text: Site Header, Including Navigation and Logo Cattle culled in GB because of TB since January 1st 2008 Main Site Navigation HomeTB on FarmFAQsVaccination?Latest NewsVaccination?Share the FactsHow you can helpLinksSupporters You are here: FAQs 8.3 MILLION The number of cattle tested for bovine TB in Great Britain in 2013. #tbfree 4,763 The number of new herds affected by bovine TB in Great Britain during 2013. #tbfree 237,649 The number of cattle culled due to bovine TB in Great Britain since Jan 1, 2008. #tbfree £3,310 PER BADGER What it's likely to cost the Welsh Assembly to vaccinate for five years in the Pembrokeshire hotspot area. #tbfree 94% The reduction in TB seen in New Zealand after it started culling possums in the early 1990s. #tbfree 50% The estimated proportion of TB breakdowns due to badgers in hotspot areas. #tbfree £1 BILLION The amount it will cost to control the disease in England in the next ten years, if no action is taken. #tbfree 6.2 MILLION Cattle tested in 2013 in England. #tbfree 3,867 New herds affected by bovine TB in England during 2013. #tbfree £500 MILLION The amount it has cost the taxpayer to control the disease in England in the past ten years. #tbfree VACCINATION Has a role to play in the long-term, but it will not cure a badger that is already infected. #tbfree 177,485 The number of cattle culled due to TB in England since 2008. #tbfree FAQs Useful links Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Cattle vaccination will not work on its own Bovine TB Eradication Programme for England Camelid TB Support and Research Group Controlling TB – the government's approach Defra - Badger cull: Live Twitter Q&A Work on vaccines for both cattle and badgers Defra TB pages Farmers Weekly bovine TB pages The Guardian - the science behind the cull Irish government TB stats South West TB Service TB Free England - The Facts TB Free New Zealand More links What are the most commonly asked questions about bovine TB? Where are the misconceptions? We've taken a look at everything from the history of the disease and its spread to current government policy.There are links to further reading and the sources we've used included in the answers.Not answered your question? We'll be updating this part of the site as issues emerge - keep an eye on #TBFree for details. What is bovine TB? Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an infectious disease of cattle.It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), which can also infect and cause TB in badgers, deer, goats, pigs, camelids (llamas and alpacas), dogs and cats, as well as many other mammals.This disease is one of the biggest challenges facing the cattle farming industry today, particularly in the West and South West of England.Read more - Defra How does bovine TB affect me? This disease situation has the potential to affect everyone, from those living in rural areas seeing the impact on farming neighbours first-hand, to people who enjoy great British beef and dairy products and want to see a thriving sector.Everyone will be paying for the costs of TB via the public purse, with costs set to rise to £1billion in the next ten years unless action is taken.There is also the potential for TB to spill over into other species. While there are still very few cases of TB found in dogs and cats, it is on the increase in other animals, and particularly in alpacas.Unless TB is reduced in the environment it is likely that these cases will continue to increase as the disease is forced to find new hosts. What is the current situation? The disease is spreading out of control.There are now areas where the incidence of TB in cattle is persistent and high; these are called 'hotspots'. These are mostly centred in the South West and the West Midlands. However, as the disease is spreading there are more and more hotspots in places such as Cheshire, and increased areas across the East Midlands.There has been a four-fold increase in the number of cattle slaughtered because of TB in the last 17 years. According to Animal Health statistics, in 1998 there were 6,000 cows slaughtered due to bTB in England. By 2013 this had risen to 26,603 cattle killed. Since January 1 2008, 230,727 cattle have been killed due to bovine TB in Great Britain (Defra figures to April 2014). When did bovine TB become a problem? TB in humans became a significant problem in Victorian England as industrialisation crowded people together in insanitary conditions in large cities.At this time, many of the dairy herds that were kept in and around the cities to provide fresh milk became infected with bovine tuberculosis (bTB). The milk was a potent source of infection and many people died.A law was passed making it illegal to sell tuberculosis milk and the tuberculin test, which could identify infected cattle before they showed symptoms, was developed. It was seen to have the potential to eradicate the disease and so the Attested Herd Scheme was introduced in 1935.By 1950, herds that tested positive for the disease were compulsory slaughtered. This scheme involved regular compulsory testing of all cattle herds and the slaughter of bTB reactors, just as happens today.It was at the NFU Conference in 1958 that the government announced, wrongly, that TB had been eradicated.By the mid-1970s, all cattle herds in the UK were thought to have been cleared of bovine TB. However farmers in two areas, Cornwall and Gloucestershire, continued to see individual cattle test positive, despite having their herds cleared of the disease.It is believed badgers harboured a reservoir of the disease and had begun to re-infect herds in those areas.This situation continued at a low level throughout the 1970s. Unfortunately during the 1980s the number of cases started to rise again. This increase in number and geographical area has continued ever since so that bTB in cattle is once again widespread in England and Wales.For more information download our History of bovine TB document, here. How much does bTB cost? According to Defra, the estimated average cost of a bovine TB breakdown on a farm is £34,000. Of this, it is estimated £20,000 is borne by the Government, mainly as compensation for animals compulsorily slaughtered and the costs of testing, and £14,000 falls to the farmer as a result of the loss of animals, on-farm costs of testing, and business disruption because of movement restrictions.It has cost the tax payer £500 million to control the disease in England in the last 10 years. It is estimated that the costs of bovine TB control will top £1 billion over the next decade, if no action is taken.Read more - Bovine TB Eradication Programme for England (costs, section 1.3)Read more - Science Advisory Council, TB Briefing: Update on Badgers and TB Pilots Decision, Jan 2012, p1 How do farmers pay for bovine TB? Farmers do pay, they pay a significant amount.First of all they pay for the cattle control measures. Farmers in endemic areas routinely test their cattle every year, and in a breakdown situation (when bTB is confirmed in a herd) they are testing every 60 days. Even for those without TB in their herds, pre-movement testing is required before any animal can be moved off farm.Testing requires additional labour and causes significant stress, often leading to injuries to both stock and those people handling them, but also results in loss of income because cows don't milk as well and beef animals don't put on as much weight.It is widely recognised that the stress of handling can make animals more susceptible to other conditions and even cause pregnant cows to abort.Government figures (see section 1.3) suggest that every time a farmer has a breakdown in the herd it will cost an average of £30,000, although this figure can vary enormously from farm-to-farm. Of that, around £10,000 falls upon the farm business itself.An interim report published by the University of Exeter, looked at the costs of bTB breakdowns on eight case study farms from the South West of England.One of the dairy farms used in the study, which lost 61 cows to bTB, estimated that the loss of these animals alone cost their farm £56,364 in milk sales. Consequential losses such as these are not recoverable by the affected farm business under the compensation scheme.In addition, the money paid for animals which are slaughtered does not always truly reflect the value, particularly of breeding stock.Herd restrictions put on trading animals after a breakdown can also be very expensive. Some farmers cannot sell animals and become overstocked, others cannot buy replacement stock to maintain their business and both situations can lead to big cash flow problems.In addition, looking at the purely financial costs disregards the enormous emotional damage bTB does to farming families.Read more - Allan Butler, Matt Lobley and Michael Winter, CRPR Research Paper No 30, Economic Impact Assessment of Bovine Tuberculosis in the South West of EnglandRead more - Bovine TB Eradication Programme for England (costs, section 1.3)Read more - Farm Crisis Network report 'Stress and Loss: A report on the impact of bovine TB on farming families' What impact does TB have on a farmer? In 2009 the Farm Crisis Network conducted interviews and found that 'dealing with bTB causes considerable stress to both farmers and their families'.Some 20% of those interviewed admitted that they were either 'panicked' or 'devastated' by the news of a new outbreak, and a further 50% were 'upset' or 'worried'. Farmers told the FCN:"The worst thing was that cows very close to calving had to be shot on farm. We could see the calves kicking inside as they died.""I feel there is a constant dark cloud of uncertainty over me, causing stress, anxiety and fear. I feel weary, mentally and physically which results in pain in my body.""Financially it is very stressful. Cash flow is a huge problem. Having to keep animals when I would normally sell them puts more pressure on me, on my family, animal accommodation and feed costs. I don't know how long we can keep going."The study found that many farmers were suffering financial impacts to their businesses, including a reduction in sales of beef and milk as a result of culled animals, increased labour and extra costs of feed and bedding, as they had to keep animals for longer.Some farmers have become so weary and frustrated by repeated bTB outbreaks that they have decided to go out of beef or dairy production altogether.Read more - Farm Crisis Network report 'Stress and Loss: A report on the impact of bovine TB on farming families' TB Free England video: Mervin's storySee more videos here. What are farmers doing to limit bovine TB? It is very difficult for a farmer to prevent a wild animal from coming into contact with his livestock either in the cattle sheds or out in a field, but farmers are working hard to prevent potential disease transmission.Repairs to a door to keep badgers outWork to fencing to deter badgersBadger-proof gateDrinking trough raised and wall-mountedBadger-proof feed store (open)The measures that farmers take include raising feed and water troughs off the ground, ensuring doors to feed sheds fit well, and are kept shut at night, storing feed in covered bins and fencing off badger setts and latrines.The only way of totally preventing infection would be to house cattle day and night, for 12 months of the year in secure premises and to sterilise all feed brought in.The NFU, together with Defra, the Welsh Assembly Government and Food Environment and Research Agency (FERA), has developed a Bovine TB and Badgers - Improving Farm Biosecurity DVD which is being used to promote best practice.Farmers also have access to independent advice from the South West TB Farm Advisory Service and through various events run by veterinary groups.Watch - See more biosecurity video content here How is bovine TB spread? Bovine TB is spread from cattle to badgers and badgers to cattle.This is known as the cycle of reinfection.The links between badgers, cattle and TB infection were first suspected in the early 1970s and both experience and experimentation has subsequently proved them beyond doubt. Professor Sir John Krebs concluded in his 1997 report that there was "compelling evidence" that badgers transmit bTB to cattle.In addition, both the Zuckerman and Dunnet reports to government came to the conclusion that the badger is the most important wildlife reservoir and it is involved in the maintenance and transmission of the disease to cattle.There is still some uncertainty surrounding bovine TB and the way it is transmitted, but it is mainly a respiratory disease, caught by breathing in the M. bovis bacteria that cause bovine TB. This usually happens when animals are in close contact with each other, so animal density is a major factor in the transmission of M. bovis. Bacteria released into the air through coughing and sneezing can spread the disease to uninfected animals.Direct transmission can happen, eg through nose to nose contact. There is also evidence that indirect transmission is possible, eg through contact with saliva, urine, droppings, pus from abscesses, etc. We know bovine TB is transmitted from cattle to cattle; from badgers to cattle and cattle to badgers; and badger to badger.The programme of trials that followed the Krebs report were designed to identify the most effective strategy for preventing bTB in badgers spreading into cattle populations.Cattle movements are also part of the problem and have been linked to taking the disease to previously TB-free areas. However, evidence shows that, providing the wildlife is not also harbouring the disease, this doesn't lead to a long-term TB problem. For example, Northumberland has had pockets of TB caused by cattle movements, but the level of infection has now dropped -as there is no substantial wildlife reservoir of the disease in this area.The vast majority of bTB outbreaks occur in the 'hotspot' bTB areas of the South West and the West Midlands, and in these high-risk areas up to 50% can be attributed to localised transmission involving infected badgers.Read more - Independent Scientific Review Group. 1997. Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle and Badgers. (Appendix 5) How does TB move between badgers and cattle? A badger with TB can infect cattle in several ways. The primary route is inhalation, with cattle breathing in the bacteria from the air.However, infection from cows eating contaminated material is also an important route.Clinical sampling of live badgers has shown that bTB bacteria can be isolated from sputum, faeces, urine, bite wounds and draining abscesses. Badger latrine sites, where badgers urinate or defecate in fields, can contaminate grass with bacteria, which can then be transmitted to the cows when they graze.Similarly, badgers mark their territory by urinating and this is often spread across cattle pastures.If a badger has TB infection in its kidneys it will excrete a very high level of TB bacteria on to the grass. If an infected badger eats or drinks from cattle feed or water troughs, they can spread TB bacteria through their saliva, which infects the cows when they eat or drink from these contaminated sources.Infected badgers can also spread the bacteria through open cuts and wounds.There is also the potential for direct transmission of bacteria through nose-to-nose contact between badgers and cattle.This can occur when badgers visit farm yards and there is substantial evidence to show close contact in farm buildings as well as regular visits from badgers to cattle feed stores.Watch - NFU, Defra, Fera, Nadis and Welsh Assembly, Bovine TB and Biosecurity. Video 3. Biosecurity at pasture.Read more - Tolhurst, B. A.; Delahay, R. J.; Walker, N. J.; Ward, A. I.; Roper, T. J. Behaviour of badgers (Meles meles) in farm buildings: opportunities for the transmission of Mycobacterium bovis to cattle? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2009 Vol. 117 No. 1/2 pp. 103-113Read more - Garnett, B.T. Delahay, R.J. Roper, T.J. Use of cattle farm resources by badgers and risk of bovine tuberculosis transmission to cattle. How does TB affect cattle? The stringent testing regime, and removal of cattle for compulsory slaughter if they test positive for TB, means that on-farm welfare implications for cows with TB are kept to a minimum.However the number of cows being culled because of bovine TB has increased four-fold in the past 17 years and has resulted in 100,000s of cows being killed before the end of their productive life. In England alone, the past five years have seen the number of cattle culled due to TB rise to 171,814 (Jan 2008 – May 2014).Read more - Defra statistics TB Free England video: The calfSee more videos here. How does TB affect badgers? The major cause of badger deaths, 50,000 each year according to the Badger Trust, is road accidents.However, in the hotspot areas, up to one in three badgers are estimated to have bovine TB (source: Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB).Badgers spend most of their life below ground sharing the same air space, tunnels and chambers, which provides the perfect environment for the disease to spread within a social group.As in cattle, the disease affects the lungs - but also the kidneys. Infected badgers experience more extensive development of TB lesions than cattle, and infected animals will lose weight and body condition and experience severe breathing problems which limit their ability to forage normally.However, it has been shown that badgers can go through a period of 'latency' when the disease is present but makes little progress and it is their ability to live with the disease and to pass it on readily within the confines of their setts to other badgers and to cattle at pasture and around farm buildings that makes the badger an almost perfect host for bTB.Read more - Final Report of the Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB, presented to the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, June 2007 Can pet cats catch or spread bovine TB? The Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) reported in March 2014 that nine cats had contracted bovine TB in Berkshire and Hampshire in 2013.Following screening of the people who came into contact with the infected cats, Public Health England and the AHVLA announced two humans developed bovine TB. This was the first documented case of cat to human transmission.It is believed that the cats were infected with the disease after contact with wildlife, such as badgers or rats, although other methods such as cat-to-cat transmission cannot be ruled out.There have been no further cases of bovine TB reported in the Berkshire and Hampshire area since March 2013, the disease is still uncommon in cats.Read more – how does TB move between badgers and cattle? How can the spread of bovine TB be reduced? The evidence shows that TB can be tackled successfully when all fronts of the disease are tackled at the same time.This means using both cattle controls and badger controls in the hotspot areas; those areas where the disease is persistent and high.Cattle herds in TB problem areas, and surrounding areas, are tested annually and cows that react to the test are put into isolation and slaughtered.The remainder of the herd is subject to strict movement restrictions, meaning cows cannot move off farm, unless it is for slaughter, until the whole herd passes two consecutive TB tests over 120 days.Despite the measures, the number of farms closed down with bovine TB is rising.The number of cattle herds in England which were under restrictions because of a TB incident, at some time during the period January-November 2012, was 6,587. This is having a devastating impact on the British beef and dairy sectors.Currently, TB infected badgers are not identified, treated or slaughtered, allowing the disease to build in this wildlife reservoir. It has developed to the extent that they can excrete vast numbers of bTB bacilli in their dung, urine and saliva which can then be ingested by cows.As the evidence demonstrates that badgers do spread TB to cattle, and harbour a reservoir of this disease within the wildlife, it is important the government includes badger controls in its TB Eradication Plan.This means that badgers will be culled in those hotspot areas where TB infection is persistent and high, to stop further spread.The badger cull is not happening nationwide; there is no nationwide culling strategy.Instead the cull will be licensed by Natural England and will begin with two pilot areas, to ensure that the method of controlled shooting is safe, effective and humane.Once the pilots have been carried out successfully the policy will be extended to other hotspot areas in the South West, West Midlands and some parts of the East Midlands.Read more - Defra TB statsRead more - The Government's policy on Bovine TB and badger control in EnglandRead more -Garnett, B.T. Delahay, R.J. Roper, T.J. Use of cattle farm resources by badgers and risk of bovine tuberculosis transmission to cattle What is the government doing about bovine TB? The Government published its Strategy for Achieving Officially TB Free Status for England on April 3 2014 in which it outlined its commitment to tackling TB using all the available options. Secretary of State Owen Paterson re-emphasised that controlling the disease in wildlife is an essential part of its strategy.During his statement to Parliament on April 3 announcing the publication of the strategy, Mr Paterson also highlighted:A scheme for vaccination projects around the edge of the most badly affected parts of the country in an attempt to create a buffer zone of TB immunity to stop the disease spreading further;A trial of a comprehensive farm-level risk management programme throughout the cull areas over the next three years, which will be available to all farmers and will provide bespoke assessments and advice for farmers on how to protect cattle;An investment of £24.6 million over the current Parliament in the development of effective TB vaccines for both cattle and badgers. Large scale field trials for a deployable cattle vaccine are currently being designed and work is also being carried out on an oral badger vaccine;The stepping up of investment in the development of improved diagnostic tests to enable the identification and removal of only TB-infected badgers. Has this approach been tried elsewhere? The UK coalition government has decided on this multi-faceted approach because the science shows it will work. In addition, there is evidence from other countries which have significantly reduced TB by tackling all aspects of the infection cycle.For example, the government in the Republic of Ireland has been conducting a badger control programme for the past 12 years. The number of cows testing positive to the TB test has fallen by more than a third during the past four years.In 2008 Ireland had just under 30,000 reactor cattle. By 2012, the figure had fallen to 18,476.A reactive badger control strategy has been used, removing badgers in areas surrounding new TB herd breakdowns. This measure is partly credited for the 50% reduction in TB incidence that has been seen in since 2000.In Northern Ireland, where no badger culling takes place and similar cattle measures exist, TB incidence has risen over the same period and now reaches more than 7% of all cattle herds in the province.Read more - Defra, The Government's policy on Bovine TB and badger control in EnglandRead more - Irish government Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, TB stats What about vaccinating cattle - or badgers? Vaccination will be an important tool to help control bovine TB in the future.But the evidence suggests it will not work on its own – and where both cattle and badgers are concerned, a realistic programme remains a number of years away.Vaccination won't work on an animal that already has bovine TB, and no country in the world where wildlife carries the disease has eradicated it in cattle without tackling it in wildlife too.Vaccination and cowsThere are calls for cows to be vaccinated against bTB.However there is no legal vaccine available. Currently the only option is the BCG vaccine (Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin – ref 1,2,3,4,5).The problem is that at present it is impossible to distinguish between a BCG-vaccinated and TB-infected cow. And for this reason it is currently illegal under EU law to vaccinate cattle with the BCG jab.Work is underway to devise a DIVA test (ref 6,7,8) - a test that can Differentiate between Infected and Vaccinated Animals. But even when this has been fully developed, it will need to go through EU and international approval.The upshot is that most estimates say it will be ten years before vaccinating cattle is a realistic possibility (9).On top of that, there's evidence to suggest that the BCG vaccine and DIVA test will not eradicate bovine TB on their own. A recent scientific study (10) concluded that the efficacy of the BCG vaccine in cattle was between 56% and 68%.We know the BCG vaccination reduces the progression, severity and excretion of TB, resulting in reduced transmission between animals, but it is not perfect. And for any vaccine to eradicate a disease it is necessary to ensure that 80% of the target population are immunised. The current BCG vaccine just does not does not shape up.Scientists have said that vaccination has to be used in combination with other measures, which must include dealing with the disease in badgers. You can read more about bovine TB and vaccination on the Defra site, here.Field trials of a cattle vaccine and associated DIVA test are due to start in the UK in 2014.Why isn't a vaccine being used to protect badgers?Most voices in the debate, including the NFU, fully support the development of vaccines for badgers.However, the only vaccine available is an injectable form – and that presents problems.You need to cage-trap the badgers to vaccinate them. And you have to it annually for period of at least five years.The process is costly and needs to be carried out by people who have been on accredited courses. Every trap will have to be visited early in the morning, every day.The Welsh Assembly has just completed its first year vaccinating badgers in the Pembrokeshire hotspot area. Costs per badger are likely to run to £662 per year for five years – a total of £3,310 per badger (11).And here too, there are still question marks over the efficacy of the vaccine.It will not cure a sick badger, one which is already infected with TB.The science suggests the vaccine is most effective in very young animals, and less so in older subjects (12). Young badgers spend their early weeks in the sett, making it impossible to trap and vaccinate them and putting them at risk of infection before they emerge.There is also no evidence as yet which shows that vaccinating a proportion of the badger population actually results in a reduced risk to cattle.An oral bait vaccine is likely to offer the most successful route forwards. But this option is still some years away from becoming a part of any badger control plan, because there is no licensed or proven oral vaccine currently available.Read more – A comprehensive range of references for this article can be found here. Can badgers be vaccinated when cage trapped? As part of the pilot cull, two methods are being used; controlled shooting and cage-trapping and shooting. Currently the only way to vaccinate a badger is via cage-trapping , using an injectable vaccine.Bovine TB is endemic in the badger populations in large areas of the South West and West Midlands. Scientific evidence has shown that in these areas up to one-in-three badgers will have TB. This means that vaccinating badgers in these areas will have no impact on the levels of disease. A vaccine cannot cure a diseased animal.Click here for more information about badger and cattle vaccination. Pilot badger culls and bTB: what happened in 2013? In February 2013, Natural England confirmed that all the criteria had been met to allow badger control operations to begin in the pilot areas of west Somerset and west Gloucestershire, for the purpose of preventing the spread of bovine TB.Licences were granted for four years, with operations licensed to take place over a continuous six-week period between June 1 and November 30 for cage trapping and shooting and between June 1 and January 31 for controlled shooting. Both areas were overseen by independent experts who provided information for an Independent Expert Panel report on the two pilots.In October 2013 the companies carrying out the pilot badger applied to Natural England for extensions to their six-week licences. A three-week licence extension was granted in Somerset and an eight-week licence extension in Gloucestershire after the Chief Vet advised the extensions would enhance disease control and achieve the earliest and greatest possible impact on bTB.The three-week licence extension to the pilot badger cull in Somerset finished on November 1. The eight-week licence extension, granted by Natural England, was due to finish on December 18. However, after discussions between the cull company and Natural England, it was agreed the culling operations would stop on November 30 to coincide with the end of the cage trapping season.Following the conclusion of the extensions, the Secretary of State, Owen Paterson, advised Parliament that the extended culling operation in Somerset would deliver clear disease control benefits as part of a four-year cull in the area. He also told Parliament the extended culling operation Gloucestershire had been successful in preparing the ground for a fully effective four-year cull. What did the IEP report on the 2013 badger culls? On April 3, 2014 the Secretary of State, Owen Paterson, published the Government's 25-year TB Eradication Strategy together with the Independent Expert Panel's report into the first year of the pilot badger culls in Somerset and Gloucestershire.The Panel was appointed to assess whether the controlled shooting of badgers was safe, humane and effective. The panel made a number of recommendations regarding the operations of the pilot culls which Mr Paterson said would be implemented before culling restarts in 2014. How will bovine TB be tackled in 2014? In his statement to Parliament on April 3 the Secretary of State, Owen Paterson, confirmed that the two pilot culls in Somerset and Gloucestershire will continue in 2014.He also revealed plans for the next 25 years which included cattle movement restrictions and vaccination programs on areas surrounding TB hotspots where TB is rife. What is the current situation with TB in Wales? Decisions relating to bovine TB sit within the Welsh government natural resources minister's portfolio.On 20 March 2012, the Welsh Government announced a five-year badger vaccination programme in North Pembrokeshire.In April 2014, the Welsh Government announced that 1,352 badgers had been vaccinated during the second year of the programme at a total cost of £926,784, or approximately £685 per badger. In the first year of the programme 1,424 badgers were vaccinated at a total cost of around £943,000, or approximately £662 per jab.This could mean that over the five-year period of the programme, vaccination will cost in excess of £3,000 per vaccinated badger.The Welsh government has not been able to determine the proportion of the population of badgers in the area that has been vaccinated.Welsh farmers adhere to strict cattle controls. Measures include annual testing and pre-movement testing across the whole of Wales, stringent rules for restricted herds with regards to buying in replacements to make up for lost animals, and even tighter testing for herds neighbouring a bovine TB breakdown.Statistics from Defra show that in 2013, 6,102 cattle were culled in Wales compared to 9,277 in 2012. The number of new herd incidents of TB also fell, from 1,112 in 2012 to 868 in 2013.In welcoming the 2013 statistics, Welsh National Resources and Food Minister Alun Davies said: "I am delighted that overall the figures have come down. However, we cannot be certain that this is a long-term trend and there may still be more fluctuation in the figures.".Click here to see the latest TB statistics. How many badgers are infected? In 2007, as part of its final report on the Randomised Badger Culling Trials, the Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB reported a 40% infection rate among badgers in the hotspot areas where the RBCT ran.The Badger Trust and anti-badger cull groups currently quote the ISG as saying there was a 16% TB infection rate in badgers. However, this figure is based on initial post-mortems, rather than the final full post-mortem examinations.The latter examinations did indeed find that 40% of the 1,600 badgers culled had visible TB lesions. Is the badger an endangered species? No. Badgers first became protected in 1973 following the introduction of the Badger Act. Badgers are protected not because they are in any way rare or endangered, but because of illegal badger baiting, which involves digging out setts and using dogs.Subsequent laws have been introduced, such as the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, and have culminated in the Protection of Badgers Act 1992, protecting the sett as well as the badger.A badger sett survey carried out by the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency reported back in early 2014. It found that the number of badger colonies had doubled in the past 25 years.There were at least 64,000 main setts in England in 2013, compared to 31,500 in 1988. The peer-reviewed study was published in Scientific Reports, a primary research publication from the publishers of Nature.However, the researchers stressed that their remit had been setts and not badger numbers. Further research is expected in 2014.Read more - The Protection of Badgers Act, 1992Read more - Density and abundance of badger social groups in England and Wales in 2011–2013 If badgers have TB, why is the population rising? Bovine TB is a chronic, wasting infection.Animals (and humans) can suffer from it for many years before succumbing.The nature of this disease is such that if it reaches the stages of chronic infection it will cause a debilitating and painful death to those animals that succumb to it.However, it has been shown that badgers can go through a period of 'latency' when the disease is present but makes little progress. It is this ability to live with bovine TB and to pass it on within the confines of their setts, and to cattle at pasture and around farm buildings, that makes the badger an almost perfect host for bTB. Disturbing badgers spreads TB. Is this true? Evidence from the Randomised Badger Culling Trials showed that bovine TB could increase outside of cull areas as badgers leave them, taking the disease with them. This is called the perturbation effect. In response to the lessons learned from the RBCT, the current Government TB Eradication plan has focused on using hard boundaries such a major roads, rivers and coast lines to ensure perturbation is kept to an absolute minimum.The size of the current cull areas are at least 150KM² . This is in line with the Government TB Eradication plan and will help further reduce the risk of perturbation. Who is paying for the pilot badger culls? The pilot badger culls are being managed, organised and funded by farmers and landowners. These culls are part of a legal, licensed and lawful activity to reduce disease.Policing costs are associated with the threat of illegal action by anti-cull activists. How will badgers be culled humanely? Operators will be required to follow best practice guidelines, undertake training and competence testing. Best practice guidance has been published for the two permitted methods of culling: cage trapping and shooting, and controlled shooting.Controlled shooting of badgers in the field under licence to prevent the spread of bovine TB in cattleCage-trapping and shooting of badgers under licence to prevent the spread of bovine TB in cattleIndependent monitoring will be undertaken to assess the humaneness of controlled shooting during the pilots. The development of the monitoring protocols has been overseen by a panel of independent experts. The monitoring will include field observations and post mortems.A Defra spokesman said:"The design of the study to assess humaneness of the badger culling pilots has been overseen by an independent expert panel, which includes expertise in animal welfare, badger ecology and wildlife population management. All marksmen are required to pass a government training course and must adhere to best practice guidance to ensure they can carry out the cull in a humane way. The humaneness of the pilots will be monitored through field observations and post mortems and a report will be drawn up by the independent panel at the end of the cull." Is there evidence that proves the plan will work? The government's TB Eradication Plan, and the decision of successive farming ministers to include badger controls, is based on scientific experience from the Randomised Badger Culling Trial (1998-2007).It demonstrated four keys areas which need to be achieved to ensure the badger culls are carried out safely, humanely and effectively.Controls need to cover a large enough area in order to reduce disease so the current Government TB Eradication plan has said that no area under 150KM² will be included. The most recent follow-up work published by members of the ISG (Independent Science Group) from the RBCT has shown that the size of area needed for an effective cull is not as large as initially thought and that the benefits can be sustained for a number of years after the cull has taken place. The RBCT said that bovine TB could increase outside of the cull area as badgers leave it, taking the disease with them. This is called the perturbation effect. So the current Government TB Eradication plan has focused on using hard boundaries such a major roads, rivers and coast lines to ensure perturbation is kept to an absolute minimum. The report authors called for strict conditions to deliver an effective cull. The two pilot areas are being licensed by Natural England under the Badger Act for the purpose of disease control. The licences will be approved only once the licence criterion has been met by those applying for a licence. UPDATE: Natural England has now issued licences. The report questioned the cost-effectiveness of a cull and so the farming industry is working with Defra, Natural England and professional contractors to deliver the cull from the grassroots, using local knowledge and local networks. An industry led, funded and delivered method will save money.Read more - Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Bovine TB - Key conclusions from the meeting of scientific experts1, held at Defra on 4th April 2011 I keep hearing about the 'RBCT' What is it? The Randomised Badger Culling Trial, or RBCT, is a large-scale field trial that was set up to quantify the impact of culling badgers on incidence of TB in cattle, and to determine the effectiveness of strategies to reduce the risk of a TB cattle herd breakdown.The RBCT represents nearly ten years of work (1998-2007) and nearly £50 million of taxpayers' money. It was started after the Krebs Review on Bovine TB in Cattle and Badgers which reported in 1997. It concluded that despite there being 'compelling' evidence that badgers were involved in transmitting infection to cattle, the development of a control policy was made difficult because the effectiveness of badger culling could not be quantified with the data available.It therefore recommended that a large-scale field trial - the Randomised Badger Culling Trial, or RBCT - be set up to quantify the impact of culling badgers on incidence of TB in cattle, and to determine the effectiveness of strategies to reduce the risk of a TB cattle herd breakdown.The results of this robust experimental trial are fully published and peer-reviewed and represent the most substantial and coherent evidence base for the evaluation of badger culling.How did it work?The trial was conducted in thirty 100km2 areas of South West and central England, each located in a high-risk area for cattle TB.The 30 areas were grouped into ten sets of three, each called a triplet.Within each triplet, one area was subjected to repeated (approximately annual) culling across all accessible/consent land (proactive culling). In another area the badgers were culled on a single occasion locally, on and near farmland where recent outbreaks of TB had occurred in cattle (reactive culling).The remaining area received no culling (survey only) and acted as an experimental control with which the culling areas could be compared. Participating farmers were aware of the treatment being applied to their area (i.e. they were not blinded).Results showed that from one year after the last proactive cull to 25 February 2011, incidence of confirmed breakdowns in proactive culling areas was 16% lower than in survey-only areas.Read more - Final Report of the Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB Presented to the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in June 2007Read more - Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Bovine TB - Key conclusions from the meeting of scientific experts, held at Defra on 4th April 2011 Will a badger cull really help to reduce TB in cows? Yes. The latest figures derived by experts from the RBCT demonstrate that five years after culling ceased, the rate of infection of herds in the area decreased by 16%.This work has also shown that the effects of perturbation seen in the initial analysis of the RBCT have significantly reduced, and also that the incidence of bTB in herds surrounding the area of a cull have remained the same.Read more - Bovine TB - Key conclusions from the meeting of scientific experts, held at Defra on 4th April 2011 Is a 16% reduction in cattle TB worth it? Yes. The figure of 16% is the one used by the government because it is the only verified scientific figure, obtained from the RBCT.There are a number of reasons why this figure is likely to be very pessimistic. The RBCT concluded that culling should take place on an area of at least 150km2, whereas the trials where done over an area of 100km.Moreover the trial areas were circles without hard boundaries. And there is plenty of evidence that the culling was not done effectively or systematically enough, and was totally suspended in 2001 during the Foot and Mouth crisis. But even if the 16% figure is correct this would mean 47 fewer farms would succumb to the disease within the trial area.The alternative to a cull would either be to do nothing and wait, quite possibly for ten years, for another solution, by which time the incidence of the disease would be even more severe and take even longer to control, or to vaccinate badgers.This would be very ineffective and costly and there is absolutely no research data to indicate what the effect on the incidence in cattle would be.Read more - Science Advisory Council, TB Briefing: Update on Badgers and TB Pilots Decision, Jan 2012Read more - Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Bovine TB - Key conclusions from the meeting of scientific experts, held at Defra on 4th April 2011 Culling 70% of the badgers seems unnecessary? The requirement to cull 70% of badgers in a control area was established by independent scientists following results from the RBCT. These results showed that on average across the 10 trial areas if you removed 70% of badgers there would be a significant impact on disease reduction in cattle.The UK is a signatory to the Bern Convention of the Council of Europe which prohibits the local extinction of endangered or protected species. The Standing Committee of the Convention is satisfied that the planned control in England does not breach the terms of the Convention.Read more - Final Report of the Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB Presented to the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in June 2007 Would only infected badgers be culled? Unfortunately not. There is no simple way to determine whether a badger has TB. The only reliable method is by post-mortem examination. Failing that, as with cattle, by two tests separated by a number of days, which is completely impractical.Badgers killed in the pilot culls will not be tested for bovine TB. The pilot culls are to test to see if the process is humane, safe and effective. That said, culling would only take place in areas of high TB incidence in badgers so a large proportion of the population would be infected. What is the PCR test and how can it be used? The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay or test has the potential to be a rapid, inexpensive and very sensitive tool for identifying bTB infection.PCR detects small amounts of DNA from mixed samples, and this method is often combined with immuno-magnetic separation (IMS), which increases the concentration of the samples resulting in increased test sensitivity.There is potential to use PCR with faecal and environmental samples. However, there has been limited validation work on PCR in badger samples. Research assessing the sensitivity of PCR in badger faecal samples is currently being carried out in the Republic of Ireland and the results from this project will be available in 2014/5.Defra has funded research into PCR since 2007 to detect the M. bovis bacteria from environmental samples such as badger setts and latrines. While PCR has been demonstrated to identify M. bovis in spiked samples in the laboratory with 100% specificity (100% reliable that a positive test result means disease is present) and 97% sensitivity (97% successful at correctly identifying diseased samples), it has been found to be less sensitive for samples in the field.In a smaller environmental study, real-time PCR was able to identify the disease in all 12 infected setts and latrines sampled. However, there has been criticism of using samples from the environment in this context. Infected badgers shed M. bovis intermittently which makes the interpretation of environmental samples more difficult.The next stage is to determine how to apply the PCR assay for bTB surveillance of wildlife on a large scale.Read more:An inter-laboratory validation of a real time PCR assay to measure host excretion of bacterial pathogens, particularly of mycobacterium bovis – Travis et al, 2011Environmental monitoring of mycobacterium bovis in badger faeces and badger sett soil by real-time PCR, as confirmed by immunofluorescence, immunocapture and cultivation – Sweeney et al, 2007The Strategy for achieving Officially Bovine Tuberculosis Free Status for England – Defra, 2014, p61-62Bovine tuberculosis: a review of diagnostic tests for M.bovis infection in badgers – Strain et all, 2011, p24 Why was an application made to extend the culls? In October 2013 the companies carrying out the pilot badger culls in both Somerset and Gloucestershire applied to Natural England for extensions to their six-week licences.The same month, Natural England granted a three-week licence extension to the company carrying out the pilot badger cull in Somerset. The extension was requested to enhance disease control after the area achieved 60 per cent of its 70 per cent of badgers target, which was set by scientists to ensure a reduction of TB in cattle.The Chief Veterinary Officer advised that the cull in Somerset at 60 per cent would deliver clear disease benefits as part of a four-year cull. The additional period of time would help to enhance disease control.Also in October 2013, Natural England granted an eight-week licence extension to the company carrying out the pilot badger cull in Gloucestershire.The extension was requested to ensure continued disease control as part of the pilot badger cull operations.The Chief Veterinary Officer advised that an extension would achieve the earliest and greatest possible impact on bTB in Gloucestershire and that culling over a four-year period in both pilot areas would help reduce bTB in cattle. Is meat from cattle culled due to TB fit to eat? Yes. Cattle slaughtered by Defra that have tested positive for bovine TB are allowed into the food chain provided they do not show tuberculosis lesions in more than one organ or body part. Defra applies strict guidelines for processing meat from animals which have tested positive for bovine tuberculosis. These EU-wide regulations are based upon internationally-agreed guidelines and are the same as those followed by many countries around the world, including Ireland.The Food Standards Agency inspects this process and ensures these products are fit to eat. It said recently that there was no record of humans contracting the disease through the consumption of meat and that careful safeguards surrounded the slaughtering and supply of meat to the food chain.The European Food Safety Authority has described the threat of transmission through meat products as 'negligible'. And Defra has categorised reports in the past that humans could be at risk of contracting TB from eating meat as "irresponsible scaremongering".Across Britain only 0.5-1.0% of human TB cases, fewer than 40 people a year, are related to Mycobacterium bovis. The majority of these cases occur in people over the age of 45 and, according to the NHS, were probably recurrences of decades-old infections contracted before milk pasteurisation and meat inspection were common in the UK.Read more: Bovine TB meat claims are scaremongering, says DefraFSA statement on TB risk from meat


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| Emerging Markets
The fast growth in resource demand from emerging markets has contributed to "a period of intensified resource stress," a report said
The scale and speed of demand growth from emerging countries, coupled with a decade of tight commodity markets, has created the current period of intensified resource stress, the report, published by London-based think-tank Chatham House, said.
The outlook is one of supply disruptions, volatile prices, accelerated environmental degradation and rising political tensions over resource access, according to the report.
It noted that some analysts have suggested that the resource boom that took place over the past decade was coming to an end, because of the maturation of technologies to access non-conventional gas and oil and of the global economic downturn.
In the case of food, the world remains only one or two bad harvests away from another global crisis, the report said.
Lower prices in the meantime may simply trigger another bout of resource binge, especially in the large and growing developing countries.
The report said the growth of China and India, both as consumers but also as producers, affected many resource markets, adding that over the last 10 years, global use of coal, palm oil and iron ore has been increasing by between 5% and 10% per year, with oil, copper, wheat and rice growing by 2% a year.
In weight terms, trading in resources jumped nearly 50% from a decade ago due to the expansion in trading of oil, iron and steel, coal, oilseeds and cereals all feedstocks for China, the factory of the world, it said.
High and fluctuating prices are spurring new waves of resource nationalism and making unilateral and bilateral responses more attractive, it said, giving the example of export controls on food in producer countries, which were intended to prevent sharp domestic price inflation in 2008 and 2011 but ended up magnifying price spikes.
It noted that a number of key raw materials suppliers such as China, Indonesia, Brazil and India have either resorted to export controls or were considering them.
However, even short-term export restrictions may backfire if they precipitate similar actions in other producing countries, driving up prices and creating a collapse in confidence that spreads from one resource to another, the report warned.
Tagged as:
food prices
Falling commodity prices have hurt Mongolia's economy, which relies heavily on its abundant natural resources. Improving relations with China are helping it through the squeeze but the country has yet to show its true potential to global investors
Bank debt issuance across Asia is soaring this year, driven by the need to comply with Basel III regulations. Fresh impetus from China is set to send volumes higher still
China is keen to step up the pace of internationalising the renminbi - and European governments are keen to help.
The head of the Asian Development Bank yesterday insisted that he was not "scared, threatened or cornered" by the emergence of a slew of new infrastructure banks and alliances that are springing up around the world.
With every resource that it needs to become a wealthy country, Kazakhstan should be doing better, but its economy remains stubbornly tied to energy and metals prices. President Nazarbayev is running out of time to transform his nation
Women's participation in the labour force still lags men's by 12% even in developed economies. In the MENA region it can be up to 50%. That is a wasted resource - and best practice examples show countries and companies that tackle the problem outperform
Banks know that there is the potential to make money [in Hungary]. The economy is doing better, foreign direct investment is still rolling in and the country has low labour costs and a high level of education
Ivan Bokhmat, Barclays
Copyright © Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC 2010. All rights reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


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WHAM13 - Search Results
Medical marijuana supporters urge Senate to pass bill
Rochester, N.Y. Advocates of the Compassionate Care Act are urging lawmakers to pass the bill before the current legislative session ends next week.
The bill is currently at the Senate Rules Committee, which is the final step before it goes to the full Senate for a vote.
On Friday, supporters gathered at the Breast Cancer Coalition of Rochester to send a message to lawmakers.
Think about the fact that you have the power in your hands to alleviate suffering, said Sue Nill Kidera of Victor. Very few people get to do something like that, especially on this scale.
Kidera is a stage four colon cancer survivor. She supports medical marijuana because of her personal experience with treatment and chemotherapy and the damaging effects it has had on her quality of life.
Christine Emerson also supports medical marijuana. Her daughter Julia, only 7, has epilepsy. At one point, Julia suffered through 80 to 100 full body seizures a month.
I firmly believe there was a time in Julia's life when she was going to die and I think any one of her seizures because they're so horrific can take her life, said Emerson. We're not willing to wait and sit until it happens. We need to do something this year.
Assemblymember Harry Bronson and Senator Ted OBrien were also at the coalition to show their support.
It's important that we pass it now because as soon as we pass it the suffering of a lot of people fighting a lot of different medical conditions will be alleviated, said Senator OBrien.
The Compassionate Care Act must reach the senate floor by June 19 in order to be considered this session.
If the bill passes, New York would become the 23rd state to legalize medical marijuana.


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|December 26, 2011
WILBRAHAM Pam Aronson, owner of Pam's Paperbacks in Wilbraham, announced on Dec. 21 that she will be retiring at the end of January, and closing her bookstore.
Beginning Dec. 27, all new books will be sold at 50 percent off the cover price, and all used books will be 70 percent off, through Jan. 31, 2012.
Inventory includes more than 20,000 used paperbacks; 5,000 new adult, children's and young-adult books. There are also many educational products that will be discounted 50 percent, as well as all American Girl and Klutz products. All bookcases and other fixtures will also be for sale.
Pam's Paperbacks opened in 1990 on Boston Road in Springfield, and moved to the Post Office Park in Wilbraham in 1999. With its wide range and selection of children's books, the store was very popular among area teachers and librarians. Aronson's policy of buying used books for credits toward future purchases resulted in a loyal following of active readers and local book clubs.
Aronson commented on the closing of Pam's Paperbacks, "It was a wonderful experience and a great way to make a living there's nothing quite as satisfying as being surrounded by books and book-lovers every day. But the competition from the Internet and from e-books makes it too difficult for a small store, no matter how much fun you're having. So 21 years is enough. It's time to move on to other things."
She advised bargain hunters to visit the store as soon as possible in January for the best selection because, at the liquidation prices, she believes that the entire inventory will be sold in January. She also advises any local authors who still have consignment books at Pam's, to come in and pick up their remaining books.
Pam's Paperbacks will be open in January, Monday through Friday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., and Saturdays, from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.
|Somers Congregational Church Annual Christmas Bazaar
|Somers Congregational Church Annual Christmas Bazaar
|Denist Partner
|Beginner Line & Partner Dancing
|Northampton Poetry
|Denist Partner
|Crafters Wanted!
|Wiggles & Giggles ( Mommy and Me Class)
|Bereavement Support Group
|Free Program for Veterans
|Magical Chanukah Dinner for Adults


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NetSol Technologies Signs Engagement Deal With Leading Multi-Finance Company In Southeast Asia
CALABASAS, Calif., May 23, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- NetSol Technologies, Inc. (Nasdaq:NTWK), a worldwide provider of global IT and enterprise application solutions, today announced that it has signed an agreement to implement NetSol Financial Suite's Credit Application Processing and Contract Management System modules with a leading multi-finance company in Southeast Asia, which currently manages more than one million live contracts generated through its network of 1,000+ dealerships.
The new agreement is valued at more than $4 million for the first phase of development and includes product licenses, business processes consulting fees and on-site implementation services. Additional revenue streams include maintenance, support and product enhancements. The name of the company was not disclosed as per the customer's request.
"This new contract represents the robust demand for our finance and leasing solution and is a major win for the team," said Najeeb Ghauri, CEO of NetSol. "The additional resources we have added over the past few quarters across the Asia Pacific region allow us to capture new opportunities such as this agreement and support larger deals in our pipeline while at the same time providing superior customer service."About NetSol Technologies NetSol Technologies, Inc. ( www.netsoltech.com ) is a worldwide provider of global IT and enterprise application solutions that include credit and finance portfolio management systems, SAP consulting and services, custom development, systems integration, and technical services for the global Financial, Leasing, Insurance, Energy, and Technology markets. Headquartered in Calabasas, Calif., NetSol's product and services offerings have achieved ISO 9001, ISO 20000, ISO 27001, and SEI (Software Engineering Institute) CMMI (Capability Maturity Model) Maturity Level 5 assessments, a distinction shared by only 178 companies worldwide. The company's clients include Fortune 500 manufacturers, global automakers, financial institutions, utilities, technology providers, and government agencies. NetSol has delivery and support locations in San Francisco, London, Beijing, Bangkok, Lahore, Adelaide and Riyadh. Forward-Looking Statements This press release may contain forward-looking statements relating to the development of the Company's products and services and future operation results, including statements regarding the Company that are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. The words "expects," "anticipates," variations of such words, and similar expressions, identify forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, but their absence does not mean that the statement is not forward-looking. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Factors that could affect the Company's actual results include the progress and costs of the development of products and services and the timing of the market acceptance. The subject Companies expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein to reflect any change in the company's expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances upon which any statement is based.
|Investor Contacts:
|Roger Pondel | Matt Sheldon
|(310) 279-5980
|Media Contacts:
|George Medici | email@example.com
|(310) 279-5968
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This Is What A 24K Gold iPad Air 2 Looks Like
Quick! If you had to guess what an iPad Air 2 decked out in 24K gold looked like, what would you say? If your answer was "ridiculously kitschy" — congratulations! You're correct. (We'd also accept "kind of like grandpa's wristwatch")
wats good babe you look like you gets it done!!!!!!!!!!
What it do boo.....dis is the #1 and only RockStarr.....How, You, What, boo add me as a friend......yo #1 friend get at me


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It dies unless I put it in neutral and keep foot on gas
Saab » 9000 » 1991 Saab 9000 » Questions
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1991 Saab 9000
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1991 Saab 9000 Question: Dies while driving
law849801, 2.3L 4 Cylinder, Moses Lake, WA, May 10, 2009, 14:57
2 Answers
Answer #1patrick mannion from Greg Solow's Engine Room, May 11, 2009, 23:17Master
Its hard to guess without experiencing the problem first hand, driving the car and performing at least some diagnostic tests. I would suspect there is a vacuum leak air intake boot? Is the idle speed very low?
Answer #2Visitor, December 12, 2010, 14:39
I had the same problem with my 92' 9000 turbo the cause is usually the TSA system even if the light doesn't turn on the electronic throttle is idling too low to keep the engine running. Try switching the one way valves on the firewall and near the battery with each other to see if it repairs the issue otherwise it may be a computer problem
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A police detective goes undercover in the sleazy and underground gay subculture of New York City to catch a serial killer who is murdering numerous gay men with S&M tactics.
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What does JACO mean in NASDAQ Symbols?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand JACO in the Business field in general and in the NASDAQ Symbols terminology in particular.
Jaco Electronics, Inc.
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Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"JACO." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/8895>.
JACO also stands for:
- Japan Audit and Certification Organization
- Japanese Animation Club of Orlando
- Joint Actions Control Office
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"What the world needs now is _______."
If most of us were asked to fill in the above blank, we'd likely say "love" and would likely echo the Luther Vandross lyrics of "What the world needs now, Is love, sweet love, It's the only thing, That there's just too little of."
Read the rest of entry »
Will you vote on May 2? Are the issues that touch your life being discussed by the candidates in ways that represent your values? Does your faith have any bearing on how you vote?
Canada's Catholic bishops hope your answers to these questions are all a resounding "yes." So they have released a guide for voters eligible to participate in next month's federal election.
Michael O'Brien, the leading Catholic novelist in the English language, has sent millions of words into print. He has painted numerous sacred images which tell their own stories, pictures being worth thousands of words.
Yet the words he spoke on March 28 at Saint Paul's University in Ottawa had an uncommon power, for they were a personal testimonial of grace.
When my goddaughter was very young, I took her to Mass at my church. She sat quietly on my lap, absorbed in contemplation. It was Jesus who lived in that little gold house behind the altar. She frowned in puzzlement as she pondered this mystery, obviously wondering why she couldn't see him.
Suddenly, her face cleared. With a delighted smile, she turned to me and exclaimed with childlike logic, "I know why Jesus is hiding. He wants me to come and find him!"
Lloydminster – It was a warm summer day when my family and I pulled up to a small, welcoming church near a lake in southeast Saskatchewan. As we found a pew and took our seats, I wondered who the priest would be.
Three minutes later, as the procession made its way up the aisle, I did not see the priest.
The Catholic perspective on the 2011 federal election is essentially the same as for every election. Church teaching supports the right to life, the dignity of the human person and a preferential option for the poor. Government policies should reflect those teachings, not because the Catholic Church teaches them, but because they are principles of fundamental human justice.
Lorenzo Rosebaugh, an Oblate colleague shot to death in Guatemala two years ago, used to share at Oblate gatherings some advice that Daniel Berrigan once gave him. Lorenzo, contemplating an act of civil disobedience to protest the Vietnam War, was told by Berrigan: If you can't do this without becoming bitter, then don't do it. Do it only if you can do it with a mellow heart. Do it only if you can be sure you won't end up hating those who arrest you.
Martha, Mary and Lazarus seem to have been the closest friends Jesus had on earth. "Jesus loved Martha and her sister and Lazarus." First came his mother, of course, then these three.
His extended family and neighbours could not understand him, some probably thought him possessed or insane, others were simply afraid. The increasing priestly opposition was like a growing dark cloud, gradually overshadowing Jesus' teaching, dimming his miracles.
When my firstborn daughter was baptized, Father Michael consecrated her to God through our Blessed Mother. He picked up Hannah — a squalling bundle swathed in layers of white satin - and held her up toward the statue of Mary enthroned above the tabernacle.
This tiny miracle, born on Christmas Day, was a special gift from God after years of prayer and expectant longing. In gratitude, I now offered my precious child back to God. I trusted that Mary would take care of Hannah by interceding for her at the feet of her Son.
Kenna McKinnon was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia in 1978. She became ill three years earlier than that, unmedicated but counselled by people whom she only recently has grown to appreciate for their patience and care.
"I searched for God and he was the masthead on my battered vessel. He was the compass, but it would be many years before I found my salvation, searching in many various guises for the "perfect" Church.


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I am the Product Mgmt lead of the OpenStack initiave @ QualiSystems.
Didier Stolpe joined QualiSystems in 2014 and is responsible for product management and strategy. An active participant in the OpenStack community, Mr. Stolpe was previously Director of Product Strategy and Management over Cloud Orchestration at Brocade Communication Systems, and previously held senior product management, marketing and engineering roles at Cisco Systems, SITA and Bull.
I'm involved in the following OpenStack projects: Nova,Swift,Horizon,Quantum,Cinder,Ceilometer,Heat,Ironic


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Overview of content related to 'elib'
This page provides an overview of 4 articles related to 'elib', listing most recently updated content first. Note that filters may be applied to display a sub-set of articles in this category (see FAQs on filtering for usage tips). Select this link to remove all filters.
The Electronic Libraries programme (eLib) resulted from the recommendations in chapter 7 of the Joint Funding Councils' Libraries Review Group, chaired by Sir Brian Follett. This Group reviewed libraries and related provision in higher education in the UK, and was commissioned jointly by the four UK HE funding bodies, HEFCE, SHEFC, HEFCW and DENI. Its report (known as the Follett report) was published in December 1993. The programme had £15,000,000 of funding over three years. The aim of eLib was to 'transform the use and storage of knowledge in higher education institutions'. It was managed by the JISC's Committee on Electronic Information, though the JISC committee which was set up initially to take forward the Follett recommendation was the Follett Implementation Group for Information Technology, FIGIT. Phase 3 was designed to build on successes and to have four components: 1) hybrid libraries; 2) large scale resource discovery, or clumps; 3) preservation; 4) turning early projects into services. An (unmaintained) archive of eLib programme and project information can currently be found on the UKOLN website. (Excerpt from this source)
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Ariadne contributors most frequently referring to 'elib':
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|Article summary
Project Builder
Stephen Pinfield outlines the aims of Project Builder, a phase-3 eLib project.
May 1998, issue15, project update
Hybrid Libraries
Stephen Pinfield describes the role of Hybrid Libraries and Clumps
December 1998, issue18, feature article
The Distributed National Electronic Resource and the Hybrid Library
Stephen Pinfield and Lorcan Dempsey with an overview of the DNER.
January 2001, issue26, feature article
Managing Electronic Library Services: Current Issues in UK Higher Education Institutions
Stephen Pinfield surveys some of the key issues associated with delivering electronic library services.
October 2001, issue29, feature article


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Gear Review
First ride
Lukas Ruefenacht
Member since
Wow, finally we get some snow in Switzerland and I could test my raptor x 169. We had about 1 meter until 40 cm of fresh and a bit wet powder. The board managed the condition perfectly with a fantastic smooth riding an excellent control in height speed and also in the trees. Never Summer; great job! I look forward to test the raptor on the groomers...
View More Details on Never Summer Raptor X Snowboard - Wide


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Tricount - Group Expense & IOU
100,000 - 500,000 downloadsAdd this app to your listsTweets por @Appszoom
If this app is what you were looking for, please make a review !
Create your group expenses reports directly on your mobile during your activity. Enter the participants names and their expenses, Tricount calculates the money owed and debts of everyone. You can upload the report on http://www.tricount.com and the URL of the tricount may be shared by e-mail. In that way, participants can correct the data you have added before starting paying back.
"Expenses" => List of all expenses made during group activity
"Balance" => How much everyone owes or is owed from the group expenses
"Share" => Synchronize and share the participant expenses on http://www.tricount.com
"Config" => Participant list, activity name and description
All comments are welcome (see info page).
For any reason, for shared accounts, shares expenses, group expenses, short reckonings, Tricount is the solution. People sometimes do it via excel, csv file, in a table or via a spreedsheet but a solution much more easier and effective exists for sharing costs, sharing expenses, expense reports, list tickets, encode spending, do accounting in groups, between friends, ski holiday, balance the cost : Tricount.
Tricount lets your group of friends make a list of all their expenses, do accounting, the accounts between roommates or flatmates, helps to track expenses during holidays, for couples and between colleagues. Kitty.
The app exists on iphone, android, facebook and the web. It is a simple tool to calculate who must pay, how much for what, to who, to balance spending, balance things, manage expenses between friends, calculate how much everyone owes or is owned. Tricount says how much everyone owes: it replace the pot on vacation, excel sheet.
Just encode the expenses and transactions. Hold a tricount, a "tricompte" in French. Tricount calculates the budget: all the travel expenses are listed and it says the cost of your holidays, the budget of any activity. Some people are looking for "tric count", "tri count", "tri-count", "tricompte". Tricount is a tool that makes the life easy during a trip. I owe you, you owe me (IOU). Because short reckonings make good friends, the app says "who pays and why" and manages the expenses for an activity, the spendings for an activity in a transparent way.
Tricount makes you know the debt of everyone, manage an account (a tricount), share expenses, track reckonings, do accounting, check group spendings, lists the expenses, balancing the cost and calcule what everyone owes and paid.
There are many situations where it is useful as : any activities with friends, roommate, flatmates, for a weekend, holiday, in an association. It's free! There's also the holidays, the restaurant or restaurants between friends, travelling, sorties, lunches, in non-profit organizations, for sandwiches, a city trip, a road trip, a hike with friends and expe, expeditions.
Among friends, between friends, between couples, in your couple, group, Tricount can serve you every day. The app is also very useful for collocation, with colleagues, ski holidays. It replaces the common pot, the common box. It sync (sync) with tricount.com: it can be exchanged via email, the web, uploads to iPhone and Android, but also on facebook via an coded link (a URL). This app is super useful for weekends and traveling. kitty. Use it instead of titcoin or titcoins, bitcoin or bitcoins.
Tags: tricount, fichier excel pot commun, expenses splitting, tricompte partage des frais, faire une note de frais entre amis, need an easy app for sharing holiday expenses, vacances en groupe partage des frais, comptes et amis et activités, sharing bills among friends, best way to share expense list with friend to.
Increased stability. Selection within apps for sharing. The app can now be moved to the SD card. New languages: cn, cz, de, es, hi, it. Please report us any mistake if one of them is your mother tongue.
(56 stars)
Very useful app. Really liked it.
(56 stars)
This is astonishingly easy. Very well done. Where has this been my whole life?
(56 stars)
It would be great if you can add an option to share the link through message or other messenger apps.
(56 stars)
Very usefull this app to keep account when we are in sharing expence. It makes things very easier no need to calculate, everthing it.ll be done automatically.
(56 stars)
Nice app... Do it for windows phone...waiting for that
(56 stars)
We are a group of 11 friends who frequently travel. This app is a savior in tracking our expenses. Thnx.
(56 stars)
برنامج جميل جدا يساعد على الحساب بطرية سهله'' السلبيات انك ماتقدر تتحكم في موقع الاقونات الداخليه. وكذالك مافيه نبذه شرح جيده عن البرنامج لازم انت تكتشف بنفسك المزيا.ليس هنالك حساب لتسجل فيه لترجع لبياناتك في المستقبل


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The AGF Music Series
Dan Britt and Amy Holloway bring
you an evening of song and laughs.
Please join us for a glass of wine, light refreshments
and music featuring Dan Britt and his guests
When: 6:30 pm Thursday, January 8, 2015
and then the First Thursday of Every Month
February 5 . 2015
March 5, 2015
Where: 1705 Commerce Dr. Atlanta, GA 30318
The rear entrance under the AGF Career Institute sign
Charge: Absolutely FREE...
Just remember, you get what you pay for!


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1 person found this helpful
"they are a very good company to work for "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I worked at Google as an intern (less than an year)
Google is a very good working environment. The employees are all very nice and very helpful. You never feel out of place.
You will be surrounded by extremely smart people. It can be intimidating at times. Long hours can occur when deadlines must be met.
2799 Other Employee Reviews for Google (View Most Recent)Sort: Rating Date
1 person found this helpful
I worked at Google as an internPros
1.) quality and impact of work you do is excellent
2.) people with whom you work are brilliant
3.) awesome work environmentCons
you can get really obese if you don't watch over your diet in the office because the food is just too good.Recommends
"Great experience "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at Google full-timePros
Free food, flexibility to travel, work hard play hard mentality, generally smart and considerate coworkers, open communicationCons
nothing's perfect, as each person's experience and what they're looking for can be so different.RecommendsPositive OutlookApproves of CEO


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A tactical folder with excellent ergonomics and a functional blade shape. This pocketknife has dual thumb studs and a tactical blade. These make a great tactical Combat knife or pocket carry knife.
© 1995-2014 by Howard Korn and KnifeCenter Inc. All rights reserved.
5201 Lad Land Dr, Fredericksburg, VA 22407 - 800.338.6799 (Phone Orders Welcome)


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I'm quite sure I speak for both Sean and Dino when I say that our adventures at Tokyo Auto Salon so far have been productive, exhausting, and incredibly fun. While my partners continued to attack the show floor, I spent a good part of this afternoon hiking around Makuhari Messe's parking lot looking for cool cars, and I thought I'd give a quick update with some of today's interesting finds.
Just like the halls of Auto Salon itself, the parking lot is a fine place for some Speedhunting. To me, you can just never go wrong with "real" street cars.
And just like the real show, all flavors of Japanese car culture can be found in the parking lots of Makuhari. I spotted everything from classics and vans, to drift cars and exotic imports.
While I expected TAS to be full of 86s and BRZs, I was blown away by the number of privately owned examples scattered across the parking lot. It's amazing considering these things weren't even available 12 months ago.
Here we have a JZX100 Mark II with that perfect Kanagawa street drift style. When it comes to the JZX, it really doesn't get any better than this.
Equally cool was the battle-hardened style of this Ibaraki-based AE86 Levin.
Fancy a VIP car? Here's a rather classy Infiniti Q45/Nissan Cima I found.
I also came across this beautiful new Nissan Fuga slammed over an aggressive set of split spoke BBS RI-Ds. This is one of those cars that would look right at home inside under the lights of Auto Salon.
It's not for everyone certainly, but there's no denying the impact of an Abflug-equipped JZA80.
I don't think you can call this widened Evo "understated", but the wingless decklid gives it a slightly restrained vibe. Nice.
Let's not forget, for every Evo out there, there must be an equally cool Impreza to balance.
There's never a bad time for a properly done Mazda Roadster, especially one with Enkei Big End Rodders. Yes, that's the name of a wheel.
With Suzuki recently pulling out of the US market completely, I'm saddened to know us Yanks will never get to have cool Swifts like this one.
S-chassis were plentiful in the lot, with this kouki S14 being just one that caught my attention.
With the popularity of USDM style in Japan right now, it wasn't hard to see the influence of this movement in the TAS parking lot. Here's a very convincing Civic Si coupe replica.
This clean and simple DC2 Integra Type R also seemed to take inspiration from the other side of the Pacific.
Of course there were plenty of non-Japanese models on hand as well. How about a Studie-tuned E46 M3?
Or a vintage VW Transporter looking just right on BRMs?
Amazingly, this Lotus Europa from Body Shop Happy made the neighboring Mazda Roadster look large by comparison.
A Caddy CTS-V Wagon? With HRE wheels? In Japan!? It's too cool to comprehend.
Want an example of the variety in the TAS parking lot? In one corner we have the incredibly tiny Suzuki Twin kei car.
In the other corner? This macho long wheel base Dajiban.
For a more Japanese take on the "cool van" thing, we have this fresh looking RB chassis Honda Odyssey.
Lastly, I quite liked this JZS161 Aristo sitting on OEM 20″ R35 GT-R wheels.
Ok then, we've got tons more to come from both inside and outside TAS, so don't go anywhere.
Tags: Mike Garrett, Parking Lot, Tokyo Auto Salon, tokyo auto Salon 2013
any chance of posting the twin wallpaper sized please? its seriously cool.
That AB Flug Supra makes me want to tear my face off.
Re Big End Rodders; got the same wheels on my NB. Nice choice!
Only in Japan where a car park is better than some car shows!
What wheels are on the widened Evo?
that wingless Evo looks amazing!
digging that red s14
Cool stuff, thanks for the coverage.
That Europa is the sexiest thing I've seen in a long time.
So much Epicness, in Japan it doesn't mind whether it's inside or outside of a show, you always have crazy rides everywhere...
That Nissan Fuga looked awesome and I liked the way that JZX100 looked.
(The Japanese have way more respect for four doors than we do here in North America).
that suzuki twin is adorable. kei cars are so awesome
What bodykit is that on the wingless Evo?
Dont see too much usdm on that Integra, its got the Jdm front end and a set of very jdm Sprint Hart wheels...
Love the HRE + CTS-V Wagon combo. It looks really good.
Is there a car that in "not* allowed in Japan like how it is in the states. Seems they get everything. Also i see these kei cars. How small do a car has to be before being refered to as a go kart?
@scottb28 i scond that. so cute =D
@AlastairWilliams Why is that?
@jzx81 Not sure if its more respect, but they certainly have some amazing sedans here.
@ComJive Second that. Any chance of some more info Mr Garrett? Could that really be an intercooler???
@FrodeOlsen Ya I dont see it either. Maybe I havent seen a real JDM teg to know the diffference?
@FrodeOlsen talking about the civic above it mate
@hanablemoore From what I've seen, you can drive just about anything you want in Japan as long as you go through the correct process and it meets shaken regulations. Lots of LHD cars here too, with most parking and highway toll booths set up for both sides.
I believe 50cc and even some of those you can get a license plate for!
@tenpennyjimmy @ComJive Yes it is. I actually ended up doing a bit of research on them myself after seeing this one. Strange little cars!
@roryfjohnston And so it is. Thanks!
@arsinek It's not the car, it's the owner's choice of modifications. It also helps to learn reading comprehension.
Yeah, last time i checked, the USDM Integra DC2 had the front with four round lights, like the EDM...
Just because its a clean Honda doesen't mean it's USDM inspired, they have had simple and clean cars in Japan through the times too...
@777 No, i dont think he was, the text says: "This clean and simple DC2 Integra Type R also seemed to take inspiration from the other side of the Pacific".... Nice car tho'.
No he wasn't.
@Mike Garrett You mean the red thing in the quarter window? I must be getting old...lol
@apex_DNA Yeah, like you mentioned it's all in the details. Also note the small Brian Crower sticker and US type plate frame.
@FrodeOlsen No, early JDM Integras had quad round headlights too, up until 1995. But due to poor sales, Honda gave it facelift, which is what you see here...and what does "clean" have to do with anything?
@FrodeOlsen Not the "low offset lightweight wheels" themselves. I meant low offset wheels on an FF Honda. You ask why they were produced? They were made for cars that had the wheel wells large enough to fit and wheel bearings strong enough to withstand the extra stress caused by low offset wheels (amongst other things), majority of which were RWDs. Most street and track Hondas ran "FF offset" wheels, which were higher than RWD versions. However, hellaflush and stance-tards have changed all this, hence the negative USDM influence.
Rear window visor for DC2 Integras was literally a "secret" up until '07 (true Honda enthusiasts know what I'm talking about), and frames for Japanese license plates simply didn't exist until Japanese began using USDM frames and found out they're too small for Japanese plates...don't you follow USDM Jam events?
@apex_DNA Low offset lightweight wheels is a USDM thing, right? Wrong, people who like to track their cars have been using wheels like that for years, its not a new thing, why do you think they were produced?
And come on, rear window spoilers have been used for decades, maby the US discovered them five years ago, but the rest of the world? I mean come on....
The only point i'll give you is the licenceplateframe, under doubt.
@FrodeOlsen Oh really? What about lower than usual offset CP-Rs and that rear window visor that nobody knew about up until like 5 years ago, or the license plate frame? Clearly a USDM influence.
@apex_DNA re-read what i said, there is nothing about that Integra that says USDM, i dont understand how that can be misunderstood...
@FrodeOlsen Well, what does the other side of the Pacific mean, sir? It means North America, and what part of N. America "inspires" the most? United States, hence USDM. It helps to learn how to read between the lines.


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Total: $29.99


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On Friday, Dec. 12, Magnet Cove High School welcomed England High School for a set of basketball games.
The home-standing Panthers had a rough night, with both of the boys' teams in action receiving losses.
The first game of the night was a seventh-grade game, which England picked up a 19-8 victory.
For the full story, see the Tuesday, Dec. 16 edition of the Malvern Daily Record.
The Malvern Lady Leopards returned home on Monday, Dec. 15 and had little trouble taking down conference foe Fountain Lake by the score of 47-31.
The Lady Leopards were red-hot from beyond the arc to start the game, hitting five 3-pointers in the first quarter to take a 19-11 lead after the first eight minutes.
In the second quarter, the Malvern defense took over and held the Lady Cobras to just three points to go into the locker room with a 35-14 halftime lead.
The Lady Leopards extended that lead to 45-21 before easing off the throttle in the fourth quarter to coast to victory.
The Malvern Leopards picked up an impressive 67-59 conference win at home against Fountain Lake on Monday, Dec. 15.
The Leopards started off on fire, taking a 21-15 first-quarter lead, but saw that lead get whittled down to just 32-30 at the halftime break.
By the time the third quarter ended, Malvern's lead was down to 45-44, but then the Leopards' offense exploded for 22 points to pull away for the victory.
VIDEO OF THE DAY: Robin Williams was the Most Popular Google Search Term of 2014
According to Google, which released a report Tuesday on the top trending terms of the year, the top term overall was "Robin Williams," after the well-known and popular comedian died in August. No. 2 was "World Cup," the global soccer tournament held in Brazil in June. Third on the list was "Ebola," the highly contagious virus.
Have you seen the cable work going on down Highway 67 from Pine Bluff Street to Hwy. 171? The Arkansas Highway Department says it issued a permit to AT&T to place fiber optic on Hwy 67 from Pine Bluff Street to Hwy 171 and then down Hwy 171 to Flake Board Plant.
The second grade classes at Malvern Elementary School had a dress rehearsal on Tuesday, Dec. 16 for their Christmas program that will begin tonight at 6:30 p.m.
Elois Faye Drain, 76, passed away on December 10, 2014.
Elois Faye Drain, 76, passed away on December 10, 2014. , 76, passed away on December 10, 2014.
James Calvin Hughes, age 94, of Bedford, Indiana went home to be with the Lord on Wednesday, December 10 at Bliss House Assisted Living.
Eula Lee Smith, 99, of Malvern passed away December 11, 2014.


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Hagens Berman Continues Abiomed Investigation Into Possible Securities Law Violations On Behalf Of Investors
Hagens Berman, an investor-rights law firm, is continuing to investigate Abiomed Inc. (NASDAQ:ABMD) regarding possible securities law violations following the company's disclosure of a Department of Justice (DOJ) probe into the marketing and labeling of its flagship product, the Impella 2.5 system.
Hagens Berman is investigating potential claims under the securities laws that could affect investors who purchased Abiomed common stock after November 3, 2011, and before the company disclosed the probe on November 1, 2012.
Investors who purchased or otherwise acquired Abiomed stock prior to the company's disclosure are encouraged to contact Hagens Berman to discuss legal representation. Investors can contact Hagens Berman Partner Reed R. Kathrein, who is leading the firm's investigation, by calling (510) 725-3000 or by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com.
Following the disclosure of the DOJ probe, Abiomed stock fell more than 30 percent on Nov. 1, 2012. The stock continues to trade more than 25 percent below its Oct. 31, 2012 high of nearly $20.00.The firm's investigation of Abiomed centers around the company's Impella 2.5 system, which is used to improve blood flow in heart surgery patients. The company has disclosed a DOJ investigation into marketing of the product. The Food and Drug Administration sent a letter to Abiomed in June 2011, accusing the company of making "objectionable" claims about an Impella system and requesting that the company immediately stop marketing for uses not approved by the FDA. In November 2011, the company told analysts that the issues in the warning letter were resolved. "We agree with analysts that the DOJ's probe had a serious adverse impact on Abiomed's stock price," said Mr. Kathrein. "We are trying to determine if the company is marketing its Impella system outside the bounds of the officially-sanctioned uses authorized by the Food and Drug Administration, and therefore, if investors may have a legal claim against the company."
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