text:
Economy of Venezuela
|This article or section may be slanted towards recent events. (May 2014)
|Economy of Venezuela
|Bolívar fuerte (VEF)
Trade organisations
|WTO, OPEC, Unasur, MERCOSUR, ALBA
$338 billion (2012, Real)[1][2]
|GDP rank
|31st (nominal) / 33rd (PPP)
GDP growth
|1.1% (3Q 2013 est.)[3]
GDP per capita
GDP by sector
|agriculture: 4.1%, industry: 34.9%, services: 61.1% (2010 est.)
|63.4% (August 2014 est.)[4]
Population below poverty line
|27.3% (2013 est.)[5]
Labour force
|13.7 million (2012 est.)
Labour force by occupation
|agriculture: 7.3%, industry: 21.8%, services: 70.9% (2011 est.)
|7.2% (2014)[6]
Main industries
|petroleum, construction materials, food processing, iron ore mining, steel, aluminum; motor vehicle assembly, real estate, tourism and ecotourism
|$96.9 billion (2012)[1]
Export goods
|petroleum, chemicals, agricultural products, basic manufactures
Main export partners
| United States 39.3%
China 14.4%
India 12.0%
Netherlands Antilles 7.6%
Cuba 4.5% (2012 est.)[8]
|$56.7 billion (2012)[1]
Import goods
|food, clothing, cars, technological items, raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, construction material
Main import partners
| United States 31.2%
China 16.5%
Brazil 8.9% (2012 est.)[9]
|Public finances
|49% of GDP (2012 est.)
|$116.3 billion
|$175.3 billion (2012 est.); including capital expenditures of $2.6 billion (2012 est.)
Standard & Poor's:[10]
Outlook: Negative
Foreign reserves
|$21.3 billion (2013)[13]
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
The economy of Venezuela is largely based on the petroleum sector and manufacturing.[14] Revenue from petroleum exports accounts for more than 50% of the country's GDP and roughly 95% of total exports. Venezuela is the fifth largest member of OPEC by oil production. From the 1950s to the early 1980s the Venezuelan economy experienced a steady growth that attracted many immigrants, with the nation enjoying the highest standard of living in Latin America. During the collapse of oil prices in the 1980s the economy contracted, and inflation skyrocketed to reach peaks of 84% in 1989 and 99% in 1996, three years prior to Hugo Chávez taking office. With high oil prices and rising government expenditures, Venezuela's economy grew by 9% in 2007.
Manufacturing contributed 17% of GDP in 2006. Venezuela manufactures and exports heavy industry products such as steel, aluminium and cement, with production concentrated around Ciudad Guayana, near the Guri Dam, one of the largest in the world and the provider of about three-quarters of Venezuela's electricity. Other notable manufacturing includes electronics and automobiles, as well as beverages, and foodstuffs. Agriculture in Venezuela accounts for approximately 3% of GDP, 10% of the labor force, and at least one-fourth of Venezuela's land area. Venezuela exports rice, corn, fish, tropical fruit, coffee, pork, and beef. The country is not self-sufficient in most areas of agriculture.
In spite of strained relations between the two countries, the United States is Venezuela's most important trading partner. U.S. exports to Venezuela include machinery, agricultural products, medical instruments, and cars. Venezuela is one of the top four suppliers of foreign oil to the United States. About 500 U.S. companies are represented in Venezuela.[14] According to Central Bank of Venezuela, the government received from 1998 to 2008 around 325 billion USD through oil production and export in general,[15] and according to the International Energy Agency, to June 2010 has production of 2.2 million barrels per day, 800,000 of which go to the United States of America.[16]
Since Hugo Chávez imposed stringent currency controls in 2003 in an attempt to prevent capital flight,[17] there have been a series of currency devaluations, disrupting the economy.[18] Price controls, expropriation, and other government policies have caused severe shortages of food and other goods, including medical supplies.[19] Venezuela has one of the highest inflation rates in the world averaging 29.1% in 2010, according to the CIA world fact book.[20]
- 1 History
- 2 Sectors
- 3 Trade
- 4 Labor
- 5 Infrastructure
- 6 Statistics
- 7 Social development
- 7.1 Millennium Development Goals
- 7.1.1 Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- 7.1.2 Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
- 7.1.3 Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
- 7.1.4 Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
- 7.1.5 Goal 5: Improve maternal health
- 7.1.6 Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
- 7.1.7 Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
- 7.1.8 Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
- 7.1 Millennium Development Goals
- 8 See also
- 9 Sources
- 10 References
- 11 External links
1922 - 1964[edit]
When oil was discovered at the Maracaibo strike in 1922, Venezuela's dictator, Juan Vicente Gómez, allowed US oil companies to write Venezuela's petroleum law.[21] But oil history was made in 1943 when Standard Oil of New Jersey accepted a new agreement in Venezuela based on the 50-50 principle, "a landmark event."[22] Terms even more favorable to Venezuela were negotiated in 1945, after a coup brought to power a left-leaning government that included Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso.
From the 1950s to the early 1980s the Venezuelan economy was the strongest in South America. The continuous growth during that period attracted many immigrants.
In 1958 a new government again included Pérez Alfonso, who devised a plan for the international oil cartel that would become OPEC.[23] In 1973 Venezuela voted to nationalize its oil industry outright, effective 1 January 1976, with Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) taking over and presiding over a number of holding companies; in subsequent years, Venezuela built a vast refining and marketing system in the US and Europe.[24]
During Pérez Jimenez' dictatorship from 1952 to 1958, Venezuela enjoyed remarkably high GDP growth, so that in the late 1950s Venezuela's real GDP per capita almost reached West Germany's. On 1950, Venezuela was the world's 4th largest wealthiest nation per capita[25] However, from 1958/1959 onward, Romulo Betancourt (president from 1959 to 1964) inherited an enormous internal and external debt caused by rampant public spending during the dictatorship. Nevertheless, he managed to balance Venezuela's public budget and initiate an unsuccessful agrarian reform.[26]
1960s - 1990s[edit]
Buoyed by a strong oil sector in the 1960s and 1970s,Venezuela's governments were able to maintain social harmony by spending fairly large amounts on public programs including health care, education, transport, and food subsidies. "Great strides were made in literacy and welfare programs." [27]
Because of the oil wealth, Venezuelan workers "enjoyed the highest wages in Latin America."[28] This situation was reversed when oil prices collapsed during the 1980s. The economy contracted, and the number of people living in poverty rose from 36% in 1984 to 66% in 1995.[29] The country suffered a severe banking crisis (Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994).
As the economy contracted in the 1980s, inflation levels (consumer price inflation) fell, remaining between 6 and 12% from 1982 to 1986.[30] In the late 80s and early 90s inflation rose to around 30 - 40% annually, with a 1989 peak of 84%.[30] The mid-1990s saw annual rates of 50-60% (1993 to 1997) with an exceptional peak in 1996 at 99.88%.[30] Subsequently inflation has remained in a range of around 15% to 30%.[30]
By 1998, the economic crisis had grown even worse. Per capita GDP was at the same level as 1963 (after adjusting 1963 dollar to 1998 value), down a third from its 1978 peak; and the purchasing power of the average salary was a third of its 1978 level.[31]
1999 - 2012[edit]
Hugo Chávez was elected president in December 1998 and took office in February 1999. His economic policies have been more socialistic than those of his predecessors. In the first four years of the Chávez presidency, the economy grew at first (1999–2001), then contracted from 2001 - 2003 to GDP levels similar to 1997, at first because of low oil prices, then because of the turmoil caused by the 2002 coup attempt and the 2002-2003 business strike. Other factors in the decline were an exodus of capital from the country, and a reluctance of foreign investors. Gross Domestic Product was 50.0 trillion bolivares in 1998. At the bottom of the recession, 2003, it was 42.4 trillion bolivares (in constant 1998 bolivares).[32] However, with a calmer political situation in 2004, GDP rebounded 50.1 trillion bolivares, and has risen strongly since, to 66.1 trillion bolivares in 2007 (both in constant 1998 bolivares). Particularly important in the recovery was the defeat of the opposition management at PDVSA after the 2002-2003 lockout/strike, which gave the government, for the first time, actual control of the state oil company and allowed the pursuit of a unified economic policy.[33]
In response to the low oil prices at the end of the 1990s, Chavez played a leading role within OPEC to reinvigorate that organisation and obtain members' adherence to lower production quotas designed to drive up the oil price. Venezuelan oil minister Alí Rodríguez Araque's announcement in 1999 that his country would respect OPEC production quotas marked "a historic turnaround from the nation's traditional pro-US oil policy." [34]
Rising petroleum prices in 2000 took some pressure off the budget and currency. However, with the president's economic cabinet attempting to reconcile a wide range of views, the country's economic reform program had largely stalled.[citation needed] Reforms that were undertaken included the reduction or abolition of education, healthcare and nutrition fees to millions of Venezuelans.
The government sought international assistance to finance reconstruction after massive flooding and landslides in December 1999 caused an estimated US$15 billion to $20 billion in damage.[citation needed]
The hardest hit sectors in the worst recession years, 2002–2003, were construction (−55.9%), petroleum (−26.5%), commerce (−23.6%) and manufacturing (−22.5%). The drop in the petroleum sector was caused by adherence to the OPEC quota established in 2002 and the virtual cessation of exports during the PdVSA-led Venezuelan general strike of 2002-2003. The non-petroleum sector of the economy contracted by 6.5% in 2002. The bolivar, which has been suffering from serious inflation and devaluation relative to international standards since the late 1980s,[35][full citation needed] continued to weaken.
The inflation rate, as measured by consumer price index, was 35.8% in 1998, falling to a low of 12.5% in 2001 and rising to 31.1% in 2003. Historically, the highest yearly inflation was 99.9% in 1996. On 23 January 2003, in an attempt to support the bolivar and bolster the government's declining level of international reserves, as well as to mitigate the adverse impact from the oil industry work stoppage on the financial system, the Ministry of Finance and the central bank suspended foreign exchange trading. On 6 February, the government created CADIVI, a currency control board charged with handling foreign exchange procedures. The board set the US dollar exchange rate at 1,596 bolivares to the dollar for purchases and 1,600 to the dollar for sales.
The housing market in Venezuela has shrunk significantly in recent years. Developers have avoided Venezuela due to the massive number of companies who have had their property expropriated by the government.[36] According to the Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal, Venezuela has the weakest property rights in the world, scoring only 5.0 on a scale of 100; expropriation without compensation is common.[37] The shortage of housing is so significant that in 2007, a group of squatters occupied Centro Financiero Confinanzas, a cancelled economic center that was supposed to symbolize Venezuela's growing economy.[38] However, this building still does symbolize the economy of Venezuela under Chávez as it hasn't been able to fully recover to the same heights since the building was abandoned nearly twenty years ago.[39] There are currently thousands of occupants still inside of the complex today.
The Venezuelan economy shrank 5.8 percent in the first three months of 2010 compared to the same period last year[40] and now has the highest inflation rate in Latin America (30.5%).[40] President Hugo Chávez expressed optimism that Venezuela would soon emerge from recession,[40] despite the International Monetary Fund forecasts showing that Venezuela would be the only country in the region to remain in recession that year.[41] The IMF qualified as "delayed and weak" the economic recovery of Venezuela in comparison with other countries of the region.[42] However, after Chavez's death in early 2013, Venezuela's economy continued to fall into an even greater recession.
2013 - present[edit]
|This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. (October 2014)
According to the 2013 Global Misery Index Scores, Venezuela was ranked as the top spot globally with the highest misery index score,[43] while the Heritage Foundation ranked Venezuela 175th out of 178 countries in economic freedom, classifying it as a "Repressed" economy.[44] In early 2013, Venezuela devalued its currency due to growing shortages in the country.[45] The shortages included necessities such as toilet paper, milk, and flour.[46] Fears rose so high due to the toilet paper shortage that the government occupied a toilet paper factory.[47] In late 2013, Venezuela's inflation rates increased even higher, to 54.3%,[48] and forecasts from the International Monetary Fund show Venezuela as one of the slowest-growing economies in Latin America for 2013.[49] Black market estimates that most Venezuelans have to use for purchases have risen to almost ten times the official exchange rate.[50]
Venezuela's bond ratings have also decreased multiple times in 2013 due to decisions by President Nicolás Maduro. One of his decisions was to force stores and their warehouses to sell all of their products, which may lead to even more shortages in the future.[51] President Maduro also created "a freeze on commercial rents at rates more than 50 percent lower than they had been at some malls" which resulted with Venezuela's malls and retail industry losing 75% of their incomes.[52] Venezuela's outlook has also been deemed negative by most bond-rating services.[53] According to a Johns Hopkins University professor, Venezuela had a 297% implied inflation rate for 2013.[54]
As of early 2014, many companies have either slowed or stopped operation due to the lack of hard currency in the country. Ford Motor Co. is one of the largest companies that has slowed production in Venezuela due to its lack of foreign currency for supplies. Because of recent economic uncertainties, Ford also believes that there will be a significant devaluation of the bolívar as well.[55] In January 2014, many airlines, including Air Canada, Air Europa, American Airlines, Copa Airlines, TAME, TAP Airlines, and United Airlines, suspended international flights operating in Venezuela because the government has been restricting access to the U.S. dollar.[56][57] There are talks among airlines of canceling even more international flights out of the country since Venezuela still owes foreign airlines nearly $3.3 billion USD.[58] Venezuela has also dismantled CADIVI, a government body in charge of currency exchange. CADIVI was known for holding money from the private sector and suspected to be corrupt.[59] In February, Toyota, the largest automobile manufacturer, has stopped production indefinitely in Venezuela due to an 87% drop in automotive sales.[60] General Motors Company has also suspended production after losing $162 million USD and stated that they "saw no horizon or resolutions to business operations in Venezuela".[61] In February 2014, doctors at University of Caracas Medical Hospital stopped performing surgeries due to the lack of supplies, even though nearly 3,000 people require surgery.[62] The government's currency policy has made it difficult to import drugs and other medical supplies.[63] The Venezuelan government stopped publishing medical statistics in 2010 and does not supply enough dollars for medical supplies; doctors say that 9 of 10 of large hospitals have only 7% of required supplies with private doctors reporting many patients that are "impossible" to count are dying from easily treated illnesses due to the "downward sliding economy".[64]
In March 2014, the executive director of the Venezuelan Association of Hospitals and Clinics explained how in less than a month, shortages of 53 medical products rose to 109 products and explained how the CADIVI system is to blame since 86% of supplies are imported.[65] Both public and private sector hospitals have only about 2 months of supplies with private sector hospitals claiming they owe suppliers US$15 billion in order to pay for debts.[66]
In April 2014, the International Monetary fund said that activity in Venezuela is uncertain but may continue to slow saying that "loose macroeconomic policies have generated high inflation and a drain on official foreign exchange reserves". The IMF suggested that "more significant policy changes are needed to stave off a disorderly adjustment".[67] Venezuela was also the only country in the world that the International Monetary Fund predicts will experience a drop in GDP. They predicted Venezuela's GDP to contract at a rate around -.5% for the year 2014.[68] Coca-Cola Company announced that Venezuela's currency controls created "adverse impact" on its operations expecting a "negative impact of 7% in their overall performance this year from the impact of currency exchange".[69] El Tiempo reported that some goods in Venezuelan stores had a 114% to 425% premium due to "under the table" negotiations between the Venezuelan government and traders.[70] El Nuevo Herald reported that SEBIN has cut down its work due to the lack of money limiting their work to the monitoring of "potential external threats" and asking for Cuban intelligence agents to return to Venezuela.[71]
In May 2014, the Central Bank of Venezuela announced that the shortage rate of automobiles was at 100%.[72] Citibank believed " that the economy has little prospect of improvement" and that the state of the economy was a "disaster".[73] General Motors Venezolana stopped automotive production after 65 years of service due to a lack of supplies.[74][75]
Petroleum and other resources[edit]
Venezuela is a major producer of petroleum products, which remain the keystone of the Venezuelan economy. The International Energy Agency shows how Venezuela's oil production has fallen in the last years, producing only 2,300,000 barrels (370,000 m3) daily, down from 3.5 million in 1998, but with the recent currency devaluation the oil incomes will double its value in local currency.[76]
A range of other natural resources, including iron ore, coal, bauxite, gold, nickel, and diamonds, are in various stages of development and production. In April 2000, Venezuela's President decreed a new mining law, and regulations were adopted to encourage greater private sector participation in mineral extraction. During Venezuela's economic crisis, the rate of gold excavated fell 64.1% between February 2013 and February 2014 and iron production dropped 49.8%.[77]
Venezuela utilizes vast hydropower resources to supply power to the nation's industries. The national electricity law is designed to provide a legal framework and to encourage competition and new investment in the sector. After a 2-year delay, the government is proceeding with plans to privatize the various state-owned electricity systems under a different scheme than previously envisioned.
|This section requires expansion. (September 2010)
Manufacturing contributed 15% of GDP in 2009. The manufacturing sector is experiencing severe difficulties, amidst lack of investment and accusations of mismanagement.[78][79] Venezuela manufactures and exports steel, aluminium, transport equipment, textiles, apparel, beverages, and foodstuffs. It produces cement, tires, paper, fertilizer, and assembles cars both for domestic and export markets.
Agriculture in Venezuela accounts for approximately 3% of GDP, 10% of the labor force, and at least a quarter of Venezuela's land area. Venezuela exports rice, corn, fish, tropical fruit, coffee, beef, and pork. The country is not self-sufficient in most areas of agriculture. Venezuela imports about two-thirds of its food needs. In 2002, U.S. firms exported $347 million worth of agricultural products, including wheat, corn, soybeans, soybean meal, cotton, animal fats, vegetable oils, and other items to make Venezuela one of the top two U.S. markets in South America. The United States supplies more than one-third of Venezuela's food imports. Recent government policies have led to problems with food shortages.[17]
Thanks to petroleum exports, Venezuela usually posts a trade surplus. In recent years, nontraditional (i.e., nonpetroleum) exports have been growing rapidly but still constitute only about a quarter of total exports. The United States is Venezuela's leading trade partner. During 2002, the United States exported $4.4 billion in goods to Venezuela, making it the 25th-largest market for the U.S. Including petroleum products, Venezuela exported $15.1 billion in goods to the U.S., making it its 14th-largest source of goods. Venezuela opposes the proposed Free Trade Agreement of the Americas.
Since 1998 People's Republic of China-Venezuela relations have seen an increasing partnership between the government of the Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and the People's Republic of China. Sino-Venezuelan trade was less than $500m per year before 1999, and reached $7.5bn in 2009, making China Venezuela's second-largest trade partner,[80] and Venezuela China's biggest investment destination in Latin America. Various bilateral deals have seen China invest billions in Venezuela, and Venezuela increase exports of oil and other resources to China.
|This section requires expansion. (September 2010)
Under Chávez, Venezuela has also instituted worker-run "co-management" initiatives in which workers' councils play a key role in the management of a plant or factory. In experimental co-managed enterprises, such as the state-owned Alcasa factory, workers develop budgets and elect both managers and departmental delegates who work together with company executives on technical issues related to production.[81]
In November 2010, following the expropriation of U.S. bottle-maker Owens-Illinois, workers spent a week protesting outside factories in Valera and Valencia.[82]
Venezuela has an extensive road system. The capital Caracas has a modern subway system over 31.6 mi (51 km) long. Maracaibo and Valencia (third city) has recently inaugurated a metro system. The Maracaibo (second city) metro system is still unfinished. Rail transport in Venezuela has been practically non-existent since the 1950s (with only one line operating), but the IAFE is currently working on several lines, hopefully connecting most of Venezuela via railway by 2020, which, if achieved, would lead to a significant improvement in the countries' transport infrastructure.
The Chavez government launched a National Railway Development Plan designed to create 15 railway lines across the country, with 8,500 miles (13,700 km) of track by 2030. The network is being built in cooperation with China Railways, which is also cooperating with Venezuela to create factories for tracks, railway cars and eventually locomotives. However, Venezuela's rail project is being put on hold due to Venezuela not being able to pay the $7.5 billion and owing China Railway nearly $500 million.[83]
Venezuela's electrical grid is plagued with occasional blackouts in various districts of the country. In 2011, it had so many problems that rations on electricity were put in place to help ease blackouts.[84] On September 3, 2013, 70% of the country plunged into darkness with 14 of 23 states of Venezuela stating they did not have electricity for most of the day.[85] Another power outage on December 2, 2013 left most of Venezuela in the dark again and happened just days before elections.[86]
Economy Data[edit]
The Macroeconomic Stabilization Fund (FIEM) decreased from US$2.59 billion in January 2003 to US$700 million in October, but central bank-held international reserves actually increased from US$11.31 billion in January to US$19.67 billion in October 2003.From 2004 to the first half of 2006, non-petroleum On the black market the bolívar fell 28% in 2007 to Bs. 4,750 per US$,[87] and declined to around VEF 5.5 (Bs 5500) per US$ in early 2009.[88]
The economy recovered and grew by 16.8% in 2004. This growth occurred across a wide range of sectors - the oil industry directly provides only a small percentage of employment in the country. International reserves grew to US$27 billion (old data, probably circa 2004). Polling firm Datanalysis noted that real income in the poorest sectors of society grew by 33% in 2004.[citation needed]
On 7 March 2007 the government announced that the Venezuelan bolívar would be redenominated at a ratio of 1 to 1000 at the beginning of 2008 and renamed the bolívar fuerte ("strong bolivar"), to ease accounting and transactions. This was carried out on 1 January 2008, at which time the exchange rate was 2.15 bolívar fuerte per US$.[89] The ISO 4217 code for the bolívar fuerte is "VEF".
Government spending as a percentage of GDP in Venezuela in 2007 was 30%, smaller than other capitalist mixed-economies such as France (49%) and Sweden (52%).[90] According to official sources from the United Nations, the percentage of people below the national poverty line has decreased during the presidency of Hugo Chávez, from 48.1% in 2002 to 28% in 2008.[91][92]
With the 2007 rise in oil prices and rising government expenditures, Venezuela's economy grew by 9% in 2007. Oil prices fell starting in July 2008 resulting in a major loss of income. Hit by a global recession, the economy contracted by 2% in the second quarter of 2009,[93] contracting a further 4.5% in the third quarter of 2009. Chavez's response has been that these standards mis-state economic fact and that the economy should be measured by socialistic standards.[94] For 17 November 2009 the Central Bank reported that private sector activity declined by 4.5% and that inflation was averaging 26.7%. Compounding such problems is a drought which the government says was caused by El Nino, resulting in rationing of water and electricity and a short supply of food.[95]
The year 2010 promises a Venezuela still in recession as Gross Domestic Product has fallen by 5.8% in the first quarter of 2010.[96] The Central Bank has stated that the recession is due largely "to restricted access to foreign currency for imports, lower internal demand and electricity rationing." The oil sector's performance is also particularly troubling, with oil GDP shrinking by 5%. More importantly the Central Bank hints at the root cause of the oil contraction: "the bank said it was due to falls in production, "operative problems", maintenance stoppages and the channeling of diesel to run thermal generators during a power crisis."[96] While the public sector of the economy has fallen 2.8%, the private sector has dropped off 6%.[96]
The year 2013 proved to be difficult for Venezuela as shortages of necessities and extreme inflation attacked the nation's economy. Items became so scarce that nearly one quarter of items were not in stock.[97] The bolívar was devalued to 6.3 per USD in early 2013 taking one third of its value away.[98] However, inflation still continued to rise drastically in the country to the point President Maduro forced stores to sell their items just days before elections. Maduro said that the stores were charging unreasonable prices even though the owners were only charging so much due to the actual devaluation of the bolivar.[99]
As the year 2014 began, it was pretty rough as well. The central bank of Venezuela stopped releasing statistics for the first time in its history as a way to possibly manipulate the image of economy.[100] Venezuela has also dismantled CADIVI, a government body in charge of currency exchange.[59]
Currency Black Market[edit]
The implied value or "black market value" is what Venezuelans believe the Bolivar Fuerte is worth compared to the United States dollar.[101] In the first few years of Chavez's office, his newly created social programs required large payments in order to make the desired changes. On February 5, 2003, the government created CADIVI, a currency control board charged with handling foreign exchange procedures. Its creation was to control capital flight by placing limits on individuals and only offering them so much of a foreign currency.[102] This limit to foreign currency led to a creation of a currency black market economy since Venezuelan merchants rely on foreign goods that require payments with reliable foreign currencies. As Venezuela printed more money for their social programs, the bolívar continued to devalue for Venezuelan citizens and merchants since the government held the majority of the more reliable currencies.[103]
As of January 2014, the official exchange rate is 1 USD to 6.3 VEF while the black market exchange rate is over ten times higher since the actual value of the bolívar is overvalued for Venezuelan businesses. Since merchants can only receive so much necessary foreign currency from the government, they must resort to the black market which in turn raises the merchant's prices on consumers.[104] The high rates in the black market make it difficult for businesses to purchase necessary goods since the government often forces these businesses to make price cuts. This leads to businesses selling their goods and making a low profit, such as Venezuelan McDonald's franchises offering a Big Mac meal for only $1.[105] Since businesses make low profits, this leads to shortages since they are unable to import the goods that Venezuela is reliant on. Venezuela's largest food producing company, Empresas Polar, has stated that they may need to suspend some production for nearly the entire year of 2014 since they owe foreign suppliers $463 million.[106] The last report of shortages in Venezuela showed that 22.4% of necessary goods are not in stock.[107] This was the last report by the government since the central bank no longer posts the scarcity index. This has led to speculation that the government is hiding its inability to control the economy which may create doubt about future economic data released.[108]
Socioeconomic indicators[edit]
|This section is outdated. (September 2014)
Like most Latin American countries, Venezuela has an unequal distribution of wealth. The rich tend to be very rich and the poor very poor. In 1970, the poorest fifth of the population had 3% of national income, while the wealthiest fifth had 54%.[109] For comparison the UK 1973 figures were 6.3% and 38.8%, and the US in 1972, 4.5% and 42.8%.[109]
The more recent income distribution data available is for distribution per capita, not per household. The two are not strictly comparable because poor households tend to have more members than rich households; thus, the per household data tends to show less inequality than the per capita data. The table below shows the available per capita data for recent years from the World bank.
|Personal Income Distribution
|Share of personal income (%) received by:
|GINI index
|Poorest fifth
|2nd fifth
|3rd fifth
|4th fifth
|Wealthiest fifth
|Wealthiest 10%
Note that personal (per capita) income distribution, given in this table, is not exactly comparable with household income distribution, given in the previous table, because poor households tend to have more members.
All of the above publications are by the World Bank.
Poverty in Venezuela increased during the 1980s and early 1990s, but decreased greatly in the mid to late 1990s. The decreasing trend continued through the Chávez presidency, with the exception of the troubled years 2002 and 2003. The table below shows the percentage of people, and the percentage of households, whose income is below a poverty line which is equal to the price of a market basket of necessities such as food.[111] Note that as an income-based measure of poverty, this omits the effect of some other factors that may affect economic wellbeing, such as the availability of free health care and education.
|Percentage of people and households with income below national poverty line
|Real GDP growth
|Gross national saving: (% of GDP)
|Leading markets 2013
|% of total
|Leading suppliers
|% of total
|United States
|United States
|Netherlands Antilles
|Major exports
|% of total
|Major imports
|% of total
|Oil & gas
|Raw materials and intermediate goods
|Consumer goods
|Capital goods
Miscellaneous data[edit]
Electricity – production by source:
fossil fuel: 35.7% (2012 est.)
"hydroelectric" 64.3 (2012 est.)
nuclear: 0% (2012 est.)
other: 0% (2012 est.)
Electricity production 127.6 billion kWh (2012 est.)
Electricity – consumption: 85.05 billion kWh (2011 est.)
Electricity – exports: 633 million kWh (2009 est.)
Electricity – imports: 260 million kWh (2009 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: 27.5 million kW (2012 est.)
Agriculture – products: maize, sorghum, sugar cane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee; beef, pork, milk, eggs; fish
Currency: 1 bolívar fuerte (Bs. F.) = 100 centimos (Currency code: VEF)
Exchange rates:
bolívares fuertes (Bs. F) per US$1: 6,30 (February 2013), 4,30 (May 2012)
bolívares (Bs) per US$1: 2150 (January 2006), 1440 (September 2002), 652,33 (January 2000), 605,71 (1999), 547,55 (1998), 488,63 (1997), 417,33 (1996), 176,84 (1995)
Social development[edit]
|This section is outdated. (September 2014)
|The neutrality of this article is disputed. (September 2014)
In recent years, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, under the direction of President Hugo Chávez, has made improvements in the realm of social development.[citation needed] With social programs such as the Bolivarian Missions, Venezuela has made progress in areas such as health, education, and poverty.[citation needed] Through what President Hugo Chávez terms 21st Century Socialism,[115][better source needed] Venezuela has been able to tend to domestic issues. Many of the social policy pursued by Chávez and his administration were jumpstarted by the Millennium Development Goals, eight goals that Venezuela and 188 other nations agreed to in September 2000.[116]
When the international community agreed to the Millennium Development Goals, each country pledged to use social policy to achieve each of the eight goals. The former President of the General Assembly of the United Nations, Ali Abdessalam Treki, stated: "What Venezuela has achieved with regards to the Millennium Development Goals should serve as a model for all other countries."[117][better source needed]
The country has allocated much of its government spending on social policy. From 1999-2009, 60% of government revenues focused on social programs.[118] Social investment went from 8.4% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1988 to 18.8% in 2008.[119]
Millennium Development Goals[edit]
In 2000, the United Nations adopted the Millennium Development Goals, eight goals that combat social problems in our world today.[120] The eight goals are as follows: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability, and develop a global partnership for development. At the September 2010 United Nations Summit, Jorge Valero, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs stated: "Venezuela has achieved the majority of the Millennium Development Goals."[118]
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger[edit]
- Target 1A: Halve the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day
- Target 1B: Achieve decent employment for women, men, and young people
- Target 1C: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
According to Venezuela government statistics, the percentage of people living in extreme poverty was 29.8% in 2003 and decreased to 12.5% in 2006, the year Venezuela officially met the first target of this goal.[121] The percentage of those living in extreme poverty continued declining and in 2011 was 6.8%.[122] The overall poverty index was 49% in 1998 and lowered to 24.2% in 2009.[123] In terms of unemployment, Venezuela has been able to lower the rate to 7.5% in 2009 in spite of the global financial crisis.[118] However in 2013 during Venezuela's own financial crisis, Venezuela's poverty rate increased to 28.35% with extreme poverty rates increasing 44% to 10.3% according to the Venezuelan government's INE.[124]
In relation to hunger, under-nutrition was lowered drastically from its 1998-2000 level of 21% to its 2005-2007 level of 6%.[118] Between 1998 and 2010, Venezuela's food production increased by 44%.[122] In 1991, the population that was undernourished was 10% and decreased to 7% in 2007.[125] The percentage of children under the age of five who are moderately or severely underweight decreased from 6.7% in 1990 to 3.7% in 2007.[125] Infant malnutrition in children below five years of age decreased from 7.7% in 1990 to 2.9% in 2011.[126]
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education[edit]
- Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary schooling, girls and boys
The total net enrollment ratio in primary education for both sexes increased from 87% in 1999 to 93.9% in 2009.[125] The primary completion rate for both sexes reached 95.1% in 2009, as compared to 80.8% in 1991.[125] In 2005, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization declared Venezuela free of illiteracy.[122] The literacy rates of 15-24 year olds in 2007, for men and women, were 98% and 98.8%, respectively.[125] The free government program, Misión Robinson, is largely responsible for Venezuela's success with literacy rates. Since starting in 2003, the program has taught more than 2.3 million people to read and write. The program has also focused much of its attention on reaching out to geographically isolated and historically excluded members of the population, including indigenous groups and Afro-descendents.[127][better source needed] According to the Venezuelan government, improvements in primary education and literacy are on target to achieve this goal by the year 2015.[121]
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women[edit]
- Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015
Gender equality in the education sector has already been achieved, with a ratio of 103 girls for every 100 boys registered in schools.[121] In university education, women's participation increased by 1.46% in 2009, and there are now more women enrolled in universities than men.[122] Elias Eljuri, President of Venezuela's National Institute of Statistics, stated that Venezuela ranks second after Cuba in university enrollment.[126]
In the working sector, the percentage of women in the non-agricultural workforce has increased from 35.44% in 1994 to 41.96% in 2009.[118] The percentage of seats held by women in the national parliament has increased to 17% in 2011 from 10% in 1990.[125] At the time of the September 2010 UN Summit, four of Venezuela's five branches of government were led by women (the legislature, judiciary, electoral authority, and citizen's branch).[118]
In October 2014, the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women stated that despite the claims made for reform in the 1999 Venezuelan Constitution, there are still "very clear discriminatory laws" against women within Venezuela, with the Venezuelan Supreme Court replying to the stated laws as "antiquated rules".[128]
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality[edit]
- Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
In 2008, the children under-five mortality rate was 16.35 per every 1,000 births, a 49% decrease from 1990.[118] The infant mortality rate decreased from 28 per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 16 per 1,000 live births in 2010,[125] though it increased to 19.33 deaths per 1,000 births in 2014.[129]
The percentage of one year olds immunized against measles has varied between highs of 98% in 2001 and 92% in 1998, from 61% in 1990 and 1992 and a low of 47% in 1995. In 2011, the last year with results available, the rate was 86%.[125]
Goal 5: Improve maternal health[edit]
- Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
- Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
The Venezuelan government has increased the total expenditure on health as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) over the years. In 1996, the level was 3.5% and rose to 6.0% in 2009.[130]
5A - In 2010, the World Bank reported that the maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births was 92, essentially unchanged since 2000 when it was 91, but down from 94 in 1990.[131] However, the United Nations reported an increase in the maternal mortality ratio, which increased from 93 per 100,000 in 1990 to 110 per 100,000 in 2013.[132]
5B - The current contraceptive use among married women 15–49 years old increased from 58% in 1993 to 70.3% in 1998.[125] The Venezuelan government said it has implemented policies and programs aimed at accomplishing on this goal: Proyecto Madre, Misión Barrio Adentro, Misión Niño Jesús, and the National Sexual and Reproductive Health Program.[121] Misión Niño Jesús (Mission Baby Jesus in English) aims to provide better attention to pregnant women. The program attempts to improve hospital infrastructure, increase the availability of medicine, provide health education for pregnant women and young children, and construct prenatal care houses.[133][better source needed] In 2014 following shortages of many medical and common goods, Venezuelan women have had difficulties accessing contraceptives and were forced to change prescriptions or search several stores and the Internet for their medications.[134]
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases[edit]
- Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
- Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
- Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
6A/6B - The number of primary health care physicians treating HIV/AIDS and other diseases has increased from 1,628 in 1998 to 19,500 in 2009.[122] The number of people receiving free antiretroviral therapy increased from 1,059 in 1999 to 25,657 in 2008. Spending on HIV has exceeded US $230 million.[121] As of 2014, shortages of antiretroviral medicines to treat HIV/AIDS affected about 50,000 Venezuelans, potentially causing thousands of Venezuelans with HIV to develop AIDS.[135]
6C - In 2010, the Venezuelan Ministry of Health reported that they were intensifying efforts to reach all sectors of the population in order to reduce the prevalence of diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria.[136] The prevalence of tuberculosis per 100,000 people has decreased slightly from 51 in 1990 to 48 in 2010.[130] The tuberculosis treatment success rate has increased from 68% in 1994 to 83% in 2008.[125]
In terms of malaria, during the period lasting from 1995 to 2004, the malaria mortality rate ranged from 0.10-0.36 deaths per 100,000 people. Almost a third of these deaths were children.[137] However, as of August 2014, Venezuela is the only country in Latin America where the incidence of malaria is increasing, allegedly due to illegal mining and in 2013, Venezuela registered the highest number of cases of malaria in the past 50 years, with 300 of 100,000 Venezuelans being infected with the disease. Medical shortages in the country also hampered the treatment of Venezuelans.[138]
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability[edit]
- Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources
- Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss
- Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (for more information see the entry on water supply)
- Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers
7A/7B - Venezuela has one of the highest biodiversity richness levels in the world. The nation is ranked in the top 10 countries with the highest biodiversity on the planet.[139] Venezuela has some known 2,356 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles. Out of these, 13.3% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 5.6% are threatened. There are over 21,000 species of plants in the country, and 38.0% of them are endemic.[140]
The Ministry of People's Power for the Environment received $675 million from the 2012 national budget to develop policies, strategies, plans, and actions aimed at boosting environmental conservation and education.[122] Roughly 73% of Venezuela's territory is covered with natural areas under protection. The country ranks second behind Ecuador in the amount of protected area.[141] In 2006, President Hugo Chávez launched Misión Arbol, a program that attempts to combat the deforestation of Venezuela.[142][better source needed] Through this project, 22,000 acres of trees have been planted.[121]
Despite changes made by the Ministry of People's Power for the Environment, in August 2014, the Venezuelan government merged it into the newly formed Ministry of Housing, Habitat and Eco-socialism, an action criticized by multiple environmental organizations in Venezuela. The Ecological Movement of Venezuela rejected the move saying it "demonstrates the failure of Nicolás Maduro and his Cabinet in environmental management".[143][144] The president of the environmental group Vitalis, Diego Diaz Martin, stated that Venezuela was thrown back 40 years in environmental management due to the ministerial merger calling the move "more ideological than technical or economic".[145][146]
7C - The proportion of people with sustainable access to safe drinking water increased from 68% in 1990 to 92% in 2007, above the target of 84%.[119][better source needed] The proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities increased to 91 in 2005 from 82 in 1990.[125]
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development[edit]
- Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
- Target 8B: Address the special needs of least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States
- Target 8C: Deal comprehensively with developing countries' debt
- Target 8D: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries
- Target 8E: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications
8A - In 2014, Venezuela's economic freedom was ranked fourth as one of the least free countries in the 2014 Index of Economic Freedom by the Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal.[147] Venezuela was ranked as an unfree rating since the late 1990s.[148]
8B - The Bolivarian Government of Venezuela has continuously defend Palestine[149][150][151] Israel's interests in Venezuela would be represented by Canada.[152] Venezuela officially recognized the State of Palestine in 2009.[153][better source needed]
8C - In dealing with debt, Venezuela's debt service as a percentage of exports and net income from abroad has decreased from its 1990 level of 19.6% to 10.5% in 2004.[154] Venezuela's debt has increased
8D - In Venezuela, shortages of several pharmaceutical items were limited due to economic difficulties; including antiretroviral medicines to treat HIV/AIDS[135] and acetaminophen.[155]
8E - In 1990, the number of Internet users was minimal, but by 2010, 35.63% of Venezuelans were Internet users.[125] In fact, the number of Internet subscribers has increased sixfold.[121] Programs such as the National Technological Literacy Plan, which provides free software and computers to schools, have assisted Venezuela in meeting this goal.[156] However, several experts state that the poor infrastructure in Venezuela had created a poor quality of Internet in Venezuela, which has one of the slowest Internet speeds in the world.[157] The lack of US dollars due to the Venezuelan governments currency controls has also damaged Internet services because technological equipment must be imported into Venezuela.[157]
The number of fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants was 7.56 in 1990. The number increased to 24.44 in 2010.[125] In 2000, 2,535,966 Venezuelans had landline telephones. By 2009, this had increased to 6,866,626.[118]
The Bolivarian government has also launched an aerospace program in cooperation with the People's Republic of China who built and launched two satellites that are currently in orbit—a communications satellite called Simón Bolívar, and a remote sensing satellite called Miranda. In July 2014 President Maduro announced that a third satellite would be built by Chinese-Venezuelan bilateral cooperation.[158][159]
See also[edit]
Government of Venezuela, Instituto Nacional de Estadística (National Institute of Statistics.) Wide range of statistics. Adding pobreza/menupobreza.asp to the URL gives a menu of poverty statistics.
United Nations, UNdata Explorer.
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- ^ "Movimiento ecológico: Sacudón sólo afectó al ambiente y al quinto motor". El Tiempo. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ "Movimiento Ecológico rechazó eliminación del Ministerio de Ambiente". El Universal. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ "Venezuela retrocede 40 años en materia ambiental con fusión ministerial". El Universal. 4 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ "Ambientalistas: Venezuela retrocede 40 años en la materia con fusión ministerial". El Nacional. 4 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ "Venezuela". Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ "Graph The Data". Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ "World reacts to the conflict in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
- ^ Venezuela's Support for Palestine A Model for Third World Democracy
- ^ Associated Press, Haaretz, 16 September 2009, Venezuela: Spain will represent our interests in Israel
- ^ Canada-Israel Committee, 5 August 2009, Canada to Help Israel with Visas in Venezuela
- ^ Venezuelanalysis.com, 30 April 2009, Venezuela and the Palestinian Authority Establish Diplomatic Relations
- ^ "Millennium Development Goals: Goal 8." Index Mundi. Web 2 April 2012.
- ^ Forero, Juan (22 September 2014). "Venezuela Seeks to Quell Fears of Disease Outbreak". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- ^ "Fact Sheet: Venezuela and the Millennium Development Goals." Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the UK and Ireland. Web. 20 March 2012.
- ^ a b Pardo, Daniel (22 September 2014). "¿Por qué internet en Venezuela es tan lento?". BBC. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
- ^ 21 July 2014. "En 7 claves - Los acuerdos China-Venezuela firmados este lunes". Últimas Noticias. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
The agreement, signed for the development of the program satellite VRSS2, provides for the two nations to share knowledge about the manufacture of the new remote sensing satellite, which will serve to strengthen mapping capabilities in the country, and to contribute to the development of the Venezuelan aerospace industry.
- ^ Magan, Veronica (23 August 2013). "Venezuela: Latin America's Next Space Pioneer?". Satellite Today. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
External links[edit]
- Venezuela Energy Profile from the Energy Information Administration
- Venezuela to Give Currency New Name and Numbers
- Banco Central de Venezuela
- Venezuela's Economy During the Chavez Years
- Venezuela Nationalizes Gas Plant and Steel Companies, Pledges Worker Control by James Suggett, 22 May 2009
- Venezuela's Economic Recovery: Is It Sustainable? - Center for Economic and Policy Research report, September 2012
- Map of Venezuela's economic and transportation network
- Tariffs applied by Venezuela as provided by ITC's Market Access Map, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements.


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Congressional investigators warn bank stress tests not enough
WASHINGTON, DC - Congressional investigators have released their report into the bank stress tests conducted by the US Treasury and Federal Reserve earlier this year, saying the exercises were solidly based but that "serious concerns remain".
The Congressional Oversight Panel's 164-page report, 'Stress testing and shoring up bank capital', makes a number of recommendations as a result of studying the methods used in the tests.
The panel, created to oversee the spending of $700 billion in Troubled Assets Relief Program funds, says although the methods used were "conservative and reasonable", the worst-case scenario - designed as the baseline for recapitalisation - did not go far enough.
The report says the increase in US unemployed to 9.4% in May meant the assumed 2009 rate of 8.9% used in the tests' most adverse scenario had been called into question, potentially necessitating a further recapitalisation of US banks.
The panel says economic factors such as the unemployment rate, coupled with banks' continuing tenure of toxic or illiquid assets, mean a reappraisal is necessary, leading to further tests by the federal authorities and internal exercises by the banks for disclosure.
Ten US banks failed Treasury secretary Timothy Geithner's stress tests, requiring a combined $74.6 recapitalisation when the results were published in May. This possibly influenced decisions by the UK Financial Services Authority and the Committee of European Banking Supervisors to adopt a different method for their own banking stress tests, keeping the results secret.
The role of stress tests in US regulation is set to increase. The report suggests regulators make more use of them to promote and maintain financial stability, and prevent systemic risk.
With this in mind, it seems possible the new systemic risk body touted for creation by the Obama administration, which would be composed of Treasury, Federal Reserve and other regulatory representatives, might be responsible for future industry-wide stress tests.
The Congressional Oversight Panel's report can be read in full here.
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Efficient variations of the Fourier transform in applications to option pricing
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Fourier transform algorithms for pricing and hedging discretely sampled exotic variance products and volatility derivatives under additive processes
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May 12: Hippodrome Foodie Experience
Andrew Zimmern, a James Beard Award-winning host of Travel Channel's "Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern," will host the 3rd Annual Hippodrome Foodie Experience. The event will feature a dozen popular Baltimore restaurants. 3 p.m. May 12 at Hippodrome Theatre at the France-Merrick Performing... Handout photo, Baltimore Sun


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2:43 mais que porra foi essa? kkkk'
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PWMs Famous Transcriptions series seeks to recall the most interesting and creative arrangements of Chopins music made over the last one hundred and fifty years. This collectionof twenty-three transcriptions for guitar contains arrangements by such notable composers and performers as Francisco Tárrega and Jan Oberbek.
Carl Fischer Famous Transcriptions Book
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Brooks-Range Backcountry Sleeping Pad
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On your next high alpine, lightweight pursuit you don't need to sleep on the ground when you take along the Backcountry Pad by Brooks Range. Its light weight and trim profile mean you can stay warm from beneath by adding less than two pounds to your pack.
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The Brooks-Range Backcountry Sleeping Pad is not available from the stores we monitor. It was last seen June 5, 2013 at Mountain Gear.
If you're looking for a new self-inflating sleeping pad, check out the best reviewed current models.


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Phyllis is a pianist, toy pianist and composer who's musical interests have led in numerous directions as a soloist and collaborative artist. Described as "a dazzling performer who wrings novel sounds from the humble toy piano,"(NY Times) and "a bold pianist with an excellent sense of color" (LA Times),Phyllis has performed in a large variety of contexts in the US and abroad.
Phyllis founded the UnCaged Toy Piano, a composition call-for-scores to further expand the repertoire for toy piano. UnCaged welcomes composers of all ages and backgrounds to consider the many artistic possibilities in the toy piano. The Chicago Reader states that Phyllis has "become one of the world's leading proponents of the toy piano." The competition has received works from composers all around the world and these compositions become an integral part of her repertoire. In 2013, Phyllis hosted the 2nd three-day UnCaged Toy Piano Festival in New York City, inviting ten different artists in three different venues. To find out more about the call for scores, please visit uncagedtoypiano.org
With a long affection towards miniature theater, Phyllis has created numerous works with her partner /video artist/electronic musician, Rob Dietz. The duo received a NYSCA grant (via Concert Artist Guild) to create the Looking Glass ReWondered that was premiered in 2010 at the Voorhees Theater. They have also created The Memoirist, Pearlessence, Chroma, Carousels, and most recently, The Slumber Thief, a 2012 commissioned work by Opera Cabal's Opera Shop program.
Phyllis is one of the founding members of ICE (International Contemporary Ensemble), a New York-based collective dedicated to the performance and promotion of new works. Phyllis was selected as one of the composer/artist for the inaugural ICElab Series, a model for commissioning and developing new works. Her ICElab chamber pieces were performed at the 2013 Lincoln Center's Mostly Mozart Festival, Atlas Performing Arts, (DC) and the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago.
Phyllis is also the recipient of numerous other awards including the 2012 Roulette-Intermedium/Jerome Commission where four composer/performers are commissioned to write a new work. She is also one of twelve composers-recipients of the 2012 Fromm Music Foundation. Upcoming commissions include a new solo work by the Baryshnikov Arts Center and a multi-media work for Margaret Leng Tan by the Singapore Arts Festival.
Phyllis attended Oberlin Conservatory (B.M.) Northwestern University (M.M)and currently a doctoral candidate at Indiana University where she studied with André Watts. She currently lives in Astoria.
"…she raised the bar for delightful quirkiness matched with interpretive sensitivity." —New York Times
"…dazzling delight…" —LA Times
"As a performer, Phyllis is a superb pianist and a brilliant advocate for the instrument's downscaled toy sibling; as a composer, she regularly wins our unofficial Honorary George Crumb "What the Hell Was That?" Award for sublime instrumental bafflements– and we mean that very much as a compliment." —Time Out New York
"Phyllis Chen, the show's sole instrumentalist…achieves dazzling effects with pianos both standard-sized and shrunken." —Financial Times
"…her captivating performance was animated by unbridled inventiveness, the kind of joyous creativity that playing with toys is meant to inspire." —The Oregonian
"music world that simultaneously haunts and inspires…handsomely crafted…" —Time Out Chicago
"…Chen's madcap music was just right…" —LA Times
"Chen's combination of playfulness, discipline and an unerring ear in mixing strange sonorities made (it) a captivating work." —Washington Post


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Yiwu Jiudian Fashion Jewelry Factory
|Business Type:
|Main Products:
|Zhejiang, China (Mainland)
|Year Established:
|Number Of Employees:
|51 - 100 People
|Total Revenue:
|US$10 Million - US$50 Million
|Main Markets:
|Average Lead Time:
|10 Day(s)
Weclome Yiwu Jiudian Fashion Jewelry Factory is located in Yiwu which is one of the most famous International Trade City in Ch...
Yiwu Jiudian Fashion Jewelry Factory is located in Yiwu which is one of the most famous International Trade City in China. We are 3km away from the Yiwu International Trade Market. We established in 2005 as a jewelry factory. After several expansions now we have our own design team & trade team.
We specialized in producing all kinds of fashion alloy jewelries. Main products: necklaces, bracelets, jewelry sets, earrings, rings, brooches, mobile chains, key chain and belt buckles. Relying on superior quality and unique designs, our products are selling very well in the international market. Our clients come from America, Japan, Canada, Europe, Southeast Asia and many other countries. We have a very good reputation all over the world. We pay attention to developing new products with advanced equipment, high technology, and efficient management.
We are always proud of our excellent customer service, which has been proved by many of our customer around the world. Our aim is to provide the best quality product at the most competitive price. However, we understand that timely customer service and assistance are more important for international business.
Welcome to build a long-term business relationship with us based on mutual benefits.
Company Capability
Trade Capacity
North America : 30.00%
Western Europe : 20.00%
Production Capacity
Factory Size : 1,000-3,000 square meters
No. of Production Lines : 10
R&D Capacity
No. of R&D Staff : Less than 5 People
Equipment and Facilities : polishing maching by stone(rock),polishing maching by hand,press mould machine,die-casting maching,correct mould by hand.,Making steel mould.,finished artwork
Email to this supplier


text:
Faith is like electricity. You can't see it, but you can see the light.Anonymous
Wisdom is like electricity. There is no permanently wise man, but men capable of wisdom, who, being put into certain company, or other favorable conditions, become wise for a short time, as glasses rubbed acquire electric power for a while.Ralph Waldo Emerson
I believe talent is like electricity. We don't understand electricity. We use it.Maya Angelou
Gratitude is a quality similar to electricity: it must be produced and discharged and used up in order to exist at all.William Faulkner
We are all electric creatures floating in the electric sea of this electric universe. Every electric thing in the entire universe breathes electrically into itself from the rest of the electric universe which is outside of itself. It also breathes out of itself into the rest of the universe.Walter Russell
Electricity produced in the name of the poor is consumed by the rich with endless appetites,Arundhati Roy
Electricity is really just organized lightning.George Carlin
Electric communication will never be a substitute for the face of someone who with their soul encourages another person to be brave and true.Charles Dickens
When you look at the inner workings of electrical things, you see wires. Until the current passes through them, there will be no light. That wire is you and me. The current is God. We have the power to let the current pass through us, use us, to produce the light of the world, Jesus, in us. Or we can refuse to be used and allow darkness to spread.Mother Teresa
With electricity we were wired into a new world, for electricity brought the radio, a "crystal set" and with enough ingenuity, one could tickle the crystal with a cat`s whisker and pick up anything.Theodore H. White
There are two great unknown forces today, electricity and woman, but men can reckon much better on electricity than they can on woman.Josephine K. Henry
Electricity is often called wonderful, beautiful; but it is so only in common with the other forces of nature. The beauty of electricity or of any other force is not that the power is mysterious, and unexpected, touching every sense at unawares in turn, but that it is under law, and that the taught intellect can even govern it largely. The human mind is placed above, and not beneath it, and it is in such a point of view that the mental education afforded by science is rendered super-eminent in dignity, in practical application and utility; for by enabling the mind to apply the natural power through law, it conveys the gifts of God to man.Michael Faraday
Electricity is the power that causes all natural phenomena not known to be caused by something else.Ambrose Bierce
I believe talent is like electricity. We don`t understand electricity. We use it. You can plug into it and light up a lamp, keep a heart pump going, light a cathedral, or you can electrocute a person with it. Electricity will do all that. It makes noMaya Angelou
Electricity is of two kinds, positive and negative. The difference is, I presume, that one comes a little more expensive, but is more durable; the other is a cheaper thing, but the moths get into it.Stephen Leacock
A lot of words in English confuse the idea of life and electricity, like the word livewire.Laurie Anderson
Man's brain may be compared to an electric battery...a group of electric batteries will provide more energy than a single battery.Napoleon Hill
One of the effects of living with electric information is that we live habitually in a state of information overload. There`s always more than you can cope with.Marshall McLuhan
When we're making music together, it's like five men making love-in a very platonic sense. It's very erotic, because your spirits are intermingling, you're becoming one. It's also why it can get so heated. You're tapping into this electricity that's very primal.Brandon Boyd


text:
Kerry Logistics said the acquisition of its former joint venture in Spain will allow customers in the country's poor performing economy to access more dynamic Asian markets.
The Hong Kong-based didn't disclose terms of the acquisition of Kerry Salvat Logistics from its former partner Salvat Logistica. The purchase is the lastest in a string of expansion moves made by Kerry Logistics, ranging from new distribution centers to the acquisition of logistics firms.
"A dedicated Spanish division has been set up by Kerry Logistics in Shanghai to support Spanish brands wanting to expand their sales in China," said Sebastian Bernardo, general manager of Kerry Logistics (Spain).
-- Contact Mike King at email@example.com


text:
Gaia-Wind is a world leading manufacturer of high performance small wind turbines.
Our turbines have went unseen and unheard for over 20 years. Here is why...
Gaia-Wind 133 small wind turbines have a long track record of reliability. Designed in Denmark and manufactured in Scotland to operate in moderate wind speed areas, the G-W 133 can now be found in over 500 sites worldwide. Our customers have found that installing one or more Gaia-Wind turbines an easier and more convenient way of generating ROI than medium wind turbines.
Our wind turbines are ideally suited for working farms, businesses, rural properties, and community projects.
Similar in size to a large tree and a world away from the graceful giants found in wind farms, installing one or more Gaia-Wind turbines provides an easier and more convenient way of generating ROI than medium wind turbines.
The Gaia-Wind 133 is the quietest wind turbine in its class. Due to its constant speed rotation and expert design it allows for greater planning flexibility, a feature which is found in a minimal number of wind turbines.
We are dedicated to ensuring our customers benefit from the outstanding performance and economic advantages offered by our wind turbines.
Reduce your energy costs, generate an income, offset your carbon footprint.
To find out more about our small wind turbines and for a free consultation on whether your site is suitable: contact us for more information
Gaia-Wind won the Export Award at last nights Scottish Renewables Award Ceremony! http://t.co/hqAoVjNV83
Our telephone system is back up and running, many thanks for your patience!
Due to issues with our phone system the best way to contact us is http://t.co/SbGFzL8PwS or email firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Category: Waste & Recycling ×
Subcategory: Solid Waste ×
Industry: Oil, Gas & Refineries ×
Location: Europe ×
Location: Serbia ×
Infraserv GmbH & Co. Höchst KG
based in Frankfurt, GERMANY
Infraserv GmbH & Co. Höchst KG, headquartered in Frankfurt Höchst, was spun off from the former Hoechst AG in 1998. Today, Infraserv does business as a site operator and industrial-services provider for chemicals and pharmaceuticals sites. Its prime objective is to help trailblazing companies in the process industry concentrate on their core business. Infraserv Höchst is ...
Veolia North America, Industrial Business
based in Lombard, ILLINOIS (USA)
The three divisions of Veolia North America providing technical solutions, industrial services and industrial water solutions have been brought together under our shared Corporate name, Veolia North America, Industrial Business. Our parent company, Veolia, has worked hard to establish this worldwide brand. The decision to operate globally under a single brand name ...
Terragon Environmental Technologies Inc.
based in Montréal, QUEBEC (CANADA)
Terragon develops and commercializes innovative technologies and practices needed to enable habitats to treat their waste locally and safely in order to recover valuable resources to be reused at the site where waste is generated. Terragon researches and engineers highly innovative waste treatment systems which anyone can operate safely, economically and without special ...
C4 CONTROL de CONTAMINACION Ltda
based in Cali, COLOMBIA
C4 is an ISO 9000 company located in Colombia with 23 years dedicated to develop and produce equipment for air contamination, like scrubbers, Dust collectors, Filtration systems, Biofilter FRP Blowers and others, applications like odor control, critical dust collection or recovery, clean spaces, our plant have engineering (mechanic, electronic, environmethal and ...
Pentair Separation Systems
based in Conroe, TEXAS (USA)
Pentair Separation Systems designs and manufactures advanced technologies for the high performance separation of liquids, solids and gases. We solve critical separation and extraction issues for the gas, refining, chemical and power generation industries.
Cleveland Biotech Ltd
based in Stockton on Tees, UNITED KINGDOM
CBIO provide innovative natural solutions to the growing problems of pollution in particular to those arising from the discharge of effluents and wastes into the environment. The company breeds and acclimatises a variety of naturally occurring micro-organisms from which products are then formulated for use in the degradation of specific wastes. They are leaders in the ...
KMT International, Inc.
based in Fremont, CALIFORNIA (USA)
KMT International Inc. is an engineering/manufacturing company founded in 1999. Headquarters and manufacturing facilities are located in California, USA. Company focuses on petrochemical industry and offers various environmentally friendly technologies for oil tank cleaning, sludge processing, soil remediation, reservoirs cleaning and industrial wastewater treatment. Our ...
Burns & McDonnell
based in Kansas City, MISSOURI (USA)
Burns & McDonnell, headquartered in Kansas City, Mo., is a full-service engineering, architecture, construction, environmental and consulting solutions firm. Our multidisciplined staff of more than 4,300 employee-owners includes engineers, architects, construction experts, planners, estimators, economists, technicians and scientists, representing virtually all design ...
Tecam Group
based in Llinars del Vallès, SPAIN
Tecam Group offers advanced environmental technology to reduce Air Pollution Emissions and to incinerate Industrial Waste, both generated during production processes from the Industry. Tecam Group designs, manufactures and installs Thermal Oxidizers (TO), Regenerative Thermal Oxidizers (RTO), Regenerative Catalytic Oxidizers (RCO), Zeolite Rotor-Concentrator + ...
Weston Solutions, Inc
based in West Chester, PENNSYLVANIA (USA)
Weston Solutions, Inc. (WESTON) delivers integrated environmental, sustainability, property redevelopment, energy, and construction solutions. Dedicated to making a difference in the world, our 1,650 people have been reaching out from 60 offices around the globe responding to our clients` toughest problems for more than 55 years.
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'Warcraft' to memorialize Robin Williams in gameAugust 14, 2014 @ 4:08 pm
LOS ANGELES (AP) -- Robin Williams' spirit will live on in the virtual world of Azeroth.
After thousands of fans petitioned the developers of the online role-playing video game "World of Warcraft" to memorialize Williams, the game's lead designer said Thursday that Blizzard Entertainment planned to create a character inspired by the actor, comedian and avid gamer, who was found dead on Monday at the age of 63. Lt. Keith Boyd of the Marin County sheriff's office said Williams committed suicide.
Williams was a notable fan of the popular fantasy series, which is played online by about 6.8 million people.
"We haven't decided, but it will most likely be a character inspired by him or some of his favorite roles of the past," said lead game designer Ion Hazzikostas at a Thursday event in downtown Los Angeles unveiling the game's fifth expansion, "World of Warcraft: Warlords of Draenor."
Several late "Warcraft" players have been memorialized in the game's virtual world since it launched in 2004 with virtual monuments, non-playable characters and other tributes.
"All of us are massive Robin Williams fans," said Hazzikostas. "We love and appreciate his work. We grew up watching his movies and stand-up. We knew he was an avid 'WoW' player, which was awesome. We have a number of pop culture references and things that reflect great figures of our time here and there. We're just thinking about the appropriate and right way to do it."
The fifth expansion of the popular game, which celebrates its 10th anniversary in December, takes place in the home land of Azeroth's orcs and features several new additions, including the ability to construct personal garrisons and raid new dungeons. "Warlords of Draenor" is set for release Nov. 13.
Follow AP Entertainment Writer Derrik J. Lang on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/derrikjlang.
Copyright © The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Eying the Prize
A dominant win over Arizona has the Seahawks eying the Super Bowl
History of Violence
The gunman who fatally ambushed two NYC police officers had a long criminal record
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