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|Name: _________________________
|Period: ___________________
This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. According to Ladinsky, Hafiz was the youngest child of the family having _____ older brothers.
(a) Five.
(b) Two.
(c) Three.
(d) Four.
2. The seventh chapter closes with praise of mediation in the poem "Let ______ Become Your Beautiful Lover".
(a) Life.
(b) God.
(c) Thought.
(d) Beauty.
3. Hafiz won the admiration of the Zoroastrian master ______ who said that Hafiz's poetry contains all the secrets of the spiritual path.
(a) Meher Baba.
(b) Jalaluddin Rumi.
(c) Geoffrey Chaucer.
(d) Tabriz.
4. It is suggested in the fourth chapter that ______ is a transformer of perspective and character.
(a) Humility.
(b) Employment.
(c) Schooling.
(d) Worship.
5. Hafiz uses the imagery of the poem "To Build a ______" to describe the process of building character.
(a) Child.
(b) Swing.
(c) House.
(d) Church.
6. In the poem "Muhammad's _____" Hafiz uses the metaphor of spider-web-weaving to describe finding God.
(a) Soul.
(b) Friend.
(c) Twin.
(d) Spider.
7. Hafiz describes the unity of God and his worshipers in the poem "Laughing at the word _______."
(a) Two.
(b) Many.
(c) One.
(d) Three.
8. In the poem "_____ Man" Hafiz describes the work of refining character without breaking it.
(a) Vintage.
(b) Aged.
(c) Humble.
(d) Great.
9. Hafiz studied under ______ another poet of great renown. He was taught poetry, chemistry, theology, nature and harmonious living.
(a) Rumi.
(b) Attar.
(c) Lalla.
(d) Saadi.
10. Hafiz wrote his poems in the ______ century. However, dignitaries throughout the ages since, including the Queen of England consulted his works.
(a) Sixteenth.
(b) Thirteenth.
(c) Fifteenth.
(d) Fourteenth.
11. During his studies of Islamic law, theology, grammar, math, astrology, and calligraphy, Hafiz worked as a ______ assistant.
(a) Blacksmith's.
(b) Calligrapher's.
(c) Baker's.
(d) Butcher's.
12. The poem "Some Fill With Each Good _____" encourages people to give their most intimate affection to those who requite it.
(a) Rain.
(b) Sun.
(c) Snow.
(d) Wind.
13. _______ was a major part of Persian culture including such accomplished masters as Saadi, Attar, and Rumi.
(a) Painting.
(b) Baking.
(c) Poetry.
(d) Sculpting.
14. In the poem "We Have not Come to Take ________", Hafiz suggests that people run from those who threaten one's spiritual vision.
(a) Cattle.
(b) Names.
(c) Prisoners.
(d) Valuables.
15. Hafiz describes the situation of an insect and uses it to teach about compassion towards the weak in the poem "Courteous to the _____".
(a) Grasshopper.
(b) Cockroach.
(c) Ant.
(d) Beetle.
Short Answer Questions
1. Chapter 7 opens with the poem "Really Just a ______" in which Hafiz suggests everything is God's musical instrument.
2. In his poem "That Regal _____", Hafiz uses a garment to symbolize the joy of living in God's love.
3. Comparing God to a Lion, Hafiz suggests that worshipers learn to hold the ______ paw.
4. The poem "When the Violin" uses the image of the violin to represent a _____ freed to make music in God's hands.
5. In the poem "Your _____ and my _______" Hafiz describes the eternal communion between souls.
This section contains 429 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)


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Storm Alert
Humidity 61%
Winds 6.9mph
Humidity 61%
Winds 6.9mph
Aug 19, 2014 3:56 PM
One Maine man had a sense of rumor when he reported to jail August 8.
Robert Burt, 19, was arrested on an OUI charge June 14. He was booked and had a mug shot taken. As part of a plea agreement, the court sentenced him to two days in jail.
When he reported to the Somerset County Jail August 8, he was wearing a shirt with his previous mug shot on it and the phrase "Family Reunion 8/8 - 8/10/2014" which is the days he served.
Read more: http://on.wcsh6.com/1sS5tcn
18 minutes ago

subset: commoncrawl


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Hi All
I am in the process of studying for my MCITP:SA but finding it hard to study from the MS Press books. I am enjoying the subject but those books bore me to death!
My question is, how do you guys revise for your certs? Do you use a different set of books, books and videos or just videos? How do you give yourself the time to do it whilst working and juggling family life? Also what do you think is the best method to really make the information stick?


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Poll: Which music streaming service are you using for iOS?
In light of Spotify launching its long awaited iPad app, and iMore's recent in-depth look at the top three music streaming services available for the iPhone, we thought we'd take a little TUAW poll to see just which music streaming services (if any) TUAW readers use on their iOS devices.
Trend setters say more of us are streaming the music instead of buying it. Let's find out if this is true among our readers. And if so, which service is the most popular?
Check out the poll below and vote for the option which best suits you.
|Spotify. I pay full whack for its Premium service on my iOS device.
|1305 (23.9%)
|Slacker. It offers a free streaming service on my iPhone (or paid for premium service) that offers a good mix between discovering new music and customizing the music I want.
|191 (3.5%)
|Pandora. It also offers a free streaming service (or a paid for premium service), but it's best for discovering new music.
|1587 (29.1%)
|Last.fm or other. I use a variety of music streaming services for my iOS device depending on what suits me best at the time.
|302 (5.5%)
|Rdio, it's the streaming service for me.
|835 (15.3%)
|I don't stream, I buy. And that's why iTunes is at the top (and I own my music)!
|1074 (19.7%)
|I don't do digital music, streaming or otherwise. I'm the reason vinyl is making a comeback!
|158 (2.9%)
Source: http://www.tuaw.com/tag/music
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Things I am Thankful For
Currently I am on vacation with my family in Bozeman, Montana (if you live around here let me know and we can get coffee.) The post are limited, and the thinking of bicycles is rare. I'm doing my best to spend time with my family, meet new family and freeze my rear off in the snow. Christmas is a great time to look back and…Read More


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All you will need for this is paper and scissors. Some people like to use fancy paper, but I use plain white copy paper because somehow the simplicity of white is more beautiful to me.
If you want to view a gallery of my snowflakes, see me on Flickr: Paper Snowflake Gallery.
Remember to rate this Instructable!
Step 1: Step 1
You can make a square from a rectangular piece of paper simply by folding one corner down to form an isosceles triangle (like the one in the next step) and trimming off the excess paper.
Step 4: Step 4
See the explanation above, from a worksheet I made up, which should help to explain folding in thirds a little better.
Step 5: Step 5
Great intructable! Thanks
Amazing! I did it. Thank you. Can't wait to share with my sons.
Wow, these instructions are great. I am a very clumsy person, but I still managed to do this..
This brings me back to my youth, and my son's, and my grand-son's. I'm sure they will always be in style. It's a good way to unwind as well.
This brings me back to my youth, and my son's, and my grand-son's. I'm sure they will always be in style. It's a good way to unwind as well.
I love making paper snowflakes! They make wonderful wall decor!
thank you very much for this imfo. my granddaughters b-day is frozen theme so i decided to use the snowflakes
I like the tree looking one on the top right, looks really cool!
I sat down and made over 30 this morning! Had such a great time and they came out amazing! Thanks for the instructions.
Look at those beauties!
My first attempt. Thanks for the great instructions! Looking forward to making more paper snowflakes :)
Yay! I'm glad my instructions were helpful for you!
We use this method, but we use coffee filters instead of regular paper. The paper is easier to cut, especially for the kids.
Thanks! Great instructions. I used them to make snowflakes for my friend's party.
I loved this!
Well done!
I loved this!
Thank you for a very good instructable on snowflakes. This comes very handy as my niece is celebrating her 7th birthday with "Frozen" movie motif. I'll use the snowflakes to decorate my brother's costume. Many many thanks!
very clean and easy to follow instructions. good job.
Very nice Instructible! We could some snow around here.
A few years back I was showing my nieces how to do it and one asked me to make one with hearts.
Hmm, I haven't tried to cut that many tight curves in so many layers of paper before, I thought.
It came out awesome!
You can make very lacy loopy snowflakes by cutting like this:
- Hold the folded-up paper firmly without bending it.
- Keep the scissors stationary as you cut.
- Rotate the paper slowly into the blades as you smoothly squeeze the scissors.
- It's easier to keep the layers together if you make smaller cuts. Look for flat parts of your curves where you can join up two cuts invisibly.
- Keep your fingertips out of the way of the scissors!


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Margaux Bordeaux Wine Guide pages offers a history of the appellation, wine tasting notes, top 10 facts about Margaux, wine and food pairing tips, a look at the character and style of the best wines from the Margaux appellation, producer and chateaux listings with links to pages on every important property in the Margaux, Bordeaux wine region with wine ratings, histories of the properties, images, technical information, Bordeaux wine buying tips, ratings and reviews for all the top wines and chateau from the Margaux appellation.
If you want to read about other Bordeaux wine producers in different Bordeaux appellations: Links to all Bordeaux Wine Producer Profiles If you are interested in learning more about Bordeaux wine, we offer numerous articles on everything about Bordeaux wine, from a history of the Bordeaux region and the famous 1855 Classification, the grapes used to produce Bordeaux wine and even vintage summaries, covering Bordeaux wine from 1900 to today: All About Bordeaux Wine Guide
The best chateau, wines, vineyards and producers in Margaux: The links located to the left of the page lead to all the top Margaux wines and their producers. You can read wine tasting notes, detailed profiles and histories of the estates, details on the wines, wine making, soils and other important information, as well as view images of the following top Bordeaux value wine producers:
Map of Margaux Bordeaux Chateau
- d'Angludet
- Boyd Cantenac
- Brane Cantenac
- Cantenac Brown
- Dauzac
- Desmirail
- Durfort Vivens
- Du Tertre
- Ferriere
- Giscours
- d'Issan
- Kirwan
- Labegorce
- Lascombes
- L'Aura de Cambon
- Malescot St. Exupery
- Margaux
- Marojallia
- Marquis d'Alesme
- Marquis de Terme
- Monbrison
- Palmer
- Paveil de Luze
- Pouget
- Prieure-Lichine
- Rauzan-Gassies
- Rauzan-Segla
- Siran
In this Margaux Bordeaux wine guide, you'll discover the best Bordeaux wines from Margaux that marry power with elegance and silky tannins and sensuous textures. Flavors of ripe dark berries, truffles, tobacco, cassis and violets are the signature of the wines from this region in the southern area of the Medoc.The best wines often have great purity of fruit with textures of silk and velvet. The Bordeaux wines of Margaux, just like those from every wine region come in a variety of shapes, sizes, styles and prices. Generally speaking, the wines of Margaux marry refinement with elegance and floral characteristics.
Overview of Margaux: It could be argued that prior to 2000, Margaux was a region known as much for its great terroir and reputation as it was for the number of chateaux that were under performing based on their potential. By 2009, that was no longer the case for the Margaux appellation. Improvements in the Left Bank vineyards and wine making techniques, coupled with the desire to produce the best wines possible from Margaux have sparked numerous chateaux to wake from their deep sleep. Consumers have not had so many high quality Margaux wines to chose from for more than 100 years! In fact, the wines of Margaux are so consistently good now, I think the appellation has never made wines of this level of quality in the history of the appellation! Chateau Rauzan Segla, Chateau Malescot St. Exupery and Chateau Brane Cantenac are all producing the best wines in their history, as is Chateau d'Issan! While Chateau Palmer has not had a down period since the 1990's, since 2000 and definitely following the 2004 vintage, they have been remarkably consistent and continue making some of the best wines in their, distinguished history as well! That being said, there are other Classified Growths in Margaux that would be demoted or declassified, should another classification take place. Interestingly, the Margaux appellation is probably home to the widest array of obscure, 1855 Classified Growths as well.
History of Margaux: The Margaux appellation was the first Bordeaux area cultivated for vineyards. There is evidence that the Romans planted grapes in the area almost 2,000 years ago. The famed roman poet Ausonious poetically called the region Marojallia, which is where the winery known as Marojallia, found its name. Skipping ahead close to 1700 years, Margaux had already earned its well deserved reputation for producing great wine. That reputation caused Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States to visit different chateaux in the region, including Chateau Margaux.
Margaux wine and food pairings: The wines of Margaux are easy to pair with a wide array of different foods and cooking techniques. One of the most natural wine and food combinations is Margaux with lamb. Of course Margaux pairs equally with almost any grilled, braised or roasted meat ranging from beef, veal, pork and game. Margaux wines are perfect with roasted chickens, mushooms or other earthy dishes. Fish works well with the wines of Margaux, depending on how the fish was prepared. Margaux and cheese is also a natural wine and food pairing.
The taste, character and style of Margaux wine: Due to its massive size and diverse array of soils, the wines of Margaux are quite varied. While not the most concentrated, powerful or tannic wines of Bordeaux, they can be the most elegant, sensuous, refined and perfumed. With scents of flowers, especially violets, the wines also offer when mature scents of truffle, cigar box, earth, cherry, plum and tobacco. While the levels of concentration, ripeness and depth vary widely, depending on the terroir and desire of the winemaker, the tannins can display unmatched levels of elegance. However, don't let that the softness fool you into thinking the wines do not age well. The best Margaux wines can age gracefully for several decades.
The Top Ten Facts you need to know about Margaux
#1 Margaux is warmest, major appellation in the Left Bank, thus it is almost always the first to harvest.
#2 Margaux is considered to be the first appellation planted for vines by the ancient Romans.
#3 The Margaux appellation has the largest concentration chateaux classified in 1855 with 21 classed growths in total.
#4 Margaux is the only major appellation with a chateau named after the region, Chateau Margaux.
#5 Cabernet Sauvignon is the main grape in Margaux, followed by Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, Malbec and Carmenere.
#6 Margaux wines are among the most floral in all of Bordeaux. Tasters often find aromas of violets in wines from the Margaux appellation.
#7 The Margaux appellation is the home of 5, Second Growth chateaux, more than any other appellation.
#8 Margaux with 1,355 hectares under vine is the second largest, major appellation in the Medoc.
#9 Margaux has the most diverse array of terroir and soil types in Bordeaux ranging from large deposits of gravel, limestone with pebbles, stones and rocks to clay.
#10 Margaux is the home of the smallest vineyard in the 1855 Classification. Chateau Ferriere is only 8 hectares.
The Classification of Margaux: With 1,355 hectares under vine, the appellation is just slightly smaller than St. Estephe, making it the second largest, major appellation in the Medoc. Today, close to 80 different chateaux maintain vineyards in the appellation. In total, close to 600,000 cases of wine are produced in the Margaux appellation each year.
The Margaux appellation is famous for a multitude of reasons. Maybe it is has something to do with knowing a total of 21 chateaux were included in the original 1855 classification. That is more than any other Bordeaux appellation. While Chateau Margaux deservedly rules the appellation as it is a wine of true, First growth quality, the Margaux region is rich in 1855 Classified Growths. The commune features: 1 First Growth, 5 Second Growths, 10 Third Growths, 4 Fourth Growths, 2 Fifth Growths and an array of good quality, Cru Bourgeois chateaux. 20 Cru Bourgeois classified growths come from the Margaux appellation. There are a few of those estates that in any serious reclassification could be classed as a Fifth Growth today. Perhaps Chateau Labegorce is the leading estate in this category today. In total, slightly more than 80 producers make wine in the Margaux appellation.
The Margaux appellation is the only Bordeaux region, where the most famous chateau is named after the appellation; Chateau Margaux . The sight of perhaps the most famous estate in all of Bordeaux and its stunning portico reminds every wine lover of the Bordeaux wine region. Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States liked the elegant, refined wines of Chateau Margaux so much, that during his visit to the famous chateau, Thomas Jefferson ordered several cases of the 1784! Being the most southern region in the Left Bank, it is also the warmest area in the Medoc making it usually the first to be picked most of the time for that reason. The Left Bank appellation is the home to 5 unique communes; Margaux, Soussans, Arsac, Labarde and Cantenac.
The terroir and soil of Margaux: The terroir of Margaux is perhaps the most diverse of any of the major Bordeaux appellations due to its size. Because of its size, the terroir naturally varies from chateau to chateau. Like every appellaiton, the best wines are most often made from the best terroir, which in Margaux, is the terroir with the deep gravel deposits on the elevation here Chateau Margaux has the best part of its vines planted. In the Margaux appellation, the terroir features soils with large deposits of gravel, limestone with pebbles, stones, rocks, white gravel and only a minor amount of clay in the vineyards. Of course there are exceptions to every rule and some estates do have more clay content than others in the appellation. Those chateaux with heavier clay deposits plant more Merlot in their vineyards. Because the soils in the Margaux region are often thin and cannot easily hold water, the vines are forced to dig deep into the soil for nourishment.
The comparative lack of depth in the terroir of Margaux allows the soils to heat up faster. In turn, this transfer of heat from the soils to the vines helps the grapes mature before the other Bordeaux appellations in the Left Bank. Those thin soils are also why most of the estates in the appellation do not do so well in the very dry, drought vintages. That is because the soils do not always retain as much water. The specific terroir is what gives Margaux wines their elegance and intense, beautiful, floral character, which is often compared to violets. To get an idea on how the soil and terroir of Margaux compares to the other important appellations in Bordeaux; The terroir and soil of Bordeaux
The grapes of Margaux: The main grapes planted in the Margaux region are Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. While some Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, Malbec and even Carmenere are planted here as well, they are not the stars of the show. Dry white Bordeaux wines are also made by some Margaux chateau owners. The white wines are a blend of Sauvignon Blanc and Semilion. The grapes are grown outside the Margaux appellation which means the wines are not allowed to be sold as from Margaux. The wines are sold as generic Bordeaux Blanc wines.
AOC Law and Rules for the Margaux appellation. What does it take to be a wine from Margaux? According to the decree of November 14, 1936, the wines of Margaux must meet precise production conditions: grape varieties, minimum sugar content, alcoholic strength 10.5% and limited yields. All vineyards must be located within the boundries of the Margaux appellation, which include the following 5 communes; Margaux, Soussans, Arsac, Labarde and Cantenac. The wines are subject to a blind tasting. Interestingly, a few estates in the Margaux appellation produce a small amount of white Bordeaux wine. Chateau Margaux is the most famous of those producers. Pavillon Blanc, the white wine of Chateau Margaux is made from 100% Sauvignon Blanc. Other estates, for example, Prieure Lichine and Cantenac Brown also blend in Semillon and others might add Muscadelle. Chateau Palmer produces very small amounts of white wine from completely different grape varietals. White Bordeaux wine from Margaux is sold as a generic Bordeaux.


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Pro, local anglers descend on ETX lake this weekend
POSTED: Wednesday, May 7, 2014 - 10:18am
UPDATED: Wednesday, May 7, 2014 - 10:23am
Quitman, Texas (KETK) — In just a few days, fans, musicians and some of the best anglers around will descend upon Lake Fork in Quitman for the Toyota Texas Bass Classic.
A few of the Texas pros even hail from East Texas: Todd Faircloth, of Jasper, Shinichi Fukae, of Palestine and 2008 champion Kelly Jordan, of Palestine. The defending champion will also be there to defend his title, Keith Combs, of Huntington.
According to the tournament's website, with $250,000 in funding from this year's event supporting TPWD programs including the Neighborhood Fishin' Program and the State-Fish Art Contest, the charitable impact from the TTBC will total $2 million in donations serving the entire state of Texas. Most notably, Woldert Pond in Tyler, a short distance from Lake Fork, is one of the latest Neighborhood Fishin' projects to be implemented with support from the TTBC. - See more at: http://www.toyotatexasbassclassic.com/2014/05/06/toyota-texas-bass-class...
Competing anglers have a combined record of 22 Angler of the Year titles, 234 tour wins, 17 major wins and over $64 million in total prize money.
Listed below is the planned entertainment:
- Friday, May 9 - Pat Green
- Saturday, May 10 - Little Big Town
- Sunday, May 11 - Justin Moore
Anglers will face off at Lake Fork May 9-11 in Quitman, Texas.
Tickets for the general public can be found here: http://www.toyotatexasbassclassic.com/tickets/


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Intramural Sports
For all the sport enthusiasts that miss friendly or even competitive recreational activities, HPU will offer Intramural Sport leagues and tournaments for students, faculty and staff to participate in. Gather friends, roommates, coworkers, and create a team to register for the upcoming Intramural leagues. Special one-day tournaments will be offered throughout the year for participants that may not have time to commit to a weekly team. HPU embraces the opportunity to offer sports that instill sportsmanship and teamwork, and will emphasize the importance of respect while participating in these events. With funding from the Student Activity Fee, registration for all Intramural events is FREE, so all students can have the opportunity to play!
REGISTRATION FORM Complete and submit via email or in person by November 12.
PARTICIPATION WAIVER All participants must print and complete waiver. Bring to event.
TOURNAMENT RULES All participants should read and understand the rules.
TOURNAMENT DETAILS: Saturday, November 15th at Noon (Tournament legth depends on number of teams. Teams of 6-10 players, or Campus Rec can help place you on a team. Prize to team with the best uniforms!
All team captains should read and understand HPU Intramural Sports policies and procedures listed in the handbook. For any questions or concerns, please contact the Campus Recreation office: 808-544-9370.
FALL Leagues and Tournaments
(Click on the sport to see official HPU rules)
|Reg. Dates
|Play Begins
|4v4 Outdoor Basketball League
|HLC Courts
|Until Sept. 26th
|Tuesday Sept. 30
|Tuesdays 6:15-8:00pm
|4v4 Indoor Basketball League
|YWCA (1040 Richards)
|Until Sept. 26th
|Wed. Oct. 1
|Wednesdays 3:00-6:00pm
|Dodgeball Tournament
|HLC Courts
|Until Nov. 12
|Saturday Nov. 15


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by kfontenot September 09, 2011
Ask kfontenot to share more
Lord Voldemort (/ˈvoʊldəmɔr/)[1][2] is the main antagonist in the Harry Potter series written by British author J. K. Rowling. Voldemort first appeared in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, which was … see full wiki
A 2004 movie directed by Alfonso Cuarón.
A 2005 movie
A movie directed by David Yates


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Dress up a package of long-grain and wild rice mix with the addition of fresh mushrooms and Marsala. It will be a guaranteed hit on your holiday table.
Southern Living NOVEMBER 2011
1. Prepare rice mix according to package directions.
2. Meanwhile, melt butter in a large skillet over medium-high heat; add onion, and sauté 7 minutes or until golden. Add mushrooms and salt; sauté 4 to 5 minutes or until mushrooms are tender. Add Marsala, and sauté 3 minutes or until liquid is absorbed. Stir mushroom mixture and parsley into prepared rice.
Go to Full Version of
Wild Rice with Mushrooms Recipe


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The heart grows smarterNovember 07,2012If you go back and read a bunch of biographies of people born 100 to 150 years ago, you notice a few things that were more common then than now.
First, many more families suffered the loss of a child, which had a devastating and historically under-appreciated impact on their overall world views.
Second, and maybe related, many more children grew up in cold and emotionally distant homes, where fathers, in particular, barely knew their children and found it impossible to express their love for them.
It wasnt only parents who were emotionally diffident; it was the people who studied them. In 1938, a group of researchers began an intensive study of 268 students at Harvard University. The plan was to track them through their entire lives, measuring, testing and interviewing them every few years to see how lives develop.
In the 1930s and 1940s, the researchers didnt pay much attention to the mens relationships. Instead, following the intellectual fashions of the day, they paid a lot of attention to the mens physiognomy. Did they have a masculine body type? Did they show signs of vigorous genetic endowments?
But as this study the Grant Study progressed, the power of relationships became clear. The men who grew up in homes with warm parents were much more likely to become first lieutenants and majors in World War II. The men who grew up in cold, barren homes were much more likely to finish the war as privates.
Body type was useless as a predictor of how the men would fare in life. So was birth order or political affiliation. Even social class had a limited effect. But having a warm childhood was powerful. As George Vaillant, the study director, sums it up in Triumphs of Experience, his most recent summary of the research, It was the capacity for intimate relationships that predicted flourishing in all aspects of these mens lives.
Of the 31 men in the study incapable of establishing intimate bonds, only four are still alive. Of those who were better at forming relationships, more than a third are living.
Its not that the men who flourished had perfect childhoods. Rather, as Vaillant puts it, What goes right is more important than what goes wrong. The positive effect of one loving relative, mentor or friend can overwhelm the negative effects of the bad things that happen.
In case after case, the magic formula is capacity for intimacy combined with persistence, discipline, order and dependability. The men who could be affectionate about people and organized about things had very enjoyable lives.
But a childhood does not totally determine a life. The beauty of the Grant Study is that, as Vaillant emphasizes, it has followed its subjects for nine decades. The big finding is that you can teach an old dog new tricks. The men kept changing all the way through, even in their 80s and 90s.
One man in the study paid his way through Harvard by working as a psychiatric attendant. He slept from 6 p.m. to midnight. Worked the night shift at a hospital, then biked to class by 8 in the morning. After college, he tried his hand at theater. He did not succeed, and, at age 40, he saw himself as mediocre and without imagination. His middle years were professionally and maritally unhappy.
But, as he got older, he became less emotionally inhibited. In old age, he became a successful actor, playing roles like King Lear. He got married at 78. By 86, the only medicine he was taking was Viagra. He lived to 96.
Another subject grew up feeling that he didnt know either parent very well. At 19, he wrote, I dont find it easy to make friends. At 39, he wrote, I feel lonely, rootless and disoriented. At 50, he had basically given up trying to socialize and was trapped in an unhappy marriage.
But, as he aged, he changed. He became the president of his nursing home. He had girlfriends after the death of his first wife and then remarried. He didnt turn into a social butterfly, but life was better.
The men of the Grant Study frequently became more emotionally attuned as they aged, more adept at recognizing and expressing emotion. Part of the explanation is biological. People, especially men, become more aware of their emotions as they get older.
Part of this is probably historical. Over the past half-century or so, American culture has become more attuned to the power of relationships. Masculinity has changed, at least a bit.
The so-called Flynn Effect describes the rise in measured IQ scores over the decades. Perhaps we could invent something called the Grant Effect, on the improvement of mass emotional intelligence over the decades. This gradual change might be one of the greatest contributors to progress and well-being that weve experienced in our lifetimes.
David Brooks is a columnist for The New York Times.MORE IN Election LettersTheres a square in the upper right-hand corner of your computer keyboard that probably looks... Full Story
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text:
Was that We-Speak?
I complained of the bishops' "we-speak" and then wrote:
we layfolk who have largely created the culture of death and contempt for children, chastity and orthodoxy
So am I contradicting myself? No. Simply making the point that when you screw up, the first thing you do is take responsibility for your own actions, not try to generalize them to the crowd. If I throw a brick at Reginald Denny in a riot, my guilt is not lessened by the fact that "everybody else was doing it." Bishops, of all people, should know this and so I gripe at them when they rely on this tried and true method of blame-shifting. But if I'm a member of "everybody else" my own riotous behavior is not made less culpable by the fact that somebody else threw a different brick than I did. As a layperson, I am quite willing to acknowledge that our culture is largely the creation of laypeople. We do, after all, constitute 99.9% of the Church and so the culture in which we live is 99.9% our responsibility. And we–we righteous, indignant laypeople–have largely failed to grasp the fact that unchastity menaces children above all.
Here is a useful maxim that will serve us well in grasping the origin of this crisis:
Show me a culture that despises virginity and I will show you a culture that hates children.
If that offends you, it shows that you have not really thought seriously about what's going on. Hate mail lines are now open. Operators are standing by.


text:
Berlin Tegel Airport (TXL) Guide
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- The Jet Express Bus nos.128; 109; and X9 run to underground stations in Berlin, for connections to the city?s subway transport system, as well as connections to the overland S-Bahn trains at Jungfernheide. There is also a service that runs to city centre destinations, including Unter den Linten and Franzosische Strasse, with connections to the U9 underground train at Turmstrasse. Information is available from the BVG office in the main hall of the airport terminal.
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text:
pretty boy
but sadly would be stuck in this mode
hope he does a dicaprio
Chace definitely
Zac, you bitch
Neither, both are just dumb
Both look good sucking my dick
pretty boy
but sadly would be stuck in this mode
hope he does a dicaprio
both i think they are both cute and hot with beautiful bodies
i just watched that,he was HOT and very good in that! and great acting,to bad he wasnt in a speedo or thong!
Anyway.. didn't Chace get outed in some newspaper a few months back? Whatever happened with that? I hope it's true! Then again.. it probably was only speculation, right? hmm..
I like Francisco Lachowski, Jon Kortajarena and other male models
Outward Bound: Celebs Struggle To Keep Sexuality Secret(ish), But Media Make Mischief". They strongly "hinted"/implied that he might be gay, but deliberately structured the story in a way that probably came as close to the line as it could before it could be interpreted as slander/libel laws in journalism or outright (no pun intended, lol) outing him. Sneaky. The piece opened with:
At a crowded movie premiere in Midtown recently, The Observer witnessed a young movie and TV stara dashing young man whos been involved with several starlets despite whispers about his close relationships with other mensitting for the entire party in close conversation with a well-groomed gent, even as his co-stars circulated. As we passed, the plus-one stared us down, as if to say, Step off, or perhaps, Dont you dare write about this.
Nor did we, since the question of whether it is news that a virile young actor was enjoying the company of one manif not the company of menis very much still open.
And the piece ended with:
If hes in fact gay, thats a lesson Chace Crawfordthe dashing, engrossed young man at the premieremay do well to heed.
I know some people felt it was really in poor taste to put him in the article in the context they did. I think if I were writing the piece it might've been my choice not to identify any particular person in the closing sentence and let the opening of the piece cover it.
CC is still fuckin' hot!!! idk about any article, but i think he bats 4 our team...here's a pic from a few days ago...
"Everyone wants to be adored."
That's... the hottest I've ever seen him look. Wow.
GG is done filming...i hope my sweetie CC gets a hookup and some major roles soon!!!!!
christ, just stare into those fucking eyes...i dare u to not fall in love...
"Everyone wants to be adored."
What happened to his lip?
Never mind. Read the answer on a previous page.
he's alright. overrated if you ask me. he kind of looks weird actually. when i first saw him, he was stunning. looking @ him now, he's average looking.
one thing about the closet/you don't have to hurry/it will be bad tomorrow/so brother, don't you worry
aging, pot smoking, lip injury, added to the psycholgical burden of the closet have weighed heavily on poor Chace.....
I like Francisco Lachowski, Jon Kortajarena and other male models
Michael Musto outed him last year
I like Francisco Lachowski, Jon Kortajarena and other male models
jay ryan (beauty and the beast) sounds so much like him
In contrast, he always looked weird to me when he was younger, but I think with time he's grown more masculine and is stunning now.
I think it's really pathetic that on the final season of GG--the best the writers could come up with is to have him fucking a 17 year old high school student. I get that 17 is legal in NY but it's still skeevy. Oh well. I hope his career remains hot after GG.
^ I bet he'd have been MUCH happier sucking off an underclassman.......
They should have had him and Dan do a one night drunken fling. After all they are best friends.
Will just leave this here.
Chace Crawford Nude Fake. Just a quickie. Been busy.
Get all my fakes at Wafflefakes Male Celebrity Fakes.
I hate fakes - and that's a really BAD one! His head is so large, he can barely hold it up!
Last edited by Wafflecakes; October 31st, 2012 at 06:35 AM.
I think the fake looks great and Chace is gorgeous! What's the point of being rude?
My g0sHsHsH......... That was so fucking hot..!!!! so delicious baby chace... so eager to suck that dick of him.... slurpPpp......
i almost die everytime i imagine him before i sleep... me, nate!.. me...!!!!!! aHhhhh......ahh...
Society is funny. They ask you to be yourself and yet they judge you.
He's still insanely hot, I think some of you have your standards set way too high. Either that or your eyesight is slowly going.
Last edited by xXxSebastianxXx; November 3rd, 2012 at 01:05 PM.
love the fakes...agree, not aging as well as he started
CC photoshoot from a few days ago:
"Everyone wants to be adored."
^ I bet he succeeds at making a living being pretty.......
CC at LAX (Los Angeles airport) on his way to Sydney, AU Thurs or Fri...Colton is in Sydney, as well...wouldn't this be one......sweet.....fuckin'.....porn....???
"Everyone wants to be adored."
Thanks for the new pics! I actually think he looks good with a bit of scruff. I do wish he would smile more though.. he often looks so moody and sad
I like Francisco Lachowski, Jon Kortajarena and other male models
that's so sweet- flying off to spend New Year's with the boyfriend....
I thought Colton and CC were friends? Maybe it's a vacation with friends? I mean.. even if they both are gay (which is very likely imo), that doesn't have to mean they're fucking. Gay guys can be friends without having sex. But I must admit.. the picture of them doing it is pretty hot
I like Francisco Lachowski, Jon Kortajarena and other male models
2 gay guys THAT hot wouldn't be just friends for long...
Bump for Chace's nice ass in those pants. It's been quiet around him for a while now. I hope he gets a new film or tv role soon!
I like Francisco Lachowski, Jon Kortajarena and other male models
it's been awhile since CC has graced these pages...
June 6, 2013...
"Everyone wants to be adored."
He looks good! Thanks for the new pics, MJEH89
I like Francisco Lachowski, Jon Kortajarena and other male models
he never looks good with a beard- literal or figurative....
here's someone who seems to not get out much anymore...CC @ the gq man of the year party a few days ago...i could stare at this picture all day...
Last edited by MJEH89; November 15th, 2013 at 11:08 PM.
"Everyone wants to be adored."


text:
December 20, 2014
NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) -- A man convicted of kicking a dog like a football and killing it has been sentenced to 30 days in jail.
Chad Crawford had faced up to a year in jail after being found of aggravated animal cruelty in October.
WTVF-TV in Nashville reports that Crawford must also get a psychological evaluation and report to jail on Dec. 14.
He denied kicking the dog in an incident that caused community outrage more than three years ago. He avoided a more serious felony charge of intentionally killing an animal.
The man accused of holding the Yorkshire Terrier for the kick is also facing a trial.
Information from: WTVF-TV, http://www.newschannel5.com/
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text:
First 'in situ' determination of gas transport coefficients (DO2, DAr and DN2 ) from bulk gas 2 concentration measurements (O2, N2, Ar) in natural sea ice
; Delille, Bruno ; et al
in Marine Chemistry (in press)
We report bulk gas concentrations of O2, N2 and Ar, as well as their transport coefficients, in natural landfast subarctic sea ice in southwest Greenland. The observed bulk ice gas composition was 27.5 ... [more ▼]
We report bulk gas concentrations of O2, N2 and Ar, as well as their transport coefficients, in natural landfast subarctic sea ice in southwest Greenland. The observed bulk ice gas composition was 27.5% O2, 71.4% N2 and 1.09% Ar. Most previous studies suggest that convective transport is the main driver of gas displacement in sea ice and have neglected diffusion processes. According to our data, brines were stratified within the ice, so that no convective transport could occur within the brine system. Therefore, diffusive transport was the main driver of gas migration. By analysing the temporal evolution of an internal gas peak within the ice, we deduced the bulk gas transport coefficients for oxygen (DO2), argon (DAr) and nitrogen (DN222 ). The values fit to the few existing estimates from experimental work, and are close to the diffusivity values in water (10-5 cm2 s-124 ). We suggest that gas bubbles escaping from the brine to the atmosphere - as the ice gets more permeable during melt could be responsible for the previously reported high transport coefficients. These results underline that when there is no convective transport within the sea ice, the transport of gas by diffusion through the brines, either in the liquid or gaseous phases, is a major factor in controlling the ocean–atmosphere exchange. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 10 (0 ULg)
Southern Ocean CO2 sink: The contribution of the sea ice
Delille, Bruno ; ; et al
in Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans (in press)
We report first direct measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) within Antarctic pack sea ice brines and related CO2 fluxes across the air-ice interface. From late winter to summer, brines ... [more ▼]
We report first direct measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) within Antarctic pack sea ice brines and related CO2 fluxes across the air-ice interface. From late winter to summer, brines encased in the ice change from a CO2 large over-saturation, relative to the atmosphere, to a marked under-saturation while the underlying oceanic waters remains slightly oversaturated. The decrease from winter to summer of pCO2 in the brines is driven by dilution with melting ice, dissolution of carbonate minerals crystals and net primary production. As the ice warms, its permeability increases, allowing CO2 transfer at the air-sea ice interface. The sea ice changes from a transient source to a sink for atmospheric CO2. We upscale these observations to the whole Antarctic sea-icesea ice cover using the NEMO-LIM3 large-scale sea ice-ocean, and provide first estimates of spring and summer CO2 uptake from the atmosphere by Antarctic sea ice. Over the spring-summer period, the Antarctic sea-icesea ice cover is a net sink of atmospheric CO2 of 0.029 PgC, about 58% of the estimated annual uptake from the Southern Ocean. Sea ice then contributes significantly to the sink of CO2 of the Southern Ocean. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 16 (6 ULg)
Mid-winter freeze experiment in the Arctic Ocean: Norwegian Young sea ICE cruise (N-ICE2015)
; ; et al
Poster (2014, December 02)
In mid-January 2015, RV Lance will freeze into the ice north of Svalbard, Arctic Ocean at around 83.25°N 30°E, and passively drift with the ice as part of the Norwegian Young sea ICE cruise (N-ICE2015 ... [more ▼]
In mid-January 2015, RV Lance will freeze into the ice north of Svalbard, Arctic Ocean at around 83.25°N 30°E, and passively drift with the ice as part of the Norwegian Young sea ICE cruise (N-ICE2015). Judging from historic sea ice drift trajectories, it is likely that RV Lance will drift in a SW direction and the ship will probably be freed from the ice in mid spring after about two to three months of drift. Thereafter, RV Lance will return to her starting position and start a new drift. Under all circumstances, the ice drift project will end in late June 2015. Throughout the cruise the focus will be on the interaction of the atmosphere-ice-ocean system and the response of the marine ecosystem to the thinner ice regime. The overall goal of the project team is to improve our understanding of the role of the younger ice pack in the Arctic on greenhouse gas fluxes and to ultimately assess whether the Arctic Ocean is a sink or source of greenhouse gases. We plan to conduct long-term synchronous observations of Arctic snow and sea ice biogeochemistry and physics and fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and bromoform. This work targets at filling a crucial gap in our understanding of the role of Arctic sea ice in the climate system. This is done by conducting state of the art observations on Arctic sea ice in the polar night, when observations are basically non-existent. Further we are focusing on the new thinner ice regime, which is even less documented. We aim to understand how the thinner sea ice in the Arctic basin contributes (i) to important greenhouse gas exchange between the atmosphere and ocean and (ii) to aerosol formation, that contribute to the radiative balance of the planet. This work will increase direct collaboration between Japanese and European scientists in the Arctic, and combines complimentary expertise and experience from several international partners to carry out the interdisciplinary work proposed. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 27 (1 ULg)
Physical and bacterial controls on inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic carbon during a sea ice growth and decay experiment
Zhou, Jiayun ; Delille, Bruno ; et al
in Marine Chemistry (2014), 166
We investigated how physical incorporation, brine dynamics and bacterial activity regulate the distribution of inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in artificial sea ice during a 19-day ... [more ▼]
We investigated how physical incorporation, brine dynamics and bacterial activity regulate the distribution of inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in artificial sea ice during a 19-day experiment that included periods of both ice growth and decay. The experiment was performed using two series of mesocosms: the first consisted of seawater and the second consisted of seawater enriched with humic-rich river water. We grew ice by freezing the water at an air temperature of -14 °C for 14 days after which ice decay was induced by increasing the air temperature to -1 °C. Using the ice temperatures and bulk ice salinities, we derived the brine volume fractions, brine salinities and Rayleigh numbers. The temporal evolution of these physical parameters indicate that there was a succession of 3 stages in the brine dynamics: forced-convection, followed by bottom convection during ice growth, and then brine stratification during ice decay. The major findings are: (1) the incorporation of dissolved compounds (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate, silicate, and DOC) into the sea ice was not conservative (relative to salinity) during ice growth. Brine convection clearly influenced the incorporation of the dissolved compounds, since the non-conservative behavior of the dissolved compounds was particularly pronounced in the absence of brine convection. (2) Bacterial activity further regulated nutrient availability in the ice: ammonium and nitrite accumulated as a result of remineralization processes, although bacterial production was too low to induce major changes in DOC concentrations. (3) Different forms of DOC have different properties and hence incorporation efficiencies. In particular, the terrestrially-derived DOC from the river water was less efficiently incorporated into sea ice than the DOC in the seawater. Therefore the main factors regulating the distribution of the dissolved compounds within sea ice are clearly a complex interaction of brine dynamics, biological activity and in the case of dissolved organic matter, the physico-chemical properties of the dissolved constituents themselves. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 36 (2 ULg)
CO2 fluxes across the air-ice interface
Delille, Bruno
Conference (2014, July)Detailed reference viewed: 10 (4 ULg)
Usuing the Arctic Environment Test Basin to study the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in sea ice
; Zhou, Jiayun ; et al
Conference (2014, July)
This is a report from the INTERICE 5 project that used the Arctic Environment Test Basin at HSVA from 21 May to 19 June 2012. The overarching aim was to investigate the physical and biological controls of ... [more ▼]
This is a report from the INTERICE 5 project that used the Arctic Environment Test Basin at HSVA from 21 May to 19 June 2012. The overarching aim was to investigate the physical and biological controls of dissolved organic matter incorporation into growing sea ice and the effect of melting once the ice had consolidated. Measurements were also made on the CO2 fluxes at the ice surface in relation to the chemical and biological changes taking place in the ice. The Interice 5 team was a multidisciplinary group of glaciologists, chemists and microbiologists from Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany and U.K. They were able to build on the experiences of previous INTERICE 2, 3 & 4 projects to maximize the opportunities from the facility. The preliminary results from the experiment will be presented, in the context of what is known about these processes from field campaigns. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 8 (0 ULg)
Physical controls on the storage of methane in landfast sea ice
Zhou, Jiayun ; ; et al
in The Cryosphere (2014), 8(3), 1019-1029
We report on methane (CH4) dynamics in landfast sea ice, brine and under-ice seawater at Barrow in 2009. The CH4 concentrations in under-ice water ranged between 25.9 and 116.4 nmol L-1sw, indicating a ... [more ▼]
We report on methane (CH4) dynamics in landfast sea ice, brine and under-ice seawater at Barrow in 2009. The CH4 concentrations in under-ice water ranged between 25.9 and 116.4 nmol L-1sw, indicating a supersaturation of 700 to 3100 % relative to the atmosphere. In comparison, the CH4 concentrations in sea ice, ranged between 3.4 and 17.2 nmol L-1ice, and the deduced CH4 concentrations in brine, between 13.2 and 677.7 nmol L-1brine. We investigated on the processes explaining the difference in CH4 concentrations between sea ice, brine and the under-ice water, and suggest that biological controls on the storage of CH4 in ice was minor in comparison to the physical controls. Two physical processes regulated the storage of CH4 in our landfast ice samples: bubble formation within the ice and sea ice permeability. Gas bubble formation from solubility changes had favoured the accumulation of CH4 in the ice at the beginning of ice growth. CH4 retention in sea ice was then twice as efficient as that of salt; this also explains the overall higher CH4 concentrations in brine than in the under-ice water. As sea ice thickened, gas bubble formation became less efficient, CH4 was then mainly trapped in the dissolved state. The increase of sea ice permeability during ice melt marked the end of CH4 storage. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 31 (3 ULg)
Snow cover and short-term synoptic events drive biogeochemical dynamics in winter Weddell Sea pack ice (AWECS cruise - June to August 2013)
; Delille, Bruno ; et al
Conference (2014, April)Detailed reference viewed: 8 (0 ULg)
Snow cover and short-term synoptic events drive biogeochemical dynamics in winter Weddell Sea pack ice (AWECS cruise - June to August 2013)
; Delille, Bruno ; et al
Conference (2014, March)
This paper presents the preliminary results of an integrated multidisciplinary study of pack ice biogeochemistry in the Weddell Sea during the winter 2013 (June-August). The sea ice biogeochemistry group ... [more ▼]
This paper presents the preliminary results of an integrated multidisciplinary study of pack ice biogeochemistry in the Weddell Sea during the winter 2013 (June-August). The sea ice biogeochemistry group was one of the components of the AWECS (Antarctic Winter Ecosystem and Climate Study) cruise (Polarstern ANTXXIX-6). A total of 12 stations were carried out by the sea ice biogeochemistry group, which collected a suite of variables in the fields of physics, inorganic chemistry, gas content and composition, microbiology, biogeochemistry, trace metals and the carbonate system in order to give the best possible description of the sea ice cover and its interactions at interfaces. Samples were collected in the atmosphere above (gas fluxes), in the snow cover, in the bulk ice (ice cores), in the brines (sackholes) and in the sea water below (0m, 1m, 30 m). Here we present the results of basic physico-chemical (T°, bulk ice salinity, brine volumes, brine salinity, Rayleigh numbers) and biological (Chla) measurements in order to give an overview of the general status of the Weddell Sea winter pack ice encountered, and discuss how it controls climate relevant biogeochemical processes. Our results from the first set of 9 stations, mainly sampled along the Greenwich meridian and the easternmost part of the Weddell Sea definitively refute the view of a biogeochemically "frozen" sea ice during the Winter. This has already been demonstrated for the Spring and Summer, but we now see that sea ice sustains considerable biological stocks and activities throughout the Winter, despite the reduced amount of available PAR radiation. Accretion of the snow cover appears to play an essential role in driving biogeochemical activity, through warming from insulation, thus favouring brine transport, be it through potential convection, surface brine migration (brine tubes) or flooding. This results in a "widening" of the internal autumn layer (quite frequent in this rafting-dominated sea ice cover) and increase of the chla burden with age. Results from the second set of 3 stations in the western branch of the Weddell Sea gyre confirm that it comprises a mixture of older fast/second year ice floes with younger first-year ice floes. The older ice had the highest Chla concentrations of the entire cruise (>200 mgl-1), in an internal community enclosed within desalinized impermeable upper and lower layers. The first-year ice differs from that in the eastern Weddell Sea as it is dominated by columnar ice and (weak) algal communities are only found on the bottom or near the surface (no internal maximum). [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 65 (2 ULg)
Investigating iron and organic matter incorporation in growing sea ice
; Delille, Bruno ; et al
Conference (2014, March)
High concentration of exopolysacharides (EPS) and iron have been found in sea ice surrounding the Antarctic continent. However, the mechanisms leading to that enrichment remain unclear. Scavenging of iron ... [more ▼]
High concentration of exopolysacharides (EPS) and iron have been found in sea ice surrounding the Antarctic continent. However, the mechanisms leading to that enrichment remain unclear. Scavenging of iron by organic matter in seawater and entrainment during sea ice formation are thought to be responsible for the accumulation of iron in sea ice. EPS could also play a role in the iron passive chelative scavenging process in sea ice and in the increase of iron bioavailability. Our study investigates the processes responsible for the accumulation of iron (dissolved, particulate and total dissolvable iron), EPS, dissolved and particulate organic matter, macro-nutrients (silicic acid, nitrate and nitrite, phosphoric acid and ammonium), chlorophyll a and sea ice algae in young sea ice during an Australian-lead spring voyage off East Antarctica (SIPEX II September – November 2012) and a German-lead winter voyage to the Weddell Sea (AWECS June – August 2013). We used a combination of field- ("in situ") and laboratory- based sea ice growth time-series experiments. In addition different types of newly formed sea ice as pancake ice, grey ice, frost flowers and slush were collected during both voyages as a means to compare and validate the experimental data. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the biogeochemical properties of newly formed Antarctic pack ice samples in the winter. Ice temperature, salinity and textures are also presented to support the biogeochemical observations at the onset of sea ice formation. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 77 (1 ULg)
Sea ice CO2 flux in the Southern Ocean during mid-winter and early spring
; Delille, Bruno ; et al
Conference (2014, March)
There seems little doubt that sea ice is permeable to CO2 and other gases although air–sea ice gas flux is more or less inhibited at a brine volume fraction of less than 5% representing the threshold for ... [more ▼]
There seems little doubt that sea ice is permeable to CO2 and other gases although air–sea ice gas flux is more or less inhibited at a brine volume fraction of less than 5% representing the threshold for fluid permeability of sea ice. Generally, air–sea ice CO2 flux is at its minimum in winter due to low sea ice temperatures and consequently reduced permeability despite the fact the partial pressure of CO2 in sea ice is usually high at that time and sea ice has therefore the potential to release CO2 to the atmosphere. Here, we present first evidence that snow laden Antarctic sea ice can act as source for atmospheric CO2 even during mid-winter and early spring. During a mid-winter cruise to the Weddell Sea (AWECS, 2013) and an early spring cruise off east Antarctica (SIPEX-2, 2012), due to thick insulating snow covers, the bottom of the snow and the surface of the sea ice were relatively warm (>–10°C) even though air temperature was sometimes below –30°C. In addition, in both areas, sea ice was characterized by high bulk-salinities, resulting in brine volume fractions that are generally higher than 5%. Automatic "open-closed" chamber measurements indicated positive CO2 fluxes of up to +2.5 mmol C m–2 day–1, illustrating that sea ice acted as a source of atmospheric CO2. Higher fluxes were measured at bare ice surfaces after removing the snow. However, generally low snow densities (mean: 339 kg m–3), indicating a permeable snow cover, facilitated degassing of CO2 at the snow-air interface. Our results therefore suggest that even in the winter and early spring, Antarctic sea ice can act as CO2 source for the atmosphere, particularly in areas with a thick insulating snow cover. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 73 (1 ULg)
Year Round survey of Ocean-Sea Ice-Air Exchanges – the YROSIAE survey
Delille, Bruno ; ; Champenois, Willy et al
Conference (2014, March)
YROSIAE survey aimed to carry out a year-round survey of land-fast sea ice focusing on the study of sea ice physics and biogeochemistry in order to a) better understand and budget exchanges of energy and ... [more ▼]
YROSIAE survey aimed to carry out a year-round survey of land-fast sea ice focusing on the study of sea ice physics and biogeochemistry in order to a) better understand and budget exchanges of energy and matter across the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere interfaces during sea ice growth and decay and b) quantify their potential impact on fluxes of climate gases (CO2, DMS, CH4, N2O) to the atmosphere and on carbon and macro- nutrients and micro-nutrients export to the ocean. Ice cores, sea water, brines and exported material were collected at regular intervals about 1 km off cape Evans from November 2011 to December 2011 and from September 2012 to December 2012 in trace-metal clean conditions. Samples are processed to characterize both the vertical distribution and temporal changes of climate gases (CO2, DMS, CH4, N2O), CO2-related parameters (dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity and CaCO3 amount), physical parameters (salinity, temperature, texture, 18O), biogeochemical parameters (macro-nutrients, particulate and dissolved organic carbon, δ13C, δ30Si and δ15N, micro-nutrients - including iron) and biological parameters ( chlorophyll a, primary production within sea ice derived from O2:Ar and O2:N ratios, autotrophic species determination, bacterial cell counts a.s.o.). In addition, we deployed a micro-meterological tower and automatic chambers to measure air-ice CO2 fluxes. Continuous measurements of ice temperature and ice accretion or melting, both at the ice-ocean and the ice-atmosphere interfaces were provided by an "Ice-T" ice mass balance buoy. Sediment traps collected particles below the ice between 10 and 70 m, while dust collectors provided a record of a full suite of trace metal and dust at different levels above the ground. We will present the aims, overall approach and sampling strategy of the YROSIAE survey. In addition we will also discuss CO2 dynamics within the ice and present temporal air-ice CO2 fluxes over the year. We will provide a first budget of air-ice CO2 fluxes during ice growth for Antarctica sea ice and discuss the impact of the snow cover on air-ice CO2 fluxes. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 37 (5 ULg)
On the use of O2/Ar and O2/N2 to estimate the biological carbon uptake in landfast sea ice
Zhou, Jiayun ; Delille, Bruno ; et al
Poster (2014, March)
Sea ice is one of the largest biomes on Earth. The net community production (NCP) of the microorganisms living in sea ice impacts the dynamics of pCO2 in sea ice, and therefore the CO2 exchanges at the ... [more ▼]
Sea ice is one of the largest biomes on Earth. The net community production (NCP) of the microorganisms living in sea ice impacts the dynamics of pCO2 in sea ice, and therefore the CO2 exchanges at the air-ice-sea interfaces. As oxygen O2 and carbon C are both involved in the photosynthetic and respiration processes, one can theoretically assess NCP (in terms of C uptake) from O2 measurements. However, the concentration of O2 in sea ice depends not only on biological processes (i.e., NCP) but also on physical processes. We present a technique for assessing NCP in sea ice, based on the use of the O2/Ar ratio, which should correct for the physical contribution in O2 variations. We also compare the use of O2/Ar and O2/N2 for deriving NCP, and demonstrate that O2/Ar is more suitable, as it is more sensitive and less affected by gas diffusion and gas bubble formation during sea ice growth and decay than O2/N2. Using O2/Ar, we then provide conservative estimates of NCP in landfast sea ice, from ice cores collected in Barrow, from January through June 2009. The minimum estimate of the NCP in the whole ice cover reached 229 mg C.m-².d-1 in late spring. This is about 20 times higher than the atmospheric C uptake at that time identified from CO2 fluxes measurements at the ice-air interface, and therefore indicates that the main source of C used in the NCP was from the under-ice water. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 23 (1 ULg)
Factors driving pCO2 dynamics in sea ice during a large-scale ice tank experiment
Zhou, Jiayun ; Delille, Bruno ; et al
Conference (2014, March)
According to previous studies, pCO2 fluxes measured over Arctic sea ice are higher than those measured over Antarctic sea ice. We hypothesized that this was due to enhanced respiration in Arctic sea ice ... [more ▼]
According to previous studies, pCO2 fluxes measured over Arctic sea ice are higher than those measured over Antarctic sea ice. We hypothesized that this was due to enhanced respiration in Arctic sea ice, as a consequence of higher riverine inputs of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) into Arctic seawater. We tested this hypothesis during the Interice V experiment at the HSVA (Hamburg) environmental test basin facility. We reproduced the growth and decay cycle of sea ice in replicate mesocosms (1 m3) filled with North Sea water (NSW series), and compared these with another series of mesocosms to which humic-rich river water had been added (10%) to increase the DOC concentration (R series). Primary producers were excluded from the experiment. The evolution of the temperature, salinity, DOC, pCO2 and bacterial biomass and production were measured in ice sampled at regular intervals throughout the experiment, as well as in the under-ice water. In addition, ice-air pCO2 fluxes were continuously monitored over both NSW and R mesocosms. pCO2 values in ice were higher in the R ice than in the NSW ice. This is attributed to the DOC content and bacterial respiration, rather than to the ice physical properties (i.e., ice permeability constrained by the ice temperature and salinity). Indeed, R ice had higher DOC content and bacterial production than the NSW ice while both showed similar physical properties. The evolution of the ice-air pCO2 fluxes was consistent with the evolution of pCO2 in ice. The fluxes were, as expected, positive (from sea ice to the atmosphere) during ice growth and negative (from the atmosphere to the ice) during ice melt. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 49 (4 ULg)
Biological and physical controls on DMS,P dynamics in ice-shelf-influenced fast ice
; Zhou, Jiayun ; et al
Conference (2014, March)
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is a volatile sulphur compound produced by the degradation of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), a metabolite synthesized by microalgae as i.a. cryoprotectant and osmoregulator. It ... [more ▼]
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is a volatile sulphur compound produced by the degradation of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), a metabolite synthesized by microalgae as i.a. cryoprotectant and osmoregulator. It is also an important climate-active gas, being the primary source of marine-derived sulphate aerosols which play an important role in the earth-atmosphere radiation balance. In the last two decades, there has been an increasing interest in the role of the marine cryosphere in the DMS,P cycle, motivated by repeated observations of very high DMS,P concentrations in sea ice. However, our understanding of the factors driving the spatiotemporal variations of these high concentrations, and hence the fate of the sea ice DMS pool, remains limited. To date, studies have essentially focused on biotic factors, attributing the high DMS,P concentrations to the high biomass of the sympagic communities, and to their strong physiological response to the low temperature and high salinity stresses of the brine habitat. We present here an approach integrating both biotic and abiotic factors, as we investigate the influence of sea ice growth processes and brine dynamics on the DMS,P cycle. We focus on a fast ice site (Cape Evans, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica) under the influence of ice-shelf waters, and provide measurements covering a full cycle of ice growth. We show a good correspondence between isolated maxima of DMS,P in interior ice and the occurrence of platelet crystals in the ice texture. We develop the idea that platelet ice formation in May strongly modifies the production of DMS,P by (1) favoring the incorporation of strong DMSP producers and by (2) exposing these producers to stronger environmental stresses. We then show the influence of the development and decline of a strong diatom bloom from October to November on bottom ice DMS,P concentrations. Finally, we show that the increase in brine volume fraction (permeability) on warming in early December triggers (1) an important release of DMS to the ocean through brine convection, and (2) a vertical redistribution of DMSP across the ice. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 51 (3 ULg)
Using stable isotopes to unravel the role of sea-ice in the methane cycle
; Zhou, Jiayun ; et al
Poster (2014, March)
Methane (CH4) plays an important role in the Earth's climate system. The atmospheric CH4 concentration has increased in concert with the industrialization, but since the mid 80's the CH4 growth rate ... [more ▼]
Methane (CH4) plays an important role in the Earth's climate system. The atmospheric CH4 concentration has increased in concert with the industrialization, but since the mid 80's the CH4 growth rate decreased to reach a near-zero level in 2000 and started to increase again from 2007 on. However, the underlying variations in sources and/or sinks that cause these variations are to date not well understood. To predict future climate, it is essential to unravel the processes controlling the CH4 cycle, especially in the Arctic regions, which are highly vulnerable to climate change and contain large CH4 reservoirs. Recently, an unexpected CH4 excess has been reported above Arctic sea-ice showing that sea-ice might play a significant role in the CH4 cycle. Nonetheless, the nature of the process leading to CH4 production in or nearby sea-ice has not yet been identified. We applied a new multi-proxy approach merging atmospheric chemistry, glaciology and biogeochemistry to understand and quantify the processes responsible for the CH4 excess above sea-ice. We performed CH4 isotope (13C and D) analyses on sea-ice samples, as well as microbial (lipid biomarkers) and geochemical measurements, to determine the possible pathways involved in CH4 production and removal in or nearby sea-ice. We will present results from sea-ice samples drilled above the shallow-shelf in Barrow (Alaska) from January to June 2009 as well as above deep Southern Ocean locations in 2013. Those results allow investigating the seasonality and spatial variability in methane formation and removal pathways associated to the methane enclosed in sea-ice. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 41 (1 ULg)
Dimethyl sulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate profiles in sea ice during winter in the Weddell Sea
; ; et al
Conference (2014, March)
This study presents profiles of the organic sulphur components dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in sea ice cores collected during the AWECS (Antarctic Winter Ecosytem Climate ... [more ▼]
This study presents profiles of the organic sulphur components dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in sea ice cores collected during the AWECS (Antarctic Winter Ecosytem Climate Study) cruise on RV Polarstern (ANT29-6) in the Weddell Sea. DMS is a semi-volatile sulfur component and under discussion to be climate active, as its oxidation products might act as cloud condensation nuclei - thus cooling the atmosphere. It is produced by enzymatic cleavage of the precursor DMSP, which is synthesized by various types of phytoplankton and serves for example as compatible solute and cryoprotectant. Due to the physico-chemical conditions given, i.e. the high salinity and the icy matrix, sea ice as habitat favors production of high levels of DMSP by the inhabiting microalgae. DMSP and DMS are frequently found in high concentrations in sea ice during spring and summer. The aim of this study was to investigate DMS(P) levels in winter sea ice as data for the winter season is yet scarce, but is of importance for global budgeting. Preliminary results of our study show that DMS(P) production in sea ice in the Weddell Sea is also significant during winter. This stands in contrast to previous measurements in Arctic winter sea ice (CFL-IPY cruise in the Circumpolar Flaw Lead Polynya), where DMS(P) concentrations were very low. Possible explanations for the differences between DMS(P) levels in the Arctic and Antarctic might be the different snow cover and thus insulation, light regimes and also microbial community structure within the ice. DMS(P) levels were generally correlated with chlorophyll a concentrations, although the details are complex and seem to be influenced by species composition and species specific DMSP/Chla ratios. The DMS profiles mirrored the permeability of the sea ice following DMSP in the impermeable areas while showing losses to the ice surface and ice-water interface in the more permeable regions. Winter DMS(P) profiles are furthermore compared to data collected during the following spring cruise of RV Polarstern (ANT29-7) in the Weddell Sea. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 43 (2 ULg)
Land-fast sea ice of McMurdo Sound as a source of bio-essential trace metals for primary productivity in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
; ; et al
Conference (2014, March)
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient. Its low abundance limits primary productivity in more than 30% of the oceans, including the Southern Ocean, and has a crucial impact on the biogeochemical cycles ... [more ▼]
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient. Its low abundance limits primary productivity in more than 30% of the oceans, including the Southern Ocean, and has a crucial impact on the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and other elements with ultimate influence on the Earth climate system. Other trace metals, like Mn, Zn, Co and Cu are also required for microorganisms cell metabolism and may be (co-) limiting. Previous data on dissolved and particulate Fe concentration data showed that Fe is 10-100 times more concentrated in the sea ice than in underlying seawater and that sea ice melt can deliver up to 70% of the daily Fe supply to the surface waters. According to budget estimates in East Antarctica and in the Weddell Sea, accumulated Fe would largely derive from the underlying seawater rather than from atmospheric inputs. Most of the available data of trace metals in the sea ice concern pack ice and Fe. Only very scarce data exist on land-fast ice and on other trace metal concentrations. In this presentation, the general objective is to assess the role of land-fast ice as a source of Fe and other bio-essential trace metals (e.g. Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Cd), its impact on primary productivity and on the biological pump. Samples of sea ice, brines and seawater as well as dusts samples have been collected during the land-based sampling program YROSIAE at Cape Evans (Scott Base, McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, Antarctica) from Nov 2011 to Dec 2011 and from Aug 2012 to Dec 2012. Dissolved and particulate trace metals concentrations have been measured by a recently developed method, which combines multiple element isotope dilution with preconcentration using the Nobias Chelate PA1 resin and ICP-MS analysis. Concentrations of trace metals in snow collected during the present study are one to up to five orders of magnitude higher than the concentrations previously observed in snow from East Antarctica, showing a much stronger dust input of these metals in McMurdo Sound. When comparing the concentrations obtained in the under-ice seawater with those obtained in the snow at McMurdo Sound, concentrations of Fe, Al, Mn, Co are much lower, whereas concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb are similar and the concentrations of Ni, Mo and Cd are higher. Inventories of these trace metals in the land-fast sea ice give insights on its role as a source of bio-essential trace metal for the fuelling of the seasonal Ross Sea bloom. Other sources of these trace metals will be addressed and compared. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 78 (7 ULg)
Modelling argon dynamics in first-year sea ice
; ; Zhou, Jiayun et al
in Ocean Modelling (2014), 73
Abstract: Focusing on physical processes, we aim at constraining the dynamics of argon (Ar), a biogeochemically inert gas, within first year sea ice, using observation data and a one-dimensional halo ... [more ▼]
Abstract: Focusing on physical processes, we aim at constraining the dynamics of argon (Ar), a biogeochemically inert gas, within first year sea ice, using observation data and a one-dimensional halo-thermodynamic sea ice model, including parameterization of gas physics. The incorporation and transport of dissolved Ar within sea ice and its rejection via gas-enriched brine drainage to the ocean, are modeled following fluid transport equations through sea ice. Gas bubbles nucleate within sea ice when Ar is above saturation and when the total partial pressure of all three major atmospheric gases (N2, O2 and Ar) is above the brine hydrostatic pressure. The uplift of gas bubbles due to buoyancy is allowed when the brine network is connected with a brine volume above a given threshold. Ice-atmosphere Ar fluxes are formulated as a diffusive process proportional to the differential partial pressure of Ar between brine inclusions and the atmosphere. Two simulations corresponding to two case studies that took place at Point Barrow (Alaska, 2009) and during an ice-tank experiment (INTERICE IV, Hamburg, Germany, 2009) are presented. Basal entrapment and vertical transport due to brine motion enable a qualitatively sound representation of the vertical profile of the total Ar (i.e. the Ar dissolved in brine inclusions and contained in gas bubbles; TAr). Sensitivity analyses suggest that gas bubble nucleation and rise are of most importance to describe gas dynamics within sea ice. Ice-atmosphere Ar fluxes and the associated parameters do not drastically change the simulated TAr. Ar dynamics are dominated by uptake, transport by brine dynamics and bubble nucleation in winter and early spring; and by an intense and rapid release of gas bubbles to the atmosphere in spring. Important physical processes driving gas dynamics in sea ice are identified, pointing to the need for further field and experimental studies. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 33 (5 ULg)
Insights into oxygen transport and net community production in sea ice from oxygen, nitrogen and argon concentrations
Zhou, Jiayun ; Delille, Bruno ; et al
in Biogeosciences (2014), 11
We present the evolution of O2 standing stocks, saturation levels and concentrations in landfast sea ice, collected in Barrow (Alaska), from February to June 2009. The comparison of the standing stocks ... [more ▼]
We present the evolution of O2 standing stocks, saturation levels and concentrations in landfast sea ice, collected in Barrow (Alaska), from February to June 2009. The comparison of the standing stocks and saturation levels of O2 against those of N2 and Ar suggests that the dynamic of O2 in sea ice strongly depends on physical processes (gas incorporation and subsequent transport). We then discuss on the use of O2 / Ar and O2 / N2 to correct for the physical contribution and to determine the biological contribution (NCP) to O2 supersaturations. We conclude that O2 / Ar suits better than O2 / N2, because O2 / N2 is more sensitive due to the relative abundance of O2, N2 and Ar, and less biased when gas bubble formation and gas diffusion are maximized. We further estimate the NCP in the impermeable layers during ice growth and in the permeable layers during ice decay. Our results indicate that NCP contributed to a~release of carbon to the atmosphere in the upper ice layers, but to an uptake of carbon at sea ice bottom. Overall, seawater (rather than the atmosphere) may be the main supplier of carbon for sea ice microorganisms. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 15 (6 ULg)