text:
The present invention relates to a process for treating an ophthalmic lens comprising two main sides the first one of which comprises a thin external organic or inorganic layer, comprising:—at least one treatment step for the second lens side through energetic and/or reactive species capable to perform a surface physical attack and/or chemical modification,—in option, at least one or more steps for depositing inorganic or organic layers carried out simultaneously or subsequently to the treatment step through said energetic and/or reactive species, characterized in that before the treatment step through energetic and/or reactive species, a deposition of a temporary protective layer is performed onto the thin external organic or inorganic layer. Application to ophthalmic optics.
1. A process for treating an ophthalmic lens comprising a first side and a second side, wherein at least the first side comprises a thin external organic or inorganic layer, the process comprising at least one treatment of the second side with energetic and/or reactive species resulting in surface physical attack and/or chemical modification, wherein prior to the treatment with the energetic and/or reactive species, a deposition of a temporary protective layer is performed onto the thin external organic or inorganic layer of the first side.
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27. A lens comprising a hydrophobic and/or oleophobic coating imparting to the lens a surface energy of 14 mJ/M2 or less, wherein a multilayer temporary protective layer is deposited onto said coating.
28. The lens of
29. The lens of
30. The lens of
31. The lens of
32. The lens of
33. The lens of
34. The lens of
35. The lens of
36. The lens of
37. The lens of
38. A pre-calibrated lens comprising at least one side comprising a thin external organic or inorganic layer coated with a temporary protective layer.
39. The pre-calibrated lens of
a layer comprising polytetrafluoroethylene;
a first layer of inorganic nature comprising a thickness ranging from 5 to 200 nm, and a second layer of organic nature coated onto said first layer; or
a layer made of a metal fluoride, a mixture of metal fluorides, a metal oxide, a mixture of metal oxides.
40. The pre-calibrated lens of
41. The pre-calibrated lens of
42. The pre-calibrated lens of
43. The pre-calibrated lens of
44. The lens of
45. A lens comprising two main sides, at least the first one of which comprising a thin external organic or inorganic layer coated with a temporary protective layer, wherein the temporary protective layer comprises a layer comprising polytetrafluoroethylene.
46. The lens of
47. The lens of
48. The lens of
This application is a national phase application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/EP03/00226 filed 13 Jan. 2003, which claims priority to French Application No. 02/00388 filed 14 Jan. 2002, the entire contents of both of which applications are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to a process for obtaining an ophthalmic lens comprising two main sides, the first one at least bearing an external organic or inorganic thin layer modifying the lens surface properties.
More precisely, the process allows to obtain an ophthalmic lens comprising two main sides, each one bearing a multilayer coating, the external layer of which is a thin layer with hydrophobic and/or oleophobic properties.
Typically, the ophthalmic lenses bearing a multilayer coating are obtained by deposition on the lens surface of evaporated materials in vacuum enclosures.
According to a conventional arrangement, the lenses are located on a rotating carrousel or cover being arranged in the upper part of the vacuum enclosure and wherein locations, more particularly circular holes, are provided, above which lenses are to be located.
Conventionally, the following terms will be used therein:
Each round lens is held in contact with the carrousel on the periphery thereof and its side to be coated is oriented toward the treatment area.
More precisely, each lens is arranged on an annular ring-shaped independent holding part the diameter of which is slightly lower than the lens diameter so that the lens sits on the ring only on the periphery thereof. The ring also comprises elastic means providing a good positioning for the ring.
The so-formed assembly is then arranged above the chosen carrousel hole, the ring sitting then on the hole periphery and being made integral with the carrousel through appropriate locking means.
The material to be evaporated is arranged in a crucible being placed on the lower part of the vacuum enclosure and heated generally through an electron beam directed towards the crucible or through a simple Joule effect source according to the nature of the material to be evaporated.
The evaporated material is then deposited on the side to be treated. When the desired thickness is reached, the evaporation of the first material is ceased and then the evaporation of the second material follows.
Generally one of the sides of the ophthalmic lens is wholly treated, then this side is turned upside down so as to direct the untreated side towards the source of the material to be deposited, afterwards this last side of the lens is submitted to a treatment being generally the same as for the first side.
One of the technical problems met upon treatment operations for the second side is that the integrity of the layers deposited on the first side must be preserved, more particularly the integrity of the external layer.
Such a problem is the more crucial since the external layer of the ophthalmic lens, essentially having the goal to modify the surface energy properties, has a very small thickness, generally less than 30 nm, more frequently from 1 to 20 nm, more preferably from 1 to 10 nm. In the case of specific layers, such as hydrophobic and/or oleophobic layers, the thicknesses may only reach from 2 to 10 nm, or even from 2 to 5 nm.
But it is sometimes necessary to submit the substrate surface to treatments with more energetic species than evaporated molecules (more precisely with an upper energy than 0.1 eV) or reactive species, i.e. different species from each other, which are adapted to react chemically with the substrate surface when contacted.
In particular, before the multilayer coating is deposited, the ophthalmic lens may be submitted to a surface treatment such as an ion bombardment (particularly with rare gases, oxygen or mixtures thereof or nitrogen or air), a plasma treatment or, in the case of inorganic lenses, a corona treatment (typically a treatment with an oxygen plasma at a pressure of 10−2 mbar).
Such an activation treatment may be also carried out so as to prepare the surface of one of the deposited layers before the deposition of the subsequent layer.
The object being looked for is then essentially to increase the treatment adherence.
It is also possible to apply an ion bombardment to the lens surface upon the evaporation of the layer-forming materials so as to improve the mechanical properties and in particular to compact the layer.
Such a process is conventional and known as "ion-assisted deposition" or IAD.
Although the treatment is carried out mainly on the yet untreated side, the species being generated for the purpose of the activation or compaction treatment are highly energetic and/or reactive and are adapted for altering the already carried out deposits on the lens back side, in particular those lenses located the nearest from the treatment area, i.e. the lenses located on the peripheral part of the carrousel or external crown.
Moreover, it has become frequent to treat lenses being not round as it was conventionally the case, but so-called "pre-calibrated" lenses the thickness of which has been minimized according to their corresponding frame as well as the bearer's sight characteristics (pupil deviation, . . . ) and which have the characteristics to have a shape globally close to the final lens being ready for mounting.
For such a pre-calibrated lens to be fastened the shape of which is any longer circular and the size thereof is smaller than that of the holding part, an intermediate part being adapted into the holding part is used.
Such an intermediate part is globally shaped according to the pre-calibrated lens size so as to enclose the lens on the periphery thereof and is forcibly engaged into the holding part. Thus, the adaptation of the pre-calibrated lens into the above-described holding part is possible.
The treatment of such lenses through conventional devices represents a difficulty.
In fact, unlike the case of a round lens, the pre-calibrated lens surface does not cover the whole circular hole of the carrousel above which the lens/intermediate part/holding part assembly is arranged and consequently a great part of the circular hole forms an opening for energetic and/or reactive species going-through.
Thus, the opposed lens side to the treatment area becomes more accessible for energetic and/or reactive species and thus likely to be altered.
The invention aims at providing a process for reducing or even cancel any problem of alteration for the thin external layer opposed to the treatment area and consists in a process for treating an ophthalmic lens comprising two main sides the first one of which comprises a thin external organic or inorganic layer, comprising:
The invention also relates to a pre-calibrated lens at least one of the sides of which comprises a thin external organic or inorganic layer coated with a temporary protective layer.
The continuation of the description refers to the accompanying drawings wherein:
The lens treated according to the invention has already been coated on one of the sides thereof with a thin external layer.
The thin external inorganic or organic layer is preferably a hydrophobic and/or oleophobic surface coating and in particular a hydrophobic and/or oleophobic surface coating deposited on a mono- or multilayer antireflecting coating.
The hydrophobic and/or oleophobic coatings are generally applied to lenses comprising an antireflecting coating, in particular with an inorganic material, so as to reduce their soiling tendency, for example with respect to grease deposits.
Preferably, the hydrophobic and/or oleophobic coatings impart a surface energy lower than 14 mJoules/m2 and more preferably lower than 12 mJoules/m2 (the surface energies being calculated according to Owens-Wendt method disclosed in the following reference: "Estimation of the surface force energy of polymers", Owens D. K., Wendt R. G. (1969) J. APPL. POLYM. SCI., 13, 1741-1474) (mJ=millijoules).
The hydrophobic and/or oleophobic coatings are obtained by coating, on the surface of the antireflecting coating, surface energy reducing compounds for the lens.
Such compounds have been extensively disclosed in the prior art, for example in Patents U.S. Pat. No. 4,410,563, EP0203730, EP749021, EP844265 and EP933377.
Silane-based compounds bearing fluorinated groups, particularly one or more perfluorocarbon or perfluoropolyether groups, are most frequently used.
Examples include silazane, polysilazane or silicone compounds comprising one or more fluorinated groups such as those above-mentioned.
A known process for obtaining a hydrophobic and/of oleophobic layer consists in applying; on the antireflecting coating, compounds bearing fluorinated groups and Si—R groups, R being a —OH group or a precursor thereof, preferably an alkoxy group. Such compounds may carry out on the, antireflecting coating surface, directly or after hydrolysis, polymerization and/or cross-linking reactions.
The coating of the compounds reducing the lens surface energy is conventionally performed by dipping in a solution of said compound or by vapor phase deposition with this last coating type being preferred. Generally, the hydrophobic and/or oleophobic coating has a thickness lower than 30 nm, more frequently from 1 to 20 nm, preferably from 1 to 10 nm, more preferably from 2 to 5 nm.
Before any protective coating deposition, a checking of the optical properties of the lens may be optionally performed, in particular the antireflecting properties thereof.
If the depositions are carried out under vacuum, the atmospheric pressure is restored within the enclosure and then the checking is made.
The protective layer is coated directly onto the thin external layer.
Generally speaking, the protective layer should have a sufficient thickness so as to avoid any subsequent alteration of the properties in the thin external layer upon the various lens treating steps.
The thickness is selected depending on the energy of the reactive species which may incidentally reach the thin external layer surface.
Such energy may vary from 40 to 150 eV with a current density of 30 to 700 microamperes/cm2 at the level of the substrate (lens) surface.
The thickness of the protective layer varies preferably from 5 nm to 10 microns and the protective layer is preferably continuous.
When the protective layer is an inorganic layer, in particular deposited by evaporation, the thickness thereof is preferably from 5 to 200 nm, more preferably 10 to 200 nm.
When the process comprises a treatment step with high energy species such as ions from a ion gun or a plasma, a thicker protective layer will be selected.
Generally if the thickness of the protective layer is too weak, there is a risk that the thin hydrophobic and/or oleophobic layer should not be protected sufficiently.
If on the contrary the thickness of the protective layer is too high, in particular for essentially inorganic protective layers, the inventors have found that mechanical stresses may appear within the layer, which may be prejudicial to the expected properties.
Obviously the protective layer material should be such that it does not alter the surface properties of the hydrophobic and/or oleophobic coating and after the material removal the optical and surface properties of the lens are wholly identical to those shown in the lens before the protective layer deposition.
Preferably the temporary protective layer is of an inorganic material and particularly a metal fluoride or a mixture of metal fluorides, a metal oxide or a mixture of metal oxides.
Examples of fluorides include magnesium fluoride MgF2, lanthanum fluoride LaF3 or cerium fluoride CeF3.
Useful oxides are titanium, aluminum, zirconium or praseodymium oxides.
Mixtures of alumina and praseodymium oxide are recommended.
A particularly recommended commercially available material is the PASO2 from Leybold company.
Examples of temporary protective layers made from an organic material include polytetrafluoroethylene-based layers, for example Teflon®.
The temporary protective layer itself may have multiple layers, in particular two layers.
In that case, it is preferred first to coat, in particular by evaporation under vacuum, on the thin hydrophobic and/or oleophobic layer, a first layer of an inorganic nature in a small thickness (from 2 to 200 nm, preferably 5 to 200 nm), and then a layer of an organic nature is coated onto such a first layer.
Preferably the layer of an organic nature is obtained by deposition and hardening of a latex.
The appropriate latexes are acrylic or methacrylic latexes; or polyurethane latexes such as those sold by Baxenden under the trademark W234 and W240.
Generally the layer of an organic nature coated onto the first inorganic layer is of a thickness much higher than the thickness of the first inorganic layer and the thickness thereof varies typically from 0.2 to 10 microns.
The layer of an organic nature affords a good mechanical protection and may be easily removed by tearing away, for example by drawing the layer from the periphery thereof.
Preferably, the material of the layer of an organic nature is selected so that the adherence at the interface between the first layer of an inorganic nature and the second layer of an organic layer should be higher than at the interface between the hydrophobic and/or oleophobic layer and the first layer of an inorganic nature.
Thus, when the organic layer is torn away, the inorganic layer adhering to the organic layer is also removed.
The protective layer may be coated through any appropriate conventional process, in a vapor phase (deposition under vacuum) or in a liquid phase, for example spraying, centrifugation or dipping.
Generally the antireflecting, hydrophobic and/or oleophobic coatings have been deposited by evaporation in vacuum bells and it is preferred to coat the temporary protective layer with the same technique, whereby the set of operations may be performed sequentially without any excessive manipulation of the lenses between the steps.
Another interest of the vacuum deposition is to prevent any wetability problem in the case where the thin layer on which the protective layer is to be coated shows hydrophobic and/or oleophobic properties.
The protective layer is preferably made from any material allowing for the lens surface energy having hydrophobic and/or oleophobic properties to be increased and which may be removed upon a subsequent operation following the trimming step.
In particular, when the protective layer is made of one or more materials increasing the surface energy with respect to the lens surface having hydrophobic and/or oleophobic properties, such characteristic may be gained profit from for lens trimming.
In fact, an ophthalmic lens results from a sequence of molding, and/or surfacing/polishing operations that define the geometry for both convex and concave optical surfaces of said lens, and then of appropriate surface treatments.
The last finishing step for the ophthalmic lens is the trimming operation consisting in machining the edge or periphery of the lens so as to shape it to the required size to adapt the lens for the glass frame in which it is supposed to be positioned.
The trimming is generally performed on a polishing device comprising diamond wheels that perform the machining as defined above.
The lens is held upon such an operation with axially-acting locking members.
The relative movement of the lens with respect to the wheel is controlled generally digitally so as to reach the desired shape.
As it appears, it is absolutely imperative that the lens be firmly held upon such a movement.
For that, before the trimming operation, an acorn-positioning for the lens, i.e. a holding means or acorn is placed above the lens convex surface.
A holding pad, such as a self-adhesive chip, for example a double side adhesive, is put between the acorn and the lens convex surface.
The so-equipped lens is positioned on one of the above-mentioned axial locking members, the second axial locking member being then adapted to lock the lens on the concave side thereof through an abutment, generally an elastomeric one.
Upon the machining, a tangential torque effort is generated on the lens, which may result in a lens rotation with respect to the acorn if the lens-holding system is not efficient.
The good lens holding mainly depends on the good adherence at the interface between the holding pad and the lens convex surface.
It has been shown that the technical problem is solved by depositing on a lens comprising a hydrophobic and/or hydrophobic surface coating a temporary protective layer imparting to the lens a surface energy at least equal to 15 mJoules/m2.
Consequently it is possible to obtain a sufficient adherence at the interface holding pad/lens for conventionally used pads in the technical art.
Thus, the invention also relates to a lens, for example an ophthalmic lens, comprising a hydrophobic and/or oleophobic coating on which a multilayer, particularly a bilayer temporary protective layer, as defined above and preferably imparting to the lens a surface energy of at least 15 mJoules/m2.
Generally the application of a hydrophobic and/or oleophobic surface coating a surface energy lower than 14 mJoules/m2 and very frequently lower than or equal to 12 mJoules/m2.
The multiple temporary protective layer will increase the lens surface energy up to a value of at least 15 mJoules/m2.
The surface energies are calculated according to Owens-Wendt method disclosed in the following reference: "Estimation of the surface force energy of polymers", Owens D. K., Wendt R. G. (1969) J. APPL. POLYM. SCI., 13, 1741-1474.
The process of the invention may also be applied to lenses having already been submitted to a trimming step one side of which comprises a thin external organic and inorganic layer, preferably a hydrophobic and/or oleophobic one.
Referring to
Devices 16, 17, 18 such as mass flowmeters, are also provided for feeding appropriate gases such as argon and oxygen, to the bombardment device and such as oxygen, to the enclosure 10 of the machine, from external sources (not shown).
As illustrated in
The process of the invention may be as an example implemented by using the machine according to
The lenses to be treated are placed in the openings 12 of the carrousel 11, for example, with their concave sides exposed to the evaporation devices 14, 15 and the ion gun 13.
Then the activation of the lens concave surface by ion bombardment is conventionally performed and afterwards a conventional deposition under vacuum of a multilayer antireflecting coating through the evaporation device 14, and then a, thin external layer of a hydrophobic and/or oleophobic coating, for example, through the Joule effect device.
According to the invention, a deposition of the external temporary protective layer is then performed for example through the evaporation device 14.
The lenses are then put upside down and the convex side may be treated in a similar manner with no risk of alteration of the thin external hydrophobic/oleophobic layer of the concave side.
After a recovery and a possible trimming of the lenses, the temporary protective layers are removed.
If the protective layer is of a material increasing the surface energy of the external layer, it may be kept to favor the acorn-positioning for the lens during the trimming operation.
The temporary protective layer removing step may be carried out either in a liquid medium or by a dry wiping or even by a successive implementation of both those means or even by tearing away in the case of a bilayer, in particular a bilayer comprising a first layer of an inorganic nature and a second layer of an organic nature as described above.
The removal step in a liquid medium is preferably carried out with an acidic solution, in particular an orthophosphoric acid solution at molarities varying from 0.01 to 1 N.
The acidic solution may also comprise anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactants.
The temperature at which the: removal step is made is variable, but generally the step is performed at room temperature.
The removal of the temporary protective layer may also be favored with a mechanical action, preferably by using ultrasounds.
In general, after a treatment with the liquid medium, such as the acidic solution, the dry wiping or a combination of both, the removal step comprises a cleaning step with an aqueous solution of a pH substantially equal to 7.
At the end of the temporary protective layer removing step, the lens has optical and surface treatment characteristics of the same order, even quasi identical to those of the initial lens comprising the hydrophobic and/or oleophobic coating.
The lenses comprising a temporary protective layer in an inorganic material may be marked with various inks currently used by the man in the art for progressive lenses.
Although the process is disclosed more particularly in the case of a deposition of antireflecting layers by conventional evaporation, the use of a temporary protective layer may be advantageously employed in the case of other deposition processes, such as the sputtering processes wherein the energies of the deposited particles vary from 10 to 40 eV under pressures from 10−1 to 10−3 mbar, and the plasma-assisted chemical vapor phase processes, for which the particle energy varies from 1 to 10 eV under pressures from 10−1 to 10−3 mbar.
Conventional examples of plasma-assisted chemical vapor phase reactions include the following reactions:
The decomposition of the precursors through the plasma and the presence of oxygen lead to ion or radical species such as O− or (O2)+ which are likely to alter the thin external layer.
The deposits are performed on substrates which are CR39®-based ophthalmic lenses comprising on both sides a polysiloxane-type anti-abrasive coating corresponding to Example 3 of Patent Application EP614957. The lenses are washed in an ultrasonic cleaning vessel and steamed for 3 hours minimum at a temperature of 100° C. They are then ready to be treated.
Two different types of lenses are treated:
The vacuum treatment machine used is a machine Balzers BAK760 provided with an electron gun, an ion gun of the type "end-Hall" Mark2 Commonwealth and a Joule effect evaporation source.
The lenses are put on the carrousel with the concave side exposed to the evaporation sources and the ion gun.
The round lenses are arranged on the external crown of the carrousel (in the most treatment sensitive area) and in the central part of the carrousel.
The pre-calibrated lenses are also arranged both on the external crown and the central part of the carrousel.
A vacuum drawing is performed until a secondary vacuum is reached.
The substrate surface is activated by bombardment with argon and oxygen (Ar and O2) ion beam through the ion gun of the model type "end-Hall" Mark2 from Commonwealth. The gun is set so that the ion energy should be 80 eV and the current density at the level of the substrate in the gun axis be from 40 to 70 microamperes per cm2. The substrates are exposed to the ion bombardment during 1 minute.
Afterwards, after interruption of the ion bombardment, a sequential evaporation is carried out with the electron gun to form 4 optical antireflecting layers of high index (HI), low index (LI), HI, LI: ZrO2, SiO2, ZrO2, SiO2.
Finally, a layer of a hydrophobic and oleophobic coating is deposited by evaporation of a product of trademark OPTOOL DSX (compound comprising perfluoropropylene patterns) sold by DAIKIN.
A determined quantity of Optool DSX is put in a copper cup of 18 mm diameter being itself arranged in a Joule effect crucible (tantalum crucible).
A 2 nm thickness of a hydrophobic and oleophobic coating is then deposited by evaporation.
The checking of the deposited thickness is carried out with quartz scales.
1.2 Deposition of the Temporary Protective Layer
The evaporation of the protective layer is then carried out.
The deposited material is a compound of formula MgF2 with a particle size from 1 to 2.5 mm sold by Merck.
The evaporation is performed with the electron gun.
The physical thickness deposited is 20 nm, at a deposition rate of 0.52 nm/s.
The checking of the thickness deposited is carried out with quartz scales.
Afterwards, the enclosure is heated and the treatment chamber is put again at the room atmosphere.
The lenses are then put upside down with their convex side oriented towards the treatment area. The convex side is treated identically with the concave side (by reproducing the steps 1.1 and 1.2 above-mentioned).
The temporary layer of MgF2 coated on the convex side in the last step has then the objective to increase the surface energy of the convex side so as to be able to perform an acorn-positioning operation, i.e. for positioning said side through a holding means or acorn, thereby serving to hold the lens during the final machining operation of the lens periphery (trimming) so as to adapt it to the frame shapes.
The lenses are trimmed through a polishing device and finally mounted on the frame.
1.3 Removal of the Temporary Layer
The lenses are wiped with the help of a usual cotton cloth to remove the temporary protective layer. The colorimetric values after the removal of the MgF2 layer are the same as those of the treatment with no MgF2: the MgF2 and the removal operation thereof do no modify the colorimetric characteristics of the antireflecting treatment.
The substrates are varnished CR39® ophthalmic lenses similar to those used in Example 1. They are washed in an ultrasonic cleaning vessel and then steamed during 3 hours minimum at a temperature of 100° C.
2.1 Preparation of Lenses Comprising a Hydrophobic and/or Oleophobic Coating
The vacuum treatment machine used is a machine Leybold LH1104 provided with an electron gun, an ion gun of the type Mark2 and a Joule effect evaporation source.
The lenses are put on the carrousel with the concave side exposed to the evaporation sources and the ion gun.
The round lenses are arranged both on the external crown of the carrousel (in the most treatment sensitive area) and in the central part of the carrousel.
The pre-calibrated lenses are also arranged both on the external crown and the central part of the carrousel.
A vacuum drawing is performed until a secondary vacuum is reached.
Afterwards, a sequential evaporation is carried out by heating of the source with the electron gun to form 4 optical antireflecting layers of high index (HI), low index (LI), HI, LI: ZrO2, SiO2, ZrO2, SiO2.
The third layer of ZrO2 is evaporated with the technical assistance (IAD) to improve its compaction. The ion gun is operated at the same time as the electron gun. An ZrO2 material OPTRON is evaporated in presence of an oxygen ion flow. The ion gun is set so that the ion energy should be 120 eV and the current density at the level of the substrate in the axis of the ion gun be from 50 to 70 microamperes per cm2.
Afterwards, a hydrophobic and oleophobic coating is deposited by evaporation by Joule effect of a product of trademark OPTOOL DSX (compound comprising perfluoropropylene patterns) sold by DAIKIN.
The product under a liquid form is poured into a copper cup of 18 mm diameter being it self arranged in a Joule effect crucible (tantalum crucible).
A 2 nm thickness of a hydrophobic and oleophobic coating is then deposited by evaporation.
The checking of the deposited thickness is carried out with quartz scales.
2.2 Deposition of the Temporary Protective Layer
The temporary layer is deposited according to the same procedure as in step 1.2 above.
The lenses are then put upside down with their convex side oriented towards the treatment area and treated identically with the concave side, by reproducing the steps 2.1 and 2.2 above-mentioned.
The lenses are trimmed and then mounted into the frame.
2.3 Removal of the Temporary Layer
The procedure is the same as the step 1.3 above.
The Example 1 is identically reproduced, but without the steps of deposition and then removal of the temporary layer of MgF2 (steps 1.2 and 1.3)
The Example 2 is identically reproduced, but without the steps of deposition and then removal of the temporary layer of MgF2 (steps 2.2 and 2.3).
The resulting lenses from the various examples are submitted to the oil test.
Description of the Oil Test
The operator pours an oil droplet commercially available under the trademark "three in one" with WD40 company onto the concave or convex surface of the lens to be tested with a pipette and tilts the lens so as to allow the droplet to flow on the surface under its own weight.
The results are interpreted as follows.
Good Test
The oil does not wet, but retracts. The trace is discontinuous.
That is what is obtained if the treatment surface energy is very weak, for example for a hydrophobic and oleophobic layer obtained from the Optool DSX treatment.
Bad Test
The oil wets. The trace is continuous and well marked.
That is what is obtained if the hydrophobic and oleophobic coating has been altered during the second side treatment.
This test is very selective and allows to highlight a very weak increase of the surface energy.
The aspect of the oil trace is shown in
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Kanye West's 'Fantasy' Silences Critics
MBDTF is likely the best-reviewed hip hop album this decade, garnering 5 stars from Rolling Stone, a perfect 10.0 Pitchfork score and a 9/10 rating from Spin among other rave reviews. West ditches tracks auto-tuned within an inch of their lives and predictable sample-heavy production for more personal content and a decidedly slower pace than his past efforts.
Rolling Stone asserts, "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy is his most maniacally inspired music yet, coasting on heroic levels of dementia, pimping on top of Mount Olympus. Yeezy goes for the grandeur of stadium rock, the all-devouring sonics of hip-hop, the erotic gloss of disco, and he goes for all of it, all the time. Nobody halfway sane could have made this album." While USA Today notes, "Though he's rooted in a genre where rappers shield their emotions, West succeeds by doing the opposite. The result is an epic, adventurous aural mélange that easily outstrips anything he's done."
West surprises the staff at Rolling Stone:
West showcases his lyrical acuity over an eclectic array of beats throughout the 13-track set, rapping alongside Kid Cudi, Jay-Z, Rick Ross, Rihanna, Swizz Beats, John Legend, Bon Iver, Raekwon, Pusha T, Prynce Cy Hi and The RZA.
Checkout West's mini-movie for the single "Runaway" featuring Pusha T.
West discusses returning from his year-long music hiatus:
West faces steep competition this week from the chart-topping animated emcee Nicki Minaj, whose album Pink Friday also drops today and who is featured on MBDTF, as well as pop phenom Ke$ha, but something tells us that Kanye isn't worried one bit.
No one can guarantee that West is fresh out of excuses for bad behavior, but his latest album will keep his name on the tips of critics' tongues for good reasons (for now at least).
What do you think of My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy?

subset: commoncrawl


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Barbara Bavis joined the staff of the Law Library of Congress in 2012 as a Legal Reference Librarian. She provides legal research services to patrons, both at the reference desk in the Law Library Reading Room and via the Law Library's Ask a Librarian service. Barbara holds a B.A. in history from Duke University, a J.D. from the University of North Carolina School of Law, and an M.S.L.S. with a specialization in law librarianship from the Catholic University School of Library and Information Science. Barbara is happy to be back in D.C. after a short time away, and likes to spend her free time with friends going to concerts, visiting museums, or trying one of the many great restaurants in the area.
Most Recent Posts
- How to Trace Federal Regulations – A Research Guide November 25th, 2014
- U.S. Treaties: A Beginner's Guide November 20th, 2014
- From the Ashes of Reconstruction to the Heart of Atlanta: The Long Battle to Integrate Public Accommodations November 10th, 2014
- Does the Haitian Criminal Code Outlaw Making Zombies? October 31st, 2014
- Landlord-Tenant Law: A Beginner's Guide October 23rd, 2014
- What Do I Wear to Court?: Courtroom Appearance and Decorum Standards September 23rd, 2014
- Soule & Bugbee's Legal Bibliography (1881-1890) September 22nd, 2014
- Legal Ethics: A Beginner's Guide August 7th, 2014
- Family Law: A Beginner's Guide – Part 2: Child Custody, Support, and Adoption July 8th, 2014
- Discovery: A Beginner's Guide March 19th, 2014


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The public sector consistently uses IT to collect, store and transmit personal information on individuals. But recently lawmakers and privacy advocates have raised the alarm that existing legislation for protecting that data may no longer be enough. What adds to the problem is agencies' reliance on IT, which can put sensitive personal information at risk for leaks or misuse.
"While bringing significant benefits, this dependence on IT can also create vulnerabilities that can result in, among other things, the compromise of sensitive personal information through inappropriate use, modification or disclosure," Gregory Wilshusen, GAO's director of information security issues, testified before two Senate committees July 31.
Related story:
HHS publishes online list of patient data breaches
Currently, the Privacy Act of 1974 and parts of the E-Government Act of 2002 govern federal collection or use of personally identifiable information. However, these laws only provide minimum requirements for agencies and don't always protect PII and how it's used and collected, Wilshusen said in his testimony before the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.
Technological advances also add to the need for revamped legislation. While the Privacy Act applies to personal information residing on government systems, agencies' use of commercial Web 2.0 tools prompt the question whether the law protects data gathered and stored by third parties.
GAO has made suggestions to Congress to consider revising both acts that deal with how government agencies handle personal information. Wilshusen said updated legislation need to include all PII collected, used and maintained by the federal government. Amendments should also address setting requirements to ensure the collection and use of PII is limited to a stated purpose.
Additionally, modified legislation should include additional mechanisms for notifying citizens about privacy protections by revising requirements for how public notices are made available. Currently, agencies have to post a notice in the Federal Register about data collection but some have questioned whether this is the most appropriate medium to notify citizens.
Another key element of protecting personal information is preventing data breaches, Wilshusen noted. Over the past six years, cases involving leaked or compromised sensitive data reported by federal agencies to the U.S. Computer Emergency Readiness Team increased nearly 680 percent.
"Incidents such as these illustrate that sensitive personally identifiable information remains at risk and that improved protections are needed to ensure the privacy of information collected by the government," Wilshusen said.
In a 2006 report, GAO noted data breaches could be reduced by limiting how much data is collected and the number of individuals who have access to it. Technological measures such as encryption also helped in preventing incidents, as did adoption of a holistic security program.
However, while agencies can continue taking steps to prevent data breaches, incidents will continue to occur "and when they do it is critical that proper response policies and procedures be in place," Wilshusen said.
Daniel Castro, senior analyst at the Information Technology & Innovation Foundation, told FCW he agreed the systems of record definition in the Privacy Act should be revised to cover PII and that privacy notices could be better structured and published more clearly on a website rather than in the Federal Register.
"I have some concerns with the recommendation to set more limits on the use of data," he said. "These types of restrictions may impede beneficial uses of information. Instead, more transparency and accountability would protect individual privacy while promoting innovation."
Castro also noted the GAO testimony didn't include the Electronic Communications Privacy Act , which governs how law enforcement can access private communications. "This is another area that should be updated," he added.
About the Author
Camille Tuutti is a former FCW staff writer who covered federal oversight and the workforce.
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In an interview with FCW, the Department of Veterans Affairs' chief technology officer talks about overhauling the digital experience for VA customers.
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text:
My mini-review of TG-1 [many imgs]
Started Jul 6, 2012 | Discussions thread
Senior Member • Posts: 1,144 • Gear list
bluehighwayman wrote:
... they are on par with the Panasonic T4. The shadow adjust setting is better left off and AF I find best set to spot.
Hmmm, thanks for the info. Would you say the autofocus is faster than on the TS3/4?
"Blue for the shattered sky"
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It's day 4 of the Chicago Teachers Union strike and parents now have a fun option for their kids.
The Second City Training Center, part of the world's premier comedy club/theatre and school of improvisation, is offering free comedy camps to keep kids minds and bodies moving while they're not in the actual classroom.
Students spend the morning learning improv games and exercises and the afternoons studying sketch comedy. While they are in the building, they'll get the opportunity to see a family friendly Second City show.
Right now, Second City camps are only scheduled through Friday. They're taking a "wait and see approach for next week, depending on how negotiaions go"
Camps are open to kids ages 8-14
from 10:00am-3:30pm.
Registration is free but space is limited and on a first come first serve basis. Lunch is not included but a supervised break will be provided between 12:30-1:00pm.
Students should bring a sack lunch with them, as they will not be allowed to leave the building during the break.
Register at www.secondcity.com/kids
In the meantime, all 147 CPS Children First locations are extending their hours.
They will now be open from 8:30 am until 2:30pm


text:
The Tag Heuer Meridiist phone comes in a new black PVD version. Furhtermore the phone features black leather applications with contrasting red stitching. The new version of the phone was inspired by the Grand Carrera watch of the brand. The almost un-scratchable surface, paired with the mat black colorway certainly turned out great. Via GQ.
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I had my LBS clean my 2013 moonlander drivetrain to prepare for winter and by doing so they, I believe cleaned the bottom bracket, put it back together and now it seems really tight and I feel the bearings rolling when I spin the crank arm. They said that when they put it back together there were only a couple of treads to grab on to and felt they had to slightly over tighten it in order for it not to fall out in the future. Any input on this? Are the bearings shot, did they put it back together wrong?? should I buy a new better bottom bracket, if so which one is best?
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UNDER ARMOUR Hustle Sackpack
Be sure to select a color, size and quantity below
Item # 17830636
|Eligible for Free Shipping, No Minimum! (see promotion details)
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Product Details
The UNDER ARMOUR® Hustle sackpack is your best bet for trips to the gym, short day hikes, or even the beach. A sternum clip ensures the Hustle stays put on your shoulders, while easy-cinch drawcords offer effortless opening and closing. A front organizer pocket is the perfect spot to stash small stuff.
Get your new UNDER ARMOUR® sackpack today from Sports Authority.
- Polyester construction
- Sternum clip keeps bag on your shoulders
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- Front organizer pocket
- Volume: 1,000 inł
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- Imported


text:
What does IWIT stand for?
What does IWIT mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: IWIT.
We've found a total of 4 definitions for IWIT:
Sort by:PopularityAlphabeticallyCategory Filter by:
Intetech Well Integrity Toolkit
Island Women in Technology
Irish Wolfhound Internet Trust
Increasing Women in Information Technology
Still can't find the acronym definition you were looking for? Use our Power Search technology to look for more unique definitions from across the web!
"IWIT." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 20 Dec. 2014. <http://www.abbreviations.com/IWIT>.


text:
(lurker posting for first time)
Rode the backbone today and made it all the way up the killer hill at the start of 2nd loop, was able to do it mostly because the large rock that made up the last big step/hop near the top is gone and only a dirt mound remains. I could always make it up to that last step but could never clear it due to being completely out of gas at that point. Now that the rock is gone I can make it all the way, yet it's somehow less satisfying because that rock is gone! So, not sure if it was a planned move by trail maintenance folks or someone just took it upon themselves to move it....anyone know?
Also am curious, do folks just ride up this thing on a regular basis? Am i just a total wuss?
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Valencia Spring 2013 Nursing Class - page 8
Hello! Just starting a thread for all of us accepted into the Spring 2013 class to get aquainted and keep each other informed on what's to come! I will be enjoying my freedom for another few months! :-) Until January!... Read More
- 0Nov 25, '12 by achelekattHey evelina Im tony nice to meet you sure we can be study buddies.
- 0Nov 25, '12 by achelekattThanks for the info I was planning to go get my books on monday but i will wait now. How about the lab kits? We can order that now rite?
- 0Nov 26, '12 by Greengal1achelekatt I was told to wait on that too, the bookstore doesn't have a code or something until the 6th just as with the books.
For your scrubs they are short on pants and have a very limited supply of scrub tops. I was told they would be getting a shipment in in about 2 weeks but you can have them order the same size that you need by trying on other colors of the same types or scrubs.
- 0Nov 29, '12 by achelekattHey Greengal just a confusion on scrubs I thought we just have to get a uniform for the labs (blue tees and khakhi pants), the lab coat and the white uniform for our clinicals. The pamphlet that gave me during orientation didn't mention about any scrubs just curious.
- 0Dec 3, '12 by melissa104I can't believe the deadline is already this Friday! All of my stuff is completed :-) Just for reassurance, once all of our files say Completed, then we are good to go, right? Hope everyone enjoys their holidays until the craziness begins!


text:
Anne of Green Gables Study Guide on CDROM
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Product Description
Progeny Press Study Guides provide teachers, parents, and students with literary analysis based upon the foundation of the Bible. Examining well-written literature in relation to biblical standards, students will develop and refine how they deal with man's philosophies while learning about the craft of writing. Progeny Press Study Guides interact with literature as works of art and philosophy as they explain and use literary terms; examine plot construction; dig into character studies; and bring attention to themes and ideas the author has crafted.
This interactive CD-ROM contains a full-version study guide .pdf file. Pages can be printed off as needed or students can enter answers directly on the computer and save their work-in-progress; parents can also grade work on the computer, leaving comments and notes within the file. Answers are not automatically graded, as most answers are in essay-form. This CD-ROM includes the study guide .pdf, answer key .pdf, and and ReadMe file; the booklet is not included. Middle & High School guides take approximately from 8 to 10 weeks to complete. Grades 5-8+.
Product Information
|Format: Compact disc
Vendor: Progeny Press
Availability: In Stock
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text:
Another person reported such a pb. I'm still not sure where it comes from but the problem is that the file is really a simple zip file (html40.zip) and not and an executable file. Rename it and unzip it. What I don't understand is why your browser decided to save it as an executable... -- ArnaudReceived on Wednesday, 9 July 1997 09:30:36 GMT
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.2.0+W3C-0.50 : Tuesday, 27 March 2012 18:16:42 GMT


text:
Best Western Plus at Lake Powell
Holiday Inn Express & Suites Page2Hotels.com $95
Lake Powell Days Inn2Days Inn$80
This is the best rated 3-star hotel in Page
Courtyard Page3Expedia $99
Best Western View of Lake Powell Hotel3Booking.com$66
Best Western Plus at Lake Powell3priceline.com$63
- If you like this hotel, you might also be interested in
Super 8 Page Lake Powell3GetaRoom$47
Quality Inn at Lake Powell2priceline.com$45
Comfort Inn & Suites Page2Hotels.com $75
Clarion Inn ex. Holiday Inn Express2Hotels.com $66
Travelodge Page2GetaRoom$50
Lake Powell Resort3Booking.com$91
Rodeway Inn2Hotels.com $35
Knights Inn Page AZ2GetaRoom $40
Motel 6 Page1Hotels.com $46
Page Boy Motel1Booking.com $35
Americas Best Value Inn Page1Booking.com $40
Modern Southwest Hotel located in Page/Arizona. Hotel offers 132 designer appointed guest rooms and suites. Suites are configured with 1 King, 2 Queen, or 3 Queen sized beds. Each Suite has a sofa/living area. Each guest room has either 1 king or 2 queen sized beds. All guest room features 49 Flat Panel cable TV, Keurig Coffee Maker, Hair Dryer, Iron and Ironing Board, and air conditioning. Refresh in the hotel's large heated pool (seasonal) or soak and relax in the hotel's hot tub. Keep up with your exercise routines in the hotel's fully equipped fitness room. Hotel is conveniently located within walking distance to grocery store, art gallery, southwest curio shops, pharmacy, and restaurants/bars. Hotel is within 15 minute drive to Glen Canyon Recreation Area, Glen Canyon Dam, Lake Powell, Carl Hayden Visitor Center, Hanging Garden, Antelope Canyon, and Horseshoe Bend. Hotel is within 130 miles to Grand Canyon National Park, Zion National Park, Bryce Canyon National Park, and Monument Valley. Make this comfortable hotel your Southwest Grand Circle basecamp.
Price range
NameBest Western Plus at Lake Powell
Address208 N Lake Powell Boulevard, 86040, Page USA | 0.3 miles miles from city center | Show on map
Telephone: +1(928)6455988 | Fax:+1(928)6452578 | Official Homepage
- Billing to Corporate Accounts
- American Express
- Diner's Club
- Mastercard
- JCB Intl.
- Visa
- Travelers Checks
Suitable for
- Business People
- Families
Top 9 Features
Room features
- Bathroom with bathtub,
- Bathroom with shower,
- Ironing board,
- Fax,
- Windows that open,
- Television,
- Hairdryer,
- Central heating,
- Tea/ coffeemaker,
- Air conditioning,
- Radio,
- Desk,
- Telephone,
- Cable TV,
- Internet,
- WiFi in the rooms,
- Microwave,
- Refrigerator
Hotel features
- Business center,
- Entrance hall/ lobby,
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- Gym,
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- Pets allowed,
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- Hotel safe,
- Child/ Baby cot,
- Non-smoking rooms,
- PC with internet,
- 24-hour reception,
- Wheelchair accessible,
- Deck chairs/ Sun loungers,
- Towels at the pool/ beach,
- Jacuzzi/ Spa,
- WiFi in Lobby,
- Car rental at the hotel
Sports Facilities
- Boats to Rent,
- Bowling,
- Bike Rental,
- Golf Course,
- Fitness/ Aerobics,
- Horse riding,
- Sailing,
- Surfing,
- Tennis Court,
- Diving,
- Hiking trail
Visitors to this hotel were also interested in...
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- Hotel Super 8 Page Lake Powell 3from $48
- Hotel Clarion Inn ex. Holiday Inn Express2from $74


text:
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Liberty, Knowledge & Conscience
Monday, September 29, 2014
When God's Word doesn't address an aspect of life—whether it's an activity, entertainment, or some other experience—how do believers know what they can and can't do?
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Liberty, Knowledge & Love
Friday, September 26, 2014
God's Word does not give us detailed instructions for every aspect of Christian life. Believers are frequently confronted with situations, questions, and decisions that Scripture says nothing about. God's people have been set free from the Old Testament law, but that freedom leaves us with a lot of important decisions to make in life's gray areas.
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The Limits of Liberty
Wednesday, September 24, 2014
Scripture is clear and understandable, but it's not exhaustive. Throughout the history of the church, believers have faced countless issues that God's Word is silent about. While the Old Testament law provided detailed instructions and restrictions for most areas of life, believers today are not bound by God's covenant with Israel—we've been set free in Christ. But how do we know what to do with our freedom?
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Legalists & Libertines
Monday, September 22, 2014
How do believers navigate life's gray areas? When it comes to activities, amusements, or anything else God's Word does not specifically address, how should conscientious Christians determine what they can and can't do?
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God's Sufficient Grace
Friday, September 19, 2014
A certain poor man spent many years saving money to realize his dream of going on a cruise. When he finally saved the required sum, he bought a ticket. Knowing he could not afford the extravagant food on board, he took what he could afford—crackers and peanut butter. After a few days of observing the other passengers eating luxurious meals, his peanut butter crackers became stale and tasteless. Desperately hungry, he begged a porter to allow him to work for food. "Why, sir, didn't you realize meals are included with your ticket? You may eat as much as you like!" Lots of Christians live like that man.
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God's Sufficient Spirit
Wednesday, September 17, 2014
The book titled I'm Dysfunctional, You're Dysfunctional, by Wendy Kaminer, debunked much of the mystique of modern psychology. The author did not purport to be a Christian. In fact, she described herself as "a skeptical, secular humanist, Jewish, feminist, intellectual lawyer."
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God's Sufficient Word, Part 2
Monday, September 15, 2014
There is a direct parallel with advertisements for soft drinks and psychology—they both not only make promises they can't keep, they actually leave people yearning for the real source of life, energy, and vitality.
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God's Sufficient Word, Part 1
Friday, September 12, 2014
It is significant that one of the biblical names of Christ is Wonderful Counselor (Isaiah 9:6). He is the highest and ultimate One to whom we may turn for counsel, and His Word is the well from which we may draw divine wisdom. What could be more wonderful than that?
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Insufficient Help, Part 2
Wednesday, September 10, 2014
Why has the church been so quick to accept psychology? In large part it is because psychologists portray themselves as members of the scientific community. In our scientific age, unequivocal acceptance in the academic community must mean that psychology's truth claims are unassailable, right?
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Insufficient Help, Part 1
Tuesday, September 09, 2014
In 1980, Grace Community Church was hit with a lawsuit charging that the pastors on our staff were negligent because we tried to help a suicidal young member of our church by giving him biblical truth. It was the first clergy malpractice case ever heard in the American court system.
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Contaminated Cures for Soul Care
Monday, September 08, 2014
What is your response when someone bares their soul to you, sharing their emotional or spiritual struggles? Few things reveal our inadequacy more than listening to someone's problems and not having a clue what to say. When people use words like "depression," "anxiety attack," "addiction," or "mental illness," we tend to shrink back. These are words that describe deep problems, likely requiring a combination of medication and professional counseling. Or do they?
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God's Work in Church Discipline
Thursday, September 04, 2014
Christ's teaching in Matthew 18:15–17 outlines clear instructions regarding the practice of church discipline. I've said it many times throughout this series, but it cannot be emphasized enough: Church discipline is always to be driven by the hope of restoring a straying brother—never out of derision or contempt. Love for Christ, His church, and one another requires that we treat sin with extreme prejudice, but we treat the sinning brother or sister with extreme love.
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Church Discipline, Step Four: Excommunication
Tuesday, September 02, 2014
Just last month a federal judge determined that California's death penalty law is unconstitutional. The reason? The penal code is so broken and beleaguered it amounts to cruel and unusual punishment—violating the Eighth Amendment. Incredibly, a judge determined the process and waiting period (often decades long) for the death penalty is more cruel than the penalty itself!
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text: 1. Start the game with play action! I truly believe the Colts are going to immediatly sell out against the run as they did the last two games. You have to soften them up. Get those guys out of the box and quick. I'm not saying start throwing downfield immedaitely. But start getting first downs. 2. DO NOT COME OUT EMPTY BACKFIELD IN THE SHOTGUN! The strength of the Colts D lies in it's edge pass rush. All Brady going in the shotgun does is give Mathis and Freeney a more straight path to get to Brady. 3. If the play action starts pulling them out of the box, start feeding the run. 4. No cute stuff. No quadruple reverses, no ten minute to develop counters, none of that stuff. 5. WATCH SANDERS. If he cheats up to the line, have an audible ready to go after him (throw against him). Pats got to find a way to keep him out of the box. Even if the pass doesn't work every time, it will make him hesitate before coming into the box. The guy is just freaking insane. 6. No going for it all on 3rd and makeable downs. I hate seeing nothing more then Brady throwing it 50 yards down the field on 3rd and three only to see a corner and safety meeting the receiver at the ball, all the while faulk is standing alone a yard past the first down marker. Pats need to shorten this game. We need long sustained drives. don't throw away a high probability first down for a low probability prayer. 7. Keep the Colts in front of you. The Pats pass defense is suspect at best. What are the odds Manning is going to have his third bad game in a row? Make them drive the field and try to keep them to field goals, or possible cause a turnover. That long pass yesterday where the Charger defender stepped out of bounds scared me, because I gaurantee you neither Manning, Wayne, nor Clark would have made that mistake. And either Wayne or Harrison would have gotten much more seperation. 8. NO STUPID PENALTIES. We all saw how the (classy)Chargers cheapshotting Patriot players. And the 15 yard penalties that they caused. Manning doesn't need 15 free yards. He is perfectly capable of getting those yards without the Pats help. Lets make him earn them. That's really it. Guys, realize this. We are about to witness one of the great moments in sports. Patriots vs Colts, Brady verses Manning. Isn't this how it is suppose to be. For all there glory, we never saw Elway verses Marino. This is special. Brady has the better defense, Manning has the better offensive weapons. Good luck to the Colts (Even though I don't really mean it). We all know how special winning a SB feels. If you do get it, it is something you will cherish for ever. But if you do, I atleast have a pretty good DVD collection of Patriot Superbowl victories to chear me up!


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If you're trying to decide which high speed Internet provider to go with in your area, you're not alone. Every day, customers switch from one provider to another for a variety of reasons: relocation, hopes of better service, to save money, or to get more for their money.
Here's a closer look at the current offerings from AT&T U-verse and Comcast, to help you decide which company will provide the services that best meets your needs.
AT&T U-verse: Digital TV, Broadband, and Home Phone
HD Channels
Most bundles don't include HD service, but the service can be added for $10/month. With the cheaper plan, you will get up to 130 channels. With the higher priced bundle, you will get up to 360 channels. The number of channels available will depend on your local service area. Both bundles will include a DVR, but the more expensive bundle includes two HD ready receivers, whereas the cheaper bundle does not include an HD receiver. If you're an avid movie watcher, the larger bundle includes the option to add HBO and Cinemax at no additional charge for the first three months.
Internet Speeds
The cheapest triple play bundle offers "Pro" Internet service featuring download speeds up to 3Mbps, with non-disclosed upload speeds. Other bundles offer "Max" Internet service, featuring speeds up to 12Mbps, with an undisclosed upload speed.
Phone Service
The telephone service between the two bundles is the same. It includes 250 minutes per month, with 20 additional calling features such as Call Waiting and Call Forwarding. Calls can be made to anywhere in the United States, Virgin Islands, Northern Marinas, Canada, and Puerto Rico. Additional minutes are billed at 5 cents each.
Comcast Triple Play
Which do You Prefer? AT&T Uverse or Comcast
Promotional Offers and Pricing
Comcast has several different Triple Play bundle options available, depending on how many TV channels you want, and how fast your want your Internet to be. The price ranges from $99.99 a month for 12 months to $199.99 a month for 12 months with a two year agreement. New customers are eligible to receive anywhere from $100 to $250 in cash back, depending on the bundle. These prices do not include taxes and service fees, which vary based on your local area.
HD Channels
- The $99 bundle includes: 80+ channels, with the number of HD channels varying on the local area. Get Showtime for 3 months, for no additional cost.
- The $119 bundle includes: 160+ channels including Starz, with the number of HD channels varying on the local area. Get Showtime for 3 months, for no additional cost.
- The $139 bundle includes: 170+ channels, including Starz and HBO, with the number of HD channels varying on the local area.Get Showtime for 3 months, for no additional cost. This bundle also includes Infinity StreamPix, (a service similar to Netflix that allows for unlimited streaming of TV and movies to any TV, computer, or mobile device in the home.)
- The $159 bundle includes: 200+ channels, including: HBO, Cinemax, Starz, and Showtime.The number of HD channels available will vary depending on the service area. This bundle also includes Infinity StreamPix, and the Sports Entertainment Package.
- The $199 bundle includes: 200+ channels, including: HBO, Cinemax, Starz, Showtime and The Movie Channel. The number of HD channels available will vary depending on the local area. This option also includes Any Room DVR service, which allows you to record and watch from any room (up to four) in the home. This bundle also includes Infinity StreamPix, and the Sports Entertainment Package.
Internet Speeds
- The $99 and $119 bundles include: up to 20Mbps download speeds. Upload speeds are not disclosed.
- The $139, $159, and $199 bundles include: up to 30Mbps download speeds. Upload speeds are not disclosed.
Phone Service
All five bundle plans include unlimited calling to anywhere in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico, with additional calling features such as: Voicemail, Caller ID, Call Waiting, and Call Forwarding.
Who Wins?
If you need a cost effective plan and aren't too worried about your phone, then AT&T will likely be the best option. However, if you're more concerned about the volume of service and your Internet speed, Comcast takes this one. With more bundles to choose from, greater TV offerings, and much faster Internet speeds, it beats AT&T hands down. If you need unlimited phone service, Comcast offers this with all plans, whereas the phone service with AT&T Uverse is limited.
As promotional offers and special deals are constantly changing and vary based on your local service area, we advise you to contact the companies to find out what the best deal in your area is. While we strive to keep our information current, prices and deals are subject to change at any time without notice.


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Check out this awesome battle between The Hunger Games and Twilight which is pretty fun, not to mention edited in a nearly seamless fashion!
Check out this awesome battle between The Hunger Games and Twilight which is pretty fun, not to mention edited in a nearly seamless fashion!
In an interview with V Magazine, Twilight star Kristen Stewart talks about the idea of working with a number of A-list actresses including Jennifer Lawrence.
Stewart has never conquered the Great White Way, but she'd be up for it. ("Theater is a completely different way of working, but, yeah, I would be very much down.") She also tosses out the idea of being part of an ensemble cast that would ideally include fellow actresses whose work she greatly admires. (How many starlets do you hear saying that these days?) "There are so many cool girls out there!" she says, name-checking Jennifer Lawrence, Amy Adams, and her best friend, Dakota Fanning.
The leading ladies of two blockbuster franchises in one movie? I'd be down with that!
Source: V Magazine
Yahoo! Movies is currently running a 15 question year-end movie poll and The Hunger Games is all over it (and currently losing to Twilight in many categories, FYI)! If you would like to see The Hunger Games come out on top vote now by clicking here.
Last night was the Los Angeles premier of Twilight: Breaking Dawn Part 2 and a few of our Hunger Games cast members were present. Check out how adorable Jacqueline Emerson (Foxface), Willow Shields (Prim), and Amandla Stenberg (Rue) look!
And check out Trevor Donovan's choice of attire. The 90210 star was in the running to be cast as Finnick Odair before Sam Claflin was officially cast.
Anyone else think he would be a great Gloss?
Source: The Hob
Just try not to laugh at this! This is obviously amusing, but also put together so seamlessly it could be from the same scene in one movie. Which makes me wonder just how would this scene play out if it actually happened. Any ideas?
Source: Hungergamesmovie.tumblr.com
We wanted to dismiss this as a completely fruitless rumor, but it's spreading around too much for us to completely dismiss. Bringing Twilight's Edward Cullen into The Hunger Games trilogy seems like an absolutely HORRIBLE idea for so many reasons. No matter what you think of Twilight, he's the main character!
Here's what Perez Hilton had to say about it:
Would they really cross-brand like that??
According to a new rumor that's floating around, studio execs would LOVE it if Robert Pattinson played hottie Finnick Odair in the Hunger Games sequel.
Yes, Finnick — the character EVERY young actor wants to land for Catching Fire. And the character we can't wait to drool over in the theater!!
Hmm…. R-Patz was just talking about living in the post-Twilight era of Hunger Games.
But still, as interesting as this sounds, we'll file it under the UNLIKELY category for now!
Don't forget, he was ALSO Cedric Diggory in Harry Potter.
Do YOU think this is a good idea?
Scan through ragestache and you might find some of these.


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Fun with Fabric Dye
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How to Make Textured Heart Art Canvas Video
By: Tiffany Windsor
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Follow this How To Make Textured Heart Art Video from Tiffany Windsor and get inspired. This is a fun online craft tutorial that isn't complicated. So get creative and show people you care.
This project is perfect for Valentine's Day, an anniversary or even a birthday. You don't have to be an expert crafter to make this fantastic piece - use different colors and textures to tailor the piece to fit your own personality. This is a fun mixed media project that is sure to look great
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Traditional homes are some of the most common styles of home found throughout the United States. Traditional design includes a variety of different styles, both unique to America and those inspired by European architecture. The most popular traditional architectural styles found in America today were designed to accommodate the American way of life, which varied considerably depending on the area of the country one lived in.
In the sections below, we're going to highlight the five traditional styles that are popular in the United States today.
Classical architecture is inspired by the Greeks and Romans and is commonly found in government buildings, churches, and even some residential structures in the U.S. Classical style architecture is most likely to be found in the Washington, DC area. The architects of Washington, DC and the surrounding areas placed a focus on the classical architectural styles developed by Roman and Greek architects as those cultures were responsible for many of the underpinning philosophies of the American constitution.
Neoclassical styles are styles that are inspired by classical architecture, but it is more commonly applied to residential structures. Neoclassical architecture includes Federal, Georgia, Antebellum, Greek Revival, and Beaux Arts styles that are common throughout the country. These styles all emerged in similar eras of American history, but they differ greatly as they were popularized in different areas of the country throughout Colonial and early American history eras.
Neoclassical styles often incorporate symmetry, columns, and a variety of classical decorative aesthetic elements into the design. SIngle and double hung windows are the window or choice and arch top windows are also popular design elements included in neoclassical design.
Photo by Spoon Construction LLC ©
The cottage style has a broad range of designs that range from classic bungalows common in the Southern United States to larger oceanfront homes more commonly found in New England. Cottage style features simple architectural feature with an emphasis on porches and gardens, adding an inviting aesthetic to the home. Cottage style homes often utilize simple facades, most commonly wood, and cedar shake siding and shingles.
Cottage style architecture often incorporates craftsman style elements like arch top doors, bay windows, window shutters, and arched windows. Cottage styling is among the most humble of designs.
Photo by Inside-Out Designs ©
Gothic styling features steeply pitched, gabled roofs, wooden or slate shingles, and chimneys. Traditional Gothic style is most commonly found in Churches rather than residential structures. Residential Gothic style, also referred to as Rural Gothic style, is rare in the United States, but it can be found. English-style cottages incorporate a number of Gothic elements. Gothic architecture is generally found in urban settings and is most common in the Northeast.
Gothic style utilizes casement windows and direct set windows, with double hung windows being far less common.
Photo by Konrad Summers ©
Victorian style is one of the more modern of the traditional architectural styles. Victorian styling became popular in the mid 19th century as the industrial revolution allowed for easy and quick production of decorative ornaments like brackets, spindles, and patterned shingles. For the first time, it was easy and affordable to focus on design elements that played little to no practical purpose for the home. Gabled roofs, curves, and bay windows are popular elements of Victorian style.
If you are looking for traditional windows and doors for your home, we recommend the Weather Shield Premium Series line of windows and doors. The Premium Series line features architectural grade that can match the architectural authenticity of many eras. From contemporary to traditional, the Premium Series product line is our most comprehensive collection of wood windows and patio doors. With a vast array of options, accessories and upgrades, you can explore the limits of your creativity.
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The Education Department is responsible for programs that give visitors of all ages the opportunity to make direct connections with the Museum's collection and exhibitions. The Department is organized into four sections: Evaluation and Planning; Gallery Learning; School Programs and Teacher Resources; and Studio and Community Arts.
The Department offers internships to college students who enjoy working with people and are interested in learning more about the many facets of Museum Education. Experience with art is not necessary but sometimes proves helpful.
This internship will acquaint students with the Museum's collections and programs and provide the opportunity to explore a variety of career possibilities related to community-focused art activities and programming.
Community Arts Initiative Intern will learn:
- To visually document, record and maintain computer records of art activities, with the Museum community partnerships ;
- Learn to evaluate, create a survey and maintain the documentation for ten community groups working with the Community Arts Initiative. Should be proficient with recording devices; digital cameras, video and their application to computer files; must have an interest in community outreach, working with children and be visually creative.
- With the Manager of Community Arts the intern will practice designing a yearly report, documenting community outreach activities,
- Participate in planning meetings, and help with record keeping.
Specific duties:
- Photo Documentation
- Assist in preparing CAI Yearly Report
- Assist with the Artist Project jury selection
- Creating PowerPoint presentations
- Assist in designing materials for the exhibit
- Assisting in Community Art activities
- Enrolled in or returning to a degree program
- Proficiency using recording equipment - especially digital cameras, video and audio recorders
- Enrollment in and returning to a Graduate program
- Strong organizational skills
- Excellent written and verbal communication skills
- Ability to multi-task and be flexible
- Ability to commit to 14 hours per week through end of spring semester
- Ability to attend orientation on either Wed, Jan 21, (6pm), or Wed, Feb 4, (10am or 6pm)
Part Time
14.00 hours per week
Flesible within M-F, 9a-5p parameters.
November 5, 2014


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Spring 2008
E 326L • Survey of Middle English Language and Literature
|Blockley, M
Course Description
Designed for undergraduates who are interested in English as a language, this course introduces them to the actual language of poems like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight composed between 1066 and 1400, which are often read in translation. They will learn how Middle English developed from Old English (loss of inflections, addition of inflections, new diphthongs, new prepositions), and how the dialects of Middle English influenced various kinds of standard languages developed about the time of Chaucer. We will look at traditional and contemporary grammatical analysis as well as graphic conventions as ways of understanding the sentence structure of medieval writing. This course will examine the language of poetry and prose written before and beyond Chaucer: Havelok the Dane, Brut, and historical and religious writing.
Grading Policy
-Average of the quizzes. There are no makeup quizzes. If you miss one, the others count for more. 10%
-Midterm exam 20%
-Class participation and memorization assignments. The first memorization assignment is due Week IV or before-- it is to recite to me from memory 16 lines from either The Owl and the Nightingale or Brut. There will be an optional memorization assignment after the midterm. 10%
-Papers are due at the beginning of class, printed out, and with documentation of sources. The penalty for a late paper is half a grade (5 points of a possible 100) per class day. Extensions on deadlines may be negotiated in advance given cause. A computer malfunction the morning of class does not qualify as cause, alas. 60%
-Old English Dictionary paper I, assignment attached, due Week II 5%
-Three papers of 3-5 pages on assigned topics (II, III, IV) 10% each
-One longer paper (V) developed from one of the shorter papers (8-12 pages). 15%
-One short research proposal based on secondary sources (writing assignment VI) (2-3 pages). 10%
Attendance policy: Up to three unexcused absences are allowed, though not encouraged. Starting with the fourth unexcused absence, your final average will be lowered by half a grade per absence. Excused absences require documentation or advance approval, not just notification.
Burrow, J. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, A Book of Middle English, 2nd ed. (1996)
Cartlidge, Neil, The Owl and the Nightingale (2001)
Sands, D., Middle English Verse Romances (1966, reprint Exeter 1997)
Treharne, Elaine, ed. Old and Middle English Literature (2000)
Tolkien, J. R. R. and E. V. Gordon, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 2nd ed. (1967), aka Davis, Tolkien, Gordon.


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Introducing Virgil and Otis
My new babies! They are standard donkeys, around 10 hands high, and cute as can be! Virgil is the dark guy. His best buddy Otis is the gray spotted guy. I will, of course, be posting lots of photos of these blessings. For now, though, I just wanted to spread the good news of their arrival at Windy Hollow Farm.
To say I am excited is putting it very, very mildly!!!
8 comments:
I like the names you've given them! Otis and Virgil. :) Congrats on the new additions.ReplyDelete
These little donkeys are just adorable looking and look beautiful out there grazing. Looks to me as if they are making themselves right at home! Know you are excited about them!ReplyDelete
Ohhhh look at them!! Do they have sweet personalities? I can't want to get to know them more via your blog.ReplyDeleteReplies
Hi, Julie! Yes, they are both very sweet boys. They have already taken treats from my hands, and they're enjoying the dog as well. Good times. Their very presence is such a blessing.Delete
They are cute! I love their names. Congrats on your new arrivals!ReplyDelete
I wish we were neighbors, Mary Ann! I'd bring Blackberry Cobbler for you and we'd have a lovely chat. Then we'd go visit your chickens (love that you name them!) and, of course, I'd bring some carrots for your new babies.:) LoriReplyDelete
I am so glad they came to you as a pair! Wonderful!!!ReplyDelete
Yay!!! Welcome, Virgil and Otis! I'm so glad they have each other to keep company.ReplyDelete


text: My Profile stacyterrell_10841403 lake tapps , Washington Member since Jul 2008 Flag This ProfileFlag as Inappropriate All Activity | Comments & Reviews | Uploads Flag This Profile? Please provide the reason why you think this profile is inappropriate. Flag Profileor Cancel I have no recent activity to share. Load More


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Records Management Training Opportunities
Webinar Training New!
As a result of feedback received, the Records Analysis Section (RAS) will be offering the standard basic records management training delivered electronically as part of a pilot program to explore the possible expansion of our Web offerings. Each session will be limited to 25 participants and will be offered via GoToMeeting, which allows users to view the presenter's screen and audibly connect through the phone or by using VoIP. Registration is required, but there is no cost for the training. Registration will close one week prior to the event date.
Basic Records Management
Thursday, November 6, 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM
Basic Records Management
Thursday, December 4th, 1:00 PM – 3:00 PM
**Both events are currently filled to capacity**
Questions? Contact Jessie Graham.
Subscribe to VA-ROL for announcements of upcoming LVA-sponsored workshops.
Online Training
Visit the Library of Virginia's Records Management playlist on YouTube for short videos covering a range of topics, including:
- Introduction to the Virginia Public Records Act (VPRA)
- What is a public record?
- Filling out the Certificate of Records Destruction (RM-3 Form)
In-Person Training
To schedule on-site training, contact your records analyst. There is no cost associated with training, however, you must guarantee a minimum of 30 participants in order for an analyst to travel outside the metro Richmond area. Analysts are also available to speak to professional groups and at conferences.
So who will we be training next, and where have we been?
October 15 - Office of the Attorney General
October 16 - Local Government Paralegal Association of Virginia
October 20 - Records Management/FOIA Council Workshop
October 21 - Records Management/FOIA Council Workshop
October 23 - Records Management/FOIA Council Workshop
October 29 - Surry County
October 30 - Accomack-Northampton Planning District Commission
November 20 - Virginia School Boards Association
December 9 - Virginia Soil and Water Conservation District Directors
December 18 - Virginia Association of Property & Evidence Professionals
January 7 - Virginia Community College System
Disaster Preparedness
Intergovernmental Preparedness for Essential Records (IPER) was an eight week webinar aimed at helping state and local offices identify and prioritize essential records and create a disaster plan. The course is now available in a generic format, and may be reviewed and completed online in your own time.
Other Resources
Other professional organizations offer records management training. The Library of Virginia is not responsible for the content or accuracy of the information available on the following Web sites.


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i am installing a 600 watt 4 channel amp and it calls for a battery hookup power line. it needs a 50 amp fuse 12 inches from battery with 10 guage power wire to the amp. the only thing i installed to my battery that is a after market item is an alarm. will i need to upgrade my alternator or is stock sufficient?
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1996 Dodge Ram 2500 Question: installing 600 watt amp.
truck named bertha, 5.9L V8, Redondo Beach, CA, October 04, 2009, 19:41
1 Answer
Answer #1patrick mannion from Greg Solow's Engine Room, October 04, 2009, 21:01Master
I would upgrade the alternator. A lot of alternators are just capable of supplying power for the loads all ready on the vehicle. Ask the parts stores what the alternator is rated at, (or call the dealer's parts department) and then turn on all your electrical loads , air conditioning, headlights ect, using an inductive amp meter around the negative battery cable I bet the electrical load is near the rated output of the alternator.
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Hi guys
Need some advice please. I would like to purchase a wireless mouse and keyboard for my home PC, but not sure what to get. Is it as simple as the more you spend the better?
Previous experience of this technology wasn't great. I used kit where if the mouse was left idle for some time, I would have to 'pair' it up by pressing various buttons (a real pain as you can imagine) and the keyboard seemed to have a noticable lag, which was a pain for any action games and even for word processing - I would type and I couldnt see it on screen until a little bit later (obviously only a second or two, but enough to be different from what seems instant when using wired kit.
I dont want to spend hundreds (cos I'm sure someone produces stuff for that price) but I dont want bargain basement. Is the Microsoft hardware recommended?
Any advice would be much appreciated.


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See, Vans is looking out for you.
Vans blessed the Linley Denim Pant with a couture-skinny jeans fit and a knockout texture. Just enough stretch lets the pant move with you, so never fear a cross-town walk or mid-day skate. A thoughtfully-designed 12-inch leg opening pairs nicely with flats and sneakers.
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Vans Linley Denim Pant - Women's
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Super Cute but run Super Small
These pants are super cute. But unfortunately, they run super small - be warned! Or, maybe these are the pants for you if you are petite. Clearly these run on the smaller side of all the girls skate brands :( Too bad, loved them, but had to return them bc they ran way too small.


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A standard traffic stop over a broken headlight turned into sexual abuse in Florida when a Lakeland police officer asked Zoe Brugger to lift up her shirt, pull her bra away from her chest, and shake it. He then decided that the first time had not been sufficient, so she was made to do it again. The best part?
He had literally no reason to have her do this. Keep reading »