language or gestures" impermissibly infringed on his First Amendment rights. Id. at 678, 106 S. Ct. at 3162. The Court upheld the school's action, articulating that, as "it is a highly appropriate function of public school education to prohibit the use of vulgar and offensive terms in public discourse," "[t]he schools, as instruments of the state, may determine that the essential lessons of civil, mature conduct cannot be conveyed in a school that tolerates lewd, indecent, or offensive speech and conduct[.]" Id. at 683, 106 S. Ct. at 3164. The Court distinguished the political message of the armbands in Tinker from the sexual content of Fraser's speech and the "obvious concern [of school authorities] to protect children -- especially in a captive audience -- from exposure to sexually explicit, indecent, or lewd speech." Id. at 684, 106 S. Ct. at 3165; see also Defoe, 625 F.3d at 331-32. As the Supreme Court later explained, "[h]ad Fraser delivered the same speech in a public forum outside the school context, it would have been protected[; i]n school, however, Fraser's First Amendment rights were circumscribed in light of the special characteristics of the school environment." Morse v. Frederick, 551 U.S. 393, 405, 127 S. Ct. 2618, 2626-27, 168 L. Ed. 2d 290 (2007) (internal citations & quotation marks omitted). In Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 260, 108 S. Ct. 562, 98 L. Ed. 2d 592 (1988), staff members of a school newspaper sued school officials for violation of their First Amendment rights following deletion of articles from an issue of the paper dealing with student pregnancy and the impact of divorce. Hazelwood, 484 U.S. at 260, 108 S. Ct. at 564. Thus, Hazelwood, unlike Tinker, dealt with "educators' authority over school-sponsored publications, theatrical productions, and other expressive activities that students, parents, and members of the public might reasonably perceive to bear the imprimatur of the school." Id. at 270-71, 108 S. Ct. 11 at 569-70. The Supreme Court concluded that "educators do not offend the First Amendment by exercising editorial control over the style and content of student speech in school-sponsored expressive activities so long as their actions are reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns." Id. at 273, 108 S. Ct. at 571. As the Sixth Circuit instructed in Barr v. Lafon, 538 F.3d 554 (6th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 817, 130 S. Ct. 63, 175 L. Ed. 2d 24 (2009), [t]he above trilogy of cases yields three principles: (1) under Fraser, a school may categorically prohibit vulgar, lewd, indecent, or plainly offensive student speech; (2) under Hazelwood, a school has limited authority to censor school-sponsored student speech in a manner consistent with pedagogical concerns; and (3) the Tinker standard applies to all other student speech and allows regulation only when the school reasonably believes that the speech will substantially and materially interfere with schoolwork or discipline. Barr, 538 F.3d at 563-64 (internal citations omitted); see also Defoe, 625 F.3d at 332 (citing Barr). Generally speaking, the closer expression comes to school-sponsored speech, the less likely the First Amendment protects it . . . [a]nd the less the speech has to do with the curriculum and school-sponsored activities, the less likely any suppression will further a legitimate pedagogical concern, which is why the First Amendment permits suppression under those circumstances only if the speech causes substantial disruption of or material interference with school activities. Ward v. Polite, 667 F.3d 727, 734 (6th Cir. 2012), reh'g & reh'g en banc denied (Apr. 19, 2012) (internal citation & quotation marks omitted). In 2007, the United States Supreme Court issued its opinion in Morse, which involved the suspension of a student for unfurling a banner stating "BONG HiTS 4 JESUS" at a schoolsanctioned and sponsored event. Morse, 551 U.S. at 393, 127 S. Ct. at 2619-20. The Court, recognizing that "schools may regulate some speech even though the government could not censor similar speech outside the school," opined there was no violation of the First Amendment, noting that 12 [s]chool principals have a difficult job, and a vitally important one. When Frederick suddenly and unexpectedly unfurled his banner, Morse had to decide to act -- or not act -- on the spot. It was reasonable for her to conclude that the banner promoted illegal drug use -- in violation of established school policy -- and that failing to act would send a powerful message to the students in her charge, including Frederick, about how serious the school was about the dangers of illegal drug use. The First Amendment does not require schools to tolerate at school events student expression that contributes to those dangers. Id. at 405-06, 409-10, 127 S. Ct. at 2627, 2629. This circuit has interpreted Morse narrowly, as "determining no more than that a public school may prohibit student expression at school or at school-sponsored events during school hours that can be reasonably viewed as promoting drug use." Defoe, 625 F.3d at 332-33 (internal quotation marks omitted).9 Neither the United States Supreme Court nor the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals has considered the First Amendment issue raised in this case -- whether schools may regulate offcampus online speech by students -- in light of Tinker and its progeny. See Yoder v. Univ. of Louisville, 526 F. App'x 537, 545 (6th Cir. 2013) (noting that neither the Supreme Court nor the Sixth Circuit have ruled on the subject), cert. denied, 2013 WL 5505423, 82 U.S.L.W. 3244 (U.S. Dec. 9, 2013). In arguing their positions, the parties here rely on decisions from other circuits. The Defendants cite to opinions from the Second, Fourth, Eighth and Ninth Circuits, which the Court will review seriatim. In Doninger v. Niehoff, 527 F.3d 41 (2d Cir. 2008), the Second Circuit was presented with the question of whether school officials violated a student's First Amendment rights by prohibiting her from running for senior class secretary in light of a weblog 9 In doing so, the Defoe court pointed to Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito's concurrence in Morse, in which he stated that he joined the majority opinion "on the understanding that . . . it goes no further than to hold that a public school may restrict speech that a reasonable observer would interpret as advocating illegal drug use . . .," and that it "does not hold that the special characteristics of the public schools necessarily justify speech restrictions beyond those recognized in Tinker, Fraser, and Hazelwood." Defoe, 625 F.3d at 333 n.5 (citing Morse, 551 U.S. at 422-23, 127 S. Ct. 2618 (Alito, J., concurring)) (internal alterations & quotation marks omitted). 13 or "blog"10 entry posted from her home computer during non-school hours criticizing the school's decision regarding a planned campus event. Doninger, 527 F.3d at 43. In the blog, the plaintiff encouraged fellow students to protest the decision. Id. at 50. She testified that students were "all riled up" and that a sit-in was threatened. Id. at 51. The appellate court, citing Tinker, noted that "student expression may legitimately be regulated when school officials reasonably conclude that it will materially and substantially disrupt the work and discipline of the school." Id. at 52 (internal quotation marks omitted). The court found that, on the record before it, Doninger's expression was reasonably regulated, despite the fact that she made the posting from an off-campus location. Id. at 53. In Kowalski v. Berkeley County Schools, 652 F.3d 565 (4th Cir. 2011), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 1095, 181 L. Ed. 2d 1009 (2012), the plaintiff was suspended for creating and posting to a discussion group MySpace.com webpage11 largely dedicated to ridiculing another student. Kowalski, 652 F.3d at 567. The page was titled "S.A.S.H.," which Kowalski claimed was an acronym for "Students Against Sluts Herpes," although a classmate, Ray Parsons, stated that it stood for "Students Against Shay's Herpes," referring to fellow student Shay N., who was the primary subject of the page. Id. at 567. After creating the page, Kowalski invited approximately 100 people to join the group. Id. Some two dozen students at her high school responded and ultimately joined. Id. Parsons responded to the invitation while on a school computer and was the first to join the group. Id. at 568. He uploaded photographs of Shay N. and posted comments 10 A blog is "a [website] that contains an online personal journal with reflections, comments, and often hyperlinks provided by the writer[.]" Silver v. Brown, 382 F. App'x 723, 725 n.1 (10th Cir. 2010). 11 MySpace "is a social networking website that allows its members to set up online 'profiles' and communicate via email, instant messages, and blogs." Wynar v. Douglas Cnty. Sch. Dist., 728 F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir. 2013). 14 indicating that she had herpes and referring to her as a "whore." Id. Other students commented on the pictures and added their own statements about the targeted student. Id. The next day, after becoming aware of the website, Shay N.'s parents, along with their daughter, went to the school and filed a harassment complaint with school officials. Id. The girl left the school with her parents after the meeting, uncomfortable with the thought of sitting in class alongside other students who had made disparaging remarks about her. Id. Kowalski was suspended. Id. She sued, claiming that, because her case involved off-campus, non-school related speech, school officials were powerless to discipline her. Id. at 570-71. The Fourth Circuit found that Tinker supported the conclusion that "public schools have a compelling interest in regulating speech that interferes with or disrupts the work and discipline of the school, including discipline for student harassment and bullying." Id. at 572 (internal quotation marks omitted). Kowalski's speech caused such an interference and disruption, the court held, even though she created the website and posted comments from home, because she knew its content would be published beyond her residence and could reasonably be expected to reach the school and impact the school environment. Id. at 573. She also knew the postings and comments would and did take place among students at the school for whom she created the site and whom she invited to join the group. Id. Kowalski was aware that the fallout from her conduct and the speech would be felt at the school and could have anticipated that Shay N. and her parents would have considered the attack to have been made in the school context and acted accordingly. Id. The court further noted that, had the school not intervened, the potential for additional and more serious harassment of Shay N. was real. Id. at 574. Thus, "[g]iven the targeted, defamatory nature of Kowalski's speech, aimed at a fellow classmate, it created 'actual 15 or nascent' substantial disorder and disruption in the school."12 Id. The plaintiffs in S.J.W. ex rel. Wilson v. Lee's Summit R-7 School District, 696 F.3d 771 (8th Cir. 2012), reh'g & reh'g en banc denied (Nov. 21, 2012) were twin brothers suspended from school after creating a website and blog the purpose of which was to discuss, satirize and "vent" about events at their high school. Lee's Summit, 696 F.3d at 773. One of the boys used a school computer to upload files needed to create the site. Id. at 774. Immediately thereafter, the siblings posted offensive and racist comments, as well as sexually explicit and degrading statements about certain female classmates, who they identified by name. Id. at 773. The racist posts described fights at the school and mocked black students. Id. Although the plaintiffs initially told only a few school friends about the website, soon everyone knew. Id. at 774. Numerous school computers were used to access or attempt to access the site. Id. Citing Doninger and Kowalski, the Eighth Circuit applied Tinker in finding that the plaintiffs' posts were directed at the school and, therefore, could reasonably be expected to reach the school or impact its environment. Id. at 777-78. The off-campus nature of the speech was less important, in the court's view, than the fact that it targeted the educational institution itself. Id. at 778. The Ninth Circuit decided Wynar v. Douglas County School District, 728 F.3d 1062 (9th Cir. 2013) in August 2013. In that case, a high school student began sending a string of increasingly violent and threatening instant messages from home via MySpace to his friends bragging about weapons he possessed and threatening to shoot persons at the school on a specific date. Wynar, 728 F.3d at 1064-65. His friends became alarmed and confided their concerns to a trusted coach. Id. 12 The Fourth Circuit observed that, if the speech had occurred in school, Fraser may have also applied. Kowalski, 652 F.3d at 573. 16 at 1066. The principal was alerted and the student was suspended. Id. The Ninth Circuit, while questioning whether it applied to all off-campus speech, analyzed the facts before it under Tinker and concluded that the threat of a school shooting certainly qualified as speech that might reasonably lead officials to forecast substantial disruption of or material interference with school activities or collision with the rights of other students to be secure. Id. at 1071. In contrast, the Plaintiff draws the Court's attention to a case from the Third Circuit -Layshock v. Hermitage School District, 593 F.3d 249 (3d Cir. 2010) -- in support of her opposition to summary judgment. The Court notes that the opinion cited by the Plaintiff was vacated upon the Third Circuit's grant of rehearing en banc. After rehearing, the court issued its en banc opinion at 650 F.3d 205 (3d Cir. 2011). In Layshock, the plaintiff used his grandmother's home computer to access a social networking website where he created a fake, and unflattering, internet MySpace profile of his high school principal. Layshock, 650 F.3d at 207-08. In doing so, he copied a photograph of the principal from the school's website. Id. Layshock afforded access to the profile to other students and it was not long before everyone at the school, including the principal, knew about it. Id. at 208. Over the following days, students, including Layshock, accessed the profile using school computers. Id. at 209. The plaintiff was suspended and sent to an alternative school. Id. at 210. The student brought a § 1983 action against the school district arguing violation of the First Amendment. Id. In seeking to justify its actions, the school district invoked Tinker and/or Fraser. Layshock v. Hermitage Sch. Dist., 496 F. Supp. 2d 587, 599 (W.D. Pa. 2007). The trial court determined that Fraser had no application because the plaintiff's activities occurred off campus. Id. at 599-600. With respect to Tinker, the lower court concluded that the defendant could not establish "a sufficient nexus between [Layshock's] speech and a substantial disruption of the school environment," 17 observing that no classes were cancelled, no widespread disruption occurred, and there was no violence or student disciplinary action. Id. at 600. While students commented on the profile, the court noted that "in Tinker the Supreme Court held that the far more boisterous and hostile environment sparked by the children wearing anti-Vietnam war armbands did not give school officials a reasonable fear of disturbance sufficient to overcome their right to freedom of expression." Id. (internal citation omitted). The Third Circuit affirmed. Layshock, 650 F.3d at 219. The Plaintiff also cites to Beussink ex rel. Beussink v. Woodland R-IV School District, 30 F. Supp. 2d 1175 (E.D. Mo. 1998), in which the plaintiff created and posted an internet homepage from his home computer that criticized his high school and its administration in crude and vulgar terms. Beussink, 30 F. Supp. 2d at 1177. A friend of Beussink accessed the page during a class a few days later and showed it to a teacher, Ms. Ferrell, who became upset and immediately informed the principal. Id. at 1178. The principal also found the post upsetting, and decided to discipline the plaintiff immediately upon viewing it. Id. Groups of Beussink's classmates saw the page, but some viewed it with Ferrell's permission. Id. at 1179. The plaintiff was suspended for ten days. Id. The court concluded that his First Amendment claim had merit, in light of evidence that the principal's actions were based not on a fear of disruption or interference with school discipline, but because he disliked and was upset by the content of Beussink's speech, which was not an acceptable justification for limiting student expression under Tinker. Id. at 1180. The Defendants argue that the cases cited in their brief support summary judgment here. Specifically, they point out that, like Doninger, A.N. made negative comments about another student on the internet; that, like Kowalski and the plaintiffs in Lee's Summit, she used a social media platform to make negative and offensive comments about a classmate; and that, like Wynar, she sent out messages over the internet threatening to shoot persons with whom she attended school. Even 18 so, however, material circumstances present in those cases do not exist here. In Doninger, Kowalski and Wynar, the facts reflected, and the courts found, that the students' actions could or did substantially disrupt activities of their schools. In Lee's Summit, the school itself was the target of the students' speech and, thus, the court concluded that it was to be reasonably expected that the speech would reach the school or impact its environment. Here, the speech had no connection to HCMS whatever other than the fact that both the speaker and the target of the speech studied there. The speech was not made at school, directed at the school, or involved the use of school time or equipment. No disruption of school activities or impact on the school environment has been shown. Thus, it is the finding of the Court that the Defendants have fallen short of establishing that summary judgment should be granted in their favor.13 The movants also submit that this case is analogous to Morse in that the speech contained in the tweets, which officials concluded promoted an illegal act (murder), had to be acted on immediately, particularly in light of the incidents at Columbine, Newtown and Virginia Tech. While this argument is perhaps somewhat more persuasive than the preceding one, at least on a visceral level, the Court notes that Defendants have cited to no caselaw, other than Morse, in favor of their assertion. In light of that failure, coupled with this Circuit's narrow reading of Morse, the Court is unwilling to grant summary judgment on such grounds.14 For the reasons articulated herein, the motion for summary judgment on the First 13 Based on the Court's conclusion that summary judgment is not warranted based on the Defendants' cited caselaw, it need not, and does not, specifically adopt Layshock. 14 The Court observes that the Morse Court placed much emphasis on the fact that the speech at issue occurred at school or at a school-sponsored event. As mentioned previously herein, there was no connection between the speech and the school beyond the common attendance of the persons immediately involved. 19 Amendment claim is DENIED. Fourteenth Amendment Plaintiff alleges that the Defendants' failure to conduct an investigation, interview the pertinent parties, provide a hearing before levying punishment and subjecting A.N. to outrageous sexual assault and harassment at the alternative school violated the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause. She also avers that Defendants' actions offended her Fourteenth Amendment right to direct her child's education. The analysis of a student's procedural due process rights in a school suspension case begins with Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565, 95 S. Ct. 729, 42 L. Ed. 2d 725 (1975), in which the United States Supreme Court found that students faced with suspensions lasting longer than ten days possess a property interest in an education and a liberty interest in their reputations that entitle them to protection against arbitrary suspension under the Due Process Clause. Goss, 419 U.S. at 576, 95 S. Ct. at 737; see Heyne v. Metro. Nashville Publ. Schs., 655 F.3d 556, 564 (6th Cir. 2011) ("The starting point for analyzing alleged violations of students' procedural due process rights in school suspension cases is Goss v. Lopez[.]"). For suspensions lasting no more than ten days, the Constitution requires that "the student be given oral or written notice of the charges against [her] and, if [she] denies them, an explanation of the evidence the authorities have and an opportunity to present [her] side of the story." Goss, 419 U.S. at 581, 95 S. Ct. at 740. Due process "requires at least these rudimentary precautions against unfair or mistaken findings of misconduct and arbitrary exclusion from school." Id., 95 S. Ct. at 740. The Clause "does not require that hearings in connection with suspensions of ten days or fewer follow trial-type procedures." Heyne, 655 F.3d at 565 (citing Goss, 419 U.S. at 583, 95 S. Ct. 729). Nor does it "give students the right to be represented by counsel, to confront and cross- 20 examine witnesses against them, or to call their own witnesses." Id. (citing Goss, 419 U.S. at 583, 95 S. Ct. 729). Rather, it requires only minimal procedures. Id. As the Goss Court explained: There need be no delay between the time 'notice' is given and the time of the hearing. In the great majority of cases the disciplinarian may informally discuss the alleged misconduct with the student minutes after it has occurred. We hold only that, in being given an opportunity to explain [her] version of the facts at this discussion, the student first be told what [she] is accused of doing and what the basis of the accusation is. Goss, 419 U.S. at 582, 95 S. Ct. at 740.15 As a general rule, notice and hearing should precede removal of the student from the school. Id., 95 S. Ct. at 740. An "informal give-and-take between student and disciplinarian" is sufficient to satisfy due process. Id. at 584, 95 S. Ct. at 741; Heyne, 655 F.3d at 565. The Sixth Circuit requires no more process than that identified in Goss. Heyne, 655 F.3d at 565. This circuit has suggested that assignment to an alternative school may not implicate the Due Process Clause at all, "absent some showing that the education received at the alternative school is significantly different from or inferior to that received at [the student's] regular public school." Buchanan v. City of Bolivar, 99 F.3d 1352, 1359 (6th Cir. 1996). Even assuming the Clause applies here, summary judgment on A.N.'s claim is appropriate. She testified in her deposition that Stricklin told her she was in trouble because of the tweets about K.N. (D.E. 26-1 at 56.) She did not deny authoring the tweets. The following testimony was adduced in her deposition: Q: Okay. And at any point during your meeting with Mr. Stricklin, did you make any comments? A: I don't remember saying much at all. Like I said, I was crying. I couldn't say anything. He didn't ask me any questions for me to answer. 15 The Sixth Circuit has noted that "[w]hile Goss specifically limited itself to the short suspension, not exceeding ten days, it nevertheless establishes the minimum requirements for long-term expulsions as well." Newsome v. Batavia Local Sch. Dist., 842 F.2d 920, 927 (6th Cir. 1988) (internal citation & quotation marks omitted). 21 Q: Okay. A: I did tell him -- he asked me if she deserved this, and I said no. I told him we were just joking, we didn't mean anything by it, we weren't going to hurt her. And he asked me if I had a weapon in my bag, and I said no. (D.E. 26-1 at 58.) Thus, by A.N.'s own admission, Stricklin asked her to defend her behavior and gave her an opportunity to respond, which she did. She was entitled to no more process than that. See Buchanan, 99 F.3d at 1359 ("[O]nce school administrators tell a student what they heard or saw, ask why they heard or saw it, and allow a brief response, a student has received all the process that the Fourteenth Amendment demands."). Melanie Nixon alleges a separate Fourteenth Amendment claim on her own behalf. The Due Process Clause "includes a substantive component that provides heightened protection against government interference with certain fundamental rights and liberty interests." Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S. Ct. 2054, 2060, 147 L. Ed. 2d 49 (2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). "[T]he interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children . . . is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by [the courts]." Id., 120 S. Ct. at 2060. This right is not, however, an unqualified one. Blau v. Fort Thomas Publ. Sch. Dist., 401 F.3d 381, 395 (6th Cir. 2005). As the Sixth Circuit articulated in Blau, [t]he critical point is this: While parents may have a fundamental right to decide whether to send their child to a public school, they do not have a fundamental right generally to direct how a public school teaches their child. Whether it is the school curriculum, the hours of the school day, school discipline, the timing and content of examinations, the individuals hired to teach at the school, the extracurricular activities offered at the school or . . . a dress code, these issues of public education are generally committed to the control of state and local authorities. Id. at 395-96 (some emphasis supplied) (internal quotation marks omitted). Government actions infringing on fundamental rights receive strict scrutiny. Id. at 393. In the absence of a fundamental right, a plaintiff must show that the challenged school action was not "rationally related to a 22 legitimate state interest." Id. Mrs. Nixon has made no effort whatever to make such a showing. Her Fourteenth Amendment claim, therefore, is DISMISSED. Eighth Amendment The Plaintiff alleges that Defendants violated the Eighth Amendment by failing to conduct an investigation or interviews with respect to the tweeting incident, to listen to A.N.'s side of the story, or to properly claim responsibility for making the decision to send her to alternative school. The Eighth Amendment, which prohibits the imposition of cruel and unusual punishment, is inapplicable to a school's disciplinary punishment of students. Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 664, 97 S. Ct. 1401, 1408-09, 51 L. Ed. 2d 711 (1977); Moss v. Shelby Cnty., 401 F. Supp. 2d 850, 854 (W.D. Tenn. 2005). The United States Supreme Court noted in Ingraham that "[a]n examination of the history of the [Eighth] Amendment and the decisions of [the Supreme] Court construing the proscription against cruel and unusual punishment confirms that it was designed to protect those convicted of crimes."16 Ingraham, 430 U.S. at 664, 97 S. Ct. at 1408-09. The Eighth Amendment claim is, therefore, DISMISSED. Municipal/Supervisor Liability The parties have presented arguments concerning whether summary judgment should be granted on a federal § 1983 claim by the Plaintiff for the negligent hiring, training, supervision and retention of Stricklin.17 It is somewhat unclear to the Court whether this claim, presented in count 16 Tellingly, perhaps, the Plaintiff has offered no caselaw in support of her claim in responding to the motion for summary judgment. 17 In her responsive brief, the Plaintiff avers in the same § 1983 municipal liability argument that liability should be imposed based on a failure to lawfully manage the alternative school. However, the count in the complaint in which negligent hiring, training, supervision and retention were alleged made no mention whatever of the alternative school. Indeed, the only part of the complaint in which allegations concerning management of the alternative school appeared had to do with purely state law claims. Plaintiff has made no motion to amend her complaint to 23 VIII of the complaint, was in fact intended to be a federal claim, a state claim, or both. In any case, because the parties are apparently treating it as a federal claim, the Court will address their assertions in that regard. Count VIII's allegations are directed toward Hardin County and Haffly.18 In order to establish a claim of supervisor liability, a plaintiff must show that the defendant "at least implicitly authorized, approved, or knowingly acquiesced in the unconstitutional conduct of the offending officers." Salyers v. City of Portsmouth, ___ F. App'x ___, 2013 WL 4436536, at *5 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting McQueen v. Beecher Cmty. Schs., 433 F.3d 460, 470 (6th Cir. 2006)). To hold Hardin County liable, Plaintiff "must demonstrate that the alleged federal violation occurred because of a municipal policy or custom." Burgess v. Fischer, 735 F.3d 462, 478 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694, 98 S. Ct. 2018, 56 L. Ed. 2d 611 (1978)), reh'g & reh'g en banc denied (Dec. 19, 2013). "For both, a prerequisite to liability is that a constitutional violation has occurred." Salyers, 2013 WL 4436536, at *5 (internal alterations & quotation marks omitted). In this case, the Plaintiff in her responsive brief identifies the constitutional violation supporting her municipal/supervisor liability claim as that alleged under the Fourteenth Amendment. Based on the Court's dismissal of the Fourteenth Amendment claim, the negligent hiring, training, supervision and retention claim, to the extent it is grounded in federal law, must also fail. See id. (because the defendant committed no constitutional violation, plaintiff's supervisor and municipal include allegations of wrongful acts relative to the management of the alternative school under federal law. Accordingly, the Court will not consider Plaintiff's assertions as to this nonexistent claim. 18 This allegation was also made against Defendant Thomas. 24 liability claims based on that violation were without merit). State Law Claims. The Defendants also seek dismissal of the Plaintiff's state law claims. The Tennessee Governmental Tort Liability Act ("GTLA") governs state law claims against governmental entities and their employees. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-101, et seq. GTLA claims would ordinarily confer supplemental jurisdiction in this Court because they arise out of the same facts and form part of the same case or controversy. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). However, these allegations must be brought in "strict compliance" with the terms of the state statute. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20201(c). The GTLA expressly states that Tennessee "circuit courts shall have exclusive original jurisdiction" over claims brought pursuant to its provisions. Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-307. A district court may, in its discretion, decline supplemental jurisdiction over a state law claim even if jurisdiction would otherwise be proper under § 1367(a). Section 1367(c)(4) allows a district court to "decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim under subsection (a) if . . . (4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction." 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(4). The Sixth Circuit has held that "the Tennessee legislature expressed a clear preference that [GTLA] claims be handled by its own state courts. This unequivocal preference of the Tennessee legislature is an exceptional circumstance [under § 1367(c)(4) ] for declining jurisdiction." Gregory v. Shelby Cnty., Tenn., 220 F.3d 433, 446 (6th Cir.2000). Therefore, this Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff's GTLA claims. See Ables v. Shelby Cnty., Tenn., No. 2:10-CV-02169-JPM-dkv, 2010 WL 3024959, at *5 (W.D. Tenn. July 29, 2010) (state law claims dismissed in light of Sixth Circuit's finding that Tennessee legislature's preference that GTLA claims be addressed in state courts was an exceptional circumstance under 25 § 1327(c)(4) supporting order declining jurisdiction). The claims are DISMISSED without prejudice.19 CONCLUSION For the reasons set forth herein, all claims against Defendant Thomas are DISMISSED, as are the official capacity claims against Defendants Haffly and Stricklin. Otherwise, the motion for summary judgment is DENIED as to the Plaintiff's First Amendment claims and GRANTED on the remaining claims. IT IS SO ORDERED this 27th day of December 2013. s/ J. DANIEL BREEN CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 19 In light of the Court's dismissal of Plaintiff's state law claims on exclusivity grounds, it need not address the parties' assertions with respect to the merits of those claims. 26


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
According to Phillip M. Hallam-Baker: > > At the IETF HTTP-WG it was agreed to form sub-groups on a number of issues > including Digest Authentication in HTTP. I would like to request anyone with > objections to Jeff Hosteltler's draft (now expired) to make them known in the > next three weeks - say January 10th? > > I would ask Jeff to resubmit the draft so that we can know what the proposal > is. The expired draft is available at http://hopf.math.nwu.edu/digestauth/draft.rfc There is also a digest authentication protected document there at http://hopf.math.nwu.edu/simp/index.html with user name "Mufasa" and password "CircleOfLife" which can be used if you have a digest savy client. Unfortunately that does not include Netscape clients. :( John FranksReceived on Tuesday, 19 December 1995 18:43:18 EST
This archive was generated by hypermail pre-2.1.9 : Wednesday, 24 September 2003 06:31:37 EDT


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@MeagenBrittany We hope you get everything on your wish list and more! #charmedaddictions
Off the Wall
Hello..just wondering if you will be making a Umass Boston bangle? I know there is a Umass bangle already made but that is a different logo.
#CharmedarmsShare yours
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Tag Archives: twentyten
Holiday Collection Launches
It is safe to say that it is officially the holiday season. Stores are stocked with oodles of decorations and …
Posted in Happenings Tagged Alex and Ani, alex and ani bracelets, alex and ani color therapy, alex and ani crystal color therapy, alex and ani earrings, alex and ani holiday collection, alex and ani horizontal expandables, amethyst, armenian cross, blue zircon, color therapy, crystal color therapy, crystal rendezvous, emerald, eye of horus, fuchsia, higher divine power, holiday collection, holy ones, horizontal expandables, hyacinth, khaki, light smokey topaz, montana blue, mother mary, om, power of faith, religious jewelry, saint anthony, saint christopher, saint florian, saint francis, saint joseph, saint jude thaddeus, saint mary, saint michael, saints jewelry, seven swords, siam, sunflower, white Leave a commentView Story


text:
So after eagerly awaiting the new beta driver release I download, uninstall, reboot, clean, reboot and finally install after disabling AVG.
The PC boots and I go to load a game.. BSOD! :/ atikmpag.sys error... Again.
I ask a friend, he says try updating the driver through windows 7 64 to see if its corrupt, and windows comes back with the second card shown as an R200 class.
Now that seems wierd to me. Perhaps you AMD chaps can figure it out...
Anyhow hope you sort it out.
FuseTalk Hosting Executive Plan v3.2 - © 1999-2014 FuseTalk Inc. All rights reserved.
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text:
Is it possible to log ssh tunnel connections that are established to my machine?
I have check the ssh log but unfortunately it just keep the same data as in normal connections. Please if anyone knows something or has something to recommend that it would be great!
Thank you : )


text:
You must log in to access this feature. Sign in with Twellow or Facebook to get started.
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Simply connect with Facebook and kiss those password blues away,
or go here to reset your password.
Every profession has its fantasy Triple-Win. For a gambler at the horse races ,it 's the Trifecta.Nairobi, Kenya


text:
|World English Bible (WEB)
|New International Version (NIV)
|18 I hated all my labor in which I labored under the sun, seeing that I must leave it to the man who comes after me.
|18 I hated all the things I had toiled for under the sun, because I must leave them to the one who comes after me.
|The World English Bible is in the public domain. (The World English Bible Online)
|Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online)


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Drastic Cuts May Force SUNY To Eliminate Programs
Drastic changes may be coming to the State University of New York system.
SUNY colleges may be forced to eliminate programs, boost class sizes and reduce course offerings. These changes comes on the heels of an order from Gov. David A. Paterson this week to cut $90 million in university spending. Officials say this will help eliminate an estimated $2.1 billion state budget deficit.
SUNY Chancellor Nancy L. Zimpher will reportedly meet with campus officials to discuss budget reduction.
The cuts will only affect SUNY's senior colleges, not their community colleges.
Matt Anderson, a spokesperson for the governor's budget office, says the governor is planning on working with SUNY to lessen the impact on students. A SUNY spokesperson says they will do everything they can to protect the quality of education their students receive.
Another SUNY spokesman, David Henahan, says the cutback means colleges will continue to delay hiring or enforce a hiring freeze. He also stated students may notice "larger class sections, fewer course offerings and reductions in other services."
One Stony Brook University official, says she worries the new budget cuts may cause the closure of one or more major academic programs.
The City University of New York budget is being trimmed by $53 million, but that cut will require legislative approval.
Education advocates worry that school budget cuts will hold the state back in the long term, eventually affecting the entire New York economy.
Other state agencies to face massive budget cuts include state prisons and public health.Copyright © 2014, Sun Sentinel


text:
Select () or exclude () categories to narrow your recipe search.
As you select categories, the number of matching recipes will update.
Find exactly what you're looking for with the web's most powerful recipe filtering tool.
Sort by: Date | Rating | Most Helpful
"Seriously, the best waffle recipe I have ever made. I used jumbo blueberries and I think smaller ones would have been better because the large ones tended to burst."


text: Limited, but good experience I have only been taking Ritalin for a little while, but I have been pleased so far. My biggest complaint is the rebound. I know exactly when it has worn off and it usually results in about one hour of exhaustion. After that, I am tired but can function enough for the rest of the night. Also trying to take the dose in the middle of the day has been really inconvenient for me. Because of those two issues, I am just starting Ritalin LA now. I have only taken it once, so I have no review yet. I was happy with Ritalin, but my doctor felt switching over to a Long acting form should reduce the rebound issues and, obviously, eliminate the middle day dose. Ritalin didn't fix everything, but my family and friends noted that when it as in effect, I was much more cheerful, energetic and alert. It still hasn't been long enough to address long term concerns, but I have been much more pleased with this than Provigil (which I reviewed previously). I have also found that regular exercise and a fairly consistent sleep schedule have helped a lot as well. I wouldn't say I am functioning at a normal level, but I feel like those three components have me on the right track.


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I've stayed here several times and will do again. It's a nice hotel in a good location for walking and cycling. Breakfast has an adequate selection of food and the evening meal is always good. They do a superb asparagus soup when in season :) The kitchens can close quite early compared to more city based hotels. The beds can... More
Location: Germany > Brandenburg > Wandlitz
Price Range (Based on Average Rates): $
Hotel Class:4 star — Waldhotel Wandlitz 4*
Number of rooms: 80
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Hotels.com, Expedia, Priceline, Despegar.com, Travelocity, Odigeo and Tingo so you can book your Waldhotel Wandlitz reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Waldhotel Hotel Wandlitz


text:
If we're talking about EFS, then there's one big issue in the following scenario
1 - User encrypts their home folder (or even just a few files)
2 - User forgets password P
4 - You change the users password
5 - Encrypted files cannot now be accessed unless user remembers original password.
I believe it is possible to get around this by setting up a recovery policy (never done this though), which would enable you to recover the data. Either way then you'll be able to get at the data.


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What does a fighter look like? Generally a fighter is lean, strong, and muscular. The general approach to building such a body is ...Read More »
Workout and Diet Tips: Stay Fit Through the Holidays
Here in the US, Thanksgiving is less than a week away and the rest of the holiday season is right around the corner. ...Read More »
Instable Surface Training: A Slippery Slope?
Over the past few years, most large-chain gyms have begun purchasing various implements that were once seen only in rehabilitation programs. Bosa balls ...Read More »
Don't Believe Everything You Read About Training
Sometimes I read articles over at T-Nation, and I wonder if there are other people like me in the world; people who are ...Read More »
Steve Justa Strength Training Singles Routines
Steve Justa strength training singles routines. Big Three Routine #1 – Train every day – 4 singles with each lift with a minute ...Read More »
10 Bulk Routines That Work
10 Bulk Routines That Work by Fred R. Howell (1974) Somehow in the past few weeks the word leaked out that I had ...Read More »
Bob Hoffman's Simplified System of Barbell Training
Bob Hoffman's Simplified System of Barbell Training This is a copy of the original book, in graphic format. Click on an image to ...Read More »


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Guard heard woman scream - policeComment on this story
Johannesburg - A 29-year-old woman accused of murdering a United States consulate worker is expected to appear in the Johannesburg Magistrate's Court on Tuesday.
The 41-year-old man was stabbed to death on Sunday morning after arriving with the woman at his flat in Illovo at 3am.
The French news agency AFP reported that the US Embassy named the man as Christopher "Norm" Bates. He had worked as an information management officer at the Johannesburg consulate from 2010.
On Monday, Gauteng police said a security guard heard a woman screaming and, when he went to check, he allegedly saw the woman with a knife in her hand and Bates with several stab wounds in his upper body.
Bates died on the scene. Police arrested the woman and seized the knife. - Sapa
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text:
try to use one word!
Where is your cell phone?
bed :)
Your hair?
Your mother?
severe one
Your father?
Your favorite thing?
love :)
Your dream last night?
Favorite drink?
What room are you in?
Your hobby?
Your fear?
Where do you want to be in 6 years?
in my future home
Where were you last night?
Something that you aren't?
hard working enough
Wish list item?
Last thing you did?
changed my life
What are you wearing?
Your pets?
6 dogs :)
love 'em :)
Your life?
good...will be better
Your mood?
much better than a few months ago
Missing someone?
my grandpa who passed away
Your car?
use it once a month
Something you're not wearing?
high heels unfortunately
Your favorite store?
clothes (duuuuh...)
Your favorite color?
When is the last time you cried?
'bout a week ago
Where do you go over and over?
on a walk :)
Five people who email me regularly?
2 friends, SP, realage.com, spam
Favorite place to eat?
Favorite place I'd like to be right now?
here :)
Total calories burned this week:
Plan / [Actual]: 5110 / [ 2160]
Total minutes exercised this week:
Plan / [Actual]: 12 hrs 50 min / [ 8 hrs 55 min]
Total crunches done this week:
Plan / [Actual]: 700 / [100]
I've learned a lot about myself, about good nutrition, about good exercise, about mistakes, about injuries.
it's time to use this knowledge the best way I can.
I will burn 730 kcal on each day, and I will also do my 100 crunches each day.
I SOOOOOOOOOOOO want this week to work!!
Monday (730 kcal) - burned only 220 kcal with 20 min walk + 30 min bike (I traveled home...)
180 min walk
100 crunches - NOT done
Tuesday (730 kcal) - NOT done (I was at home...)
180 min walk
100 crunches - NOT done
Wednesday (730 kcal) - NOT done (I was at home, but traveled back here, to my other home, so I'll be back on track from tomorrow) :)
90 min bike
70 min walk
100 crunches - NOT done
Thursday (730 kcal) - NOT done
90 min bike
70 min walk
100 crunches - NOT done
Friday (730 kcal) - done only 520 kcal with 135 min. walking
120 min bike
1 SP video
100 crunches - NOT done
Saturday (730 kcal) - burned 'only' 660 kcal with 2 hrs 50 min walking
90 min bike
70 min walk
100 crunches - NOT done
Sunday (730 kcal) - DONE 760 kcal with 3 hrs walk
90 min bike
70 min walk
100 crunches - DONE
I messed up! I really did!
Last Sunday I wrote a blog entry with my Week 4 fitness plan. I didn't plan how many minutes and what type of exercises I will do, I just decided that i'll burn 800 kcal each day with exercise. I was so stupid! The result was that I went to exercise (meaning: to walk or to bike), did it for about 80-100 minutes, and then I went home, thinking that it was probably enough, and if it's not 800 kcal yet no problem, because i'll do some SP videos at home to make up for the missing calories. Boy, I was so naive!
First of all, after I got home from 80-100 minutes of exercise, however moderate it was, I didn't do the SP videos, because I was tired...and with the exercise I did I usually only burned about 350 kcal, so I was far from 800.
Slowly, my poor results started affecting my mood.
In the meantime, i did well with nutrition for the first few days, basicly on the days when we had soup, but then I didn't do well at all. I overate, or my calorie deficits were little.
I though about all the things that cause problem for me and i came up with these results and these solutions:
1. If there's no soup at home, the chances are about 90% that I'll overeat. Conclusion: I will learn to make soup, instead of relying on my (by the way darling) mother-in-law to cook it.
I already know 2 recipes, she explained one more to me yesterday and I'm cooking that today, and from now on whenever she cooks i'll learn it, and when she can't cook i'll cook the ones I already know!!
2. If i don't plan the workouts in advance, the chances are about 90% that I'll do less exercise than I should (exercises that burn 350 kcal instead of 800!!). Conclusion: I will calculate how much exercise I'll have to do to burn 730 kcal (which is my new goal).
Here are the exercises:
- 3 hr walk (my favourite)
- 1,5 hr bike+1 hr 10 min walk (my favourite)
- 2 hr walk+2 SP videos
- 1,5 hr walk+3 SP videos
- 1 hr walk+4 SP videos
- 2,5 hr bike
- 2 hr bike+1 SP video
- 6 SP video (1 hr total).
All of these, for me, burn 730 kcal. The first two are my favourites, I'm probably gonna do a lot of those. I don't care that they're time consuming because I have a lot of free time. From now on, whenever i'll go to exercise I'll choose which one of these I'm gonna do, and i'm gonna do them entirely.
3. I have to be a little more active during the day. I refer to going shopping, cleaning in the house...not sitting on the couch with the laptop in my hands.
So, right now, these are my 3 top priorities, most of all the first 2, the soup and the workout-plan. The truth is that I sometimes read about others' successes, like people who lost 5+ lbs this month, and I envy them because I only lost 1... and instead of them motivating me, I feel even worse because their success represents my failure.
Also, I made a calculation. Considering my BMR being 1750 kcal/day and the fact that 1 kg is 7700 pounds, I calculated that in order to lose 4 kgs(8.8 lbs)/month (which is my goal), I gotta have a calorie deficit of 1030 kcal/day. I decided that this will come from:
- 300 kcal from cutting back food (i'll consume 1450 kcal)
- and 730 kcal from exercise. All the exercises I listed above burn 730 kcal, so each day I'm gonna do one of those. When I'll be able to start jogging again I'll make exercise combinations that include jogging too, but until then i'll stick with mostly walking and biking, and sometimes SP videos.
Total calories burned this week:
Plan / [Actual]: 5600 / [3470] (I did 2130 kcal less than I should've...)
Total minutes exercised this week:
Plan / [Actual]: not planned / [13 hrs 50 min]
Total crunches done this week:
Plan / [Actual]: 700 / [635]
Hi everyone! :)
I stopped jogging because my leg (shin) started hurting. I'm guessing that it's caused by the extra weight that my leg has to carry during jogging. When I'll feel that it doesn't hurt anymore I'll start jogging again but until then my remaining options are:
- walk
- SP cardio videos
- biking
- swimming.
Unfortunately the wheel of my bike is broken, and until I don't buy a new one I can't use it.
If I want to swim I have to travel (with train) to our neighboring city. Here's how it looks like: I walk to the train station (30 min) travel with the train (25 min) and walk again (20 min) to the pool where I can swim. Theoretically I'd love to swim. Practically I hate it that the road there and back takes 2 and a half hours. It's true that walking takes up 1 hour 40 min of this, but still.... AND when I'm at the pool...it just seems so long to go and change in a lockerroom, then after I'm done with swimming take a shower, change in a locker room again....I don't know what my problem is...well my problem is what I wrote about just now, i know...but...I just hate to waste time on traveling and stuff like changing in lockerrooms....
any opinions everyone?
Oh, not to mention that, while jogging, biking, walking and SP videos are free, I have to pay for swimming.
Oh, and not the mention the fact that I feel comfortable with a tiny little bit more clothes on than I can wear in a pool...u feel me? :)
Well anyway, what I'm trying to talk about here is next week's workout plan, right? :)
I'm gonna stick with walking and SP videos, I love these two, and i'll see a few dyas later if I can jog again and i'm gonna buy that wheel sooner or later. SO my plan for next week is to burn 800 kcal each day. I don't want to plan exercises because if I plan walking maybe I can't go cause it will rain (it will rain on a few days on next week). So I'll just plan 800 kcal for each day, and I'll choose the type of exercise on that specific day, depending on the circumstances.
I'd like to have a total calorie deficit of 1100/day in the next 7 days (this way i'll lose 1 kg [2.2 lbs] until the end of the week), I'll get 800 kcal deficit from exercise and the other 300 from food. My BMR is 1750 kcal/day, so I'll consume 1450 kcal/day to achieve the 1100 kcal/day calorie-deficit! I'd like to make this work, because I'm traveling home on the Monday after this 4th week is finished, and i'd like to show my mom some changes, she notices that 1 kg, believe me! :) And even if she doesn't I'd love to finally say that I've lost 1 kg!
Also, I decided to do 100 crunches daily, I even signed up for the 100 crunches/day challenge on the team with the same name.
Monday (800 kcal) - done only 515 kcal with walking
100 crunches - DONE
Tuesday (800 kcal) - done only 380 kcal with walking + biking
100 crunches - DONE
Wednesday (800 kcal) - done only 385 kcal with walking
100 crunches - NOT done
Thursday (800 kcal) - done 355 kcal with biking + walking
100 crunches - DONE
Friday (800 kcal) - done only 340 with 80 minutes of walking
100 crunches - DONE
Saturday (730 kcal) - DONE a total of 736 kcal with walking + 1 SP video
100 crunches - DONE
Sunday (730 kcal) - DONE a total of 760 kcal with 180 min walking
100 crunches - DONE
So I realised today, after a 830 kcal breakfast, that the huuuge calorie-intakes of the last two days were caused by lack of...wait for it....SOUP! Yes! So I decided to make a soup today, I did a great cauliflower-veggie soup with my darling future mother-in-law, and my total calorie intake for today is 1400 kcal!!!!! the soup works for me like magic! One big bowl that fills my stomach has 160 kcal, and it's delicious! I love soup! I ate 3 bowls today as lunch and dinner, plus a little cooked potatoes with onion-parsley, and i felt full (not crazy unhealthy full, just normal full) all day (I put both recipes on sparkrecipes.com, they're called 'Delicious cauliflower&vegetable soup' and 'Delicious potatoes with green parsley' for anyone who's interested).
Thanks to the soup, plus SP workout videos I just found today, i had a calotie deficit of 570 today. This is great, considering that the day before yesterday I had a surplus of 1100+ and yesterday my deficit was only 25 kcal...
Take care everyone and eat soup! :)
Lilla :)


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To protest the Vietnam War, the Rev. Harry Bury chained himself to the gates of the U.S. Embassy in Saigon.
The dramatic event led to his arrest by Vietnamese authorities, and he was sent away from the country. Now, nearly 40 years later, the government of Vietnam wants to honor him for his anti-war efforts. Bury traveled to the country and received a citation making him an honorary citizen on Friday.
"I was surprised," said Bury, 82. "I felt humbled they would do it, that 40 years later to still think what I did was worthwhile."
After graduating from the seminary in St. Paul in 1955, Bury served as a parish priest before he began work as chaplain at the Newman Center at the University of Minnesota. It was at the Catholic student center in the late 1960s when Bury says he started to believe the Vietnam War was an unjust one.
"I got more and more convinced I couldn't just talk against it, I needed to put my body where my words were," he said in an interview before he left.
While working toward a doctorate degree in 1971, Bury traveled to Vietnam as part of a research paper he was writing: "I thought I'd go to Vietnam and ask people how they perceived the presence of American soldiers there." He found out many Vietnamese weren't happy with the situation.
The connections Bury made with social workers, professors and others he met led to his protest. Bury says he flew into Hanoi in 1972 with a group of peace activists and brought out three captured U.S. pilots.
Besides teaching at Baldwin-Wallace College in Ohio, Bury has also taught in several Asian countries. He keeps a residence in St. Paul, but doesn't spend much time there. He'll be in Asia until April, when he returns to the United States. While there, he wants to find translators for his new book, "An Invitation to Think and Feel Differently in the New Millennium." He says, "It's written to help people become more peaceful."
Rose French • 612-673-4352


text:
I am a postdoc in astrophysics working with Gaspar Bakos on the HAT surveys since September 2012. The main goal of these projects is to detect and characterize exoplanets transiting bright stars using a network of fully automated telescopes. HATSouth consists of six stations located on three different sites in the southern hemisphere (Las Campanas in Chile, Siding Spring Observatory in Australia and the HESS site in Namibia).
Previously I worked at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany, within the Herschel Space Observatory program "Water and Related Chemistry in the Solar System" also known as Herschel Solar System Observations (HssO) project. This project aims to investigate the broad topic of water chemistry in planetary and cometary atmospheres. During Herschel's mission, the program has observed Mars, the four Giant Planets and some of their satellites and several comets, including the measurement of the D/H ratio in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2 and the Oort-cloud comet C/2009 P1 (Garradd).


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Portil Contacts
Phone: 1300 556 886
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Download the WinSTORE version 2.9.40d upgrade File Size: 4.49 MB
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Download the WinHEADO version 2.9.40d upgrade File Size: 5.54 MB. Only download if you already have WinHEADO installed. If you are unsure, contact Portil Support
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I'm potentially buying an older Chariot, and am wondering if I might run into any issues with the hitch attaching to my 29er. I just want to make sure there is sufficient clearance behind the tire.
I unfortunately don't know the model, but I'm hoping that the setups are pretty standard for the trailers.
Thanks a lot for your help!
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Hyundai Santro LS (2003)
new car at old price, brand new engine, battery , sony speakers , at throw away price ... read more
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Golden yellow Zen Vx car in excellent condition with Approved LPG kit and in working condition. Very cheap price and already in high demand. ... read more
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The new Ford Fiesta that was launched in the C+ segment of sedans does look hot and sexy. Infact, this has been one of the selling points for the car. ... read more
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India's leading car maker Maruti Suzuki is planning to launch more than a dozen cars in the India in the next 5 years and the Cervo is one of them. Th ... read more
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I liked the car when i first saw it.It is stylish,good and catchy beige interiors,on the whole its a great package and is priced almost equal to its sibbling the Wagon r.Although both the cars share same engine,but both have problems with its gearbox.Estilo is a great car and I prefered it over the read more
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Pretty decent car.. The best luxury sedan available for the price.. Little high on maintenance as the car gets old. Otherwise, pretty sturdy, nice road grip, performs the best on the highwayread more
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Hyundai is one of the largest manufacturers of cars in India. It manufactures cars in multiple segments across various price ranges with a plethora of read more
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Michigan is poised to make another deep run in this year's March Madness tournament, so the need for delicious game watching food is just as urgent as ever.
In the spirit of March Madness, we should treat every game like the championship game; hence, here's the best appetizer I could imagine (with some inspiration from tablespoon.com). I have a running theory that anything stuffed inside a crescent roll instantly gets even more delicious, and this theory has not failed me yet. This recipe only needs a few cheap ingredients, and you can make them early in the day and store the uncooked, stuffed dough balls in the fridge until you're ready to bake. They're definitely best fresh out of the oven.
Prep Time: 10 minutes
Cook Time: 12 minutes
Total Time: 22 minutes
Servings: Makes about 15 poppers
1 can Pillsbury crescent rolls
3-4 jalapeño peppers, seeded and diced
6-8 ounces cream cheese, softened
1/2 cup bacon, crumbled and cooked
1. Preheat oven to 350°F.
2. Separate crescent roll dough and cut each triangle in half.
3. Place about a 1/2 tablespoon of cream cheese on each triangle, along with diced jalapeño and bacon crumbles.
4. Fold crescent dough into a neat ball, making sure to completely seal the filling inside the dough.
5. Bake for about 11-13 minutes. Serve warm and enjoy!
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Vargas gives women's forum inside scoop
HARTFORD — Just 24 hours after trading high-water waders for a black sheath dress, ABC newswoman Elizabeth Vargas stood before about 330 businesswomen, joking how jealous Mitt Romney or Barack Obama would be of her perch.
"How does it feel, ladies, to be the most sought-after voting bloc this year," asked Vargas, fresh from Breezy Point, N.Y., where a fire whipped by Hurricane Sandy destroyed more than 100 homes.
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On Fri, 2004-07-02 at 23:06, firstname.lastname@example.com wrote:
July issue of Linux Magazine has a very good article on AMD64. They
mention that Intel has a new architecture called "IA-32 with 64 bit
Extensions" or "Extended Memory 64 Technology (EM64T)". To quote the
article "No matter the name, EM64T really is the same architecture as
AMD64 - mostly". New code names are Nocona and Potomac. So, it appears
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Finally Timmons showed up
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Re: Finally Timmons showed up
Timmons is Digest Player of Week
by Bob Labriola
Steelers Digest
Leading up to the game against the Philadelphia Eagles, two of the tasks facing the Steelers defense were to control RB LeSean McCoy and get pressure on QB Michael Vick without allowing him to break contain.
Lawrence Timmons had a hand in both of those things.
The Steelers limited McCoy to 53 yards on 16 carries (3.3 average), sacked Vick three times, hit him eight times and recovered two of his fumbles along the way to a 16-14 win at Heinz Field.
Timmons led the Steelers with nine tackles, including two for loss, he hit Vick twice and forced a fumble, and it was his penetration on a first half play that helped Ziggy Hood get his sack. Timmons is the Steelers Digest Player of the Week.
Also considered were Rashard Mendenhall, who managed to look like he was in midseason form even though this was his first game action of any kind since New Years Day in Cleveland. Mendenhall finished with 81 yards rushing (5.8 average) that included a 13-yard touchdown to go along with two catches for 20 more yards; Ben Roethlisberger, whose 72.7 passer rating on the day was skewed by too many drops by his receivers; Larry Foote, who had eight tackles and recovered two fumbles, including one in the end zone for a touchback; and Jason Worilds, who had a sack, two tackles for loss, and two hits on Vick.
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Search for missing swimmer Sebastian Francois suspended
Updated On: Jan 13 2014 12:35:21 PM EST
Authorities have suspended the search for a missing swimmer who disappeared in the Boynton Beach Inlet.
Sebastian Francois, 15, was last seen by family and friends swimming in the water Sunday night.
The teen moved to the U.S. from Haiti about a month ago, relatives told WPBF 25 News.
Francois was with his uncle, who was fishing, when he said he wanted to walk around. At some point, Francois ended up in the water with two others, and relatives believe a rip current pulled him under.
Palm Beach County Fire Rescue divers searched for Francois north of the inlet by the pump house for about 80 minutes before stopping for the evening.
A Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office helicopter will periodically return to the area.
Follow Ted White on Twitter at @wpbf_ted.
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Port St. Lucie police raid drug house, 15 detained
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Plants A-Z
Browse by common or botanical name
Grown principally for clusters of ornamental summer fruit: yellow-and-orange capsules that split open ...more
add to my plant list
Black Alder
Alnus glutinosa
Native to Europe, North Africa. Probably best as multistemmed tree; grows moderately quickly to 7...more
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Black Bamboo
Phyllostachys nigra
From China. Grows to 15–20 ft. tall, but can be held to 4–8 ft. New culms emerge green, bu...more
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Black Chokeberry
Aronia melanocarpa
Typically lower than A. arbutifolia—usually 3–5 ft. tall and rarely to 10 ft. Fal...more
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Black Dalea
Dalea frutescens
Mounded growth to 3 ft. tall, 4 ft. across, with silvery green, lacy foliage. Purple flower clusters a...more
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Black Elder
Sambucus nigra
Shrub or tree. Native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia. Shrubby, upright growth to 20–30 ft. ta...more
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Black Lily
Fritillaria camschatcensis
Native near the Pacific coast, Japan to northwestern U.S. Grows 9–18 in. high, with whorls of le...more
add to my plant list
Black Locust
Robinia pseudoacacia
Native to the eastern and central United States. Fast growth to 40–75 ft. tall and 30–60 f...more
add to my plant list
Black Mulberry
Morus nigra
Likely a native of western Asia. Grows to 30 ft. tall and 35 ft. wide, with a short trunk and dense, s...more
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Black Sage
Salvia mellifera
Evergreen shrub, native to coastal California and Baja California. Grows to 3–6 ft. tall and 3&n...more
add to my plant list
Black Spruce
Picea mariana
Native to Alaska and other parts of northern North America. Forms an irregular column to 30–50 f...more
add to my plant list
Black Walnut
Juglans nigra
Native to eastern North America. High-branched tree to about 100 ft. tall and 70 ft. wide, with a roun...more
add to my plant list


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Enjoy a variety of outdoor recreational activities, including hiking, biking, boating, fishing and swimming, at nearby Harry McAdams State Park and Green Meadow Lake . Hobbs is home to two world-class golf courses and offers several attractions such as the Western Heritage Museum Complex and the Lea County Cowboy Hall of Fame .
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This Hobbs, NM hotel offers guests features such as free full hot breakfast, ,free wireless high-speed Internet access, free local calls, indoor heated pool and hot tub and exercise room .
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The hotel is pet-friendly, fees apply . Guest laundry facilities are on site for added convenience . The Sleep Inn and Suites hotel is the perfect place to stay while visiting the Hobbs, New Mexico area .
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Slime tire liners are a lightweight extruded material that fits between the inside of the tire and the tube.
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13" genuine cymbal clock features quartz movement with the power of one AA battery (not included).
Each of these stools has a black padded vinyl seat with a Zidjian logo and artwork on top. The seats...
At Musician's Friend we know that looking good is part of the gig and it's easy to accessorize your musical life with all the accoutrements found in our Lifestyle department. Check out the styles we offer in T-shirts, hoodies, & more men's and women's clothing as well as hi-tops, low-tops, boots, and hats from your favorite brands like Converse, T.U.K., & EVH. You'll also find clothes with your favorite band logos along with jewelry and music gifts that will warm the heart of any musician. Absolutely everything is backed by our 45-Day Lowest Price and Complete Satisfaction guarantees so you shop risk-free.
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Already a Louisiana Legend and one of the greatest college baseball coaches of all time, J. Stanley 'Skip' Bertman has made the seamless transition into the athletics director's chair with the same enthusiasm, vision and demand for excellence that were trademarks of his stellar coaching career.
In five years as LSU's director of athletics, Bertman has added to his impressive list of on-the-field achievements. Under his direction, LSU has enjoyed arguably the greatest athletics years in the history of the institution.
Under Bertman's direction, LSU teams have also enjoyed improved grade point averages across the board, making the LSU student-athlete experience a success on and off the fields of competition.
While supervising the Tigers' progress on the playing fields, he has implemented measures necessary to realize his vision of building the LSU athletics department into the best in the country. Bertman's bold and innovative plans promise to keep the Tigers among the nation's elite in all phases of collegiate athletics.
Bertman guided LSU to five NCAA baseball titles, and his teams drew huge crowds to venerable Alex Box Stadium, as the Tigers led the nation in attendance in each of his final six seasons (1996-2001).
He also served as head coach of the 1996 U.S. Olympic team which captured the bronze medal in Atlanta.
Bertman continues to be honored for his remarkable coaching tenure, as he was inducted in June, 2006 into the new College Baseball Hall of Fame as part of the hall's inaugural class. He has also been induced into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame and the American Baseball Coaches Association Hall of Fame.
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