text: (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 High Efficiency QoS Guarantee, Channel Aware scheduling scheme For Polling Services in WiMAX Reza Hashemi, Mohammad Ali Pourmina, Farbod Razzazi Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract—This Paper offers an efficient channel aware transmission media, in wireless system, for its extreme time scheduling scheme for IEEE 802.16e WiMAX Mobile, real-time varying nature, we need to consider channel condition to and non-real-time polling service. Compared to a similar prevent waste of resource. scheduling approach, our considered scheduler can guarantee Mobile-WiMAX uses TDD mode that makes channel and achieve lower delay with a good average throughput. In order to achieve this object, we introduce a scheduling scheme estimation easier, also operates in 2-11GHz Frequency Range. with four different segments in a decision making process. The Both access technologies, OFDM and OFDMA can be used in first part, a time dependent function that considers the time when WiMAX. Our used technology is OFDMA that increases packets wait in queues and in a jitter area to prevent packet Bandwidth utilization but makes scheduling problem more deadline. Buffer utility function, as the second part, considers difficult. Scheduler in OFDM decides for OFDM symbol and buffer size in scheduling to prevent overflow, specifically in nrtPS all subcarriers are allocated to one user, nevertheless each class with large size packets. The third part, retrieved from proportional fairness algorithms, which in normal conditions subcarrier can select different Modulation and coding scheme gives a fair share to users. Channel SNR and service class weight which makes it difficult to estimate average rate in a forward are also involved in this part. The final section of scheduling frame. Decision making for OFDMA is much more difficult relationship, channel condition, is defined more accurately by than for a time scheduler, because it must select subchannel in RSSI and CINR parameters. The simulation results in OPNET a frequency domain. show that our proposed scheme has a very good delay and packet loss ratio accompanied by a high throughput. In another The smallest allocation unit by Scheduler is called slot. In scenario, with different number of users and limit resources, we OFDMA, slot is a combination of some subcarriers and some show relationship between admission control and scheduling. OFDM symbols. Depending on permutation process, slot may have different definitions. For instance, for uplink in PUSC, Keywords-component; IEEE 802.16e; WiMAX; Scheduling; each slot consists of 3 OFDM symbols and 16 subcarriers. The QoS; Resource Allocation; OPNET other issues are burst in a downlink that must be rectangular Fig. 1. which makes it difficult for a downlink scheduler to I. INTRODUCTION select the slot in such a manner that best fits to the user allotment [3], [4], [5]. Packing and Fragmentation are other I N recent years, bandwidth hungry applications, such as video and music streaming, large file downloads, etc have been significantly used. Wireless and vehicular accession to options that can be used by WiMAX equipment to fit MAC SDU in Mac PDU. such contents lead companies and standard organizations like, 3GPP and IEEE, to develop BWA technology. IEEE 802.16 standard families with long distance and QoS mechanism support are among the important and active technologies for these Issues also, counted as a strong 4G candidate under the development of 802.16m standard version. In our survey, IEEE 802.16e mobile-WiMAX standard [1] has been studied for its special features like power management and handover capability rather than for its fixed version. Two PHY and MAC layers are defined by standard, which in Medium Access Control layer are responsible for QoS mechanism such as call admission control and scheduling. For resource allocation, channel aware scheduling [2] are cross layer Fig. 1. OFDMA Frame in 802.16e processes which use some physical layer parameters like SNR, CINR and RSSI for decision making procedure. Unlike channel unaware scheduling which assumes error free 233 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 Fig. 2. Admission control and scheduling for user Fig. 3. Centralized scheduling in WiMAX Both of the two procedures utilize transmission frame but system real capability. increase overhead and must be considered in scheduling. The most important parts in QoS are scheduling and call admission II. POLLING AND RELATED WORKS control Fig. 2. which open spaces in standard and have been A. Polling Service done by MAC layer. Medium access control layer consists of 3 sublayers; a) convergence sublayer, b) common part Bandwidth request in WiMAX is categorized as either sublayer and c) security sublayer. In convergence sublayer, implicit or explicit method. In WiMAX mobile, there exists as packet classification and getting proper CID and SFID have a whole, 11 different ways for bandwidth request. Unsolicited been done. According to the requirements and the specific request, bandwidth stealing, poll-me bit, piggybacking, parameters, packets are classified into 5 QoS service classes. codeword over CQICH, CDMA code-based and contention 1) UGS: this class gets fix bandwidth without any overhead region based are as implicit method. Polling based methods and can guarantee QoS, but wastes resource when traffic like unicast polling, multicast polling, broadcast polling and changes. 2) ertPS: this service is suitable for VoIP traffic with group polling are categorized as explicit method. Guarantee silent suppression and needs a polling mechanism to inform QoS, required information about the user queues such as end of the silence, similar to UGS, QoS parameters are buffer size and head of line packet states. There is a need for maximum latency tolerance, maximum sustained rate and tolerated jitter. 3, 4) rtPS, nrtPS: These two service classes are delay and throughput guarantee in an uplink for a service for real-time and non-real-time variable rate traffic. For class. Its suitable and possible bandwidth request way is varying nature of packet size like video streaming in rtPS and polling based method. In this way, station polls users for FTP download in nrtPS. Polling mechanism is needed to requesting slot in a periodic interval to transmit their packets. specify what amount of resource must be granted to the users. In polling mechanism, at first, user bandwidth must be For nrtPS, there exists no delay guarantee but minimum throughput is guaranteed. 5) BE: most of the traffic is admitted by admission control unit. According to QoS classified to this QoS class of services. After all other classes parameters defined for queues base station, poll users in a being allocated, there will be no QoS guarantee and queue to periodic interval to request for a bandwidth. These polling use the remaining resources when other class was allocated. intervals may be addressed to individual SSs (unicast polling) In point to point configuration, WiMAX uses a centralized or to groups of SSs (broadcast or multicast polling). Polling- scheduling Fig. 3. It means, Base station makes decision for based service scheduler uplink traffic makes decision for uplink and downlink traffic. Even the grant for a user is based queues and then grants bandwidth, in accord to the available on GPSS (grant per subscriber station), we'll need another resources and the number of users. Users by decoding UL- scheduler in mobile station. Another grant method, GPC MAP in uplink can be informed about their grants. (grant per connection) was outdated in IEEE 802.16e. Before a Choosing suitable approach and polling mechanism delay are packet be classified and a scheduler make a decision, the call the two problems for this method [6]. Unicast polling prevents admission control unit accepts or rejects the new connection, the request collisions and can guarantee the delay, but by an according to the estimation of a system capacity. Clearly, increase in the number of stations, tremendous bandwidth for inappropriate capacity estimation by CAC unit degrades polling are required which decrease bandwidth for the grant. scheduling performance, especially when it accepts more than 234 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 Where, is an achievable data rate of user i and is an average data rate in a given time window T t . t is computed by an exponential averaging in past Ti windows expressed in Eq.2 : 1 R t 1 q t 0 t T T (2) R t 1 q t 0 Fig. 4. Polling based bandwidth request mechanism T t has impact on throughput, but its accurate selection is Multicast or broadcast polling mechanism, according to difficult. Proportional Fairness algorithms do not guarantee contention-based area, is a better approach for a large number delay or throughput, also short time fairness are not satisfied. of users, but decreases throughput of the system. It cannot be a proper method for a delay sensitive traffic and According to Fig. 4. polling mechanism in WiMAX is a 3 for an application minimum throughput requirement, and it way handshaking process which increases delays in the needs to be modified differently. queues. A user waiting for poll intervals also must wait for QoS guarantee algorithms provide delay and throughput the response of scheduler for grants. In the best situation, after requirements for each service class that needs QoS. M-LWDF 2 frames, request for queues, can access to the channel. families [12] are the most important algorithms in this B. Common Channel Aware QoS Scheduling Algorithms category that try to modify LWDF, in which throughput, are Fairness, delay, throughput, Energy Consumption, Power optimal. As one of these approaches in [13] queue i that Control, Complexity and Scalability are the important maximizes Eq.3 in subchannel k, can get permission to parameters in scheduler design, a metric evaluation and transfer its packet. comparison. Scheduling in WiMAX can be classified in two main parts, channel aware and channel unaware methods. In _ , _ _ (3) which these method can be used for intra-class and inter-class scheduling. Most of the channel unaware scheduling comes In this equation is throughput in coming frames and from router and CPU fundamentals that extended for WiMAX is average throughput in past specific time window. [7], [8], [9], [10]. This series of algorithms assume an error Channel gain is the normalized ratio of the square of noise at free idle channel for each user, and share resources according the receiver and the variance of Additive White Gaussian to their capacity and QoS parameters. In wireless transmission Noise. HOL_delay is a waiting time in buffer for packet in channel, for each user, conditions differ and degrade in head of the queues. This algorithm using some buffer state frequency and time domain. So channel state must be information in decision making, are useful for QoS guarantee. considered in resource allocation decision making process. WiMAX uses CQI Channel to inform base station about channel conditions. CQICH information primarily is used by adaptive modulation and coding module to select the best scheme in transmission. Channel aware scheme also can use these channel parameters in RSSI and CINR decision makings. For the algorithms that use channel state, four main categories can be named as: Proportional Fairness based, QoS guarantee based, power constraint and System throughput maximization. Fig. 5. Time Utility Function The goal, in PF-based scheme [11], is to achieve the long-term Another QoS-based approach is UEPS scheme [14] that uses fairness between the queues, especially in BE service class time utility function to make an urgency when, packets in which offers no guarantee for quality of service. In PF-based queues, enter jitter area or next to deadline. is time scheme each user who can maximize Eq.1 gets an opportunity utility function for delay. According to Fig. 5. when packets for transmission. enter to a jitter area, first derivative of increases and Eq.4 gets more weight and consequently, high probability to (1) access the resources. 235 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 | | (4) Table I Si selection for different polling service Class of service Si Where, is similar to and , is a channel capacity rtPS Number of frame needed to transfer packets for queue i. is equally calculated by Eq.2 and , ×A time utility function, is the absolute value of the first nrtPS Number of frame needed to transfer packets derivative of . UEPS do not consider buffer size that may ×B overflow when the packet size is big. 1 U t 1 q t 0 In throughput maximization algorithms [14], user with better t S (5) channel state, in a heuristic approach, gets more resources t 1 q t 0 without QoS guarantee and fairness. Two important factors in Si is time window that measures average user data rate. In channel quality are RSSI and CINR, where CINR has more proposed scheme Si, relationships have been exerted according weight. One of these approaches is MAX CINR, in which to the number of required frames to transfer user packets, and user with the highest CINR in its channel, gets more also weight of classes is inserted in this part. Si selection is permission to transfer in channel. MAX CINR cannot done according to Table I. guarantee QoS and degrade fairness. To choose user with the best channel condition, maximize throughput. Where A and B are rtPS and nrtPS weight in resource allocation. Prior to this, weight of class is used to make a Another channel aware algorithms category is power decision in inter-class scheduling. When number of frames, constraint based approach which considers sleep and Idle needed to transfer user packet, increases, users have fewer chance to get resources. This is what we need for rtPS with a mode and also battery limited [15]. Using power management small packet but it must be transferred as soon as possible. method increases delay, because mobile station goes to sleep for a specific interval till base station wants to be aware or B. Deadline unaware periodically. Packets in buffer remain until mobile rtPS is a real-time service class where, more often, traffics station is aware. sensitive to delay are classified in this category. Packet size for rtPS is not big and if it does not transmit in a specific time III. SOFT TRACKING VARIATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF QOS interval, deadline, system throws the packet away. Deadline is counted relative to the waiting time in the buffer, and if it rises Scheduling decision consists of 4 main parts the goal of from determined threshold, related to its application, it'll be defining each algorithm is to meet QoS by tracking important thrown away by system. We implement an emergency when parameters more accurately. For polling services rtPS and packets are close to deadline to prevent loss of packet. is nrtPS we do not need two schedulers for intra-class and for time utility function in Fig. 6. which has 2 different graphs, inter-class scheduling. For simplicity the weight of two polling T1 and T2. In our proposed scheme we use the first classes is inserted into main equation. In spite of the derivatives of . simplification of scheduling to remove 2 steps scheduling into 1 step, if parameters are not assigned properly, algorithms create cross point that degrade performance of scheduling. A. Average Rate Updating At First part of proposed scheduling scheme, we use Proportional fairness relationship which provides long-term fairness among users. In normal conditions when no packet is near to deadline or buffer is not shortly to overflow, it is better to keep fairness among users in achieving resources. We make some changes in PF formula, to adapt them to rtPS and Fig. 6. Time Utility Function in Proposed scheme nrtPS service classes. According to user channel and his SNR in calculated sub-channel, is achievable data rate in In normal condition when packet is not near its deadline, coming frame. After that adaptive and modulation coding first derivative of is very small and there is no need for decides what types of MCs are suitable for user subcarriers, urgent transmission. When packet stays for a long time in scheduler add all of them to find out user data rate in coming buffer and closer to its deadline, emergency occurs. For two frame. is calculated by Eq.5. polling services, we select time utility function by Table II. 236 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 Table II Table III Ti for different polling service for different polling service Class of service Ti Class of service rtPS T2 rtPS B1 nrtPS T1 nrtPS B2 Packet waiting time previous to enter to jitter area, first Overflow for nrtPS with large packet size is more possible derivative of rtPS increases, and is shown in T2. Jitter does not than for rtPS. For this reason, we choose B2 for nrtPS in define QoS parameters for nrtPS service class but in this part which the impact of incline and consequently weight of of scheme, according to application, we defined threshold and buffer is softer and increases before being close to overflow. jitter area for non real-time traffic, when get permission to According to our experiments for rtPS, we don't need to transmit while waiting too much time in queues. According to consider buffer size because of packet size, until 85 percent T1, in nrtPS, when packet enters the predefined jitter area, the of overall buffer size is filled. When size of the buffer incline of T1 increases more rapidly and causes more weights reaches to 85 percent relative to overall size, something like in scheduling decision. In this way we can guarantee delay for emergency has occurred and slope of B1 increases which real-time traffic. Important point is that deadline in nrtPS is causes to more weight in scheduling decision. very large about 3 seconds, for example, but in rtPS is about D. CINR and RSSI milliseconds. In average rate updating formula and t , to consider C. Buffer overflow channel state we only use SNR, which is in WiMAX, power of Buffer size and number of packets in a buffer are the noise are calculated by Eq. 6. important parameters which must be considered in making 174 10 log (6) decision for bandwidth allocation, especially when the size of packet is big. When packets do not get permission to transmit -174 is normal thermal noise in dBm/Hz for base station and with a finite buffer size, overflow can occur. Delay for a environment, BW is overall system bandwidth and n is the thrown away packet, because of overflow, considered as number of OFDM symbols. In SNR we cannot accurately deadline time and this time is added to average delay and determine channel state. CINR and RSSI are two important increases it. Most of the time, buffer overflow degrades parameters in channel quality which are considered to make a system performance and causes very bad damage. better channel estimation for scheduling decision. CINR is In this scheme we introduce a buffer utility function alike a already and usually used in throughput maximizing scheduling time utility function to manage buffers and involve their states algorithms, and RSSI almost used in power constraint scheme in scheduling decision. t , with two graphs B1 and B2, is a to consider power in each subcarrier. function which depends to buffer size and is illustrated in Fig. We introduced , defined by Eq.7 for a better 7. consideration of channel state in making a decision. , |log | (7) CINR are more important parameter than RSSI. For example, a condition those two Base Stations are close to each other, in this situation when user is near the base station, RSSI is high but CINR is low which means Signal strength is high but channel condition, is not really good because of interference. High CINR shows better channel with low packet loss probability. According to the ranges of CINR and RSSI we offer Eq.7 where CINR has more weight in equation. E. Final relationship Fig. 7. Buffer State Utility Function Final relationship in our proposed scheme for scheduling decision making is represented by Eq.8 for real-time and non- In nrtPS service class, size of the packet is big and it is not real-time class of service. so much sensitive to delay, but in rtPS, size of the packet is not big and the possibility of overflow in finite buffer is low. According to Table III, we select t and use the absolute | | | | , (8) value of the first derivative of t in our proposed scheme to consider different polling classes and their impacts. And according to the previous section, | | is the absolute value of the first derivative of time utility function, 237 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 achieveing bandwidth. There are two possible ways for At each scheduling instance { resource limitation, one way is to increase number of users, for j=1 to N { update , , RSSI(j) , CINR(j) , and then output analysis would be much more difficult, and the other one is limitation by Admission control unit. In our simulation the latter is used, by Admission control we create competition for bandwidth . if ( Qj(t) ≠ 0 ) {Uj(t) = * Rj(t) + (1- )* Uj(t-1) } if (Qj(t) = 0) {Uj(t) = Uj(t-1)) } B. Schedulers for Multiple Traffic Classes } At first we design a simple scenario to compare our scheme QoS_schedule = 0 with some main QoS guarantee and Fairness channel aware for j=1 to N { if (Qj(t)) > 0) { QoS_schedule = 1 } } algorithms. if (QoS_schedule > 0) { IS= arg max j ( * *M(RSSI(j),CINR(j))* ) } <Variables> : Time utility Function for MS j's : Buffer Utility Function for MS j's RSSI(j): Received signal strength Indicator of MS j's (mw) CINR(j): Carrier to Interference and Noise Ratio of MS j's (mw) N : Number of MS's having QoS class connection : Data Rate for MS j's in coming farme according to bits/sec IS : Index of the selected MS : Average Data Rate in Si Farme before Fig. 9. First simulation scheme in OPNET Qj(t): Buffer state for MS j's according to number of In Fig. 9. we define 3 user station and one base station that packets is directly connected to the server. Stations have 3 different classes of service, ertPS, rtPS and nrtPS where resources are Fig. 8. Algorithms for proposed scheme limited by admission control. For ertPS node we define voice application whose frame size is 57 bytes and with 0.25 | | is absolute value of the buffer size in dependant seconds inter-arrival time. In second node, we implement rtPS function, is user's data rate in coming frame, is with video application in which frame size have chi-square user's average data rate in Si time window of past, and finally distribution with a 32kbytes mean and 12frame/sec. At FTP, , is channel state function for better measuring the third node, download traffic application is classified into channel condition. This scheme with its used parameters is nrtPS service class. For third node, we define traffic by a showed in Fig. 8. variable rate in which packet size has a exponential distribution with 86kbytes mean and Poisson inter-arrival time with 500 milliseconds mean. All traffics transfer in IV. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TCP/IP and the header of these protocols must be measured in A. Simulation Environment and Parameters calculations. Channel model for pathloass is based on Erceg For performance evaluation we developed wimax layers in model and for multipath modeling we use ITU pedestrian OPNET simulator [16]. Scheduling for polling based service model. Terrain is mostly flat with light tree densities. At first and BE service worked in wimax_bs_control process model. we evaluate WiMAX average delay for and in our proposed At first we compared our proposed scheme with UEPS, PF, scheme we consider 2 parameters first with variable Si OFDM frame-based PF [17], M-LWDF and MAX CINR in a according to the above mentioned equation and second with a simple scenario and then, at second case, we studied fixed Si equal to 1000. Fig. 10. shows that average delay for admission control impact on our scheduling scheme. For our our scheme is lower than the other schemes even with a fixed simulation, we used TDD mode with 20MHz OFDMA access time window. By holding time window Si fixed or variable technology and PUSC permutation in uplink and downlink. average delay does not change, but with a variable time Frame duration are 5 msec with 48 OFDM symbols in each window, at the beginning, causes lower delay. Fig. 11. farme, 12 for uplink and 36 OFDM symbols for downlink. illustrated average throughput of system which consider with TTG is 106 µsec and RTG is 60 µsec and numbers of data and without , . Better measured channel subcarriers in uplink are 1440 and in downlink are 1120 of condition causes more average throughput, because error in bit 2048 subcarriers. Transmitted power for Base station and user rate decreases in transmission occurrence. station is equal to 0.5 watt. We can evaluate scheduling scheme when there are few resources, and users compete for 238 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 Fig. 10. Average delay in WiMAX system Fig. 12. Packet loss ratio in WiMAX A. Impact of Admission Control in scheduling In this scenario we investigate Admission control unit impact on our scheduling scheme. Channel condition, OFDM symbol duration, number of subcarriers, frequency, bandwidth and permutation are the same as in before section. QAM64 modulation with ¾ coding rate is used for all users whose distance from base station is the same according to Fig. 13. Three types of services have been defined for users, ertPS, rtPS and nrtPS. All users have constant data rates for ertPS defining 16kbps with 100 bytes packet size. Data rate for rtPS are 56kbps with 400 bytes packet size and in nrtPS data rate is 120kbps with 800 bytes packet size. Users randomly get one Fig. 11. Average throughput in Mbps of the services in a network. After limitation made on resources by admission control, maximum users that can be Obviously MAX-CINR have better throughput than supported with this configuration are 72 users. We force proposed scheduling, because user with a better channel admission control to cross the line and accept 80. We have condition can get a high priority without any QoS guarantee. investigated throughput of the system in different points with Variable time window in average data rate calculation causes distinctive number of users, as shown in Fig. 14. better throughput even if we do not consider , . For nrtPS, buffer management has an important role to prevent overflow and increase throughput especially when resources for scheduling are limited and only high priorities can get permission. Packet loss ratio in our scheme is approximately equal to MAX-CINR as considered in Fig. 12. In Fig. 11 throughput is lower than MAX-CINR which shows more error bit rate. For using different coding scheme as CRC and convolution coding adaptively with channel condition some missed bits recovered and consequently packet loss ratio has no expansion. MAX-CINR for selecting users with appropriate channel states, error correction schemes are not required any more, but in our scheduling, error correction schemes are helpful and hinders loss of packets as in MAX-CINR. Fig. 13. Admission control Analysis scheme in OPNET 239 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 2011 REFERENCES [1] IEEE Std 802.16™-2009, "Part 16: Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems", May. 2009, 2082 pp. [2] C. So-In, R. Jain, and A. Al-Tamimi, "Scheduling in IEEE802.16e Mobile WiMAX Networks: Key Issues and a Survey," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 27, No. 2, Feb. 2009. [3] T. Ohseki, M. Morita, and T. Inoue, "Burst Construction and Packet Mapping Scheme for OFDMA Downlinks in IEEE 802.16 Systems," in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf., Washington, DC, 2007, pp. 4307-4311. [4] Y. Ben-Shimol, I. Kitroser, and Y. Dinitz, "Two-dimensional mapping for wireless OFDMA systems," IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 52, pp.388-396, Sept. 2006. [5] Bacioccola, C. Cicconetti, L. Lenzini, E. A. M. E. Mingozzi, and A.A. E. A. Erta, "A downlink data region allocation algorithm for IEEE802.16e OFDMA," in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Information, Communications& Signal Processing., Singapore, 2007, pp. 1-5. [6] F. YIN, and G. Pujolle, "Performance Evaluation of Polling Mechanisms in IEEE 802.16 Networks" in Proc. IEEE Int. 14th Asia-Pacific Conf., Tokyo, 2008, pp. 1-5. [7] A. Sayenko, O. Alanen, J. Karhula and T. Hamaainen, Fig. 14. Average throughput for different class of service "Scheduling solution for the IEEE 802.16 base station," Int. J. After increasing 70 users to 80 users, throughput badly Computer and Telecommunications Networking, vol. 52, pp. 96- 115, Jan. 2008. degrades because admission control accepted more than [8] K. Wongthavarawat, and A. Ganz, "Packet scheduling for QoS system's supported capacity and scheduler cannot properly support in IEEE 802.16 broadband wireless access systems," in allocate. It shows a high relationship between scheduler and Proc. Int. J. Communication System, vol. 16, pp. 81-96, Feb. admission control unit. Simulation results are for 15 minutes. 2003. [9] D. Niyato, and E. Hossain, "Queue-aware uplink bandwidth allocation for polling services in 802.16 broadband wireless networks," in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf., St. V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE STUDY ISSUES Louis, MO, 2005, vol. 6, pp. 5-9. PF and OFPF are suitable for BE service class but cannot [10] J. Chen, W.Jiao and H. Wang, "A service flow management guarantee QoS. They have high delay and low throughput strategy for IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Systems rather than QoS guarantee algorithms. Since M-LWDF and in TDD mode," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Communications., Seoul, korea, 2005, vol. 5, pp. 3422-3426. UEPS do not consider buffer state and channel condition [11] F. Hou, P. Ho, X. Shen, and A.Chen, "A Novel QoS Scheduling exactly they have lower performance to proposed scheme. Scheme in IEEE 802.16 Networks," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Original UEPS uses one graph to represent emergency but in Communication and Networkin Conf., Hong Kong, 2007, pp. our scheme to remove inter-class scheduling in delay and 2457-2462. buffer state functions we use 2 figures. We have also much [12] M. Andrews, K. Kumaran, K. Ramanan, A. Stolyar, P. Whiting, better considered channel condition by CINR and RSSI, in and R. Vijayakumar, "Providing quality of service over a shared wireless link," IEEE communications Mag., vol. 39, pp. 150- making a decision. Simulation results show better delay and 154, Feb. 2001. high throughput for proposed scheme with the near to same [13] P. Parag, S. Bhashyam, and R. Aravind, "A subcarrier allocation packet loss ratio equal to MAX-CINR which is the highest in algorithm for OFDMA using buffer and channel state throughput. Admission control evaluated as important unit in information," in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., good performance of scheduling and almost estimate channel Dallas, TX, 2005, vol. 1, pp. 622-625. capacity more precisely. [14] V. Singh, and V. Sharma, "Efficient and Fair Scheduling of Uplink and Downlink in IEEE 802.16 OFDMA Networks," in Power management mechanism which examines Idle and Proc. IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conf., Las sleep state in increasing delay is not considered in our work. Vegas, NV, 2006, vol. 2, pp. 984-990. In real world power saving and battery consideration is [15] Y. J. Zhang, and S. C. Liew, " Link-adaptive largest-weighted- necessary. Fairness index is another aspect that can be studied throughput packet scheduling for real-time traffics in wireless in this kind of works to properly compare with PF-Based OFDM networks," in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommunications scheme. Other great approaches are smart antenna and MIMO- Conf., St. Louis, MO, 2005, vol. 5, pp. 5-9. [16] http://www.opnet.com/solutions/network_rd/modeler.html OFDM which are highly used in 4G wireless system and make [17] N. Ruangchaijatupon, and Y. Ji, "Simple Proporional Fairness scheduling harder in resource allocation. A lot of matters Scheduling for OFDMA Frame-Based Wireless Systems," in could be regarded in resource allocation to make it better but Proc. IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conf., Las they may also create more complexity. Vegas, NV, 2008, pp. 1593-1597. 240 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500


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|Spatial chorus effect with fractal modulation and enhanced user functions (revised version)
|Taylor, Robert Walter
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|The underlying strategy of the stereo chorus effect is to emulate the combination of multiple similar voices in unison and provide an extended stereo image. Like it's close cousin the flanger, it also uses a system whereby a signal is added to a dynamically delayed exact replica of itself. One important distinguishing factor between the two effects however lie in the way the delay line duration is modulated. For a chorus effect to attempt to recreate the realism and tiny discrepancies of a multi-layered ensemble, the modulation must be generally faster, and provides a superior result if the modulation has a random character, rather than a regular periodic character. Chorus effects in general give the user little control over both the modulation signal and the spatial aspects inherent in chorusing. This paper will discuss a new design for a 'spatial' chorus effect that incorporates a modulation signal derived from a fractal algorithm with resonant low-pass filter control on the modulation signal. The implementation provides extensive user controls and parameters that center around the de-correlation of left/right signal paths resulting in a spatially enhanced outcome.
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|Digital Audio Systems: Initial Review
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Memorial planned for BBC host Christopher Price
BY Advocate.com Editors
May 03 2002 11:00 PM ET
A public memorial will be held for BBC host Christopher Price on May 25 at St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London's Trafalgar Square, reports BBC News. Price, the openly gay host of Liquid News, was found dead in his London apartment on April 22; a postmortem examination into his sudden death has proved inconclusive. His family has requested that well-wishers not send flowers, although they have stated that flowers are acceptable if they are from "Kylie [Minogue] or someone equally famous and glamorous."
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7 Stocks Under $10 Spiking Higher
STR Holdings
STR Holdings (STRI) and its subsidiaries provide encapsulants for the photovoltaic module industry. This stock is trading up 9.3% at $4.32 in recent trading.
Today's Range: $3.98-$4.3552-Week Range: $3.56-$16.79 Volume: 309,000 Three-Month Average Volume: 468,265 >>12 Highest-Rated Consumer Stocks Picked by S&P From a technical perspective, STRI is bouncing here right near some previous support at $3.95 with decent volume. This move is pushing the stock within range of taking out its 50-day moving average of $4.61. Traders should now look for long-biased trades if STRI can manage to close back above its 50-day with volume. Look for volume on that close that's near or above 468,265 shares. If we get that action soon, I would then add to any long positions once STRI takes out some major overhead resistance at $5.14 with volume.
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Do not let what you cannot do interfere with what you can do.
- John Wooden, Hall of Fame college basketball coach
Believing In Yourself
Limitations can either define us or give us a challenge to outwit. When you look at your abilities, do you see boundaries and limits, or do you see possibilities and potential? Obsessing about weaknesses can blind us to the untapped abilities we already have. You have talent. Everyone does. The secret to success is to find that talent, develop it and push it as far as you can. Grandma Moses might have been a lousy bowler, Einstein probably couldn't sing a lick, Michelangelo could've been unable to speak well in public. So what? They knew what they were good at and rode that pony. Your talent might be right in front of you: where do you get the most compliments? What seems to come easily to you? What do people ask your advice for? Live there. Don't let the rest get in the way.
Finding out what you're capable of is one of the most important lessons of this journey. Learning it isn't always easy but essential to success. Finding the power within and removing all self-built barriers gives us the power to win the battle.
Today, I got my spin class in all 60 minutes, I kept the resistance lower than normal and did what I could without feeling any pain. In the end I got the workout in. I did skip the leg workout with squats and leg presses etc. in order to minimize the added stress on my leg. Also did my softball game today. Unfortunately, I got hit on that knee with a pitch...not pretty!
I can't believe that I took the day off from spinning class, but I did this morning. Knowing that I have games every day this week, and how difficult it was yesterday to do my game after trying to do spin class, I listened to my husband, and body and didn't go to the gym this morning. Now, let me qualify that by saying that I wasn't scheduled for a lifting session today, so it was easier for me to not go. However, I will be going in because it's a lifting day, and I'll give spin a try, but I'll wear my knee brace. I feel as if 'm being a big baby and just making excuses, but I'm 54 years old, and it seems that it's either/or for me when it comes to umpiring and spinning. I'm able to do what I have to do(that's manage the pain of the knee)when I'm not doing any umpiring. But when umpiring starts, I have no days off because I work HS games during the week and then do ASA/NSA games on the weekends(2, 3, or 4 a day). This week, unless we get rain, I'm scheduled every day then I have 4 games on Saturday(one HS game then 3 NSA games) and one on Sunday. My knee has been surgically repaired twice when I was in HS and there's a lot of stuff going on there. I don't let it interfere with my activities for the most part, but there are times that it gets too bad to continue, this is almost that time. So, I'l kee doing what I need to do in order to get my workouts and games in.
Pain is only temporary, I hope...
Pay attention when an old dog is barking.
- Old Proverb
Learn From Someone Who's Been There
You can learn a lot from someone who's been sniffing his/her way around the neighborhood for a while. "Experienced" individuals have unique skills and knowledge that come from years of experience. These talents are usually unappreciated and, in many cases, undiscovered. But others can make great teachers, ideal sounding boards, or valuable mentors. They can tell you where potential trouble spots are, how to score extra treats, and who's most likely to scratch you behind your ears. If you're a young pup still learning your way through the world (as we all are), you can use all the wisdom and street smarts you can get. Instead of baying at the moon, try keeping your ears open for older dogs.
After 3 years you would think I have it all figured out. That I would know when to back it down and what causes me to experience knee pain. And I suppose I do know these things, but I still continue to push the envelope when I should know better. Since softball has begun my knee is much worse, I've been struggling to get through spin class. I've been wearing a brace on the knee and that helped, so this morning I woke up and was pain free so decided to leave the brace off. Turned out to be a bad idea, I couldn't get through the class. That was on top of re-aggravating my shoulder that I hurt last week, after it had felt much better. Bottom line is that my body is telling me I need to back off a bit, and I'm not hearing. I can't imagine skipping the gym, but I have to lighten things up for a while until softball is over.
Too many people miss the silver lining because they're expecting gold.
- Maurice Setter
Appreciation of the Good Things in Life
How many times are we blind to the good in front of us because we're looking past it for something better? It's like watching the railroad track your entire life, waiting for a train to come in and never realizing that you're sitting smack in the middle of the splendid Grand Central Station. Take a second look at your goals. Are they building on the good already in your life? Are you taking full advantage of the strengths you already have? Is it worth giving up what you have for what you might have? In many cases, the answer is yes. To that we say "Go for it!" with all the enthusiasm we can muster. Those are the meaningful goals. If the answer is no, try reworking your goals to include ones that complement your present life rather than substitute for it. Whatever the answer is for you, we could all use a little more appreciation for the pieces of silver in our lives.
We are all worth going for it when it comes to losing weight and getting fit. So many times in our lives as women, we feel as though we aren't worth all the effort and time that it takes to get to our goal. As mothers and wives we spend so much of ourselves taking care of all of those around us that we forget about ourselves. It's ok to put ourselves first for a change and we don't need to feel guilty. We are worthy and we need to accept that.
Umpired two games this morning...
The sun was shining and the temps where in the mid 80's! What a fabulous day it was. As the week has ended I reflect with great pride upon what I accomplished this week. I was struggling with my knee all week among other issues. But I didn't allow these aches/pains to interfere with my workout schedule and then I had a full compliment of days games with a night game thrown in to umpire. All told, it was a very good week.
The great use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it.
- William James, philosopher and psychologist
Living a Meaningful Life
Looking for meaning? Having trouble figuring out how to make a difference? The answer may be closer and simpler than you think. Ask yourself: If I were gone tomorrow, what will I be most proud of having left behind? The answer will be different for each of us, but it may tell you something about why you're here. Your answer can be as involved as a foundation you helped start, or as simple as a favorite picture that you took. Something will be here when you're gone. What would you like it to be? What one thing would tell the world what you were all about? Maybe it's your child. Maybe you're already working on something that could turn into one of your greatest accomplishments. If so, give it your all. The more of yourself that goes into it now, the more people will be able to see you later on.
A stale fitness program is like a stale pair of old shoes--you know how they'll feel and you once loved using them, but you just don't want to go near them anymore. We all need a little variety in our workouts. In fact, an excessively repetitive workout program is a major cause of fitness burnout.


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This page contains Cheats for Toy Story 2 organized by sections for Dreamcast. Toy Story 2 is a Action General game, made by Traveller's Tales, released on Jun 30, 2000 and published by Activision. If you can't find a hint or secret in our list, then please check this page periodically for the latest updates.
- Developer:
Toy Story 2 Dreamcast CheatsTraveller's Tales
- Publisher: Activision
- Genre: Action General
- Release Date: Jun 30, 2000
- ESRB: Everyone
Start game play on the Bombs Away level and move all the way to the left to find a battery. Then, move all the way to the right to find another batter. There are four batteries, one in each corner, when finding the batteries for the Zone 1 Boss....From: Bibo
Lasers will not affect him. Mega spin him to win....From: hikerdude76
When the race begins after you talk to R.C., immediately get in front of him. If you stay in front of him while you race, he will bump into you but not go ahead of you. Do that the entire race to defeat him without the Rocket Boots. Also, if you make a mistake and he gets in front of you, do not sto...From: lindss
You have to fight the Gunslinger, the Blacksmith and the Old Prospector in the final level. Defeat them in that order. To defeat the Gunslinger, use lasers. Use the spin for the Blacksmith and the Prospector....From: sureshs3
Get the disk shooter from Mr. Potato Head. Shoot the Boss, but do not allow him get too close to you, or he will shoot out hot bolts Note: You must find Mr. Potato Head's eye to unlock and receive the disk shooter. You only receive ten disks that may be used over and over if you return....From: CutTheBS
Shoot him with a charged laser while he is winding up....From: pmsgirl2k
Go to Al's Penthouse and get the Cosmic Shield at the beginning of the level. Then, go to the fire place and get the extra life. Exit the level repeat this as many times as needed. Begin game play in the first level and collect the extra life in the crib. Exit the level, re-enter, and collect the li...From: Bunny
If you need extra lives or energy while playing in any level, leave your current location and return to Andy's Neighborhood. Go to the swing and collect the energy. Climb the rope on the tire swing, and walk past Ham. Use targeting to look down at the swing, and line yourself up to jump for the extr...From: Cheatmaniaco
Begin game play on the Andy's Neighborhood level. After starting, you should see a tractor that will chase you. Do not leave the yard. Turn around and you will see a green army man. Go up the steps and approach him. He will offer a Pizza Planet token to you if you can find all five of his army men. ...From: WSkill
Every time you see a green "hand print" floating around, move around and try to push the object. This will help you in many difficult situations....From: mattress
To retrieve Mr. Potato Head's eye (and receive the disc launcher), keep climbing up the construction site. You will eventually find the eye....From: Gingerninja 109
Get on the rafters and you will see a coffee cup. Jump on that, then jump on the lights. You can then jump on the car and get the green laser....From: flozzo100
Begin game play on the Andy's Neighborhood level. Climb on the swing, then reach the other swing. Move to the tire with a rope. Climb up the rope, then jump on top of the tree. Note: There is a kite Boss at the very top of the tree. When you first get on the tree, HAM will appear. Find 50 coins brin...From: Revender
Green lasers will allow enemies to be killed with a single shot. They can be found at the following locations. Andy's House: When you go to the garage, find a way to get up to the van. When you get to the top, you will see a green laser. Andy's Neighborhood: Find your way to the location with a brok...From: GamerMan
Find all the army men, then climb the house to reach the roof....From: XxCRZY COOLxX
When you reach the Boss of this stage, he will have small carriages surrounding him. Destroy them to complete the level...From: lolonimo123
There is a teeter-totter on the level with the baggage. Jump through it when it goes down to reach the platform faster....From: firewand
Collect 100 or more coins in the first level, Andy's House. Give the coins to Hamm. He will lead you to a room called Woody's Workshop. This room contains more hints and tips about defeating Bosses, etc. Note: If you have already given Hamm 50 coins, this will not work....From: icedrakonae
Stuck on this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let others answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an Toy Story 2 expert then please try to help others with their questions.
Sturmwind - Official Trailer (new Dreamcast game in 2011)
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- Munin - Official Launch Trailer, (iPad)


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What does HDCI mean in Hobbies?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand HDCI in the Miscellaneous field in general and in the Hobbies terminology in particular.
Harley Davidson Club Indonesia
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I have been searching for love,i am tired now,should i stop my search and wait for love to happen ? or continue my quest
Join classes, hikes. a tennis club etc. "Searching" is too broad. I met my beloved at Acting school.
L@@KING for love... It's not something to be "found" for it will happen in the most unlikely places. Stay hopeful and let love find you!
"It is at the edge of the petal that love waits" William Carlos Williams, 1917.
Excuse me...How old are u?
Here is the poem it is extracted from :
Its a poem that shows the strength, fragility and worth of all of lifes relationships. Sort of like "never stop searching for love's validity, or the validity of love will be broken" or " love is more easily found once you stop looking for it"
I would say keep your eyes open and be ready to take initiative if you like a girl. But don't force it. It might come across desperate. Especially if girls see you constantly pursue any girl around, that's a big turn off. A girl likes to be pursued for her and not because she is simply a girl with two legs.
If you wait for it to happen on it's own it will never happen.

Ask someone that has been waiting for over 50some years
How does one "search for love"?
So you get to know someone AFTER you feel that someone is your soulmate? Maybe that's where the problem is. Falling for someone or getting romantic before you actually know them. Trying to make someone what you need them to be before you have even gotten to know who they actually are.
I would suggest that you stop "looking for love"...or at least looking for romantic love. I think you should meet someone, get to know that person as an individual...maybe casually date. Ask questions and have actual conversations about things other than romance. Get to know who that person is as a friend first. Then, if you like each other, you can think about taking it further. I think that people who are constantly getting stung by the love bug are just moving way too fast. It seems to me that falling in love shouldn't happen instantly or feel like a race to find that special someone. It should be a marathon, and neither person should be desperate. It seems to me that you shouldn't trust your heart to a virtual stranger.
me too :(
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Why should i go after LOVE searching for it ? i am single i wanted to stop searching fora partner is it a good decision?i am tired of searching for one , i am happy to be single . shrugs .i think there is no need of any other humanlifetriangle 22-25, M 7 Answers 2 Apr 21, 2013 in Dating & Relationships
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I've done some soul searching...can't find it anywhere. Where else should I look? Where is your souls location & size?FallenAngelWOOT 31-35, F 10 Answers 2 Nov 29, 2011
i searched searched , online and in real life , no one loved me for who i am , some liked very much , everyone likes me , but as a brother , or as a good friend . when i talk to...lifetriangle 22-25, M 4 Answers 1 Jun 28, 2013 in Singledom


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After storm, New York City looks at moving its grid higher
NEW YORK — A major push is on to move New York City's electrical infrastructure to higher ground or upper floors after Hurricane Sandy sent seawater pouring into low-lying substations and skyscraper basements, plunging half of Manhattan into darkness for four days.
The effort, likely to be enormously costly, will center partly on two old weaknesses brought into sharp relief by the surge: power distribution stations built just yards from the water's edge, and electrical components located in vulnerable basements.
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The Safari Tandem Jogger from Schwinn is the perfect double stroller for the active parent. The swiveling front wheel allows you to maneuver in tight corners or through crowds but the option to lock the wheel still allows you to go out and run that 5K with the little ones.
Product Features
- 12" front and 16" rear pneumatic tires and molded rims provide performance & style
- Molded parent tray with dual cup holder for added convenience
- Dual trigger folding mechanism offers uncompromising safety
- Molded flip open child tray with dual cup holders
- Car seat adapter bar for use with most car seat brands
Additional Information
|Shipping Time
|Shipping Restrictions
|This item can not be shipped to APO/FPO addresses.
|Shipping Note
|Products ship in their original packaging. Please be aware that its contents will be visible to the recipient upon delivery.
Customer Q&A
Ashley Williams asked: Is there a car seat attachable to this?
Staff Answer: Hello! This item comes with a car seat adapter bar for use with most car seat brands. It's a great product for parents (and children) on the go, because it's sturdy, but also easy to maneuver when you are out and about.
You may also be interested in the following product(s)
Baby Jogger F.I.T Jogging Stroller
Peg Perego 2012 Pliko Four Stroller
phil&teds Dot Stroller
phil&teds Dot Doubles Kit


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Allina Health Laboratory
Epic Beaker Laboratory Information System (LIS)
Allina Health Laboratory has completed its transition to the Epic Beaker Laboratory Information System (LIS).
Featured services
Best Practices in Laboratory Testing
The Update
December Attachment - 2015 CPT Code updates
Phone: 612-863-4678
Other Changes
Test catalog changes
Supply Change Archive
Current MDH Update Information
H7N9 Influenza A - (China travel history)
H3N2 Influenza A -(swine contact)
Continuing education
Our continuing education page offers a syllabus and DVD for check out of our presentations.
External links
Minnesota Department of Health
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Infectious disease reporting—MN
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CDC Health Advisory - Doxycycline


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Free tickets to Kenny Chesney concert on May 25
We have a pair of tickets to give away to the Kenny Chesney concert, which is Saturday, May 25, at FedEx Field. Parking pass included. If you'd like them, please email your name and phone number to firstname.lastname@example.com and be sure to put "Kenny Chesney" in the subject line.
We'll pick a winner at random on Thursday at 3:00 p.m.. Tickets must be picked up by 4:00 p.m. Friday at The Baltimore Sun's downtown office.Copyright © 2014, The Baltimore Sun


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> [Sam Watkins] > > Obviously, this requires the author of the mediator to be fluent in = > terms of both ontologies in order to conserve meaning. > I think it is interesting to find the means of constructing these = > mediators without the author having to be fluent in OWL-S (or any other = > ontology description language) but just in the meaning of the = > ontologies. It's difficult to see what you envisage. > While this would allow assisted composition using mediators, rather than = > fully automated composition, I think this would be a good stepping stone = > towards automated composition. Fully automated composition would presumably require the computer to be as smart and knowledgeable as we are. That's not going to happen in the foreseeable future. -- -- Drew McDermott Yale Computer Science DepartmentReceived on Friday, 17 September 2004 01:21:14 GMT
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.2.0+W3C-0.50 : Sunday, 16 March 2008 00:10:57 GMT


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"This recipe is born of my husband's love of feta cheese. We use baby red onions, with their green stems, from a local organic farm, but any red onion will do." -Katie Marr, Ann Arbor, MI
Cooking Light AUGUST 2004
Cook pasta according to package directions, omitting salt and fat.
Sprinkle chicken with salt. Heat oil in a large nonstick skillet over medium-high heat. Add chicken; sauté 2 minutes. Add onion; cook 2 minutes, stirring frequently. Stir in cooked pasta, olives, oregano, and pepper; cook 2 minutes or until thoroughly heated. Remove from heat, and stir in cheese.
Go to Full Version of


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content by Brett J. Monroe, MD
Deploying the Video Laryngoscope into a Ground EMS System
MCHD evaluates video laryngoscope use in the field.
Simple Thoracostomy: Moving Beyond Needle Decompression in Traumatic Cardiac Arrest
Simple thoracostomy is a safer method than needle thoracostomy.
Using Video Laryngoscope for Foreign Body Airway Obstruction
Do you know what caused this patient's cardiac arrest?
Buyer's Guide Featured Companies
Featured Careers & Jobs in EMS
Fire EMS Blogs
Blogger Browser
Today's Featured Posts
EMS Airway Clinic
Improving Survival from Cardiac Arrest Using ACD-CPR + ITD
Using active compression-decompression CPR with an ITD has been shown to improve 1-year survival from cardiac arrest by 33%.
More >
Philadelphia Fire Department Apologizes for Medic's Jab at Police
Union head calls photos a slap in the face of officers.
Watch It >
Driver Crashes into Pedestrians Outside of California Church
Up to 12 struck by alleged drunk driver.
Watch It >
D.C. Fire and EMS Crews Blame New Technology for Patient's Death
Delayed response blamed on recurring dispatch problems.
Watch It >
Suspect Steals, Crashes Maryland Ambulance
One killed, others injured in Prince George's County crash.
Watch It >
Truck Strikes Pedestrians in Scotland
Six killed in downtown Glasgow.
More >
Tennessee Trench Rescue
Worker pulled from Roane County worksite.
More >
Time's Ebola Firefighters
Doctors, nurses and others saluted for fighting virus.
More >
The AmbuBus®, Bus Stretcher Conversion Kit - EMS Today 2013
AmbuBus®, Bus Stretcher all-hazards preparedness & response tool
Watch It >
VividTrac offered by Vivid Medical - EMS Today 2013
VividTrac, affordable high performance video intubation device.
Watch It >
EZ-IO® Intraosseous Infusion System Real Time Humerus Infusion
Leg access using the EZ-IO.
Watch It >
Field Bridge Xpress ePCR on iPad, Android, Kindle Fire
Sneak peek of customizable run forms & more.
Watch It >
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- Three Dead after Driver Crashes into California Pedestrians


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Gear Question
What temperature should I melt this wax...
Member since
What temperature should I melt this wax at? I have the dakine waxing iron.
Cole Rising
Member since
Not sure on the temp, but go as hot as you want as long as the wax isn't smoking. Get to the point of smoking then back it off a bit.
View More Details on Bluebird Wax Travis Rice Pro Wax


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My Profile
Member since May 2011
Flag This ProfileFlag as Inappropriate
Reviewed Turkey Meatloaf
May 23, 2011 in Food Network Community Toolbox on FoodNetwork.com
"this recipe is excellent! my first time making meatloaf and it turned out great! im a college student and my roomates loved it! im definitely making this again!""


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Images and information about older botanical art and the people who created it
Saturday, November 19, 2011
Alfred Parsons: Rosa 'Emmeline'
The HelpMeFind page for this rose describes it as "Armed with thorns / prickles", which is well illustrated in this painting by Alfred Parsons (1847-1920). At the HelpMeFind site there is a photograph of a cane even thornier than the one shown in the detail above.
A few facts about Alfred Parsons
A few facts about Rosa 'Emmeline'
1. This is a medium shrub, about 4 feet by 4 feet.
2. It has been in cultivation since before 1829.
3. There is a wide variety of opinions about its fragrance: "none", "slight", and "strong".
4. It blooms once each year.
Posted by Patricia Tryon at 5:05 AM
Labels: Alfred Parsons, Emmeline, Rosa
2 comments:
Fab stuff. Oh boy do I love this blog. I wish us botanical artists could still 'get away' with doing these bright, intense and rather oddly composed illustrations! I think they are wonderful. Your blog gives me much joy and reminds me why I paint (because I love this type of painting). Thank you.ReplyDelete
Thanks for the props! I am very I terested in modern botanical painting, but have to admit to being enchanted by the painters of this older stuff.ReplyDelete
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Content Filter Rules
I have an unmodified setup of the Perfect Server with ISPConfig3 on a Debian Lenny production machine.
My old production server used many of the same services, but was not running ISPConfig3. This server rejected attachments that contained EXE files and some others.
Does the Perfect Server with ISPConfig3 do this out of the box? Or do I need to enter some rules into the Global Content Filter section?
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Planning Division links
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District 11 Planning Division - California External Advisory Liaison (CEAL)
The Caltrans External Advisory Liaison (CEAL) Committee was established in 1990 as a forum to discuss and monitor Caltrans products and services, engage our customers and improve the way we do business. CEAL meets quarterly for presentations and discussions that address a variety of topics including planning efforts, legislation, safety, regionally significant issues and ongoing projects.
The CEAL Committee is chaired by District Director Laurie Berman and includes a diverse roster of members serving San Diego and Imperial Counties.
CEAL Meeting Location
The District 11 building is located at 4050 Taylor St., San Diego, CA 92110 just off the I-5 & I-8 interchange.
Map to District Office


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1988 560sel,no start, no compression left bank,right bank ok,timing chain and valve train operation ok,squirted oil in cyclinders leftbank side compression comes back,reinstall plugs & plugwires vehicle tries to start but does not,cyclinder leak test found no leaks
View questions for:All Mercedes-Benz
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1990 Mercedes-Benz 560SEL Question: no start no compression left bank ,timing chain&valvetrain ok
toneymcclay, Compton, CA, May 15, 2011, 10:42
1 Answer
Answer #1dandd May 15, 2011, 18:19Master
If you squirt oil and there is compression, then there has to be leakage around the rings, which may not show up in a leak down test. Any time you have no compression, it has to be a mechanical issue, such as a bad head gasket, bad rings etc. Even if the timing chain was off, you would still get a little compression.
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From the Publisher"I challenge you to find a less sentimental or romantic account of love than this witty and insightful essay by the controversial social systems theorist. It follows the evolution of the concept of love from its Greek roots through to its function as a way of giving meaning to individual experiences and of explaining and justifying the weirdest of behaviours in modern society."
Michael King for Times Higher Education
"The textual basis of an early seminar Luhmann held at Bielefeld, this book is essential reading for social and cultural scientists, theorists, and historians concerned about the semantics of love as an institutionalized medium of communication entrusted with regulating intimate relations in modern society."
Stephan Fuchs, University of Virginia


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Tyga Says He Doesn't "Get Along With" Drake & Nicki Minaj, Is "Trying To Go Independent" [Update: Drake Responds]
Oct 23, 2014 at 01:45 PM
Since Tyga went on a tweeting spree about his dissatisfaction with Young Money a few weeks ago, we haven't heard any updates about his label (or for that matter, album) status, but a new interview with VIBE may offer some clues.
Tyga Comments On Kylie Jenner Rumors On Instagram
Oct 20, 2014 at 12:31 PM
For a little over a month, 24-year-old rapper Tyga's been rumored to have been dating 17-year-old Kylie Jenner.
Honey Cocaine Reveals Artwork For "Like A Drug" Mixtape, Clarifies Tyga Affiliation [Update: Tracklist Revealed]
Oct 17, 2014 at 05:47 PM
On Monday we premiered the first look from Honey Cocaine's recently-announced mixtape, Like A Drug. The female Toronto native got the ball rolling for the mixtape with "Curve Ball" produced by DJ ASAP. Today she's decided to unleash the official mixtape cover art, as we await the tracklisting.
Blac Chyna & Tyga Getting Back Together?
Oct 17, 2014 at 10:57 AM
Could Blac Chyna and Tyga be getting back together? Tyga and Blac Chyna reportedly broke up in August, which was one of several rap couple break-ups we've seen in recent months.
Samples Of The Week: October 16
Oct 16, 2014 at 09:49 AM
When hip-hop began, samples were all that DJs and producers had to construct instrumental tracks with. They'd dig through crates of vinyl trying to find isolated drum breaks, melodies or vocals that they could repurpose for use in hip-hop music.
YG & A$AP Ferg Announce "BestCoast Connection" Tour
Oct 15, 2014 at 01:59 PM
West Coast and East Coast will soon find a meeting place, with the announcement of YG and A$AP Ferg's short tour, "BestCoast Connection."
Tyga Says Young Money Is "Holding Me Hostage," Threatens To Leak Album
Oct 10, 2014 at 05:33 PM
Tyga is not happy. In a series of tweets fired off just minutes ago, the Young Money (for now) rapper said his album's "been done, and that his label is "holding [him] hostage." He repped his Last Kings brand, quoted 2Pac and responded to Mack Maine in the series of tweets, which you can view below.
Remix Fix: Check Out Kygo's Remix Of The Weeknd's "Often"
Sep 30, 2014 at 09:52 AM
Today we're introducing a new weekly series, Remix Fix, which will aim to bring you dope, fresh remixes of some of your favorite hip-hop and r'n'b records, for a little something different each week.
YG Recalls Pulling Out His First Gun At A Church Event
Sep 20, 2014 at 09:33 PM
YG's My Krazy Life is easily among the year's best albums, largely because -- as ever debut album should -- it gives us a good idea of who YG is-- not only as an artist, but as a person.
LAPD Bans YG From Playing Two "Drake Vs. Lil Wayne" Dates [Update: iLoveMakonnen Fills In]
Sep 20, 2014 at 08:39 PM
In a somewhat shocking development, YG has informed us that he's not allowed to perform at two of the three upcoming Southern California dates of the ongoing "Drake Vs. Lil Wayne" tour. The reason? His local police department.
Tyga Unveils Artwork For Kanye West-Produced Single "40 Mill"
Sep 13, 2014 at 01:05 AM
Back in January we saw a photo surface online of Tyga and Kanye West working together in the studio on what appeared to be new music. Well with Tyga's new album, The Gold Album: 18th Dynasty, right around the corner, it appears Tyga is about ready to let the world hear what the two cooked up.
YG Added To Drake Vs. Lil Wayne Tour
Sep 12, 2014 at 07:26 PM
The Drake vs. Lil Wayne tour is definitely all about the friendly competition between the two high profile rappers, but for the remaining dates on the tour, they've decided to recruit a third act for the show. While the setup unfortunately won't be Drake vs. Lil Wayne vs.
Tyga Clears Up Rumors That He's Dating Kylie Jenner
Sep 9, 2014 at 10:04 AM
The gossip mill has been heavy churning out news centered around the recently-single Tyga and the youngest Jenner sister Kylie. The two have been spotted together frequently following T-Raww and Blac Chyna breaking off their relationship, and Tyga even held a birthday party for 17-year old Kylie at his home.
Live Stream Jay Z's "Made In America" Festival [Update: Stream Day 2]
Aug 31, 2014 at 03:53 PM
As of 20 minutes ago, both "Made In America" festivals (one in Philadelphia, one in L.A.) are underway. The Jay Z-helmed festival boasts performances by Kanye West, Kendrick Lamar, J.
140 Bars Or Less: Tweets Of The Week (August 29)
Aug 29, 2014 at 04:54 PM
Isn't this something? Not only is Meek Mill in jail and his sophomore album is delayed indefinitely, but Jeezy also took a trip behind bars after getting caught with an assault rifle. He posted the $1 million bail, but the CTE suddenly got trouble on his head after pleading not guilty.
Top Tracks Of The Week: Aug. 18-24
Aug 26, 2014 at 08:16 PM
This feature highlights a hand-picked selection of some of the bigger tracks of the week. We have chosen a few of the tracks that landed within our top 10 most played, focusing on those that stood out, and left room for discussion.
Tyga Breaks Up With Blac Chyna
Aug 12, 2014 at 05:59 PM
Looks like T-Raww is a single man for the first time in three years. TMZ is reporting that he recently broke things off with his longtime fiancé (and baby mama), Blac Chyna.
Ty Dolla $ign, YG & DJ Mustard Are Planning A Collaborative Album
Aug 10, 2014 at 02:36 PM
Ty Dolla $ign has been having a pretty huge year. He released his first retail release with the Beach House EP, showed up on plenty of hooks for artists as diverse as Lupe Fiasco and Meek Mill, and joined his new Taylor Gang buddy Wiz Khalifa on the Under The Influence tour.
Ticket Giveaway: See Juicy J, Tyga, & More Live At IleSoniq In Montreal
Aug 9, 2014 at 11:38 AM
The IleSoniq music festival is hitting Montreal, Quebec this month, and we're giving away tickets to the big event! The fest, which will feature performances from the likes of Juicy J, Tyga, Iggy Azalea, araabMUZIK, Mr.
Tyga Announces Release Date For "The Gold Album: 18th Dynasty"
Aug 6, 2014 at 07:47 PM
Though the news of Tyga dropping out of Wiz Khalifa's ongoing "Under The Influence" tour surely made some of his fans pretty disappointed, they've now got something to look forward to as a consolation prize.
50 Cent's Bodyguard Under Investigation For Allegedly Attacking Fan
Aug 6, 2014 at 03:46 PM
50 Cent's bodyguard finds himself in hot water after allegedly laying hands on a fan of 50 Cent. The bodyguard is now under criminal investigation according to TMZ.
YG Concert In Edmonton Ends Early After Crowd Throws Bottles At Him [Update: Club Promoter Says YG Started It]
Aug 5, 2014 at 03:50 PM
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Promoter Blames YG For Concert Riot
Aug 5, 2014 at 05:39 AM
Earlier this week, footage of YG getting hit with a water bottle made its way to the internet alongside fan testimonies that the rapper stormed off stage following the incident.
Wiz Khalifa Says Tyga Dropping Out Of The "Under The Influence" Tour Was "A Wack Move"
Jul 25, 2014 at 04:46 PM
Wiz Khalifa just kicked off the 3rd annual Under The Influence Tour, which features the stacked lineup of Jeezy, Ty Dolla $ign, Rich Homie Quan, Mack Wilds, Sage The Gemini, Iamsu! and DJ Drama. The bill also boasted Tyga's name initially, but the rapper has since dropped out of the tour.
Drake Apparently Paid Rappin' 4-Tay $100k For Interpolating His Lyrics [Update: 4-Tay's Manager Disputes Amount]
Jul 17, 2014 at 02:42 PM
Rappers are constantly quoting one another in songs. Sometimes it's enough to justify a writing credit, while other times its simply a subtle nod or easter egg to those who know the original source.
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Having a lack of motivation today... I think partially due to lack of sleep and lack of a job right now. Feeling kind of down. Think I will go for a walk in a bit =)
Feeling pretty good today. Went for a walk with the pup, then came home and wanted to eat everything in the house =). So I stopped and thought about how good I was feeling and that I am FINALLY making progress. Drank some water, now ok. Going out to eat tonight with a friend and usually I will figure the day is wasted so I will eat everything. Not today- YAY!!!
Going to eat as healthy as I can tonight and see how it goes.
Have a great day!!
Didn't want to weigh in today because I didn't want to see it. But glad I did! Did not have the best weekend eating, but ate well yesterday. I feel so much better and energetic when I eat eggbeaters, greek yogurt, cottage cheese, and a ton of salad/veggies. I actually WANT to clean and organize today. That never happens hehehe.
Have a great day!!
Darn it!!!! I am such a cheater!!! After having a GREAT first few days I was with my friends and family and decided it would be a great idea to eat like a pig. Pigs are cute though, and I am not right now. I am mad at myself, but today is a new day!! I will weigh in tomorrow =)
Done with the 3 day prep and down 5.6 (172.4 to 166.8 this morning) YAY!!! I am so excited!!! It is hard but I am figuring out that as a vegetarian, I have depended WAY too much on carbs. I ate so much pasta, bread, junk that no wonder I was stuck. I know things work differently for everyone, and since this is working for me right now I am going with it!! =)
And not to worry, I am eating a lot!! Egg beaters 2-3 servings a day, 1-2 greek yogurts, big salads with fat free dressing (spinach, broccoli, green peppers, and sometimes cottage cheese). Plus a ton of water!
Later everyone!


text:
Excerpts from Julien Claassen's message of 2010-05-06 23:18:59 +0200:
Hey Julien.
I do enjoy the song, I love the beginning and the general mood. It's
really pretty similar to good 80s music.
What I like least is the voice, it doesn't really fit the rest of the
Maybe I'll try to sing it, just for fun, and see whether I can do any
better, maybe it fits by accident. I know that I can't do better when
it comes to the rest of the music but I still have a glimmer of hope for
my voice :)
Would be cool to hear some more 80s-ish music, I really like it :)
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Originally written on 85% Sports | Last updated 11/14/14
DION JORDAN DE/OLB, OREGON 6-6, 248 LBS TCK SCK TFL FF 2012 44 5 10.5 3 2011 42 7.5 13 1 2010 33 2 5.5 0 2009 2 0 0 0 If he's moved to defensive end, he'll have to get stronger. The guy has great athleticism and body type. His upside is what's really put him in top 10 consideration. He flashed a few times to me in the Arizona State and Fresno State games, but this puts into question how well he does against top competition. He did just OK against Stanford and USC. He's shown he has a good rip move. I like the way he uses his hands and with coaching they could be a real asset. Needs to improve his tackling. I saw him make a few good, pretty big hits against Fresno State and Arizona State, but other than those few, he definitely needs to improve in this area. There are plenty of injury concerns. He dropped into coverage very well for a man of 6-6. I'm no expert by any means, but he's kind of hard to figure out. His body type and ...
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HDI does not support the private sales of HCG and asks that members please refrain from selling HCG in these forums effective immediately.
After just 15 days on hCG, I've lost 13.8lbs: 3" from waist, 1" neck, 2.5" chest, and 2.25" off hips. In. Just. Two. Weeks.
And yes, I thought, "This will never work for me." Why? Because I don't have a thyroid. (Lost it to cancer 2 years ago, then lost gall bladder this summer. Running out of organs here people.) And I'm diabetic. After the gall bladder surgery in August, I started researching the impact of diet on our overall health and ran


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Anyone had to buy themselves out of a managed service contract. Someone I know (yeah it really isn't me) has just signed a 3 year contract without getting 3 quotes first as the supplier put frighteners on them saying contract would run out. They've signed what appears to be grossly overpriced and the tech that turns up for half a day is not particularly helpful and is very possessive over who can have what access (eg 3 weeks to get password to allow staff to install drivers for home printer!) to the point that he's being obstructive*. As its a small school there is no in-house tech expertise which is why I've been asked to help. We've organised introduction meetings with 2 other local managed service providers and initial impressions are much better and quotes are less for more service. We're contacting other schools in the area that use these providers for references.
With so little of the new 3 yr contract used we think its going to be cheaper in the long run to get out of the new contract and start a new contract with one of the alternatives.
Anyone got any experience of this or know what options are available?
* eg not releasing server admin password which we asked for so we could access server console to get its specification and get free disk space stats in order to spec up an upgrade/replacement/alternative. They came out with some bull story about Data protection Act (you can't let them see the server or they will have access to all your students home details and your staff records etc) and put the frighteners on senior staff so they ended up not wanting to let anyone else see the server either!


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Police: Man, 19, tried to solicit girl, 11
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A TSA officer has been charged with first-degree murder in the death of his estranged wife who was found in a minivan in Poinciana, the Osceola County Sheriff's Office said.
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Wine tank and method of useHow KEYWORD MONITOR works... a FREE service from FreshPatents
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Jackson County, Michigan - Free Public Records Directory
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Links to state and local court records, general Michigan court information, directory of courts, and online resources for courts in Michigan.
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Janish's late RBI double helps Reds nip Astros
Paul Janish drove in the go-ahead run in the seventh inning with his third double, leading the Reds to a 5-4 victory over the Astros.Recap | Box Score | Conversation | September 15, 2009
Max Scherzer tops this year's free-agent rankings - MLBKeith Law
Keith Law ranks the top 50 free agents in this winter's class, starting with Max Scherzer and Jon Lester.Story | Conversation | October 30, 2014
MLB - Future Power Rankings heading into 2014 free agencyJim Bowden, Keith Law and Buster Olney
Jim Bowden, Keith Law and Buster Olney bring you the latest installment of the Future Power Rankings, looking at how well each team is set up for sustained success.Story | Conversation | October 28, 2014
New metric reveals baseball's best power hitters - ESPN The Magaz...Peter Keating
In ESPN The Magazine, Peter Keating writes that some hitters just know how to crush the ball: Ruth. Maris. Bonds. Wily Mo Pena. But who has the most pure power of all? A new metric reveals the answer.Story | Conversation | August 05, 2014
2014 MLB All-Star Game rosters announced
A year removed from a 50-game suspension following the Biogenesis investigation, Baltimore Orioles slugger Nelson Cruz has been voted to this year's All-Star Game.Story | Conversation | July 06, 2014
2014 MLB draft results
A list of all the selections in the 2014 MLB first-year player draft.Story | Conversation | June 05, 2014
Keith Law Mock Draft
Major changes in second half of the first round in Keith Law's latest mock draft.Power Ranking | Conversation | June 05, 2014
Keith Law Mock Draft 3.0
Major changes in second half of the first round in Keith Law's latest mock draft.Power Ranking | Conversation | June 03, 2014
Minnesota Twins outfielder Byron Buxton No. 1 on top 25 prospect ...Keith Law
Keith Law updates his ranking of the top 25 professional prospects, with Twins outfielder Byron Buxton still No. 1.Story | Conversation | May 28, 2014
Keith Law's first mock draft
The Astros take prep lefty Brady Aiken at No. 1 in Keith Law's first mock draftPower Ranking | Conversation | May 14, 2014
Cardinals Trevor Rosenthal throws over 100 mph, but does pitching...Hunter Atkins
In ESPN The Magazine, Hunter Atkins writes that pitchers are throwing harder than ever, and a few of them, like Cardinals closer Trevor Rosenthal, run the gun into triple digits. But is that a good thing?Story | Conversation | May 03, 2014
Record 10 MLB pitchers go at least 7 innings with 3 or fewer hits...
According to the Elias Sports Bureau, a record 10 starting pitchers -- one-third of all of Sunday's starters -- threw at least seven innings while allowing three or fewer hits.Story | Conversation | April 27, 2014
New York Yankees, Houston Astros among teams benefiting from defe...Joe Rosales
Joe Rosales of Baseball Info Solutions looks at the big winners and losers of the increased use of infield shifts.Story | Conversation | April 18, 2014
Ticket to MLB game up 2 percent but most affordable of four major...Darren Rovell
A Major League Baseball ticket remains the most affordable of the four major sports. The average price of a ticket to a game this season is $27.93, up 2 percent from last year, according to Team Marketing Report's Fan Cost Index.Story | Conversation | March 31, 2014
Uni Watch - See all the changes for baseball seasonPaul Lukas
Uni Watch gets you ready for baseball season by detailing all of the changes you can expect to see on the baseball diamond.Story | Conversation | March 24, 2014
MLB division previews based on formula for clubhouse chemistry --...Jeff Phillips
For ESPN The Magazine's MLB Preview Issue, experts built a fancy algorithm that measures clubhouse chemistry. The result? The Rays should ready themselves for lots of Champagne showers come October.Story | Conversation | March 20, 2014


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Holiday Health: Exercising in the Cold
Monday, November 12, 2012 - 9:49pm
EL PASO — As the temperatures drop, sometimes our scales go up. Way up.
In the start to this week's series, "Holiday Health", NewsChannel 9's Adrienne Alvarez sat down with EP Fitness reps Vanessa Avila and Lillian Ortega for tips on how to trim more than just the Christmas tree.
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