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Latest Articles Rss Science Publications http://www.thescipub.com 2014-12-19T13:34:31+01:00 text/html ACTINOMYCES NAESLUNDII, A PREVIOUSLY UNDOCUMENTED CAUSE OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS; WITH LITERARY REVIEW http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.132.136
Actinomycotic endocarditis is a rare disease with only 18 documented cases to date. Most of these cases are sub-acute or chronic infections and usually lack the stigmata of classic endocarditis. This article reviews the details of previously published reports of endocarditis due to various species of actinomyces, along with consensus opinion on diagnosis and treatment. We also present our unique case of Actinomyces naeslundii infective endocarditis, the first case ever attributed to this organism in medical literature.
 text/html MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION ON THE BASIS OF HA, NA AND M GENE REVEALED CHANGES IN CRITICAL AMINO ACID POSITIONS OF INFLUENZA A (H3N2) VIRUS CIRCULATING IN INDIA DURING 2011-2013 http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.118.131
Influenza a (H1N1) virus is responsible for acute respiratory infection in human, which occasionally causes epidemic and rarely a pandemic. Full length DNA sequencing of HA, NA and M gene of H3N2 virus from year 2011-2013 was performed for determination of the circulating strains in India along with monitoring status of various mutations associated with drug resistance and virulence. Genetic analysis of HA gene of study samples in comparison to reference strain showed maximum amino acid changes in epitopes of high neutralization efficiencies (antigenic sites A, B and D) along with gain of glycosylation sites at position 45 (except single sample) and loss at position 126 (7 samples). NA gene has four amino acid changes in antibody binding region at position S367N, K369T, S332F and S334I along with gain and loss of glycosylation site at position 367 and 402 respectively whereas no change was observed in its active site. While comparison of deduced amino acid sequences of study samples with Indian strains from earlier years showed six amino acid changes in three antigenic sites on HA protein and three amino acid changes in NA protein epitope sequence. All these changes indicate that the H3N2 virus is undergoing antigenic drift and which may result in the emergence of new antigenic variants. We want to report that our study provided for the first time full length matrix gene sequence of influenza a (H3N2) virus from India.
 text/html EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY: LABORATORY DATA MINING IN SOUTH OF JORDAN http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.137.141
Introduction: To determine the prevalence of parasitic infection among the population of Maâan governorate. Methodology: A retrospective data mining of retrieved and analysis laboratory stool specimens records of patients seen in Maâan Hospital (in different specialties) during the period 1st January 2009 to 31 December 2009 were carried out for the detection of intestinal parasites. Results:-1999 Stool samples were examined; 338 were positive samples (16.9%). The highest incidence of intestinal parasites was during summer months (June -October) and the lowest was during winter months (December-January). Six different parasitic species were detected. The highest frequency was among adult males and females higher than children. Amoebiasis and Giardiasis (80.7% and 15.7%.respectively) were the commonest species detected while Entrobius. vermicularis (0.9%), Strongyloides. Stercoralis (0.6%) and hookworms (0.9%) were the least common. Conclusion:- Intestinal parasite is not a major public health problem in Maâan governorate. Nevertheless a comprehensive health education program, improvements to environmental sanitation should be developed to keep this health problem under control and activate the role of community nursing to raise community health awareness. Furthermore, a wider survey should be conducted in different health centers in the governorate to obtain a better epidemiological picture of parasitic infection in this region.
 text/html HEALTH BROKEN WOVEN POISSON SPHERES TO MANAGE DEADLY EBOLA INCIDENCES http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.142.153
The deadly infectious Ebola incidences scare not only to the residents of western Africa but also to the travelers and medical professionals who treat the patients, as they became victims. Since 27 July until 13 August 2014 alone, about 2,127 Ebola cases occurred in just four Western African countries: Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone and more than 50% of them died. The mortality is extremely higher. No known medication exists. Though the virus is not airborne spreading, a contact with the patientâs fluids, tissues, or bodies is known to transmit Ebola virus. There had been three categories: Suspected, probable, or confirmed in the collection of Ebola incidences and deaths. Their data are quite informative if they are properly processed and it is exactly the aim of this article. For this purpose, the stochastic nature of the data is probed rationally. The Ebola incidences and deaths in each category exhibit a separate Poisson chance environment and yet, they are connected. Therefore, suitable Poisson models are developed for each category and are then woven together to analyse the entire pertinent data on Ebola incidences and deaths in those four countries. Pictures are worth the thousand words to comprehend non-trivial findings. Hence, innovatively the data analytic concepts for three-dimensional sphere for each country is developed and applied. By superimposing the four spheres (one for each country), this article points out the relative performance of the four countries with respect to the Ebola incidences and deaths together in each category. One country does better than others in one category but poorly in other two categories. A better performance by a country is a reflection of effective prevention and successful medical treatment of Ebola cases.
 text/html LIQUID AND VAPOUR PHASE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS ESSENTIAL OIL = SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED RESPIRATORY TRACT PATHOGENS http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.105.117
Essential Oils (EO) produced by medicinal plants have been traditionally used for respiratory tract infections and are used nowadays as ethical medicines for colds. Although several studies of Eucalyptus Globulus Labill. Essential Oil (EGEO) have been reported, there are no reports describing vapour activity of EGEO against bacterial respiratory tract pathogens. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of the Algerian EGEO against some respiratory tract pathogens by disc diffusion and vapour diffusion methods at different concentrations. Chemical composition of the EGEO was analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Fresh leaves of E. globulus on steam distillation yielded 0.96% (v/w) of essential oil whereas the analysis resulted in the identification of a total of 11 constituents, 1.8 cineole (85.8%), α-pinene (7.2%) and β-myrcene (1.5%) being the main components. By disc diffusion method, EGEO showed potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive more than Gram-negative bacteria. The Diameter of Inhibition Zone (DIZ) varied from 69 mm to 75 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis (Gram +) and from 13 to 42 mm for Enterobacter sp and Escherichia coli (Gram-), respectively. However, the results obtained by both agar diffusion and vapour diffusion methods were different. Significantly higher antibacterial activity was observed in the vapour phase at lower concentrations. A. baumanii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most susceptible strains to the oil vapour with DIZ varied from 38 to 42 mm. Therefore, smaller doses of EO in the vapour phase can be inhibitory to pathogenic bacteria. Else, the DIZ increased with increase in concentration of the oil. There is growing evidence that EGEO in vapour phase are effective antibacterial systems and appears worthy to be considered for practical uses in the treatment or prevention of patients with respiratory tract infections or as air decontaminants in hospital. The present study indicates that EGEO has considerable antimicrobial activity, deserving further investigation for clinical applications.
 text/html CURRENT SCENARIO OF THERAPEUTICS FOR EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.100.104
Currently various countries in Africa, including Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Nigeria, are facing disaster due to Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), which is primarily caused by Ebola virus. 2014 outbreak of Ebola associated viral haemorrhagic fever has 55-60% fatality rate. The incubation period of Ebola is below 21 days; once the appearance of symptoms starts the person will be infective. As there is no specific vaccine, antiviral or drugs for treating Ebola resulting in large number of deaths. Most of the recent outbreaks occurred in remote areas of West Africa. Poverty, lack of awareness, access to health centres, human habitats taking its toll in spreading the disease in large scale. Few nucleotide analogues, protease inhibitors, receptor binding, monoclonal antibodies and anticoagulant therapies are exhibiting promising role in inhibiting the Ebola virus in various (in vitro and in vivo) models.
 text/html OBSERVED HAND WASHING PRACTICES AMONG HEALTH WORKERS IN TWO CRITICAL PAEDIATRICS WARDS OF A SPECIALIST HOSPITAL http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.95.99
Hand washing in between patient care by health workers is the single most important measure against occurrence and spread of nosocomial infections within health facilities. This study was done to observe health workers hand washing practices in two critical Paediatric wards of a specialist hospital. Trained observers observed and recorded health workers hand washing compliance while carrying out their routine patient care. Other information recorded included the time of observation and health workers occupation and rank. Data was fed in to excel spread sheet and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. A total of 150 health workers were observed in this study. There were 116 (77.3%) females and 34 (22.7%) males giving a male: Female ratio of 1: 3.4. There were 86 (57.3%) doctors and 64 (42.7%) nurses. During the period of observation, soap with running water was found in only 39 (26.0%) occasions. Common cotton towel was found in 78.7% of the period of observation as the only available hand drying facility. Doctors hand washing rates before and after patients contact were 17.4 and 64.0% respectively. Doctors hand washing rates before and after simple procedures ranged from 0 to 56.5 and 60.6 to 100% respectively. Nurses hand washing rates before and after simple procedures ranged from 1.3 to 28.6% and 19.7 to 88.4% respectively. Health workers (doctors and nurses) hand washing rates on entering the wards was 4%. Hand washing rate before leaving the wards was 74.7%. Majority of the health workers dried their hands with non-disposable common cotton towels on 72.0% of the occasions. Hand washing rates was very low before patient contact and before simple procedures.
 text/html UTILITY OF A COMBINATION ANTIBIOGRAM FOR TREATING PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.88.94
Empiric combination antibiotic therapy is often used to treat severe P. aeruginosa infections. Combination antibiograms have been employed to assist clinicians in selecting the most effective two-drug antibiotic regimens. The objectives of this study were to develop a combination antibiogram in order to compare beta-lactam monotherapy versus dual-therapy with a fluoroquinolone or aminoglycoside, identify optimal combination regimens, describe the differences between combination therapies with an aminoglycoside versus a fluoroquinolone and to evaluate susceptibility rates based on the source of infection and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or non-ICU location. A retrospective observational study at a Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital in the Southwestern region of the U.S. was conducted. P. aeruginosa isolates were collected between January 2008 and February 2012 in hospitalized veterans. A total of 374 isolates were included, of which 61 (16%) were obtained from the ICU. Susceptibility rates for monotherapy with a beta-lactam ranged from 83.7 to 90.6%. Collectively, all P. aeruginosa isolates benefited in coverage with the addition of a fluoroquinolone or an aminoglycoside to one of the beta-lactams considered for monotherapy (p<0.01 for each comparison). Monotherapy with a beta-lactam could be considered for mild to moderate wound infections which had beta-lactam susceptibility rates greater than 90% and the addition of a fluoroquinolone did not significantly extend the spectrum. Combination susceptibility rates ranged from 89.0 to 99.2%. Dual therapy of a beta-lactam with amikacin or tobramycin resulted in significantly better coverage than with a fluoroquinolone (p<0.03 for all combinations). For severe infections dual therapy with tobramycin or amikacin may be preferred over fluoroquinolones, but the risks versus benefits of aminoglycoside therapy must be weighed for each patient. In conclusion, combination antibiograms are useful for evaluating the treatment of P. aeruginosa. Choosing the ideal antibiotic regimen ultimately deals with many factors and results of this combination antibiogram are only specific to this institution.
 text/html DETECTION OF MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS IN PATIENTS WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.77.83
Mycoplasma hominis is one of the well known genital mycoplasma agent that has been recognized as potentially pathogenic species and associated with various infectious diseases in adult men and woman. The organism could cause pelvic inflammatory disease, postpartum, postabortion fever and pyelonephritis. The Aim of this prospective study was to detemine the occurrence and prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis in patients with urinary tract infections, since they are usually not detected by routine microbiological examination of urine samples in laboratory department. For this purpose, Culture method was to be attempted as the current laboratory methods of choice for detection urogenital mycoplasmas infections. This study was designed as a case-control study in which a total of 100 patients with mean age of the of 42.78±22.49 (95% CI = 39-49.17) in case group as well as a mean age of 48.18±18.81 ((95% CI = 42.83-53.53) in the control group. The patients of both sexes were investigated for the presence of M. hominis and they were admitted to the urology department at asser central hospital in Abha (a city in southwest region of Saudi Arabia), during over a period of one year (February, 2013-March, 2014). A detailed history with specific urinary symptoms and signs was obtained as a result. These patients were divided into two groups: The first group (or case group) and the second group (or control group): The case group, included 50 symptomatic patients who had been admitted in hospital and they were examined for the presence of one or more of the following specific urinary symptoms and signs: Urinary frequency, dysuria, suprapubic/pelvic pain. Unlike the case group, the control group included 50 asymptomatic patients who were free of any specific urinary symptoms and they were matched by the first group for their age index. First voided urine specimens were tested using urine microscopy, culture for M hominis was performed and the isolates were identified serologically by growth inhibition test (disc method). In the case group, 8 cases out of 50 and in control group 1 out 50 were positive for M. hominis infection. The incidence of M. hominis was higher and statistically significant among case symptomatic patients group (8/50, 16%) than control asymptomatic patients group patients (1/50, 2%). On applying tests of significance to the observed data for isolation of Mycolplasma hominis among cases and controls, the values were found to statistically significant. Chi-square test with Yate's correction [?2 4.396; p value 0.036] and the Fisher's exact test (2 tailed) [p value = 0.0309] indicated the relevance of the findings. The Relative Risk (RR) for the occurrence of Mycoplasma hominis infection was estimated to be 8 (95% C.I = 1.0386 -61.6235). The odds ratio was determined to be 0.1071 (95% CI = 0.129-0.892) and the risk ratio was 0.2063 (95% CI = 0.0322-1.3224). This is the first report study for the detection of M hominis in patients with urinary tract infections performed in Saudi Arabia. Infection caused by M hominis was associated with higher incidence rate in patients with symptomatic urinary tract diseases. Further work studies is needed for their rapid detection of these organism in urine samples using other diagnostic methods such as PCR. Further knowledge of the role and the effect of this pathogen in patients with urinary tract infections can be a prospective field of study.
 text/html BEST PRACTICES FOR HAND HYGIENE COMPLIANCE BY HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS IN THE INPATIENT SETTING http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.84.87
This study discusses the strategies that have proven successful in improving adherence to hand hygiene policies among health care providers working in acute care, inpatient settings. Review of literature suggests that while some efforts to improve hand hygiene compliance have focused on environmental engineering other efforts have focused mostly on broad-based educational and motivational initiatives, such as online educational programs and staff training. Both environmental engineering and educational interventions have resulted in improvements in compliance rates, ranging from 25.4 to 97%. Hospitals and healthcare facilities that already use these strategies should continue to do so while evaluating factors that may lead to further improvements. Hospitals and facilities that do not already have these strategies in place should adopt them to help curb the transmission of microbes. These strategies may include random audits, well-written protocols, visual reminders, training for new staff and regular continuing education for current staff.
 text/html THE EFFECT OF DIABETES MELLITUS ON THE CLINICAL AND MICRO-BIOLOGICAL OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.71.76
There is some published evidence which suggests that the clinical outcomes and pathogens associated with Acute Pyelonephritis (AP) differ between diabetics and non-diabetics. However, current guidelines do not make treatment distinctions based on Diabetes Mellitus (DM) status. The objectives of this study were to identify the microbiological and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with AP and investigate differences between patients with and without DM. A retrospective cohort study of adult patients admitted with AP at The Brooklyn Hospital Center was conducted. Patient information was accessed through the hospitals electronic medical record system and patients were identified through primary discharge diagnosis ICD-9 codes for AP within the past three years. Patients were then screened for DM; all DM patients were randomly matched in a 2:1 manner to patients without DM admitted with AP during the same time period. A total of 48 patients were included in this analysis, 16 with DM and 32 without DM. There was a significantly greater median length of stay among diabetics (6 (3-8) Vs. 3 days (2-5), P = 0.02). There was a greater rate of antimicrobial resistance among DM patients, with a significantly greater rate of infection by Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms (MDRO) (4/16 [25%] Vs. 1/32 [3%], P = 0.036). Escherichia coli was the overall most common uropathogen, in 50% of the DM patients and 53% of the non-DM patients. Ceftriaxone monotherapy was the most commonly used empiric regimen in both groups (10/16 [63%] Vs. 19/32 [59%]) and there were similar rates of ceftriaxone sensitivity (8/10 [80%] Vs. 19/19 [100%]). Patients with DM were at greater risk of infection from MDRO and required longer lengths of hospitalization than patients without DM. Further investigation is warranted to guide effective empiric treatment of AP among patients with DM.
 text/html NEWER DRUGS FOR VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS: A REVIEW http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.68.70
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most neglected tropical diseases worldwide. The diagnosis and treatment of this disease is quite complex. Sodium Antimony Gluconate (SAG) which used to be a very effective treatment has now developed resistance and is potentially a cardio-toxic drug. Pentamidine has now been discarded because of adverse effect of diabetes mellitus. Amphotericin-B is an effective drug but can cause nephrotoxicity. Miltefosine is a new oral effective drug which has recently been introduced in the kala-azar elimination program in the Indian subcontinent. Paromomycin is an injectable aminoglycoside which is quite cheap but can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Sitamaquine, an oral antimalarial drug is still in phase-II trial stage. Combination Therapy is been tried with good results. Single dose Ambisome (liposomal Amphotericin-B) though costly is a very good alternative.
 text/html DETECTABLE ANTI-DENGUE VIRUS IGM ANTIBODIES AMONG HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS IN OGBOMOSO, OYO STATE, NIGERIA http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.64.67
Dengue fever is a zoonosis maintained in nature by mosquitoes transmitting virus between non-human primate species, most of which develop clinically in apparent infection. It has been found to be endemic in Africa and beyond. A survey for Dengue virus IgM antibody was carried out in Ogbomoso (urban and rural areas) using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (WKEA Med Supplies Corp, Dengue fever virus ELISA Kit (China),) to determine the seroprevalence and true incidence of dengue virus in Ogbomoso. A total of 186 apparently healthy individuals were recruited into the study. The sera of 93 subjects who consented to participate were collected. The mean age of the subjects tested was 37.6±1.67. Anti-Dengue virus IgM antibodies were found in 16/93, (17.2%). The highest prevalence of anti-Dengue 28.6% was found in persons whose ages were between 0-15 years, males (18.9%), civil servants (26.3%) and urban dwellers (21.3%). The findings from this study show that there is primary infection of this virus in Ogbomoso and suggest the need for preventive and control measures against dengue fever virus.
 text/html EMERGING METRONIDAZOLE RESISTANCE IN ANAEROBES AND MAPPING THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY BEHAVIOUR http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.56.63
In the present study, anaerobic clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica were obtained from different clinical specimens and were subjected to molecular typing to detect the gene encoding metronidazole resistance in these isolates. Subsequently, antibacterial activity of drugs was tested against the selected clinical isolates. A total of 53 clinical isolates involving 18 obligate and 35 facultative anaerobic bacteria were recovered from clinical samples of 67 patients who were suspected to have anaerobic infection. A disk diffusion method was employed to screen for metronidazole-resistance among these isolates. PCR assay was used to detect the metronidazole resistant gene (nim). Susceptibility studies in metronidazole resistant clinical isolates as well as positive controls were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. According to disc diffusion method, of 53 isolates, 21 isolates (39.6%) were found to be metronidazole resistant. Further screening of these isolates with PCR revealed only 13 isolates (24.5%) carry nim gene. Out of which 7 were of B. fragilis, 3 were of Y. enterocolitica, 2 were of E. coli and 1 was of S. aureus. The highest number of metronidazole resistant isolates were found in abscess (7) followed by intra-abdominal infection (5) and bone and joint infection (1). When metronidazole resistant isolates were subjected to screen for the presence of nim gene, all isolates were found to carry nim gene. According to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data, among the tested antibacterial agents, Mebatic emerged as the most active antibacterial against metronidazole resistant isolates of B. fragilis, E. coli, S. aureus and Y. enterocolitica with MIC values 0.125 to 1.0 µg mL-1. Similarly, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST) data also revealed that Mebatic was most efficacious in the metronidazole resistant organisms. From the above results, it is evident that Mebatic has enhanced in vitro antibacterial activity compared to other drugs in metronidazole resistant isolates thus can be a potent antibacterial agent for the treatment of infections caused by metronidazole resistant organisms.
 text/html POST KALA-AZAR DERMAL LEISHMANIASIS WITH ULCERATION ON FOOT: AN ATYPICAL CASE PRESENTATION SUCCESSFULLY TREATED WITH MILTEFOSINE http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.50.55
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-Azar (KA) is highly endemic in the Indian subcontinent particularly in Bihar. Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a known reservoir for leishmania parasites for transmission of VL. The kala-azar elimination program was launched by the government of three countries of the Indian subcontinent in the year 2005, which aims to eliminate kala-azar by 2015 and PKDL by 2018. PKDL diagnosis and management has not been addressed properly. In this case report we have described a case of PKDL with ulcer and atypical presentation who was subsequently diagnosed by demonstration of Leishmania donovani bodies in the skin snips through microscopy, kinetoplast-DNA nested PCR and clinically. The patient was treated with miltefosine capsules in the dose of 50 mg twice-a-day for twelve-weeks and responded completely. This case report assumes great importance as prompt diagnosis and treatment of PKDL is essential in the kala-azar elimination program.
 text/html IDENTIFICATION OF THE BACTERIUM TOMATO STEM CANKER http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.44.49
Diseased tomato samples were collected from green house was evaluated for isolation, pathogenicity and biochemical tests. The symptoms of the infected tomato plants were as sudden wilting after curled on leaves and necrotic streak regions developed at the crown and base of the stem and the cavities deepen and expand up and down, brown discoloration and necrosis occurring on xylem and phloem vasculer. All of ages of tomato plant were susceptible to bacteria when the weather condition favorable and immediately, seen collapse symptom on tomato plant at once fail and die. The bacterium was isolated from diseased plant in all regions on nutrient Agar; a yellow bacterium was isolated from infected tomato plant in green houses and fields in Abu-Ghraib, Rashiedia and Qanat Al-Geiaysh nurseries in Baghdad provinces of Iraq. The bacterium was found gram positive, rod-shaped, non-motile and capable an aerobic growth and based on the morphological and biochemical characteristics revealed that this bacterium belongs to: Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. (smith) pathogenicity and hypersensitivity of the bacterium Cmm showed the disease index were 18.33, 6.66, 16.66, 5, 0% for tomato seedlings were inoculated treatments as the wounding roots, without wounding roots, crown of the stem, petiole and control respectively.
 text/html INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF POTENTOX AGAINST DNA GYRASE OF ENTEROBACTERIACEAE http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.36.43
DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase catalyzes the supercoiling of relaxed closed circular DNA. In this report we evaluated the in vitro inhibitory effect of non antibiotic adjuvant compounds disodium edetate and sodium citrate against supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase. Further, we assessed the effect of different drugs alone and in combination with one or more adjuvants in overcoming FQ resistance. A total of twelve DNA gyrase mutant strains three of each Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were used in the study. MICs of drugs were determined by the agar dilution method following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Potentox was the most active against all the selected mutants of with MIC values ranging 16-32 ?g mL-1. DNA gyrase showed optimum supercoiling activity at 60 mM Mg2+. DNA gyrase inhibition was observed with low concentrations of disodium edetate and 50 and 100% inhibition on DNA gyrase activity was noted at approximately 4.2 and 10 mM disodium edetate. On the other hand, 50 and 100% inhibition of DNA gyrase was found at 65 and 140 mM sodium citrate. Furthermore, results revealed that Potentox inhibited the supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase at half of MIC of drug whereas other comparator drugs except gatifloxacin did not inhibit significantly the supercoiling activity of mutants as well as positive control. Potentox and gatifloxacin inhibited DNA gyrase and supercoiling at lower concentration and were the most effective. Although DNA gyrase from mutants was highly resistant to quinolones but sensitive to Potentox. Based on these results, it can be concluded that Potentox is an effective solution for the treatment of infections caused by fluoroquinolone resistant organism having DNA gyrase mutation.
 text/html PHENOTYPING, VIRULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AEROMONAS SPECIES AND THE EFFECTS OF ESSENTIAL PLANT OILS AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AGAINST PATHOGENIC ISOLATES FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.21.35
Aeromonas species are increasingly recognized as enteric pathogens. Faecal samples from 20 cow, 45 sheep; 60 goat and 60 camels were examined for the presence of Aeromonas species, which was also sought in the available drinking water (55 well water and 52 drinking chlorinated tap water were also examined). Aeromonas species was isolated more frequently from goats (21.7%) than from other animal groups sampled and isolated more frequently from well water (38.2%) than chlorinated supplies (23.0%). A. hydrophilia was the most dominant species isolated from different kinds of samples (13.4%). Whereas A. sobria and A. caviae were isolated in much lower rates 4.7 and 2.1% respectively. There was significant association between the isolation of Aeromonas species from all animal faeces and its presence in drinking water. All isolated strains were examined for the characteristics that are reputed to have roles in pathogenicity. The data reported in this study indicates that the distributions of virulence factors, that regulate the pathogenicity of Aeromonads, are different in clinical and enviromental samples. Aeromonas isolates exhibited multi-drug resistanc amoxicillin, carbenicillin and ampicillin. The most potent antibiotics against Aeromonas species isolated in this study were ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefepime. Essential oils have been tested for in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity. Clove, Olive and Peppermint oil exhibited a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity against all strains used in this study, showed a zone of inhibition ranging from 10.00±0.8 to 14.82±0.41 mm in diameter. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for selected oils ranged from 12.8 to 25.6 mg mL-1. Treatment of mice with essential oil for 15 days led to enhance antibody levels in all treated groups and significant clearance of A. hydrophilia from animals. The treated animals had minimal histopathological changes and lower bacterial loads in the organs examined. In conclusion, these findings indicate that aeromonads have the potential to cause human illness and confirm the role of water as vehicles for Aeromonas diseases. This study also demonstrated that the multi-factorial nature of the diseases and the influence of environmental conditions in the expression of the putative virulence properties. These results suggested the potential value of essential oils as an additional or supporting treatment in gastrointestinal inflammations.
 text/html MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND IMMUNOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE ISOLATED FROM FARM ANIMALS AT TAIF GOVERNORATE http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.1.14
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative enterobacterium that has historically been and currently remains, a significant cause of human disease and several kinds of infections in animals. In the present work, trials for the isolation of Klebsiella pneumoniae from diseased and apparently healthy farm animals (cows, sheep, goats and camels) were done for recognition of Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies. It was noticed that there was a marked variation between incidences of Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies in examined animals as regards to health condition. The frequency was greater among samples collected from diseased animals 25.2% as compared with apparently healthy one 5.5%. It was found that there was great difference between the prevalence of Klebsiella isolated from various animal origins. On biochemical identification Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae was the most prevalent followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. Rhinoscleromatis. Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis was not isolated from apparently healthy animals. The in vitro sensitivity of isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies recovered from different animal species to 23 antimicrobial agents was tested. It was found that were resistance to cefoxitin, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, amoxicillin and ampicillin. The most potent antibiotics showing 100% activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. isolated in this study were imipenem, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, gentamicin and kanamycin. While 96.2% of all examined isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that CPSs of Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies contained wide variety of different molecular weights which ranged from 15.52 kDa to106.29 kDa and gave 10-13 bands. Evaluation of humoral immune response of mice immunized with CPSs was done using ELISA. It was found that the highest immune response was obtained 14 days post 1st dose of immunization with extracted CPSs of the three Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies. When mice were immunized with CPSs of Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies, they were protected against virulent challenge with homologous or heterologous strains, as a result the mortality rates were reduced from 80, 75 and 65 to 5 to 15% of Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis, respectively. Determination of the reisolation rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies from lung, liver and spleen were done on both immunized mice and challenged and on control mice. Histopathological studies have been done on both dead infected non-immunized and immunized mice. Lungs were the main organs that showed macroscopic and microscopic pathological changes. Finally, ELISA has been used for detection of CPSs of Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies antibodies in sera of examined animals. The sensitivity of ELISA using CPSs extracted from Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis was 87.7, 89.0 and 83.6%, respectively. The specificity of this ELISA was 93.4, 92.9 and 93.1%, respectively. ELISA using CPSs antigens could therefore serve as a valuable aid in serodiagnosis of Klebsiella pneumonia.
 text/html PROCALCITONIN AS A MARKER FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF SEPSIS http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.15.20
Sepsis is a critical condition often caused by bacterial infection and associated with death and mortality. The prognosis of this disease depends on early diagnosis and proper treatment. Definite diagnosis of sepsis is positive blood culture and this test needs a long time to perform, so other biochemical parameters such as procalcitonin serum level has been introduced. To determine sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of procalcitonin serum level at first time and 72 h after admission and to compare it with blood culture test for diagnosis of sepsis. Blood sample for blood culture, prepheral blood smear at first time and procalcitonin serum level measuring by semi quantitative method at first and 72 h after admission were sampled. Nine patients had positive blood cultures. Peripheral blood smear was positive in 38 patients, (29 patients: gram stain positive, 6 patients: gram stain negative and 3 patients: both gram positive and gram negative). At first time 76.8% had positive procalcitonin (>0.5 ng mL-1) and after 72 h 65% of patients had positive procalcitonin. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of procalcitonin at the first time were 100, 16,16 and 100% and for procalcitonin after 72 h respectively were 75, 35, 15 and 90%. This study showed that sensitivity of procalcitonin serum level can be used for diagnosis of sepsis. Procalcitonin increased as severity of sepsis and this study suggests high serum level of procalcitonin after 72 h might indicate poor outcome.
 text/html SULFA ALLERGY: CROSS-REACTIVITY VERSUS MULTIPLE CONCURRENT ALLERGIES http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2013.148.154
As a medical resident we have always been taught that there is some sort of cross reactivity between sulfonamide antibiotics and nonantibiotic sulfonamides. Even the manufacturers package inserts contain a precautionary statement about possible Cross-reactivity. The most common approach to this problem is avoidance of all sulfa containing drugs. However, there are few data supporting this contraindication. Thus we may be withholding appropriate therapies from patients unnecessarily. To provide a critical and comprehensive review of literature to explore either cross reactivity between sulfonamide antibiotics and nonantibiotic sulfonamides is a fact or fiction and to present an approach to use nonantibiotic sulfonamides in sulfa allergic patients. A PubMed and general medline search was conducted using the individual names of nonantibiotic sulfonamides. We reviewed all of the available case reports and studies regarding sulfonamide antibiotic cross-reactivity with nonantibiotic sulfonamides. Also reviewed the manufacturers package insert for each nonantibiotic sulfonamide drug for information concerning possible cross-reactivity with sulfonamide antibiotics. Sulfa drug allergy is one word holding the whole cross-reactivity theory in it. It should be obsolete from the medical dictionary. This one word is complicating the medical decision-making. Allergies should not be attributed to classes or groups of drugs unless proven. After reviewing all the available literature we can conclude that assumptions about cross-reactivity are a FICTION.
 text/html CLINICAL AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC RISK FACTORS FOR TUBERCULOSIS IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENTS http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2013.142.147
To identify clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with the risk of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. A case-control study in a cohort of HIV-infected patients. Cases: patients coinfected with HIV and pulmonary or extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Controls: no clinical tuberculosis and PPD negative, matched for age and sex. Primary data were obtained from medical records and personal interviews. We identified 47 cases and 94 controls. The main risk factors identified were: underweight (malnutrition) (BMI ? 18.49), abscence of antiretroviral therapy, CD4 + cells count ? 199 cells/mm3, RNA HIV-1 viral load ? 100,000 copies/mL. Tuberculosis is associated to multiple risk factors in HIV infected patients, clinical factors are more important that sociodemographic ones. CD4+ cells count < 200 cells/µL, malnutrition IMC < 18.9 and RNA HIV-1 viral load > 100,000 copies/mL are associated with tuberculosis in HIV infected patients.
 text/html IN SILICO AND IN VITRO STUDIES: TRYPAREDOXIN PEROXIDASE INHIBITOR ACTIVITY OF METHOTREXATE FOR ANTILEISHMANIAL ACTIVITY http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2013.117.129
In order to understand the mechanism of molecular interactions at the active site of Tryparedoxin Peroxidase (Try P), homology modeling and docking studies were performed. We generated a Three-Dimensional (3D) model of target protein based on the Crystal structure of Leishmania Major Try PI (PDB ID: 3TUE) using modeler software. Docking analysis was carried out to study the effects of methotrexate on Tryparedoxin Peroxidase (Try P). Inhibition of the Tryparedoxin peroxidase interaction has become a new therapeutic strategy in treating leishmaniasis. Docking analysis was carried out to study the effects of methotrexate on Tryparedoxin Peroxidase (TryP). Tryparedoxin peroxidase of Trypanosomatidae family functions as antioxidant through their peroxidase and peroxynitrite reductase activities. The theoretical docking study, conducted on a sample previously reported for anti-cancer properties of Methotrexate at the binding site of 3D models of Tryparedoxin Peroxidase of Leishmania braziliensis (L. braziliensis Try P) examine interaction energy. Our studies indicate that Methotrexate displays potent activity against Try P with lowest binding energy and RMSD values to be -14.5879 Kcal/Mol and 2.0 A. The results of the present study clearly demonstrated the Tryparedoxin Peroxidase inhibitory activity by methotrexate in in silico docking analysis and in vitro assay which contributes towards understanding the mechanism of antileishmanial activity.
 text/html THE NEW SETTLERS: RESULTS OF A BACTERIOLOGICAL SURVEY DURING THE FIRST 6-MONTHS OPERATION PERIOD OF AN INTERNAL MEDICINE WARD IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2013.136.141
During the first six months of operating a new Internal-medicine ward in a tertiary hospital, a prospective survey, tracking both patient and environment bacteriological samples taken, was conducted. The motive behind the study was to establish the pattern in which environmental colonization is transmitted to the hospitalized patients, and vice versa, thus defining the nosocomial pathogens that are typical to the ward. That information can be used to guide empirical antibiotic treatment. Patient sampling was done on clinical grounds whereas environmental cultures were systematically acquired from different surfaces around the ward. 6-months results analysis suggest that clinically guided culture rates were tightly associated with volume of patients admitted, with no such association demonstrated between volume of cultures taken and rate of positive results, except for urine cultures. Regarding environmental sampling, we demonstrated no benefit in taking empirical, surface samples for common nosocomial pathogens. Our findings could further improve future resources allocation with regard to infection control and clinical bacteriology routines in newly established internal medicine wards.
 text/html ANTIBIOTIC USAGE IN INTENSIVE CARE UNITS OF TABRIZ IMAM REZA HOSPITAL, 2011 http://www.thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajidsp.2013.130.135
Drug therapy is one of the most important factors in providing community health. In a proper selection of an antibiotic for curing an infection, the kind of infective agent and its sensitivity to the utilized drugs must be regarded. The patients whom are admitted in ICUs are 5 to 7 folds more vulnerable to infection. The studies has been done in past decades have shown various amounts of inappropriate antibiotic use. The files of 234 patients whom were admitted during 6 months in ICUs (Surgery, Neurosurgery, Neurology and Pulmonary diseases) of Imam Reza Hospital of Tabriz County studied for manner of antibiotic therapy, antibiotic changes during therapy, number of prescribed antibiotics 64% of patients were male and 36% were female. Average age of patients was 43.9±23.9 years. The most admission of patients was in Surgery ICU (69.2%). The most prescribed antibiotic was Cephalosporin family and ceftriaxone was the most utilized antibiotic. In 59.7% of patients, the antibiotics were prescribed empirically and in 35% of cases antibiotics changed during treatment. 28.1% of cases treated with monotherapy while others treated with combination therapy. In 61% of cases, the prescribed antibiotics were inappropriate with final diagnosis of patients. The majority of antibiotics were prescribed according to physicians clinical experiment and combination therapy is used much more than monotherapy.


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Supermodel Chrissy Teigen, fresh off her FIRST Sports Illustrated cover, dishes about life as the world's most beloved Tweeter, her marriage to one of the hottest men in music and more. Now she wants you to 'Drink Up!' Tune in to see why.
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Joyce Pensato: I KILLED KENNY
January 24–April 13
Joyce Pensato: I KILLED KENNY—the artist's first museum survey—brings together recent work with seminal earlier pieces. The exhibition features a monumental site-specific mural as well as charcoal drawings and …
Taipei, Taiwan – GlacialLight, the lighting division of GlacialTech Inc., is attending GuangZhou International Lighting Exhibition in Guangzhou, China on June 9th to 12th, 2014 to showcase its energy efficient lighting products and introduce its latest surface mounted down lights, bay lights, and LED panel lights. GlacialTech invites all to visit the company's booth at the China Import and Export Fair Complex, Hall 11.2, booth B10.
Date: 09-12 June, 2014
Venue: China Import and Export Fair Complex, Guangzhou
GlacialTech Booth: Hall 11.2, # B10
LED Panel Lights
Visitors will get a chance to get a sneak peek at the upcoming square panel lights from GlacialLight. Available in 18 and 24 centimeter sizes, these all-new surface mounted panel lights offer new buildings modern, energy efficient illumination and an easy replacement for old-style fluorescent lighting.
50W Bay Lights
GlacialLight's latest 50W Arcturus Series low bay lights will be on display. These artistically designed bay lights offer smooth diffused illumination for retail stores, restaurants, and homes. Philips Luxeon technology provides even light while a cool blue ring that glows when the GL-BL50 bay light is turned on gives a touch of style to indoor spaces.
Surface Mounted Down Lights
GlacialLight's 6 and 8 inch surface mounted down lights are circular in shape and offer unobtrusive, easy to install lighting to any indoor environment. With AC and DC versions available, the 12W DL06-SM and the 18W DL08-SM lights are electrically compatible with worldwide power standards. Available in a variety of configurations and with direct or pendant rod attachment, these versatile down lights are perfect anywhere clean design is appreciated.
GlacialPower LED Drivers
At the GlacialTech booth there will also be GlacialPower LED drivers on display. GlacialPower offers a full range of efficient LED drivers with features such as active Power Factor Correction and IP-67 waterproof protection. GlacialPower will show the new GL-DA02 DALI interface converter. The GL-DA02 converts international DALI standard to a full range of analog dimming signals for flexible and precise indoor lighting control.
Component Kits
GlacialTech component kits enable customers to design custom lighting products. These semi-knocked-down kits can be used in all GlacialLight products and make cost-effective local assembly possible. Components available include: GlacialLight LED lighting modules and lenses; GlacialPower LED drivers; and GlacialTech LED thermal heat sinks.
Besides new products, GlacialLight will exhibit its existing product lineup, including its robust IP-rated down lights, bay lights, energy-efficient LED drivers featuring active PFC, and flood lights. GlacialLight products are known for their environmentally friendly design and versatility, with each model coming in a variety of configurations to suit customer needs.
About GlacialTech
GlacialTech, established in June 2001 and based in New Taipei City (Taiwan), is the parent company of several brands that provide cooling, LED driver, and LED lighting solutions for both consumer and industrial market segments. The company leverages world-class engineering, efficient manufacturing and highest-quality materials to provide innovative products defined by an elegant style. Please visit the company homepage at www.GlacialTech.com
M – Museum Leuven presents Isabelle Cornaro an exhibition on view April 18–August 3, 2014.
The installations, casts and films by Isabelle Cornaro (b. 1974, France) evince an interest in the way our perspectives are historically …
Animation director and artist Charles Martin "Chuck" Jones (1912—2002) brought to life some of the most iconic cartoon characters in animation history. He perfected the wisecracking Bugs Bunny and the exasperated Daffy Duck and created …
The National Gallery in London presents Veronese: Magnificence in Renaissance Venice an exhibition on view now through 5 June 2014.
Veronese's paintings are magnificent visions of opulence, spectacle and colour. Having once adorned churches, palaces, villas …
The Fruitmarket Gallery presents Tania Kovats Oceans an exhibition on view through 25 May 2014, a major solo exhibition of the work of British artist Tania Kovats. Kovats's practice encompasses sculpture, installation and large-scale time-based …
The Phillips Collection presents Made in the USA an exhibition on view through AUGUST 31, 2014.
The Phillips Collection has celebrated American art and artists since it opened to the public in 1921 as America's first …
CAPC Contemporary Art Museum Bordeaux presents Procession A Story within the Exhibition on view through November 16, 2014.
Julie Maroh, author of the highly acclaimed comic strip Blue is a Warm Colour, is seizing the CAPC …
The Nassau County Museum of Art presents Garden Party an exhibition on view now through July 6, 2014.
In Garden Party, the curators have assembled a bouquet of paintings illustrating the appeal of flowers in …
The 12th Guangzhou HOSFAIR will be held on June 26-28, 2014 in the China Canton Fair complex. The fair is organized by The Asia Pacific Hotel Supplies Association, GHM Hotel General Manager Association, specialty Coffee …
The Museum of Contemporary Art Australia (MCA) announces its 2014 Exhibition Program.
MCA Collection: New Acquisitions in Context 2013 (12 December 2013–23 February 2014) showcases a cross-section of newly acquired Australian and international contemporary art alongside …
Ullens Center for Contemporary Art (UCCA) announces 2014 exhibition schedule
Xu Zhen: A MadeIn Company Production
19 January–20 April
Ji Dachun: Without a Home
19 January–11 May
Art Post-Internet
1 March–11 May
Lee Mingwei: Sonic Blossoms
26 April–20 May
Hans van Dijk: 5,000 Names
24 …


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Obvious Exits Are:
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Dennis is a town in NJ – go left to go to Dennis, NJ -
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Good-bye Plastic, Hello Phone: Mobile Wallets On The Rise
When it comes time to pay, retailers may scan a bar code on the phone, consumers may tap their device on a reader or they may do nothing at all as the register and phone communicate automatically using near field communication technology. Regardless of the method, consumers are often free to go their way without swiping a card, entering a PIN or signing a receipt.
According to a 2012 survey conducted by the Carlisle & Gallagher Consulting Group, 48 percent of respondents expressed interest in mobile wallet technology. Not surprisingly, younger consumers between the ages of 18-50 and those in households earning more than $50,000 a year were most interested in these mobile apps.
Mobile payments mean more money spent
Although mobile wallets haven't caught on to the same extent as, say, texting and tweeting, that hasn't stopped retailers and payment processors from seeing dollars signs when looking to the future.
Technology consulting firm Gartner was reported in CNN Money as estimating mobile payments will be a $617 billion market in 2016, compared to $171.5 billion in 2012. In addition to an overall increase in the amount of purchases being made via mobile payments, retailers can also look forward to more spending from consumers using contactless methods.MasterCard Advisors discovered spending increased an average of 30 percent in the 12 months after an individual first used a contactless payment. For those in the highest spending category, that's $600 more a month that shifted to contectless payments.
Retailers and credit card companies compete for market shareMobile wallets have attracted the attention of businesses large and small. Some retailers, such as Dunkin Donuts and Starbucks, have launched mobile wallet apps specifically for their stores. Others, including the Google Wallet app, allow users to load multiple credit cards that can be used at a variety of stores both online and in-person.
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Full CoverageBreaking News
Upcoming event: March For BabiesUPDATED 12:38 PM CDT Apr 18, 2014
KCCI 8 News at Noon interview for the event May 10 at the DMACC campus in Ankeny.Video Transcript
Dimes...one in nine babies is born prematurely each year ...and that can trigger a life time of health issues. March for Babies is an event to help raise awareness and funds .. And one family is here to encourage us all to participate..Mik e and Melissa Vogel..who know first hand the complications of an early birth.
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In October of 2008, an L.A. Times journalist asked Nafie Ali Nafie, then a top advisor to Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir, whether he felt any regret over personally torturing opposition activists in the early 90s, when Nafie was head of country's internal intelligence service and Sudan was a hardcore Islamist state that sheltered Osama Bin Laden. "In his characteristic style," reporter Edmund Sanders wrote, "Nafie expressed no regrets, saying opposition activists at the time were planning counter-coups and civil war."
"We were there to protect ourselves," he said with a shrug. "Definitely we were not there to play cards with them.'"
It should come as no shock that a man like Nafie would have such a flippant attitude towards torture. He has dedicated his entire career to propagating such cruelties: According to that same article, Nafie was in charge of the government's "Darfur portfolio" at some points in the decade-long conflict. He is still a high-ranking adviser to Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir, who has been indicted by the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity. "His central role in orchestrating the Darfur genocide is well-known," writes longtime Sudan researcher and activist Eric Reeves, "[and] indeed is even acknowledged by Nafie himself."
What should come as a shock, though, is that in late April, Nafie was officially invited to head a high-level Sudanese delegation that will visit Washington, D.C. sometime this year. Girifna, Sudan's web-savvy and pan-political anti-government movement, was quick to question the invitation:
The man the Obama Administration will be speaking with has blood on his hands, quite literally. As one of the most brutal members of the National Islamic Front regime and head of the National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) in the 1990′s, Nafie masterminded a savage campaign of torture and killing in compounds known as "Ghost Houses." Thousands of people were tortured and hundreds disappeared in a campaign that saw the annihilation of voices of dissent. Leaders of civil society and professional and student unions were persecuted under his direct orders. He himself is known to have tortured individuals directly.
The US government must understand that the NCP has lost all legitimacy and has never represented the Sudanese people. Rather, it represents a tiny cabal of individuals that have exploited us, killed hundreds of thousands of our innocent brothers, sisters, sons, daughters, fathers, mothers, and continues to commit mass atrocities and crimes against humanity until this day. The regime of Omar al-Bashir has proved itself unwilling to accept the rule of law, or implement any of the myriad agreements it has signed with the various armed groups and the civilian opposition.
The only agenda this regime has is the continuation of its stranglehold on power.
Even so, the U.S.'s strategy is easy to see here. The Obama administration has undoubtedly taken note of, for instance, Sudanese foreign minister Ali Karti's denunciations of the country's willingness to let Iranian warships dock at Port Sudan, as well as rumors about Omar al-Bashir's poor health. Now is an ideal time to make tensions within Sudan's notoriously compartmentalized state structure work to the U.S.'s benefit -- in a best case scenario, Nafie could deliver a clean break from the Iranians, and maybe even a partial opening of Khartoum's ongoing humanitarian blockade of war-torn Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile states. Even better, U.S. officials would have an inside track on what's sure to be a chaotic and highly-opaque succession process within the ruling National Congress Party -- Bashir says he's stepping down in 2015.
And there's an even larger strategic interest at stake here: as recounted in Rebecca Hamilton's indispensable Fighting for Darfur, successive U.S. administrations have simply failed to get Sudan right. The George W. Bush administration was willing to exchange a major diplomatic upgrade for a resolution to the country's decades-long north-south civil war; thanks to Khartoum's atrocities in Darfur and the resulting public outcry in the U.S., those plans were put on hold. Obama followed a similar template by appointing a Sudan envoy who pursued a more conciliatory path with the regime. Khartoum let the South secede relatively incident-free in 2011, creating the independent state of South Sudan. But fresh atrocities in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile, along with Khartoum's support for the terrorist organization Hamas and close relations with Iran, made a full restoration of diplomatic ties just as untenable as before.
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-Fits the iPod very well.- -Price was very good.- -Does not add a bunch of bulk to the iPod like so many other cases/covers.- -Didn't have the terrible chemical smell like other covers I have purchased.- -On the rear of the case some of the stiching was crooked, but not a big deal.- It's a decent case ... Read more
+ Good fit and finish + Even stitch lines + Stylish leather texture, smooth feel during handling + Case doesn't add too much thickness to the Ipod - Device still feels slim to handle + Chrome accents in the back are a nice touch + Front facing camera not disturbed (see my images) - Case covers 40% of ... Read more
· Leather seems real and durable · As well as its sewing · Love the space that separates the screen from touching any surface · Have a protective film, this doesn't affect fitting · Carefully (so you don't bend the connector) you can dock it on SKU 42361, like I do! · Charging ... Read more
Well made, seems and feels like a quality product, ive seen worse stuff sold in stores for 5x the price. Tight fit, leather will "mold" in couple of weeks after use. No fear of ipod falling out, allso does not cover the display making the buttons hard to press, i love this! Can be used with ... Read more
My iPod Touch 4G fits perfetly in this case. Even after applying screen-protector there was no problems with placing device into case. Size and position of device's details matches with the real player. I don't think I can find another good case for this money. I hope my iPod is now protected from angry ... Read more
Fundamental element for protecting the ipod touch 4 mainly to shock or to transport.- Fits perfectly to your body.- Seems an original & distinguished complement.- Not interfere with any button or command.- It is built with high quality material.- It feels really comfortable in the hand.- Only at ... Read more


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NASHVILLE, Tenn. (WVLT) – The Tennessee Bureau of Investigation has added a middle Tennessee man to the state's most wanted list.
Deterines Cortae "Weeda" Cathey, 24, of Columbia, is wanted for Murder in Aid of Racketeering in connection with a 2009 homicide that occurred in Columbia.
In December 2013, Cathey was captured by the US Marshal's Fugitive Task Force after being on the Most Wanted List for his involvement in an October 2013 incident that occurred in Columbia. He was charged by the Columbia Police Department for various felony charges which included Aggravated Assault.
Currently, he is out on bond for those charges. The October incident is unrelated to the current charge from the FBI.
Cathey is a convicted felon and he is considered dangerous. He is a confirmed "Kitchen Crips" gang member.
Anyone with information on the whereabouts of Deterines Cortae Cathey, aka "Weeda" is urged to call TBI at 1-800-TBI-FIND (1-800-824-3463). Additionally, the FBI, Maury County Sheriff's Office and the Columbia Police Department will accept information from the public regarding Cathey's whereabouts. There is a $1,000 reward for information leading to his arrest.
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And shepherds we shall be, for thee my lord for thee. Power hath decended forth from thy hand so our feet may swiftly carry out thy command. And we shall flow a river forth to thee and teeming with souls shall it ever be. In nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti.
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Eliminated contestants from this season are given the opportunity to cook their way back into the competition. Then, the remaining contestants must prepare a perfect salmon dish that the judges and current contestants will judge in a blind taste test. The contestant whose dish earns the most votes wins a spot back in the MASTERCHEF kitchen.
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This is black and white me i was thinking about something when this pic was taken but i honestly cant remember what it was.
This is not the best pic of me but it shows my long hair.
This was taken at the track in Saratoga. I was at a company party.
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text:
Prayer Circles
|Read Prayers.
4/27/2002 12:10
Dear pun82224, I know you don't have anyone to call you Mom,but you are still a Mom and always will be to your sons as well as to others. I'm deeply sorry for your losses! I'm so sorry for your ongoing sorrow! I hope you also have so many good memories to reflect on. Please know that I care, and your sons will not be forgotten! You will remain in my thoughts and prayers as will your 2 boys! Barbara
4/27/2002 13:57
Hello pun82224, your post is so sad, it breaks my heart. I will never know the pain that you experience losing both your boys, it must be so very difficult to live with each and everyday. Losing one child is devastating enough, but losing two in incomprehensible to me, I don't think I could handle it very well either. But as Barbars says, you WILL always be a Mom, the love that you and your boys shared is still there, and I know how sad they must be to see their mom in so much pain still. Please know that I care, as do the other moms, and your boys will never be forgotten as Barbars says, they live on still in your heart, in the wonderful memories they left for you and others that their lives touched, and one day you will see them again. We all care for you here, and our continued prayers for you, God love you,
4/28/2002 12:45
4/28/2002 12:49
4/28/2002 13:06
Hello pun, I'm so happy that you posted back again. Your son's Anniversary coming up must be so very hard on you, these special days always are so hard to deal with. They can plunge us right back to the day that they passed away, and all the bad memories that go with it. I know you gave him life, pun, but he must have been in a great deal of pain himself, to have wanted to end it, God love him. Now his pain is over, and he's resting in God's arms, and still watching over his much loved mom.
4/28/2002 19:21
Dear papabear1701:
4/28/2002 19:39
Dear pun82224:
4/29/2002 11:08
Dear pun82224, Please know that you never have to apologize to any of us here in the prayer circle for sharing your feelings. Your posting sounded so sad and I know we've all been there before. My heart aches for your losses and I'm sure you will always have alot of questions about each of your sons' deaths. I think as a mother, we want so much to understand what happened to our children and often we feel guilty no matter how their life ended. We feel like we should always be there to protect them and keep them safe. But we also know in our minds that we can't always do that, so you need to let go of the guilty feelings and reflect on the many good times you shared. I know myself,guilt goes along with the death of a loved one, but your loved one would not ever wish that for you.As Sandy said , your son was in alot of pain and now he is at peace. Believe me it was difficult to hear that when I lost my son; I wanted him here with us. I still do! But I have grown to believe he is okay and in a much better place. I also believe we'll be together again someday and that he watches over me and our family. He is never really far!!
4/29/2002 12:10
Tammy and Sandy, My e-mail is email@example.com . I wanted to keep in touch with everyone in case Beliefnet dissolves. I also have Jason's memorial at americanmemorials.com under Jason E. Ward. I had purchased that memorial and have been very pleased with it and their staff has always been very helpful
4/29/2002 14:00
Hello Barbara, (Babbs), your post and Tammy's to Pun was so loving and kind, I know both must of helped her out in some very touching way. Thanks for sharing your e-mail address, I hope as does everyone else that Beliefnet continues, but just in case, it's nice to be able to still correspond with each other in the event something does happen. Mine is email@example.com
4/30/2002 03:00
Dear Pun82224 ~ My heart goes out to you at this time. Special days are always hard to get through. Please know that everyone here wish they could take your pain away; but none of us can. All we can do is pray and ask God to make the pain you are feeling a little easier to bear. Having lost two sons, Lord, there's no wonder you are hurting so! Please know that we are here for you, to help you get through these valley days. I will keep you in my heartfelt prayers!
4/30/2002 03:22
Hello Everyone! ~ I have really missed all of you so much. Healthwise, I hope I am doing better. I go for my checkup
4/30/2002 03:54
Dear Pun82224, ~ I couldn't go to bed until I visited both of your son's memorial site. Please know I will keep you in my prayers. I am so very sorry about the loss of both of your sons. This has to be so hard on you! Please, don't give up! Your boys want you to move on and seek joy in this life! We know that we will see them again someday! That alone is such a blessing! The hard part for us is to learn how to move on, in spite of the pain we will always have to deal with. It may not seem like it, but the prayers that we pray for each other really does help us get through those valley days. :) You have every right to express your grief in any way that you choose to; and as often as you wish! I believe it helps to get some of that grief out! It is always safe to say what you feel here. Just remember that all of us will be praying hearfelt prayers for you during these valley days, as well as in the days, weeks, months, and years ahead. May God keep you in His care!
4/30/2002 14:31
Hello Verna, nice to see you back, and I know that Pun will appreciate your prayers also! With all of us praying for her, I know it's going to make a very unbearable day a little easier, but Pun, if you feel sad and want to shed many tears, that's alright, everybody grieves in their own way, and as I said to you, I just can't imagine losing two children, you're a lot stronger than you think, you've made it this far, and I know with God's help, you'll make it a lot farther! Much prayers and love,
4/30/2002 16:26
Hi Sandy,Tammy,Verna and everyone,I haven't been able to post.I don't know if i will ever be the same again.I lost my baby brother Thursday morning.He died about 6 in the morning.He had never been sick.My sister in law called me while i was getting ready for work.He had fell in the bathroom.She had called 911.They worked on him but it didn't do any good.They took him to the hospital where they pronounced him dead.He was only 48.God i can't take any more.I feel like i am going to die.I am so empty inside.He was my little Bubba.I love all my family but Moma died when he was two and it was me and him left.Daddy had to work so i practically raised him.I loved him so much.First my daughter and now my baby brother.I know they say God doesn't give you more than you can handle but i don't know.I am not handling it very well.It hurts so bad.I can't eat,i can't sleep.I am going to try to go back to work tomorrow.Please pray for me because right now i just don't know what to do.I love you all.Barb(my email is firstname.lastname@example.com Please forgive me if i don't always answer right away.I just have no desire to do anything.And also my brother is buried behind my daughter.So now i can at least visit them together.God help me and take away this awful pain.I just can't deal with it.Barb( i am also sorry,i did not read all the post but know i do care.)
4/30/2002 19:20
Barb, I'm so very sorry that you have lost your brother. I know this must be devastating for you and your whole family. My heart is heavy for you. Please know that you are in my thoughts and prayers. I pray to God to give you the strength you will need to get through this very difficult time now. My love to you, Barbara
4/30/2002 19:33
Dear Babbs (Miss Barbara):
4/30/2002 19:43
Dear Shaner (Miss Sandy):
4/30/2002 19:54
Dear LOVE2U (Miss Verna):
4/30/2002 20:17
Dear eudora (Miss Barb):
4/30/2002 20:39
Our dearest Barb (eudora), I am so very, very sorry to read about your baby brother passing on, so suddenly and so young too. My heart goes out to you in this fresh pain. Just let yourself grieve, you're still dealing with Carol's passing, and now your brother's. Lean heavily on God, and please know that He IS there for you in your pain. He'll see you through this in time, but you take all the time you need. Concentrate on yourself right now, take care of yourself, and you know we all love you and send our thoughts and prayers out to you. God bless you, Barb, and know that we all care,
4/30/2002 20:59
Hello Tammy! You're such a sweetheart, I love your posts and everyone else's just as much as you like mine! I love this Circle, and I love all the special people here, especially the ones who have become 'regulars'. This Circle is a labour of love for me, as Barbara (Babbs) said, it's a way of releasing my own pain, it's therapeutic for me, and in my own little way, hopefully I can give back some of the blessings that I've received since I lost my Shane. You, Barbara, Verna, Barb, Pun, Yvonne, and everybody else, (I apologize if I've forgotten your name, it's my memory, not for lack of praying for you and loving you too), all your posts inspire me, and give me much needed strength to continue on my own Journey, and in the process, hopefully help others out, that's what we're all here for. Oh, I can't wait to receive the package, I know I'm going to love it, I hope there's lots of pictures in it! And once you get the rolls of film developed, I would be so happy to receive some more! I live about a 5 hour drive from Buffalo, so not all that far, maybe one day we could meet in person. I would love to meet all of you in person, what a lovely thought that is for me! Now Tammy, I'll be counting the days until the mailman delivers my pckg., and mine to you is on the way shortly also. I also had to wait to develop some film! I would be so honoured if all the moms here would consider sending me pics of their child, and themselves, I have a shelf with children on it already who have gone to Heaven, I would love to add all of your's to it! Tammy, you're an inspiration to all of us, you've been extraordinarily blessed with a keen insight into how we feel, and I know I speak for everyone when I say how special we all think you are! Much love and prayers to you and your family, and I ask Our Heavenly Father to watch over all of you, tell Kaitlyn that I'm very excited to be getting her pictures!
4/30/2002 21:36
Dear Sandy:
5/1/2002 02:22
I feel so blessed to have found this site......this is my first pray request. I lost my sweet son Keith 3 years ago and things are just terrible with my husband and i of 35 years.....he is so angry and bitter and is shuting me out of his life. We have a 19 year old son and he hasnt been to Church, youth groups, since his brother got killed. He isnt going anywhere since he lost his brother and really his Dad too. He needs pray to get back to God and he also smokes pot.....which he needs prays for too. I am feeling so empty and lost and hopeless right now and I need the power of pray. Thank you everyone and blessing to each of you.
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Has problems James J 02/12/2008
My Uncle Dennis Worthington 02/12/2008
My marriage Kat Mounce 02/12/2008
A good friends mother, who has cancer everyone who needs prayer universal 02/12/2008
Pray for Michelle and Carlos N. 07/08/2008
"This prayer is to help us sell our home."
Pray for Donald H. 07/07/2008
"The love of my life has cancer."
Pray for Amanda B. 07/06/2008
"Please pray for my daughter and her unborn child."
Pray for Janice A. 07/05/2008
"One of my most favorite people in the whole world needs your prayers today. Please spread this and include Janice in your daily prayer."
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text:
LAWS6892 - Taxation of Mergers and Acquisitions
The unit will focus on the tax issues arising on the takeover or re-organisation of a corporation. Unique and complex tax issues arise for the corporation, its existing shareholders and, in the case of a takeover, its acquirer. These issues will influence the method of effecting the transaction, the method of financing it and indirectly the price paid.
For takeovers, the unit will examine the impact of a takeover on the various tax attributes of the target company, the computation of its income in the year of change, the recovery of its losses and the limits on losses available to shareholders because of the anti-duplication rules. We also consider how the tax system might influence the method of financing the takeover. The unit will also examine the impact for shareholders and the corporation of undertaking the merger of two or more corporations.
The unit will also examine the impact for shareholders, intermediaries and the corporation of the de-merger of a corporation from a group of corporations. For reconstructions, the unit will examine the impact for shareholders and the corporation of selected transactions: conversion into corporate form, change of corporate form and the re-capitalisation of a corporation.
Semester 2 Intensive
10-12 & 15,16 September 2014
The timetable is subject to frequent changes. Please refer to the latest version of the Postgraduate Timetable.
- 1 x 3,000 Word Assignment (30%)
- 1 x 2 Hour Exam (70%)
LAWS 6030 - Corporate Taxation
Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
You can credit this unit towards Continuing Professional Development (CPD). Units of study that are part of Sydney Law School's Postgraduate Program meet the necessary Mandatory Continuing Legal Education (MCLE) of the Law Society of New South Wales and the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) requirements of the New South Wales Bar Association. You may complete this unit of study by enrolling on a non-degree basis or on an audit basis only with no assessment via Single Unit Study.
Courses this unit is available in
Master of Laws | Graduate Diploma in Law | Master of Global Law | Master of Business Law | Master of Taxation | Graduate Diploma in Taxation | Master of International Taxation


text:
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|Challenge Issuer
|Challenge Name
|Father, Real Father
|Challenge Type
|Personal Challenge
|Movies > James Bond
|"And you're quite sure that he's the father?"
"No doubt whatever."
"How many does that make?"
"I'm sorry, I'm afraid that I've lost count."
"Very well. Get the legal department to handle any child support claims," said M, "Oh, and ask 007 to step in please, I think it's time we talked about that vasectomy again..."
The usual "real father" plot, the difference is that the real father is
(a) the world's greatest secret agent and
(b) not exactly a caring parent.
Almost anyone in the Buffyverse can be the child - Bond's career in fiction began in 1953 with mention of a career in World War 2, so his children could include Giles, Joyce, Hank Summers or Nikki Wood as well as the usual Buffyverse suspects. Or take a look at the first version of the film Casino Royale, starring David Niven, maybe everyone in the Buffyverse is related to him!
|Challenge Date
|6 Jun 04
|Last Updated
|13 Jan 10