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Government [N]
Administration of life in an organized society as well as the body of officials that presides over the process. Human beings discovered at an early stage in their history that a social situation in which "everyone did as he saw fit" ( Judges 21:25 ) proved to be an unstable, disorganized, and frequently even a dangerous one, in which unenlightened self-interest took precedence over the concerns of other citizens.
Consequently, what has been called a "theory of social contract" came into being. This meant that people agreed to live together as free citizens, and behave in such a manner that the interests of others were not harmed in the process. As a result, the various behavioral rules that were developed over a period of time came to be recognized as mechanisms designed for the common good. Some of these ancient social regulations have been unearthed in Mesopotamia by archeologists, and contain statements governing property rights, damage, reparations, and so on.
The earliest observable city-states are those occurring in Mesopotamia, some of which go back to at least 4500 b.c. One of these, Eridu, is the earliest example of settled occupation discovered so far in Iraq, dating back to 4000 b.c. A millennium later the Sumerians, a highly cultured group of uncertain origin, stated that history began when "kingship was lowered from heaven" to the city of Eridu. When the Sumerians came to Iraq they discovered that the land was already organized loosely into groups of villages and small towns, a system that they further developed. These aggressive, superstitious Sumerians set about devising patterns for civic life, and went on to lay the foundations of modern knowledge. In addition to the office of king, they believed that the gods had sent down to earth a collection of civic regulations that were intended to cover all sorts of social situations.
Under the Sumerians, communities such as Eridu, Ur, and Lagash became city-states, which were independent of each other and comprised the settlement itself and adjoining grazing and agricultural land. Sometimes these city-states cooperated socially, but more frequently tried to subjugate each other, and it was this threat of invasion that established the tradition of the king (lugal) as leader of the city's armed forces. Although his office became hereditary in time, his main concern was with the defense of the city-state rather than with its administration. After a time the city-state became a model for settlements in other parts of the ancient Near East.
The state's most prominent building was the main temple, which served as a center for worship and also as a depot for the priests to store agricultural supplies and goods intended for use in the temple workshop. Despite the widespread influence of the priests over the community, secular government was under the control of the governor (ensi), who not surprisingly came into conflict periodically with the temple priesthood. As a standard administrative procedure the ensi divided the free citizens into two groups for purposes of making important decisions. The first consisted of community elders who formed an "upper chamber, " while the second or "lower chamber" comprised the young men who would rally to the defense of the city when threatened by a neighboring state, or pursue aggressive action themselves against a potential enemy. This bicameral, or "two-chamber, " system proved to embody the checks and balances needed for good government and has survived the millennia to flourish in modern democracies.
Law and justice in society were fundamental concerns for the Sumerians, as well as for the later Mesopotamians, since they believed that upon such principles the survival of the state depended. The law was administered by the civil governor and his deputy, and numerous tablets recovered from levels dating from about 2500 b.c. on have illustrated the scope of their concerns. Court cases were heard by a tribunal of three judges, usually priests, who allowed both written and oral evidence, the latter being given under oath.
Their decisions were binding, but a case could be reopened if fresh evidence warranting it came to light. Where matters of minor importance were involved, the judges could order the plaintiff and defendant to settle the matter by engaging in a wrestling bout. The winner of the contest was the one who removed his opponent's belt first. The moral qualities of God's champion wrestler are stated in Isaiah 11:5, where he is girded with righteousness and faithfulness.
While the Sumerians were organizing their city-states, a single large counterpart was flourishing at Ebla in Syria. At its height, around 2300 b.c., it was a bustling commercial center that manufactured metal objects, textiles, semiprecious stones, and pottery, as well as bred cattle and grew grain. The state was engaged in trade with the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Syrians, and Palestinians, and at its height it was one of the most powerful communities in the Near East.
Excavations at the site (Tell Mardikh) have shown that Ebla and its holdings were governed by the king and members of his family. In the upper area of the city were four administrative centers: the royal palace, which no doubt coordinated the functions of all the other offices; the city palace, which evidently handled civic affairs; the stables, the administrators of which would have dealt with imported and exported goods; and the palace of service, in which workers were apparently hired and their tasks regulated.
In the first two palaces ten officials directed the duties of about six deputies, while in the second and third palaces eighty leaders were in charge of about one hundred workers of lesser rank. In the lower part of Ebla were four areas of buildings, supervised by a chief inspector, with between ten and twenty leaders who supervised from thirty to one hundred assistants, depending upon the nature of Ebla's economy. From surviving tablets it appears that an estimated population of 250, 000 persons was governed by a bureaucracy of about 6, 000 people. For a third millennium b.c. empire this is an impressive achievement, matched only in complexity by modern civil services.
The ruler of Ebla was deemed to be the owner of the large city, as well as all the lands and vineyards that surrounded it, these being worked by tenant-farmers. Interestingly enough, the king was known by the Sumerian title en or the Syrian malik, the latter being similar to the Hebrew melek, ("king"). The royal sons assisted in governing this large city-state, some tablets indicating that a senior prince dealt with home affairs, while another was in charge of foreign concerns. Administrative officials below the level of royalty were styled either lugal or diku, the latter meaning "judge." Not very much is known about other facets of civic life because of the enormous difficulty experienced in attempting to translate a highly sophisticated language.
A more complete picture comes from the ruins of nineteenth-century b.c. Mari on the Euphrates. Over 20, 000 tablets have been recovered dealing with religious, administrative, legal, economic, and other matters. As with Ebla, the government of this large Amorite city-state was complex and well organized, and included women functioning in prominent positions. The Mari population was probably less homogeneous than that at Ebla, consisting of seminomadic peoples and the settled Akkadians.
To make government even more difficult, the nomads had links with a group known as the Yaminites or "sons of the south." They were actually dispersed widely throughout Mesopotamia and parts of Syria, and raised flocks and cattle as well as being involved in some agricultural work. To raise their animals properly it would be necessary for the tribes to search for pasture in the steppe lands, and to withdraw later to their winter homes. They tended to resist government from the capital, preferring instead the nomadic system of rule by tribal chiefs. These heads of families would decide about matters such as local feuds, alliances, and some trading, but when summoned for consultation by the central authorities they acted as spokesmen for the tribe. It was usually difficult to keep abreast of their movements, and even more difficult to impose taxes on them. They apparently had their own "king" or "kings, " but those persons were probably military commanders of the Sumerian variety, and not city-state rulers as such.
The formulating of covenant agreements was prominent at Mari, but unlike Hittite covenants they were largely exercises in symbolic ritual rather than being written contractual statements. The Mari Empire had its own class of judges, whose status was actually more that of provincial rulers than persons who simply made judicial decisions based upon evidence. The judge was probably an individual of great prestige among his fellow-tribesman, and as such would be able to negotiate with the central government on behalf of his people.
Contracts dealing with adoption occur in the Mari archives, and these are of interest because they are connected with the transfer of property. The law forbade the sale of inheritances, stipulating that they could only be transferred legally upon the death of the owner. It was possible, however, for a nonfamily member to be "adopted" on the payment of an appropriate fee, and this practice circumvented the law. Some adoption contracts stipulated that the firstborn was to receive double the amount allotted to other family members (cf. Gen 15:2 ; Deut 21:15-17 ). In other legal matters, the terminology of the royal census relating to enrollment procedures, the forms of ritual purification, and questions of discipline exhibit parallels with Exodus 30:13-14.
Prominent Sumerian rulers had identified themselves with law and justice in an attempt to reduce the amount of administrative corruption in their city-states. Early proponents of civic reform were Urukagina (ca. 2350 b.c.) and Ur-Nammu (ca. 2070 b.c.), both of whom produced lists of regulations that have survived in fragmentary form. But the most famous royal legislator of antiquity was Hammurabi of Babylon (ca. 1792-1750 b.c.). This man was an outstanding administrator, military strategist, and lawgiver. He manifested a pronounced sense of concern for his subjects' welfare, often attending personally to complaints about corruption in his kingdom. While there were government officials responsible for administration, they are seldom mentioned in surviving diplomatic correspondence. His major contribution to society was to formulate the so-called Code of Hammurabi, a collection of enactments covering civil, criminal, administrative, and other issues. It was based in part upon earlier Sumerian sources, but it is by far the most comprehensive statement of its kind in antiquity. It survived in the form of a broken black diorite monument with a base of just over six feet and tapered to a height of over seven feet. It was recovered from Susa in 1902, and was a codification of the laws of Hammurabi's day. Whether the contents were meant to be imposed upon his kingdom, or served merely as a guide when he made judicial decisions, is uncertain.
The Hebrews of Abraham's day were mostly semisedentary, living in constructed dwellings during the winter and in spring setting out with their flocks to find new pasture, a tradition they followed for some centuries (see Gen 37:13-17 ). The fundamental unit of patriarchal society was the family, and this was augmented by various family groups to become a tribe. The heads of families became rulers in the tribe, and these persons, known as elders, administered customary law, made treaties, and occasionally allied with other tribes in battle.
Abraham and his descendants could be described as theocratic groups insofar as they considered themselves bound by obedience to God. This concept took dramatic shape when, under Moses, the twelve tribes pledged allegiance to God at Mount Sinai, and among other privileges received a gift of land, from which they were instructed to drive out the inhabitants. The pledge to God ( Exod 24:7 ) made a theocratic society out of tribes who had normally followed a casual and unregulated life, and the constitution given to them in the Sinai covenant contained specific laws that they were required to obey if they were to become a holy nation ( Exod 19:6 ). For nomadic people to be compelled to live according to strict and detailed regulations, some of which were similar to Hammurabi's enactments, was a severe discipline in itself that proved to be a sore burden, even in later sedentary times.
God's rule over Israel was that of a king who mediated his will on specific occasions through elders, military leaders such as Moses and Joshua, and the priestly hierarchy, which was responsible for maintaining the strict purity of religious rituals. When Canaan was conquered, the various tribes settled in the territories that God had allotted to them through Moses ( Num 34:2-15 ), and built small settlements. The transition to a theocratic commonwealth occurred at a covenant-renewal ceremony ( Jos 8:30-35 ), in which an expanded form of the covenant, including stipulations from Deuteronomy, was accepted.
With the passing of strong leadership at the death of Joshua and the increasing influence of pagan Canaanite customs on Israelite life, the covenant fell into disrepute and the elders lost control of their communities. The old nomadic ideal of people following their own individual ways of life overtook the covenant concept of communal and spiritual solidarity and led to the demand for a king to maintain order ( 1 Sam 8:5 ). This pagan model was contrary to theocratic concepts and met with God's disapproval. Nevertheless, he allowed Samuel to anoint Saul as Israel's first "king" (Saul was really a charismatic leader rather than a pagan type of king). Such persons were supposed to govern under God's guidance, but from the end of the Solomonic period, kings in northern Israel became absolute monarchs. This meant that their behavior was unhampered by exceptions or restrictions, giving them complete ownership of their subjects and property alike. David had established an administrative pattern for kingship in a theocracy by delegating many duties to persons known officially as "servants." The role of elders and nobles was recognized ( 1 Kings 21:8 1 Kings 21:11 ), the former discharging their duties as judges at the city gate and the latter acting as advisors to the royal court.
David instituted a number of bureaucrats such as the recorder ( 1 Chron 18:15 ), a powerful archivist who also controlled much of court life; the scribe ( 1 Chron 18:6 ), who with his assistants maintained official records; the priest ( 1 Chron 18:17 ), who evidently served the king in an advisory capacity; the supervisor of labor ( 2 Sam 20:24 ), who recruited captives and others for forced labor in the kingdom; the palace steward ( 1 Kings 18:3 1 Kings 18:6 ), who was a highly placed royal official; and the bureaucrat, who was chiefly responsible for collecting taxes.
Solomon adopted an Egyptian administrative procedure when he divided the kingdom into twelve districts controlled by deputies, who were responsible for providing food successively each month for the king and his officials. For military protection David enlisted skilled fighters to command units of various sizes ( 2 Kings 1:9-14 ), and these were supplemented by specially trained groups ( 2 Samuel 10:7 2 Samuel 10:9 ; 11:17 ) and foreign mercenaries ( 2 Sam 8:18 ; 15:18 ). Archers were part of Israel's armed forces but chariots were not used in battle until Solomon's reign ( 1 Kings 10:28 ).
During this period the Israelites became involved increasingly in treaty relationships with foreign nations. Sometimes the encounter took the form of an alliance, as with Asa of Judah and Benhadad ( 1 Kings 15:18-20 ), but also occurred as a peace treaty or as a coalition against a common enemy ( 2 Kings 3:6-9 ). When Solomon ventured into international politics, he amassed a large number of foreign princesses as wives and these marriages seem to have been integral to the validation procedures of the various treaties ( 1 Kings 3:1 ; 11:1-3 ). At a later period in the monarchy it became the tradition to appoint special court officials to serve as ambassadors (cf. Isa 18:2 ; Jer 49:14 ) and representatives of the monarch. These sophisticated procedures were maintained in varying degrees until Judah's captivity in 581 b.c.
The return from exile in Babylonia furnished an opportunity for the restoration of a true theocracy. The population of Judea was organized in terms of temple worship under the leadership of a high priest and his priestly subordinates. Since Palestine was part of the Persian Empire, it fell under the jurisdiction of the provincial governor who oversaw "Beyond the River" ( Ezr 5:6 ). Zerubbabel was one of these persons ( Haggai 1:1 Haggai 1:14 ), and ruled in Jerusalem ( Ezra 5:9 ; 6:7 ) with the Jewish elders who had reconstructed the second temple. When Nehemiah came to Jerusalem in 446 b.c. he did so as the governor and established the city as the capital of Judah. For administrative purposes the area was divided into districts ( Neh 3:9-18 ), which were under the control of a prince (sar).
The Persians were lenient rulers and consequently the Judeans enjoyed a significant measure of autonomy, due to the official policy of encouraging local culture and religion. Ezra's great contribution to true theocracy came with his insistence upon the Mosaic law as the basis of all spiritual life. The high priest became an important religious and political figure, while the emphasis on the law brought the scribes into new prominence as interpreters of the words of Moses. This powerful religious combination was augmented subsequently by the rise of the Sadducees and Pharisees, who exercised an important influence over Jewish life when Palestine was occupied by the Romans.
Theocratic principles were reinforced by the institution of the synagogue, which had its roots in exilic worship in Babylonia. Each small town had its own synagogue, where the men met to worship on the Sabbath and to hear the law explained. The gathering was presided over by a "ruler, " who also supervised the work of three governing "elders."
In addition to its purely religious functions, the synagogue was a place where meetings could be held to discuss community concerns. But the most important governing body in postexilic Judaism was the Sanhedrin ( Matt 26:59 ; Acts 5:21 ). Its origins are obscure, but it may have developed during the Greek period that followed Persian rule. At that time the Jews established a council of elders, which was accepted as the legal representative of Judaism. Under Roman rule the Sanhedrin was responsible for governing Judea, and in Christ's time it was respected as the supreme court of justice ( Matt 26:59 ; John 11:47 ). There were a few subsidiary sanhedrins in Judea that were directed by elders, but the final authority lay with the Jerusalem Sanhedrin.
The concept of a Sanhedrin or "council" may have been Sadducean originally, since the Sadducees were a priestly aristocracy. But by the Roman period the Pharisees and scribes had been included in the Jerusalem Sanhedrin. In the Jewish commonwealth the office of high priest had come into increasing importance. By the Greek period (331-65 b.c.) he had acquired prominence as the person empowered to levy taxes in Judea and to ensure that they were collected. It was not long before the high priesthood became a political appointment, which was unfortunate for Jews and Romans alike when the Maccabeans revolted after 167 b.c. against attempts to secularize Jewish culture.
In New Testament times these conditions were still being maintained. Thus Jesus was familiar with the established bureaucracy, which he criticized in various ways. He recognized the status of the occupying Roman power and taught the rebellious Jews to pay appropriate tribute ( Matt 22:16-21 ). While acknowledging the supremacy of God, he submitted himself to the power of the Jewish authorities ( Matt 26:57-66 ) in order to fulfill God's plan for human salvation. The Sanhedrin did not have the power to execute Jesus, however, since that was the prerogative of the Romans.
Submission to authority was characteristic of the Lord's behavior, since the state was understood to be God's provision for human safety and well-being. While the ideal state was theocratic, it could not be realized until the kingdom of God was consummated. Meanwhile the governing authorities had to be accepted as a divine surrogate, and consequently, disobeying them was the same as disobeying God ( Rom 13:2 ). Peaceful behavior as a citizen would be rewarded in due time, but evildoing would be punished, because that was one of the important responsibilities of the state ( Rom 13:4 ).
Paul taught his hearers that, regardless of the character of the state's leaders, its authority was still to be recognized because that authority proceeded ultimately from God. Paul set an example for all believers by submitting to the laws of the Roman Empire, which in any event was a matter of moral obligation since he was a Roman citizen. By following established procedures he enjoyed the protection of the state at times when fanatical Jews would have killed him ( Acts 23:12-13 ), and was actually treated reasonably well by Roman authorities such as Felix, Festus, and even Agrippa, who was of the family of Herod and owed his title of "king" ( Acts 25:24 ) to the Romans.
The remarkable period of peace and prosperity (Pax Romana) which the emperor Augustus instituted established the authority of the emperor, but also placed considerable emphasis upon the emperor's subjects, one-half of whom were slaves. It was thus entirely proper for Christian leaders such as Peter to require believers to submit to "every authority instituted among men, " whether to a supreme king or state officials appointed by him ( 1 Peter 2:13-14 ). While the official worship of the emperor was incompatible with acknowledging Jesus as Lord, the king was to be given the honor due to his position as an authority figure under the hand of God ( 1 Peter 2:17 ).
The New Testament does not forbid Christians to serve as government officials, which is proper inasmuch as it permits the leaven of the gospel to work in secular society. Whatever Christians may think about the nature and objectives of civil government they are encouraged to work toward such changes as will benefit society and honor Christ. But civil disobedience, whatever the intentions of the participants, will bring down upon them the wrath of the state, and may well thwart movements toward the same objectives that are being done legally, if covertly. Anything that disintegrates the state inevitably brings social chaos and this is contrary to the Lord's decree that everything should be done decently and in order.
R. K. Harrison
See also Israel
Bibliography. R. D. Culver, Towards a Biblical View of Civil Government; C. F. H. Henry, ed., Aspects of Christian Social Ethics; K. A. Kitchen, The Bible in Its World; A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Society and Roman Law in the New Testament; W. Temple, Citizen and Churchman.
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The government of the Hebrews varied at different periods, of which we may distinguish seven:
(1) the nomadic period, from the Exodus to the entrance into Palestine;
(2) the period of transition from nomadic to civil life;
(3) the monarchy;
(4) the period of subjection to other oriental nations;
(5) the period from Ezra to the Greeks;
(6) Greek rule;
(7) Roman rule.
1. The Nomadic Period:
The government of the primitive period is that proper to nomadic tribes composed of families and clans, in no wise peculiar to the Hebrews, but shared in its essential features by the most diverse peoples at a corresponding stage of civilization. Though we might draw illustrations from many sources, the government of the Bedouins, Semitic nomads inhabiting the steppes of Arabia, affords the most instructive parallel. In the patriarchal state the family is the household (including slaves and concubines) of the father, who is its head, having power of life and death over his children (Genesis 22; Judges 11:31). A clan is a collection of families under a common chieftain, chosen for his personal qualifications, such as prowess and generous hospitality. The composition of the clan was essentially shifting, subject, according to circumstances, to the loss or accession of individuals and families. Although the possession of the same grazing-grounds doubtless played a large part in determining the complexion of the clan, the fiction of descent from a common ancestor was maintained, even when kinship was established by the blood covenant. In all probability community of worship, which cemented the tribe, served as the most effective bond of union also in the clan. Vestiges of such clan cults are still to be detected (1 Samuel 20:5; Judges 18:19). The familiar tradition of the twelve tribes must not be allowed to blind us to the evidence that the tribe also was not constant. Mention of the Kenites (Judges 1:16) and the list of tribes in the So of Deborah (Judges 5) remind us that such organizations vanished. In the readjustment incident to the change from the pastoral life of the nomad to that of the settled agricultural population of Palestine, many units were doubtless shifted from one tribe to another, and the same result may be assumed as following from the endless strife between the tribes before and during the period of the kings. The large and powerful tribe of Judah seems to have originated comparatively late. The union of the tribes under the leadership of Moses was essentially similar to the formation of a new tribe out of a group of clans actuated by a desire to accomplish a common end. Many such temporary aggregations must have originated, only to succumb to the centrifugal forces of jealousy and conflicting interests. Even after the entrance of the Hebrews into Palestine, their history for long is that of kindred tribes, rather than that of a nation. The leadership of Moses rested on personal, not on constitutional, authority, and was rendered precarious by the claims of family and of clan, as in the case of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram (Numbers 16). The authority of Moses naturally extended to the administration of justice, as well as to matters pertaining to war and religion. He appointed officers to assist him in this judicial function (Exodus 18:21), but the laws according to which they rendered judgment were those of custom and usage, not those of a written code. As among the tribal chieftains, important matters were referred to the leader, who, in cases of doubt or in default of recognized custom, resorted to the lot or to the oracle.
2. The Period of Transition:
When the nomad tribes settled in Palestine to become an agricultural people, there ensued a period of unrest due to the necessity for read-justment to changed conditions. The old tribal organization, admirably adapted to the former, ill suited the new requirements. These may be summed up in the demand for the substitution of local organization, based on the rights of individuals, for the tribal government, which had regard solely to the interests of family, clan and tribe. Such readjustment did not, of course, at once ensue, but came piecemeal in answer to the gradually realized wants of the community. Nor was the development entirely from within, but was unquestionably in large measure influenced by the institutions existing among the Canaanite population, only a part of which had been expelled by the invaders. Although the tribes still clung to the fiction of descent from a common ancestor, which was embodied in the accepted genealogies with their filiation of clans into tribes and of tribes into a nation, that which henceforth passed as a "tribe" was less an aggregation of kindred units than a geographical unit or group of units. The times were turbulent, disturbed by contending elements within and by foes without the tribes. Then it was that there arose a class of chieftains of strongly marked character, called by a new name. The "judge" (shophet) was not the ruler of a nation, but the chieftain of a tribe, winning and maintaining his authority by virtue of his personal prowess. The cases of Gideon and Abimelech (Judges 8; 9) show that the authority of the "judge" was not hereditary. Agreeably to the generally changed conditions, the "elders" (zeqenim), who were formerly heads of families or kindreds, now came, possibly under the influence of the Canaanites, to be constituted an aristocratic upper class, with certain functions as administrative officers and councilors. Cities also grew and acquired importance, so that the adjacent hamlets were subordinated to them, probably even ruled from them as executive centers. In all this there is a certain similarity to the process by which, in the period just preceding the beginning of real history, Athens became the metropolis of Attica, and conventional tribes supplanted those based on kinship, while the rise of the purely local organization of the demos led speedily to the appearance of the "tyrants." The high places of clans and tribes continued to be frequented, and certain "seers" (1 Samuel 9:6) enjoyed considerable prestige by virtue of their peculiar relation to the tribal god.
3. The Monarchy:
While the succession of tribal chieftains and of the "judges" depended on personal qualifications, the principle of heredity is essential to the institution of monarchy, which originated in the desire to regulate the succession with a view to having an assured authoritative leadership. This principle could not, of course, be invoked in the appointment of Saul, the first king (melekh), who won this distinction in virtue of his personal prowess, supported by the powerful influence of the "seer," Samuel. His son Ishbosheth ruled two years over Israel, but lost his throne through the disaffection of his subjects (2 Samuel 2-4). The accession of David, king of Judah, to the throne of all Israel was likewise exceptional, owing as much to the character of the heir presumptive as to his own qualifications. Solomon, as the choice of his father David, succeeded by right of heredity with the support of the military and religious leaders. In the Southern Kingdom of Judah, heredity was henceforth observed because of its homogeneity and the consequent absence of internal discord; whereas the principle often failed in the turbulent Northern Kingdom of Israel, which was distracted by tribal jealousies. But even when not effectually operative, heredity was recognized as constituting a claim to the succession, although the popular voice, which had been supreme in the institution of the monarchy, was a power always to be reckoned with.
(1) Royal Prerogatives.
The history and functions of monarchy defined the prerogatives and duties of the king. Just as the head of the family, or the chieftain of a tribe, functioned as representative of those subject to him in matters of religion, war, and the administration of justice, so also was it with the king. In all these spheres he was supreme, exercising his authority either personally or through representatives who thus became part of the royal establishment. It is to be noted that the sacerdotal or sacral character of the king, which was merely an extension of his privileges as individual and head of a household, was not emphasized among the Hebrews to a like extent as among other oriental peoples; and the priests whom he appointed were perhaps in the first instance court chaplains, though in time they came to assume greater authority. The responsibility of the king for the public safety carried with it the obligation to guard the state treasures, to which the treasures of the temples were felt to belong; and it was his privilege to use them when necessary for defense. The levying of taxes, also, and the collection and use of revenues from various sources likewise fell of necessity to the king and his representatives.
(2) Officers.
In regard to the constitution of the king's court under Saul and David we learn comparatively little; even touching that of Solomon we are not fully informed, although we know that it must have been far removed from the original simplicity. We may classify the known officers as follows:
(a) religious:
priests (2 Samuel 8:17; 20:23);
(b) household:
cupbearer (1 Kings 10:5); master of the vestry (2 Kings 10:22); master of the household (1 Kings 4:6), who probably was a eunuch (1 Kings 22:9; 2 Kings 8:6; 9:32);
(c) state:
scribe or clerk (2 Samuel 8:17; 20:25, etc.); recorder, or prompter (1 Kings 4:3); king's counselor (2 Samuel 15:12); and, perhaps, the king's friend (2 Samuel 15:37; 16:16); overseer of taskwork (2 Samuel 20:24);
(d) military:
commander-in-chief of the army (2 Samuel 8:16); commander of the king's guards (?) (2 Samuel 8:18; 20:23).
(3) Fiscal Institutions.
The simplicity of Saul's rule was such as to make slight demands upon the resources of the people. He lived in the manner of a tribal chieftain on his ancestral estate, receiving from his subjects voluntary gifts (1 Samuel 10:27; 16:20), and also, without doubt, his due share of the booty. Whether he instituted a regular tax (compare 1 Samuel 17:25) is not certain. With the growth and prosperity of the nation, David changed the character of the court, imitating in a measure the state of other oriental potentates. It is not clear whether he levied a regular tax, although it may be surmised that he had it in view, together with the regulation of taskwork, in ordaining the census taken in his time (2 Samuel 24:1). We know that he received his portion of the booty (2 Samuel 8:11; 12:30). The increasing luxury of Solomon's court required the imposition of additional taxes. It is probable that some income was derived from the enforced cultivation of crown lands (1 Samuel 8:12), although the taskwork, which became extremely burdensome and subsequently provoked the secession of the Northern Kingdom, was chiefly applied to public works. The tribute of subject peoples (1 Kings 4:21) was considerable (1 Kings 10:14). We now for the first time hear of taxes upon caravans and merchants, although it was in all probability a source of income even in the time of the nomad chieftains; there was also revenue from the carrying trade of his merchant fleet (1 Kings 10:11,22) and from the trade in horses and chariots carried on with Egypt (1 Kings 10:28). Solomon also divided his kingdom into twelve provinces commanded by prefects, who should provide victuals for the king and his household:
each prefect had to make provision for a month in the year (1 Kings 4:7). It does not appear whether Judah, which is not included in the list of provinces, was as a mark of special favor exempted from this tax, or whether the omission is to be otherwise explained. The seizure of the vineyard of Naboth by Ahab (1 Kings 21) makes it seem not improbable that the property of persons condemned on certain charges was confiscate to the king.
(4) Administration of Justice.
The king, like the tribal chieftain of the steppes, still sat in judgment, but chiefly in matters of moment; less important cases were decided by the prefects of provinces and other officers. Under the earlier kings there was no code except the Book of the Covenant (Exodus 20 Exodus 22 Exodus 23), but judgment was rendered on the basis of the law of custom or usage, the function of the judge being essentially that of an arbiter. For the later code see DEUTERONOMY.
(5) Religion.
The king was regarded as the natural representative of his people before God; but while he did exercise certain sacerdotal functions in person, such offices were generally performed by the priest whom he had appointed.
(6) Secular Administration.
The authority of the king in matters of state was exercised partly by him in person, partly through his ministers, the "princes" (1 Kings 4:2). Among these functions are to be classed the communication with subject and foreign princes and the direction of the taskwork, which was employed for public improvements, partly military, as in the fortification of cities, partly religious, as in the building of the temple. Local affairs had always been left largely to the tribes and their subdivisions, but, with the gradual increase of royal authority, the king sought to exercise it more and more in the conduct of the village communities. Conversely, the "elders of the people," as the (albeit aristocratic) representatives of the communes, occasionally had a voice even in larger matters of state.
4. Israel under Oriental Potentates:
The principle of local autonomy; was widely observed in the oriental states, which concerned themselves chiefly about political and military organization and about the collection of revenues. Hence, there is no occasion for surprise on finding that the Jews enjoyed a large measure of autonomy during the period of their subjection to other oriental powers and that even during the exile they resorted, in matters of dispute, to their own representatives for judgment. Under Persian rule Palestine formed part of the satrapy lying West of the Euphrates and had, for a time, its own governor.
5. After the Restoration:
Ezra and Nehemiah endeavored to introduce a new code, which, after a period of perhaps two centuries, established a dual form of government subject to the supreme authority of the suzerain power. By the new code the secular officers were subordinated to the high priest, who thus virtually assumed the position of a constitutional prince, ruling under the Law. The "prince," however, as the representative of the tribes, and the "elders of the people," as the representatives of the communes, continued to exercise a certain limited authority.
6. The Greeks:
Under the Greek rulers of Egypt and Syria the Jews continued to enjoy a large measure of autonomy, still maintaining in general the type of internal government formulated under Ezra and Nehemiah. We now hear of a council of "elders" presided over by the high priest. The latter, appointed by the kings, was recognized as ethnarch by both Ptolemies and Seleucids and held accountable for the payment of the tribute, for the exaction of which he was, of course, empowered to levy taxes. The brief period of political independence under the Hasmoneans (see ASMONEANS) did not materially alter the character compare the government, except that the high who had long been a prince in everything but in name, now openly so styled himself. The council of the "elders" survived, although with slightly diminished authority. In other respects the influence of Greek institutions made itself felt.
7. The Romans:
When Pompey terminated the reign of the Hasmoneans, the government still continued with little essential change. Following the example of the Greek kings, the Romans at Romans first appointed the high priest to the "leadership of the nation." He was soon, however, shorn for a time of his political dignity, the country being divided into five districts, each governed by its "synod"; but Caesar once more elevated the high priest to the office of ethnarch. Under Herod, the high priest and the synedrium (Sanhedrin), appointed or deposed at will as his interests seemed to require, lost much of their former prestige and power. After the death of Herod the land was again divided, and a procurator, subordinate to the governor of Syria, ruled in Judea, having practical independence in his sphere. In their internal affairs the Jews now, as under former masters, enjoyed a large measure of freedom. The high priest no longer exercising any political authority, the synedrium, of which he was a member, now gained in influence, being in fact an aristocratic council in many respects not unlike the Roman senate. It combined judicial and administrative functions, limited in the exercises of its authority only by the provision that its decisions might be reviewed by the procurator. (See GOVERNOR.) Naturally the outlying jurisdictions were organized on the same model, each with its synedrium competent in local matters. The synedrium at Jerusalem served also as a governing board for the city.
William Arthur Heidel
Copyright Statement
These files are public domain.
Bibliography Information


text:
Employers Refusing To Hire Unemployed - page 3
Interesting article in today's NYT telling what some have already known for some time; employers seem to prefer hiring those whom are already employed versus the unemployed.... Read More
- 0Wow that is really sad. I have also experienced some of this but not so extreme. I will never understand why nurses treat each other so ******. I really wish I never went to nursing school I feel like, so far, it has been the biggest mistake I have ever made. The worst part is everyone still thinks there is no shortage of nursing jobs and that I should be making a lot of money. There are times where I think I will have to run away from everyone I know and change my identity so no one ever finds out I went to nursing school.Last edit by Esme12 on Oct 15, '12 : Reason: TOS/profanity
- 0Quote from senseiRNThat is my problem,not enough experience, but don't judge I really don't know what is going on and it really hurts when people blame you for not working.I thought the problem was hospitals preferred hiring experienced nurses over new grads so they don't have to spend money to train us? (I'm a new grad)
- 1Quote from kcmylornThis is the best post I have read in this website thank you. I just wish I could get my family to read this. My kids are mad and my husband is ready to leave me because they all thought I was going to make good money once I graduated. I have only worked a total of 22 months since graduating in 2008. Nursing has ruined my life. I will soon be living in the woods with the other ladies.Hospitals don't want to hire new grads because of the cost involved in orienting them properly( note - I used the word properly) That same excuse/reasoning/mindset is why hospitals are not hiring nurses of a certain level of experience(nurses with 20 years of experience an up are on the hit list of this discrimination) They would have to pay that nurse for their years of experience=top of the payscale(which is different depending on which region you live in. Around the metro New York City/Phila area, nurses with 20,25,30 yrs experience, the payscale is approx $38-45/hr. There are experienced bedside hospital acutecare nurses in some NJ/NYC hospitals making $100,000/yr; not agency but staff)These are the areas there are NO jobs for the nurses with that much experience under their belts. The nurse with this much experience can throw out all the resumes they want, some hospitals will humor and entertain them with an interview just to keep the feds/EEOC off their backs but they do not get hired!! I know this from personal experience. I went on an interview for a large Urban university medical center for a full time float position(aposition which I am sure there were not alot of takers because it's floar) only for the Nurse Manager to do nothing but pick a fight with me through the entire interview- gave me situational standard ACLS critical decision making questions and tell me"that's wrong" I came home baffled and double checked my ACLS manual- I knew I didn't have these protocals wrong. I sent a letter of complaint to the State Nursing association with her name and the institutions name and a letter to the state unemplyment.
The accounts you read are not isolated insidents- they are happening all over. I started to read AARP- a similar article appeared. I did go to the unemployment office and file for unemployment. I looked around that room- it's not winno's and bumms. It our early 20 somethings( just out of schools) and our 50yrs and over. I am a very inquisative nurse- so I began ease dropping on converstions these 50somethings were having with the face to face interviewers and the ones having to call clam processors on the inhouse phones. I began striking up converstion with some- one woman had her MASTER's degree in teaching, there were 5-6 teachers, there were 4 of us nurses, one man was an chemical engineer from a major chemical corporation. These are not dumb, illiterate people. One woman was a statistician, another a bookkeeper, another- a law clerk. This was the summer of 2010.
The stamp" unemployable" has reached a very frightening realm- If this country feels people are washed up at 50- What kind of a public financial burden do they think is coming in the near future? What does that 50 yr old do for survival- I'm talking food, shelter. The PTB want to eliminate extended unemployment benefits, do away with social security, do away with medicare and medicaid- first by giving it a diry name as "entitlement program" to set the tone of the 30-49yrs old who are still working but not paying attention to the real reason those programs were founded or the whose paycheck contibution these programs have been supported by(those 50 something that these greed mongrals have just put out on the street). Then they throw out there for good measure because they feel this will gain them popularity and support for their greedy(maniacal) cause-- these 50 somethings have pre existing medical conditions that make their health insurance premiums too corporately expensive- so we had to terminate/layoff and must now keep unemployed. As far as the health benes go- the 50 somethings are not still requiring maternity coverage and infertility specialists/testing, weekly sperm and egg counts/genetics, invitro(that, as unpopular as it sounds, is extremely expensive, try listing those costs blow for blow). They go after the smokers- no jobs for smokers. Now what does that 50 something unemployed person do to eat and shelter-soup kitchens and homeless shelters, pitching tents, living in the area woods- there is plenty of these around my nice suburban neighborhood ( which is now a study in sociology compare and contrast."middle class poverty?") I see older mother's with their older school age kids coming out of these woods, walking along the busy 6 lane highway heading to the supermarket at noon time because the supermarket has an inexpensive cafeteria style hot food bar. These kids belong in school! What do they put for a residental address?? This supermarket is located in an affluent shopping center. One 50 something unemployed woman froze to death last winter in one of the tent cities in the woods. This used to be America people. This is the America of 2011. I saw this mother and kids on my way to pay my mortgage payment in that shopping center and tried to refinance my mortgage- I told these 30something young mortgage brokers in their Ralph Lauren white shirts and dress pants about this, they told me to stop my social injustice soapbox and worry about paying my mortgage. I called their Chicago headquarters,The Beneficical Mortgage Company, and made a formal complaint about them and their ignorant comment- I wanted my customer service rights evoked!!
The nursing profession seems to be hell bent on hiding their unemployment rates. They get rid of older nurses left and right- crazy reasons masquarading as ligitimate- short staffing units and watch the few bedside mice left run until something happens aka managment makes it happen- not a good fit, too slow, documentation not up to par, pick and harass some one into quiting w/ poor shift scheduling, time off denials, calling you in on your days off all the usual reindeer games.
My state was awarded $30million dollars by the RWJ Foundation to help finance the education of future nursing educators in their Masters and DNP programs to turn out nursing educators to teach the next generation of nurses- $50,000/yr in living expenses, plus tuition, books and a stipends. They want these nursing candidates to go to these programs full time- so they will get a $50,00 plus salary just to go to school- Are these people for real?? What about the ADN's, diploma RN's that cant get a job now adays because of a lack of a BSN?? Pretend they don't exist?? What about all the unemployed nurses now in 2011 This is sooo proposteous, it's a farse. Turn out more nurses to be unemployed?? These are the ones teaching critical thinking?? Their heads are up their backsides. I'll shut up now.
- 0Oct 15, '12 by Esme12, BSN, RN Senior ModeratorQuote from DoGoodThenGoThey don't want to hear it......I think they are afraid of the hospitals.I'm sorry but if that were me I would been on the six 0'clock news!
That RN needs to write a letter to whomever owns that facility and or each of the board members telling what woman did to her. I'd also contact the media for some bad PR. There is no excuse for such actions ever.
This is the best post I have read in this website thank you. I just wish I could get my family to read this. My kids are mad and my husband is ready to leave me because they all thought I was going to make good money once I graduated. I have only worked a total of 22 months since graduating in 2008. Nursing has ruined my life. I will soon be living in the woods with the other ladies.Last edit by Esme12 on Oct 15, '12

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Blake Snyder
Revolving Door (0)
Sightings (2)
Screenwriter Blake Snyder Has Died - Posted August 7, 2009
Screenwriter and writing teacher Blake Snyder died earlier this week. He leaves behind a collection of scripts and script-writing handbooks, including "Save the Cat! The Last Book on Screenwriting Y... [GalleyCat]
Media Events 9.27.07 - Posted September 27, 2007
FRIDAY 09.28.07 WHAT: Swerve Festival WHO: Lots of filmmakers, musicians and other artist-types WHEN: All weekend, check listings WHERE: Mostly at ... [FishbowlLA]


text:
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Hello. I am frequently asked about FEG-manufactured Hi Power "clones". My experience with these pistols is limited. I have seen a couple that were sold under the Mauser name, but they were actually manufactured by FEG, just as Browning Hi Powers are manufactured by FN. These pistols sported a polished bright blue finish and were as nice as any FN-manufactured Hi Power I've ever seen. I have seen some FEG Hi Powers that appeared finished with more utilitarian military/police type finishes. The few that I have shot over the years have been satisfactory with the exception of one of the so-called "Counterfeit Hi Powers" allegedly manufactured by FEG, but with FN-markings. Supposedly, these were sold in the Mid-East. The one I shot found its way into the US from S. Africa. It was a typical classic style fixed-sight "Vigilante" model. It was reliable, but groups were much larger than the 3" averages at 25 yards from most other Hi Powers. Other FEG Hi Powers I've shot (had FEG markings) shot as nicely has the FN-made Hi Powers.
For people interested in FEG's, I recommend this site:The FÉG Hi-Power Blog
It is the best I've seen in providing detailed FEG Hi Power information.
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Thanks Steve. I have one of those Argentine built. Had to adjust the rear sight. Hate the trigger pull, but it is on my list of "to do" handguns.
Amendment II:
"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."
Life Member NRA
Life Member NAHC
Former President of the ECPT (Eifel Combat Pistol Team)
I have Charles Daly HP-9, which is a FEG parts gun that was made in Europe and assembled here in Harrisburg, PA. USA. I have had it for the last 6 + years and I have been very happy with it. It has proven to be accurate and reliable.
Hello and thanks for the comments. I am glad that the post was of interest.
A good post and link for anyone interested in Hi-Powers.


text:
|Complete Jewish Bible (CJB)
|New International Version (NIV)
|13 All your children will be taught by ADONAI; your children will have great peace.
|13 All your sons will be taught by the LORD, and great will be your children's peace.
|Complete Jewish Bible Copyright 1998 by David H. Stern. Published by Jewish New Testament Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. Used by permission. (The Complete Jewish Bible Online)
|Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online)


text:
Knox County (WVLT) – A Knox County assistant principal and former member of the county council is being called a hero after a lunch time incident in the Gresham Middle School cafeteria.
Chuck Bolus declined to talk on camera, but he did tell us about what happened.
The school system says an alert Bolus saved a Gresham student from choking by giving the Heimlich maneuver.
Bolus said he was in the cafeteria helping a worker open some cleaning supplies when some students began yelling for help.
That's when he noticed the student with their hand's around their throat, giving the choking sign.
The assistant principal then sprang to action, performing the Heimlich maneuver on the student to clear their airway.
Bolus preformed two abdominal thrusts but the student was still unable to breath.
When he preformed a third abdominal thrust, a piece of chicken that was lodged in the students throat shot straight out, and the student was able to breath again.
The student was checked out in the school clinic.
Bolus said he shouldn't be considered a hero because he was just doing what he and the rest of the staff are trained to do in case of emergency.
Gresham Middle School has around 810 students.
Bolus represented Knox County's second district after he was appointed to take over for his term-limited predecessor, Billy Tindell.
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text:
- FAQ About the Grange Audubon Center
- When did the GIAC open?
- How is Audubon spelled?
- Is fishing allowed?
- How many bird pictures are there?
- Do you use special salt for treating the sidewalks in winter?
- Are pets allowed?
- Are there walking paths here?
- Are there Buckeye Trees anywhere else than in Ohio?
- How do I get to Greenlawn Cemetery?
- What birds can I see here this time of year?
- Can I pay my parking ticket here?
- Is the toilet paper green/recycled?
- What is the chain for?
- Can I still get a donor brick?
- Where are the donor bricks located?
- Do you have Wi-Fi?
- Who do I talk to about volunteering?
- Can I check out a book from the library?
- Do you do School Programs?
- Can we rent the Center for a company party?
- What are your hours?
- Can I pay my insurance premium here?
- Where is Rec and Parks?
- What is this place?
- Is there anything outside we can see?
- Where is the bathroom?
- Who built the building?
Please reference the attached PDF for more information about the Grange Audubon Center!
The GIAC opened in August of 2009 after seven years of development.
Fishing is allowed at the boat dock and along the river proper where there are trash cans and picnic tables. Fishing is not permitted in GIAC wetlands.
198, each species has been identified in the IBA at least two - three times.
Yes. It is a bio-degradable salt.
Only outside.
The paved bike path, located between the Center and the river continues south to the boat ramp and north, underneath the interstate and continuing to downtown and on to Worthington.
Ohio Buckeye (Aesculus glabra) is found throughout the Ohio River Valley, west into Missouri and Arkansas. Yellow Buckeye (Aesculus octandra) is found in southern Ohio, south through eastern Kentucky into the Smokey Mountains.
Turn right on Front Street and then right on Greenlawn Avenue. Continue over the bridge and under I-71. Continue straight at Harmon Road intersection.
Consult the living field guide hanging from the ceiling, which is color coded so that you can see what birds you might during that time of year. Another resource is the spiral bound booklet on the rectangle display on the pole inside the front door.
Color Guide
Blue – Winter
Green - Year round
Gold - Summer
Orange/Rust - Spring/Fall
No. The impound lot has moved. The new location is on a posted sign at the old building or at Whittier and High St. (2700 Impound Lot, Columbus, Ohio 43207)
Yes, is available from Rose Products/Hilliard Company.
This is a rain chain. The chains were found in the ground when the site was being remediated. The chain functions as a conduit for water as it runs down from the gutter to the large collection cistern.
Yes, they are $250. Contact David Chew for more information. email@example.com.
Middle of the entrance sidewalk near the parking lot.
Yes, we do. Please check with the front desk if you need the code.
The Center runs efficiently and smoothly thanks to the dedicated efforts of volunteers. If you would like to volunteer contact Volunteer Coordinator Suzan Jervey at 614-545-5483, firstname.lastname@example.com.
That privilege is reserved for staff and ongoing volunteers. Visitors are encouraged to use the library during their visit to the Center.
Yes, we do. Conservation Classroom is a program in partnership with Columbus City School where the students come for multiple visits. We also do single day visits for any school interested in a field trip. If you are a teacher or parent interested in arranging school programming, please contact Suzan Jervey at 614-545-5483, firstname.lastname@example.com.
Yes, you can. Please contact Mass Appeal, Sarah Selhorst at 614-985-2215, email@example.com. A list of approved caterers is available. The center is available for various events; e.g., school groups, scout troops, business meetings, birthday parties, weddings, receptions, showers, etc.
Closed on Mondays
April – September Hours
Tuesday – Friday 10am – 6pm,
Saturday 9am – 3pm & Sunday 12pm – 5pm
October – March Hours
Tuesday – Friday 10am-5pm
Saturday 10am – 3pm & Sunday 12pm – 5pm.
No, we are not directly affiliated with Grange Insurance. Grange's generous donation toward our Capital Campaign was rewarded with naming rights of the building. The Grange Insurance building is located on the corner of High Street and Sycamore. Their phone number is (614) 445-2900.
Columbus Recreation and Parks has now moved to 1111 East Broad Street, 654-3300.
This is an Audubon Nature Center, one of many throughout the United States but one of only a few located in downtown urban environments. GIAC is the result of a partnership between the National Audubon Society, Franklin County Metro Parks, and City of Columbus. Columbus Audubon also played an active role in encouraging the parties to develop an Audubon Center on the site.
Visitors are welcome to travel throughout the Scioto Audubon Metro Park which will include playground equipment, climbing wall, dogpark, 2 volleyball courts, kickball field, ball fields, agility course, picnic shelters, and sledding hill. The climbing wall is the tallest outdoor climbing wall in the Midwest.
Also, visitors can enjoy the river overlook just behind the Center, on the Scioto Bike Path. The wetland area below the Center to the north is a great place to view wildlife including frogs, turtles, dragonflies, etc.
The bathrooms are located past gift shop. Walk past gift shop, turn right, look to the left.
Design Group - Architect, Gutneckt - Contractor


text:
Child Dies Inside Septic Tank
POSTED: Tuesday, December 1, 2009 - 10:26am
UPDATED: Thursday, June 3, 2010 - 10:59pm
A 2-year-old boy is dead after falling into an uncapped septic tank in a Florida trailer park.
The body of Luis Martinez was found on Saturday, one day after he disappeared.
Friends say the boy wandered away while playing on Friday.
They claim the neighbor watching Luis and another child thought the pair had run to an ice cream truck, while Luis had instead run to the next lot and fallen into the 11 inch septic tank opening.
Investigators say it appears the lid to the tank had been removed some time ago, and grass had grown around it, making it hard to see.
It has since been filled with sand and recapped.


text:
The latest version of Adobe Flash Player is required to watch this video.
Please click on the link below to download the latest version. Thanks!
A federal judge in Oregon is set to hear arguments Wednesday over the state's ban on same-sex marriage.
However, Oregon's attorney general is refusing to defend the voter-approved ban, so no one will be in court to argue on its behalf.
Now, the National Organization for Marriage is requesting to defend the law.
U.S. District Judge Michael McShane says he'll rule on NOM request first and if he determines the group has legal standing, he he'll hear new arguments.
Oregon AG Won't Defend Gay Marriage Ban
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Thank you one and all! :)
September 27, 2014
Well after more than 4 interesting years the time has come for me to move on and as of today LawBlogOne will cease to be updated.
It has been nearly a year since my last post and though I remain interested in all of the issues that I have previously written about I have found that through a number of reasons, work and personal (nothing bad!) plus broadening interests I just don't have enough time to devote to the blog as it may warrant.
As such while this version of LawBlogOne will continue to reside in cyberspace for a brief time I will no longer be writing specifically for it. All previous posts have now been archived and the ability to comment has been suspended.
But…. I am continuing to write on other things, not all of them factual. I am for example in the process of writing my first book(s) (The main reason why LawBlogOne has seen no contributions over the last year!) and I will in the near future be launching a new online outlet for my work which when ready will include LawBlogOne, resurrected in its entirety and active alongside my other work.
In the meantime I am preparing a single archive publication of all works from LawBlogOne which will be released and made available for download as an eBook here as soon as it is ready.
If you have any queries or wish to discuss anything regarding my work past, present or future please contact me through Twitter until the new site is up and ready to go.
Lastly I would like to thank everyone who has read or contributed to LawBlogOne over the years. While not the busiest of blogs out there traffic wise, through the power of the internet LawBlogOne has proudly seen well over 20,000 readers in its community during 4 years of life, amazingly from virtually every nation of the world. I have enjoyed maintaining and writing for it during that time. Without you none of this would have been possible.
See you somewhere down the road.
Mike Farrell-Deveau – Saturday 27th September 2014.
Twitter: https://twitter.com/Mike_Farrell_


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text:
In the world of social media, there's a common scenario that goes a little something like this:
FOLLOWEE TO NEW FOLLOWER: Hi! Thanks for following. Check out my services and my blog, and like me on Facebook!
In other words, I don't know you or care who you are. I just want you to know me and buy my stuff.
When you first connect with someone new over a social media platform, it's far better and wiser to establish a genuine connection. Here are seven tips for a better way …
Keep Reading
Six Traits of the Best Small Group Hosts
Some churches raise the bar when it comes to recruiting small group leaders. You need to be a member for X amount of time, well versed in the church's doctrinal statement, agree to a lifestyle covenant, etc. The more qualified the leader, the stronger the group will be... or so goes conventional wisdom. But is that really true?
My friend Ron Wilbur, one of Saddleback's Small Groups Pastors, once told me I'd probably make a terrible small group leader. It wasn't that he was …
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How to Fix Broken Relationships
Context: The following are my notes for a message to the men gathering for Saddleback's Herd Saturday, which is why it's a message directed primarily at men.
Two Things Men Do Well
We've been raising both a daughter and a son. I've watched my daughter grow from a baby to an eight year old. She has an amazing imagination. She writes, draws, paints, and builds things. Now I'm watching my son grow up and he just turned one year old. I've already noticed a significant …
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This Mess Called Marriage
Are you happily married? If you're smart (and you've been married more than two years), you'll realize that's a question that depends on how things are going in the moment. Am I happily married? I am today - not sure about tomorrow. But I am securely and joyfully married. …
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Relationship Principles for Life (Part 3)
Just a review...
Truth #1: It's Not About Me!
Truth #2: We Should Speak the Truth in Love
In America, we have an incredibly individualistic focus. We tend to fix our gaze on the achievements of the one, whereas ancient and more remote cultures tend to focus on the larger family unit. Because of our individual mindset, we miss out the depth of meaning in this phrase from Ephesians 4:25, "...we are members one of another." So here is the third truth in our series of …
Keep Reading
Relationship Principles for Life (Part 2)
Here's a link to the whole series.
Last week I wrote about the first of several relationship principles for life and that was It's Not About Me. Today I'm moving into Ephesians 4 for the next several principles for relationships.
We should speak the truth in love (Eph. 4:15) …
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Relationship Principles for Life (Part 1)
When I was a kid, I can remember having occasional "family meetings" in which Mom and Dad (who usually, at this point, had "had it") would sit us down and lay down some "new rules." Generally this mean no more eating in the living room or leaving half-drunk soda cans lying around. We made it as much of a challenge as possible for these rules to stick, and eventually life would return to normal. I know... we reap what we sow...
Here's a major lesson that this illustrates. …
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What the World Wide Web Can Never Do
The internet began for information. It also exists for inspiration, community, and commerce. It's called the net or the web because of the intricate connections created between people and organizations. The average person will consume more information in a month than would have been consumed in one's lifetime a century ago. This opens up amazing possibilities to purposely and intentionally use its power for good. But the internet has its limits. Watch and see... …
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Cultivating A Shepherd's Heart
This past week I was privileged to hear Dr. H. B. London, who always speaks right to my heart. He related a conversation he had with Henry Blackaby about the significant turning point in Blackaby's spiritual life. It was the time God basically said to him, "You're not going to rush me anymore." From that point on, Blackaby decided to simply give to God whatever time God wanted each day.
Today, I heard the words of the apostle Paul in writing to the Thessalonians... …
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Life insurance sales and marketing company Roster Financial announced today it has opened its new headquarters in Mount Laurel.
According to the announcement, Roster markets life insurance, fixed annuities and long-term care products to financial professionals who wish to offer those products to their clients. The new headquarters also houses a branch of Questar Capital, an independent brokerage firm.
The company will host an Open House for local agents, media and industry partners on November 21, the company said in a statement.
Please note: All comments will be reviewed and may take up to 24 hours to appear on the site.View Comment Policy


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Pacific Rim's Kaiju Battles Recreated entirely out of LEGO
Behold Guillermo del Toro's glorious Kaiju creatures — recreated entirely out of LEGO. The Jaeger is even holding the giant boat!
Created by the LEGO artist OliveSeon, who has an entire collection of amazing Kaiju battles over at the artist's website.
[via Slashfilm]


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Michael Haskoor
NYC-based freelance writer, music junkie and punk rock fanatic. You can also catch me in The Deli Magazine & SonicScoop.
Look closely at Jenny Lewis' brand-new video for 'Just One of the Guys,' and you may recognize some of the faces.
If you're shopping around for a house -- an expensive house -- one just went on the market in Los Angeles.
What does the future of Lostprophets look like? Fortunately for fans, that question has been answered.
According to the New York Post, late rock legend Lou Reed left behind way more than a decades-long music legacy.
Real Estate have been staking their claim on the indie scene for a few years now.
After spilling a few snippets of songs last week, Weezer have announced their upcoming ninth album in the form of a black-and-white video, which you can watch above.
Soundgarden are currently riding the 20th-anniversary wave of their much celebrated album 'Superunknown.'
Remember last month, when everyone couldn't stop talking about the surviving members of Nirvana getting back together for one night only?
Neil Young's appearance 'The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon' last night wasn't your typical TV-show performance.
Our favorite bluesy twosome the Black Keys showed up on 'Saturday Night Live' last night along with host Charlize Theron to help celebrate Mother's Day.
They Might Be Giants have been molding, changing and evolving their sound for more than 30 years.
Jack White said he was going to make the world's fastest record on Record Store Day, and whddaya know?
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- Fleming's Deluxe Hotel
Frankfurt Main-Riverside
- Fleming's Deluxe Hotel
- Fleming's Conference
Hotel Frankfurt
- Fleming's Hotel
Frankfurt-Hamburger Allee
- Fleming's Hotel
- LiV'iN Residence by Fleming's Frankfurt-Bleichstrasse
- LiV'iN Residence by Fleming's Frankfurt-Seilerstrasse
ENG-Fleming's Hotel Hamburger Allee
Fleming's Hotel Frankfurt-Hamburger Allee
Hamburger Allee 47-53 | 60486 Frankfurt am Main
Phone +49 69 201 741-0 | Fax +49 69 201 741-499 | E-Mail
ENG-Fleming's Hotel Frankfurt Hamburger Allee
- Rose Petal Turndownread more
valid from 10 February 2014 to 31 December 2014
bookings accepted only for Friday and Saturday
outside of trade shows
EUR 186.00 per person in the single-occupancy Superior Room
EUR 99.50 per person in the double-occupancy Superior Room
Enjoy a pamper weekend in our Fleming's Hotel Frankfurt Hamburger-Allee. Our package includes overnight stay and breakfast in our premium Superior category with free minibar. Our rose petal turndown with a bottle of champaign and chocolate-dipped strawberries is a special delight. You also have access to your room until 6:00 p.m. on the day of departure with our extended late check-out.
- 1 night stay, incl. breakfast buffet
- Rose petal turndown with 1 bottle of champaign and chocolate-dipped strawberries
- Late checkout until 6:00 p.m.
- free Internet access via WLAN
- free use of the wellness and fitness area
- Opera Specialread more
valid all year
bookings only accepted for Friday and Saturday
EUR 125.00 per arrangement
in the single-occupancy Superior Room
EUR 138.00 per arrangement
in the double-occupancy Superior Room
Extend your evening at the Frankfurt opera with a stay at our hotel. Enjoy your stay in our Superior Rooms with breakfast and shuttle between the hotel and the opera, and additional services that put the finishing touches on your stay with us. This rate can only be used by presenting your opera ticket on check-in (if no ticket is presented at check-in we will charge the current daily rate). Welcome!
- 1 night stay, incl. breakfast buffet
- 1 glass of Prosecco per person
- Late checkout until 3:00 p.m.
- free round trip shuttle between the hotel and the opera
- free Internet access via WLAN
- free use of the wellness and fitness area
- Travel Easyread more
with the shuttle from the Central Rail Station to the Hotel
valid all year
bookings accepted only for Sunday and holidays
Best daily rate in the booked category
Travel in the same comfort that you are used to when residing with us. We will pay your cab fare from Frankfurt Central Rail Station to our hotel upon your arrival. We look forward to your visit and welcome you to Frankfurt with open arms!
- 1 night stay, incl. breakfast buffet
- 1 free shuttle from Frankfurt Central Rail Station to the hotel (one-way)
- free Internet access via WLAN
- free use of the wellness and fitness area
Early booking rate
Take advantage of our early booking rate and receive a 20% discount on the current daily rate if you book 14 days before your arrival. (Only with immediate payment. Subsequent cancellation and change to reservation not possible)
3 Night Special
Take advantage of our 3 night special and save 10% if you book up to 7 days in advance.


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Bloomingburg, Ohio
For population 25 years and over in Bloomingburg:
For population 15 years and over in Bloomingburg village:
99 residents are foreign born
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2012: $971 (1.2%)
Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: Springfield, OH (31.0 miles , pop. 65,358).
Nearest city with pop. 200,000+: Columbus, OH (34.1 miles , pop. 711,470).
Nearest city with pop. 1,000,000+: Chicago, IL (272.5 miles , pop. 2,896,016).
Nearest cities: Washington, OH (2.3 miles ), Washington Court House, OH (2.3 miles ), Pancoastburg, OH (2.6 miles) , New Holland, OH (2.8 miles ), Jeffersonville, OH (3.0 miles ), Midway, OH (3.1 miles ), Mount Sterling, OH (3.2 miles ), Milledgeville, OH (3.2 miles) .
Latitude: 39.61 N, Longitude: 83.39 W
Area code: 740
Unemployment in July 2013:
Unemployment by year (%)
Population change in the 1990s: +109 (+14.2%).
Work and jobs in Bloomingburg: detailed stats about occupations, industries, unemployment, workers, commute
Average climate in Bloomingburg, Ohio
Based on data reported by over 4,000 weather stations
Tornado activity:
Bloomingburg-area historical tornado activity is slightly above Ohio state average. It is 82% greater than the overall U.S. average.
On 4/3/1974, a category F5 (max. wind speeds 261-318 mph) tornado 24.2 miles away from the Bloomingburg village center killed 36 people and injured 1150 people and caused between $50,000,000 and $500,000,000 in damages.
On 9/20/2000, a category F4 (max. wind speeds 207-260 mph) tornado 27.2 miles away from the village center killed one person and injured 100 people and caused $15 million in damages.
Earthquake activity:Bloomingburg-area historical earthquake activity is significantly below Ohio state average. It is 96% smaller than the overall U.S. average.
On 7/12/1986 at 08:19:37, a magnitude 4.5 (4.5 MB, Class: Light, Intensity: IV - V) earthquake occurred 82.5 miles away from the city center
On 2/19/1995 at 12:57:06, a magnitude 3.6 (3.6 LG, 3.6 MD, Depth: 6.2 mi, Class: Light, Intensity: II - III) earthquake occurred 33.9 miles away from Bloomingburg center
On 4/17/1990 at 10:27:34, a magnitude 3.0 (3.0 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi) earthquake occurred 97.1 miles away from the city center
Magnitude types: regional Lg-wave magnitude (LG), body-wave magnitude (MB), duration magnitude (MD)
Natural disasters:The number of natural disasters in Fayette County (6) is smaller than the US average (12).
Major Disasters (Presidential) Declared: 3
Emergencies Declared: 3
Causes of natural disasters: Snowstorms: 2, Blizzard: 1, Flood: 1, Heavy Rain: 1, Mudslide: 1, Flood: 1, Hurricane: 1, Tornado: 1, Winter Storm: 1 (Note: Some incidents may be assigned to more than one category).
Hospitals/medical centers near Bloomingburg:
Political contributions by individuals in Bloomingburg, OH
Colleges/universities with over 2000 students nearest to Bloomingburg:
See full list of schools located in Bloomingburg
Public elementary/middle school in Bloomingburg:
Percentage of residents living in poverty in 2012: 24.0%
(18.1% for White Non-Hispanic residents, 57.1% for Black residents, 47.7% for Hispanic or Latino residents, 19.2% for American Indian residents, 100.0% for other race residents, 70.0% for two or more races residents)
Average household size:
Percentage of family households:
Percentage of households with unmarried partners:
Likely homosexual households (counted as self-reported same-sex unmarried-partner households)
Detailed information about poverty and poor residents in Bloomingburg, OH
16 people in agriculture workers' dormitories on farms in 2000
Bloomingburg compared to Ohio state average:
Educational Attainment (%) in 2012
School Enrollment by Level of School (%) in 2012
Most commonly used house heating fuel:
Presidential Elections Results
1996 2000 2004 2008 2012
1996 Presidential Elections Results
2000 Presidential Elections Results
2004 Presidential Elections Results
2008 Presidential Elections Results
2012 Presidential Elections Results
Graphs represent county-level data. Detailed 2008 Election Results
Religion statistics for Bloomingburg village (based on Fayette County data)Percentage of population affiliated with a religious congregations: 26.21%
Breakdown of population affiliated with a religious congregations
Tables represent county-level data.
Food Environment Statistics:
Number of grocery stores: 6
Number of supercenters and club stores: 1
Number of convenience stores (no gas): 4
Number of convenience stores (with gas): 12
Number of full-service restaurants: 15
Adult diabetes rate:
Adult obesity rate:
Low-income preschool obesity rate:
Bloomingburg government finances - Expenditure in 2002 (per resident):
Bloomingburg government finances - Revenue in 2002 (per resident):
Bloomingburg government finances - Debt in 2002 (per resident):
Bloomingburg government finances - Cash and Securities in 2002 (per resident):
5.91% of this county's 2006 resident taxpayers lived in other counties in 2005 ($29,146 average adjusted gross income)
10 or fewer of this county's residents moved from foreign countries between 2005 and 2006.
Top counties from which taxpayers relocated into this county between 2005 and 2006:
6.49% of this county's 2005 resident taxpayers moved to other counties in 2006 ($27,588 average adjusted gross income)
10 or fewer of this county's residents moved to foreign countries between 2005 and 2006.
Top counties to which taxpayers relocated from this county between 2005 and 2006:
Strongest AM radio stations in Bloomingburg:
Strongest FM radio stations in Bloomingburg:
TV broadcast stations around Bloomingburg:
FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses:5
FAA Registered Aircraft:3
2006 National Fire Incident Reporting System Incidents:
Incident types - Bloomingburg
See full 2006 National Fire Incident Reporting System statistics for Bloomingburg, OH
Back to Bloomingburg, OH housing info, Fayette County, Ohio, OH smaller cities, OH small cities, All Cities.


text:
This is my personal favorite.
Vltor MUR billet upper
YHM 14.5 fluted barrel in 1:7 or 1:9 with pinned Phantom Aggressive Break
Vltor CASV-M monolithic handguard
Spikes Tactical lower
Ergo or Hogue grip
Vltor EMOD stock
Vltor/BCM charging handle
B.A.D. Lever
Vltor FS front sight
A.R.M.S. #40L rear sight
Custom Adams Arms piston system modified to fit under the handguard
Retail MSRP for parts alone $1900.00
Forum Price $1750.00
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The Big Tuna Show
in Sports
The Big Tuna delivers the most in depth and accurate Pittsburgh Pirate anaysis available. He is a sports betting savant that will always give you the picks of the day in baseball, basketball and football.
The Big Tuna Show
in Sports
The Big Tuna delivers the most in depth and accurate Pittsburgh Pirate anaysis available. He is a better savant the will always give you the picks of the day in baseball, basketball and football.
The Big Tuna Show
in Sports
The Big Tuna delivers the most in depth and accurate Pittsburgh Pirate anaysis available. He is a sports betting savant that will always give you the picks of the day in baseball, basketball and football.
Wicked Tuna Captain Tyler Mclaughlin
Come listen in on the ihookfish show, with Captain Tyler from the hit show Wicked Tuna.
The PFO Fishing Show; bigeye tuna, wahoo, splendor sunfish and more
in Sports
Dave Hansen joins us with a rare find; the slendor sunfish and guess what like to eat them. Bigeye tuna.
Breaking PFO news as the bite is crazy. Donald Fuqua from the Sea Jay with a Channel Island report, Danny Strunk from 22nd St Landing, marlin gone crazy, great yellowtail action and lots more.
Go to www.PFORadio.com
or in Spanish
The Big Tuna!
in Sports
The Big Tuna show is your resource for Pirate Baseball and College Basketball. The Big Tuna and guests will give you the picks of the week and excellent insight to make your sports viewing experience that much better!
Wicked Tuna 920 LB Tuna on Phil Friedman Outdoors Radio
in Sports
Kevin Leonowert, Captain of the Huntress from Wicked Tuna talks about a dramatic battle with a 920 pound bluefin tuna. www.WickedTunaKevin.com
San Diego bluefin tuna on the bite while Cortez Bank erupts for Southern California anglers. Captain Buzz Brizendine joins us from the Prowler.
Fishing with Phil continues this weekend on the Enterprise twilight trips in Long Beach. firstname.lastname@example.com or call or text at 424 237 0250.
Chris Dunn, the Fishing Weatherman tells it like it is. Chris is the best for weather and making your fishing plans.
Don't miss all the latest on the Saltwater Now Radio Show on Phil Friedman Outdoors Radio. We'll have the most up to date inforrmation anywhere.
You'll find out where and how you can catch more and bigger fish and learn the techniques that will set you above the rest.
Phil will be joined by the top Captains in the industry, the most informed experts and live on the water updates.
Make sure you join Phil every Thursday at 2pm for all the latest on the Saltwater Now show.
The Big Tuna!
in Sports
The Big Tuna delivers expert analysis and up-to-the minute sports news. Join Sports Radio & TV Personality Tony Canella Sunday at 12:30 pm eastern on H4TV. Call in live at 347-202-0508
Monday Mayhem: Tuna v Tiger, Rejects vs Emperors, Newton vs Crack Zombie HIAC
Welcome to the IWC, and the NEW AND IMPROVED!!
Tuna (with Diva316) Vs Tiger (With Mordeci).
#1 contender tag team
The Rejects vs Emperors of the universe
HBC Round 1: HIAC
Danny Newton vs Crack Zombie
Dark Match House Show
Alamino Casino vs Steve Gutenburg
Read more at: http://www.wearewrestling.net
Big bluefin tuna that San Diego anglers couldn't stop on Phil Friedman Outdoors
in Sports
The Top Gun 80 found some big bluefin tuna that they just could not stop. You'll hear all that as well as the absolute latest on the Coronado Island yellowtail bite.
Surf fishing guru Bill Varney has all the latest on the hot So Cal surf bite including halibut, white seabass and stripers all biting now. Don't miss Bill's tip of the week either.
Jeff Jessop with all the all the latest improvements on the FREEDOM out of 22nd St. Landing.
Don Ashley joins us with the latest from Catalina Island, San Clemente Island and gets us up to speed on the local bite too.
John Cassidy from Rod and Reel Radio and anglers Arsenal in La Mesa, CA has the latest on some great bass fishing near San Diego as well as some great Bay fishing too.
Louis Flynn is having some great early season fishing in Lake Michigan; he has the latest for you too.
Check us out on Facebook at PFO, Phil Friedman Outdoors, Baja Now.
Don't miss our Spanish Language shows on AM 690 Radio on Saturdays and Sundays, 6-7am. For more info., check us out on Facebook at Aventuras Al Aire Libre
Thanks again for your great support!!.
FALLOUT!: #WWE #RAW NOC go-home, Brock Lesnar, IWC: Puma vs Tuna, Legends title
in Wrestling
Monday Night Fallout is The Premiere wrestling discussion show talking directly about RAW
*Instant Reaction to the RAW Overrun
*The Best panelin all radio
*LLL results
*IWC: HOLY PUMA vs BIG TUNA 212 for the legends Championship!
Episode 8 - Jeff Chambers, Issac Ware, Ben "Big Tuna" Parrish and MORE!!!
in MMA
Greg Livingston and Matt Weibel have an awesome show planned for this week. Tupelo's own Jeff Chambers of Ultimate Fitness & MMA and Brandon Wilkinson of Ole Miss Brazilian Jiu Jitsu are up first to break down this weekend's (July 26th) King Of The Mats jiu jitsu tournament. Wes Sharp, Co-Owner of UFC Gym in Fayetteville, AR in on with his take on the Rachel Wray Fox News article published following a recent Attitude MMA show. Issac Ware and Ben "The Big Tuna" Parrish stop by to discuss their upcoming August 2nd fights for Summit Fighting Championship in Tupelo, MS!! Ben fights for the vacant SFC Light Heavyweight Championship in the first time in four years that LIVE MMA has come to Tupelo!!! We will be doing fight picks, talking a little trash as usual, and you never know who may call in! Yes folks, it's another STACKED show brought to you by Primal Media Group and or sponsors... Ironjaw Custom Mouth Guards, Alliance Collection Service, Volta Taverna, and Oxford Crossfit! Tune In, Call In, TALK!!!
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During MS Awareness Month, TV Producer David Lyons To Release Book Chronicling Triumph Over MS To Compete In Bodybuilding Championship
ABILENE, Texas, March 6, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- In 2006, David Lyons became one of the 2.1 million men and women diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis worldwide. Lying in a hospital bed, numb from the chest down, barely able to move, David had no idea that in only three years he would rise from the pain and frustration of the initial diagnosis to the stage of a bodybuilding championship where he would win the title of "Most Inspirational."
Facing his own personal goliath, David Lyons, like his namesake, chose to overcome through the power of faith and perseverance. David's epic journey, already an inspiration to thousands across the country, is told in David's Goliath: Winning the Battle against All Odds, releasing during "MS Awareness Month" March 2013.
" David's Goliath will empower all of us to climb higher and find the strength to overcome even the most difficult challenge," says Montel Williams, acclaimed TV host, bestselling author, and creator of The Montel Williams MS Foundation.
THE BOOKIn this gripping book, David takes you on his journey of faith, trust, and perseverance. You will read how his walk with Christ took him on an unconventional path of healing. You will see how he battles this debilitating, unpredictable, and often misunderstood disease in what he calls "The MS Bodybuilding Challenge." " David's Goliath confirms what I have been living for years," says Kevin Sorbo, famed actor in Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and author of True Strength. "You can overcome any obstacle in life with faith, determination, and drive. Having fought my own Goliath with my strokes, David's story and fight embodies True Strength." THE AUTHOR A healthy bodybuilder and former owner of fitness centers, David Lyons made the choice to fight MS head on through bodybuilding. In 2009, at age 50, he competed in his first bodybuilding contest with MS, winning an impressive "Most Inspirational" trophy. David attributes his strength and determination to his relationship with Christ and the power of God in his life. View the book trailer here. http://youtu.be/fpNjWNNja8Y THE PUBLISHER Leafwood Publishers is an imprint of ACU Press, located in Abilene, Texas, which for over 25 years has published titles ranging from theology to Christian living. Visit their website at www.leafwoodpublishers.com. CONTACT: Ryan SelfPublicist, ACU Press/Leafwood Publishers325-674-4976 email@example.com SOURCE Leafwood Publishers
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