text:
The portrayal of the East vs. the West in Lady Mary Montagu's Letters and Emily Ruete's Memoirs.
AFTER THE PUBLICATION OF Edward Said's Orientalism (1978), a great deal of controversy emerged that basically dealt with the West's elitist outlook and misrepresentation of the East. Very few studies concentrated on the other trend that embodied positive ideas. Some Western writers actually glorified the East and even considered it superior to the West. Geoffery Nash's study, From Empire to Orient: Travellers to the Middle East 1830-1926 (2005) falls into such a category. The author argues that the picture is more complex than the one previously proposed by Said who has mainly based his arguments on the Western 'hostile corpus.' (1) Nash points to the Spirit of the East (1838), [written by the First Secretary at the British Embassy in Istanbul, David Urquhart (1805-1877)] as a pioneering work in this trend. Thus, for Nash, Urquhart stands as a 'discursive instability within Orientalism." There was also a woman who lived before Urquhart who could be considered, the pioneer in her views toward the East; namely Lady Mary Montagu (1689-1762). Many critics of Montagu focused on Montagu's presumed lesbianism or licentious description of the seraglio. However, Montagu made various insightful and important comparisons between the West and the East, whether in the manners of people and habits, or in issues like slavery and women's rights.
I would also like to point out some commonalities between Montagu's views and Emily Ruete's (1844-1924) Memoirs (1880s), which is the first known autobiography of an Arab woman. Ruete or Sayyda Salme, being an Arab Muslim princess living in Zanzibar, was the daughter of Sultan Said bin Sultan Al-Busaid of Oman (1791-1856). She stated her observations of Zanzibar and Oman between 1850 and 1865. The Arab princess, who later converted to Christianity to marry a German merchant, lived the rest of her life in Germany, criticized both the German and British societies.
Ruete knew English as she was hosted by an English family in Aden upon leaving Zanzibar. She also quoted two English writers in her book in relation to the issue of slavery and she herself visited England in the midnineteenth century to up with meet her brother, Sultan Barghash (1837-1888).
In order to understand the importance of Montagu and Ruete, one has to briefly examine the prevalent Western attitudes toward the East and Islam before the 18th century. After the fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman leader Mohammed II (1432-1481) in 1453, Islam was seen as a threat and its prophet an impostor. Christian Protestantism, for instance, considered the Pope and the Turk as the two arch-enemies of Christ and his Holy Church, and if the "Turk is the body of Anti Christ, the Pope is the head." (2) As a matter of fact, Islam as a religion was identified with the shortcomings of the Catholic Church (being the opposite image of pure Christianity). Martin Luther (1483-1546) believed that the one "who fights against the Turks ... should consider that he is fighting an enemy of God and a blasphemer of Christ, indeed, the devil himself." (3) But in reality, the Turks were used as touchstones in the conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the sense that each party used the atrocities of its opponent in comparison to the Turks. In some eases, the Turks were favoured to other Christian sects since the former practised more religious tolerance. In other cases, Islam was not seen as a revealed and separate religion but a deviation of Christian belief because both religions carded similar noble values and high ethical standards. For instance, Thomas Carlyle wrote in a letter sent to Ralph Waldo Emerson that Islam was a kind of "bastard Christianity." (4)
Generally speaking, the term 'Turk' was used pejoratively in Europe. It was well known to be attributed to any Muslim but it also took other meanings starting from the sixteenth century, including "a cruel, rigorous, or tyrannical man; any one behaving as a barbarian or savage; one who treats his wife hardly; a bad-tempered or unmanageable man." (5) Thus, Arabs, Muslims, and the 'Unspeakable Turk' all referred to a menace.
In the same respect, the East, specifically Turkey, was thought to be a despotic state that forced its citizens to follow irrational rigid rules in life stemming from the exotic teaching of Islam. As a matter of fact, the term 'despotic' was first linked to the East by a Venetian Ambassador, describing the Ottoman regime as 'the most immoderate ... absolute and despotic." (6)
On the other hand, a new European interest in the East was seen in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in terms of commerce. The discovery of trade routes affected the relationship between the East and the West. Some Western commercial companies began to establish offices in the East, like the Muscovy Company (1555) and its Persian trade, or the Levant Company (1581) with its commerce in the Near East, and the East India Company (1600) and its trades in the Far East. Consequently, more channels of communication were opened "from the reports of commercial factors, travelling merchants, official envoys, and ambassadors." (7) Besides, the general attitude toward the Turks altered with the increasing weakness of the Ottoman Empire specifically after signing the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, when the Ottomans retained the Hungarian Banat, which they lost only 19 years later. Instead of viewing Turkey as a serious threat, Europe took a more lenient view but without forgetting its religious biasness. As A. Secor claimed, there was a "shifting oriental discourse" at this stage based on the facts on the ground, since most European writers "increasingly focused on the Ottomans as an example of what England should not be or become." (8)
Within these times, very few writers made positive passing references to the Turks, Arabs, and Islam. In relation to Muslim piracy, Daniel Defoe (1660?-1731) is a useful example to cite especially in his elaboration on the subject of slavery. In The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719), Crusoe was taken captive by the Moors but managed to escape with a small boy. Defoe mentioned that the treatment of the slaves by Muslims could be more merciful than that of the Portuguese, "[I] have been as much a Slave at the Brasils as I had been in Barbary, the meer being sold to a Mahometan excepted; and perhaps a Portuguese is not much a better Master than a Turk, if not in some Cases a much worse." (9) Other examples include Henry Fielding (1707-1754) who was Montagu's cousin and she herself was his patron. Fielding mentioned in Joseph Andrews (1742) that; "[A] virtuous and good Turk, or Heathen, are more acceptable in the sight of their Creator, than a vicious and wicked Christian, tho' his Faith was as perfectly Orthodox as St. Paul's himself." (10) Such a tolerable view could be attributed to Montagu's influence as one of the founders of the realistic English novel. In addition, James Boswell (1740-1795) referred in Life of Samuel Johnson (1791) to the need to discover another country unlike England in order to gain more experience. Boswell stated; "[I] should wish to go and see some country totally different from what I have been used to, such as Turkey, where religion and every thing else are different." Johnson's reply denoted a view that was not popular at the time since he equated the Christian and Muslim countries together, considering them worthy to live in unlike the rest of the world, "[Y]es, Sir;" Johnson responds, "there are two objects of curiosity, the Christian world, and the Mahometan world. All the rest may be considered as Barbarous." (11)
Amid these conflicting views, Lady Montagu was probably the best example of a writer who dealt with the East and Islam with more details and understanding. Montagu stayed in Turkey from 1716 to 1718 with her husband, Edward Montagu, being the British Ambassador in Constantinople. Her letters sent home were published without authorization in 1763. When she returned, Montagu introduced the inoculation of smallpox into England after observing it in Turkey. She, herself, was plagued with the disease, which partly marred her face. After being divorced from her husband in 1739, she spent the remaining part of her life touring the Continent. In 1803, her writings about English and Continental life and the 52 Turkish letters were complied in Works.
The letters of Lady Mary Montagu provided the reading public with a new account of the East. The few accounts by Western travelling merchants were generally biased and inaccurate in their descriptions. Montagu wanted to give an "objective" account, and referred in various letters that there were many fallacies in Europe with regard to Muslims. Jean Dumont, who travelled to Turkey in 1694, was mentioned by Montagu as a writer having "equal ignorance and confidence." In a letter addressed to the Lady, she says that:
Your whole letter is full of mistakes from one end to the other. I see you have taken your ideas of Turkey from that worthy author Dumont ... 'Tis a particular pleasure to me here, to read the voyages to the Levant, which are generally so far removed from truth, and so full of absurdities, I am very well diverted with them. They never fail giving you an account of the women, whom 'tis certain they never saw, and talking very wisely of the genius of the men, into whose company they are never admitted; and very often describe mosques, which they dare not peep into. The Turks are very proud, and will not converse with a stranger they are not assured is considerable in his own country. (12) (Bold added)
Montagu clearly refers to the fact that most travellers could not comprehend the true nature of the people and places they have been to, because writing and living in any country is totally different from visiting it for a short period of time and then attempting to describe it. On the other hand, she pledges to narrate all the facts despite the fact that they could be unorthodox, saying; "I seriously assert for truth; though I give you leave to be surprised at an account so new to you" (157-8).
Similarly, Ruete mentions that most Western writings about the East lack the understanding of the true culture, saying:
But to become properly acquainted with, and to get initiated into all these minor details of household life, it is necessary to have been in the East, and to have lived there for a considerable time. No reliance is to be placed on the reports of travelers, who stop for a short time only, who are unable to gain an insight into all these details, and maybe obtain all their information from hotel waiters. Foreign ladies even, supposing they have actually entered a harem either at Constantinople or Cairo, have never seen the inside of a real harem at all, but only its outside, represented by the state rooms decorated and furnished in European style. (13)
Ruete believes that no matter how hard a traveler tries to show the truth, he or she will ultimately make mistakes by generalizing due to the available restraints. In relation to the fallacies against the East, Ruete has mostly Muslim women in her mind since their identities remain mysterious as they could not be met by male foreigners due to the nature of the Islamic culture. She continues saying that the "ablest and most conscientious writer must always, to some degree, fall short of giving a perfectly precise and faithful picture of a foreign nation; and, in the case of an Eastern nation, he will, of course, find himself heavily handicapped out of all proportion when family and domestic life generally is so jealously guarded from the gaze of the outer world" (297-8).
Concerning the relationship between the East and West, Montagu and Ruete agree that the East has equal, if not more refined, qualifies than the West, and both suggest that the West has misrepresented the East and its people. Montagu, for instance, mentions that "these people are not so unpolished as we represent them.... [for] their magnificence is of a different taste from ours, and perhaps of a better" (175). The two writers compare living in two places and conclude that the Easterners are living a better one, stating that residing in the East is "less laborious and more peaceful," as Ruete claims (50). Both confirm that the people in the West are losing part of their humanity due to the nature of their civilization, whereas in the East, people are still in tune with their true selves. Montague stresses that:
I am almost of opinion they have a right notion of life; while they consume it in music, gardens, wine, and delicate eating, while we are tormenting our brains with some scheme of politics, or studying some science to which we can never attain.... [T]he good of fame, the folly of praise, hardly purchased, and, when obtained, a poor recompense for loss of time and health. We die or grow old and decrepit before we can reap the fruit of our labours (175).
Hence, Montagu criticizes the Western preoccupation with emotionless rationalism, preferring the spontaneity and naturalness seen in the East. Furthermore, she views the religion of Islam with reverence and great respect. Once she attended a dervish religious ceremony and noticed how those pious Muslims show the "most solemn gravity" as "there is something touching in the air of submission and mortification they assume" (167). She also refers to the Quran as a sacred book that needs great understanding and knowledge of the Arabic rhetoric before comprehending its deep meanings.
To sum up, Montagu and Ruete set rules of observation and description that challenged preconceived ideas and old prejudices. Their voices protested injustice and blind stereotypes. Both were well read and aware of prevalent negative attitudes. As Edward Said mentioned, the West imagined the East in a way that would only be suitable to serve its fantasies and own interests.
Being a champion of women's rights, Montagu was surprised to find out that Muslim women were not as confined and repressed as they were pictured in the West. There were many fallacies in the West. Amongst them the belief that Muslim men did not recognize that women would enter Heaven. As an example, the French merchant, Jean de Thevenot who visited Turkey during the seventeenth century, stated the same conviction stressing as well that Muslim men consider women irrational creatures. John Dryden (1631-1700) intimated in his play Don Sebastian (1689) that Turkish women had no souls, an idea repeated in several other works like Mrs. Mantley's Almyna: or, the Arabian Vow (1707), which was partly based on the Arabian Nights. (14)
As a matter of fact, Western women were less liberated than their Eastern ones at a time when Europeans believed that women's regression was caused by the religion of Islam itself. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), for instance, in her famous A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) defended the rights of Western women and called for equality with men, saying that the women of her time were imprisoned in "cages like the feathered race, they have nothing to do but to plume themselves, and stalk with mock majesty from perch to perch." She accused men of being behind the state of degradation because they "earnestly labored to domesticate women, have endeavored, by arguments dictated by a gross appetite, which satiety had rendered fastidious, to weaken their bodies and cramp their minds." (15) Women did not enjoy significant rights aside from their husbands and that they had no free will to make commercial transactions and were very limited in terms of inheritance. The English Reform Act in 1832 disenfranchised women and did not help them achieve equal rights with men. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, the legal status of a married woman that was called coverture prohibited her from holding office, taking part in elections, being a party in a lawsuit, owning property, or even writing a will. When married, a woman's personal fortune would be her husband's and fathers were routinely given custody to their children instead of their mothers upon divorce. (16)
To the contrary of this picture, Montagu describes Sultana Hafiten in Constantinople, who is the favorite of the late Emperor Mustapha, as a very refined lady. After the death of her first husband, she was asked to choose a man of her own choice. So she married the Secretary of State, Bekir Effendi, at the age of 36 and remained with him for over fifteen years. To prove her independence, Montagu mentioned how Hafiten never allowed her husband to pay her visits without her approval. In her castle, she used to pass the "time in uninterrupted mourning, with a constancy very little known in Christendom, especially in a widow of twenty-one ... "As a matter of fact, Sultana Hafiten imposes her rules on her husband who obeys her without ever questioning. "She has no black eunuchs for her guards, her husband being obliged to respect her as a queen, and not inquire at all into what is done in her apartment ... "(154). In this respect, Srinivas Aravamudan in his article "Lady Mary Wortley Montagu in the Hammam: Masquerade, Womanliness, and Levantinization," asserts that Montagu views the Turkish "aristocratic women she meets as already free rather than waiting for emancipation like their European counterparts." (17) Even Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman pointed out that "Turkish bashaws ... have more real power than their masters." (18) Such a kind treatment stems from the teaching of Islam since the Holy Quran always stresses the equality between men and women. (19)
Montagu discussed as well the Western misconception of the Eastern harem. She mentioned, for instance, how Sultana Hafiten was amazed at the ignorance of the West towards the harem, negating the famous fallacy of the Sultan throwing a handkerchief to point out his desired lady. Hafiten emphasizes that sometimes the Sultan "diverts himself in the company of all his ladies, who stand in a circle around him ... [T]hey were ready to die with jealousy and envy of the happy she that he distinguished by any appearance of preference." According to Montagu, such a scene is not only limited to the Eastern harem but also to the Western courts, "where the glance of the monarch is watched and every smile waited for with impatience, and envied by those who cannot obtain it" (156).
Concerning the alleged Muslim women's limitations, Montagu elaborates by referring to the fact that Muslim women are less restricted in the East than the Europeans. The writer mentions several reasons behind her claim:
'Tis also very pleasant to observe how tenderly he [the traveller, Aaron Hill], and all his brethren voyage-writers lament the miserable confinement of the Turkish ladies, who are perhaps freer than any ladies in the universe, and are the only women in the world that lead a life of uninterrupted pleasure exempt from cares; their whole time being spent in visiting, bathing, or the agreeable amusement of spending money, and inventing new fashions. A husband would be thought mad that exacted any degree of economy from his wife, whose expenses are no way limited but by her own fancy. 'Tis his business to get money, and hers to spend it: and this noble prerogative extends itself to the very meanest of the sex (168).
Thus, Montagu believes that Muslim women are actually "freer than any ladies in the universe" and this kind of freedom is their own right as dictated in Islam. In relation to the intellectual capacities of women, Montagu gave the example of fair Fatima with whom she was acquainted in Adrianople. Fatima was a highly educated and sociable woman whose "wit [was] as engaging as her beauty." As a matter of fact, she had "all the politeness and good breeding of a court; with an air that inspires, at once, respect and tenderness.... " (158). Contrary to the stereotypical image in Europe, Fatima stands, with her fellows, as a witness to the misrepresentation made against Muslim women. Based on Fatima and others like her, Montagu stresses the fact that the "Turkish ladies have at least as much wit and civility, nay, liberty, as ladies among us" (169).
In addition, Montagu affirmed that Turkish men treated their women in a benevolent way. As an example, she mentioned a true story related to a captive Spaniard woman whose ship was attacked by a Turkish Admiral. Her family sent her a ransom, but the Turk took the money and gave it to her, emphasizing that she had the liberty to leave, "[B]ut the lady very discreetly weighed the different treatment she was likely to find in her native country. Her Catholic relations ... would certainly confine her to a nunnery for the rest of her days," (170). As a result, she accepted the Admiral's proposal for marriage, and lived with him to the rest of his life; not mentioning that he did not marry another woman. After the death of the Turkish Admiral, she was left as one of the richest widows of Constantinople.
At the same time, Ruete, who lived in the West and was acquainted with its fallacies, mentioned the fact that:
It is an absolute myth that the Arab husband treats his wife with less regard than is the case here [in Europe]. This is already provided by religion, which, though neglecting the wife in some points, recommends her, like a helpless child, to the protection of the husband. The believing and pious Mahometan has as much humane feeling as any highlycivilized and moral European; he is perhaps more strict and rigorous to himself, believing in the ubiquity of the Lord, who made the laws, and carrying the firm conviction to the grave that his good acts and his bad will by and by meet with just retribution (149).
Ruete states that a Muslim wife is neither powerless in front of her husband nor "obliged to submit unconditionally and for ever to all [his] whims and humors ... " There are social reasons behind this fact. For instance, an Arab lady always "finds shelter with her relations, or, if she stands alone, she has the right to make a complaint to the Kadi [judge] in person. Frequently, too, she has recourse to the law," (150). In another context, Ruete refers to Sultana Azze bint Sef, the wife of Sultan Said bin Sultan of Oman. Azze is pictured as a strong woman whose authority is not limited only to managing the palace but extends to controlling the decisions of the Sultan himself. She "reigned as absolute mistress over the household. In spite of her very small size, and of her plain exterior, she possessed an immense power over my father, who willingly submitted to all her arrangements," (7). According to Ruete, the wife is the "absolute mistress" of the household whose power in the household is unquestioned. Instead of receiving certain sums of money for housekeeping "as is customary in Europe," an Arab woman has "full liberty to disperse of her husband's funds. When the latter has two wives living apart, his income is equally divided between them," (151) as Reute claims.
Furthermore, the Arab princess pointed out the advantages of being an Arab woman as contrasted to being a European. She says, for instance, that when a girl gets married, she will preserve her own name and her family's. The girl "remains always the daughter (bint) of N. or M." (153). Ruete confirms that it is "a fallacy to think that women in the East are placed socially on a lower level than man." The legitimate wife is always respected and she "retains her rank, and all rights and titles emanating from it, to their full extent" (145). In the same respect, G. M. Wickens with "Introduction to the Middle East," stresses that Arab women have had a high status even at the time of early Islam, since they could "carry on various sorts of business by proxy. A few achieved fame as poets or mystics, even as scholars, and many, at all levels of society naturally played important and influential parts behind the scenes." (20)
For many centuries, the West always accused Muslims and Arabs in particular of maltreating the slaves. But in reality, slavery was part of a cultural reality in the West and East alike. Before going through the views of Montagu and Ruete, one needs to briefly examine the history of the slave trade in the West.
In the centuries following the Renaissance, the African slave trade was mainly led by Portugal and Spain. Then in the later part of the 16th century, England entered the slave trade, competing to fill the demands of the Spanish colonies. The British South Sea Company obtained the full rights in 1713 to supply the Spanish Colonies. According to Henry Carey's The Slave Trade (1867), a committee was formed by the House of Assembly in 1791 and made a report on the number of slaves imported within 89 years to the Spanish Colonies. There were 473,000 ones brought and only 224,000 remained "establishing the fact that more than half of the whole import had perished under the treatment to which they had been subjected." (21) It was only in 1807 that Britain abolished the slave trade following the example of some European countries. At the Congress of Vienna in 1814, Britain then pressured some foreign powers to adopt a similar policy, and managed at the end to reach a solution to slave traffic.
In this regard, Montagu clearly reproaches the Europeans for being unreasonably critical of Muslims for employing slaves. The British Lady herself, to whom Montagu used to write, requested buying a Greek slave from Turkey. According to the Lady, the Greek slave should be a "mistress of a thousand good qualifies." Despite the fact that some Europeans criticized buying slaves, they also sought to own them. Montagu corrects the Lady by saying that the Greeks in Turkey are "subjects and not slaves" (145).
Similarly, Ruete observes during her stay in Zanzibar that Europeans were the first ones to buy slaves and resell them after leaving their places, saying:
Such things are, of course, not reported home, or they are excused on the plea that they have been done "in the interest of science." Science must serve as a pretext for many an evil. The morality however, remains the same, whether the Arab puts his slaves to field or domestic work, or whether they are employed as carriers and porters by Europeans, the latter being much harder and more tiring work. Nor are these European slave-keepers always humane enough to set the slaves they have bought free when they require them no longer, as the Arabs often do; they simply resell them. The Mahometan population of Zanzibar were greatly incensed on one occasion against an Englishman who, before returning to Europe, secretly sold his woman-slave to an Arab official (218).
The same case could be observed when the traveler Johann Ludwig Burckhardt (1784-1817) visited the Arab world in the early nineteenth century to see Mecca and its neighboring areas. He clearly mentioned that he bought and later sold a slave in order to serve him in his journey, saying:
I was compelled to sell my slave ... During my preceding journey he had proved himself a faithful and useful companion; and although I have since had several other slaves in my possession, I never found one equal to him. The Greek captain sold him for me, in the slave-market of Djidda, for forty-eight dollars. [This slave cost me sixteen dollars at Shendy; thus, the profits of sale on one slave defrayed almost the whole expense of the four months' journey through Nubia, which I had performed in the spring.] (22)
To his surprise, Burckhardt noticed during his stay in Mecca that a woman slave had to be freed and married to her owner if she became pregnant, otherwise the society would greatly criticize the slave master and may even ostracize him. He also referred to the fact that in Arabia and "among the richer classes, it is considered shameful to sell a concubine slave." (23)
At the same time, Montagu mentions that the Muslim patron of slaves "never sells them, except it is a punishment of some very great fault. If ever they grow weary of them, they either present them to a friend, or give them their freedom," (145). She further pointed out that slaves in the Muslim world were treated in a very merciful manner, unlike the common Western practice. As a matter of fact, slaves are never "ill-used, and their slavery is ... no worse than servitude all over the world ...Tis true they have no wages; but they give them yearly clothes to a higher value than our salaries to any ordinary servant" (166). Montagu compared the treatment of women to that seen during her time in Europe, and clearly referred to the undeclared enslavement of women practiced everyday and everywhere, while many men in the West were also enslaved by the remnants of the old feudal system of serfdom. Other travelers like Sir Richard Burton (1821-1890), who traveled to Arabia in the years 1851-1853, noticed that slaves were treated in a highly respectful manner and sometimes enjoyed more freedom than free people. He mentioned the following:
The laws of Mahomet enjoin his followers to treat slaves with the greatest mildness, and the Moslems are in general scrupulous observers of the Apostle's recommendation. Slaves are considered members of the family, and in houses where free servants are also kept, they seldom do any other work than filling the pipes, presenting the coffee, accompanying their master when going out, rubbing his feet when he takes his nap in the afternoon, and driving away the flies from him. When a slave is not satisfied, he can legally compel his master to sell him. He has no care for food, lodging, clothes and washing, and has no taxes to pay; he is exempt from military service and soccage, and in spite of his bondage is freer than the freest Fellah in Egypt. (24)
Montagu also contested the popular belief that some women in the East were treated like goods if they became slaves, despite the fact that they would receive the same kind of treatment in the West even if they were not called slaves. "But you'll object men buy women with an eye to evil. In my opinion, they are bought and sold as publicly and more infamously in all our Christian great cities," (166). She further mentioned that those slaves had good lives and could easily gain their freedom from their masters. The writer also sensed a suspicion that some may accuse her of distorting facts because she was not critical of the Turks in this aspect, "[I] know you'll expect I should say something particular of the slaves; and you will imagine me half a Turk when I don't speak of it with the same horror other Christians have done before me. But I cannot forbear applauding the humanity of the Turks to these creatures" (166). In reality, Montagu strived to give as accurate a picture as possible about the manners and conduct of the people. The writer continued her discussion, emphasizing the fact that she could be misjudged back home. "[I] am afraid you will doubt the truth of this account, which I own is very different from our common notions in England; but it is no less truth for all that" (146). The expression Montagu used "our common notions" pointed obviously to the stereotypical attitude inherited for ages in England against Muslims. In the Islamic religion, for instance, one of the greatest virtues done in life is setting a slave free by buying his or her freedom.
In line with the same thoughts, Ruete stressed that the salves in Muslim societies were free to work independently and even to earn their own living, "[O]nce arrived, the slaves are for the most part well cared for. They have of course to work for their masters without wages, but they have no care themselves, and their welfare is always studiously looked after" (217). It should also be pointed out however, that Ruete held other convictions regarding slaves, since she greatly objected to the decision that they should be suddenly emancipated in Zanzibar, considering it a move that was against the normal system followed by many countries. (25)
One of the fascinating descriptions cited in Montagu's Letters was her account of the Turkish baths that she witnessed in Turkey. Montagu tries to break all the misconceptions prevalent at the time of picturing the East as an erotic and sensual place. She gives an oriental picture of a highly secluded place not yet revealed by any writer before, saying that in a Turkish bath there were:
... so many fine women naked, in different postures, some in conversation, some working, others drinking coffee or sherbet, and many negligently lying on their cushions, while their slaves (generally pretty girls of seventeen or eighteen) were employed in braiding their hair in several pretty fancies. In short, it is the women's coffee-house, where all the news of the town is told, scandal invented, [& c.-] They generally take this diversion once a-week, and stay there at least four or five hours.... 'Tis no less than death for a man to be found in one of these places (106).
Unlike the older coffeehouses in Istanbul where dynamic literary activity and criticism were seen, Turkish coffeehouses in England only started to appear in the 17th century. Historically speaking, baths in the East originated much earlier than those found in the West. Philip Hitti, for instance, confirmed in The Arabs, when Arab scientists in the city of Cordova, "enjoyed luxurious baths, ... washing the body was considered a dangerous custom at the University of Oxford." (26) In England, the first Turkish bath was established in 1650 by a Turkish Jew called Jacobs. Thomas Macaulay (1800-1859) within the History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol. 1 mentioned that coffeehouses in the seventeenth century had a tremendous influence upon the political life, saying that they were "the chief organs through which the public opinion of the metropolis vented itself." By 1739, there were 551 coffeehouses in England but women were forbidden to enter them. As a matter of fact, Montagu satirized England and its society for limiting the freedom of British women, because they did not take part in these important social gatherings where different intellectual and political topics were discussed. (27) On the other hand, she emphasized the fact that the Turkish baths played an important role in connecting people to share views and exchange ideas. Women were able to cathartically express their worries and concerns in these baths and closely bond. This fact was strongly pointed out by David Urquhart, who stressed that Turkish society was able to rid itself of many social ills via using these baths. Therefore, he strived to establish the London and Turkish Bath Company on 19 November 1860 and later built the first Turkish bath in London. (28)
In describing the manners of women, Montagu said that more than two hundred ladies bathing did not show any sign of contempt or looked at her with surprise or scorn though she used to wear her distinguished Western clothes. Instead, she was welcomed "with all the obliging civility possible" without observing any "disdainful smiles" or listening to "satiric whispers." Montagu concludes by saying: "I know no European court where the ladies would have behaved themselves so polite a manner to a stranger" (105).
But some critics focused their criticism of the Letters on the presumed erotic notions that was previously stirred by the translation of the Arabian Nights (1702-1714). In reality, the fictitious details of the Nights were highly responsible for forming a sensually romantic image of Muslim women in the East, by presenting belly dancers, submissive women, slaves, and an abundance of harem. Such views expressed a Western male admiration and deep yearning to have concubines and to practice polygamy. Norman Daniel elaborates through Islam, Europe and Empire saying that these "highly coloured pictures provide inexpensive satisfaction to the deeper instincts, the murky sensualism, the unconscious masochism and sadism of the peaceful Western bourgeoisie." (29) Thus, the popularity of Montagu's Letters could be due to the description of the Eastern harems and their bath communities, but interpreting her work in terms of eroticism shows a misunderstanding of her work.
As in Montagu's descriptions, Ruete also attempted to describe Turkish and Persian baths available at Zanzibar and specifically in the Bet il Mtoni, or the palace. The writer mentioned that these baths were the "favorite resort with all the people in the house," spending several hours a day "to pray, sleep, work, and read there, even to take their meals; and from four o'clock in the morning till midnight they were never empty" (2). Upon entering the baths, Ruete observes that there are "two raised resting-places.., to the right and left for prayer and repose, which are covered with the finest colored mats" (2). Ruete failed to give a detailed account of the practices followed in the baths, and she could not reach Montagu's refined style and colorful description, which could be partly due to the writers' different literary backgrounds.
In conclusion, Montagu and Ruete are considered landmarks of Western Oriental writings. Montagu, stands in contrast to a great number of other travelers who have attempted to give a picture of the East stemming from their preconceived stereotypes. As Arthur J. Weitzman stated, Montagu "pierced the myths of orient by refusing to demonize the Turks" and when "she looked at the "other" she saw herself." (30)
Ruete, seemed to follow Montagu's steps. Analogies between them are very close. Ruete also wanted her Memoirs to score high sales to save her money for raising her children. Being aware of the reception of Montagu's book, Ruete may have imitated the gist of the Letters, by alluding to the German and British societies in her comparisons to the East. However, she also gave her work a unique touch with the perspectives she presented as an Arab lady. She also prophetically imagines how the West will hastily try to (democratize) the Muslim world in order to create another copy of its culture. She claims that the East is different and any plan to force a change is doomed to fail .... "I am firmly convinced, Arab born and bred as I am, that all efforts on the part of Europeans to do away, at a sweep, with the incarnate ignorance of Mahometans, and to fly the flag of science and learning, with even the smallest amount of precipitation, will meet with barren effect" (78-8). Her insight could be highly valuable in understanding the current cultural and intellectual gap that exists between the East and the West.
(1.)Geoffrey P. Nash, From Empire to Orient: Travelers to the Middle East 1830-1926 (London: I. B. Tauris, 2005).
(2.) Albert Hourani, Western Attitudes Towards Islam (Southampton: The Tenth Montefiore Memorial Lecture, 1974).
(3.) E. Grislis, "Luther and the Turks", The Muslim World, Vol. LXIV, No. 3 (July 1974), pp. 180-193. The word "mammet" stood for an idol worshipper. Amid the conflict between the Protestants and Catholics, mammet was used by the Protestants in a derogatory manner to denote "an image of Christ or of a saint, etc., as used in Roman Catholic practice." See Oxford English Dictionary Online, Draft Revision, March 2001, s.v. "mammet."
(4.) The letter was sent on the 2nd of July 1840. See Thomas Carlyle, The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph Waldo Emerson Vol. 1 (1834-1872) (New York: Biblio Bazaar, 2007).
(5.) Oxford English Dictionary Online, Second Edition 1989, s.v. "Turk." Noteworthy, the names "mammet" the distortion of the Prophet Mohammed's name and "Turk" also used to refer in England during the 16th and 17th centuries to a scarecrow or a 'hideous image to frighten children; a bugbear." See Oxford English Dictionary Online, Draft Revision, March 2001, s.v. "mammet."
(6.) Said Amir Arjomand, "Coffeehouses, Guilds and Oriental Despotism Government and Civil Society in Late 17th to Early 18th Century Istanbul and Isfahan, and as Seen from Paris and London," European Journal of Sociology, Vol. XLV, No. 1 (2004), 23-42.
(7.) Byron Porter Smith, Islam in English Literature (New York: Caravan Books, 1977).
(8.) A. Secor, "Orientalism, Gender and Class in Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's Turkish Embassy Letters: to persons of distinction, men of letters and c," Cultural Geographies, Vol. 6, Issue 4 (1999), 375-398.
(9.) Daniel Defoe, The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Being the Second and Last Part of his Life, And Strange Surprizing Accounts of his Travels Round Three Parts of the Globe. Written by Himself. The Second Edition. To which is added a Map of the World, in which is Delineated the Voyages of Robinson Crusoe (London: W. Taylor, 1719).
(10.) Henry Fielding, The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews And His Friend Mr. Abraham Adams (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987). See also Isobel Grundy, "Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (bap. 1689, d. 1762)," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 14 June 2007 <w.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19029>.
(11.) James Boswell, Life of Johnson (London: Oxford University Press, 1998).
(12.) Mary Wortley Montagu, Letters (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984). Henceforth, all quotations from the Letters refer to this edition, therefore only page numbers are cited within the text.
(13.) Emily Ruete, Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar (New York: Markus Wiener Publishing, 1989). Henceforth, all quotations from the Memoirs refer to this edition, therefore only page numbers are cited within the text.
(14.) The Muslim character, Mufti Abdalla, in Dryden's play mentions: Our law says plainly, women have no souls.' See John Dryden, The Works of John Dryden: Illustrated with Notes, Historical, Critical, and Explanatory and a Life of the Author Vol. VII (London: William Miller, 1808). See also Smith, Islam in English Literature.
(15.) Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (London: Penguin Classics, 2004).
(16.) Edward Raymond Turner, "The Women's Suffrage Movement in England," The American Political Science Review, Vol. 7, No. 4 (November 1913), 588-609.
(17.) Srinivas Aravamudan, "Lady Mary Wortley Montagu in the Hammam: Masquerade, Womanliness, and Levantinization," ELH, Vol. 62, No. 1 (1995), 69-104.
(18.) Wollstonecraft, A Vindication.
(19.) The Holy Quran states: "From His revelation is creating wives from yourselves so that you belong to each other, and He planted love and mercy in your hearts. These are signs for thinking men." (30 A1-Rum (The Greeks): 21) Besides, one of the Prophet Mohammed's sayings is that "Women are the divisions of men" to emphasize the bond that exists between the two sexes. For more information, see Mustapha Al-Saba'ai, Al-Mara' aa Bain Al-Fiqah Wa Al-Qanoon (The Woman Between Law and Islamic Legislation) (Beirut: Al-Maktab Al-Islami, n.d.).
(20.) G. M. Wickens, "Introduction to the Middle East" in R. M. Savory, ed., Introduction to Islamic Civilization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).
(21.) Henry Charles Carey, The Slave Trade: Why it Exists, and How it May Be Extinguished (Philadelphia: H. C. Baird, 1867).
(22.) Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, Travels in Arabia Comprehending an Account of those Territories in Hedjaz which the Mohammedans Regards as Sacred (London: Henry Colburn, 1829). See also Stanley Lane-Poole, "Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig (1784-1817)," rev. Elizabeth Baigent, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 10 June 2007, <http://www.oxforddnb.comlviewlarticle13957>.
(23.) Burckhardt, Travels in Arabia.
(24.) Richard F. Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah, Vol. I, Edited by Isabel Burton, Memorial Edition (London: Tylston and Edwards, 1893). Similarly, Dr. Alexander Russell, who worked as a physician to the British factory at Aleppo, stated in his The Natural History of Aleppo (1756) that the slaves in Syria were never compelled to convert to Islam. See Smith, Islam in English Literature.
(25.) When Ruete's brother, Sultan Barghash, went to England to sign a treaty of the abolition of the slave trade in 1873, she protested the move and clearly mentioned that the decision was taken because of British political pressures. When she returned to Zanzibar, she found that the slaves could not leave their former work and preferred to remain with their masters because a state of chaos overwhelmed the whole country. Following the death of her father, Sultan Said ibn Sultan, a split occurred in the Omani empire. Ruete's other brother, Sultan Majid, later succeeded by Barghash, controlled Zanzibar, while Imam Thuwaini ruled over Muscat and Oman. Despite the aforementioned treaty, Sultan Barghash, did not prohibit, till his death in 1888, the slave trade, but everything changed when Zanzibar became a British Protectorate in 4 November 1890. Richard Burton noticed that even the "Imam of Maskat," at that time, Sayyid Faisal bin Turki (1864-1913) who "voluntarily have made a treaty with...[the British] for the suppression of this vile [slave] trade .... allow[ed] so extensive an importation [of African slaves] to his dominions." It seems that the Muscat-British abolition of slavery treaty signed on 14 April 1873 was made only to satisfy the British government without necessarily changing the Sultan's previous policies and long centuries of slave trading. See Burton, Personal Narrative, and Howard Hazen Wilson, "Some Principal Aspects of British Efforts to Crush the African Slave Trade, 1807-1929," The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 44, No. 3 (July 1950), 505-526. See also Moses D. E. Nwulia, "The Role of Missionaries in the Emancipation of Slaves in Zanzibar." The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 60, No. 2 (April 1975), 268-287.
(26.) Philip Hitti, The Arabs (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943).
(27.) Arjomand, "Coffeehouses, Guilds and Oriental Despotism." And n.a., "Early Notices of Coffee in England: From Broadsides in the Luttrel Collection," accessed 7 June 2007. <http://www.thebookofdavs.com/months/jan/27.htm>. See also Thomas Babington Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol. 1 (Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1848).
(28.) John Potvin, "Vapour and Steam: The Victorian Turkish Bath, Homosocial Health, and Male Bodies on Display," Journal of Design History, Vol. 18, No. 4 (2005), 319-333.
(29.) Norman Daniel, Islam, Europe and Empire (Edinburgh: University Press, 1962).
(30.) Arthur J. Weitzman, "Voyeurism and Aesthetics in the Turkish Bath: Lady Mary's School of Female Beauty", Comparative Literature Studies, Vol. 39, No. 4 (2002), 347-359.
Ahmed K. Al-Rawi is an Assistant Professor on the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Sohar University, Oman.
Reader Opinion
|Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback
|Rawi, Ahmed K. Al-
|Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ)
|Geographic Code:
|Jan 1, 2008
|Previous Article:
|Curricular activism and academic freedom: representations of Arabs and Muslims in print and internet media.
|Next Article:
|The nature of the uncanny in Season of Migration to the North.


text:
Featured Categories
Targeting Zone
Compression Level
Enhancement Type
Tell a Friend
Moderate compression, slims with a comfortable firm hold
Are you frustrated with shapewear that slides around, rolls down, pinches and bunches you up in all the wrong places? Don't you wish you could just hook your tummy-control garment into your bra? Now you can with this extraordinary shaping high-waisted brief from Hooked Up! Feel confident in any outfit without worrying about embarrassing back rolls and tummy rolls between your shaper and your bra. With this firm control brief, you'll be smooth and curvy in all the right places.
Once you add this essential garment to your wardrobe, you'll never bother with a different high waist brief again! It comes with extra hooks and extenders if needed, so it works with virtually any bra, no matter how long your torso is. Never worry about an unsightly panty line either, as the bonded flat edges create a seamless look. For easy-access during your bathroom breaks, simply undo the hook and eye closure in the bottom. And since it is made to fit and not pinch or bunch, you'll be comfortable all day long.
Size Chart: Compare your measurements (in inches) on the size chart below to find the best size for you.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Congratulations to our 19th Annual Business Champion Award Winners
Business Champion Awards Banquet
Thursday, Nov. 6, 2014 4:30-7 p.m.
Moraine Valley Business and Conference Center
Moraine Valley Community College
9000 W. College Parkway
Palos Hills, IL 60465
Purchase a ticket or table
You may pay by check or credit card. If your company chooses to pay by purchase order, select the "pay offline option." For more information contact Suzanne Ryerson at (708)-974-5433.
- Program Book Advertising Opportunity
- Past Winners
The Winners
- Training and Development—Central Collision Mokena, IL
- Sustainability—Shark Shredding and Document Management Services, Mokena IL
- Excellence in Government—Mayor Lou Presta/Village of Crestwood
- Philanthropy—Old Plank Trail Community Bank, Mokena IL
- Entrepreneur/Small Business Person of the Year—2 Winners: Gene A. Meyers Electrical, Worth IL and Weldbend, Bedford Park
- Women in Business/Leadership Award—Catherine O'Hara, O'Hara and Friends Salon, Alsip IL
- Innovation—Environmental Cleansing, Markham IL


text:
How to Earn $1 Million by Not Watching TV
Movies: In addition to cable, most people are going to want to watch movies. That means either purchasing the DVDs or renting them from a service such as NetFlix and paying a monthly fee.
DVD/DVR: In order to watch the movies that you rent, you are going to need a decent DVD player. This will cost at least a few hundred dollars. And again, you'll likely replace this a minimum of several times over your lifetime as technologies change and better quality devices are created. You also may buy recording devices or DVRs like Tivo and related accessories to catch all of your favorite shows.
Gaming system: If you are into video games, you will purchase a gaming system to use. These can cost anywhere from a couple hundred dollars on up. You will also likely buy a number of these over your lifetime as the systems improve.
Games: If you purchase a gaming system, you will also need to purchase or rent games to play on that system. This can get quite costly, as most people want a variety of different games to play. It can easily run more than $100 a month if you purchase multiple games.Energy: You will need to pay for the electricity to run the TV and other related electronics. This will vary greatly, depending on the type of TV you have and how much energy costs where you live, but it will likely be a minimum of $10 a month and possibly much more. Commercials: A huge hidden cost of TV that people never consider are all the commercials they watch. The commercials are there to get you to buy products -- and they are effective. Economist Juliet Schor estimated that for every hour of TV a person watches each week, he or she will increase his or her annual spending by about $200, according to a 1999 article in the Spokane, Wash., Spokesman-Review. In 2005, Nielsen Media Research reported that
Select the service that is right for you!COMPARE ALL SERVICES
Action Alerts PLUSTry it NOW
Jim Cramer and Stephanie Link actively manage a real portfolio and reveal their money management tactics while giving advanced notice before every trade.
Product Features:
- $2.5+ million portfolio
- Large-cap and dividend focus
- Intraday trade alerts from Cramer
- Weekly roundups
TheStreet Quant RatingsTry it NOW
Only $49.95/yr
Access the tool that DOMINATES the Russell 2000 and the S&P 500.
Product Features:
- Buy, hold, or sell recommendations for over 4,300 stocks
- Unlimited research reports on your favorite stocks
- A custom stock screener
- Upgrade/downgrade alerts
Stocks Under $10Try it NOW
David Peltier, uncovers low dollar stocks with extraordinary upside potential that are flying under Wall Street's radar.
Product Features:
- Model portfolio
- Stocks trading below $10
- Intraday trade alerts
- Weekly roundups
Dividend Stock AdvisorTry it NOW
Jim Cramer's protege, David Peltier, identifies the best of breed dividend stocks that will pay a reliable AND significant income stream.
Product Features:
- Diversified model portfolio of dividend stocks
- Alerts when market news affect the portfolio
- Bi-weekly updates with exact steps to take - BUY, HOLD, SELL
Real Money ProTry it NOW
All of Real Money, plus 15 more of Wall Street's sharpest minds delivering actionable trading ideas, a comprehensive look at the market, and fundamental and technical analysis.
Product Features:
- Real Money + Doug Kass Plus 15 more Wall Street Pros
- Intraday commentary & news
- Ultra-actionable trading ideas
Options ProfitsTry it NOW
Our options trading pros provide daily market commentary and over 100 monthly option trading ideas and strategies to help you become a well-seasoned trader.
Product Features:
- 100+ monthly options trading ideas
- Actionable options commentary & news
- Real-time trading community
- Options TV


text:
|30 Jan 2010
Windows 7 64bit
System Restore Disks: Making Of the Three ?
Boy, do I feel dumb, but-
On my new PC, I made the recommended set of, I believe, 3 Systerm Restore Disks.
Was easy, and went well.
Now at my son's house, and I just can't seem to find the link to make them for his new desktop PC. He's also running W7 Home Premium, 64 Bit.
I seem to remember simply banging into the Search bar "Restore Disks" and the link to making them came up. Doesn't seem to on his ?
Where do I go, or pull up, the link that makes and walks you through the process of making these 3 Reststore disks, please ?
|My System Specs
|30 Jan 2010
Win7 x 6 PC's
Not all computer models have the utility to make Restore Disks. Check the manual to make sure, or call Tech Support.
If not use the Backup Center to create a Win7 System Image saved externally which will reimage the HD (or a replacement) from the Win7 DVD in 15 minutes. You won't have all the factory bloatware, either.
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
|Similar help and support threads for2: System Restore Disks: Making Of the Three ?
|System Restore not Making restore points
|Backup and Restore
|Restore Vaio system to factory settings w/o recovery disks / partition
|Backup and Restore
|HP System Restore Disks ?
|General Discussion
|Cant restore system using recovery disks
|Backup and Restore
|Creating a system image on DVDs vs. making factory OEM restore discs
|Backup and Restore
|system restore i no longer making automatic system checkpoints
|Backup and Restore
|System Restore disks, new Hard Drive, Same Computer. Allowed?
|Backup and Restore
|Our Sites
|Site Links
|About Us
|Find Us
Windows 7 Forums is an independent web site and has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by Microsoft Corporation. "Windows 7" and related materials are trademarks of Microsoft Corp.
© Designer Media Ltd
All times are GMT -5. The time now is 11:24 AM.


text:
OLYMPIA — A bill to legalize personal use of marijuana died in committee today.
The House Public Safety and Preparedness Committee rejected HB 2401 which would have put marijuana under state regulation and taxation. An estimate from the state Office of Financial Management released Tuesday said the state might raise nearly $1.7 billion over the next 10 years, through taxes and sales receipts, if the bill passed.
Rep. Steve Kirby, D-Tacoma, said the rejection of the legalization bill could result in voters taking that step this fall in an initiative that has been proposed.
Please keep it civil. Don't post comments that are obscene, defamatory, threatening, off-topic, an infringement of copyright or an invasion of privacy. Read our forum standards and community guidelines.
You must be logged in to post comments. Please log in here or click the comment box below for options.comments powered by Disqus


text:
Nissan Note 2013 Car Specs, Price, Image Gallery
You know Nissan Invitation introduced as a concept car at the Geneva Motor Show 2012? That time is still one of the concept car, but now you can get this car. The car was first produced at Nissan's plant in Washington, UK, replacing the previous product has been discontinued Almera there. Substitute Almera in the European market is actually a Nissan Tiida, but until now the model is not yet available in the UK market despite having launched in 2009. And since being born, growing up Notes population to reach 940,000 units. An achievement is quite encouraging for immigrants.
Because influenced by the look of the Nissan Note 2013 Invitation amended, which once looked like a mini MPV into a compact car. Reflected from the front body lines, side to the rear. But more designers call it Squash Line. You could say it is this that makes the Nissan Note 2013 exterior of muscle and looks more modern. On the grille, headlights and rear combination lights we will find him a new atmosphere.
Careful design of the interior, a new 2013 Nissan Note has also been getting a perfect progress in both design and comfort. Note this time appear more spacious cabin design, and clear presence now in the expectation of another compact car segment. Nissan Note 2013 also comes with an invitation increasingly reflect the concept, with a variety of features flowing lines outside the instrument panel, as inspired by the ripples on the seaside. The impression is the flow contribution to the superlative feel the cabin interior of this car, plus a help feature to express the shape of the modern.
If Nissan Note 2013 compared to its competitors, such as the Renault Clio and the Ford Fiesta, the Note has a higher roof called airy cabin design. In addition, Nissan Note 2013 has put features Around View Monitor (AVM) which helps the driver when the vehicle parked.
For the powertrain, Note comes with two engine variants, namely HR 12 DDR Supercharged (DIG-S) version with a 1.2 liter gasoline engine with 3 cylinders and HR 16 ED naturally aspirated with 4 cylinder, 1.6 liter 1.5 liter diesel dab . For HR 16 DE packed machine resembling a Nissan March and offers a torque of 142 Nm, which produces 110 horsepower. 3-cylinder supercharged engine is said to deliver power output of about 97 hp, the same as March. And it may happen due to the fuel efficiency of the transmission system for the X-TRONIC continuously variable transmission (CVT) and an idling stop system for 2WD machines. The entire system has been offering the class leading fuel efficiency.
- Versatile interior
- Smart looks and solid build quality
- Reasonable prices
- Plain inside and out
- Only top-spec cars get stability control
- Noisy diesel engine


text:
|Industry Recognition
|Professional Conduct
I have represented more than 3500 clients, and been lead counsel in more than 90 jury trials, as well as handled numerous appeals. I have handled criminal... more
Kirk Truslow is a knowledgeable and gifted criminal defense lawyer who represents people at a very high level. He is a lawyer I refer clients to,... more
I strongly endorse Kirk! As a fellow attorney in the area, I have frequently called on Kirk for advise. He not only has a vast knowledge of the law,... more


text:
Available Colors/Styles
Detail Pics
The perfect tote for everyday use, the BAGGU Duck Bag can hold everything from your books and laptop when you're headed off to school to fresh produce when you come back from the market. An adjustable shoulder strap and carrying handles provide multiple carrying options to match your lifestyle.
- Recycled cotton canvas fabric is light and durable
- Adjustable shoulder strap makes for comfortable carrying
- Snap closure secures your stuff
Share your thoughts
What do you think of the
BAGGU Duck Bag
? Share a...
carry it different ways!
New Favorite Tote
Love the durability of the canvas on this tote bag. The two straps add to the functionality/adjustability of the bag. Inside storage pocket for keys/phone.


text:
Living in Chicago on an RN salary - page 2
Hi, I am think of moving to Chicago next year and was just wondering if one can live/afford to live in Chicago on an RN salary. I would like to own a condo within the city and was wondering if that possible. I am living... Read More
- 0Jul 10, '08 by mzjones6Yes, I do have a car and wanted to keep it even though I plan on living in the city. I know the El is a good way to get around in the city and I've heard of this thing called a Zip Car, which is suppose to be good.
Thanks for your help, I've heard good things about the Wicker Park area. If you can think of any other decent neighborhoods for a young, single girl, please let me know. Thanks
- 0Jul 14, '08 by chellebelleI lived in the South Loop my first year, and while affordable and close to everything, didn't feel safe out at night.
I moved to Lakeview and would recommend it to anyone. Buses to downtown are at my doorstep, tons of cabs, I'm a block from more stores than you could fit in a mall, and there's 5 or 6 bars less than 5min walking in any direction. You can get a decent one bedroom for $900-1200, depending on the amenities included. Street parking is possible, and I would try it first because rental parking is $150-250/month or $30,000 deeded.
When I first moved here I sold my car for extra cash while adjusting to city living as a new grad. I have to say I bought a car after my first year here and live having the flexibility. I have friends who've lived here 6-7 years and never bought a car. It's easily a savings of $5,000-$6,000 a year.
I agree with other posters that you should research the neighborhoods around your top choice hospitals. The culture of the neighborhoods around hospitals is impacted by the high numbers of healthcare professionals in the area (i.e., hospital bars in EVERY neighborhood). Keep in mind that some areas are far safer than others. The City of Chicago website has an excellent crime survellience tool that can show you the prevalence of crime and the type of crime in the neighborhood, right down to the street adress. http://gis.chicagopolice.org
Like these other RNs, I'm slightly crazed about home/rental research. I think you pretty much have to be to find great places to live in the city. PM me if you decide to move to Lakeview!
- 0Dec 5, '08 by Lifewitlooieif i was a nurse in chicago I would save craptons of money. I live less than 4 miles from the loop on the South side. my parents have a 2 story. not a big deal to live with ur folks to save money when it is impossible to afford to buy for my generation
- 0Nov 11, '10 by JuwonQuote from NICU_babyRNHi, the RN's that i know that resides in the hospital as a new grad makes $25/hr, I know some new grads that made $26/hr-$28/hr in a nursing home facility. All places pay different amounts. It is possible to live in Chicago on an RN salary, you reall have to budget your money and work lots of overtime. Also, you can work in a nursing homr or hospital, and work on the side doing home health. Most home health agencies pay $60/per vist, with the latter being $85/per visit. It all adds up. You just have to work in more than one facility or work more than 80 hours bi-weekly.I live in Chicago. I'm single and have a good size one-bed apt but there's no way I could buy a place unless I didn't have any school loans to pay back. I would also need A REALLY NICE downpayment. I don't need one, so I don't even have a car in the city. I commute to and from the hospital on the train and it's SUPER easy. I am happy to give you more information! Just PM me!
I can tell you that at Rush University Med. Center the current NEW GRAD starting pay for BSN grads is $25.25 and shall remain that until at least august of 2008.
Rush also has the highest starting salary in all of the city's hospital. They have tuition reimbursement for new grads.
I think NWMH has a yearly bonus, but I've heard not many good things about this bonus-not as big as anticipated and so on.
Hope this helps
- 0May 30, '11 by winnieanderHi everyone
I'm a nursing student who will be graduating in August and am wondering if anyone can tell me what is the average starting salary for new grads in Chicago.
Based on Juwon's post above, I'm guessing $25-$28? I'd greatly appreciate it if someone can give me an update. Contemplating whether to try to find a job in the city or just stay in NW Indiana... Thanks!!
- 1May 30, '11 by prinsessaI would say that is about right. I started at $26/hr last year.


text:
Kaolla Su's older brother, only appears in the anime.
He is the "Big Brother" to both Amalla Su and Kaolla Su. However, he really is a cousin of theirs, but they have grown up as if they were siblings. He is the king of Mol Mol, and in the tradition of their people, he has to serve in the military for some time. Before that happens, he is required to marry. Once when Kaolla Su was a very young girl he promised to marry her, but then he realizes that she only sees him as a brother, whereas Amalla is in love with him. He marries Amalla instead.
Ramba Ru looks almost exactly like Keitaro Urashima when they both have their glasses on. The only differences in appearance are that he is more tanned than Keitaro is, has darker hair and dark green eyes, and a somewhat Indian appearance. Unlike Keitaro, however, Ramba Ru is very calm, collected, and 'together', and not at all clumsy or awkward.
|Ranba Ru
|1st manga book:
|1st anime episode:
|Love Hina #19
|1st anime movie:
|Lanba Lu, Lamba Lu
Submissions can take several hours to be approved.Save ChangesCancel


text:
City to ease Circle parking enforcement
Date: November 8, 2012
by: Roger Drouin | City Editor
Moments before city commissioners voted unanimously Monday, Nov. 5, to move ahead with parking-enforcement changes that would make it easier for St. Armands Circle customers and visitors to park, merchants in the audience exclaimed approval and some even applauded.
Commissioners directed parking staff to work on a plan to remove the "box" parking lines on the Circle and a stretch of John Ringling Boulevard. In addition, commissioners want staff to consider two other possible changes that could do away with Saturday enforcement and enforcement after 6 p.m. on weekdays.
Staff will work on the parking boxes immediately, and report back to the commission in two weeks with a plan that either removes Saturday and evening enforcement or comes up with an alternative that St. Armands stakeholders approve.
The motion, made Monday by Commissioner Terry Turner, cleared the way for three significant changes that would mark a return to a method of parking enforcement that was in place before an increase in enforcement began on the Circle in March. At the time, the City Commission voted to bag downtown parking meters and make parking restrictions uniform throughout the city, including evening and Saturday enforcement.
Bill Carman, the retired owner of the now closed Carman's Shoes, said the motion passed Monday was a good step forward for the Circle.
"We're not against enforced parking," Carman said. "Just keep it the way it was for 45 years."
St. Armands merchants and business owners say a perception of rampant ticketing has caused them to lose business.
During the meeting, St. Armands Circle Association Executive Director Diana Corrigan showed city commissioners a stack of "love notes" merchants had received from angry and frustrated customers who had received parking citations while on the Circle, one of the most popular shopping and tourist destinations in the city.
Some of the notes came with a vow from customers "that they will never come back to our Circle," Corrigan told commissioners.
One of the biggest problems has been visitors receiving tickets for parking "over the line" on the Circle, a problem that has only arisen recently after the Florida Department of Transportation added additional "box" white lines in the process of repaving the roadway.
Lynches Pub & Grub co-owner Chris Lynch told commissioners one customer came in to the restaurant crying because she had received a parking ticket from what Lynch described as a "less-than-friendly" parking attendant.
"For a grown lady to be in tears because of way she was treated, that is not the image we should be striving for," Lynch said.
Lynch, and the handful of merchants and residents who spoke, begged commissioners to help ease the parking standoffs that have been intensifying on the Circle just before the start of peak season.
"We need your help now," Corrigan said.
After the motion was approved, Corrigan said it was a step forward.
Here is a look at the number of parking tickets issued over the past three months by the city of Sarasota parking enforcement.
St. Armands 193
Citywide 1,720
St. Armands 131
Citywide 1,561
St. Armands 230
Citywide 2,018
Currently 0 Responses
- Jan
3 FREE 5K Fun Run
7:00 am - 8:00 am
- Jan
3 Historical Trolley Tour
10:00 am - 12:00 pm
- Jan
6 Feast of the Epiphany offers beautiful close to Christmas season
7:30 am
- Jan
6 SILL Global Issues Lecture
10:30 am - 12:00 pm
Couple celebrates 54th anniversary
Carol and Jules Green met at a summer camp where Carol was a junior counselor and Jules was a waiter.
Officers welcome holiday backup
The Sarasota Police Department is on the lookout for an elf who goes by the name of Officer Elf on the Shelf.
Sound of hope
The holiday season hasn't officially started until our favorite bell ringers return to their posts.


text:
December brings the annual pleasures and challenges of holiday gifts and how to deal with them in dynamic psychotherapy. Although it is relatively easy to follow a simple rule about this, ideally a good deal of thought goes into a therapist's decision about whether to accept a patient's holiday gift. Below I will give a couple of examples of this from my own practice, and how psychodynamic theory guided my response.
All beginning dynamic therapists are taught not to accept gifts from patients. This rule follows from the principle that the therapist should decline all gratifications from the patient aside from the fee paid. A therapist who is swayed by the patient's generosity, physical attractiveness, political connections, or other factors invites a conflict of interest in himself, and thus risks distorting the therapy in pursuit of his own needs and desires. Accepting a gift would be an example of this. Afterwards, the therapist may feel disinclined to challenge the patient, to induce anxiety or point out a contradiction. Conversely, the patient may feel the therapist should reciprocate the generosity, leading to disappointment and possibly anger when the therapist fails to do so.


text:
Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass, vocalized concerns that the Supreme Court is being captured by corporate special interest groups during a speech last week at the American Constitution Society for Law and Policy National Convention in Washington, D.C.
Warren is particularly concerned about the Chamber of Commerce, the pro-business lobby group that spent more than $100 million last year to promote its interests.
"Take a look at the win rate of the Chamber of Commerce," she said. "According to the Constitution Accountability Center, the chamber moved from a 43 percent win rate during the very conservative Berger court to a 56 percent win rate under the very conservative Rehnquist court. And now they are at a 70 percent win rate under the Roberts court."
She continued: "Follow this pro-business trend to its obvious conclusion and you will end up with a Supreme Court that's a wholly owned subsidiary of the Chamber of Commerce."
The Chamber of Commerce is particularly bolstered on the high court by its conservative justices (who now constitute the majority), who side with the business lobby 82 percent of the time, according to The National Memo.
—Posted by Tracy Bloom.
Become a Truthdig Bedrock Supporter
A Progressive Journal of News and Opinion Zuade Kaufman, Publisher Robert Scheer, Editor-in-Chief
© 2014 Truthdig, LLC. All rights reserved.


text:
In a city full of transplants, The Onion struck a nerve.
The satirical news site posted a piece this week with the headline, "Horrified Man Suddenly Realizes He's Putting Down Roots In Charlotte."
It goes like this: As a fictional man named Mark Collier steps off the Lynx light-rail train, he's struck by the fact that, without really trying to, he's grown comfortable with the city and will likely be here for life.
Instead of world travel or whatever his dreams may have been, the 31-year-old finds himself with a gym membership and jury duty at the Mecklenburg County Courthouse.
Charlotte certainly fits the criteria to serve as the foil of the story. It's common to hear stories of folks who come to Charlotte never thinking they'll stay – who end up putting down roots.
And whoever wrote the story certainly had intimate knowledge of the Queen City. It's replete with references to mainstays such as South End Super Flea and the annual Holiday Afternoon Tea event at the uptown Ritz-Carlton.
And, of course, the kicker: "All that being said, though, you gotta love Freedom Park in the springtime," our protagonist admits. "Just gorgeous."
A spokesman for The Onion, which is based in Chicago, said it doesn't comment on individual articles.
The Charlotte story shared space Thursday with other Onion headlines such as: "Dad delivers rebuttal to State of the Union address directly into television screen," and "Obama admits U.S. hasn't been the same since Buddy Holly died."
As for the Charlotte story, locals reacted online with reflexive defensiveness about their hometown, mixed with a sense that the satire rang true.
"Little do they know, but they profiled me," one man wrote on Twitter. "Charlotte will sneak up and getcha! Happened to me too!" tweeted another.
All told, Charlotte Chamber president Bob Morgan said he thought the article was nice to the city.
"I think it very much is a compliment and, frankly, an affirmation of the numbers for the past couple years," he said. In roughly the last half-decade, the number of Charlotteans between the ages of 20 and 39 grew by 17 percent, he said.
So did the Chamber somehow find a way, through The Onion, to promote Charlotte's ability to grab a young person and not let go?
"No comment," Morgan said with a laugh. "I would love to take credit for writing the article."
Dunn: 704-358-5235; Twitter: @andrew_dunn
Subscribe to The Charlotte Observer.
The Charlotte Observer welcomes your comments on news of the day. The more voices engaged in conversation, the better for us all, but do keep it civil. Please refrain from profanity, obscenity, spam, name-calling or attacking others for their views.
Have a news tip? You can send it to a local news editor; email firstname.lastname@example.com to send us your tip - or - consider joining the Public Insight Network and become a source for The Charlotte Observer.Read moreRead less
The Charlotte region is vast and diverse. The more voices engaged in conversation, the better for us all. The Charlotte Observer welcomes your comments on news of the day, but we ask that you keep the discourse civil.
- Do not use profanity or obscenities. And don't try to camouflage profanity with asterisks, abbreviations or other symbols or foreign phrases.
- Do not use threatening language. Talk of violence won't be tolerated.
- No racial, gender or sexual-orientation name-calling.
- Do not attack other commenters for their views. Do not libel or defame anyone or violate their privacy.
- Keep your comments succinct and stay on topic. Comments that bear no relation to the story may be deleted.
- Do not add images to your comments.
- Do not report comments as abusive simply because you disagree with them. Report them only if they violate these guidelines.
- Do not post spam or advertising of any kind.
- Do not post a comment using all capital letters.
We do not monitor each and every posting, but we reserve the right to block or delete comments that violate these rules.
You can help: Notify us of violations by hitting the "Report Abuse" link. Users who continue posting comments that violate these guidelines may, at our discretion, be blocked from submitting future comments as well.
And finally, as Mark Twain said: "Always do right. This will gratify some people and astonish the rest."
Enjoy the discussion.


text:
size 00 clothes?
Find a Conversation
|Sat, 10-06-2012 - 6:36pm
Hi all, I'm coming out of mostly lurkdom with a question about finding clothes.
My DD is a US size 00. She's the width of an 8yo and the height of a 13yo. Here in Australia, we have only two stores (which I know of) which make affordable fashion size 00 clothes. One of them tends to have items which are a bit too sexy and the other can be a bit too cocktailish. So, I've decided to look online in the US for stuff which fits her....but it's difficult to find teen fashion among the adult things online.
Can anyone recommend brands which do size 00 in teen style? I'm particularly looking for day wear.
In the meantime, I guess I'll have to keep sewing. She wants a 1950's style dress at present, so I have to draft a pattern....
|Sun, 10-14-2012 - 12:30pm
|Wed, 10-10-2012 - 10:05am
|Wed, 10-10-2012 - 12:07am
How does your kid's sizing work? For us, a child's 14/16 reflects their age....so the clothes would be far too wide for my DD.


text:
If for some reason you are not completely satisfied with your purchase this holiday season, choose our FREE pre-paid shipping label and we'll cover your return! This offer is only good on eligible orders placed between November 1, 2014 and December 24, 2014. We've extended our normal return period to January 15, 2015 or 30 days after your order is received - whichever comes later. Learn more about our return policy.
Enjoy free shipping this holiday season! Shop now and get Free Value Shipping on most orders over $29.95 to contiguous 48 states, DC and to all U.S. Military APO/FPO/DPO addresses.
Unfortunately Tod's TO0021 Bifocal Prescription Sunglasses is no longer carried by OpticsPlanet.
You can also explore other items in the Bifocal Sunglasses category yourself to try and find the perfect replacement for you!
The Tod's TO0021 Bifocal Prescription Sunglasses has been tailored to be the ideal option to look fantastic, keep your eyes healthy and allow you to see effectively all the way through the daylight hours. Created using some of the most beneficial materials available, these Bifocal Sunglasses from the industry experts at Tod's provides you with years of reliability. With lenses that will keep your eyes safe from potentially detrimental Uv rays, the Tod's TO0021 Bifocal Prescription Sunglasses will give your eyes the pleasure they have earned. Our mission at OpticsPlanet is to always make sure that that you depart fully fulfilled, and the Tod's TO0021 Bifocal Prescription Sunglasses is just one of the many that we are delighted to offer. For an amazing looking way to keep your eyes in perfect health, decide on the Tod's TO0021 Bifocal Prescription Sunglasses.
We, at OpticsPlanet, try to make it easy to order Bi-Focal Sunglasses on line by providing as much information as we can. See our detailed Rx information page that explains How to Read Your Eyeglasses Prescription.
Available Tod's TO0021 Prescription Lens Styles:
These Tod's Prescription Sunglasses are also available as Tod's Sunglasses without prescription lenses:
Tod's TO0021 Sunglasses without lenses
Tod's Bi Focal Sunglasses Rx Lenses are available in the following lens materials:
Connect with OpticsPlanet
Become our fan, follow us, & subscribe for the latest updates and deals
Subscribe to our email list
Sign up and receive $5 Off and get exclusive access to promotions, sales
events, pre-order sales & more!
Contact Information
Toll-Free: 800-504-5897
Intl.: 847-513-6201
Fax: 847-919-3003
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Hours of Operation
7AM-8PM CST Mon-Fri9AM-5PM CST Sat-Sun
Our Guarantees


text:
|New Living Translation (NLT)
|New International Version (NIV)
|1 Then Eliphaz the Temanite replied:
|1 Then Eliphaz the Temanite replied:
|2 "You are supposed to be a wise man, and yet you give us all this foolish talk. You are nothing but a windbag.
|2 "Would a wise man answer with empty notions or fill his belly with the hot east wind?
|3 It isn't right to speak so foolishly. What good do such words do?
|3 Would he argue with useless words, with speeches that have no value?
|4 Have you no fear of God, no reverence for him?
|4 But you even undermine piety and hinder devotion to God.
|5 Your sins are telling your mouth what to say. Your words are based on clever deception.
|5 Your sin prompts your mouth; you adopt the tongue of the crafty.
|6 But why should I condemn you? Your own mouth does!"
|6 Your own mouth condemns you, not mine; your own lips testify against you.
|7 "Were you the first person ever born? Were you born before the hills were made?
|7 "Are you the first man ever born? Were you brought forth before the hills?
|8 Were you listening at God's secret council? Do you have a monopoly on wisdom?
|8 Do you listen in on God's council? Do you limit wisdom to yourself ?
|9 What do you know that we don't? What do you understand that we don't?
|9 What do you know that we do not know? What insights do you have that we do not have?
|10 On our side are aged, gray-haired men much older than your father!"
|10 The gray-haired and the aged are on our side, men even older than your father.
|11 "Is God's comfort too little for you? Is his gentle word not enough?
|11 Are God's consolations not enough for you, words spoken gently to you?
|12 What has captured your reason? What has weakened your vision,
|12 Why has your heart carried you away, and why do your eyes flash,
|13 that you turn against God and say all these evil things?
|13 so that you vent your rage against God and pour out such words from your mouth?
|14 Can a mortal be pure? Can a human be just?
|14 "What is man, that he could be pure, or one born of woman, that he could be righteous?
|15 Why, God doesn't even trust the angels ! Even the heavens cannot be absolutely pure in his sight.
|15 If God places no trust in his holy ones, if even the heavens are not pure in his eyes,
|16 How much less pure is a corrupt and sinful person with a thirst for wickedness!"
|16 how much less man, who is vile and corrupt, who drinks up evil like water!
|17 "If you will listen, I will answer you from my own experience.
|17 "Listen to me and I will explain to you; let me tell you what I have seen,
|18 And it is confirmed by the experience of wise men who have heard the same thing from their fathers,
|18 what wise men have declared, hiding nothing received from their fathers
|19 those to whom the land was given long before any foreigners arrived."
|19 (to whom alone the land was given when no alien passed among them):
|20 "Wicked people are in pain throughout their lives.
|20 All his days the wicked man suffers torment, the ruthless through all the years stored up for him.
|21 They are surrounded by terrors, and even on good days they fear the attack of the destroyer.
|21 Terrifying sounds fill his ears; when all seems well, marauders attack him.
|22 They dare not go out into the darkness for fear they will be murdered.
|22 He despairs of escaping the darkness; he is marked for the sword.
|23 They wander abroad for bread, saying, 'Where is it?' They know their ruin is certain.
|23 He wanders about--food for vultures; he knows the day of darkness is at hand.
|24 That dark day terrifies them. They live in distress and anguish, like a king preparing for an attack.
|24 Distress and anguish fill him with terror; they overwhelm him, like a king poised to attack,
|25 For they have clenched their fists against God, defying the Almighty.
|25 because he shakes his fist at God and vaunts himself against the Almighty,
|26 Holding their strong shields, they defiantly charge against him."
|26 defiantly charging against him with a thick, strong shield.
|27 "These wicked people are fat and rich,
|27 "Though his face is covered with fat and his waist bulges with flesh,
|28 but their cities will be ruined. They will live in abandoned houses that are ready to tumble down.
|28 he will inhabit ruined towns and houses where no one lives, houses crumbling to rubble.
|29 They will not continue to be rich. Their wealth will not endure, and their possessions will no longer spread across the horizon."
|29 He will no longer be rich and his wealth will not endure, nor will his possessions spread over the land.
|30 "They will not escape the darkness. The flame will burn them up, and the breath of God will destroy everything they have.
|30 He will not escape the darkness; a flame will wither his shoots, and the breath of God's mouth will carry him away.
|31 Let them no longer trust in empty riches. They are only fooling themselves, for emptiness will be their only reward.
|31 Let him not deceive himself by trusting what is worthless, for he will get nothing in return.
|32 They will be cut down in the prime of life, and all they counted on will disappear.
|32 Before his time he will be paid in full, and his branches will not flourish.
|33 They will be like a vine whose grapes are harvested before they are ripe, like an olive tree that sheds its blossoms so the fruit cannot form.
|33 He will be like a vine stripped of its unripe grapes, like an olive tree shedding its blossoms.
|34 For the godless are barren. Their homes, enriched through bribery, will be consumed by fire.
|34 For the company of the godless will be barren, and fire will consume the tents of those who love bribes.
|35 They conceive trouble and evil, and their hearts give birth only to deceit."
|35 They conceive trouble and give birth to evil; their womb fashions deceit."
|Scripture quotations marked NLT are taken from the Holy Bible, New Living Translation, copyright 1996. Used by permission of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Wheaton, Illinois 60189. All rights reserved. (New Living Translation - The Bible Online)
|Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online)


text:
Ramapo, New YorkEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States New York Rockland County Town of Ramapo
Church Records
Archives, Libraries and Museums
Town Clerk
Ramapo Town Clerk
Christian G. Sampson
237 Rt 59
Suffern, NY 10901
Phone: 845–357-5100 ext. 263
The Town Clerk has the records of birth, death, or marriage for the town.
Town Historian
Ramapo Town Historian
120 Wayne Ave
Suffern, NY 10901
Phone: 845–357–6383
Email: email@example.com
Town Records
To locate additional published and transcribed records for Ramapo, New York check:
- Gordon L. Remington, New York Towns, Villages, and Cities: A Guide to Genealogical Sources (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2002). American Ancestors online edition; At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 974.7 D27r. Alphabetical list including date founded, if a town history exists, church and cemetery sources, and if a Civil War register (TCR) exists. The codes used under Church and Cemetery are defined in the link above the listing of towns, cities and villages.
Vital Records
- 1847 - Joslyn, Roger D. "Town of Ramapo Births in 1847," The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, Vol. 132, No. 3 (Jul. 2001):168-170. Digital version at New York Family History ($); FHL Book 974.7 B2n v. 132.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
BROWSEby country by topic
Share Your Opinion!
The Community Council Selection Committee is now accepting recommendations for potential council vacancies.Recommendations Page


text:
But it doesn't have to be.
Continue Shopping.
Categories Vitamins Vitamin D 3
Categories Children's Health
Source of Life Animal Parade
Nature's Plus, Source of Life, Animal Parade, Vitamin D3, Sugar Free, Natural Black Cherry Flavor, 500 IU, 90 Animals
- Shipping Weight: 0.53 lbs (0.24kg)
- Product Code: NAP-29923
- UPC Code: 097467299238
- Package Quantity: 90 Animals
- Dimensions: 2.6 x 2.6 x 4.7 in, 0.45 lbs (0.2kg)
- Expiration Date: Jan 2017
Rainbow Light, Gummy Vitamin C Slices, Tangy Orange Flavor, 90 Gummies
Priced together: $14.96 Priced separately: $16.96
Product Overview
- The Energy Supplements
- Sweetened with Xylitol
- Children's Chewable Dietary Supplement
- Vegetarian
- Gluten Free
- Hypo-Allergenic
Nutritional support for healthy bones
Children's need for vitamin D has never been greater. Use of sunblock and sunscreen, as well as indoor activities such as video games and movies on demand, have sharply reduced children's exposure to the sun, their natural means of producing vitamin D. Experts recommend additional supplemental vitamin D—in particular the bioavailable active form vitamin D3—for optimal growth and long-term health.
Animal Parade Children's Chewable Vitamin D3 500 IU has a delicious black cherry flavor and the fun animal shapes children love
Suggested Use
As a dietary supplement for children two years of age and older, chew one tablet daily. Designed for children of safe chewing age and older. May be taken in addition to Animal Parade Children's Chewable Multi-Vitamin and Mineral.
Other Ingredients
Xylitol, natural color, stearic acid, citric acid, natural flavors and guar gum.
Conforms to the strictest standards for purity, including California's Proposition 65. Free from sugar, artificial colors and preservatives. Free from the common allergens yeast, wheat, soy and milk. Sweetened with xylitol
Keep tightly closed in a cool, dry place.
Keep out of reach of children.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 1 Chewable Animal-Shaped Tablet
|%DV for Children
|Amount Per Serving
|Under 4 Yrs of Age
|4 Yrs and Older
|Total Carbohydrate
|1 g
|0 g
|1 g
|Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
|†Daily Value (DV) not established.
**Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.


text:
First there was rapper Drake who put Toronto on the International map for his addictive and catchy rap songs. For the fiercest in Toronto women's fashion we present to you Miss Coco Becky aka Fatimah.
What we adore the most about this self trained local fashion designer is her commitment to quality craftmenship and ability to make the women who wear her dresses feel like a million bucks. She has spent years building up a loyal following and easily recognizable style that has caught the attention of fashionista's worldwide. If you would like your very own CoCo Becky design, her official website will be up very soon with a new Spring/Summer line to satisfy your soul.
Follow Miss Cocobecky on Instagram
Woman Reloaded


text:
(Go to Listing by Title)
Atiyah, M.F. and Hitchin, N.The Geometry and Dynamics of Magnetic Monopoles. Furstenberg, H.Recurrence in Ergodic Theory and Combinatorial Number Theory. Hitchin, N. and Atiyah, M.F.The Geometry and Dynamics of Magnetic Monopoles. Kollár, J.Shafarevich Maps and Automorphic Forms. Manin, Y.Topics in Non-Commutative Geometry. Simon, B.Szego's Theorem and Its Descendants:Spectral Theory for L2 Perturbations of Orthogonal Polynomials. Weinberger, S.Computers, Rigidity, and Moduli:The Large-Scale Fractal Geometry of Riemannian Moduli Space.
File created: 9/8/2014
Questions and comments to: email@example.com Princeton University Press


text:
|09 Feb 2009
Windows 7 Ultimate x64 RC1
Accessing drives in Windows Explorer takes a long time
I'm not sure why this is happening, but if I attempt to open a drive in Windows Explorer, it takes a really long time (sometimes several minutes). It takes that long for the progress bar on the address bar to fill up. Does anyone know why this would be?
|My System Specs
|09 Feb 2009
Vista Ult 64 bit Seven Ult RTM x64
I have only noticed this the first time or two that I open drives that where used by Vista and the Vista OS partition itself. Places with large numbers of files not created in 7 to start with. Explorer apparently needs to index these files so that it knows what's there to begin with. Hasn't happened here for a while. Yes if the partition (drive) is large it can take a few minutes. I would think mapping a network drive would have a similar process as windows discovers what all is available there.
|My System Specs
|09 Feb 2009
XP/win7 x86 build 7127
other than the stated above, depending on your setup and installed programs of course, check the power management making sure you drives dont go to sleep on you so fast or at all.
|My System Specs
|09 Feb 2009
It's a compromise, but you can turn of the Windows search service. I have little use for it , but many have. It speeds up things to normality.
|My System Specs
|10 Feb 2009
Vista Ult 64bit - Windows 7 Ult 7264 64bit
This happens when Explorer has a problem reading the data, and the progress bar shows this by moving slowly.
Most of the time when I see this (Vista or W7), it's usually a CD or DVD and it ends up having a bad block or two (or 7,465 of them..). Is this a removeable storage media by any chance?
I've also seen this happen with HDD partitions and usually when they contain media files, pictures, music, videos.
Check your event viewer next time this happens and report anything that could be related at the time this happened.
|My System Specs
|10 Feb 2009
windows xp/ 7
Accessing the drives is taking a long time on my system also. I was able to right click on the drive and open a new window to get to my files without having to for the index - temp fix while I troubleshoot.
|My System Specs
|10 Feb 2009
Here are two options that are sure to speed up your drive access, though make sure you have a UPS if you enable advanced performance.
Internal Drive
Right-click Computer, click properties, on the left click Device Manager.
Unfold the "Disk drives" tree (click the +), then right-click your drive, and go to the Policies tab at the top.
Under "Enable write caching on the disk" you will see "Enable advanced performance," tick the checkbox.
External Drive
(Do not forcefully disconnect your external drive if you follow this, always use the "Safely Remove Hardware" option from Windows)
Follow the above steps, but this time (under the Policies tab) tick "Optimize for performance"
That should speed some things up.. I don't think that there are any power saving mechanisms that could render slow disk access, I could be wrong though
Also, I've found Explorer to be slow when the wrong type of folder is assumed. For example, my "Installers" folder on my external drive had the assumed folder type of "Music and video," it would try to load meta data from executables, making it a tad slower. Changing the folder type to All Documents sped things up a little bit, and eliminated useless columns.
|My System Specs
|10 Feb 2009
Turn off 'windows Search/Indexing' service and you will notice your system flies along
It's a real big system hog that thing, and does nothing but speed up file search. For the extra 10secs it loses in search, I'd rather have more response 24/7. First thing I disable on Win7 or Vista.
|My System Specs
|11 Apr 2009
Windows 7
Turn off "Show Thumbnails" in Folder Options. "Always Show Icons" is what it's called. Then let me know if it still goes slow for you. I noticed it was really slow and turning that off fixed it a lot. Windows is trying to create the thumbnails.
|My System Specs
|05 Mar 2010
Windows 7 Home Premium - 64 bit
Found an alternative cause - worked for me.
I just found this post, whilst trying to find out why my speedy W7 PC was acting like a pensioner, when I clicked on a folder on my external drive.
I tried out all of the above, with no success, unfortunately.
I have a Seagate Freeagent USB2 - with a few folders of varying content. Most of the folders opened swiftly, irrespective of their size & contents. However, I have a folder to keep mainly movies in. Mainly, being the operative word here.
The strange thing was, if I looked at the folder inside my Network (whilst in Windows Explorer) .... the folder opened and showed all contents instantly! Back to looking at it under ''Computer'' ... and the explorer bar scanned for ages before letting me see things ???? .... strange.
Whilst going through all of the above suggestions, I happened to notice that in the properties of the folder ( Properties / Customize ) .... that the option was set to ''optimize this folder for ... Videos''.
However, I know that there are other items in there that are not videos! I changed the option to ''General items'' and ticked the ''Also apply this template to all subfolders''.
Voila.... problem solved !!
When I went back to the shared folder and checked the properties .... it was set to ''General items''. Wish I'd noticed it before, ..... so thought I'd post it here incase anyone else had the same situation
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
|Similar help and support threads for2: Accessing drives in Windows Explorer takes a long time
|Windows 7 64 Bit updates takes a long time.
|Windows Updates & Activation
|Windows Explorer takes a long time to load?
|Performance & Maintenance
|Windows takes a long time to shut down
|Performance & Maintenance
|Windows takes a long time to initialize network stuff ...
|Network & Sharing
|Slow startup, Windows Explorer takes long time to open
|General Discussion
|Pc takes long time 2 start
|Hardware & Devices
|Our Sites
|Site Links
|About Us
|Find Us
Windows 7 Forums is an independent web site and has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by Microsoft Corporation. "Windows 7" and related materials are trademarks of Microsoft Corp.
© Designer Media Ltd
All times are GMT -5. The time now is 02:10 AM.


text:
How Well Do You Know A Charlie Brown Christmas?
Take our quiz!
How Well Do You Know 2014's Biggest Pop Song Lyrics?
Take our quiz!
10 Reasons Why Charli XCX Is The Most Exciting New Pop Star Of 2014
Count 'em!
We Award The Biggest And Best Music Videos Of 2014!
Who made the list?
October 6th, 2011
While rumours are swirling that the Black Eyed Peas have called it quits, frontman Will.i.Am. took to Twitter today to set the record straight, tweeting Why do people listen to rumors…"Me and @apl_de created the peas"…so…from the creators mouth…We are not breaking up…stop the rumors
After recently pulling out of the Michael Jackson Tribute Concert and forfeiting the multi-million dollar paycheque that went along with the gig, rumours started that the Peas were getting ready to announce their break up.
Rumblings around the band breaking up are nothing new. When BEP singer Fergie released her solo album it looked like the band may not continue. Thanks to Twitter we've heard it straight from the band that the E.N.D. is not near.
Tags: black eyed peas, New
Posted on Thursday, October 6th, 2011 at 2:30 pm by Allison and is filed under Blog, Celeb Life, News.Tweet