text:
The election is already being talked about as a seminal event which could change British politics for ever — the way the rise of Thatcherism did in the 1970s and the birth of New Labour in 1990s.
Barely hours before polling opens in Britain's general election on Thursday there is still no clear winner in sight and new opinion polls every few hours are adding to the confusion and tension. Although the smart money is still on a hung Parliament with millions of people apparently still undecided, in the past 24 hours the polls have started to tilt in favour of the Tories giving them a wafer-thin outright majority. Moreover, anecdotal evidence suggests that historically potential Tory supporters are reluctant to show their hands. Jemima Khan, former wife of Pakistan cricketer Imran Khan, believes that people are still "embarrassed'' to declare open support for Tories.
"Maybe reading horoscopes is a bit like voting Tory. People clearly do it but no one likes to admit it," she wrote on Twitter.
But whatever the outcome, the election is already being talked about as a seminal event which could change British politics for ever — the way the rise of Thatcherism did in the 1970s and the birth of New Labour in 1990s.
For a start, it has shaken up (and stirred, if you please) the smug sense of "entitlement" that the two main parties — Labour and the Tories — had come to acquire, an assumption that somehow they alone had the divine right to govern. The Liberal Democrats' unexpected surge after their leader Nick Clegg's confident performance in the leaders' television debates has introduced a new element into the mix; or, to use a cliché much in currency, "electrified" the campaign throwing wide open what started off as a predictable two-horse race between a tired Labour and a resurgent Tories under young David Cameron.
Even if, in the end, nothing too dramatic happens the developments of the past few weeks would have served a purpose insofar as they have dealt a blow to the idea of a permanent political duopoly and pricked the bubble of Labour-Tory invincibility. Mark Penn, who was adviser to the 1996 U.S. presidential debates and has been observing the U.K. election campaign, sees the emergence of a potential third alternative in British politics as a "wake-up call for the two establishment parties." He warns that for a political system that has "relied on a two-party contest.... the change may be only just beginning."
At the start of this campaign last month, who would have thought that an election that the Tories believed was already in the bag would become a psephologist's nightmare. It has been the most unpredictable election campaign since 1992 when the Tories surprised even themselves as they romped home in a nail-biting finish after John Major had all but given up and Labour were preparing to celebrate.
Indeed, there was a time in the current campaign — dubbed BC (Before Clegg) — when Tories looked unstoppable with leads of up to 20 points over Labour, and Lib Dems not even on the radar. Then the TV debates, Britain's first experiment with once-derided American-style electioneering, happened sparking a Cleggmania, and sending the tectonic plates of British politics into a spin. Lib Dems stormed into the second place, after the Tories, with Labour trailing as a poor third.
Mr. Clegg has boasted that it is now a two-way race between his party and the Tories and Labour might as well pack up its bags and leave. Which, of course, is nonsense and sounds too much like the language of a man "intoxicated" by his new-found fame, as a senior cabinet minister sarcastically remarked.
For the truth is that — blame it on the electoral system or what you will —even on their current polling Lib Dems will not be able to add significantly to their existing tally of 62 (the most wildly optimistic estimates give them up to 100 extra seats) and remain the third party in terms of the number of seats, whereas Labour — even in its current battered shape — still has enough steam left to surprise its rivals.
But, there is no doubt that Lib Dems' dramatic rise has profound implications for the broader centre-left politics in Britain — and that's another significance of these elections no matter who gets to win the keys to No.10.
Mr. Clegg claims that Lib Dems are the now the new face of the progressive centrist "alliance." Well, not quite yet. In order to be accepted as a credible alternative to Labour, they will need to work harder on their policies, currently designed mostly to attract protest vote, and to produce a coherent narrative of what exactly they stand for beyond the vague vision of a "fairer" Britain.
Nevertheless, the 2010 election has given them a huge boost and brought them closer to the centre-stage of British politics than they have ever been since the 1970s when they briefly flirted with Harold Wilson's minority government. It's their best moment in a generation while Labour is looking exhausted after 13 years in office and, in the words of one commentator , it is like "witnessing the fag end of empire." The party is in need of an urgent — and extensive — face-lift starting with a change of leader; or Mr. Clegg and Co. will rip through it.
Labour only needs to look at the media to get a sense of its increasing isolation. Forget the Murdoch press (The Times has given up on it after supporting it for 18 years; and the Sun after 13), even the long-suffering loyalist Guardian has decided to dump Labour in favour of Lib Dems citing Mr. Brown as a hurdle to the party's revival. Mr. Brown, it said, had "failed to articulate a vision, a plan or an argument for the future."
Explaining its decision in a hard-hitting full-page editorial headed "The liberal moment has come," the newspaper recalled that a year ago it had called for the party to persuade him to step down but, instead, it chose to "hug Mr. Brown close."
"It was the wrong decision then, and it is clear, not least after his humiliation in Rochdale (he was forced to offer a grovelling public apology after being caught on live microphone calling a local woman voter a "bigot"), that it is the wrong decision now.....We said that he had become incapable of leading the necessary revolution against the political system that the [MPs] expenses scandal had triggered. Labour thought differently. It failed to act. It thereby lost the opportunity to renew itself, and is now facing the consequences."
The Independent, another Labour-supporting paper, has chosen to endorse the case for a hung parliament which amounts to an implicit endorsement of Lib Dems. Thus, for the first time in living memory not a single mainstream national newspaper of any significance is backing Labour. But, instead of doing some serious reflection the party's spin machine has reacted by accusing the media of anti-Labour bias.
In a desperate move, the party has wheeled out Tony Blair to pep up its faltering campaign. There is a delicious irony in this. For here is a man who was forced out of office by Mr. Brown and his camp followers after portraying him as an electoral liability even though he led the party to three consecutive victories, including the 1997 landslide. In fact, the whole Labour campaign has been masterminded — and is being run — by Blairites under the tight supervision of Peter Mandelson, the Business Secretary, and the Brownites' one-time bête-noir. But then these are desperate times for Mr. Brown and, as he himself acknowledged, he is "fighting for my life" and obviously sees no shame in sleeping with his former enemies.
"Twitter election"
Finally, a word about this election's campaign style. It was billed as Britain's first "Twitter election" inspired by Barack Obama's innovative and hugely successful internet presidential campaign with both Labour and the Tories bringing in high-profile American experts to advise them. But despite the initial hype the so-called "webification" of British elections never really happened. Much of the campaign remained rooted in old-fashioned doorstep canvassing and leafleting; and newspapers and television not just held their ground against the new media but dominated the campaign.
According to broadcaster Jon Snow the campaign has shown that television, whose power was widely predicted to wane in the face of the challenge from the Internet, remains "as great as ever" with the three televised leaders' debates watched by more than 20 million voters completely overshadowing the online campaign.
Not everyone, however, is excited at the idea of elections being decided on the basis of carefully choreographed and tightly-controlled TV debates where candidates win or lose not on the basis of argument they put forward but their body language and whether they got the colour of their tie right.
Meanwhile, now that the campaign is mostly over whoever wins on Friday will have their work cut out as they grapple with the fallout of the recession without alienating public opinion. But that's another story and will require another article.
Keywords: U.K. polls, televised election debate, Gordon Brown, Conservatives, Labour, Lib Dem, David Cameron, Tories, Thatcherism, Nick Clegg


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Sharron Angle's War On Canada
• Government officials from the North American nation of Canada are displeased with Nevada senatorial candidate Sharron Angle's assertion that the U.S.-Canada border is "the most porous border that we have." [Politico]
• In a special ceremony at the Kremlin, Russian president Dmitri A. Medvedev honored some of the spies who were caught and exiled from the United States last summer. [The New York Times]
• Where there's smoke, there's fire: Mexican police seized 105 tons of marijuana in Tijuana yesterday. [CNN]
• The Texas Rangers handily defeated the New York Yankees 8-0 in last night's game, putting the Rangers at a 2-1 advantage heading into the fourth game of the playoffs. [St. Petersburg Times]
• And finally, for Tuesday's traditional Bristol-Palin-on-Dancing-with-the-Stars briefing: last night our girl from Alaska stripped off a monkey suit during a Monkees song. [Gawker]


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Posted Thursday, November 17th, 2011 at 7:24 am.
Updated 3 years ago
By News Desk
For the next week, we here at TV5 will be highlighting those who gave of themselves at times of great need, and are being honored by the Red Cross for their efforts. Catherine Pegram gave us a quick preview Thursday morning.
2011 © WABI TV5. ALL Rights Reserved. | Advertise | E-Coupons | Employment Information | FCC Public File | Closed Captioning | Contact Us | Log in


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- freely available
- re-usable
Sensors 2013, 13(7), 8352-8376; doi:10.3390/s130708352
Published: 1 July 2013
Abstract: In this paper, we present and demonstrate a low complexity elastic wave signaling and reception method to achieve high data rate communication on dispersive solid elastic media, such as metal pipes, using piezoelectric transducers of PZT (lead zirconate titanate). Data communication is realized using pulse position modulation (PPM) as the signaling method and the elastic medium as the communication channel. The communication system first transmits a small number of training pulses to probe the dispersive medium. The time-reversed probe signals are then utilized as the information carrying waveforms. Rapid timing acquisition of transmitted waveforms for demodulation over elastic medium is made possible by exploring the reciprocity property of guided elastic waves. The experimental tests were conducted using a National Instrument PXI system for waveform excitation and data acquisition. Data telemetry bit rates of 10 kbps, 20 kbps, 50 kbps and 100 kbps with the average bit error rates of 0, 5.75 x 10-4, 1.09 x 10-2 and 5.01 x 10-2, respectively, out of a total of 40, 000 transmitted bits were obtained when transmitting at the center frequency of 250 kHz and a 500 kHz bandwidth on steel pipe specimens. To emphasize the influence of time reversal, no complex processing techniques, such as adaptive channel equalization or error correction coding, were employed.
1. Introduction
Piezoelectric sensor networks that are embedded in large civil structures, such as pipes, offshore platforms, bridges and railways, are considered as the future of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems [1]. Active acoustic sensors or actuators in the network can be excited to generate elastic waves that could propagate a long distance and interrogate structures for possible defects, thus providing in situ monitoring of the integrity and operating conditions of the structures. One of the important aspects of sensor networks for SHM applications is its ability for data communication between sensors. This is because the operating status and conditions of the structure under monitoring must be sent through the network to a central processing unit, so that human operators can take necessary actions when defects are detected. Data communication within a sensor network could occur between two or multiple sensor nodes or between sensor nodes and a central processing unit. In the classic communication theory, information-bearing signals are modulated and excited from a transmitter; the excitation signals propagate through physical medium as propagation waves, such as electromagnetic waved and acoustical waved, and are received by a receiver. The received signals are demodulated to recover the transmitted information bits. In many existing SHM sensor network applications, conventional schemes, such as wireless radio communication and acoustical communication, are employed for data communication. However, the underlying wave propagation physics reveals that conventional communication schemes are often inapplicable or inadequate in many real-life situations. For example, for pipes that are buried underground or for hollow sub-sea structures in offshore platforms, radio communication is difficult to realize, because electromagnetic wave signals suffer severe decay in soil or water, which results in very short transmission range.
Ultrasonic waves, i.e., waves that travel along a rod, tube, pipe or plate-like structure, form guided waves as a result of the interaction between ultrasonic excitation signals propagating in a medium and the medium's boundaries [2-4]. The excitation of guided ultrasonic waves has become a popular tool for nondestructive inspection of pipes and other physical infrastructures, due to their potential to travel great distances [5-8]. However, there are three fundamental difficulties when guided waves are utilized for pipe inspection and data communication, i.e., signal dispersion, multimode and ambient noise. First, the elastic guided wave signals are highly dispersive. Signal dispersion stems from the underlying elastic wave propagation physics, which signal transmission speed varies with frequencies. Acoustic signal dispersion causes signal time spreading, as well as phase and frequency shift. In communication theory, this phenomenon is called multipath propagation. The delayed arrivals of propagating signals may overlap, destructively causing severe signal attenuation or signal fading, which results in poor system performance in many stages of the communication flow, including synchronization, signal detection and demodulation, etc. Second, pipe waves are characterized by an infinite number of dispersive longitudinal and torsional modes and a doubly infinite number of flexural modes [9]. The longitudinal and torsional modes are both axisymmetric, while each flexural mode exhibits an infinite number of non-axisymmetric circumferential mode orders [10,11]. Thus, a proper selection of wave modes for signal transmission would be a critical, but difficult, task. Third, ambient noise exists in the received signals. Ambient noise refers to the addition of a random signal of specific mean value and variance. A high noise level reduces the signal-to-noise power ratio at the receiver, which yields poor performance for signal detection. Adaptive filtering methods should be employed to reduce the level of ambient noise.
Time reversal has emerged as a viable approach for overcoming signal dispersion for digital communication applications, for example, underwater acoustic communication [12] and ultra-wideband radio communication [13–16]. In [17,18], we develop a time reversal-based guided elastic wave communication scheme that utilizes steel pipes as transmission channels. The developed communication scheme was verified by preliminary experimental data collected from a steel pipe in a laboratory environment using acoustic wave excitation. The focus of this paper is to provide a comprehensive theoretical development of the proposed time reversal-based pulse position modulation (TR-PPM) method and conduct extensive experimental tests to examine the achievable bit error rate (BER) on steel pipe specimens with various configurations using lead zirconate titanate (PZT) wafer transducers. The contribution of the work described in this paper and our earlier papers [17,18] focuses on the following two perspectives.
First, we utilize the time reversal-based pulse position modulation (TR-PPM) method to achieve signal synchronization and symbol demodulation in order to compensate for severe channel dispersion and multi-modality in the elastic wave communication system design. In most communication systems, the receiver must know the exact starting time in order to demodulate the transmitted symbols correctly. The task for determining the starting time of symbols at the receiver from the distorted transmission signals is commonly called timing acquisition or synchronization. For high data rate communication using elastic waves, rapid and precise timing acquisition becomes very difficult for the PPM scheme, due to severe dispersion and the multi-modality of the underlying characteristics of elastic waves. This problem is somewhat similar to the ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems, where a large number of resolvable paths in UWB channels may cause many possible starting times [19–22]. In such cases, timing acquisition often requires complicated searching algorithms to estimate the start time for symbol demodulation. Hence, the hardware implementation is costly. The TR-PPM scheme we proposed in our earlier paper [17,18] and this paper can be regarded as a channel-assisted timing algorithm, which does not require complicated channel estimation algorithms or circuits at the transmitter and the receiver. In our system, the physical channel is implicitly pre-equalized by the time reversed waveforms at the transmitter. By utilizing the intrinsic adaptive space-time focusing of time reversal, the proposed method needs only a small number of training preamble symbols performing in a pitch-catch mode to estimate the starting time of the symbols quickly, thus enabling subsequent symbol demodulation, despite the above-mentioned channel dispersion and multi-modality in elastic wave channels.
Second, we conduct extensive test-bed studies in a laboratory environment to validate the feasibility of elastic wave data communication. The test bed includes PZT wafers, two different steel pipe specimens (i.e., a carbon steel pipe and a stainless steel pipe) and a National Instrument PXI acoustical measurement system that includes an arbitrary waveform generator and a digitizer. We note that data communication schemes using elastic waves have been reported for, for example, flood detection in oil rigs (see, e.g., [23,24]), drill string telemetry [25] in the measurement while drilling (MWD) and logging while drilling (LWD) services in the oil and gas industry [26,27] or Lamb wave communication (see e.g., [28]); systematic studies of high data rate communication schemes using elastic waves are lacking. We note that a pulse position modulation scheme using guided acoustic waves for flood detection was proposed in [23,24]. However, the realized data rate was relatively low, because only a 2 kHz narrow frequency band (39 kHz-41 kHz) was used in order to overcome the problem of channel dispersion. To achieve high data rate communication using guided elastic waves, a much wider frequency band must be used. We test the proposed TR-PPM modulation scheme under the data rates of 10 kbps, 20 kbps, 50 kbps and up to 100 kbps. The obtained average bit error rates are 0, 5.75 x 10-4, 1.09 x 10-2 and 5.01 x 10-2, respectively, out of a total of 40, 000 transmitted binary bits (i.e., ′0′s and ′1′s) when transmitting at the center frequency of 250 kHz and a 500 kHz bandwidth on steel pipe specimens. We note that no complex processing schemes, such as adaptive channel equalization and error correction coding, are employed at the receiver for the purpose of emphasizing the advantage of time reversal.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the background theory. Section 3 presents the communication results by experiments. The conclusion is presented in Section 4.
2. Background Theory
2.1. General Signal Models for Pulse Position Modulation
For wideband guided elastic signals, we adopt a signaling method that is similar to the ultra-wide-band (UWB) signaling in radio communications [19,22,29]. A general signaling model can be described as follows. Every transmitted symbol is composed of Nf repeated pulses, called frame. Let Ts and Tf denote the symbol duration and frame duration, respectively. Then, Ts= NfTf, which means there is one pulse per frame. Each guided elastic pulse, g(t), is of a short duration, T0 < Tf, at the microsecond scale, occupying a wide bandwidth of a few hundred kilo-hertz. Each frame contains Nc chips, each of duration, Tc. A general wideband symbol signature waveform transmitted during the acquisition process for a single user can be expressed as a series of pulses:where cj ∈ {0,1, 2, …, Nc − 1}, ∀j ∈ [0, Nf− 1] represents user-specific pseudorandom time hopping (TH) code for user separation [29], which may take on different patterns, such as fast hopping or slow hopping. The pulse amplitude is scaled to satisfy ∫ g2(t)dt = 1/Nf, such that the symbol waveform has unit energy, . Furthermore, the data symbols are modulated during transmission. In pulse-position modulation (PPM), different symbols are realized by shifting a pulse to distinct positions in time within the specified symbol duration. For a binary PPM, the modulated symbols transmitted by the desired user can be described as: where ai ∈ {0,1} represent the data symbols that are modeled as binary-independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.; random variables and Δ represents the time shift imposed on all the elastic pulses of a given transmission stream by a unit data symbol.
Next, we discuss the elastic wave propagation channel for wideband signaling. Under the linear elastic wave theory, the overall channel response can be modeled by a stochastic tapped delay line:where L is the number of taps in the channel response, αl is the path gain at excess delay, τl, corresponding to the l-th propagation path. We assume that the delay is τ0< τ1< … < τL_1. The first arrival, τ0, is normally referred to as the timing information and is measured with reference to the receiver's local clock for demodulation purposes. The function, fl(t), represents the combined responses of the transmit PZT sensor, the receive PZT sensor, as well as the propagation channel corresponding to the l-th path of a transmitted pulse. We note that in this paper, the underlying assumption regarding a surface-mounted PZT wafer active sensor is that its response is characterized as a linear time invariant system and, thus, is absorbed in fl(t). More detailed modeling of PZT wafer active sensors can be found in various literature (see, e.g., [30,31]). For simplicity, we let fl(t) = δ(t), an ideal channel impulse response. Hence, we can re-write Equation (3) as: where τl,0 ≜ τl − τ0 is the relative time delay of the l-th path. The received signal from a single user can then be written as: where * denotes linear convolution and ŝ(t) = gs(t) * ĥ(t) is the received waveform corresponding to a single symbol waveform, where: is a pseudo-channel response by eliminating the first arrival of h(t). The disturbance term, w(t), is assumed as a wide sense stationary process characterized as the additive noise with zero-mean and complex Gaussian distribution.
The symbol, τ0, is the direct propagation delay between the transmitter and the receiver and can be expressed as τ0 = nsTs + nfTf + ε, based on different time scales at the symbol-level, frame-level and pulse-level [19]. Here, ns= ⌊τ0/Ts⌋ stands for the symbol level offset, nf= ⌊ (τ0− nsTs)/ Tf⌋ is the frame-level offset, where nf ∈ [0, Nf− 1], and the pulse level offset is ε ∈ [0, Tf). ⌊x⌋ represents the largest integer not greater than x. Typically, a symbol-by-symbol sliding correlation filer is applied to generate samples, x[i x], at the symbol rate by [19,22,32]:where pr (t) is the correlation template. Under the ideal case, where the channel knowledge is known and the timing, τ0, is accurate, we choose pr(t) = gs(t), which is equivalent to maximum ratio combining, and Equation (9) is the optimal detector for demodulation. Typically, τo is unknown and needs to be estimated. The accuracy of the timing estimate and the choice of the template, pr(t), would significantly affect the received energy of the sample, x x[i x], which, in turn, impacts directly the bit error rate. The timing acquisition problem for guided elastic wave communication is challenging in particular, due to the inherent propagation characteristics of the elastic channel. Elastic waves are dispersive, which implies that there exists severe multipath energy spreading; Elastic waves are also multi-modal, which means strong peaks of the received signals may appear in many locations of the time domain waveform trace. To overcome these problems in timing acquisition and symbol demodulation, we propose the time reversal PPM method in the next sub-section. For simplicity, we choose Nc= 1 and Nf = 1. Hence, Ts= Tf and the general model of PPM in Equations (1) and (2) is therefore simplified.
2.2. Description of Time Reversal PPM
The principle of time reversal for acoustic applications originates from the invariance of the governing wave equations in underwater acoustics [33] and in guided acoustic waves [34-37]. Under the invariance principle, if u(r,t) is the solution to the wave equation, the time reversed version of the original solution, i.e., u(r, −t), also satisfies the wave equations. This observation implies that if we record the waves radiated from a certain source and retransmit their reversed waves back to the same medium, the retransmitted waves will retrace their incoming paths back towards the original source. Time reversal has been successfully applied to ultra-wideband electromagnetic wireless communication systems of various configurations [13,15,38,39]. In this paper, we consider a single-transmitter and single-receiver configuration in a pitch-catch mode for elastic wave communication. The time reversal method for timing acquisition can be summarized in the following four steps:
- Step (1)
Channel probing (B→A). In this step, a pilot elastic wave pulse, p(t), is initiated from the intended receiver, B, for probing the multipath propagation channel between B and the intended transmitter, A. The received signals at A can be expressed by:where h(t) is the impulse response of the elastic wave channel coupled with the transmit and receiver piezoelectric transducers, which is typically very dispersive, due to the intrinsic properties of elastic waves. Note that the additive noise is omitted for simplicity purposes.
- Step (2)
Time reversal. The received signal is time reversed in the time domain. The time reversing operation is equivalent to reading the data by first-in-last-out, which yields:Here, y(−t) is called the time reversed waveform. Note that by the temporal and spatial focusing characteristics of time reversal, if we retransmit y(−t) back to the channel and assume that the channel reciprocity holds, the retransmitted waveform will focus the scattered multipath energies on the initial source receiver temporally and spatially. Thus, the intensity of the signal received by the receiver is not only enhanced greatly, but the time spread is also compressed effectively. The validity of the focusing effects have been studied in elastic wave theory in [34-37].
- Step (3)
Preambles transmission for timing acquisition (A→B) In time-reversal-based timing acquisition, we use the time reversed waveform, y(−t), in Equation (11) as the basic signal waveform for carrying the timing preambles. The main advantage of using the time reversed waveform as the information carrier is that complicated channel estimation algorithms are not necessary at the transmitter, because the channel information is inherently included in the time reversed waveform. Thus, the transmitting waveforms take the form of:where Tf is the frame duration for one bit transmission, N is the number of preamble training bits and k is the energy normalization factor to ensure the transmission energy remains unchanged for each symbol.
- Step (4)
Data symbol transmission (A→B) Following the preamble sequences, the data symbols are transmitted. Here, we use a pulse position modulation scheme, which takes the form of:where Δ is the shifting time for distinguishing the pulses carrying bit '0′ or bit '1′. The guard time, Tg, is pre-determined and is inserted between the training preamble symbols and the data symbols for the purpose of preventing the data waveforms from overlapping the timing preambles. All binary data, aj ∈ {0,1}, are modulated by the pulse position modulation (PPM; scheme, where M is the total number of binary bits for each data package to be transmitted.
2.3. Timing Acquisition by Time Reversal
Next, we estimate the starting time of the preamble training sequences at the receiver. After the transmitted signals, sp(t), propagate through the channel, the preambles arriving at the receiver become:Note that we omit the scaling factor, k, given in Equation (12) in the derivation, because it approximates a constant for static channels. It is well known that by time reversal, h(−t) * h(t) is the auto-correlation function of h(t), which appears to be a highly focused waveform when h(t) is dispersive. Here, we employ only one sliding correlation detector combined with a single tap finger to capture and detect the received signals. To recover the starting time from the received preambles, a locally generated template, u(t), is applied to matching them in a sliding mode as follows: where . Inserting the elastic wave propagation channel model Equation (4) into Equation (16) yields: Next, we let the autocorrelation function be and Δτij = τj− τi, ΔTmn = (n − m)Tf; we can re-write Rp(τ) as: where: is the term that represents the autocorrelation between the multipath components. The rest of the three terms in Equation (17) are the cross-correlation terms: Since the autocorrelation collects all the signal energies of the multipath components of the received preambles, Q0(τ) has the strongest intensity and possesses the most energy of the detector output. As a result, the last three terms can be neglected, because the cross-correlation results in destructive addition between the template and the received preambles. Thus, we have: We emphasize that the approximation given in Equation (23) has been verified using experimentally measured elastic signals. A detailed theoretical performance analysis regarding the impact of the approximation is out of the scope of this paper and will be discussed elsewhere. As a result of the approximation, Equation (17) can be simplified as: Finally, the start time of the preamble symbols is determined by searching the peak of the output of the sliding correlation detector in Equation (24) as follows: Once the starting time of the preamble symbols, τ̂0, is determined, the receiver performs the demodulation by choosing: as the start of the data symbols.
2.4. Signal Detection and Demodulation
The estimate of the timing, t0, is then utilized for signal demodulation using either non-coherent detectors, such as energy detector (ED) and peak detector (PD) or a coherent detector (CD). For low system complexity and power consumption, we focus on the noncoherent reception of PPM signals [32], which is a generalized likelihood detection. The symbol decision is based on finding the pulse position that contains the maximum energy. The symbol-by-symbol detection process does not require the estimation of the channel parameters. The energy of the multipath components is collected to increase the detection probability of the actual transmitted pulse. For binary PPM, we first calculate two energy quantities:where r(t) is the the received focused pulse for demodulation. T is the time window for energy integration. The choice of T depends on the time support, Ts, of the initial probe pulse, p(t). In practice, one can choose T = Ts or a faction of Ts, such that the majority (e.g., 99%) of the signal energy is retained, (i.e., ). Thus, the data symbols can be detected using the energy detector by: Assuming additive white Gaussian noise with power spectrum density, N0, the bit error rate (BER) can be calculated by [32]: where the complementary error function, . The signal energy and the inter-symbol interference (ISI) are given by: respectively, where K is the maximum number of the modulated pulses whose tails overlap the focusing pulse. Note that if we choose T = ε, where ε stands for a very small time interval, the energy detector approximates a peak detector (PD). The peak detector searches for the focusing peak of the received signals in a time window of duration, T, once the starting time, t0, is obtained. Next, the corresponding time, tPD, when the focusing peak occurs is then identified and is used to demodulate the PPM signals.
3. Communication Results by Experiments
In this section, we will discuss the experimental configuration and the obtained results conducted on steel pipes in a laboratory using the time reversal pulse position modulation communication scheme.
3.1. Experimental Setup
Figure 1 shows the steel pipe specimens and the acoustic sensors that were used in experiments. Two sets of experimental configurations were employed. The first set of experiments included a carbon steel pipe specimen of 1.833 meters in length, 70 mm in outside diameter and 4 mm in wall thickness (see Figure 1(a)) and two PZT wafers (PSI-5A4E, Piezo Systems, Inc., Cambridge, MA) that were mounted on the surface of the carbon pipe using cyanoacrylate adhesive, located 1.5 meters apart. Each wafer was 12 mm long and 6 mm wide. The second set of experiments included a stainless steel pipe of 1.5 meters in length, 115 mm in outside diameter and 6 mm in wall thickness (see Figure 1(b)). On the stainless steel pipe, two PZT wafers (PSI-5A4E) were mounted on the surface of the pipe, also using cyanoacrylate adhesive, located 0.69 meters apart. Each wafer was 10 mm long and 10 mm wide.
The signal transmission and data acquisition unit was a National Instruments (NI) PXI system, which consists of an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG), a digitizer/oscilloscope and a controller. The waveform generator had a sampling rate 100 MS/s and a 16-bit resolution. The AWG can generate arbitrary waveforms in response to the dispersive medium, thus implementing time reversal. The digitizer had a sampling rate of 100 MS/s and a 14-bit resolution. The waveform generator drives the transmission of the PZT sensor. The digitizer was connected to the receiving PZT sensor and records waveforms. The recorded waveforms were processed online using LabView programming for symbol demodulation and detection. For simplicity, a peak detector was used. The controller synchronizes the operations of the waveform generator and the digitizer. The experimental setup is illustrated in Figure 2. Figure 2(a) depicts the cable connection between the PXI system with a carbon steel pipe specimen. Figure 2(b) depicts the connection for a stainless steel pipe specimen. Water can be filled into the pipe for testing.
3.2. Description of Experiments
We follow the four steps given in sub-section 2.2 to conduct experiments.
- Step 1:
Channel sounding. In this step, we choose a Gaussian modulated pulse:as the probe signal, where fc is the center frequency, τp = 2 μs, which translates to the nominal pulse width of [40], and ts is the time shift from t = 0 when the pulse is generated. A is the amplitude (see the example in Figure 3(a)). The total transmission energy is defined as . We choose this modulated Gaussian signal as the probe signal for spectral control. The excitation signal has a center frequency, fc = 250 kHz, with the signal bandwidth of 500 kHz. The signal is amplified by a factor of 10 using a built-in amplifier in the NI's data acquisition system. The maximum voltage of the Gaussian pulse is A = 10 volts. The sampling frequency is chosen to be at 2 MHz, four times as much as the maximum frequency of the modulated Gaussian pulse, in order to reconstruct the sampled digital signal into the analog waveform in high fidelity.
We note that PZT wafers have been explored with continuous sinusoidal or pulsed excitation for defect detection in various applications. Optimal operations of PZT wafers have been studied by many researchers (e.g., [41]), including the procedure to determine the optimal frequency range [42] and analysis of its sensitivity to damage detection [43]. Our data communication experiment was performed by using a nominal frequency bandwidth of 500 kHz. Compared to narrowband excitation, wideband pulse excitation results in more modes and more dispersion [44]. For PZTs with different sizes and coupling conditions, the optimal excitation frequency that results in the highest intensity of the reflected elastic waves may vary. The excitation frequency range (i.e., 0-500 kHz) we chose would cover the optimal frequency for the PZT sensors observed in the experiment. Figure 4(a,b) depict the channel frequency response of the carbon steel pipe specimen and the stainless steel pipe, respectively. The channel frequency response includes the frequency response of the PZT wafers and the propagation channel. Figure 4(a) shows that the peak response of the spectrum falls in the 500 kHz range, while Figure 4(b) shows that the peak response is located at about 200 kHz, which could be caused by the resonance frequency of the PZT wafer.
- Step 2:
Time reversal. As expected, the channel response, h(t), that characterizes the elastic wave propagation between two positions on a steel pipe is highly dispersive. To realize time reversal, the received signal is time-reversed, energy-normalized and then fed back to the wave generator. We let y(t) denote the received signal; then, the time reversed signal is y(-t), as in Equation (11). Note that energy normalization ofy(-t) is necessary to ensure that the newly constructed transmission waveform has the same energy as the Gaussian pulse transmission used in the channel sounding experiment. The length of the received signal after time-reversal transmission at the digitizer is twice as much as the length of the received signal attained from Step 1.
- Step 3 & 4:
Data transmission via TR-PPM. Timing acquisition is not conducted in our experiment, because the PXI system synchronizes the transmission and reception process between the arbitrary waveform generator and the digitizer. A fixed time offset can be determined. Here, we focus on data transmission. The time reversed signal, y(-t), obtained in Step 2 is employed as a basic waveform for information data transmission. The information data are a stream of binary digits (i.e., zero's and one's) and are coded by the pulse position modulation scheme, which takes the form of:where cj ∈ {0,1} is the binary data to be transmitted, Tf is the frame time to send one bit data, Δ is the additional time shift to distinguish between the pulses carrying the bit, zero or one. δ(·) is the Dirac delta function. The energy-normalization coefficient is given by , where the total energy for signal y(-t) is given by . In our experiments, the information data was a series of M = 1, 000 binary numbers, zero's or one's, randomly generated by Lab View programming. The frame time is determined by the prescribed transmitting data rate, R, as follows: The tests were carried out at the data rates of 10 kbps, 20 kbps, 50 kbps and 100 kbps, which correspond to the frame time of 100 μs, 50 μs, 20 μs and 10 μs, respectively. In order to restore the transmitted bit data, the time shift should be larger than the full width of the single Gaussian pulse. Here, we use one fourth of the frame time as the time shift, i.e., . The parameters for the TR-PPM test are summarized in Table 1. The recorded length is mainly determined by the length of the modulated time reversal signal. Here, we use twice the signal length for signal recording at the digitizer.
3.3. Results from Experiment I
We conducted the test on a carbon steel pipe to investigate the reliability of our technique by sending a relatively long stream of bits at different data rates, R = 10, 20, 50, 100 kbps, and the feasibility of automatic decoding of the bit streams. A total of 40 independent test runs were performed. Under each test run, M = 1,000 binary bits were modulated, transmitted and decoded. Out of the 40,000 recovered information bits, we counted the corrected decoded bits and calculated the bit error rate. Figure 3 depicts snapshots of various signals collected in the experiment.
Figure 3(a) depicts a short 8μs Gaussian modulated pulse, p(t), with amplitude, A = 10 volts. The signal, p(t), is excited through the PZT sensor to generate guided acoustic waves that propagate along the carbon steel pipe. The received signal, y(t), is recorded by the receive PZT transducer at the other end of the pipe specimen (see Figure 3(b)). We can see from Figure 3(b) that the received signal has a very long series of arrivals as a result of multi-modal and elastic wave dispersion, which typically occurs in a cylindrical shell. Moreover, the attenuation level of the dynamic range of the received signal is on the order of 10-2, which translates to about 26 dB/m peak power attenuation from the initial excitation signal to the received signal over a 1.5-meter propagation distance. The severe dispersive channel makes it very difficult to achieve data communications using traditional techniques. By the time reversal principle, a time-reversed response waveform, y(−t) (see Figure 3(c)), is transmitted through the same dispersive channel and results in a much simpler waveform with a strong focused peak at the center (see Figure 3(d)). Time reversal signal processing effectively focuses the multiple dispersive wave modes and enhances the signal-to-noise ratio. Figure 3(e) depicts a snapshot of TR-PPM modulated information carrying waveforms, which is the superposition of 1, 000 time reversed waveforms (Figure 3(c)) under the data rate of 10 kbps with the total time span of 100 ms. The TR-PPM modulated waveforms were excited through the PZT sensor, transmitted and recorded. We note that the TR-PPM transmission waveform was scaled to avoid saturation of the waveform generator of the PXI system. The received information carrying waveform consists of a series of focused peaks, whose positions within a frame indicate bit stream (see Figure 3(f)). Note that a 5 kHz - 600 kHz bandpass filter was applied during the data acquisition process at the receiving PZT sensor to remove low frequency vibrations and high frequency electrical noise. The filtering also prevented saturation of the PPM waveform, due to DC drift. Figure 3(g) is a zoomed-in plot of Figure 3(f) in the 40 ms - 42 ms time window, which includes the decoded 10-bit stream [0 00011110 1].
Figure 5 depicts snapshots of the zoomed-in view of the waveforms in the 4.0 ms - 4.2 ms time window under different data rates. The peaks are more clearly distinguishable at the lower data rates. The results are what we expected in that a higher data rate, R, means a shorter frame time, Tf, which gives rise to higher sideband levels (i.e., interference), due to leakage from adjacent coded waveforms. Thus, the focused peaks become less distinguishable, which results in a higher bit error rate (BER).
The obtained bit error rates under the four data rates are summarized in Table 2. Each bit error rate is averaged over 40 independent trials. For each trial, the information stream consists of 1, 000 randomly generated binary bits. Both the mean and the standard deviation of BER is shown in the table and is plotted in Figure 6(a).
We study the effect of noise level in the data acquisition system on the communication BER. We average the received responses 10 times to reduce the white noise and compare the results from data acquisition without averaging. Figure 6(b) shows that the mean and the standard deviation of BER over multiple trials reduces to 4.33 × 10−2 and 5.55 × 10−3, respectively, as compared to 5.01 × 10−2 and 1.17 × 10−2, when the white noise is not suppressed by averaging. However, the improvement is not significant. This implies that the improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio by averaging is insignificant compared to that by applying the time reversal focusing technique.
3.4. Results from Experiment II
Next, we conducted experimental tests on a stainless steel pipe specimen of 1.5 meters in length, 115 mm in outside diameter and 6 mm in wall thickness. Our goals were to validate that our technique could be generalized to (1) pipes of different materials, dimensions and loading conditions; (2) sensors of different sizes and inter-sensor distances; and (3) different noise levels. Two PZT wafers (PSI-5A4E) were mounted on the surface of the pipe using cyanoacrylate adhesive, located 0.69 m apart. Each wafer was 10 mm long and 10 mm wide. The stainless steel pipe vertically stood on the floor, with the bottom end sealed with a rubber cap, which allows the pipe to hold water. Randomly generated bit streams at data rates of R = 10, 20, 50, 100 kbps were sent through the pipe specimen using the TR-PPM method under two testing scenarios: the pipe was empty (without water) and the same pipe was filled with water. Furthermore, we also tested the communication results when the time averaging (10 times) of received responses was employed when generating y(−t) for modulation.
Similar to the experimental results on the carbon steel pipe, we observed a complex channel sounding response on the stainless steel pipe (see Figure 7(b)) and a strong time reversal focused peak (see Figure 7(d)). However, we also noticed a higher level of sidebands around the time reversal focused peak compared to what we observed in the carbon steel pipe specimen in Experiment I (see Figure 3(d)). This phenomena are caused by the relatively small ratio of the transmitter/receiver distance (D = 0.69 meter) to the pipe diameter (r = 115 mm), i.e., D/r = 690/115 = 6 for the stainless steel pipe setup, whereas the ratio is about D/r = 1500/70 = 21 for the configuration of the carbon steel pipe experiment in Experiment I. We note that elastic waves that propagate in pipes typically consist of longitudinal waves, torsional waves and flexural modes [45,46]. After excitation, different wave modes would appear as the waves travel along the pipe and interrogate the pipe. Since only one PZT receiving sensor was used at a single position on the pipe, many wave modes that were excited by the transmitting PZT sensor could not be captured, which, in turn, gave rise to a smaller focusing peak and larger sidebands after time reversal. We anticipate that using an array of PZT receivers could achieve a better time reversal focusing, because the use of a sensor array could capture more transmitted wave energy caused by various wave modes. Due to space limitation, the test results using sensor arrays will be reported elsewhere. Figure 7(g) depicts a zoomed-in plot of Figure 7(f) in the 40 ms - 41 ms time window, which includes the decoded 10-bit stream as x[1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 x]. Figure 8 depicts snapshots of the received information carrying waveforms in the 4.0 ms - 4.2 ms time window for the four different data rates.
We repeated the same experimental procedure on the stainless steel pipe specimen by filling the pipe with water. When filling the pipe with water, a few drops of detergent liquid were added to the water to release bubbles at the pipe-water interface inside of the pipe. The bubbles were observed accumulating at the water surface and released to air instead. Figure 9 depicts the snapshots of waveforms obtained during the TR-PPM data communication schemes similar to what was presented in Figure 7 for the test scenario where no water is in the pipe specimen. Figure 9(d) and (g) show that the waveforms have less sidebands compared with Figure 7(d) and (g), which implies less interference caused by the sidebands of the time reversal focused response. The bit stream turns out to be more distinguishable when the pipe is filled with water. Our hypothesis is that water suppresses certain guided wave modes in the pipe (such as flexural modes), due to the water damping effects [47]; thus, the adverse effect on time reversal focusing, due to a short inter-transducer distance, becomes less significant.
As a result, we achieved a lower BER for TR-PPM communications on the pipe that was filled with water at the data rates of R = 10, 20, 50, 100 kbps, compared to the scenario when the pipe was not filled with water. Next, Figure 10 depicts the snapshots of the received information carrying waveforms in the 4.0 ms - 4.2 ms time window under data rates of R = 10, 20, 50, 100 kbps, respectively. The BER results are summarized in Table 3 and plotted in Figure 11.
Furthermore, we also utilized time averaging (by a factor of 10) to reduce noise level in the received responses for both scenarios (water filled and no water) on the stainless steel pipe specimen. The improvement due to time averaging is insignificant, as shown in the Table 4, where the BER results for the case of non-averaging and that of averaging at a 100 kbps data rate are summarized. The results are what we have expected, because Equation (29) reveals that the bit error rate depends on the noise power and the inter-symbol interference. Averaging will increase the signal-to-noise ratio by reducing the noise power, but has a limited effect on the side-band level that characterizes the inter-symbol interference. However, it is expected that time averaging would be effective in the environment when the noise level is relatively high.
4. Conclusions and Discussions
In this paper, we present the theoretical background and experimental studies of the time reversal-based timing acquisition and pulse position modulation method for pulsed wideband elastic wave communication on steel pipes. In this method, the focusing properties of time reversal are used to exploit the strong dispersion and multi-modality of elastic channels to enable accurate timing acquisition and symbol demodulation. As a result, a single finger receiver combined with a single sliding correlation detector suffices for the system to rapidly obtain the starting time. Once the timing offset between the transmitting sensor and the receiving sensor is obtained, modulated symbols are transmitted, received and demodulated to recover the original information symbol. Therefore, complicated channel estimation algorithms are not necessary, due to time reversal, and the computational efficiency is improved. From a hardware perspective, sophisticated circuit implementation is not required.
We conducted experimental studies on steel pipe specimens using piezoelectric PZT sensors in a laboratory environment. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed TR-PPM scheme achieves robust communications at data rates of 10 kbps and 20 kbps on steel pipe specimens in spite of the severe channel dispersion and multi-modality of the elastic channels. To achieve higher data rates, more complicated processing techniques, such as adaptive equalization or error control coding should be used in conjunction with the time reversal approach. In addition, we note that the system has been tested over a rather small distance (a maximum of 1.5 meter), due to limitation of the specimen's dimension. The estimated attenuation factor is about 26 dB/m, as described in Section 3.3. In general, as they are propagating, guided waves may experience attenuation or reduction in amplitude. This scenario occurs mainly in two situations or a combination of both [48]: i.e., material absorption of wave energy due to viscoelastic materials in the medium [49] and energy leakage into a different medium at the boundaries [50]. The efficacy of the proposed TR-PPM over distances that are an order of magnitude greater than the ones tested in our experiments is influenced by the attenuation factor, which, in turn, depends on the excitation frequency, the material property, the type of generated wave modes, etc. Although not tested in a more realistic environment on sub-sea structures or pipelines, the proposed scheme is expected to perform well over a longer distance in a larger scale, for example, a 50 meter range if a 60 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss is allowed, due to wave attenuation, based on the observed 26 dB/m attenuation factor.
Y. Jin was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant no. CMMI-1126008 and a subcontract from Carnegie Mellon University funded by the National Science Foundation under grant no. CNS-0930868. Y. Ying was supported by Westinghouse Electric Company. The authors would like to thank Professors Irving J. Oppenheim, James H. Garrett and Lucio Soibelman for the discussions and comments on the experiments.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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|Table 1. Test parameters for TR-PPM communications.
|Data Rate (kbps)
|Frame Time (μs)
|# of bits Transmitted
|Sampling Frequency (MHz)
|Center Frequency (kHz)
|Bandwidth (kHz)
|Time Shift (μs)
|# of Trials
|1, 000
|1, 000
|1, 000
|1, 000
|Table 2. Bit error rate (BER) obtained from experiments.
|Data Rate (kbps)
|5.75 × 10−4
|1.09 × 10−2
|5.01 × 10−2
|8.33 × 10−4
|5.15 × 10−3
|1.17 × 10−2
|Table 3. Obtained bit error rate (BER) for stainless steel pipe specimen.
|Data rate (kbps)
|Without Water
|1.195 × 10−2
|4.202 × 10−2
|4.716 × 10−3
|1.243 × 10−2
|3.103 × 10−2
|2.771 × 10−2
|With Water
|2.925 × 10−3
|3.887 × 10−2
|7.212 × 10−2
|3.408 × 10−3
|1.078 × 10−2
|1.565 × 10−2
|1.565 × 10−2
|Table 4. Impact of Noise Reduction by Time Averaging at 100 kbps.
|No Averaging
|Averaging 10 Times
|Without Water
|With Water
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).


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The Northern Shenandoah Valley Master Gardeners Association will be holding the 2015 VCE Master Gardener Class in Front Royal, Virginia, beginning early next February. Classes will meet on Tuesday and Thursday evenings and will run until early May. Participants are required to complete a minimum 50 hour course to be followed by 50 volunteer hours to become certified.
- Class Information email: email@example.com
- Follow the link below to learn more.
- Master Gardener Information Flyer Class of 2015
Garden Care Consultations for Homeowners
As you may know, Master Gardeners currently work with homeowners to answer a full range of plant, tree, and lawn care questions by phone and e-mail. As an extension of that service, Master Gardener Teams will now meet with homeowners for site visits to discuss those problems and concerns. The Master Gardeners will then offer suggestions and solutions. This program will cover landscaping issues, plant and disease identification, proper planting and care, and other issues that could arise for homeowners.
Anyone interested in having a Master Gardener Team visit their yard should contact the local Extension Office. Go here to find the nearest Extension Office to you.


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Join the 'Glycopyrrolate' group to help and get support from people like you.
Glycopyrrolate Support Group
Our support group for Glycopyrrolate has 10 questions and 10 members. Updated 11 Dec 2014.
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FDA Approves Cuvposa for Chronic Drooling in Children
ROCKVILLE, Md., July 28, 2010--The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Cuvposa (glycopyrrolate) Oral Solution to treat chronic severe drooling caused by neurologic disorders in ...
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Photo Credit: YouTube
It's been eight years since we watched Talan Torriero plan his romantic scheme to ask Kristin Cavallari to prom on MTV's Laguna Beach. Now, teenagers are jumping on the "promposal trend" by coming up with elaborate -- and expensive! -- ideas to invite their date.
It's not just the guys who are getting down on one knee to ask for their gal's hand in prom -- girls are getting in on the action, too. From decorating the hallways with balloons to getting an entire basketball or volleyball team to help pull off the special event, here are our favorite promposal videos.


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Upcoming Events
UVaClub of South Florida – Virginia vs. Miami Basketball Game
Join U.Va. alumni and friends to cheer on our Wahoos against Miami in a tough ACC battle. Buy your ticket quickly as the game will sell out soon. When purchasing, select General Admission on the seat map and zoom in and select… Find out more »
UVaClub of the Triangle – UVA Book Club: Winter Edition
Enjoy a good book during the holidays: The Road Back: A Journey of Grace and Grit, by UVA alumnus Michael Vitez. "Matthew Miller had just pedaled up a mountain pass. He was 20, a member of the University of Virginia… Find out more »
UVaClub of Charlottesville – Volunteering at Loaves & Fishes Food Pantry
As part of the Fifteen in 2015 Service initiative, the UVaClub of Charlottesville is seeking 15 volunteers to assist the Loaves & Fishes Food Pantry. Volunteers will help as "packers" who bag or box food for distribution to the pantry's… Find out more »
UVaClub of the Palm Beaches – UVa Bowling and Bites Night
Join alumni, parents, and local students for a night of bowling, holiday cheer, and friendly competition vs. Georgetown alumni. Admission includes two hours of bowling, rental shoes, wings, quesadillas, cheeseburger sliders, chips & salsa, soft drinks, iced tea and coffee. This… Find out more »
Virginia Club of New York: Media Panel with Siva Vaidhyanathan
The theme for this year's media panel is sports & media! With the changes in media and technology, sports remains the only appointment television. New technology and mediums allow consumers to interact behind-the-scenes with their favorite teams, players and follow games… Find out more »
Friday Forum Webinar: Impact Investing: How to Align your Career with your Values
Ross Baird (Col '07) shares an approach to business and investments that seeks to make intentional, proactive and positive impacts on society, in addition to achieving financial success. Friday Forums are open to everyone at no charge; sponsored by UVa… Find out more »
Virginia Club of New York: University Soup Kitchen
Volunteers Needed! Volunteers at the University Soup Kitchen serve meals to people of all ages in a restaurant-style environment. The soup kitchen is a great, fun way for busy people to lend a hand to the community while meeting fun… Find out more »
UVaClub of Chicago – UVa vs. Notre Dame Basketball Game
Come watch the 'Hoos play Notre Dame in South Bend! We are organizing a bus to and from South Bend and tickets for the game. We'll Meet at Blackfinn in River North at 2:00 pm SHARP. Please RSVP ASAP if you want… Find out more »
UVaClub of Austin – Career Workshop and Networking Event
On Saturday, January 10, from 3:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m., the UVaClub of Austin will be hosting a career event at the Black Sheep Lodge. Schedule: 2:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. (Optional): Sign up for a one-on-one resume evaluation from a… Find out more »
The UVaClub of the Triangle: UVa Men's Basketball Game Watch vs. Notre Dame
Join UVa friends and fans as we cheer on the men's basketball team against Notre Dame on Saturday, January 10th! Find out more »


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When: 10am-10:30pm, seven days a week, until 31 March. There is no separate fast track queue facility for the Marvellous Mirror Maze or the Impossible LaseRace.
Valid for one person and must be used in one visit. Valid for Fast Track entry to Ripley's Believe It or Not! Multiple vouchers may be purchased per person or as gifts. Cannot be combined with any other offer. No cash value or cash back. Under-7s must be accompanied by a paying adult. Children under 5 are free. Vouchers for this offer are limited and may therefore sell out before the stated expiry date.
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The variety and unbelievable exhibits of the event, and especially interactive activities of maze and spinning bridge....
super fun and information packed event for any age
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We enjoyed the freaky animals
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The kids really enjoyed the Laser race where they completed it in 47 secs
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Weird stuff
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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
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OCR for page 24
ATTACHMENT B PERTINENT PROPERTIES OF GA AND LEWISITE GA (ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoroamido cyanidate) is an anticholinesterase organophosphate nerve agent whose effects and potency are similar to those of GB (sarin). Its vapor pressure (0.057 torr at 25ºC) and volatility (497 mg/m3 at 25ºC) are the lowest of the G nerve agents. It is soluble in water and organic solvents. Diethyl dimethylphosphoramidate is the principle impurity found in munitions-grade GA. Hydrolysis of GA is more rapid in acidic and basic solutions than in neutral pH, and the rate increases with temperature. Sodium hypochlorite is an effective decontaminant for GA. Lewisite (2-chlorovinyl-dichloroarsine) is a blister-forming agent with irritative effects on the eyes and respiratory tract. Lewisite has the volatility of water with a vapor pressure of 34.6 torr at 25C and a volatility of 386 mg/m3 at 25ºC and is only slightly soluble in water. Hydrolysis of lewisite is rapid, forming water-soluble dihydroxy 2- chlorovinylarsine (2-chlorovinyl arsenous acid), which is nonvolatile. __________________________ SOURCE: U.S. Army, "Potential military chemical/biological agents and compounds," Manual FM3-11.9, January 2005. -24-


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1-2 of 2 properties for sale found
£299,000 Guide Price
Guide Price £299,000
4 bedroom detached house for sale Roe Bank, Ruthrie Road, Glenallachie, Aberlour, Moray, AB38 9LR
Situated in a quiet semi-rural location with gorgeous views towards Ben Rinnes More details ›
£75,000 Offers in Region of
Offers in Region of £75,000
Land for sale Quarrywood, Aberlour, AB38 9LR
A superb opportunity has arisen to purchase a fantastic private site extending to approximately 0.548 of an acre, with lovely open countryside views and services close by. Close to the popular town of Aberlour, the Speyside Way and the Malt Whisky Trail many countryside pursuits are also within ... More details ›
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Progeria Syndrome Center - Shoreline, WA
WebMD Physician Directory
Shoreline, Washington
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome facts*
*Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome facts medical author: Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD
Other Related Progeria Syndrome Articles
Emergency Contact for Shoreline
Nearby Shoreline Hospitals *
*Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.


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Just wondering if anyone has any experience of using this
HP Wireless Edge Services Module for ProCurve Switch ZL Series
J9051A HP J9051A - HP ProCurve Wireless Edge Svs zl Mod (Software Network Management)
in their ZL switch.
I am thinking it could be a good way to get us a managed wireless solution as we already have the core switch.
Any experience or thoughts please?


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Course Descriptions
300 The Philosophy of Business
This course examines the philosophical and economic foundations of capitalism and entrepreneurship, with special emphasis on the role of business activity within this context. It also examines the effects of public policies that alter the economic outcomes that would otherwise occur as a result of this business activity. This requires the student to invoke basic economic theory, particularly supply and demand and opportunity cost analysis. This course also discusses the concepts of competition and monopoly, with a critical eye toward the standard theories of perfect competition and perfect monopoly. An alternative theory of entrepreneurial competition is analyzed and applied to antitrust policy.
313 Principles of Marketing
A study of basic marketing principles with emphasis on customer behavior, marketing policies, programs, information, management, organizations, institutions, research, accounting concepts, and related economic theories. Case studies of various marketing activities are also included.
314 Corporate Finance
A study of the principles, methods, and problems relating to managing the currency and longterm financial needs of corporations. The topics studied include procedures for organizing a company? classes of securities? sources of funds? dividend policies? expansion and combination? insolvency and reorganization? government regulation? and organization and methods of the money and capital markets.
331 Principles of Management
A study of the basic fundamentals underlying efficient and effective application in planning and control of human and economic resources under the free enterprise system.
332 Human Resources Management
A study of policies, procedures, and techniques involved in the management of people so as to gain maximum rewards for the employee and the employer. Particular emphasis is placed upon managerial development and leadership.
336 Business Communication
A study of theory and practice in communication for business purposes. Focus is primarily in three areas: the theory, process, and problems of communication? development of effective internal communication and practice? development of effective external communication and practice.
345 Quantitative Methods for Business and Economics
This course intends to acquaint students with the role that quantitative methods play in business and economic decision making. It emphasizes, using computers and computerassisted solution methods, the application of a wide variety of quantitative techniques to the solution of business and economic problems.
441 Retail Management
A study of the activities associated with management, merchandising, and promotional activities in the competitive business environment associated with retail outlets. Topics include the market structure of retailing, consumer behavior and merchandising strategy, the financial tools to achieve profitability, and trends and current research in retailing.
442 Advertising
An examination of advertising and promotional strategies for goods and services in forprofit and notforprofit business environments. Topics include an analysis of the benefits of various media, the functions of advertising agencies, promotional strategies, and trends in current advertising research and applications in both domestic and international markets.
445 Marketing Research
An introduction to the fundamentals of research methodology and the usage of research in marketing decisionmaking. Topics include research design, sampling procedures, data collection methods, and alternate statistical methods for data analysis. Students will design and execute one or more individual and/or group research projects.
467 Strategic Marketing
An integrative capstone course designed, using the case-studies approach, to bring all the marketing functional areas to bear on the analysis and solutions of marketing problems.
572 Global Marketing
The application of basic marketing concepts and principles of marketing around the world. Topics include the study of international trade and financial markets, multicultural social and economic conditions, political and legal aspects, and ethical issues associated with multinational marketing. Lectures will be supplemented with case analyses, and, when available, appropriate guest speakers will be invited to convey key aspects related to the global economy.
574 Consumer Behavior
A study of the buying decision process through an analysis of interdisciplinary behavioral science findings in the marketing context in order to more fully understand and predict reactions of consumers to marketing strategies.
580 Special Topics in Business Administration
This course will cover special topics in Business Administration as special needs arise. The course will enable student to stay informed about changed and topics of interest in the Business Administration profession.
590 Study Abroad
An experiential learning course which provides students with an exposure to an understanding of the distinctive characteristics of global versus domestic operations in foreign settings under the supervision of an appropriate faculty member. Various functional areas of business are explored through various site visits and presentations in the selected foreign country or countries. Appropriate background readings and assignments are required, along with the preparation of a paper relating to the experience as determined by the instructor.


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Power Of Attorney Lawyers in Columbus, Ohio (OH)
Start a new search for Lawyers
Charles Lawrence Huddleston III
7925 Paragon Road, Dayton, OH 45459
|Certified Estate Planning Specialist. Call Now For a Consultation
PRACTICE AREAS: Estate Planning, Trusts, Business, Probate, Wills
CLIENT RATING: (2 reviews)
Jane Higgins Marx
366 East Broad Street, Columbus, OH 43215
|We Help Empower Clients With Business & Estate Planning Matters. Call or Email Today -
PRACTICE AREAS: Probate, Business, Estate Planning, Trusts
CLIENT RATING: (1 review)
Timothy Dean Gerrity
400 South Fifth Street Suite 302, Columbus, OH 43215
Meredith Aggers O'Brien
373 S High St, 12 Th Floor, Columbus, OH 43215
Patrick Francis Mangan
2999 E Dublin-Granville Rd, Ste 220, Columbus, OH 43231
Bryan Bright Johnson
5003 Horizons Dr Ste 200, Columbus, OH 43220
Showing 1-6 of 6 Power Of Attorney attorneys near Columbus, Ohio
Michael Anthony Mayer
510 W. Main, Fairborn, OH 45324
Karen Sue Miller
1158 Kauffman Avenue, Fairborn, OH 45324
David Loren Duren
655 Metro Place S, Suite #210, Dublin, OH 43017
Adam Bradley Hall
Po Box 165028, Columbus, OH 43216
William Claude Hayes
195 East Broad Street, Pataskala, OH 43062
Donald Elwyn Hoover jr
28 Park West Floor 8, Mansfield, OH 44902
Other attorneys located in/near Columbus.
Joseph Liam Gruzs
100 W 3rd Ave Ste 350, Columbus, OH 43201
Robert Clair Paxton II
2142 Riverside Drive, Columbus, OH 43221
Jennifer Cale Goldson
1265 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201
Micah Louis Berman
929 Roberson St., Columbus, OH 43201
Andrew Myron Kauffman
P.O. Box 8248, Columbus, OH 43201
Geoffrey D Fuller
505 King Avenue, 11-8-082, Columbus, OH 43201
Charles Michael Gegenheimer Jr.
505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201
Mark Kenneth Mallett
1383 Summit St, Columbus, OH 43201
Jennifer Ann Vessells
376 W 5th Ave, Columbus, OH 43201
Mark D. Olsen
505 King Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201
Columbus, Ohio lawyers by speciality
Columbus, Ohio lawyers by speciality
> Start a new search to find an Attorney
> Thinking of relocating to Columbus? Get a detailed profile of Columbus, Ohio containing relocation and retirement advice
These listings are intended for informational purposes only and should not be considered legal advice. Boomerater.com is in no way affiliated with or recommending any of the lawyers listed, and Boomerater.com is not responsible for any errors regarding the information displayed on this website. Please verify all information prior to selecting a lawyer.


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Join us in celebrating the 5th Annual End Polio Now! Night at Nationals Park on Saturday, August 16 as the Washington Nationals take on the Pittsburgh Pirates. The price of each ticket includes $10 in added value plus will have $5 donated to The Rotary Foundation's PolioPlus campaign.
For more information or to purchase 13 or more tickets, please contact Megan Holeman at 202.640.7652 or email@example.com.
|RF Corner
|*Includes $10 Added Value & $5 Donation to PolioPlus. Added Value tickets can be used inside the ballpark at concession and merchandise stands by having the barcode on the ticket stub scanned. Added Value credit is game specific and expires at the end of the game. Added Value may not be redeemed at any future games.
Ticket offer can only be redeemed online through this page. Offer is not valid at the Nationals Park Box Office.


text: March 12 (Bloomberg) -- Stephen Green, head of Greater China research at Standard Chartered Bank Plc in Hong Kong, talks about the nation's economy and central bank monetary policy. China's economic growth slowed in the first two months of the year, with both exports and domestic demand moderating faster than analysts had forecast, building the case for Premier Wen Jiabao to accelerate stimulus measures. Green speaks with Susan Li on Bloomberg Television's "First Up." (Source: Bloomberg)


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Robertson Defends Zimmerman: Trayvon Was 'African-American' And 'Wearing These Hoods'
By David July 16, 2013 10:15 am -
Televangelist Pat Robertson this week defended former neighborhood watchmen George Zimmerman after his acquittal for murder, saying that he was right to follow the "fully-formed young African-American male" because other criminals had been seen "wearing these hoods."
We welcome relevant, respectful comments. Please refer to our Terms of Service for information on our posting policy.
Fox Guest Wants More Cheap Labor To Exploit
Monica Crowley Calls IRS 'Most Dangerous Scandal In U.S. History'


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Commentary on NPR
Literary Death Spiral? The Fading Book Section
One of the sad, little sidebars to the sad, big saga of the waning of American newspapers is the disappearance of professional, edited book sections.
One of the last two major, stand-alone print book sections died this past Sunday, when The Washington Post published its last edition of Book World. The paper will still review books, but only The New York Times and the San Francisco Chronicle will continue to run a full mini-magazine devoted to books. It is a heavy symbolic blow to readers, writers and publishers. And it is an injury to our collective literacy and, thus, to our wisdom and intellectual agility.
...Inching closer to the world of Fahrenheit 451...a Bradbury/Huxley mash-up incorporating Brave New World, too.
BTW, My favorite line from The Tick:
"Read a book! you're making us look like jerks!" -- Arthur


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Melanie Cholka of West Allis has been selected as MRS. WISCONSIN INTERNATIONAL 2010 and will represent Wisconsin in the MRS. INTERNATIONAL pageant held July 16th and 17th in Chicago, Illinois.
Melanie Cholka is proud and honored to represent the married women of Wisconsin. She adores her husband of twelve years, Brian, and their two wonderful sons: Adam - 11 and Aaron – 9.
Melanie describes herself as adventurous. As a former Cessna pilot and skydiver, she now enjoys more earthbound hobbies such as photography, acting in civic theater, and singing in her contemporary worship ensemble.
As a sanctioned Dove Foundation Self Esteem Fund Facilitator, Melanie is helping our young people learn the value of believing in themselves, and will be speaking on their behalf throughout her reign.
She enjoys teaching art classes at her church and is a women's ministries coordinator. She believes in the three pillars of health: Mind, Body, and Spirit. Melanie hopes to inspire others to follow her motto: "Live Your Best Life Now!".
Melanie will join other contestants from across the United States and other countries in Chicago, Illinois July. The competition will consist of three segments: Interview / Platform, Fitness, and Evening Gown.
The winner of the Mrs. International Pageant will receive many fabulous prizes including the opportunity to travel the nation and abroad for a year as a role model and spokesperson for her platform, and the pageant's national platform "Go Red for Women" campaign.
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More from Community Events
- Charity Bootcamp - Dec 20 at 9am
- Youth Celebrate the End of Tobacco for CVS
- 2014 Franklin Lioness Craft Fair Set for Oct. 25; Proceeds Support Scholarships for MATC Students
- Sign-Up Now for Franklin Gridiron Golf Outing on July 26!
- Have fun while helping others!
- Kayla's Krew Teams Up Local Businesses for Park Madness
- Milwaukee Admirals Host "Franklin Community Night" on April 12
- "The Parenting Course" at Faith Community Church & Faith Academy in Franklin
- Ribbon Cutting Ceremony held for new concession at FHS
- What is Veronica's Place Playground Project?


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yashicaThis photo was shot on film. Taken by derekfm with a Yashica TL Electro loaded with Kodak Gold 400 (35mm) film in São Paulo, Brazil. Date: 2012-02.
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