text:
A catheter system comprises a catheter and a reinforced catheter balloon. The catheter balloon has at least one cone portion and a working portion. The catheter balloon has in cross section the at least one cone portion has a polygonal shape with sides and corners. The balloon is disposed about a longitudinal axis and has an inflated state and an uninflated state. In the uninflated state the working portion of the balloon forms wings which have tips that are circumferentially aligned with the corners of the cone portion.
1. A catheter system comprising a catheter and a catheter balloon,
the catheter balloon having at least one cone portion and a working portion, the catheter balloon being disposed about a longitudinal axis and having an inflated state and an uninflated state, the at least one cone portion having a polygonal shape in cross-section and the working portion having a circular shape in cross-section, in cross-section the at least one cone portion including sides which intersect to define corners,
in the uninflated state the working portion of the balloon comprising wings, each of the wings having a tip which is substantially circumferentially aligned with one of the corners of the conical portion.
2. The catheter system of
3. The catheter system of
4. The catheter system of
5. The catheter system of
6. The catheter system of
7. The catheter system of
8. The catheter system of
9. The catheter system of
10. The catheter system of
11. A catheter system comprising a catheter and a catheter balloon,
the catheter balloon having at least one cone portion and a working portion, the catheter balloon being disposed about a longitudinal axis and having an inflated state and an uninflated state, the working portion and the at least one cone portion having a polygonal shape in cross-section, the outer surface of the at least one cone portion including sides which intersect to define corners,
in the uninflated state the working portion of the balloon comprising wings, each wing having a tip extending from one of the corners of the cone portion over the length of the working portion, in a fully deflated state the wings wrap about one another.
12. The catheter system of
13. The catheter system of
14. The catheter system of
15. The catheter system of
16. The catheter system of
17. The catheter system of
18. The catheter system of
19. The catheter system of
20. A catheter system comprising a catheter and a catheter balloon,
the catheter balloon having at least one cone portion and a working portion, the catheter balloon comprising an inner surface and an outer surface with a wall extending there between, the balloon being disposed about a longitudinal axis and having an inflated state and an uninflated state, in the inflated state the at least one cone portion having a polygonal shape in cross-section and the working portion having a circular shape in cross-section, the inner surface and the outer surface of the at least one cone portion including sides which intersect to define corners,
the catheter balloon comprising a strengthening fiber material embedded within a polymer matrix,
in the uninflated state the working portion of the balloon comprising wings, each wing having a tip extending from one corner of the cone portion over the length of the working portion, in a fully deflated state the wings wrapped about one another.
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
The present invention relates to the field of medical balloons, to catheters using such balloons, and methods of making and using the same.
Various techniques or balloon constructions have been employed to facilitate the folding of the balloon about the balloon catheter in a uniform manner upon evacuation and deflation of the balloon after use.
One method employed to improve the refoldability of the balloon and improve withdrawal, has been to fold the balloon to form a number of wings. Prior to use, the balloon is typically folded or wrapped about the balloon catheter to fit within and pass through the guide catheter lumen. When inflation fluid is applied to the deflated balloon, the balloon wings or flaps unwrap and the balloon inflates to a fully expanded condition. When in the deflated state, the balloon collapses upon itself forming flaps or wings that must be folded or wrapped around the balloon catheter to allow it to be withdrawn from the patient's vasculature after use.
A number of approaches have been employed in forming a balloon that will refold into wings or flaps about the catheter shaft.
See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,226,887, 5,318,587, 5,456,666 and 5,478,319 for various methods of improving balloon collapsibility after inflation. The entire content of these patents is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
The ability to withstand high inflation pressures and yet be compatible with small sheath sizes are major factors in developing reinforced and multi-layer balloon designs. There remains a need, however, for innovative and improved rewrappable reinforced balloons.
The art referred to and/or described above is not intended to constitute an admission that any patent, publication or other information referred to herein is �prior art� with respect to this invention.
All US patents and applications and all other published documents mentioned anywhere in this application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Without limiting the scope of the invention a brief summary of the claimed embodiments of the invention is set forth below. Additional details of the summarized embodiments of the invention and/or additional embodiments of the invention may be found in the Detailed Description of the Invention below.
The present invention relates to an improved rewrappable reinforced balloon and balloon catheter to reduce withdrawal force.
In at least one embodiment, the catheter system includes a catheter and a reinforced catheter balloon wherein in cross-section the cone portion has a polygonal shape when both inflated and deflated. Here the term cone is not strictly descriptive of a geometric state as the cone has a polygonal cross-section. Throughout the application a polygonal shape in cross-section can be descriptive of the cross-section of the inner surface of the balloon, the outer surface of the balloon, or both. In an uniflated state, the working portion of the balloon forms wings having tips which are substantially aligned with the corners of the polygonally shaped cone portion. In the inflated state, the working portion can be of a substantially circular or polygonal shape. Throughout the application a �circular� shape can include a substantially oval shape and/or any curved closed shape including any elliptical shape of any eccentricity including zero.
The wings can wrap or fold over one another when the balloon is fully deflated in order to minimize the profile of the balloon upon withdrawal of the catheter. Throughout the application, wings that �wrap over� or �fold over� indicate wings wherein a portion of one wing is rotated or moved about a longitudinal axis of the balloon such that it is radially disposed about a portion of another wing and reduces the profile of the balloon. Such a design also prevents pancaking of the balloon upon deflation. The term �deflated� may refer to a medical balloon which has been partially or fully evacuated of its inflation media or deflated from an inflated state, the inflated state being the state wherein the interior of the balloon has a pressure greater than that outside the balloon. Of course, a balloon may also be deflated from its fully expanded state, but remains in a state of expansion.
The balloon can be reinforced with reinforcement material such as strengthening fibers. The addition of the strengthening fibers to the polymer material can provide additional burst strength to the balloon. The reinforcement material may comprise various types of continuous or intermittent reinforcing components used in the composites of this invention. Among such suitable materials are continuous fiber or filament forms such as polyester, polyamide or carbon fiber, and further may be sphere and particulate forms such as glass. Reinforcing material may comprise glass, carbon, ceramic, fluoropolymer, graphite, liquid crystal polymers, polyester, polyamide, stainless steel, titanium and other metals such as nitinol, or radiopaque materials (such as Bismuth or Tungsten) and the like.
The continuous reinforcement may be used in filamentary form or it may be employed in the form of a yarn or as a fabric of plain weave, satin weave, twill weave, basket weave, braid, winding or the like. The composite structure may comprise parallel aligned continuous filaments extending within or along the inner or outermost dimension of the structure, the fibers being bonded together with the above-described thermoplastic polyimide which intimately contacts substantially the whole of the surfaces of the filaments.
Fibers can be embedded or layered onto the polymer matrix of the balloon and oriented longitudinally. The fibers can be distributed evenly throughout the balloon thereby reinforcing the entire balloon. In some embodiments, the fibers are concentrated in regions of the balloon. In some embodiments the fibers are disposed on the balloon only at the corners to reinforce the corners and assist in the formation of wings when uninflated. In some embodiments, the balloon includes fibers which are of a nano-tube material. In some embodiments the reinforced catheter balloon is formed from a polymer blend which includes liquid crystal polymer.
In some embodiments, the catheter balloon includes a tube-in-tube design, a layer-by-layer design, or both.
The balloon may be set into any geometric shape desired including, for example, a two wing, three wing, four wing structure, a star structure, i.e. typically having five or more points, triangle, rectangle, square, etc. In some embodiments the wings could form a T-shape.
The present invention can be employed for balloon angioplasty and/or for balloons used in stent delivery systems.
These and other aspects, embodiments and advantages of the present invention will become immediately apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the Detailed Description and Claims to follow.
A detailed description of the invention is hereafter described with specific reference being made to the drawings.
While this invention may be embodied in many different forms, there are described in detail herein specific preferred embodiments of the invention. This description is an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments illustrated.
For the purposes of this disclosure, unless otherwise indicated, identical reference numerals used in different figures refer to the same component.
The expandable balloons according to the invention are expandable from a folded configuration for insertion into a patient's body lumen, expanded to an enlarged diameter to provide medical treatment, with a fluid, for example, and after treatment, being evacuated and deflated wherein the balloon is revertible into a folded configuration of a predetermined shape.
The selected inflation pressures to expand the balloon to its enlarged diameter may vary depending on the type of balloon employed, the application for which the balloon is employed, the type of balloon material employed, the wall thickness, number of layers employed, and whether or not there is a reinforcement material such as fibers or braids employed, etc. Reinforcement materials can increase balloon inflation pressures. Suitable inflation pressures may range from about 8 to about 30 atmospheres.
Balloons typically have a rated burst pressure which is defined as some pressure below that of the actual burst pressure of a balloon. Rated burst pressure is also dictated by repeat inflation performance. Rated burst pressure is a term known in the art. Balloons employed in peripheral vessels, for example, may have rated burst pressures of about 12-14 atmospheres while balloons used in the coronary vessels may have burst pressures of about 18-21 atmospheres. These examples are intended for illustrative purposes only, and not as a limitation on the scope of the present invention. Modifying the design of the balloon, such as with reinforcement, for example braiding, may lead to higher rated burst pressures.
Balloons are typically formed by expanding a segment of extruded polymer tubing into a balloon mold. Balloon formation is described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,490,421, 5,264,260, 4,906,244, 4,935,190, 5,304,340, 5,306,246, 5,328,468, 4,950,239, 5,500,180, 5,556,383, 5,714,110, 6,146,356, 6,270,522, 5,344,400, 5,833,657, 6,572,813 and 6,946,092 each of which is incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
The present invention relates to a reinforced balloon with improved refoldability after inflation.
While the expandable balloons described herein may take on many geometric configurations, there will be described herein, some specific embodiments of the invention.
Turning now to the figures,
It should be noted that the balloon walls have a width between the interior surface and the exterior surface. Though many polygonal shapes are used for the cone portion of this invention,
In some embodiments the working portion 16 has a substantially circular cross-sectional shape as shown in
The collapsed portions 22 and the tip portions 24 form wings 26 which can then fold or wrap upon one another when more fully deflated as illustrated in
In some embodiments as shown in
It should be noted that the balloon cone walls and the balloon working portion wall have an interior surface and an exterior surface. Though many polygonal shapes are used for the cone portion 14 and working portion 16 of this invention,
In a deflated state the working portion 16 can have cross-sectional shapes as those shown in
For purposes of further illustrating an embodiment of the invention, a balloon 10 in the expanded state having a working portion 16 and cone portion 14 having a shape as in
The ability to withstand high inflation pressures and yet have compatibility with small sheath sizes is a major factor in developing balloons which are reinforced, multi-layer, or both.
In additional embodiments the foldable balloon can be constructed of multiple layers that have similar or different material properties. The multiple layers can provide greater reinforcement than a single layer. In some embodiments at least one layer includes reinforcement material therein. In some embodiments, such as tube-in-tube design, parisons or tubes 30, 32 are formed (e.g. by extrusion) as shown in
An alternate embodiment of the invention with respect to balloon construction may comprise a multiple layer or layer-by-layer balloon 10 of the type shown in
In manufacturing the balloons of the invention, techniques and tools utilized in the prior art for thermoplastic balloons are readily adaptable. The balloons according to the invention may be formed at least in part from any suitable balloon material. Suitable classes of materials include, but are not limited to, polyolefins, polyamides (i.e. nylons), polyesters and copolyesters, polyurethanes, polyethers, polyimides, polycarbonates, etc. Copolymers are suitable for use as well.
Examples of suitable polyesters include, but are not limited to, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), etc.
HYTREL�, polyester-ester elastomers available from DuPont Wilmington, Del. and ARNITEL� polyester-esters and polyether-esters available from DSM Engineering Plastics�Americas in Evansville, Ind. may also be employed herein. These polymers are available in different grades depending on desired balloon properties.
Block copolymer elastomers, such as poly(ether-block-amide) block copolymers available under the tradename of PEBAX� from Arkema in Paris, France, may be employed herein. PEBAX� is available in different grades, for example, 6333, 7033 and 7233 are all suitable depending on the balloon properties desired.
Suitable polyamides include, but are not limited to, nylon 6, nylon 10, nylon 11 and nylon 12.
Polyurethanes are available commercially under the tradenames of ISOPLAST� and PELLETHANE� from Dow Chemical Co. in Midland, Mich.
These and other suitable balloon materials are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,906,244, 5,556,383 and 6,270,522, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. The present invention is not limited by the polymeric material which may be employed herein.
Reinforcement materials such as liquid crystal polymers may also be employed herein. Liquid crystal polymers are described for use in balloons in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,242,063, 6,284,333 and 6,596,219, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
The above lists are intended for illustrative purposes only, and not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Selection of balloon materials is known to those of skill in the art.
The above examples and disclosure are intended to be illustrative and not exhaustive. These examples and description will suggest many variations and alternatives to one of ordinary skill in this art. All these alternative and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the claims, where the term �comprising� means �including, but not limited to.� Those familiar with the art may recognize other equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein which equivalents are also intended to be encompassed by the claims.
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janmarwf We are a family of three but we were put into this two bedroom en-suite room with a little balcony and a view towards the Sea of Galilee. Our host was most helpful and extremely friendly. We appreciated the fridge and kettle in our room and the spacious bathroom.
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New York City, United States of America
11 West 51 Street, New York City, NY 10017, United States of America – Show map
Excellent location – rated 9.7/10! (score from 628 reviews)
Rated by guests after their stay at The Jewel Facing Rockefeller Center.
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The Jewel Facing Rockefeller Center's staff speaks: Spanish, English
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Fitness Center
Food & Drink
Restaurant, Bar
Private parking is available at a location nearby (reservation is needed) and costs USD 41 per day.
Room Service, Vending Machine (drinks), 24-Hour Front Desk, Express Check-in/Check-out, Concierge Service, Laundry, Dry Cleaning, Business Center, Fax/Photocopying
Non-smoking Rooms, Family Rooms, Elevator, Heating, All Spaces Non-Smoking (public and private)
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Cancellation and prepayment policies vary according to room type. Please enter the dates of your stay and check what conditions apply to your preferred room.
Children and Extra Beds
All children are welcome.
Up to two children under 12 years stay free of charge when using existing beds.
Any additional older children or adults are charged USD 20 per person per night when using existing beds.
One older child or adult is charged USD 20 per person per night in an extra bed.
One child under 2 years stays free of charge in a crib.
The maximum number of extra beds/cribs in a room is 1.
Any type of extra bed or crib is upon request and needs to be confirmed by management.
Additional fees are not calculated automatically in the total cost and will have to be paid for separately during your stay.
Pets are not allowed.
When booking more than 5 rooms, different policies and additional supplements may apply.
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The Standard, High Line New YorkLatest booking: 1 hour ago There are 6 people looking at this hotel.
The Park Lane Hotel is a deluxe hotel with a European atmosphere, providing views of Central Park and the New York skyline.
Score from 3670 reviews Good
This 4-star New York City hotel is 215 yards from the 5th Avenue shopping district. Each spacious room includes a flat-screen TV and free Wi-Fi.
Score from 1173 reviews Very good
In Times Square, this Manhattan hotel is within a 7 minute walk of Rockefeller Center and Radio City Music Hall. Guests can enjoy the convenience of a concierge service and on-site dining.
Score from 2389 reviews Good
Courtyard by Marriott New York Manhattan/Central ParkFeaturing a fitness center and free Wi-Fi, the Courtyard by Marriott New York Manhattan/Central Park is located a short walk from the Rockefeller Center, Time Square and Central Park.
Score from 1571 reviews Very good
We loved the location, our room view was fabulous. The bottled water stations were fantastic and kept us well hydrated. The staff was friendly and helpful. There was a nice welcome message on our voice-mail when we arrived - nice perk. We also liked that the elevator was key card access only, which made us feel very safe. The pillows were very comfortable! Nice shower and FREE WIFI was great!
The comforter was so frustrating because it kept sliding off of the bed, so we wound up using the soft blanket in the closet as our "comforter". It was much more comfortable then. The bed wasn't the most comfortable overall, but the pillows sort of made up for it. The room was a bit small and very basic.
The hotel location is very good for Rockefeller Center and other major areas in mid town Manhatten. Did like the chilled bottle water dispenser, good idea. When checking out the female staff member working on Sunday December 14 at 11:30 AM, was very good and professional, she was VERY busy but did the her job very well.
The room is very small for the price, compared to other hotels I have stayed in NYC. The bed was not comfortable at all. Need better matteress. It was stated in my on line reservation I would be able to see St Patricks and rockeffller Center, was not the case, all I could see was an inside courtyard area.
Great location Cleanness Great coffee in the computer room
The mattress was soft, I did not sleep comfortably The comforter material was cheep
Just off the 5th Avenue shopping area, on 51st which is loaded with great restaurants. Room is nice, functional, comfortable, never had to wait long for elevator. Friendly staff.
A little stingy with the towels and bathroom amenities we expect. Shower was weak. Would not deter me from going back, I am sure we will.
Cramped rooms hallways
Dirty entrance way, dirty elevator, laundry bins with dirty sheets etc. right outside elevator, strong smell of bleach in hallway, open cleaning closet in hall with dirty mops and broken sheet rock walls exposed. Room was sub par with moldy grout seams in shower. Disgusting!!!!!! I left and got a refund!!!!!!! I would not house my dog there.
Friendly staff Location, location, location comfortable room discount to restaurant next door Clean room. Great standup shower.
the fact that we needed to take 2 elevators; one to the 14th floor, then another from the 14th floor to the 15th floor. Strange. Honestly, that's the only negative.
extra bed made it difficult to move around the room
Bed too hard
Location and the staff
The bed was not comfortable
Front desk service very organized and helpful. They received many boxes for me and no one was missed. The location is amazing since you don't have to walk a lot to visit the main points.
Wi-fi connection was unstable.
Staff was fabulous and took time with guests. Very responsive. The living room area with fire place. The fresh water bottles readily available. Room temperature adjustment. Very Quiet and we were by the elevator. Not a frenetic tourist crowd milling about.
Not much room between end of bed and wall... but it is a snug little jewel after all. Our view was an office building and the street, but we were there only a day. If we stayed longer I would ask for the Rockefeller Center or Radio City or St. Patrick's Cathedral view. Would definitely stay again.
We booked a room with a view, with a Queen size bed. However, upon arrival, the room had a bed with two single mattresses pushed together and a big gap in the middle so sleep would have been extremely difficult. Consequently, we had no option but to move to a room on the third floor at the back of the hotel, meaning no view and an awful lot of noise from the huge air-conditioning units located immediately outside our window. This was hugely disappointing and took the gloss off our trip to New York.
Rooms are well done with simple, elegant, contemporary feel. Quiet and restful. Location is great for Central Park, MoMA, 5th Ave, theater and other midtown sites. Staff friendly and helpful - eager to make guests welcome.
Exercise room small and no windows/natural light. The common lounge area on the small side and also no natural light.
Right across from Rockefeller Center, a few blocks from MOMA. Very comfortable small hotel. Affiliated with Club Quarters a few does away...nice dining (discount) on a terrace with views of St. Patrick's and Rockefeller Center. Friendly and helpful staff.
Early checking and late checkout options Available computers Common sitting/newspaper room 20% off of nearby restaurant
Loose faucet in bathroom - rm 206
Friendly and helpful staff plus excellent location. Brilliant location in mid-town close to the major sights. Great for walking around.
Pretty basic hotel which seemed more inclined to the business guest. Pretty basic facilities including small fitness room with bike but no treadmill,
Central location, just near 5th Avenue and also facing the Rockefeller Center, easy to walk to most locations, plenty of eating places to go if you do not fancy eating at Club Quarters. Staff very friendly and welcoming, helpful at all times. Complimentary coffee machine on 2nd floor a bonus, with chilled drinking water dispensers on most floors as well. Would use this hotel again!!
Everything was perfect, would definitely use this hotel again
Staff very welcoming and friendly. Hotel very central.clean. Will definitely be staying there again.
The room was comfortable and clean with modern fittings. Plenty of room. The receptionist was very friendly and efficient. The location was good. We were able to walk from the hotel to our destinations in Manhattan. Would be happy to return.
The staff was wonderful. The location was central to everything we wanted to do. The room was small but well-appointed, comfortable and looked out over Rockefeller Center and Radio City Music Hall. The 2nd Floor Living Room was an awesome touch!
The room wasn't ready but we were given breakfast passes for the delay.
Close to Magnolia Bakery!
No safe to lock up belongings
Did not like the fact that the square footage of the rooms was no where to be found. I booked a standard queen as opposed to the small queen and was surprized at how small the "standard" queen was...I can only imagine how tiny the small queen must be!
The room was clean and the bed very comfortable.
However, the room was very small compared to others in the property. My wife stays here frequently for business and she has stayed in large rooms for the same price. Plus, to reach the 15th floor you have to change elevators. The staff did not help by replacing the toner on the printers located at the business center. We needed to print our boarding passes.
Although the accommodations were nice and comfortable the price was very high for such a Small Room.
The cost was that of a 3 or 4 Star hotel.. This was a Very Small Corner Room.. The corner had a view for an outrageous fee.
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Leslie (Amy Poehler), Ben (Adam Scott), and Andy (Chris Pratt) head to San Francisco for a National Parks Conference. Tom (Aziz Ansari) opens his restaurant, Ron (Nick Offerman) has another run-in with his ex-wife Tammy 2 (Special Guest Megan Mullalley), Andy lives a rock and roll fantasy, and Leslie makes a huge decision about her future.
Leslie (Amy Poehler) and Ben (Adam Scott) run a charity auction to raise funds for the unity concert. April (Aubrey Plaza) steps in to manage Andy's (Chris Pratt) schedule, while Donna (Retta) asks Ron (Nick Offerman) for help with her ex-boyfriend (Special Guest Star Keegan Michael-Key).
In the midst of flu season, a sick Leslie (Amy Poehler) and Andy (Chris Pratt) struggle to book performers for the Unity Concert. Meanwhile, Tom (Aziz Ansari) heads to a wine competition in search of a sommelier for his new restaurant, and Ben (Adam Scott) seeks drunken help from Ron (Nick Offerman) with a personal problem.
Classic Andy Moment: Chris Pratt, as Andy, displays his amazing improv skills.
Leslie (Amy Poehler) throws a hasty Galentine's Day in an attempt to find a replacement for Ann (Rashida Jones). Tom (Aziz Ansari) and Ben (Adam Scott) look to finalize a deal on tents for the Unity Concert, while Ron (Nick Offerman) finds himself looking after Andy (Chris Pratt).
Leslie (Amy Poehler) aims to create a new town slogan, but runs afoul of local shock jocks (Special Guest Stars Nick Kroll and Matt Besser). Andy (Chris Pratt) scouts bands to play the Unity Concert and discovers an interesting secret about Ron (Nick Offerman), while Tom (Aziz Ansari) looks for a restaurant locale with Donna (Retta) and April (Aubrey Plaza).
After Leslie (Amy Poehler) tries to take down the wall separating Pawnee and Eagleton, her life takes several unexpected turns. Tom (Aziz Ansari) and Ben (Adam Scott) meet with potential corporate sponsors for the concert, while Ron (Nick Offerman) brings a surprise to the office and finds a new office hobby.
Ben (Adam Scott) attempts to surprise Leslie (Amy Poehler) with a special anniversary gift. Tom (Aziz Ansari) and Adam (Chris Pratt) try to help Leslie bring positive light to the Pawnee-Eagleton merger, while April (Aubrey Plaza) asserts her new authority as Donna's (Retta) boss.
On Ann (Rashida Jones) and Chris's (Rob Lowe) last night in Pawnee, Leslie (Amy Poehler) throws a grand farewell party and attempts to fulfill one last promise. Meanwhile, Tom (Aziz Ansari), Ben (Adam Scott), Ron (Nick Offerman) and Andy (Chris Pratt) struggle to find the perfect going away gift for Chris (Rob Lowe).
Leslie (Amy Poehler) fights with Ben (Adam Scott) over questionable sales techniques at the local farmers market. Ann searches for a way to vent about the annoying aspects of pregnancy, while April (Aubrey Plaza) supports Andy (Chris Pratt) in a new creative venture.
Leslie (Amy Poehler) and Ben (Adam Scott) both face new challenges on the first day of new jobs. Donna (Retta), April (Aubrey Plaza) and Andy (Chris Pratt) play a prank on Ben, while Tom (Aziz Ansari) prepares for a big presentation. Meanwhile Ann (Rashida Jones) and Chris (Rob Lowe) contemplate taking a big leap together.
Leslie (Amy Poehler) comes to terms with her last day in office and plans for the future with Ben (Adam Scott). Chris (Rob Lowe) and Ann (Rashida Jones) find out the sex of their child, Andy (Chris Pratt) comes home from London, and Tom (Aziz Ansari) looks to the future.
Leslie makes a big decision for her future - Parks and Recreation's 100th Episode.
Leslie (Amy Poehler) goes toe-to-toe with Councilman Jamm in a marathon negotiating session. Ben (Adam Scott) is in between jobs and takes up an interesting hobby to pass the time. Meanwhile, Ron (Nick Offerman) employs Tom (Aziz Ansari), April (Aubrey Plaza) and Donna (Retta) to help sell his cabin in the woods.
Leslie (Amy Poehler) tries to complete some of her biggest city council goals, like hosting an NFL Play 60 event with the Indianapolis Colts, and trying to add fluoride to Pawnee's drinking water. Meanwhile, Chris (Rob Lowe) and Ron (Nick Offerman) attempt to bond while building cribs for their future children.
Leslie faces the recall vote during Halloween.
NBC's hit comedy returns for season 6. "Parks and Recreation" follows Leslie Knope (Emmy nominee Amy Poehler) a mid-level bureaucrat turned City Councilwoman, and her tireless efforts to make her quintessentially American town just a little bit more fun.
Get a behind the scenes look at the second season of the Thursday comedy "Parks and Recreation" starring Amy Poehler and from the Executive Producers of "The Office".
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View all Lighting (Outdoor)
Area Luminaire - Facility Management Product Release
Lithonia Lighting
website | Company information
D-Series LED Area Size 0 luminaire is available in 20 and 40 LED configurations, delivers 2,900 to 13,700 lumens and offers a choice of 11 optical distributions. Features a diffuse drop lens and an integral motion sensor that enables bi-level and part-night scheduled dimming or ROAM wireless monitoring and controls.
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posted: 4/28/2014
Search Area Luminaire on FacilityZone.com


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Emergency Medical Services
Fire Police Certification Course
New York State Fire Police Certification Course
Class will be held at Cattaraugus County Office of Emergency Services in Little Valley, NY
Friday, June 1, 2012, 6 p.m. to 10 p.m.
Saturday, June 2, 2012, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Sunday, June 3, 2012, 8 a.m.
Little Valley VFD Meat Raffle - May 5
Little Valley Volunteer Fire Department
Get Ready for Summer Meat Raffle
Saturday, May 5, 2012 at 7 p.m.
at Little Valley VFW
Steaks, chicken, burgers, hot dogs, BBQ supplies and lots MORE!!!
See attached flyer - feel free to print and pass the word along!
Weather Spotter Training for First Responders
SKYWARN Weather Spotter Training
Class open to all first responders (fire and EMS) in Cattaraugus County, including MRC and CERT volunteers. There is no cost for the class, RSVP is required.
When: Wednesday, May 30, 2012 at 7 p.m.
Where: Cattaraugus County Office of Emergency Services - EOC
RSVP: Call Cathi at (716) 938-2213 or e-mail CLPeters [at] cattco [dot] org
See Attachments or Call Cathi For Details!
Fire and EMS Clandestine (Methamphetamine) Lab Awareness Class
What: First Responder Clan Lab Awareness Class
Date: Tuesday, March 27, 2012
Time: Registration begins at 6:30 p.m.
Class will begin promptly at 7 p.m. and last approximately 3 hours
Location: Little Valley Volunteer Fire Department (upstairs banquet hall)
Registration: Please contact your Fire Chief or EMS Agency Administrator to have them sign you up for the course. Read more
Office of Emergency Services Temporary Move
Cattaraugus County Office of Emergency Services has temporarily moved!
Until further notice we can be found at the Department of Public Works building, 8810 Rt 242 in Little Valley, NY. The temporary office can be found across the hall from the Records Retention Center. Our phone numbers and e-mail addresses remain unchanged.
Please call or stop in with any questions or concerns. As before, it is very important that you call ahead if you are in need of a County ID tag, (716) 938-2213. Thank you.


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Summary: A "thought-for-thought" translation of the Bible, with illustrations from "The Bible for Children," a dictionary/concordance, a "How to Know Jesus Personally" section, and sections of "Great Stories of the Bible" and "Great Verses of the Bible to Memorize." The Holy Bible, New Living Translation, communicates the beauty and power of God's Word in a way that is easy to understand and enjoy. This special edition fea ...show moretures giant, clearly readable 15-point type and a durable long-lasting binding. This complete, yet compact edition of the King James Version of the combined Old and New Testaments is a perfect addition to your religious or secular library.For reference, prayer, meditation, or study, this edition of The Holy Bible is easy-to-read and practical for any use. ...show lessEdition/Copyright: 89
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Council OKs pool funds
The prospects for a new pool in Sonoma Valley got a little better Monday when the Sonoma City Council voted 3-0 to enter into an agreement with project sponsors to provide $25,000 a year for the next 10 years.
The prospects for a new pool in Sonoma Valley got a little better Monday when the Sonoma City Council voted 3-0 to enter into an agreement with project sponsors to provide $25,000 a year for the next 10 years.
The Tourism Improvement District (TID), a funding mechanism that tacks on 2 percent to a hotel bill that does not go into city coffers, was unanimously approved for another 10 years by the Sonoma City Council Monday.
Plans for the old Sonoma Truck and Auto site at 870 Broadway were unveiled Thursday before the Sonoma Planning Commission.
Most perplexing experience: Tide riffs look like patches of boiling water on the surface of a flat sea. When you enter them, you see little whirlpools strong enough to move a nine-ton boat around. Interesting, but unnerving at times.
Pig War. Never heard of it? That's because it was headed off by a shrewd British admiral who said, "I'm not engaging my country in war over a damn pig!" Or something like that.
Mary Ellen Pleasant of Beltane Ranch was a woman steeped in mystery.
I take back all the bad things I said about crossing the Straits of Georgia.
Prideaux Haven is a clutch of coves surrounded by tree-covered cliffs, shallow water and wind-carved rocks. It is clean, peaceful and awe-inspiring. The only thing it lacks is isolation.
We finally crossed the Straits of Georgia and, true to my word, I sat quietly in my corner.
We'd been cruising the waters off the east coast of Canada's Vancouver Island for the past few weeks and were ready to head across the Straits of Georgia to the mainland. Then the weather changed and the wind blew all night, leaving the open water of the straits choppy and frothy with whitecaps and residual wind.
There's an old saying and, sadly, it's true. Boats are holes in the water you pour money down.
This is part two, or maybe part three, if you count the first time we bought a boat and planned to sail off into the sunset.
If requests for sign approvals are an indication of an improving economy, Sonoma is off to a great summer.
"Fourteen years in the making" sounds like a teaser on a movie trailer. Instead, it's the amount of time a controversial project now called Mission Square spent going through Sonoma's planning process. On Thursday, the Design Review and Historic Preservation Commission approved on a 5-0 vote the final piece of outstanding business, the design of… Continue Reading >>
Sonoma Planning Commissioners ruled on wine and tree issues Thursday, during one of their lightest agendas in recent memory.
Another wine-related controversy will greet members of the Sonoma Planning Commission when they meet Thursday.
A final look at tasting room rules by the Sonoma Planning Commission April 10, turned into an acknowledgement that disagreements still exist between the City Council and the commission.
Monument signs, changes to commercial buildings and continued review of historic preservation policy priorities will fill the Sonoma Design Review and Historic Preservation Commission agenda tonight, Tuesday, April 15.
A successful business improvement loan program was reinstated by the Sonoma City Council Monday.
Tasting room regulations are back on the Sonoma Planning Commission agenda Thursday, along with a potpourri of items including a study session on the circulation and housing elements of the city's general plan.
Sonoma Valley Center – home of Sonoma Market – is getting new tenants, relocating others and continuing its ongoing facelift.
While squabbles over tasting rooms, pink doors and pirate flags dominate downtown discussions, a prominent feature of the Plaza is quietly being considered for a transformation.
Adding to Sonoma's image as a tourist mecca, the Sonoma Planning Commission unanimously approved turning three office units into vacation rentals Thursday, but this time there's a twist.
A diverse menu of items will fill the plate of Sonoma Planning Commissioners Thursday, starting with a review of a use permit for TIPS Tri-Tips, a mobile food trolley at 455 W. Napa, where Sorrento Imports and Café Scooteria are located.
Demolition by neglect is a concept the Sonoma Design Review and Historic Preservation Commission became familiar with Feb. 18, when it reluctantly approved the removal of buildings on West Spain Street.


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03.08.2012 - 07:27 | Source: PA Sports
Rio denies FA charge
Manchester United defender Rio Ferdinand has denied a Football Association charge of improper conduct following comments he made on Twitter at the end of the John Terry trial.
In the aftermath of last month's trial, when Terry was acquitted of racially abusing Ferdinand's brother, Anton, The United defender responded to a Tweet that characterised Chelsea defender Ashley Cole, who was a defence witness, as a "choc-ice".
The term is is commonly understood to mean "black on the outside, white on the inside", and was a reference to Cole's testimony in court, in which he said he never heard Terry make a racist remark to Ferdinand during the match in question at Loftus Road in October.
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Looking to add a dash of extremity to your gaming existence? Maingear's got you covered, now that it's added a second generation Intel Core i7 CPU to a handful of its desktop offerings. Today, the company announced yet another upgrade to its SHIFT, Quantum SHIFT and F131 desktops, with the addi
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|Name: _________________________
|Period: ___________________
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Act 1, Part 1.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which answer best describes Tesman's perception of Hedda?
(a) Rude and ungrateful.
(b) Flighty and vacant.
(c) Demanding and restrictive.
(d) Beautiful and adored.
2. What does Julle give to Tesman before she leaves?
(a) An unexplained package.
(b) A hat.
(c) His favorite slippers.
(d) A suitcase of documents.
3. What is the relationship between Tesman and Julle in the play, HEDDA GABLER?
(a) Brother and sister.
(b) Close friends.
(c) Nephew and aunt.
(d) Cousins.
4. What instrument makes its first appearance in Act 1 of Hedda Gabler?
(a) A flute.
(b) A violin.
(c) A piano.
(d) A harp.
5. What do Julle and Tesman discuss as a strong ability of Tesman's?
(a) Making sense of confusing information.
(b) Collecting and arranging.
(c) Foreseeing the direction society will take.
(d) Seeing the influence of small actions.
Short Answer Questions
1. What are people suggesting when they note Hedda has "filled out" during her travels?
2. What is the book Tesman is working on about?
3. Why did Tesman buy the house he did?
4. What does Hedda complain about just after greeting Julle?
5. What does Hedda threaten to do to Berte in Act 1 of Hedda Gabler?
This section contains 284 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)


text:
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Im hoping someone can help with my strange problem..
We had an A.c and air handler (American Standard) installed for the upstairs zone. The unit is upright, meaning the air comes up from the bottom of the unit through the cooling coils into the attic.
In the front, the installers but in solid 3/4" (I think) pipe which runs across the unit, with a trap (bend) and into a condensate pump, which pumps the water off to the basement. I understand this is this way to allow access to change the filter & to prevent an "air lock" which prevents water from draining through the line.
Here is the problem.. Most times this works fine..
Two times in the last month, there is water leaking (a LOT) out of where the pipe connects to the Air Handler.
On about the Second of July-
Last night 7/19 was the second time.. The house temp was 80ish outside was low 90s, and I set it to 76.. After about an hour, i noticed it was leaking out the front. I shut the unit down, water poured out, and then no problems the rest of the night.
Other relevant information - we have been using the A/c daily between these two times, it has been in the 100's & 90's for a lot of the days in between. THe A/C system was installed 9 years ago and I've never cleaned the drain pipe.
Thanks for your help
Follow-Up Postings:
|It sounds like you have a clogged drain trap. The trap can't pass the water fast enough when the AC is running for long periods of time, but can do so when normal use. This is going to get worse over time. The trap should be cleaned once a year.
Does the trap have an opening which would allow you to clean it out?
|It is one solid pipe, pvc, which is screwed into the air handler and glued together. I can not unscrew it as it is 2' long or so, and next to a wall. I would need to cut it off and reconnect it. I do have access to the exit point by dropping the condensate pump and maybe suck it out with a shop-vac?
- Posted by weedmeister (My Page) on Thu, Jul 19, 12 at 15:22
|"n the front, the installers but in solid 3/4" (I think) pipe which runs across the unit, with a trap (bend) and into a condensate pump...'
Mike meant the trap. Does it have an opening? Mine does. Came with a cleanout brush.
|I pulled out the shop vac and sucked it out, No idea if anything came out of it i guess it is a wait and see from here.
I did want to add that it seems that the pipe cant keep up with the flow, however, for 3 days we were above 100 degrees and the a/c was running full time to maintain a 76 degree, so using that logic, i would have thought it would have leaked. The condensate pumo was running about every 10 mins or so.
Here is a picture of the trap i'm dealing with.
- Posted by weedmeister (My Page) on Fri, Jul 20, 12 at 14:22
|I would make sure that the horizontal pipe has enough downward pitch to assure flow into the pump.
Here is a link that might be useful: mine looks like this
|It does appear you do not have enough pitch to ensure drainage. All it takes is a bit of negative pitch in the line to set up what I refer to as a "double trap" This will set up an airblock in the line and prevent drainage. A simple rebuild of that line should correct it. Check out weedmiesters link.
|I haven't changed anything in the line since i sucked it out and it hasn't leaked. Since it happens every so often, i decided to add a secondary float shutoff valve in that plastic pot on the bottom right of the picture. I wired it in series with the condensate pump.
When ever it overflows, it fills that bucket well, i wasn't sure about putting it inside to the secondary drain pan and if a problem should arise, i can remove it from the circuit for troublshooting purposes.
I also tested the wiring & switch to ensure it shuts off the a/c.
Thanks for the suggestions.. If the trap becomes problematic again, i'll look to rework the drain line.
Here is a link that might be useful: Float Switch
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The Association of Los Angeles City Attorneys v. City of Los Angeles
|City of Los Angeles
|Association of Los Angeles City Attorneys
|Case Number:
|May 15, 2012
|California Central District Court
|Referring Judge:
|Jacqueline Chooljian
|Presiding Judge:
|Margaret M. Morrow
|Nature of Suit:
|Negotiable Instrument
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
|Part of a series on
|Sunni Islam
Prophethood / Messengership
Holy Books · Angels
Judgement Day · Predestination
|Five Pillars
|Declaration of Faith · Prayer
Charity · Fasting · Pilgrimage
|Rightly Guided Caliphs
|Abu Bakr · Umar ibn al-Khattab
Uthman ibn Affan · Ali ibn Abi Talib
|Schools of Law
|Hanafi · Maliki · Shafi'i · Hanbali · Zahiri
|Extinct Schools of Law
|Awza'i · Laythi · Thawri · Jariri
|Schools of Theology
|Maturidi · Ash'ari · Athari
|Barelvi · Deobandi · Salafi
|Al-Kutub Al-Sittah
|Sahih al-Bukhari · Sahih Muslim
Al-Sunan al-Sughra
Sunan Abu Dawood
Sunan al-Tirmidhi
Sunan ibn Majah · Al-Muwatta
Sunan al-Darimi
Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni/ or /ˈsʊni/) is the largest branch of Islam and are referred to in Arabic as ʾAhlu-s-Sunnati wa-l-Jamāʿah (Arabic: أهل السنة والجماعة), "people of the tradition of Muhammad and the consensus of the Ummah" or ʾAhlu-s-Sunnah (Arabic: أهل السنة). For short, in English, they are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis, Sunnites or simply Muslims.
Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as the orthodox version of the religion.[1][2] The word "Sunni" comes from the term Sunnah (Arabic: سنة), which refers to the sayings and actions of Muhammad that are recorded in hadiths (collections of narrations regarding Muhammad).[3]
The primary hadiths Al-Kutub Al-Sittah (the six books), in conjunction with the Quran, form the basis of all jurisprudence methodologies within Sunni Islam. Laws are derived from the text of the Quran and the hadith, in addition to using methods of juristic reasoning (like qiyas) and consensus (ijma). There are a multitude of scholarly opinions in each field; however, these can be summarised as either derived from the four major schools of thought (Madh'hab) or from an expert scholar who exercises independent derivation of Islamic Law (ijtihad). Both are considered valid as differences of opinion (which were present at the time of the early Muslims, the Salaf).
Sunnī (Classical Arabic: سُنِّي /ˈsunniː/) is a broad term derived from sunnah (سُنَّة /ˈsunna/, pl. سُنَن sunan /ˈsunæn/), means "habit" or "usual practice".[4] The Muslim usage of this term refers to the sayings and living habits of Muhammad. In its full form, this branch of Islam is referred to as "Ahl al-Sunnah wa Jama'ah" (literally, "People of the Sunah and the Community"). People claiming to follow the Sunnah who can demonstrate that they have no action or belief against the prophetic Sunnah can consider themselves to be Sunni Muslims.
After the death of Muhammad, Sunni Muslims accepted Abu Bakr as the first caliph. However many years later, a new sect known as Shiism was founded. Those who accepted Abu Bakr were known as the Ahlus Sunnah wa`l Jamah, in order to differentiate them from the new sect of Shiism (see History of Shi'a Islam).
According to Sunni Muslims, the first four caliphs were known as the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs. The first was Abu Bakr Siddique, followed by the second, Umar ibn al-Khattāb. Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib also were called by the same title.[5]
The rulers succeeding these first four did not receive this title by consensus, and eventually a monarchy succeeded thereafter until the Caliphate was brought back under various empires throughout history.
After the first four caliphs, the Caliphate was upheld as a political system by dynasties such as the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Ottomans, this was also upheld for relatively short periods of time by other competing dynasties in al-Andalus, North Africa and Egypt. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk abolished the system of the Ottoman Caliphate after Abdülmecid II was officially deposed and expelled from Turkey, whereby the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1924 upon secular principles. To this day, the Ottoman Empire is regarded as the last major Islamic Caliphate.
Sunnis believe that the companions were the best of the Muslims, based on hadiths such as this one: It was narrated from 'Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ud that Muhammad said: "The best of the people are my generation, then those who come after them, then those who come after them." Support for this view is also found in verses of Quran such as this one in Surah Tawba verse 100 (9:100) "Those who believed, and went into exile and fought for God's cause with their property and their persons, as well as those who sheltered and helped them,- these shall be friends, one of another."
Sunnis believe that the companions were true believers since it was the companions who were given the task of compiling the Quran. Furthermore, narrations that were narrated by the companions are a great source of knowledge for Muslims and a great source on the Sunnah i.e. example of Muhammad.
Estimates of the world Sunni population varies from over 75% to 90% of all Muslims.[6]
There are several intellectual traditions within the field of Islamic law. These varied traditions reflect differing viewpoints on some laws and obligations within Islamic law. While one school of thought may see a certain act as a religious obligation, another may see the same act as optional. These schools of thought aren't regarded as sects; rather, they represent differing viewpoints on issues that are not considered the core of Islamic belief.
Historians have differed regarding the exact delineation of the schools based on the underlying principles they follow. Many traditional scholars saw Sunni Islam in two groups: Ahl al-Ra'i, or people of opinions, due to their emphasis on scholarly judgment and reason; and Ahl al-Hadith, or people of traditions, due to their emphasis on restricting juristic thought to only what is found in scripture.[7] Ibn Khaldun defined the Sunni schools as three: the Hanafi school representing opinions, the Zahiri school representing scripture, and a broader, middle school encompassing the Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali schools.[8]
Abu Hanifah (699 — 767 CE / 80 — 148 AH) was the founder of the Hanafi school. He was born in the year 699 CE in Kufa, Iraq[9][10] in a family of Afghan-Persian / Persian ancestry.[11][12] Sunni Muslims of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Bangladesh, Mauritius, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Central Asia, the Muslim areas of Southern Russia, the Caucasus, most of the Muslim areas of the Balkans and Turkey and parts of Egypt, all follow this school of jurisprudence.
Imam Malik ibn Anas (c. 711 – 795[[Anno Domini|CE / 93 AH – 179 AH ) developed his Islamic jurisprudence in the holy city of Medina. His collection of narrated Hadeeth are recorded in the Muwatta from which much of the fiqh of his school of fiqh was developed. His Madh'hab was adopted by most North African and West African countries such as upper Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Senegal, Mali, Nigeria, Mauritania and Sudan along with parts of the Persian Gulf. The Maliki school of jurisprudence is the official state Madh'hab of Kuwait, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates. He was one of the teachers of Imam Al-Shafi'i as well as Imam Abū Ḥanīfa eldest student, Muhammad al-Shaybani. One of greatest historical centers of Maliki teaching, especially during the ninth, tenth and eleventh centuries, is the Mosque of Uqba also known as the Great Mosque of Kairouan (in Tunisia).[13][14]
Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i (767 — 820 CE / 150 — 204 AH) was a student of Malik. He taught in Iraq and then in Egypt. Al-Shafi'i placed great emphasis on the Sunnah of Muhammad, as embodied in the Hadith, as a source of the Shari'ah.
The Shafi'i madhab today is the dominant school of jurisprudence in Yemen, Lower Egypt, Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, Jordan, the North Caucasus, Kurdistan (East Turkey, North west Iran, North Iraq, Northern Syria), Maldives, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam and Indonesia.
It is also practised by large communities in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia (in the Hejaz and Asir), the United Arab Emirates, Palestine, the Swahili Coast, Mauritius, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan (by Chechens) and Indian states of Kerala (most of the Mappilas), Karnataka (Bhatkal, Mangalore and Coorg districts), Maharashtra (by Konkani Muslims), Tamil Nadu, Lakshadweep Islands.
Ahmad bin Hanbal (780 — 855 CE / 164 — 241 AH) was the namesake of the Hanbali school of thought in fiqh. He was born in Baghdad and learned extensively from the great Imam al-Shafi'i whilst studying under him. Imam Ahmed was known for challenging the ruling Mu'tazila caliphate at the time - Ibn Hanbal was famously called before the Inquisition or "Mihna" of the Abassid Caliph al-Ma'mun. Al-Ma'mun wanted to assert the religious authority of the Caliph by pressuring scholars to adopt the Mu'tazila view that the Qur'an was created rather than uncreated. According to Sunni tradition, Imam ibn Hanbal was among the scholars to resist the Caliph's interference and the Mu'tazila doctrine of a created Qur'an and championed the creed or aqidah of Ahlus Sunnah wa'l Jamah. The Hanbali school of jurisprudence is followed predominantly in the Arabian Peninsula as well as parts of Europe and the Americas. The methodology focuses primarily on sound textual evidence and scholarly consensus (Ijma) in deriving fiqh. The majority of Hanbali scholars, as well as many from the other schools of thought, follow the Athari methodology and creed in Aqidah which adopts the middle path of accepting the texts of Qur'an and Hadeeth without extensive philosophical interpretation or denial. This regarded by them as being the way of the early generations of Muslims (the salaf) and those that followed them (the Tabi'un), and so on, where the key points of Islamic belief are established and any attributes regarding Allah are accepted as they are without delving into possible rational and philosophical explanations, thus keeping far from anthropomorphism, complete denial or speculative interpretation.
Interpreting Islamic law by deriving specific rulings - such as how to pray - is known as fiqh, commonly termed jurisprudence. A madh'hab is a particular tradition of interpreting this jurisprudence. These schools possess different focuses, such as specific evidence (Shafi'i and Hanbali) or general principles (Hanafi and Maliki) derived from specific evidences. As these schools represent clearly spelled out methodologies for interpreting Islamic law, there has been little change in the methodology with regard to each school. All four madh'habs are recognised viable legal schools and are not seen as in error in contrast to one another, each school has their evidences and differences are respected as being Ikhtilaf; this is because all the schools are united upon the usul (base) issues but generally differ on furu' (branches).
As the social and economic environment changes, new rulings are derived - this is known as Ijtihad - this can be from a Mujtahid who specialises in one or more Madh'habs. For example, when tobacco appeared, it was considered disliked because of its smell. When medical information showed that smoking was dangerous, most jurists took the view that it is forbidden. Current issues include social topics such as downloading pirated software and scientific issues such as cloning.
Sunni Islam has six articles of faith known as the six pillars of iman that all Sunni Muslims are united upon in belief, along with the 105 key points of creed mentioned in "Aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī's Islamic Theology".[15]
|This article is part of a series on:
Some Islamic scholars faced questions that they felt were not explicitly answered in the Qur'an and Sunnah, especially questions with regard to philosophical conundra such as the nature of God, the existence of human free will, or the eternal existence of the Qur'an. Various schools of theology and philosophy developed to answer these questions, each claiming to be true to the Qur'an and the Muslim tradition (sunnah). Among Sunni Muslims, various schools of thought in theology began to be born out of the sciences of kalam in opposition to the textualists who stood by affirming texts without delving into philosophical speculation as they saw it as an innovation in Islam. The following were the four dominant traditions that grew however the key beliefs of the Sunni Islam are all agreed upon (being the six pillars of Iman) and codified in the treatise on Aqeedah by Imam Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tahawi in his Aqeedat Tahawiyyah.
Founded by Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (died 944). Maturidiyyah was a minority tradition until it was accepted by the Turkish tribes of Central Asia (previously they had been Ash'ari and followers of the Shafi'i school,[citation needed] it was only later on migration into Anatolia that they became Hanafi and followers of the Maturidi creed[citation needed]). One of the tribes, the Seljuk Turks, migrated to Turkey, where later the Ottoman Empire was established.[16] Their preferred school of law achieved a new prominence throughout their whole empire although it continued to be followed almost exclusively by followers of the Hanafi school while followers of the Shafi and Maliki schools within the empire followed the Ash'ari and Athari schools of thought. Thus, wherever can be found Hanafi followers, there can be found the Maturidi creed. Maturidis argue that the knowledge of God's existence can be derived through pure reason.
Founded by Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (873–935). This theological school of Aqeedah was embraced by plenty of Muslim scholars and developed in parts of the Islamic world throughout history, Imam al-Ghazali wrote on the creed discussing it and agreeing upon some of its principles.[17] Ash'ari historically and today has the greatest backing of the Muslim Scholars.
Ash'ari theology stresses divine revelation over human reason. Contrary to the Mu'tazilites, they say that ethics cannot be derived from human reason, but that God's commands, as revealed in the Qur'an and the Sunnah (the practices of Muhammad and his companions as recorded in the traditions, or hadith), are the sole source of all morality and ethics.
Regarding the nature of God and the divine attributes, the Ash'ari rejected the Mu'tazili position that all Qur'anic references to God as having real attributes were not metaphorical. The Ash'aris insisted that these attributes were as they "best befit him". The Arabic language is a wide language in which one word can have 15 different meanings, so the Ash'aris endeavor to find the meaning that best befits Allah and is not contradicted by the Qur'an. Therefore when Allah states in the Holy Qur'an, "He who does not resemble any of this creation," this clearly means Allah can't be attributed with body parts because he created body parts. This is one way which differentiates these Muslims from most Christians and Jews. Ash'aris tend to stress divine omnipotence over human free will and they believe that the Qur'an is eternal and uncreated.
Athari (Arabic: أثري), or "textualism", is derived from the Arabic word athar, literally meaning "remnant", and also referring to "narrations". Their disciples are called the Atharis or al-Atharia. The Atharis are considered to be one of four Sunni schools of Aqidah.
The Athari methodology of textual interpretation is to avoid delving into any extensive theological speculation. They believe in Allah and his attributes in the exact fashion that they were mentioned in the Quran, the Sunnah, and by the Sahabah. They do not attempt to further interpret the aforementioned texts by giving a literal meaning like in Ẓāhirīya (literalism) or the Tashbih (simile or likening), nor through tahrif (distortion), nor ta`weel (allegory or metaphor), nor ta'teel (denial). They avoid entering into deep rational philosophical discussions of matters relating to Islamic beliefs that are not supported by the Quran, the Sunnah or the understanding of the Sahabah with specific wording; rather, their discussion and presentation of beliefs revolves entirely around textual evidences found in these three main sources, while remaining cautious to avoid taking the path of the Ẓāhirīs (literalists) either. The Atharis believe this to be the methodology adhered to by the first three generations of Muslims (i.e. the Salaf), therefore making it the school of Sunni Aqidah that they believe is adhering to the truth and keeping to the balanced middle path of Islam.
The Qur'an as it exists today in book form was compiled by Muhammad's companions (Sahaba) within a handful of months of his death, and is accepted by all Muslim denominations. However, there were many matters of belief and daily life that were not directly prescribed in the Qur'an, but were actions that were observed by Muhammad and the early Muslim community. Later generations sought out oral traditions regarding the early history of Islam, and the practices of Muhammad and his first followers, and wrote them down so that they might be preserved. These recorded oral traditions are called hadith. Muslim scholars have through the ages sifted through the hadith and evaluated the chain of narrations of each tradition, scrutinizing the trustworthiness of the narrators and judging the strength of each hadith accordingly.
Al-Kutub al-Sittah translates as "the Six Books". Most Sunni Muslims accept the hadith collections of Bukhari and Muslim as the most authentic (sahih, or correct), and while accepting all hadiths verified as authentic, grant a slightly lesser status to the collections of other recorders. There are, however, four other collections of hadith that are also held in particular reverence by Sunni Muslims, making a total of six:
There are also other collections of hadith which also contain many authentic hadith and are frequently used by scholars and specialists. Examples of these collections include:


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Vt. senators push for Saturday mailStaff Report | February 13,2013Sen. Bernard Sanders, I-Vt., and Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., were part of a group of U.S. senators to introduce a bill Wednesday to preserve Saturday mail delivery.
The measure may provide the Postal Service with new options to make money by permitting services such as notarizing documents, issuing hunting and fishing licenses, and allowing beer and wine shipments, Sanders said.
The legislation, which was simultaneously introduced in the U.S. House by Rep. Peter DeFazio, D-Ore., would also prevent mail-sorting centers and rural post offices from shutting down.
A commission of successful small business and labor representatives would be created to recommend other directions the U.S. Postal Service could pursue to remain relevant in an age of electronic mail.
Sanders said the Senate bill also seeks to repeal a 2006 law that mandated the post office pre-fund 75 years of future health care benefits for retirees over 10 years.MORE IN This Just InPolice are seeking information about a pair of robberies in Rutland and Wallingford Wednesday night. Full StoryBy now we are in full- blown holiday mode, but despite our busy schedules, there is always time... Full Story
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- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Gov. Peter Shumlin announces demise of his single-payer health insurance initiative; convicted first-degree murderer Alan Prue sentenced to 50 years for killing teacher Melissa Jenkins; veterans chafed about park naming snub.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: In 497 BC, first Saturnalia festival celebrated in Rome, Scandinavians retain 'Yule Goat' as symbol of season, Krampus, evil side of holiday cheer, terrorizes children into better behavior, more advice from Christopher Hitchens.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: In 533 AD, Byzantine Emperor Justinian I gets the old empire back together again routing the Vandals from Carthage; in 1890, Lakota Chief Sitting Bull is killed at his home in South Dakota; in 1970, Soviets land probe on Venus.
- DUANE CARLETON: Rutland Herald Events Editor George Nostrand interviews musician Duane Carleton, whose new CD 'A GIRL LIKE THAT' drops Thursday, Dec. 18, 2014, and will be celebrated that evening with a show at 9:30 p.m. at Killington's Pickle Barrel.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: Sigisimund, king of Hungary, creates Order of the Dragon to defend the West against Ottoman Turks; Chong Ho escorts 300 virgins to China; J. Bruce Ismay born this day, built Titanic, gets free trip, does not go down with the ship.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Storm takes out power for 60,000 Vermonters; state gets $33M to fund pre-K education; Springfield board OKs fund to demolish blighted buildings, voters have final say; George Nostrand runs down coming events.


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What does NDBC stand for?
What does NDBC mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: NDBC.
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Still can't find the acronym definition you were looking for? Use our Power Search technology to look for more unique definitions from across the web!
"NDBC." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. <http://www.abbreviations.com/NDBC>.


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We're too tired to see friends, yet energized after meeting with them. That's just one of the many paradoxes of friendship. Read More
We're too tired to see friends, yet energized after meeting with them. That's just one of the many paradoxes of friendship. Read More
I really didn't believe that Africa still possess mystical powers because of scam stories i read online but the real truth is Africa possess powerful magical powers and i am a testimony to this fact. I am Jamie Powell and i will explain in this article how i got help that if my friend or someone dear to me tells me i will get help, i will believe it to be a lie.
I was in a relationship with this young lady who was 28 and everything moved on smoothly until one certain day, i didn't really know what came over her, she just started avoiding me and right from time her parents hated me, they never wanted me to be with their daughter and so Laurel gave them point for them to hate me the more.
During those period, i couldn't think straight because i loved this woman so much, i really wanted to propose marriage to her but she told me her parents has cautioned her to stay away from me and that i was a bad ass. Because of this situation, i begin to have seizures at work and this affected my performance at work. Then, a co-worker of mine who knew i was going through stress because of my girlfriend's issue told me when he needed her ex lover back who left her because he had weak erection searched everywhere for help, some people who claimed has powers to bring back ex lovers couldn't help, all they did was to add problems to his problems and said luck came his way when he met and contacted one Dr. Esiendo at {firstname.lastname@example.com} who brought back his wife and cured his weak erection and when he finished, i believed in my heart that if he could get help then i certainly, will get helped.
Then, i contacted him and to my greatest surprise after three days, a girl who first told me her parents has cautioned her to stay away from me and that she doesn't love me no longer apologise and asked for my forgiveness and said her parents wanted to see me. From my heart, i hugged and kissed her and went to see her parents and they also told me they were sorry for not letting us be and that right now, they have approve we get reunited and right there, i propose marrying Laurel and they were happy and blessed us both and gave us a go ahead.
Today i am reunited and happy with Laurel and her family and all these were possible because of Dr. Esiendo's help which is why i am urging everyone in need of help to get help from him before the year comes to an end, for he is the only trusted and reliable source of help anyone will desire to get help from.
It can take a radical reboot to get past old hurts and injustices.


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|Complete Jewish Bible (CJB)
|New International Version (NIV)
|11 The proud looks of man will be humiliated; the arrogance of men will be bowed down; and when that day comes, ADONAI alone will be exalted.
|11 The eyes of the arrogant man will be humbled and the pride of men brought low; the LORD alone will be exalted in that day.
|Complete Jewish Bible Copyright 1998 by David H. Stern. Published by Jewish New Testament Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. Used by permission. (The Complete Jewish Bible Online)
|Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online)


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A missing 87-year-old Laguna Beach man was found Tuesday afternoon, several hours after police asked for the public's help in finding him.
Joseph Marion Petrovich was reunited with his family one day after he made what police called a "suspicious" phone call, reporting a traffic accident during a trip to Pomona on Monday, authorities said. He was found at a McDonald's in Pomona.
Petrovich was last seen in the 400 block of Monterey Drive about 9 a.m. Monday before leaving to visit his sister's home in Pomona, police and California Highway Patrol officials said.
Petrovich, who has no cellphone, made a "call from an unknown number on Monday "stating he had been in a traffic accident and was injured." An unknown person took the phone from Petrovich, police said, said the Laguna Beach man was not injured and hung up.
Police now believe the phone call was a misunderstanding. Petrovich's car apparently had a flat tire, and police say he may have spent the night in the vehicle, but he was not injured.
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CompTIA 220-302 Bundle
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After her dad explicitly forbids her dating, Penny decides to sneak out to an amusement park for a 'group date' with her friends-only when the girls pair up with the boys, Penny is stuck with the rather rotund Carlos. While initially disgruntled, Penny discovers that Carlos is a sweet, funny, and confident kid and ends up having the best time of all her friends. Once back home her date is revealed, but Oscar is relieved to discover that Penny learned a valuable lesson about getting to know a person on the inside. Also, Trudy and Sunset drag Oscar and Felix on a 'date' to a day spa.
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6:14 am
Thu May 2, 2013
Employees Agree To Wear Company Logo Tattoo
By editor
Originally published on Thu May 2, 2013 9:09 am
Good morning. I'm David Greene.
How much do you love your employer? Probably not as much as some employees at Rapid Realty in New York. Their boss offered a 15 percent raise to anyone willing to get a tattoo of the company logo, and 40 people took him up on it. We have something similar at NPR. For a marketing campaign, I got a mean MORNING EDITION tat on my forearm. There's a photo of it at our Facebook page. No raise involved. I do feel pretty cool, though that might last as long as the tattoo, which is temporary.
It's MORNING EDITION. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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All quotes tagged Sisters
(497 quotes found)
"When they went to the state, and came back as a state champion, then we were all sisters and brothers there really."
"A mother wants her daughter married well, but her sister doesn't want her married better than she is."
"We are here showing our opposition to the FBI's attitude, to this persecution of our Puerto Rican brothers and sisters."
"Do not focus too much on the east and forget the west. And do not ignore the south, to speak for the north. What happens in the east has effects in the north, as the west has in the south. And do not focus on one species and ignore the other. Or love your father but ignore your mother, or love your sister but ignore your brother. Do not forget each other. We are all part of each other. We are all ONE."


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OCCC Nursing Program for Spring 2013 - page 12
Just turned in my application...now for the waiting:confused: I only had 17pts, was wondering what everyone else had?... Read More
- 1Dec 5, '12 by Leslye3404I just got an email that someone dropped their spot! Woohoooo he told me to call immediately And I did but no answer! Omg I'm sooooo happy I just need to hear it over the phone and I can calm down! Your next Katherine!!!!!!!!!!!
- 1Dec 6, '12 by Leslye3404It's official I'm in!!! Wooohooooooo
- 1Dec 6, '12 by liviah15Yay!!!! Congratulations
- 1Dec 6, '12 by KatherineCTHE BEST NEWS I HAVE HEARD IN MONTHS! CONGRATS LESLYE!!! YEAH YEAH! SEE YOU MONDAY!!!!! ENJOY!!!!!!!!!!!!! I am so excited!!!! Thank you for posting! Thank you! eeeekkkk!
Treat yourself to something nice!
- 0Dec 6, '12 by Leslye3404Yes best news for me as well! I have been celebrating since I got the call! I can't wait until you post your call Katherine! Thank you! See you Monday!
- 0Dec 10, '12 by brit57thats great that you got your call! let me know how today goes! if anyone just gets up and walks out, like I have heard some do! lol. Im alternate #15 and I know that its a long shot, especially as its getting closer and closer and so few have been called, but I expect things come up and maybe... JUST MAYBE... I could get a call in January at the latest. Not going to be bummed if I dont as Im already planning other ways, but let me know how that meeting goes!
- 0Dec 10, '12 by OKNurse2beI just wanted to say Good Luck to everyone today!! You guys should all be at the Orientation!! I am a student in NP1 going into NP2 and our class is almost half alternates that got called in at the last minute. If memory serves me right, they called in as many as 30 alternates. There is HOPE in other words. It's a great school and the professors are wonderful. They really want you to be successful.
- 0Dec 10, '12 by brit57I was alternate 42 last semester, and was told I had a great chance this time, when I called a few weeks ago, I was told that I should just wait on a letter or call or email. I'm going to go by tomorrow, and talk with someone face to face. Crossing fingers that atleast 15 alternates get in!
- 0Dec 11, '12 by KatherineCThis is late but I am alternate 3 and I got in yesterday at orientation! Yipeeeeeee! A great day, lots of info but so excited! And it was wonderful to meet Leslye finally!
Here we go! Good luck to all the other alternates! Don't give up hope! I haven't tried moodle or angel or ati yet. I don't think Moodle will be ready until January.


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Unlike most Delhi University students who returned to their colleges after the semester break, twenty-odd students met at the Cluster Innovation Centre last week to kickstart the country�s first meta-university course � Masters in Mathematics Education.
The two-year joint degree programme, a collaboration between Jamia Millia Islamia and Delhi University, has attracted a motley crowd. Students believe that the course will introduce them to new methods in mathematics education.
After completing his graduation in Mathematics in 1994 at Magadh University, 43-year-old Surendra Kumar Gupta has been making a living by teaching school students in Delhi. A native of Bodh Gaya in Bihar, Gupta felt the need for a change in the way mathematics is taught.
�Mathematics is a subject which many students find to be boring. A survey in the UK found that almost 80 per cent students found the subject uninteresting. I have also felt that there are such problems,� Gupta said.
He expects the meta-university course to focus on innovative ways to teach mathematics. �Now that I have taken admission to this course, I plan to change my approach towards teaching mathematics in the tuition classes,� he said.
While the idea behind the meta-university course is to introduce better teachers, the mix of education, media studies and mathematics on offer has attracted students. Madhav Kundan pursued B Ed after completing a BA in Computer Application from Jamia. �The course structure of Masters in Mathematics Education emphasises on mathematics and pedagogy on the one hand and media on the other. I found this very interesting. The AJK Mass Communication Centre at Jamia is among the best places for studying mass communication. We are getting an opportunity to study there as part of the course,� Madhav said.
A few students of this course wanted to study advanced mathematics, which their graduation courses did not allow them to do. �I have always been interested in mathematics but never thought of doing a Masters in the subject. I want to know about how mathematicians think and how the subject can be linked with mass communication,� Anuj Pradhan said. Pradhan has studied Mathematics (Honours) at Sri Venkateswara College and is not sure about the career path that he will take after this course.
�I hope this course will help me make a career choice,� he said.


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Happy shouts float across Swings-N-Things Family Fun Park, whipping out of the mouths of captains ricocheting off one another in bumper boats. The satisfying clunk of colorful spheres falling into holes on the mini-golf course perks up ears in the sprawling complex of indoor and outdoor attractions. Patrons frolic across the park?s two outdoor mini-golf courses before practicing their aim in a laser shootout game, and children ages 10 and younger scramble their socked feet over slides and rides inside the Kids Korner indoor play area. Swings-N-Things Family Fun Park is easily accessible from the area's major highways.
Lasers flash across a 4,000-square-foot arena. Bumper boats splash against each other in a 135,000-gallon lake. An elastic EuroBungy harness flings bouncers skyward for death-defying flips. These are just a few of the attractions and activities at Fun 'n' Stuff, where families can also fill their days by racing go-karts, climbing a rock wall, or gliding around a rink on rented roller skates. Guests who want to breathe in fresh air can putt through two 18-hole mini golf courses, whack balls in five hardball and four softball cages, and slide down a 24-foot inflatable slide. The littlest visitors play in a ball pit, whereas the Extreme Looping Bikes send older ones soaring through the air, just like the majestic eagle they rode to their middle-school graduation.
Sto-Kent has been wearing the CityVoter Best Bowling Facility badge of honor in Akron-Canton for the last three years. Strap on a pair of freshly sanitized bowling stilettos, find your favorite three-fingered pin-seeker, and shuffle to the greased-up lane for 20+ frames of bowling shenanigans. Once the pins have been pinsploded, head outside for a round of mini golf Sto-Kent style. Use the game to practice putting, challenge coworkers for microwave rights, or test AstroTurf's resistance to hot, steamy tears.
At night, Chip's Clubhouse looks like a glowing jungle. Massive trees hang over a labyrinth of outcroppings, crashing waterfalls, and sand traps. During the day, the mini-golf course reveals park-like terrain in a brighter light, highlighting its winding brick-lined path of putt-putt challenges. Players vie for the course par of 40, but will only succeed if they can manage to block out the distracting beauty of the nearby waterfalls and keep their golf ball from stopping midroll to smell the flowers nestled on the fringes.
Putt-Putt Fun Center's diminutive diversions pack a full-size dose of afternoon entertainment for fun-seeking families and putt-putt enthusiasts alike. Grab a putter and whack dimpled balls into 18 holes spread across three mini golf courses. Play the angles and employ your secret mini swing to achieve that satisfying ball-in-cup clink while keeping score in pencil, an erasable alternative for situations requiring mulligans or tactical alterations of your opponent's stroke numbers. Children 5 and younger can play at Putt-Putt Fun Center for $1, so feel free to bring the entire family for a relaxing day of club swinging.
The soft pop of clubs connecting with golf balls drifts across The Range at Green & Harvard. Three acres of grass tees and 30 artificial-turf tees provide ample room for mobs to hone their swings after a long day chasing unnatural creations of science, and bunkers and practice greens enable focused work on the short game. The outfit replaces the entire fleet of range balls each year, so golfers rarely tee up a misshapen sphere.
Lights shine from above to allow nighttime repetitions, and at a pro shop, steely bouquets of clubs from Callaway and Top Flite stand in corners, overseen by trainers and staff members.


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UPDATE: Suspect In Kidnapping And Sexual Assault Of A 12 Year Old El Paso Girl Has Been Caught
On Friday night, a 12 year old girl was kidnapped from a football game in Horizon, and sexually assaulted by the man who allegedly kidnapped her. The El Paso Sheriff's Office turned to the public for help in finding the man. He has been caught, and is under a $500,000 bond.


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Four ways we could hack human bodies to save the environment
Could prescribing a pill or introducing a widespread genetic tweak save the environment? Should we change ourselves in order to reduce our impact on the world? An ethicist has proposed four biohacks for the human race that could stall the effects of climate change. »


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Phillips Industries 80-1291 Travel Kit
Overdrive Staff | March 01, 2012
We tallied readers' requests for more information on products published in MarketPlace during 2011 to determine which were the 30 top items.
Overdrive Staff | March 01, 2011
A global positioning system, a heated seat, a walking beam suspension and aftermarket mirrors are among the products featured.
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Robert Palmer relives the pre-Band era with Robbie Robertson
Bob Marley changed the course of Jamaican music and brought reggae to the world stage. But his songs of freedom still beat with a rock & roll heart
Whether or not you think he's God, Eric Clapton's mastery of the blues might get you crying tears in heaven
'Keith's album' boasts a more lethal sound
The phrase keeps coming back to haunt them, but here's why they live up to it.
Although he was raised on the Bible, 'the Killer' knows he's going to hell for playing rock & roll


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The Oprah Show will go down in history as a show that made people's wildest dreams come true. In 2004, Jake Simpson joined those ranks. Look back at one of Oprah's all-time favorite surprises and find out what Jake has been doing since he sang alongside Stevie Wonder.
Download the TV Guide app for iPhone, iPad and Android!


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You're leaving Wedding Paper Divas to see the Deal of the Day at our parent site, Tiny Prints.
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