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|Regions with significant populations
|Census statistics identifying "white people". Few countries have census category "white".
|United States
|United Kingdom
|South Africa
|Puerto Rico
|Genetics and differences
|Race and...
|Related topics
White people is a term for a set of ethnic groups, and functions as a color metaphor for race.[1] The definition of "white person" differs according to geographical and historical context. Various social constructions of whiteness have had implications in terms of national identity, consanguinity, public policy, religion, population statistics, racial segregation, affirmative action, eugenics, racial marginalization and racial quotas. The concept has been applied with varying degrees of formality and internal consistency in disciplines including sociology, politics, genetics, biology, medicine, biomedicine, language, culture, and law.[citation needed]
The notion of "white people" or a "white race" as a large group of populations contrasting with "black", "colored" or non-white originates in the 17th century. Pragmatic description of populations as "white" in reference to their skin color predates this notion and is found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient sources.
In the literature of the Ancient Near East and Classical Antiquity, descriptions of the physical aspect of various nations in terms of color is commonplace.
The Ancient Egyptian (New Kingdom) funerary text known as the Book of Gates distinguishes "four races of men". These are the Egyptians, the Levantine/Canaanite peoples or "Asiatics", the "Nubians" and the "fair-skinned Libyans".[3] The Egyptians are depicted as a light reddish brown, the Nubians (modern Sudan) as black skinned, the Semites from the Levant (modern Syria) and Canaan (modern Lebanon, Israel and Jordan) as light skinned, and the Berbers of ancient Libya as similarly fair.
Xenophon described the Aethiopians (Nubians) as black and the Persian troops as white compared to the sun-tanned skin of Greek troops.[4] Herodotus similarly used Melanchroes "dark-skinned" for the Egyptians. He described the Aithiopsi as "burned-faced", for the Aethiopians (Nubians). Herodotus also described the Scythian Budini as having deep blue eyes and bright red hair.[5]
These color adjectives are typically found in contrast to the "standard" set by the own group, not as a self-description. Classicist James Dee found that "the Greeks do not describe themselves as "white people"—or as anything else because they had no regular word in their color vocabulary for themselves—and we can see that the concept of a distinct 'white race' was not present in the ancient world."[6]
Assignment of positive and negative connotations of white and black date to the classical period in a number of Indo-European languages, but these differences were not applied to skin color per se. Religious conversion was described figuratively as a change in skin color.[6] Similarly, the Rigveda uses krsna tvac "black skin" as a metaphor for irreligiosity.[7]
The pseudo-Aristotelian Physiognomica (2nd century BC) in keeping with the Aristotelian doctrine of the golden mean postulates that the ideal skin tone was to be found somewhere between very dark and very light.
Similar views were held by a number of Arabic writers during the time of the medieval Caliphate period. Some Arabs at the time viewed their "swarthy" skin as the ideal skin tone, in comparison to the darker Sub-Saharan Africans and the fairer "ruddy people" to the northeast (which included Turks, Greeks, Slavs and at times Persians).[8]
The term "white race" or "white people" entered the major European languages in the later 17th century, originating with the racialization of slavery at the time, in the context of the Atlantic slave trade[9] and the enslavement of native peoples in the Spanish Empire.[10] While first a social category, it has repeatedly been ascribed to strains of blood, ancestry, and physical traits, and was eventually made into a subject of scientific research, which culminated in scientific racism, before being widely repudiated by the scientific community. According to historian Irene Silverblatt, "Race thinking … made social categories into racial truths."[10] Bruce David Baum, citing the work of Ruth Frankenberg, states, "the history of modern racist domination has been bound up with the history of how European peoples defined themselves (and sometimes some other peoples) as members of a superior 'white race.'"[11] Alastair Bonnett argues that 'white identity', as it is presently conceived, is an American project, reflecting American interpretations of race and history.[12]
According to Gregory Jay, a professor of English at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee,
Before the age of exploration, group differences were largely based on language, religion, and geography. ... the European had always reacted a bit hysterically to the differences of skin color and facial structure between themselves and the populations encountered in Africa, Asia, and the Americas (see, for example, Shakespeare's dramatization of racial conflict in Othello and The Tempest). Beginning in the 1500s, Europeans began to develop what became known as "scientific racism," the attempt to construct a biological rather than cultural definition of race ... Whiteness, then, emerged as what we now call a "pan-ethnic" category, as a way of merging a variety of European ethnic populations into a single "race" ...
—Gregory Jay, "Who Invented White People?"[13]
A three-part racial schema in color terms was used in seventeenth-century Latin America under Spanish rule.[14] Irene Silverblatt traces "race thinking" in South America to the social categories of colonialism and state formation: "White, black, and brown are abridged, abstracted versions of colonizer, slave, and colonized."[15] "The term white came into wide use in the British colonies in America from the 1680s."[6][16]
In 1758, Carolus Linnaeus proposed what he considered to be natural taxonomic categories of the human species. He distinguished between Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens europaeus, and he later added four geographical subdivisions of humans: white Europeans, red Americans, yellow Asians and black Africans. Although Linnaeus intended them as objective classifications, he used both taxonomical and cultural data in his subdivision descriptions.[17]
In 1775, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach described the white race as "the white color holds the first place, such as it is that most Europeans. The redness of cheeks in this variety is almost peculiar to it: at all events it is but seldom seen in the rest... Color white, Cheeks rosy".[18] He categorized humans into five races, which largely corresponded with Linnaeus' classifications, except for the addition of Oceanians (whom he called Malay).[17] He characterized the racial classification scheme of Metzger as making "two principal varieties as extremes:(1) the white man native of Europe, of the northern parts of Asia, America and Africa..",[19] and the racial classification scheme of John Hunter as having, "seven varieties:... (6) brownish as the southern Europeans, Turks, Abyssinians, Samoiedes and Lapps; (7) white, as the remaining Europeans, the Mingrelians and Kabardinski".[19] Blumenbach is known for arguing that physical characteristics like skin color, cranial profile, etc., were correlated with group character and aptitude. Craniometry and phrenology would attempt to make physical appearance correspond with racial categories. The fairness and relatively high brows of Caucasians were held to be apt physical expressions of a loftier mentality and a more generous spirit. The epicanthic folds around the eyes of Mongolians and their slightly sallow outer epidermal layer bespoke their supposedly crafty, literal-minded nature.
Later in life, Blumenbach encountered in Switzerland "eine zum Verlieben schöne Négresse" ("a Negress so beautiful to fall in love with"). Further anatomical study led him to the conclusion that 'individual Africans differ as much, or even more, from other individual Africans as Europeans differ from Europeans'. Furthermore he concluded that Africans were not inferior to the rest of mankind 'concerning healthy faculties of understanding, excellent natural talents and mental capacities'.[20] These later ideas were far less influential than his earlier assertions with regard to the perceived relative qualities of the different races, which opened the way to secular and scientific racism.[21]
In a 1775 work, Von den verschiedenen Rassen der Menschen ("Of [About] The Different Races of Humans"), German philosopher Immanuel Kant used the term weiß (white) to refer to "the white one [race] of northern Europe" (p. 267).[19]
The study into race and ethnicity in the 18th and 19th centuries developed into what would later be termed scientific racism. During the period of the mid-19th to mid-20th century,[23] race scientists, including most physical anthropologists classified the world's populations into three, four, or five races, which, depending on the authority consulted, were further divided into various sub-races. During this period the Caucasian race, named after people of the North Caucasus (Caucasus Mountains) but extending to all Europeans, figured as one of these races, and was incorporated as a formal category of both scientific research and, in countries including the United States, social classification.
There was never any scholarly consensus on the delineation between the Caucasian race, including the populations of Europe, and the Mongoloid one, including the populations of East Asia. Thus, Carleton S. Coon (1939) included the populations native to all of Central and Northern Asia under the Caucasian label, while Thomas Henry Huxley (1870) classified the same populations as Mongoloid, and Lothrop Stoddard (1920) excluded the populations of the Middle East and North Africa as well as those of Central Asia, classifying them as "brown", and counted as "white" only the European peoples.
Some authorities, following Huxley (1870), distinguished the Xanthochroi or "light whites" of Northern Europe with the Melanochroi or "dark whites" of the Mediterranean.
Alastair Bonnett has stated that, a strong "current of scientific research supports the theory that Europeans were but one expression of a wider racial group (termed sometimes Caucasian), a group that included peoples from Asia and North Africa".[24][25] Bonnett, does, however, note that this is not a commonplace definition: in Europe and North America the inclusion of non-Europeans is a "technicality little favoured outside certain immigration bureaucracies and traditional anthropology."[24]
Raj Bhopal and Liam Donaldson opine that white people are a heterogeneous group, and the term white should therefore be abandoned as a classification for the purposes of epidemiology and health research, and identifications based on geographic origin and migration history be used instead.[26]
|Regions with significant populations
|Census statistics identifying "white people". Few countries have census category "white".
|United States
|United Kingdom
|South Africa
|Puerto Rico
Definitions of white have changed over the years, including the official definitions used in many countries, such as the United States and Brazil.[39] Some defied official regulations through the phenomenon of "passing", many of them becoming white people, either temporarily or permanently. Through the mid-to-late 20th century, numerous countries had formal legal standards or procedures defining racial categories (see cleanliness of blood, apartheid in South Africa, hypodescent). However, as critiques of racism and scientific arguments against the existence of race arose, a trend towards self-identification of racial status arose. Below are some census definitions of white, which may differ from the social definition of white within the same country. The social definition has also been added where possible.
Argentina, along with other areas of new settlement like Canada, Australia, New Zealand or the United States, is considered a country of immigrants where the vast majority originated from Europe.[40] Although no official censuses based on ethnic classification have been carried out in Argentina, some international sources state that White Argentines and other whites (Europeans) in Argentina make up somewhere between 89.7%[41] (around 36.7 million people) and 85.8%[42] (34.4 million) of the total population. White people can be found in all areas of the country, but especially in the central-eastern region (Pampas), the central-western region (Cuyo), the southern region (Patagonia) and the north-eastern region (Litoral).
White Argentines are mainly descendants of immigrants who came from Europe and the Middle East in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[43][44] After the regimented Spanish colonists, waves of European settlers came to Argentina from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. Major contributors included Italy (initially from Piedmont, Veneto and Lombardy, later from Campania, Calabria, and Sicily),[45] and Spain (most are Galicians and Basques, but there are Asturians, Cantabrians, Catalans, and Andalusians). Smaller but significant numbers of immigrants include Germans, primarily Volga Germans from Russia, but also Germans from Germany, Switzerland, and Austria; French which mainly came from the Occitania region of France; Portuguese, which already conformed an important community since colonial times; Slavic groups, most of which were Croats, Bosniaks, Poles, but also Ukrainians, Belarussians, Russians, Bulgarians, Serbs and Montenegrins; Brits, mainly from England and Wales; Irish who left from the Potato famine or British rule; Scandinavians from Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway; from the Ottoman Empire came mainly Armenians, and various Semitic peoples such as Syriacs-Assyrians, Maronites and Arabs (from what are now of Lebanon and Syria). Smaller waves of settlers from Australia and South Africa, and the United States can be traced in Argentine immigration records.
The majority of Argentina's Jewish population are Ashkenazi Jews from diaspora communities in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, and about 15–20% are Sephardic communities from Syria. Argentina is home to the fifth largest Ashkenazi Jewish community in the world. (See also History of the Jews in Argentina).
By the 1910s, after immigration rates peaked, over 30 percent of the country's population was from outside Argentina, and over half of Buenos Aires' population was foreign-born.[46][47] However, the 1914 National Census revealed that around 80% of the national population were either European immigrants, their children or grandchildren.[48] Among the remaining 20 percent (those descended from the population residing locally before this immigrant wave took shape in the 1870s), around a third were white.[49] European immigration continued to account for over half the nation's population growth during the 1920s, and was again significant (albeit in a smaller wave) following World War II.[48] It is estimated that Argentina received a total amount of 6.6 million European and Middle-Eastern immigrants during the period 1857–1940.[50]
White Argentines, therefore, likely peaked as a percentage of the national population at over 90% on or shortly after the 1947 census. Since the 1960s, increasing immigration from bordering countries to the north (especially from Bolivia and Paraguay, which have Amerindian and Mestizo majorities) has lessened that majority somewhat.[48]
Criticism of the national census state that data has historically been collected using the category of national origin rather than race in Argentina, leading to undercounting Afro-Argentines and mestizos.[51] África Viva (Living Africa) is a black rights group in Buenos Aires with the support of the Organization of American States, financial aid from the World Bank and Argentina's census bureau is working to add an "Afro-descendants" category to the 2010 census. The 1887 national census was the final year where blacks were included as a separate category before it was eliminated by the government.[52]
From 1788, when the first British colony in Australia was founded, until the early 19th century, most immigrants to Australia were English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish convicts. These were augmented by small numbers of free settlers from the British Isles and other European countries. However, until the mid-19th century, there were few restrictions on immigration, although members of ethnic minorities tended to be assimilated into the Anglo-Celtic populations.
People of many nationalities, including many non-white people, emigrated to Australia during the goldrushes of the 1850s. However, the vast majority was still white and the goldrushes inspired the first racist activism and policy, directed mainly at Chinese people.
From the late 19th century, the Colonial/State and later federal governments of Australia restricted all permanent immigration to the country by non-Europeans. These policies became known as the "White Australia policy", which was consolidated and enabled by the Immigration Restriction Act 1901,[53] but was never universally applied. Immigration inspectors were empowered to ask immigrants to take dictation from any European language as a test for admittance, a test used in practice to exclude people from Asia, Africa, and some European and South American countries, depending on the political climate.
Although they were not the prime targets of the policy, it was not until after World War II that large numbers of southern European and eastern European immigrants were admitted for the first time.[54] Following this, the White Australia Policy was relaxed in stages: non-European nationals who could demonstrate European descent were admitted (e.g., descendants of European colonizers and settlers from Latin America or Africa), as were autochthonous inhabitants (such as Maronites, Arabs, Assyrians, Armenians and Syriacs) of various nations from the Middle East, most significantly from Lebanon and to a lesser degree Iraq, Syria and Iran. In 1973, all immigration restrictions based on race and/or geographic origin were officially terminated.
Recent censuses in Brazil are conducted on the basis of self-identification. In the 2000 census, 53.7% of Brazilians (approximately 93 million people in 2000) were White and 39.1% Pardo or multiracial Brazilians; but in 2008 a new National Survey of Household was conducted, and the percentage of Brazilians who self-identified as "Brancos" diminished to 48.4% (92 million people), while the Pardos increased up to 43.8%.[55]
This significant percentage change is considered to be caused by people who used to identify themselves as White and now reappreciated their African and/or Amerindian and/or East Asian ancestry, and so they changed their self-identification to "Pardo" and "Asian".
White in Brazil is applied as a term to people of European descent, and Middle Easterners of all ethnicities. The census shows a trend of fewer Brazilians of a different descent (most likely mixed) identifying as white people as their social status increases.[56][57] Nevertheless, light-skinned mulattoes and mestizos with Caucasian features were also historically deemed as more closely related to the branco Middle Easterner and European descendants' group than the pardo "grayish-skinned" [56] multiracial one by a sort of unique social constructs, especially among those multiracials with non-Portuguese European ancestry, and such change of identities actually can mean more of a westernization of the concept of race in Brazil (mixed ancestry, as explained below, is not a factor against in historical definitions of whiteness in Brazil) than a change in the self-esteem of "marginalized and unconscious multiracial populations trying to paint themselves as white in a hopeful attempt to deny their unprivileged person of color status", as common sense among some Brazilians and foreigners is used to state.
Aside from Portuguese colonization, there were large waves of immigration from Southern, Western, Northern, Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the Balkans and the Middle East, in Brazil, the fourth largest number of the Americas just after the United States, Canada and Argentina. But these communities of European and Middle Eastern descent also mostly have members with some Subsaharan African and/or Amerindian ancestry nowadays, since not only the White population of Portuguese origin which absorved most of the descendants of the immigrants via intermarriage carried them, but interracial marriages and relationships in Brazil were common among most ethnic groups, all of them after 2 or 3 generations in the country, with many White Brazilian children being the offspring from Europeans or Middle Easterners and afrodescendant multiracials or persons of Amerindian/East Asian origin. Non-Portuguese ancestry generally is associated to an image of "foreigner", "European", and as such contributed to achieving whiter social perceptions in the color scale of the Brazilian society, even if the person is noticeably of mixed origins.
In the results of Statistics Canada's 2001 Canadian Census, white is one category in the population groups data variable, derived from data collected in question 19 (the results of this question are also used to derive the visible minority groups variable).[58]
In the 1995 Employment Equity Act, '"members of visible minorities" means persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour'. In the 2001 Census, persons who selected Chinese, South Asian, African, Filipino, Latin American, Southeast Asian, Arab, West Asian, Middle Eastern, Japanese or Korean were included in the visible minority population.[59] A separate census question on "cultural or ethnic origin" (question 17) does not refer to skin color.[60]
About 30% of the Chilean population is Caucasian according to a study by the University of Chile.[61] Other studies estimate White population at 20%.[62]
During colonial times in the 18th century, an important flux of emigrants from Spain populated Chile, mostly Basques, who vitalized the Chilean economy and rose rapidly in the social hierarchy and became the political elite that still dominates the country.[63][64] An estimated 1.6 million (10%) and 3.2 million (20%) Chileans have a surname (one or both) of Basque origin.[65][66][67][68][69][70][71] The Basques liked Chile because of its great similarity to their native land: similar geography, cool climate, and the presence of fruits, seafood, and wine.[64]
Chile was never an attractive place for European migrants in the 19th and 20th century simply because it was far from Europe and difficult to reach. Chile experienced a tiny but steady arrival of Spanish, Italians, Irish, French, Greeks, Germans, English, Scots, Croats, Jewish, and Palestinian migrants (in addition to immigration from other Latin American countries).
The original arrival of Spaniards was the most radical change in demographics due to the arrival of Europeans in Chile,[72] since there was never a period of massive immigration, as happened in neighboring nations such as Argentina and Uruguay.[73] Facts about the amount of immigration do not coincide with certain national chauvinistic discourse, which claims that Chile, like Argentina or Uruguay, would be considered one of the "white" Latin American countries, in contrast to the racial mixture that prevails in the rest of the continent.[73] However, it is undeniable that immigrants have played a major role in Chilean society.[73] Between 1851 and 1924 Chile only received the 0.5% of the European immigration flow to Latin America, compared to the 46% received by Argentina, 33% by Brazil, 14% by Cuba, and 4% by Uruguay.[72] This was because most of the migration occurred across the Atlantic before the construction of the Panama Canal.[72] Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead of taking the long trip through the Straits of Magellan or across the Andes.[72] In 1907, European-born immigrants composed 2.4% of the Chilean population,[74] which fell to 1.8% in 1920,[75] and 1.5% in 1930.[76]
After the failed liberal revolution of 1848 in the German states,[73][77] a significant German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the German-Chilean community. Sponsored by the Chilean government to "civilize" and colonize the southern region,[73] these Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, Silesians, Alsatians and Austrians) settled mainly in Valdivia, Llanquihue and Los Ángeles.[78] The Chilean Embassy in Germany estimated 150,000 to 200,000 Chileans are of German origin.[79][80]
It is estimated that nearly 5% of the Chilean population is of Asian descent, chiefly from the Middle East, i.e., Israelis/Jews, Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, totaling around 800,000.[81][82] Chile is home to a large population of immigrants, mostly Christian, from the Levant.[83] Roughly 500,000 Palestinian descendants are believed to reside in Chile, making it the home of the largest Palestinian community outside of the Middle East.[84][85][86][87][88]
Another historically significant immigrant group is Croatian. The number of their descendants today is estimated to be 380,000 persons, the equivalent of 2.4% of the population.[89][90] Other authors claim, on the other hand, that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population have some Croatian ancestry.[91] Over 700,000 Chileans may have British (English, Scottish or Welsh) origin, 4.5% of Chile's population.[92] Chileans of Greek descent are estimated 90,000 to 120,000.[93] Most of them live either in the Santiago area or in the Antofagasta area, and Chile is one of the 5 countries with the most descendants of Greeks in the world.[94] The descendants of the Swiss reach 90,000[95] and it is estimated that about 5% of the Chilean population has some French ancestry.[96] 184,000 are descendants of Italians.[97] Other groups of European descendants are found in smaller numbers.
The census figures show how Colombians see themselves in terms of race. The white Colombian population is approximately 25% to 37% of the Colombian population, according to estimates,[98][99] but in surveys and in the 2005 Census, 37% of the total population self identify as white.[98] According to a genetic research by the University of Brasilia, Colombian genetic admixture consists in a 45.9% European, 33.8% Amerindian, and 20.3% African ancestry.[100] White Colombians are mostly descendants of Spaniards. Italian, German, Irish, Portuguese, and Lebanese (Arab diaspora in Colombia) Colombians are found in notable numbers[citation needed]
Many Spanish began their explorations searching for gold, while others Spanish established themselves as leaders of the native social organizations teaching natives the Christian faith and the ways of their civilization. Catholic priest would provide education for Native Americans that otherwise was unavailable.[101] Within 100 years after the first Spanish settlement, nearly 95 percent of all Native Americans in Colombia had died.[101] The majority of the deaths of Native Americans were the cause of diseases such as measles and smallpox, which were spread by European settlers.[101] Many Native Americans were also killed by armed conflicts with European settlers.[101]
Between 1540 and 1559, 8.9 percent of the residents of Colombia were of Basque origin. It has been suggested that the present day incidence of business entrepreneurship in the region of Antioquia is attributable to the Basque immigration and Basque character traits.[102] Few Colombians of distant Basque descent are aware of their Basque ethnic heritage.[102] In Bogota, there is a small colony of thirty to forty families who emigrated as a consequence of the Spanish Civil War or because of different opportunities.[102] Basque priests were the ones that introduced handball into Colombia.[103] Basque immigrants in Colombia were devoted to teaching and public administration.[103] In the first years of the Andean multinational company, Basque sailors navigated as captains and pilots on the majority of the ships until the country was able to train its own crews.[103]
In December 1941 the United States government estimated that there were 4,000 Germans living in Colombia.[104] There were some Nazi agitators in Colombia, such as Barranquilla businessman Emil Prufurt.[104] Colombia invited Germans who were on the U.S. blacklist to leave.[104] SCADTA, a Colombian-German air transport corporation which was established by German expatriates in 1919, was the first commercial airline in the western hemisphere.[105]
The first and largest wave of immigration from the Middle East began around 1880, and remained during the first two decades of the twentieth century. They were mainly Maronite Christians from Greater Syria (Syria and Lebanon) and Palestine, fleeing the then colonized Ottoman territories.[106] Syrians, Palestinians, and Lebanese continued since then to settle in Colombia.[107] Due to poor existing information it's impossible to know the exact number of Lebanese and Syrians that immigrated to Colombia. A figure of 5,000-10,000 from 1880 to 1930 may be reliable.[107] Whatever the figure, Syrians and Lebanese are perhaps the biggest immigrant group next to the Spanish since independence.[107] Those who left their homeland in the Middle East to settle in Colombia left for different reasons such as religious, economic, and political reasons.[107] Some left to experience the adventure of migration. After Barranquilla and Cartagena, Bogota stuck next to Cali, among cities with the largest number of Arabic-speaking representatives in Colombia in 1945.[107] The Arabs that went to Maicao were mostly Sunni Muslim with some Druze and Shiites, as well as Orthodox and Maronite Christians.[106] The mosque of Maicao is the second largest mosque in Latin America.[106] Middle Easterns are generally called Turcos (Turkish).[106]
In 2009, Costa Rica had an estimated population of 4,509,290. White people (includes mestizo) make up 94%, 3% of the remainder are black people, 1% are Amerindians, and 1% are Chinese. White Costa Ricans are mostly of Spanish ancestry, but there are also significant numbers of Costa Ricans descended from British Italian, German, English, Dutch, French, Irish, Portuguese, Lebanese and Polish families, as well a sizable Jewish community.[108]
Contrary to most other Caribbean nations, Cuba became predominantly populated by European immigrants (followed in such regard by Puerto Rico)[citation needed] In 1958, it was estimated that approximately 74% of Cubans were of European ancestry, mainly of Spanish origin, 10% of African ancestry, 15% of both African and European ancestry (mulattos), and a small 1% of the population was Asian, predominantly Chinese. However, after the Cuban revolution, due to a combination of factors, mainly mass exodus to Miami, United States, a drastic decrease in immigration, and interracial reproduction, Cuba's demography has changed. As a result, those of complete European ancestry and those of pure African ancestry have decreased, the mulatto population has increased, and the Asian population has, for all intents and purposes, disappeared.
The 2002 census figures supplied by the Cuban regime claims that 65% of Cubans were white.[109] However, the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami says the present Cuban population is 38% white and 62% black/mulatto.[109] The Minority Rights Group International says that "An objective assessment of the situation of Afro-Cubans remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre- and post-revolution. Estimates of the percentage of people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously, ranging from 33.9 per cent to 62 per cent".[110][111]
According to the 2002 census, Cuba's population was 11,177,743.
White Mexicans are Mexican citizens of predominantly European descent. Although Mexico does not have a racial census, some international organizations believe that Mexican people of Spanish or predominantly European descent make up approximately one-sixth (16.5%) of the country's population.[112] Another group in Mexico, the "mestizos", also include people with varying amounts of European ancestry, with some having a European admixture superior to 90%.[113] Because of this, the line between whites and mestizos has become rather blur, and the Mexican government decided to abandon racial classifications.[114]
Europeans began arriving to Mexico with the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, with the descendents of the conquistadors, along with new arrivals from Spain formed an elite but never a majority of the population. Intermixing would produce a mestizo group which would become the majority by the time of Independence, but power remained firmly in the hands of the elite, called "criollo."
While most of European or Caucasian migration into Mexico was Spanish during the colonial period, in the 19th and 20th centuries European and European derived populations from North and South America did immigrate to the country. However, at its height, the total immigrant population in Mexico never exceeded twenty percent of the total.[115] Many of these immigrants came with money to invest and/or ties to allow them to become prominent in business and other aspects of Mexican society. However, due to government restrictions many of them left the country in the early 20th century.
Mexico's northern regions have the greatest European population and admixture. In the northwest, the majority of the relatively small indigenous communities remain isolated from the rest of the population, and as for the northeast, the indigenous population was eliminated by early European settlers, becoming the region with the highest proportion of whites during the Spanish colonial period. However, recent immigrants from southern Mexico have been changing, to some degree, its demographic trends.[116]
The White population of central Mexico, despite not being as numerous as in the north due to higher mixing, is ethnically more diverse, as there are large numbers of other European and Middle Eastern ethnic groups, aside from Spaniards. This also results in non-Iberian surnames (mostly French, German, Italian and Arab) being more common in central Mexico, especially in the country's capital and in the state of Jalisco.
|Official census[117][118][119]
|Racial composition (percentages) by
the official Spanish and U.S census.
Contrary to most other Caribbean nations, Puerto Rico gradually became predominantly populated by European immigrants.[citation needed] Puerto Ricans of Spanish and Italian descent comprise the majority. (See: Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico). In 1899, one year after the U.S invaded and took control of the island, 61.8% of people self-identified as White[citation needed] One hundred years later (2000), the total increased to 80.5% (3,064,862); not because there has been an influx of whites toward the island (or an exodus of non-White people), but a change of race conceptions, mainly because of Puerto Rican elites to portray Puerto Rico's image as the "white island of the Antilles", partly as a response to scientific racism.[117]
Hundreds are from Corsica, France, Italy, Portugal, Lebanon, Ireland, Scotland, and Germany, along with large numbers of immigrants from Spain. This was the result of granted land from Spain during the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 (Royal Decree of Graces of 1815), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with a certain amount of free land.
Between 1960 and 1990, the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or color.[citation needed] Racial categories therefore disappeared from the dominant discourse on the Puerto Rican nation. However, the 2000 census included a racial self-identification question in Puerto Rico and, for the first time ever,[citation needed] allowed respondents to choose more than one racial category to indicate mixed ancestry. (Only 4.2% chose two or more races.) With few variations, the census of Puerto Rico used the same questionnaire as in the U.S. mainland. According to census reports,[which?] most islanders responded to the new federally mandated categories on race and ethnicity by declaring themselves "white"; few declared themselves to be Black or some other race.[120][not in citation given]
White Hollanders first arrived in South Africa around 1652.[121][122] By the beginning of the eighteenth century, some 2,000 Europeans and their descendants were established in the region. Although these early Afrikaners represented various nationalities, including German peasants and French Huguenots, the community retained a thoroughly Dutch character.[123]
The British Empire seized Cape Town in 1795 during the Napoleonic Wars and permanently acquired South Africa from Amsterdam in 1814. The first British immigrants numbered about 4,000 and were introduced in 1820. They represented groups from England, Ireland, Scotland, or Wales and were typically more literate than the Dutch.[123] The discovery of diamonds and gold led to a greater influx of English speakers, particularly Jews, who were able to develop the mining industry with capital unavailable to Afrikaners.[123] They have been joined in more subsequent decades by former colonials from elsewhere, such as Zambia and Kenya, and poorer British nationals looking to escape famine at home.[123]
Both Afrikaners and English have been politically dominant in South Africa during the past; due to the controversial racial order under apartheid, the nation's predominantly Afrikaner government became a target of condemnation by other African states and the site of considerable dissension between 1948 and 1991.[121]
There were 4.6 million whites in South Africa in 2011,[124][125] down from an all-time high of 5.2 million in 1995 following a wave of emigration commencing in the late 20th century.[126]
Before the Industrial Revolutions in Europe whiteness may have been associated with social status. Aristocrats may have had less exposure to the sun and therefore a pale complexion may have been associated with status and wealth.[127] This may be the origin of "blue blood" as a description of royalty, the skin being so lightly pigmented that the blueness of the veins could be clearly seen.[128] The change in the meaning of white that occurred in the colonies (see above) to distinguish Europeans from non-Europeans did not apply to 'home' countries (England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales). Whiteness therefore retained a meaning associated with social status. During the 19th century, when the British Empire was at its peak, many of the bourgeoisie and aristocracy developed extremely chauvinistic attitudes to those of lower social rank. Edward Lhuyd discovered that Welsh, Gaelic, Cornish and Breton are all part of the same language family, which he called "Celtic", and were distinct from the Germanic English; this can be seen in context with 19th-century romantic nationalism. On the other hand the discovery of Anglo-Saxon remains also led to a belief that the English were descended from a distinct Germanic lineage that was fundamentally (and racially) different from that of the Celts. Early British anthropologists such as John Beddoe and Robert Knox emphasised this distinction, and it was common to find texts that claimed that Welsh, Irish and Scottish people are the descendants of the indigenous more "primitive" inhabitants of the islands, while the English, are the descendants of a more advanced and recent "Germanic" migration. Beddoe especially postulated that the Welsh and Irish people are closer to the Cro-Magnon, whom he also considered Africanoid, and it was common to find references to the swarthyness of the skin of peoples from the west of the islands, by comparison to the more pale skinned and blond English residing in the east. For example Thomas Huxley's "On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind" (1870) described Irish, Scots and Welsh peoples as a mixture of "melanochroi" (melano—dark colored), and "xanthochroi", while the English were "xanthochroi" (xanthro—yellow). Just as race reified whiteness in the colonies, so capitalism without social welfare reified whiteness with regards to social class in 19th-century Britain and Ireland; this social distinction of whiteness became, over time, associated with racial difference. For example George Sims in How the poor live (1883) wrote of "...a dark continent that is within easy reach of the General Post Office... the wild races who inhabit it will, I trust, gain public sympathy as easily as [other] savage tribes"[129] and Count Gobineau in The Inequality of Human Races wrote the following:
Every social order is founded upon three social classes, each of which represents a racial variety: the nobility, a more or less accurate reflection of the conquering race; the bourgeoisie composed of mixed stock coming close to the chief race; and the common people who live in servitude or at least in a very depressed position.[130]
In the UK, the Office for National Statistics uses the term white as an ethnic category. The terms White British, White Irish, White Scottish and White Other are used. These classifications rely on individuals' self-identification, since it is recognised that ethnic identity is not an objective category.[131]
Socially, in the UK white usually refers only to people of native British, Irish and European origin.[132] In 2011 87.2% of the British population identified themselves as white.[133][134][135]
The cultural boundaries separating white Americans from other racial or ethnic categories are contested and always changing. Professor David R. Roediger of the University of Illinois, suggests that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.[136] By the 18th century, white had become well established as a racial term. According to John Tehranian, among those not considered white at some points in American history have been: the Germans, Greeks, white Hispanics, Arabs, Iranians, Afghans, Irish, Italians, Jews, Slavs and Spaniards.[137] Still today the relationship between some ethnic groups and whiteness remains complex. In particular, some Jewish and Arab individuals both self-identify and are considered as part of the White American racial category, but others with the same ancestry feel they are not white nor are they perceived as white by American society.[138][139][140]
The process of officially being defined as white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship. The Immigration Act of 1790 offered naturalization only to "any alien, being a free white person". In at least 52 cases, people denied the status of white by immigration officials sued in court for status as white people. By 1923, courts had vindicated a "common-knowledge" standard, concluding that "scientific evidence" was incoherent. Legal scholar John Tehranian argues that in reality this was a "performance-based" standard, relating to religious practices, education, intermarriage and a community's role in the United States.[141]
In 1923, the Supreme Court decided in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind that people of Indian descent were not white men, and thus not eligible to citizenship.[142] While Thind was a high caste Hindu born in the northern Punjab region and classified by certain scientific authorities as of the Aryan race, the court conceded that he was not white or Caucasian since the word Aryan "has to do with linguistic and not at all with physical characteristics" and "the average man knows perfectly well that there are unmistakable and profound differences" between Indians and white people.[142] with an "intermixture of blood"[142] from the "dark skinned Dravidian". In United States v. Cartozian (1925), an Armenian immigrant successfully argued (and the Supreme Court agreed) that his nationality was white in contradistinction to other people of the Near East—Kurds, Turks, and Arabs in particular—on the basis of their Christian religious traditions.[143] In conflicting rulings In re Hassan (1942) and Ex parte Mohriez, United States District Courts found that Arabs did not, and did qualify as white under immigration law.[144]
|U.S Census 1790–2010[145][146]
|% of the U.S
|89.8 (highest)
|72.4[148] (lowest)
The current U.S. Census definition includes white "a person having origins in any of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa."[148] The U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation describes white people as "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa through racial categories used in the UCR Program adopted from the Statistical Policy Handbook (1978) and published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce."[149] The "white" category in the UCR includes non-black Hispanics.[150]
A report from the Pew Research Center in 2008 projects that by 2050, Non-Hispanic white Americans will make up 47% of the population, down from 67% projected in 2005.[151] White Americans made up nearly 90% of the population in 1950.[145]
One-third of Americans classified as "white" in a study contained between two and twenty percent African genetic admixture, which can be extrapolated to about 74 million whites in America with this admixture.[152][153]
The one drop rule–that a person with any amount of known African ancestry (however small or invisible) is not white–is a classification that was used in parts of the United States.[154] It is a colloquial term for a set of laws passed by 18 US states between 1910 and 1931, many as a consequence of Plessy v. Ferguson, a Supreme Court decision that upheld the concept of racial segregation by accepting a separate but equal argument. The set of laws was finally declared unconstitutional in 1967, when the Supreme Court ruled on anti-miscegenation laws while hearing Loving v. Virginia, which also found that Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924 was unconstitutional. The one drop rule attempted to create a bifurcated system of either black or white regardless of a person's physical appearance, but sometimes failed as people with African ancestry sometimes passed as "white", as noted above. This contrasts with the more flexible social structures present in Latin America (derived from the Spanish colonial era casta system) where there were less clear-cut divisions between various ethnicities.
As a result of centuries of having children with white people, the majority of African Americans have some European admixture,[155] and many white people also have African ancestry.[156][157] Robert P. Stuckert, member of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Ohio State University said that the majority of the descendants of African slaves are white.[158] Writer and editor Debra Dickerson questions the legitimacy of the one drop rule, stating that "easily one-third of black people have white DNA".[159] She argues that in ignoring their European ancestry, African Americans are denying their fully articulated multi-racial identities. The peculiarity of the one drop rule may be illustrated by the case of singer Mariah Carey,[160] who was publicly called "another white girl trying to sing black", but in an interview with Larry King, responded that—despite her physical appearance and the fact that she was raised primarily by her white mother—due to the one drop rule she did not "feel white".[161][162][163]
Uruguayans and Argentines share closely related demographic ties. Different estimates state that Uruguay's population of 3.4 million is composed of 88% to 93% white Uruguayans.[164][165] Uruguay's population is heavily populated by people of European origin, mainly Spaniards, followed closely by Italians,[166] including numbers of French, Greek, Lebanese, Armenians, Swiss, Scandinavians, Germans, Irish, Dutch, Belgians, Austrians, and other Southern and Eastern Europeans which migrated to Uruguay in the late 19th century and 20th century.[citation needed] According to the 2006 National Survey of Homes by the Uruguayan National Institute of Statistics: 94.6% self-identified as having a white background, 9.1% chose Black ancestry, and 4.5% chose an Amerindian ancestry (people surveyed were allowed to choose more than one option).[38]
According to the 2011 National Population and Housing Census, 42.2% of the Venezuelan population (approx. 11.4 million people) identify as white.[167] Genetic research by the University of Brasilia shows an average admixture of 60.6% European, 23.0% Amerindian and 16.3% African ancestry in Venezuelan populations.[100] The majority of white Venezuelans are of Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and German descent. Nearly half a million European immigrants, mostly from Spain (as a consequence of the Spanish Civil War), Italy and Portugal, entered the country during and after World War II, attracted by a prosperous, rapidly developing country where educated and skilled immigrants were welcomed.
Spaniards were introduced into Venezuela during the colonial period. Most of them were from Andalusia, Galicia, Basque Country and from the Canary Islands. Until the last years of World War II, a large part of the European immigrants to Venezuela came from the Canary Islands, and its cultural impact was significant, influencing the development of Castilian in the country, its gastronomy and customs. With the beginning of oil operations during the first decades of the 20th century, citizens and companies from the United States, United Kingdom and Netherlands established themselves in Venezuela. Later, in the middle of the century, there was a new wave of originating immigrants from Spain (mainly from Galicia, Andalucia and the Basque Country), Italy (mainly from southern Italy and Venice) and Portugal (from Madeira) and new immigrants from Germany, France, England, Croatia, Netherlands, the Middle East and other European countries, among others, animated simultaneously by the program of immigration and colonization implanted by the government.[citation needed]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to White people.


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gm ignition
We're set to record Autoblog Podcast #387 this evening. Check out the topics below or drop us your questions and comments via the Q&A module. And don't forget to subscribe to the Autoblog Podcast in iTunes if you haven't already done so. To take it all in live, tune in to our UStream (audio ...

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A newer version of TurboIRC is available.Or, Learn More About TurboIRC
out of 8 user reviews
Full user review
"The Best Since mIRC, and free to boot!"
It does everything that mIRC does, and is easier, more intuitive. Verrry easy to use.
When typing into the input box, another box, annoyingly, keeps popping up. No big deal. Also, it's probably an operator problem, but the colors and fonts & font sizes for the input box wouldn't stay permanently ON. Probably my misunderstanding of how to do it right.


text:
ST. LOUIS, Mo. (KMOX) As St. Louis prepares to welcome tens of thousands of gun enthusiasts, you might be surprised who the NRA says is their largest growing demographic.
Its women. And a recent survey by the National Shooting Sports Foundation found 61 percent of retailers saw an increase of female customers from 2009 to 2010.
...Were running concealed carry classes to teach women how to carry on the street, said Schoenbeck.
Starting May 1st, On Target is offering womans only night at the range.
God Bless em! And in a strong nuclear family, they got your back!
Read the whole article here:
Women Driving Guns Sales Up « CBS St. Louis


text:
Tangerine Red Tea Bags
The sunny flavor of tangy tangerine swirled with Organic, Fair Trade Certified Rooibos makes a caffeine-free treat any time of the day. This tea makes Tang Tang the butterfly flutter with delight.
A portion of proceeds from the sale of these products directly benefits Room to Read. Learn more about Room to Read.
More About This Product
Donation amounts additional products:
Full-sized tins: $1.00
Bulk Bag: $2.78
Rooibos (Red Tea) is naturally caffeine-free. More about caffeine.
Steeping Instructions
Steeping red tea is easy. Simply heat fresh, filtered water to a rolling boil. Then pour water over tea and steep for 5-7 minutes if using a tea bag or full-leaf.
Organic, Fair Trade Certified™ rooibos, sweet blackberry leaves and natural tangerine flavor
Country of Origin
South Africa
- 4
What our Citizens are saying about this great gift of the leaf...
|Please, Bring Back Tangerine Orange Green Tea
|July 21, 2012
|Tangerine Red is a non-caffine tea for children and I will try it I would really encourage you to bring back the Tangerine Orange Green Tea. This tea was delicious and definately had a tangerine flavor. It was one of my favorites and I can't understand why it was discontinued.
|July 19, 2012
|At first I was a bit sceptical, I like tangerine but it's not a favorite flavor and thought it might be overpowering but i was pleasantly surprised at the smooth taste, hot or cold. It's a nice in the evening relax, hot, dash of half/half milk and honey.
|July 06, 2012
|Much as I hate to say it, I do not like this tea. It reminds me of the old "orange flavored" kiddie aspirin I had as a child - it doesn't even begin to taste like tangerine to me. I am very sad.
|This has become one of my favorites.
|March 22, 2012
|This tea is labeled as"one for the kids" , so I guess that I am a big kid because I like this flavored tea. For an evening warm beverage this tea has become one of my favorites. It would be interesting to add an adult beverage to give it a kick, Any suggestions?
|the best tasting tea!
|December 27, 2011
|I purchased many different flavors of teas for my 6 and 8 y/o children and they will only drink this one. To tell you the truth, I like it as well! The kids like this with a touch of honey...hot or cold, the love it!..will drink it all Fall/Winter.
|My kids love this!!!
|November 29, 2011
|Of all the children's teas that are available, my kids love this one the best! They will drink this all throughout the Fall/Winter. And to tell you the truth, I like the taste of this as well!
|July 17, 2011
|Decided to try this as an alternative to juice for my children. Unfortunately, this smells similar to tobacco and my kiddos did not like the smell. We did try it said it tasted nothing like tangerines. I am not going to purchase any more of this tea.


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Jimmie I. Barber Park
1500 Dans Rd.
Greensboro, North Carolina 27401
Fax: 336-373-5939
Hours of Operation:
Barber Park opens daily at 8 am, weather permitting except closed on Thanksgiving and Christmas days.
Park Closing times are as follows:
Park gates will remain open for scheduled sporting events at the Penn-Wright Stadium and the Simkins Indoor Pavilion that exceed normal park hours.
Features and Amenities:
What's Happening at Jimmie I. Barber Park:
Construction on Phase II of the Barber Park Master Plan has been placed on hold pending City Council action on bond-related issues.
Evaluate Our Facility
Please take a few minutes to fill out the online facility survey and provide us with information that will help us better maintain our facilities.
All fields are required.


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Soft Shell Jackets - Women'sSave on Women's Soft Shell Jackets at Proboardshop.com! Great selection of street gear at unbelievably low prices. Proboardshop has been selling Soft Shell Jackets and outdoor gear for over 30 years and we're proud of it.
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Jonathan Richardson
|Jonathan Richardson
|12 January 1667
|28 May 1745
Bloomsbury, London
Jonathan Richardson (London 12 January 1667 – 28 May 1745 London) sometimes called "the Elder" to distinguish him from his son (who had the same name) was an English artist, collector of drawings, and writer on art, working almost entirely as a portrait-painter in London. He was considered by some art-critics as one of the three foremost painters of his time. He was the master of Thomas Hudson and George Knapton.[1] Richardson was even more influential as a writer; he is credited with inspiring Joshua Reynolds to paint and theorise with his book An Essay on the Theory of Painting.[1] This book is credited with being "the first significant work of artistic theory in English."[2]
Richardson was born in the parish of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate in London on 12 January 1667 to William and Mary Richardson. In 1672 his father died and his mother married again.[3] Richardson became a scrivener's apprentice, but he was released early when his master retired. Richardson was lucky enough to be taken on as a painting apprentice by John Riley. He learnt the art of portraiture from Riley whilst living at his master's house. Richardson's wife was Riley's niece.[4]
Richardson was even more influential as a writer than as a painter according to Samuel Johnson. He is credited with inspiring Joshua Reynolds to paint and theorise with his 1715 book An Essay on the Theory of Painting.[1] In 1722, Richardson published with his son, also Jonathan (1694–1771), An Account of Some of the Statues, Bas-Reliefs, Drawings, and Pictures in Italy (1722). The book was compiled by Richardson the elder using material gathered by his son whilst touring Italy in 1721. This was a very popular book and was used by young men as a basis for their Grand Tour. It was said that the book became the basis for future purchases of art by wealthy collectors and therefore shaped English interest in foreign old masters.[5]
Richardson was considered as one of the three foremost painters of his time with Charles Jervas and Michael Dahl. He was also an excellent and prolific draughtsman, and made a number of chalk drawings of friends and family. He was the master of Thomas Hudson and George Knapton. He painted and drew many self-portraits, which are highly regarded today.[1] Richardson has over 120 paintings in public ownership in the United Kingdom.[6] When the elder Richardson died in Bloomsbury on 28 May 1745 he left four daughters, one of whom married Thomas Hudson the painter,[4] who had previously been Richardson's pupil, as well as his son Jonathan Richardson the Younger (1694–1771), who was a painter and printmaker, though not as successfully as his father.[7] He left a large and valuable collection of 4,749 old master drawings, which together with the rest of Richardson's art collection were auctioned by Sotheby's over eighteen days. Today a drawing that still bears Richardson's collector's mark gains substantially in value. Richardson has been described as one of the "greatest collectors of drawings of all time".[8]
- An Essay on the Theory of Painting (1715)
- An Essay on the Whole Art of Criticism as it Relates to Painting and an Argument in Behalf of the Science of a Connoisseur (1719)
- An Account of Some of the Statues, Bas-Reliefs, Drawings, and Pictures in Italy (1722)
- Explanatory notes and remarks on Milton's Paradise lost By J. Richardson, father and son. With the life of the author, and a discourse on the poem.
- ^ a b c d Jonathan Richardson, London – National Portrait Gallery, accessed January 2010
- ^ Jonathan Richardson the elder, Getty Museum, accessed January 2009
- ^ Carol Gibson-Wood, 'Richardson, Jonathan, the elder (1667–1745)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 31 July 2013
- ^ a b Jonathon Richardson, Dictionary of National Biography, accessed January 2010
- ^ Jonathan Richardson, Dictionary of Art Historians, accessed January 2009
- ^ Richardson (painter) Paintings by Jonathon Richardson the Elder at the BBC Your Paintings site
- ^ Getty ULAN
- ^ Finsten, Jill (1993). "A Self Portrait of Jonathan Richardson". The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal (J. Paul Getty Trust) 21: pp. 43–54. JSTOR 4166635.; Frits Lugt, Les marques de collections de dessins & d'estampes, 1921 & 1956, nos L.2183 and L.2184 Lugt online
External links[edit]
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Jonathan Richardson
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jonathan Richardson.
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Paris, France & Cambridge, MA – Orange, one of the world's largest telecommunications companies, and Akamai Technologies, Inc., one of the world's leading providers of cloud infrastructure and CDN services, have announced today a strategic alliance to address the growing needs of the enterprise sector for improved content delivery. Orange has agreed to use technology from Akamai's Aura Network Solutions to provide CDN services to business customers. Upon deployment, the operator's enterprise division Orange Business Services will market these solutions initially in France. In addition, the two groups have formed an innovation steering committee to identify areas of innovation in the field of CDN solutions.
With best-of-breed content delivery network (CDN) solutions based on Akamai technology, Orange will address the exponential increase in web-based traffic, in particular HD video and e-commerce services. CDN systems use a widely-distributed network of servers to spread content that would otherwise be concentrated in a few locations. The result is greater network efficiency and a more secure system, as well as better service quality for end users by improving uptime, and enabling faster access and download speeds.
According to research by Informa , the market for commercial CDN services is expected to triple in value over the next five years to reach 3.63 billion euros by 2017. Online video will be the largest contributor accounting for 81% of total 2017 revenue in this segment.
Through this partnership, Orange aims to meet its business customers' needs, particularly in the media and e-commerce markets, by providing cutting-edge video solutions and web-acceleration services.
The partnership between the two companies is intended to provide enterprises with access to Akamai's optimization and acceleration technologies through Orange Business Services. By combining Akamai's expertise in improving Internet performance for end users across multiple devices with Orange's network, both companies look to address the growing market demand for content delivery.
Today's news brings together two major players in their respective industries with the aim of developing and offering innovative solutions for optimizing online media, web-based applications and mobile content. To achieve this, Akamai and Orange will jointly explore areas of innovation to bring new solutions to market.
"This partnership with Akamai represents an important step forward in our smart networks strategy," said Gilles Prunier, Senior Vice President in charge of the Smart Networks program at Orange. "Developing an Orange CDN service, powered by Akamai, will allow us to enrich our existing BtoB services portfolio and to support our customers' growth by providing them with new and differentiated web features that improve the end-user experience and ultimately increase customer loyalty."
"Akamai and Orange have a history of bringing unique and innovative solutions to address enterprises' needs," said Mark Vargo, Senior Vice President and General Manager, Akamai EMEA. "By combining the strengths of two leading technology companies in a single partnership, we believe we can provide enterprises in the French market with a robust and comprehensive set of acceleration and optimization offerings that will help address all aspects of their online businesses."
The partnership, which reflects a binding Memorandum of Understanding between the two companies, is subject to the execution of one or more definitive agreements setting forth the final terms and conditions for the companies' activities.
contacts presse
Akamai Media Relations
Jeff Young - +1 617-444-3913
Orange Media Relations
Tom Wright - +33 1 44 44 93 93
Akamai Investor Relations
Natalie Temple - +1 617-444-3635
about Orange
France Telecom-Orange is one of the world's leading telecommunications operators with sales of 45.3 billion euros for 2011 and has 170,000 employees worldwide at 30 September 2012, including 105,000 employees in France. Present in 33 countries, the Group has a total customer base of 227 million customers at 30 September 2012, including 169 million mobile customers and 15 million broadband internet (ADSL, fibre) customers worldwide. Orange is one of the main European operators for mobile and broadband internet services and, under the brand Orange Business Services, is one of the world leaders in providing telecommunication services to multinational companies.
With its industrial project, "conquests 2015", Orange is simultaneously addressing its employees, customers and shareholders, as well as the society in which the company operates, through a concrete set of action plans. These commitments are expressed through a new vision of human resources for employees; through the deployment of a network infrastructure upon which the Group will build its future growth; through the Group's ambition to offer a superior customer experience thanks in particular to improved quality of service; and through the acceleration of international development.
France Telecom (NYSE:FTE) is listed on NYSE Euronext Paris (compartment A) and on the New York Stock Exchange.
For more information (on the internet and on your mobile): www.orange.com , www.orange-business.com , www.orange-innovation.tv or to follow us on Twitter: @presseorange.
Orange and any other Orange product or service names included in this material are trade marks of Orange Brand Services Limited, Orange France or France Telecom.


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AVX's New Sub 1pF Automotive Varistor Series Provides Ultra-Low Capacitance, Bi-Directional ESD Protection
GREENVILLE, S.C., Feb. 26, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- AVX Corporation, a leading manufacturer of advanced passive components and interconnect solutions, has introduced a new series of automotive sub pF varistors. Based on reliable zinc-oxide varistor technology, AVX's new AEC-Q200-qualified Automotive Sub pF AG Series varistors provide ultra-low capacitance, bi-directional ESD protection in the sub 1pF range for automotive circuits sensitive to capacitance. Featuring a capacitance value of 0.8pF in a compact and low-profile 0402 package, the new AG Series varistors exhibit excellent response times to ESD strikes, protecting sensitive circuits – including modern automotive high-speed information systems, touch controls and displays, and RF applications – from over voltage. "As a leader in circuit protection products, AVX continuously strives to meet market demands by both improving current products and developing new series. The Automotive Sub pF AG Series was developed in response to new information processing technologies, which demand ever-increasing digital system speeds and, consequently, require the use of ultra-low capacitance values in order to minimize signal distortion," said Jiri Machanicek, technical marketing manager at AVX. AVX's new Automotive Sub pF AG Series varistors exhibit high reliability and low insertion losses, offer multi-strike capability, and are RoHS-compliant and AEC-Q200-qualified. Featuring a working voltage range of up to 16V, a capacitance of 0.8pF with a tolerance of ±20%, and Ni barrier/100% Sn terminations, AG Series varistors are ideal for a range of applications including: antennas, RF circuits, optics, HDMI, Firewire, Thunderbolt, high-speed communication bus, GPS, camera link, sensors, and touchscreen interfaces, among others.
For more information, please visit www.avx.com, call 864-967-2150, or write to One AVX Boulevard, Fountain Inn, S.C. 29644. About AVX
AVX Corporation is a leading international supplier of electronic passive components and interconnect solutions with 26 manufacturing and customer support facilities in 15 countries around the world. AVX offers a broad range of devices including capacitors, resistors, filters, timing and circuit protection devices and connectors. The company is publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE:AVX).
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text:
Patriots and Brady Clicking in Preseason
Fears of a fantasy letdown by "Tom Terrific" becoming a memory
If last night was any indication of what to expect from the New England Patriots then I have a few observations:
Tom Brady is going to have another monster season. In 2007 under offensive Josh McDaniels, Brady threw for 4,806 yards and an NFL record 50 passing TD's while having just 8 interceptions. In 2012 with McDaniels back as offensive coordinator after stints with Denver and St. Louis, Brady threw for 4,827 yards, 34 TD's, and 8 interceptions. After a near complete revamping of his WR corps, the loss of his top TE (Rob Gronkowski) to back and arm surgeries for an undetermined amount of time, and the release of talented yet extremely troubled Aaron Hernandez, many were speculating that this could be the end of the line for Brady's time as an elite fantasy football QB. He certainly looks anything but done through 2 preseason games. I stated before in this blog that the timing between a QB and his WR's was one of the primary reasons to watch preseason football games. In the case of Brady and the Patriots, it was one of the specific situations I was going to watch for this since Julian Edelman (not counting special teamer 6th WR Matt Slater) is the only holdover at WR from last year. How is Brady getting along without Wes Welker? Are all the comparisons to style of game with Danny Amendola warranted? Would the young WR's like Aaron Dobson, Kenbrell Thompkins, and Josh Boyce earn Brady's trust and make a legitimate push to being a starter, making veterans free agent acquisitions Michael Jenkins, Lavelle Hawkins, and Donald Jones expendable? Guess so as none of those veterans are still on the team. Brady looks like he wants to prove that he is the one who has made each of the WR's he's had to throw to over the years look great, not vice-versa. Another 4,800 yards and 35+ TD's are certainly attainable. Does anyone even remember the knee scare from just a few days ago? A distant memory after last night.
Zach Sudfeld is the best fantasy football sleeper TE for the start of the regular season. While I don't know if Gronkowski is going to avoid the PUP list to start the season and not miss the first 6 games, it seems likely he's going to miss at least 1 or 2 regular season games. Sudfeld has gone from undrafted rookie OTA standout, to training camp favorite, blowing by the veteran TE's the Patriots have on the roster. Sudfeld could be a real surprise early in the season as a fantasy TE1 and I think is worth riding the train for however long it lasts. Who knows? Maybe even when Gronkowski gets back, Sudfeld coexists with him as a viable fantasy option just like the Gronk/Hernandez combo was.
As long as he stays healthy, Danny Amendola is going to be a borderline #1 fantasy WR in non-ppr leagues and a strong fantasy WR1 in those that do award points per reception. Amendola has been everything advertised and the only thing that remains to be seen is whether he can avoid the injuries that have plagued him the last 2 seasons.
While undrafted rookie Kenbrell Thompkins appears to have the lead on second round pick Aaron Dobson as a starting WR opposite Amendola, I think the two rookies will have similar stats in 2013. Thompkins is winning out right now because of better route running, but Dobson is going to really excel on those deeper patterns because of superior speed. Because of his spot with the starting unit currently, Thompkins is the better WR to draft, but Dobson is also worthy of a late round flier as well for potential. As for Julian Edelman, he's unlikely to really step in and have much of an impactful fantasy role.
Stevan Ridley is going to be a fantasy RB1 in 2013. Shane Vereen is going to challenge to be an every week fantasy RB2 in non-ppr formats and a very good RB2 in those leagues with ppr. Ridley is a lock for 16+ carries every week and will handle the majority of goal line work. Vereen is likely going to have only 5-8 carries each week, but likely to catch at least 3 passes on a regular basis. Vereen just makes plays with the ball in his hands, so getting it to him 8-10 times every game stands to be a reasonable expectation from the Patriots.
We're only through 2 preseason games with the Patriots, but so far, everything I've seen has reaffirmed my faith in their viability to put several high quality fantasy options out there for us in 2013.


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Zipcar San Francisco Fleet Now Includes New Honda Fit EV
1 132/105/118 city/highway/combined miles per gallon of gasoline-equivalent (MPGe) rating; 82 mile combined (city/highway) driving range rating (adjusted). Ratings determined by U.S. EPA. Your MPGe and range will vary depending on driving conditions, how you drive and maintain your vehicle, battery age/condition, and other factors. For additional information about EPA ratings, visit http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/learn-more-electric-label.shtml.
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Research student spotlight: Christine Schaplowsky
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An introductory porro prism binocular, the Vixen 8x32 CFW Ascot gives an extremely broad >8° view in compact dimensions, with great depth perception thanks to the spacing between the objective lenses. Viewing is bright and satisfying in daylight when compared to typical compacts, and you can attach the CFW Ascot to a tripod, car window mount, or monopod if needed. Unlike many porro prism entry-level models, the Ascot's completely waterproof.
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Did The X-Files lose their dark, creepy and unique tone by moving their crew from moody Vancouver to sunny L.A.? Did Laverne and Shirley lose its edge when the ladies left Milwaukee for L.A.? How about when the Facts of Life girls moved from school into living above Edna's Edibles? Hey TV people: Never move.
Since TV shows are careful about moving cities mid-series now, we think shows with spin-offs in different cities should count in this category as well. CSI spawned two very successful spin-offs with very different looks and tones from the original show. But, with so many iterations of the same franchise out in primetime programming, do you ever feel like you're suffering from CSI overload? Or are you ready for a fourth city?
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text: Maldonado denies talks to replace Raikkonen at Lotus 28 June, 2013 Pastor Maldonado at Silverstone As Kimi Raikkonen edges towards filling Mark Webber's race seat at Red Bull next year, Pastor Maldonado has denied talking to Lotus to replace the Finn. It has been suggested that Venezuelan Maldonado, with a race win to his name and millions in PDVSA backing, might be a good choice as Lotus faces the possibility of having to replace Raikkonen. But "Regarding the rumours," the 28-year-old told Spanish newspaper Marca at Silverstone, "I am 100 per cent focused on Williams. "To this day I have not spoken to any [other] team, this is true and I hope to be here next season. I say that because it depends not only on me but on other factors. "Let's see what the future brings," Maldonado added. "I see the rumours every day but it's hard to imagine something happening. Clearly I'm not happy with the performance this season, I will not hide that and we need to solve our problems. "But I believe that we have a great potential in the team and we cannot stay where we are. We have all the tools to fight for the championship, so we're not going to give up," he added. (GMM) Subbed by AJN. Tweet Related NewsCash strapped Lotus lose sponsor to WilliamsThe difference a year makes for Lotus and WilliamsTodt says Williams, Lotus and Sauber are struggling financiallyHas Maldonado secured Lotus drive at expense of Hulkenberg?Maldonado plays down switch to Lotus reportsMaldonado pours cold water on 2014 Lotus switch reportsFerrari & Lotus smiling, Red Bull & Mercedes baffled, Williams & McLaren messLopez: We opened the door to FernandoWilliams appoint Nielsen as sporting managerMassa: I hope we can fight for the title in 2015


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Boeing and Aerospace News
The latest Boeing and aerospace news, including updates about the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, 747-8 and 737, Airbus A380 and A350, the anticipated Boeing 797 and Boeing jobs and layoffs
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Boeing adds orders for five 777s from Qatar Airways
Qatar Airways has ordered three more Boeing 777 Freighters and two 777-300ERs, the two companies announced Wednesday. Boeing had previously added the planes to its orders website — in 2010 and 2011, respectively — as being from an unidentified customer. The orders are worth $1.4 billion at list prices, although airlines get substantial discounts. "Qatar […] [Read More]
Despite Boeing ties, United marks 85th anniversary with retro Airbus
United Airlines commemorated its 85th anniversary Wednesday by unveiling an Airbus A320 painted in the airline's 1970s-era "Friend Ship" livery at Chicago O'Hare International Airport. It's a bit ironic, given that Airbus rival Boeing used to own United. United's history starts on April 6, 1926, when Walter Varney's small Swallow biplane "completed the first airmail […] [Read More]
Algeria's Tassili Airlines gets first Boeing jet; Air Algerie gets 50th
Algeria's Tassili Airlines has received its first Boeing aircraft, a 737-800, Boeing announced Wednesday. Tassili is a fully owned subsidiary of the state-owned oil company Sonatrach, and its primary mission is to fly Sonatrach employees to and from oilfields and bases. Also Wednesday, Boeing announced that it has delivered Air Algerie's 50 Boeing jet, also […] [Read More]
Airbus nets one aircraft order through March to Boeing's 88
Airbus surged ahead of Boeing late last year to notch net orders 574 commercial aircraft, which was 44 more than Boeing got. But 2011 is off to a slower start, with the European plane maker netting orders for just one aircraft through March, compared with 88 for its U.S. rival. Airbus has added orders for […] [Read More]
'We've lost all our instruments now'
Following up on Monday's incident where a United Airlines Airbus A320 went off the runway in New Orleans after landing with smoke in the cabin, check out this audio of the pilot talking with the tower. "We need to vector back to the airport. We've got a smoke issue with the airplane," the pilot of […] [Read More]
Boeing: 737 cracks showed up much sooner than anticipated
Boeing engineers knew about potential cracking in the area of older 737 aircraft where a hole opened on a Southwest jet in flight Friday, but thought problems wouldn't show up until much later, a company official said Tuesday. "We did anticipate that there would be a need to inspect the airplane at some point in […] [Read More]
Virgin Atlantic deploys first Airbus A330
Virgin Atlantic Airways launched its first twin-engine aircraft Tuesday, an Airbus A330-300 that is the first of 10 the airline ordered in 2009. "We are delighted to be welcoming the A330 to our fleet," Virgin Chief Commercial Officer Julie Southern said in a news release. "We look forward to increasing services on existing routes as […] [Read More]
NTSB investigating United mishap
The National Transportation Safety Board is investigating after a United Airlines Airbus A320 went off the runway Monday in New Orleans after returning to the airport with electrical problems and smoke in the cockpit. United flight 497, with 109 people aboard, returned to Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport about 20 minutes after taking off. […] [Read More]
Alaska Airlines plans LAX move, renovations
Seattle-based Alaska Airlines has reached a deal to move from Terminal 3 to Terminal 6 at Los Angeles International Airport and will launch a major renovation of its new home, the company announced Monday. "Our modern Airport of the Future facility will improve efficiency and greatly enhance our customers' experience at LAX," Karen Gruen, Alaska […] [Read More]
Air Lease Corp. launches IPO
Steven Udvar-Hazy's Air Lease Corp. Monday announced the launch of its initial public offering of 25 million shares of Class A Common Stock. Udvar-Hazy created Air Lease after leaving International Lease Finance Corp., the American International Group-owned aircraft leasing company that he also founded. Air Lease estimated the initial public offering price would be between […] [Read More]
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DAR Focus/Problem Help
- 0Oct 6, '12 by atomicscissorsHello all,
I'm writing a DAR for an assignment, but I'm stuck on what I should write down for "focus/problem". Here's what I have:
10/5/12 0800 D - "I can't find the picture of my granddaughters." Sitting at edge of bed. Dresser moved away from wall, partially blocking access to HOB. Items from top of dresser on bed.
A - Moved dresser back against wall. Instructed resident not to move dresser w/o help from staff. Placed items on bed back onto top of dresser. Asked for description of missing photograph. Unable to find missing photograph. Advised patient if clutter is reduced, photograph may be found. (she's a hoarder) <-- I didn't write this down on the DAR.
R - "I try to clean up, but I don't get very far because all I want to do is sleep." Sitting at edge of bed, listening to radio. Bed in lowest position, call light within reach. atomicscissors SVN SOHK
I'm stuck on the "focus/problem" because I feel silly listing "Missing Picture". I mean, is that even a real nursing problem?
Or am I going about this the wrong way, focusing too much on the picture? Should the real focus/problem be a risk for injury or fall because of how she moved the dresser by herself, and how it impeded movement around her space?
- 0Oct 6, '12 by atomicscissorsYeah, that's what I figured. Going through the events in my mind while typing it down here helped me see the bigger picture. I just couldn't get the whole "lost picture" out of my head. lol


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Punk Band's Case Tests Putin's Tolerance For Dissent
Three women charged with blasphemy went on trial Monday in Russia in a case that's being seen as a major test of President Vladimir Putin's tolerance for dissent. The women are members of the band Pussy Riot. They were arrested after staging a punk rock protest at the altar of a Moscow cathedral.


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Famous Pacific Shipping's branch in Melbourne, Australia, has secured a contract to handle the import, unpacking and inland delivery of 52 containers with 1,138 metric tons (about 1,254 tons) of steel coil.
The steel arrived in Melbourne on an ANL sailing from China. FPS Melbourne handled monitoring the shipment, customs clearance, collection of the containers from the wharf and transfer to its 10,000 square meter (about 107,639 square foot) container freight station and warehouse facility.
Because the steel requires slitting before it can be used in the construction of multi-level commercial buildings, FPS is delivering the steel via flatbed trucks to a slitting plant about 30 miles away, where it will be unloaded, slit and delivered to FPS customers.


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Szczelkun, Stefan (2010) Annotated photographic diary of the Edwardian commuter suburb Thornton Heath. 241 reportage photos. [Artefact]
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I'd like to find a simple template in which easily customize text, images and style elements like colors, alignment. rgds --------------------------------- Do you Yahoo!? Protect your identity with Yahoo! Mail AddressGuardReceived on Tuesday, 25 November 2003 17:12:36 GMT
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Department provides toys for hundreds of kids
Thursday, December 26, 2013
ROCHESTER — Firefighter Paul Haggenmiller will be taking over a project next year that will put smiles on hundreds of little faces just in time for Christmas.
"Everything we get donated will go back to the community," he said. Many of the items will be used over the next year to help families in need after a fire or an unfortunate situation. The rest is shipped up to Santa's workshop to be used for next Christmas.
"I liked seeing Santa, getting presents, and getting candy canes," said Chloe.


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28 dead in attack on governor's officeBy Basir Ahmad Nadim Jul 9, 2014 - 15:46
KANDAHAR CITY (Pajhwok): At least 22 attackers, four civilians and two policemen were killed in twin attacks on the governor's house and police headquarters in southern Kandahar province on Wednesday.
At a joint news conference with Governor Toryalai Weesa, police chief General Abdul Raziq said two of the attackers blew themselves up while 20 others were shot dead by the security forces.
Four civilians and two policemen also lost their lives while nine civilians and four policemen were injured, he said, alleging Punjabi Taliban were among the assailants.
Weesa condemned the terrorist act in the holy month of Ramadan. "Instead of helping Muslims, the insurgents misuse the name of Islam and inflict death and injury upon them."
Dawa Khan Minapal, the governor's spokesman, confirmed the killings. He said the fire exchange between the fighters and security personnel lasted three hours.
A total of 11 militants attacked the governor's house from two directions, he said. Some of the attackers blew them self up and others died in the exchange of fire with security forces.
The Taliban have so far said nothing about the attacks on the governor's house and police headquarters.
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FDLP Program
The Federal Depository Library Program was initiated by Congress in 1813. Today the Government Printing Office oversees the program under the authority of Title 44 of the United States Code. The University of Idaho Library joined the program in 1907. In 1967, the UI Library became a regional depository, meaning it acquires 100% of items issued by GPO through the FDLP Program. As a regional, the library also oversees eight other selective depositories in the state of Idaho.
The University of Idaho Library is the Regional Depository for U.S. Government Documents for the state of Idaho. The collection consists of more than 675,000 paper documents, 800,000 microforms, 200,000 maps, 7,500 CD-ROMs, and more than 25,000 online publications. This comprehensive and unique collection offers free access to more than 1.7 million items to all users. Unconstrained access to federal documents helps to inform and empower students and residents of Idaho to become better citizens.
News and Timely Documents
October 30, 2014
NTIS Expands Free Access to Federal Technical Reports
The National Technical Reports Library (NTRL)<http://www.ntis.gov/products/ntrl/> is now offering the American public free public access to a searchable online database of approximately three million federal science and technology reports. The library is a service of the U.S. Commerce Department's National Technical Information Service<http://www.ntis.gov/>.
NTIS, a federal agency that does not receive appropriations from Congress, previously charged a fee to provide full-text electronic copies of federal documents in its collection.
The full text for 800,000 of these documents can be downloaded immediately in electronic PDF format without charge. The remaining NTRL reports, most published before 1995, must be scanned from microfiche archival files before being provided either as electronic PDF's or in print for a fee. However, each time a microfiche document is scanned to fulfill such a request, the agency will add the electronic full-text PDF to its online database for subsequent free public download.
"Our mission is to collect and broadly disseminate federal science and technology information using a self-supporting business model," said NTIS Director Bruce Borzino. "However, we also recognize that a number of the documents previously offered for a fee through our website were available for free from other sources. The public should not be treated differently depending on which website they visit to download a federal document."
The agency will also continue to offer a range of premium subscription-based services to individuals, universities, corporations, and other institutions for varying levels of access to all documents in its collection. Access outside the U.S. is available via individual and institutional subscriptions.
""We have continually updated our pricing and business models in response to changing times and we'll continue to do so," said Borzino. "We are excited about the new Public Access NTRL and hope to see a substantial increase in the use of federally funded research in all formats as a direct result."
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