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A new, non-mechanical method of inducing the complete occlusion of arteries is disclosed. Arteries are occluded thrombotically by means of a rose bengal dye-sensitized photochemical reaction initiated in non-thrombogenic vascular endothelium by light at a wavelength sufficient to electronically excite the rose bengal molecules. To blood platelets, the rose bengal-photosensitized endothelial surface becomes thrombogenic; accordingly, platelet adherence is followed by intense platelet aggregation resulting in complete occlusion of the artery.
1. A method for the permanent occlusion of arteries having a diameter of at least 21 μm, which comprises the infusion of rose bengal dye into the bloodstream and irradiation of an individual artery with a laser light beam at a wavelength sufficient to electronically excite the rose bengal molecules, the laser light beam being focussed so as to maximize the overlap of its cross-sectional intensity profile with the distribution off photosensitizer dye bound to arterial endothelium, so that rose bengal dye absorbed to the luminal surface of the artery absorbs the light, thereby initiating a photochemical reaction resulting in photochemical injury to the vascular endothelium of the artery at the point of interaction of the rose bengal dye and the laser light light beam.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the rose bengal dye in blood is in an amount sufficient to induce photochemical injury to the vascular endothelium at the point of interaction of the rose bengal dye with the light beam.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the initial concentration of the rose bengal dye in blood does not exceed about 680 μM.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser light beam is an argon laser beam of an argon ion laser.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the argon ion laser is operated at a wavelength range sufficient to electronically excite the rose bengal molecules, thereby initiating the photochemical process.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the argon ion laser is operated at a wavelength of 514.5 nm.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser light beam is an argon laser beam and the concentration of the rose bengal dye in blood is in the range of about 130 μM to about 680 μM.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser light beam is a helium-neon laser beam of a helium-neon laser.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the helium-neon laser is operated at a wavelength range sufficient to electronically excite the rose bengal molecules, thereby initiating the photochemical process.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the helium-neon laser is operated at a wavelength of 543.5 nm.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser light beam is a helium-neon laser beam and the concentration of the rose bengal dye in blood is in the range of about 340 μM to about 680 μM.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser light beam is a dye laser beam of an argon-pumped dye laser.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the argon-pumped dye laser is operated at a wavelength range sufficient to electronically excite the rose bengal molecules, thereby initiating the photochemical process.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the argon-pumped dye laser is operated at the optimal wavelength of 562 nm.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser light beam is a dye laser beam of an argon-pumped dye laser and the concentration of the rose bengal in blood is in the range of about 45 μM to about 230 μM.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser light beam is a gaussian laser beam and the beam waist of the gaussian laser light beam overlaps the arterial diameter by 6% on either side.
17. A method for the permanent occlusion of arteries having a diameter of at least 21 μm, which comprises the infursion of erythrosin B dye into the blood stream and irradiation of an individual artery with a laser light beam at a wavelength sufficient to electronically excite the erythrosin B molecules, the laser light beam being focussed so as to maximize the overlap of its cross-sectional intensity profile with the distribution of photosensitizer dye bound to arterial endothelium, so that erythrosin B dye absorbed to the luminal surface of the artery absorbs the light, thereby initiating a photochemical reaction resulting in photochemical injury to the vascular endothelium of the artery at the point of interaction of the erythrosin B dye and the laser light beam.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the concentration of the erythrosin B dye in blood is in an amount sufficient to induce photochemical injury to the vascular endothelium at the point of interaction of the erythrosin B dye with the light beam.
19. The method of claim 14, wherein the laser light beam is an argon laser beam of an argon ion laser.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the argon ion laser is operated at a wavelength range sufficient to electronically excite the erythrosin B molecules, thereby initiating the photochemical process.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the argon ion laser is operated at a wavelength of 528.7 nm.
22. The method of claim 20, wherein the argon ion laser is operated at a wavelength of 514.5 nm.
23. The method of claim 17, wherein the laser light beam is a gaussian laser beam and the beam waist of the gaussian laser beam overlaps the arterial diameter by 6% on either side.
ilar considerations may apply in the case of retinal neovasculature, such as occurs in diabetic retinopathy.
The photochemical interaction between intravenously injected rose bengal dye and light at a wavelength sufficient to electronically excite the rose bengal molecules can be used to initiate permanent thrombotic occlusion in the corneal neovasculature of rabbit eyes with experimentally induced lipid keratopathy. The photothrombotic procedure does not produce corneal edema or polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration, as has been found in studies employing laser-induced photocoagulation. Thus, the formation of additional neovascularization and lipid deposition, which takes place with photocoagulation, is avoided.
Potential uses for the photothrombotic method include injuring cells other than vascular endothelium, for example, tumor cells, e.g., highly vascularized skin tumors or in Greene's ocular melanoma. Occlusion of the feeding vessels would facilitate ischemic necrosis and consequent sloughing away of the tumor mass. This would be much preferred to surgery, in which case a large wound area is created. Another difficult problem is internal bleeding from the liver, which is difficult to stanch surgically. The presently disclosed photochemical method could be used to seal the bleeding blood vessel ends thrombotically by areal irradiation, without introducing the complications of thermal injury to functioning tissue.
As an extension of the principle of photochemically induced damage to endothelium, a photosensitizing dye could be attached to an isothiocyanate group, which itself can be complexed to a monoclonal antibody. This would make possible the localization of damage to specific molecular sites in a membrane.
Owing to steric hindrance, rose bengal cannot bind to an isothiocyanate group. However, the closely related dye, erythrosin B (mentioned above), can bind to isothiocyanate, and the resultant compound is commercially available.
The present inventor has attached erythrosin B to an endothelial antibody. Erythrosin B alone has been administered intravenously by the inventor to photothrombotically occlude the rat middle cerebral artery in the same fashion as rose bengal.
The present invention is directed to a method of inducing the permanent occlusion of arteries. According to this method, the absorption by systemically injected rose bengal dye of light at a wavelength sufficient to electronically excite the rose bengal molecules initiates singlet-oxygen motivated photochemical injury to the vascular endothelium. These luminal alterations stimulate intense platelet adherence and physiological aggregation, which leads to total occlusion of the artery at the point of interaction of the rose bengal dye and the light beam, which is preferably a laser light beam.
The present invention is directed to a method for inducing the complete occlusion of arteries. The method utilizes an intravascular photochemical reaction to induce structural damage to normally non-thrombogenic vascular endothelium. The photochemical process is mediated by rose bengal, a potent photosensitizing dye injected into the bloodstream. Absorption by the injected rose bengal dye of light at a wavelength sufficient to electronically excite the rose bengal molecules induces photochemical injury via singlet oxygen peroxidation reactions in the vascular endothelium at the point of interaction of the rose bengal and the light beam, which is preferably a laser light beam.
Because wavelengths in the range of 510 nm to 580 nm are readily absorbed by rose bengal, and laser beams, for example, are easily focused, the rose bengal-sensitized photochemical reaction can be made sufficiently intense to stimulate platelet adhesion and aggregation even in high-flow vessels. In large arteries, the thrombus is a mixed aggregate of platelets, red blood cells and coagulum in the irradiated arterial segment; distally the thrombus consists of coagulated red blood cells. In small arteries, the thrombus is almost entirely composed of platelets.
A laser light beam is a particularly advantageous source of light as it can be directed and focused precisely, with sufficient intensity to overcome the dilution effect of the flowing blood, and yet it acts fast enough so as to minimize damage to adjacent structures. For example, at energy fluences (energy deposited per unit area) of 35 kJ/sq cm for large arteries and 3.5 kJ/sq cm for small arteries, occlusion occurs within 3 minutes or less. No damage to the adventitia or surrounding tissue can be observed during or following irradiation of the artery except that vasa vasorum, if present, is most likely occluded.
Examples of lasers that can be used to provide the light beam include the He-Ne laser, the argon ion laser and the argon-pumped dye laser. The 543.5 nm He-Ne laser, for example, can excite rose bengal with an efficiency of 58% of the maximum. (The wavelength at which excitation efficiency for rose bengal is maximal in tissue occurs at 562 nm.) Because the maximum theoretical power output is only 4 or 5 milliwatts, the 543.5 nm He-Ne laser is not used in clinical applications at this time. However, this laser is expected to be particularly useful in permanently occluding relatively low-flow arteries, smaller than about 200 μm, such as those in the choroid of the eye.
The argon ion laser is the most common clinical laser used at this time. Although the commonly used argon 514.5 nm line is only 36% efficient with respect to the maximum of rose bengal absorption, this laser is much more powerful (by at least a factor of 1000) and versatile than the He-Ne laser. The argon ion laser has been found to be useful in occluding arteries of all diameters.
The argon-pumped dye laser is a very efficient source of excitation for rose bengal. The argon laser beam is focused on a jet stream of an organic dye; the argon laser light is absorbed and another laser beam is produced which has the property of wavelength tunability. This property enables the dye laser to be set at the optimal wavelength for the excitation of rose bengal. Thus, laser light at 562 nm is easily obtained, and rose bengal is thereby excited at the peak of its absorption spectrum in tissue.
Using the argon-pumped dye laser, a gain in efficiency of endothelial photosensitization of at least a factor of 3 is realized over the 514.5 nm argon laser line. In practice, the overall improvement in photothrombotic efficiency may be much greater than 3, owing to the nonlinear nature of the platelet chain-reaction response. Using the 514.5 nm argon laser line, an initial concentration of rose bengal in the blood of, for example, about 130 μM to about 680 μM can be advantageously used to induce the permanent occlusion of arteries. If an argon-pumped dye laser is tuned to produce a 562 nm laser line, however, at least the same efficiency of photothrombosis is expected for rose bengal in the concentration range of about 45 μM to about 230 μM.
In general, the concentration of rose bengal dye in the blood is in an amount sufficient to induce photochemical injury to the vascular endothelium at the point of interaction of the rose bengal with the light beam, which is preferably a laser light beam. Factors affecting the effective concentration range of rose bengal in the blood include laser intensity, the diameter of the artery undergoing occlusion and blood flow rate in the artery. For example, the initial concentration of rose bengal can be adjusted downward when occluding small arteries of about 200 μm or less, such as those seen in corneal neovasculature, as the process of thrombosis is more efficient in arteries of small diameter. Proper adjustment of the concentration range of rose bengal dye based on the interaction of the above-mentioned factors can be easily determined by one with ordinary skill in the art.
An initial concentration range of rose bengal dye in the blood of about 340 μM to about 680 μM can be advantageously used for occluding 200 μm diameter arteries when a very low power (1 mW) 543.5 nm He-Ne laser is used to provide the light absorbed by the rose bengal. The initial concentration ranges of rose bengal dye in the blood which can be advantageously used with an argon ion laser and an argon-pumped laser have been noted above. Such concentration will not generally exceed 650 μM and usually will be significantly lower down to, for example, 45 μM or even lower, depending on other factors involved, e.g., laser wave length, animal species, and vessel diameter.
During the photothrombotic procedure, irradiation can be initiated simultaneously with or subsequent to rose bengal transfusion. It must be borne in mind, however, that rose bengal is filtered from the blood by the liver. In humans, its disappearance in time from the blood is characterized by three exponentially decaying components. The highest amplitude component is also the fastest decaying component; its half-life (time for the blood concentration to reach one-half the initial value) in humans is eleven minutes (J. Pirotte, Biomedicine, 32:17-21, 1980). In rats and rabbits, the half-life is much shorter, being only two minutes and three minutes, respectively (C. D. Klaassen, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 38:85-100, 1976). Accordingly, while initial concentration for the rose bengal dye in a range of about 130 μM to 680 μM has been demonstrated above for experimental animals, it is contemplated that lower initial concentrations could be effectively employed in humans, particularly in view of the longer half-life of the dye in humans and by appropriate selection of a laser which provides efficient excitation of the rose bengal dye.
Irradiation can be intermittent or continuous. In ophthalmic applications, typical irradiation includes pulses of argon laser light, with the argon laser operated at an effective power level of 300-700 mW and a minimum focused spot diameter of 50 μm (m=microns). Ophthalmologists very commonly irradiate in the pulsed mode, by pressing a foot switch. In this mode, the location of each pulse may be adjusted in order to realign the targeted tissue, and thereby compensate for the effect of eye movements. Continuous irradiation might damage adjacent structures, and it is impossible to track a small vessel and irradiate it accurately over several seconds. That corneal new vessels can be occluded using the photothrombotic technique with laser parameters familiar to ophthalmologists (especially the pulsed mode) is a tremendous advantage. It could not have been predicted prior to the invention that the concentration of proaggregant secretions from platelets adhering to the photodamaged endothelium would exist at the irradiated site long enough, between laser pulses, to facilitate deposition of more platelets.
During operation of the laser light beam, no special precautions need to be taken. There are no penetrating effects similar to those of ionizing radiation. The chief agent of damage under usual conditions is a thermal burn, on the tissue surface, of limited depth. In ophthalmic applications, shielding of adjacent tissue by means of a template is unnecessary. In neurosurgery, however, a device which can receive the scattered portion of the irradiating beam may be necessary, in order to protect adjacent nervous tissue from the high intensity beams likely to be employed in the occlusion of arteries which are considerably larger than those in the eye.
Following photothrombotic treatment, it is contemplated that the patient can be released within a couple of hours and can travel normally outdoors without fear of becoming systemically photosensitized. The dye disappears through the feces in 3 days. This is not the case with the popularly used dihematoporphyrin ether derivative dye used for phototoxic tumor therapy; the half life of this dye is so long that it is necessary for one undergoing phototoxic tumor therapy using this dye to remain indoors and out of the sun for a month.
The occlusion of an artery by a platelet (white) thrombus is signaled by the development of a colorless segment that will be seen at the site of the thrombus. Downstream, the artery will often blanch (especially in the case of corneal new vessels up to 80 μm in diameter), indicating drainage of that blood which got past the forming thrombus before occlusion took place. For arteries of the order of 200 μm in diameter, such as the rat middle cerebral artery, the downstream blood remains in place owing to resistance from the rest of the vascular network and/or the activation of collateral channels (new routes for blood entry into the area formerly supplied by the artery).
In another embodiment of the invention, it has been found that erythrosin B can be used in the same fashion as rose bengal as a photosensitizer in the photochemical occlusion of arteries. Generally, the concentration of erythrosin B dye in the blood is in an amount sufficient to induce photochemical injury to the vascular endothelium at the point of interaction of the erythrosin B with the light beam, which is preferably a laser light beam. As in the case of rose bengal dye, the interaction of factors such as laser intensity, the diameter of the artery undergoing occlusion and blood flow rate affect the effective concentration range of erythrosin B in the blood.
In experiments performed by the inventor using an argon ion laser, erythrosin B, administered intravenously at a blood concentration of 680 μM, was used to photothrombotically occlude the rat middle cerebral artery in the same fashion as rose bengal.
The absorption maximum of erythrosin B in endothelial tissue is at 536 nm, which is closer than that of rose bengal to the standard 514.5 nm wavelength of the argon ion laser. Thus, although its quantum efficiency for singlet oxygen production is slightly less, erythrosin B can operate with comparable photothrombotic efficiency in vivo when the 514.5 nm argon line, for example, is used to excite it.
To enhance the efficiency of erythrosin B as a photosensitizing agent, another argon laser transition at 528.7 nm (which is closer to the erythrosin B maximal absorption wavelength) has been used to photoexcite erythrosin B. In an ordinary 4 watt argon ion laser, powers of up to 400 milliwatts can be obtained from the 528.7 nm transition. With an argon-pumped dye laser, the laser light can be set at 536 nm, thereby exciting the erythrosin B at the peak of its absorption spectrum in tissue.
The present invention will be illustrated in detail in the following examples. These examples are included for illustrative purposes and should not be considered to limit the present invention.
The common carotid, femoral and middle cerebral arteries in the rat were occluded thrombotically by means of a rose bengal dye-sensitized photochemical reaction initiated in vascular endothelium by the beam of an argon laser focused for maximum excitation efficiency of the photosensitizer according to a derived criterion.
Male Wistar rats, each weighing 280 to 330 gm, were anesthetized with 1.5% halothane and maintained on a 70:30 mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen delivered by a closely fitting Mylar face mask (Watson et al., J. Neurosurg., 66:748-754, 1987, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference and relied upon). After separation of the temporal musculature, the middle cerebral artery was exposed via a small subtemporal craniectomy produced by a high-speed drill under an operating microscope; the dura was left intact. The common carotid arteries were exposed bilaterally by a midline incision extending from the mental process to the sternal notch; the sternocleidomastoid muscle was then retracted laterally to expose the underlying artery. Bleeding from the operative site was controlled with pressure and Gelfoam. The animal was then prepared for irradiation by filling the surgical cavity with saline, just submerging the exposed blood vessel. The saline solution was kept clear by frequent suction and irrigation. The femoral arteries were exposed by bilateral inguinal incisions and were prepared for irradiation in a fashion similar to that described above.
A tunable argon ion laser (a Lexel Model 95 argon ion laser, manufactured by Cooper LaserSonics, Santa Clara, Calif.), operated at 514.5 nm, was used for the irradiation. The argon ion laser was focused according to a derived criterion (described below) to facilitate maximally efficient intraluminal growth of the occlusive thrombus. The middle cerebral artery was irradiated with 7.5 mW delivered either continuously or via a beam-chopper operated at 200 Hz (with 75 mW peak power, 10% duty cycle). The carotid and femoral arteries were each irradiated with a chopped beam at 1 W average power (2 W peak power chopped at 200 Hz and 50% duty cycle). The laser light beam was focused onto the artery according to the optimization criterion derived analytically as shown below, and the irradiated segment was observed at �32 magnification through an operating microscope fitted with a 514-nm rejection interference filter. The middle cerebral artery (diameter approximately 200 μm) was irradiated through a spherical lens of 39-cm focal length at a distance of 40 cm from the artery; with correction for optical reflection losses, the incident intensity was 16 W/sq cm. The femoral artery (diameter 670 μm) and common carotid artery (diameter 800 μm) were irradiated through a spherical lens of 61-cm focal length at distances of 42 and 26 cm from the artery, respectively. In each case, the average incident intensity, with correction for irradiation geometry, was approximately 160 W/sq cm.
A stock solution of rose bengal dye, 30 mg/ml in 0.9% saline, was made up for intravenous injection (via the tail vein) at a dose of 40 mg/kg. Before dye injection, the contralateral (control) arteries were irradiated for 15 minutes at the stated intensities. Following this, simultaneous intravenous infusion of the rose bengal solution (at 20 mg/kg/min over 2 minutes) and irradiation of the ipsilateral artery was begun. Five rats were used for common carotid artery irradiation and four for femoral artery irradiation. In the latter case, two rats received only 20 mg/kg. Middle cerebral artery irradiation was performed in a large series of approximately 70 animals.
Thrombus development and subsequent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery were easily observed during irradiation owing to wall transparency. The irradiated segment emitted a bright orange fluorescence (as viewed through an interference filter which rejected the 514.5 nm argon line); this was attributed to rose bengal uptake by red blood cell membranes and binding to plasma proteins such as albumin. As the irradiation proceeded, the fluorescence became yellowish and less intense owing to the accumulation of platelets and exclusion of red blood cells from the developing thrombus. Complete occlusion was signaled by exclusion of red blood cells from the arterial segments both distal and proximal to the irradiated portion, leaving a single colorless segment 7 to 10 arterial diameters in length. Five minutes after completion of irradiation, during which the thrombus was allowed to stabilize, the integrity of the thrombus was tested by injection of a 200 μm bolus of saline solution into a retrograde external carotid artery catheter; no recanalization was observed.
As assessed by observation of rose bengal fluorescence, thrombus development in the common carotid or femoral arteries followed a course similar to that observed in the middle cerebral artery, except that the thrombus appeared as a reddish-brown plug as viewed through the blood vessel wall. Intense scattering of the incident laser light was also noted at about the time that arterial pulsations at the level of irradiation ceased. The conjunction of these events was found to signify the end point for complete occlusion, as verified by a pulse injection of saline via the subclavian artery.
Ultrastructural studies were carried out at either 30 minutes or 7 days following irradiation. Animals were perfused transcardially with 0.9% sodium chloride solution followed by 2% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde in a 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer. Perfusion pressure was monitored throughout the procedure and was maintained at 100 mm Hg. After perfusion fixation, the femoral and common carotid arteries were isolated and placed in fixative for an additional 2 hours. To isolate the middle cerebral artery, the brain was first removed from the cranial vault and placed in fixative for a 2-hour period. Next, the whole brain was placed in phosphate-buffered 1% osmium tetroxide for 2 minutes. This step resulted in the staining of the wall of the middle cerebral artery and aided in blood vessel identification and isolation (Dietrich
et al., Am. J. Physiol., 238: H172-H175, 1980). Specimens were next returned to chilled 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (4� C.) for 2 hours.
The blood vessels were then postfixed in Millonig's phosphate-buffered 1% osmium tetroxide for 1 hour. Specimens chosen for transmission electron microscopy were dehydrated in ethanol and propylene oxide and embedded in Poly-Bed 812 as previously described (Dietrich et al., J Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 43:72-83, 1984). Sections 1 μm thick were cut with glass knives on a Sorvall ultra-microtome and stained with toluidine blue. To characterize the occlusive material more completely, ultra-thin sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were examined with a Zeiss EM-10C electron microscope. The blood vessels chosen for scanning electron microscopy analysis were examined under a dissecting microscope and cut longitudinally with a scalpel blade to expose the luminal surface. The blood vessels were then dehydrated in graded ethanols and placed in Freon. The tissue was critical-point dried, coated with gold, and examined and photographed with a JEOL JSM-35C scanning electron microscope.
In order to effect complete blood vessel occlusion initiated by an intra-endothelial photochemical reaction, it was assumed that the endothelial-bound photosensitizing dye must absorb the incident laser light beam with maximum efficiency. How this should be done was not obvious because the laser beam impinged with a cross-sectionally non-uniform intensity onto the cylindrical blood vessel surface. With the laser operating in the fundamental (gaussian) mode (Kogelnik et al., Appl. Optics, 5:1550-1567, 1966), the most effective focusing condition was deduced (from Equation 6 below) in terms of a focusing criterion. For the purposes of illustration, the focusing criterion is expressed here in only one dimension, designated by x. The direction of incidence (y-direction) of the laser beam onto the blood vessel was perpendicular both to the blood vessel axis (z-direction) and to the x-direction, collinear with the vessel diameter. The normalized intensity distribution G(x) of the laser beam, viewed transversely to the direction of incidence was
G(x)=Kw-1 e-2x.spsp.2/w.spsp.2 (1)
where K=(2/π)1/2 and w defines the distance at which the intensity falls to e-2 of its maximum.
The light-absorbing dye was distributed in the endothelium, around the circumference of the blood vessel of radius R. The linear density L0 of dye molecules was thus expressed as
LO =N/(πR) (2)
where N is the total number of molecules. As viewed along the direction of incidence, however, the distribution of absorbing molecules could be expressed in terms of the transverse x direction as a function, L(x):
L(x)=RLO /(R2 -x2)1/2 (3)
The interaction of the incident laser beam with the dye population, summed over the half-circumference of the subject blood vessel, was given by ##EQU1## where F(R,w) is the function describing the absorbance of the incident laser beam by the endothelial-bound dye molecules, and C is a constant that includes the incident laser beam intensity and the molar absorption coefficient. Substitution of x=Rcos θ and integration over angle coordinates yielded
F(q)=KCqe-q.spsp.2 IO (q2) (5)
in which, for simplicity, R/w was designated by q and I0 (q2) is the zero-order modified Bessel function of the first kind (Olver, Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs and Mathematical Tables, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964, pp. 355-454).
For maximally efficient excitation of the rose bengal dye by optimum focusing (optimum ratio of R/w) the function F(R/w), equivalent to F(q), had to be maximized. This was done by differentiating F(q) and setting the result to zero:
I1 (q2)/I0 (q2)=1-(2q)-1 (6)
where I1 (q2) is the first-order modified Bessel function of the first kind (Olver, Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs and Mathematical Tables, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964, pp. 355-454). This equation was solved graphically with the aid of Bessel function tables (Olver, Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs and Mathematical Tables, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964, pp. 355-454) to yield qmax =(R/w)max =0.89 (that is, w=1.12R).
For optimum focusing, the laser beam diameter (2w) had to overlap the subject blood vessel by 6% on each side. To determine the percentage of incident light intercepted by the blood vessel, Equation 1 (with w=1.12R) was integrated between �R; this result was divided by the integral of Equation 1 between �∞; the ratio was 92.5%. The percentage that was lost past the edges of the blood vessel was therefore only 7.5%. The calculation suggested that the photochemical contribution of dye molecules located toward the edges of the blood vessel was significant, and implied that focusing the beam within the arterial diameter, away from the edges, was photochemically inefficient.
Photochemically induced thrombotic occlusion was always observed in irradiated arteries of rats injected with rose bengal solution. In both the common carotid artery and the femoral artery, vasoconstriction was present and the lumen of the artery was entirely filled by a thrombus of mixed character. Islands of aggregated platelets were seen interspersed among clumps of red blood cells and an amorphous material (coagulum). A mixture of red blood cells and coagulum extended distally for at least 10 arterial diameters. The recorded average temperature of 84� C.�4� C. (� standard deviation) in the cores of the completed common carotid artery occlusions was sufficient to induce the secretion of coagulum. Generally, complete occlusion of each artery occurred within 3 minutes of irradiation; the femoral arteries of the two rats injected with one-half the standard dose were occluded within 4 minutes. The total energy deposited at occlusion was 140 to 180 joules (J), while the corresponding energy fluence (total energy deposited per unit area; Boulnois, Lasers Med. Sci., 1:47-66, 1986) was about 35 kJ/sq cm.
A white thrombus resulting from the photochemically induced occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, was shown by ultrastructural analysis to be composed primarily of aggregated platelets. Longitudinal corrugations in the artery wall resulted from vasoconstriction. The platelet mass appeared to be uniform in density, but overt fibrin strands were not associated with it. The irradiation time to effect complete occlusion at the very low incident intensity used was again 3 minutes or less. The total energy deposited and energy fluence in this case were approximately 1 J and 3.5 kJ/sq cm, respectively.
The results indicate that small arteries, such as the small penetrating arteries that feed an arteriovenous malformation (AVM), should be amenable to occlusion using the photothrombotic method. The results also demonstrate that the occlusion of larger arteries is entirely achievable within the output capacity of a commonly available argon ion laser when used in conjunction with systemically jected rose bengal dye. No damage of any kind, including wall damage due to possible heat absorption, was observed during or following irradiation of the small arteries (200 μm or less in diameter), or in larger arteries (over 600 μm in diameter) provided the larger arteries were irradiated under water (saline solution), as described above.
In order to test the role of systemically injected rose bengal dye in inducing photochemical injury to vascular endothelium, the general procedure described above in Example 1 was repeated, with the exception that rose bengal dye was not injected into the bloodstream.
In the absence of rose bengal dye, irradiation at equivalent beam intensities of the common carotid, femoral and middle cerebral arteries in the rat was completely ineffective in inducing structural or functional damage of the arteries. Accordingly, occlusion of these arteries did not take place.
These results clearly show that rose bengal dye must be present in the vasculature in order to achieve the photothrombotic effect.
The photothrombotic method of Example 1 was modified in order to occlude small arteries at normal blood pressure.
In order to conduct irradiation of the rat middle cerebral artery at normal blood pressure, oral intubation was performed and mechanical ventilation was initiated after paralysis with pancuronium bromide. The rat was then placed on a tiltable stereotaxic frame, and the middle cerebral artery was exposed through a subtemporal approach. The right temporalis musculature was reflected anteriorally, and a 2�2 mm subtemporal craniotomy was carried out with the aid of a high-speed drill under a dissecting microscope, leaving the middle cerebral artery exposed and the dura intact at the level of the olfactory tract. Rose bengal dye (2 mg in 0.133 ml saline per 100 g animal weight) was administered intravenously, resulting in a blood concentration of 340 μM.
The right middle cerebral artery, at a point just distal to the olfactory branches, was irradiated with the beam of a tunable argon ion laser (Lexel Model 95, Cooper LaserSonics, Santa Clara, CA), operated at 514.5 nm in the continuous mode at a power level of 50 mW. The beam was focused longitudinally onto the middle cerebral artery with two cylindrical lenses, both of 30 cm focal length. This ensured a beam configuration which spanned the entire middle cerebral artery diameter and extended approximately 0.5 mm along its length; the incident intensity was thus about 50 watts/cm2. During irradiation, the irradiated segment appeared orange, owing to rose bengal fluorescence in the flowing blood stream. Irradiation time was of the order of 5 minutes, with the operative criterion being continuous formation of a white thrombus without interruption by spantaneous recanalization.
The occluded middle cerebral artery segment, approximately 1 mm in length, was readily visible through the dissecting microscope as a bloodless, nearly colorless segment. The wounds were then closed in layers and the animal extubated, and upon recovery, allowed access to food and water ad libitum.
The results of the procedure show that the method of anesthesia employed in the photothrombotic procedure can affect its outcome. Because systemic anesthesia causes blood pressure to fall, photothrombosis occurs more readily due to the decreased dilution of the platelet secretions.
The efficacy and safety of the photochemical reaction of the present invention in facilitating permanent occlusion of corneal neovasculature was evaluated as described below.
Induction of Corneal Neovascularization:
The corneal and limbal epithelia, along with the conjunctival epithelium 2-3 mm beyond the limbus, were removed from New Zealand albino rabbits by a combination of surgical scraping and n-heptanol debridement. The denuded corneal surfaces were then healed by the remaining conjunctival epithelium, of which 65% contained extensive neovascularization. From this group, 16 corneas with neovascularization persistent for about 20 months were subjected to photothrombotic treatment.
Induction of Photothrombosis with Rose Bengal Solution:
Various concentrations of rose bengal (M.W. 1018, certified grade, Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis.) were dissolved in normal saline and filter-sterilized for intravenous use. The highest concentration which could be achieved practically was 100 mg/ml. The pH of an isotonic saline solution of rose bengal at a concentration of 15 mg/ml was 6.80. Isotonic saline solution was used as a control solution.
After anesthesia with intramuscular injection of xylazine (10 mg/kg bw) and ketamine (10 mg/kg bw), the rabbits were injected intravenously with either 2.5 ml of isotonic saline solution or rose bengal saline solution at a dosage of 40 mg/kg bw. Irradiation of corneal vessels was carried out with an argon ion laser (Model 95, Cooper LaserSonics, Fremont, Calif.) operated at 514.5 nm, as described by Mendelsohn et al. (Arch. Opthalmol., 105:983-988, 1987). The beam focusing apparatus was mounted in an X-Y positioning device attached to a rotary turntable, both with micrometer precision (Daedal, Inc., Harrison City, Pa.). With this apparatus, beam positioning stability and reproducibility of incident intensity were improved because irradiations were administered during the open cycle of the mechanical shutter. The incident power level was set at 200 mW; allowing for reflection losses in the fiber optic focusing system, the incident power was reduced to 130 mW. At the focal point, the laser beam was 63 μm in diameter. Each irradiation was 0.2 second in pulse duration. During the entire procedure, the corneas were continuously rinsed with a balanced salt solution delivered through a peristatic pump and the temperature of the solution was maintained at 37� C. with a water bath. After laser irradiation, topical antibiotics and steroids were applied for two days.
External Photography and Corneal Fluorescein Angiography:
Routine external photography and corneal fluorescein angiography were performed to document occlusion of the corneal blood vessels and the duration of their occlusion. Angiograms were taken with a ceiling-mounted Zeiss surgical photoscope after injection of 1 ml of 10 mg/ml fluorescein solution. Baseline angiography was performed two or three days before laser irradiation to avoid possible photosensitizing effects from the fluorescein dye used for angiography. After photothrombotic treatment, angiograms were taken on scheduled dates in order to monitor the duration of the occlusive effect. Late phase (5 minutes after injection) fluorescein angiograms were used for comparison.
Immunofluorescence Study of Thrombus Composition:
The composition of photochemically induced thrombi was compared to that of natural clots by means of indirect immunofluorescence studies with antibodies to human fibrinogen and Factor VIII. Frozen sections of rat blood clotted in air, or of a photochemically induced middle cerebral artery thrombus in the rat (Watson et al., Ann. Neurol., 17:497-504, 1985; Watson et al., J. Neurosurg., 66:748-754, 1987; Watson et al., Cerebrovascular Diseases--Fifteenth Princeton Conference, Eds. M. E. Raichle and W. J. Powers, New York, Raven Press, pp. 317-330, 1987; were incubated with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS for 30 minutes in order to inhibit non-specific binding. Affinity-purified rabbit antiserum to human fibrinogen (Behring Diagnostics, La Jolla, Calif.) and mouse monoclonal antibody to human Factor VIII (Hybridtech, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) were used as specific primary antibodies. Following incubation with primary antibody for one hour, FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG and goat anti-mouse IgG antibodies (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) were used as secondary antibodies for anti-fibrinogen and anti-Factor VIII, respectively. The sections were observed by epi-illumination with a Nikon Microphot-FX microscope.
Toxicity Study of Intravenous Rose Bengal:
In order to investigate possible systemic side effects of rose bengal, the blood chemistry profiles of healthy rabbits before and after intravenous injection of rose bengal were studied. Four practical dosages, i.e., 40, 16, 8 and 4 mg/kg bw, were administered. Five rabbits were used for each dosage except for the dosage of 40 mg/kg bw, in which case ten rabbits were used. Three blood samples (3 ml each) were collected from each rabbit before injection with rose bengal, and one and five days following injection. External examination on day one after injection revealed a slightly pinkish discoloration of the mucosal surfaces including the nictitating membrane, conjunctiva and nostril, but these effects were not apparent after day two. Neither lethargy nor change of appetite was noted throughout one week of follow-up after injection.
The results of the blood chemistry analyses are summarized in Table 1.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Effects of Intravenous Rose Bengal on Blood Chemistry Normal 40 mg/kg BW 16 mg/kg BW (n = 25) (n = 10) (n = 5) Day 1 Day 5 Day 1__________________________________________________________________________Glucose (mg/dL) 114.1 � 16.6 109.4 � 20.3 134.2 � 28.9 125.6 � 10.7Sodium (mM) 143.6 � 3.7 143.2 � 3.0 141.2 � 1.8 144.4 � 1.5Potassium (mM) 4.6 � 0.6 4.3 � 1.5 4.7 � 0.5 4.3 � 0.3Chloride (mM) 104.0 � 4.6 106.0 � 13.6 100.0 � 4.4 101.8 � 2.8Carbon Dioxide (mM) 20.9 � 3.9 20.2 � 6.5 24.5 � 2.3 24.5 � 3.5Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL) 17.0 � 3.7 22.5 � 4.6a 15.0 � 3.4 15.0 � 2.6Creatinine (mg/dL) 1.4 � 0.2 1.4 � 0.3 1.2 � 0.2 1.4 � 0.2Total Protein (g/dL) 5.1 � 0.4 4.9 � 0.4 5.0 � 0.3 4.8 � 0.1Albumin (g/dL) 4.1 � 0.4 3.9 � 0.3 3.7 � 0.3 3.7 � 0.1Total Bilirubin (mg/dL) 0.7 � 0.1 1.3 � 0.8b 0.7 � 0.1 0.8 � 0.1Calcium (mg/dL) 13.6 � 0.9 13.7 � 0.9 13.6 � 0.7 13.9 � 0.2Phosphorous (mg/dL) 6.4 � 0.7 5.2 � 1.3c 6.1 � 0.5 6.1 � 0.2Alk. Phosphatase 121.4 � 42.4 403.6 � 306.0d 121.0 � 41.2 105.2 � 26.3(IU/L)SGPT (IU/L) 61.4 � 14.9 434.5 � 328.5e 89.4 � 22.0 75.2 � 18.6SGOT (IU/L) 40.6 � 10.7 154.6 � 112.0f 36.6 � 5.6 32.4 � 9.0Amylase (U/L) 233.7 � 37.7 365.6 � 338.0 216.0 � 44.6 237.0 � 28.1Cholesterol (mg/dL) 81.8 � 24.9 106.0 � 44.5 128.8 � 39.1 98.2 � 10.4__________________________________________________________________________ [note]: a p < 0.005; b p < 0.05; c p < 0.02; d p < 0.02; e p < 0.01; f p < 0.02
A review of Table 1 shows that compared with the normal control pooled data from 25 healthy rabbits without injection, all analyses were within the normal range except for a small number in the group that received the highest dosage of 40 mg/kg bw.
Efficacy of Photothrombosis with Different Concentrations of Rose Bengal;
Various dosages of rose bengal solution were used to investigate the efficacy of photothrombosis. The results are summarized in Table 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________Total Laser Shots to Occlude each VesselDuration Dosage of I.V. Rose Bengal (mg/kg BW)(min) 40 16 8 4______________________________________ 0-10 5 � 1 8 � 3 13 � 4 33 � 810-20 5 � 1 9 � 2 19 � 1 53 � 820-30 6 � 1 10 � 2 30 � 4 81 � 1130-40 8 � 2 13 � 3 51 � 7 >10040-50 10 � 3 20 � 4 65 � 6 N.O.50-60 15 � 4 32 � 5 85 � 10 N.O.______________________________________ [note]: 1. N.O.: not occluded 2. Laser setting: 514.5 nm; 200 mW; 63 μm; 0.2 sec. 3. Data are expressed as means � s.d. from three different blood vessels of the same cornea
At the same laser irradiation settings used in this study, the vessels could be occluded effectively with a dosage as low as 8 mg/kg bw given in one bolus. The irradiation period could be extended to at least one hour after the injection, although with decreased occlusive efficacy. At the dosage of 4 mg/kg bw, the vessels could still be occluded within 30 minutes, provided that sufficient shots were applied. In view of practical clinical circumstances, application of more than 30 shots to achieve occlusion of a single vessel was considered to exceed the limit of effectiveness in this study.
Because fewer than 20 shots per target vessel at 8 mg/kg bw or higher dose of rose bengal were required to achieve photothrombotic occlusion, an experimentation time of one hour was sufficient for treatment of extensively vascularized corneas. Consequently, it was not necessary to administer a booster injection of rose bengal solution in order to maintain a blood level sufficient to mediate the photothrombotic effect. The fact that more than 100 shots were required to occlude blood vessels at the dosage of 4 mg/kg bw further supports the notion that photocoagulation, i.e., irradiation (without rose bengal) at the present settings could not achieve effective occlusion.
Clinical Observations During Photothrombosis:
Immediately after the completion of photothrombosis, the treated upper cornea remained relatively clear of rose bengal but the untreated lower cornea was infiltrated subsequently with extravasated dye. One day after treatment with photothrombosis, the rabbit conjunctiva became edematous and slightly pinkish in color, presumably due to the retention of extravasated rose bengal. The condition was effectively managed by topical steroids and antibiotics; the corneas returned to a normal appearance within two or three days. This side effect was noted only in rabbits injected with 40 mg/kg bw rose bengal, but not in those with lower dosages, indicating that this side effect is a dose-dependent phenomenon.
One week after irradiation, the occluded corneal vessels gradually involuted and the corneal surface of the treated area became smoother, with improved corneal clarity. The visibility of iris details was notably enhanced after treatment.
Occlusion of corneal vessels was also confirmed by corneal fluorescein angiography. Abundant corneal vessels with diffuse extravasation of fluorescein dye were invariably observed on the vascularized corneas prior to treatment. After photothrombosis, the treated vessels were completely occluded without any dye leakage. The vessels remained occluded, as demonstrated in the follow-up angiograms, and gradually involuted without recanalization or stimulation of new vessel formation elsewhere during the four-month study period.
Immunofluorescence studies of naturally coagulated rat blood demonstrated only faint background staining for fibrinogen and Factor VIII, indicating that only trace amounts of these consumable, essential clotting factors appear in the natural clot. In contrast, rose bengal-photoinduced middle cerebral artery thrombi displayed an abundance of fibrinogen and Factor VIII indicating that neither the extrinsic nor intrinsic clotting systems were activated, thus verifying the absence of fibrin.
The results of this experiment demonstrate that corneal neovascularization induced by ocular surface injury can be effectively occluded using the photothrombotic method of the present invention. Provided the initial rose bengal concentration is in the range of 8 mg/kg bw or higher, the photothrombotic effect is readily achieved in corneal new vessels with incident argon laser settings much lower than those of conventional photocoagulation. In addition, as shown by Table 1, intravenous administration of rose bengal does not result in long-term systemic toxicity.
Previous studies have established that conjunctival transdifferentiation is inhibited by corneal vascularization. Conversely, occlusion of corneal blood vessels can induce conjunctival transdifferentiation on vascularized corneas, as evidenced by a total loss of goblet cells on the corneal surface. To test this hypothesis, the following experiment was performed.
Experimental Model of Vascularized Corneas with Conjunctival Transdifferentiation Defect:
Both corneal and limbal epithelia, along with the conjunctival epithelium 2-3 mm beyond the limbus, were removed from New Zealand albino rabbit eyes by n-heptanol debridement and surgical scraping (Huang et al., Ophthalmology, 95:228-235, 1988, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference and relied upon). The denuded corneas were healed by the remaining conjunctival epithelium within 9 to 12 days, of which 65% became extensively vascularized two to three weeks after healing. Sixteen corneas with persistent neovascularization of 20 months duration were subjected to photothrombotic treatment.
Occlusion of Corneal Vessels by Photothrombosis:
Rose bengal solution at a concentration of 30 mg/ml was prepared by dissolving the rose bengal (M.W. 1018, certified grade, Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis.) in normal saline solution, and filtering via a 0.45 μm sterile Millipore� filter (Medford, Mass.). Occlusion of corneal blood vessels was achieved by intravenous injection of the rose bengal solution at a dosage of 40 mg/kg body weight followed by irradiation of the blood vessels with an argon green laser beam (514.5 nm in wavelength) set at a power of 130 mW, beam spot size of 63 μm in diameter, and duration of 0.2 second. During the irradiation, the corneal surface was rinsed with a balanced salt solution maintained at 37� C. to ensure the efficacy of photothrombosis. The laser beam was applied to the limbus at the arborization point of each feeder vessel. In 12 corneas, the blood vessels on the upper half of the cornea were photothrombosed and those on the lower half were left untreated and used as an internal control. In the remaining four corneas, the blood vessels on the entire cornea were treated. Each blood vessel was occluded within 10 consecutive shots of irradiation. For all corneas, the treatment was completed within 30 minutes after initial injection of rose bengal solution. After laser irradiation, topical antibiotics and steroids were applied for two days. This treatment was similar to that described in Watson et al., Lasers Surg. Med., 7:127, 1987.
Clinical Observations and Corneal Fluorescein Angiography:
External ocular examinations were performed to identify changes on the ocular surface before and after photothrombosis. Surface smoothness was examined by routine slitlamp biomicroscopy. External photographs were taken to document corneal clarity and regression of the vessels.
Occlusion of the corneal blood vessels and the duration of occlusion were further studied by routine corneal fluorescein angiography using an intravenous injection of 1 ml of 10 mg/ml of sodium fluorescein. Photographs and angiograms were taken with a Zeiss surgical microscope. Baseline angiography was performed two to three days before photothrombosis to avoid possible photosensitizing effects from the fluorescein used for angiography. Follow-up angiograms were taken on the scheduled dates to document the occlusive effect and its duration. Late phase fluorescein angiograms (5 minutes after injection) were chosen for comparisons. After occlusion was confirmed by angiography, the rabbits were sacrificed on the prescheduled date and corneal buttons were obtained and subjected to epithelial differentiation studies. The total follow-up duration was 18 weeks.
Studies of Epithelial Differentiation on Photothrombosed Corneas:
In order to study the goblet cell density on the vascularized corneas before and after photothrombosis, corneal flat-mounts were prepared and stained according to usual methods (Tseng et al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci., 25:1168-76, 1984). The pattern of goblet cell disappearance was then analyzed and specifically correlated with the treated area.
The epithelial phenotype of the control and treated corneas was then studied by impression cytology (Tseng, Ophthalmology, 92:728-33, 1985) and routine histology using hematoxylin and PAS. In addition, immunofluorescent stainings of the frozen sections using a previously developed anti-rabbit ocular mucin monoclonal antibody [anti-ROM] was performed to study mucin expression.
Clinical Observations After Photothrombosis:
As noted above, sixteen corneas with extensive neovascularization persistent for 20 months were subjected to photothrombosis. In 12 corneas, blood vessels on the upper half of the cornea were photothrombosed. Immediately after treatment, the treated areas cleared of rose bengal in all 12 corneas, whereas the untreated areas were infiltrated with the pinkish color of extravasated rose bengal. In the remaining four corneas, the blood vessels on the entire cornea were treated. The central cornea was free of rose bengal infiltration; the pinkish discoloration was noted only around the limbus. One day after photothrombosis, all 16 corneas were clear of retained rose bengal. Hemorrhagic spots were noted on some corneas, presumably due to venous congestion; these spots usually persisted for only two to three days after treatment. Four days after treatment, the occluded corneal blood vessels gradually regressed and the corneal surface of the treated area became relatively smooth and lustrous.
The corneal integrity further improved with time. Following treatment, the blood vessels were involuted from the central corneas, and visibility of iris details was improved. No epithelial breakdown was observed during the entire study period.
To further confirm the effect and duration of blood vessel occlusion by photothrombosis, corneal fluorescein angiography was performed before and after treatment. Late phase corneal angiograms were used for comparison. Diffuse extravasation of fluorescein dye from the vascular plexus was invariably observed on the entire cornea prior to treatment. After photothrombosis, the treated areas were free of dye leakage, as demonstrated in follow-up angiograms. In two corneas that were observed for the longest period of 18 weeks, all treated vessels remained occluded without recanalization, and no new vessel growth elsewhere was observed.
Studies on Epithelial Differentiation:
In order to study the impact of blood vessel occlusion on conjunctival epithelial differentiation, corneal flat-mounts were prepared to analyze goblet cell density. Before photothrombosis, numerous goblet cells were noted on the entire surface of the vascularized corneas. The goblet cell density was highest in the peripheral cornea, and gradually decreased toward the central cornea. This result was consistent with previously reported findings (Tseng et al., Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 25:1168-76, 1984; Huang et al., ARVO Abstracts Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 27(Suppl.):54, 1986; Tseng et al., Ophthalmology, 91:545-52, 1984; Tseng et al., Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 28:538-42, 1987; and M. Farazdaghi et al., Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 25(Suppl.):76, 1984). In contrast, the goblet cell density was remarkably decreased in a centrifugal pattern in the treated areas four days after treatment. The density further decreased with time and no goblet cells were noted on the cornea four weeks after treatment.
To monitor the progression of epithelial transformation, impression cytology (Tseng, Ophthalmology, 92:728-33, 1985) and routine histology were employed. Before treatment, impression cytology disclosed numerous goblet cells interspersed among small epithelial cells which had a nuclear:cytoplasm (N/C) ratio of 1:1 on vascularized corneas. Histology showed that the epithelium overlying the vascularized corneal stroma displayed conjunctival characteristics containing goblet cells. One week after treatment, the cytology specimens demonstrated decreased goblet cell density with a slight increase of epithelial N/C ratio. At this time, the histology specimens showed early stratification of epithelial cells with sporadic presence of vacuolated goblet cells. Four weeks after treatment, cytology showed uniformly squamous superficial epithelial cells with a N/C ratio of 1/3 to 1/2, without any goblet cells, and histology demonstrated a stratified cornea-like epithelium.
To further confirm the transition of epithelial differentiation, a monoclonal antibody against rabbit ocular mucin [anti-ROM] was used to examine the expression of mucin, the major product of goblet cells. By indirect immunofluorescence studies, expression of mucin antigen was found to diminish gradually with time after vessel occlusion. The complete absence of mucin in the epithelium of the occluded corneas was noted four weeks after treatment.
The results of this experiment demonstrate that photothrombosis can prolong the duration of occlusion of corneal new vessels and induce conjunctival transdifferentiation on vascularized corneas. While attempts to occlude corneal neovascularization by conventional photocoagulation have often elicited concomitant inflammatory reactions and subsequent stimulation of new blood vessel formation (Cherry et al., Ann. Ophthalmol., 5:911-20, 1973; Reed et al., Arch. Ophthalmol., 93:1017-19, 1975; and Mendelsohn et al., Ophthalmic. Surg., 17:502-8, 1986), the photothrombotic technique avoids these potential complications and eliminates the necessity for retreatment. In addition, corneal new vessels are effectively occluded without recanalization or new growth elsewhere.
The photochemical reaction of the present invention was employed in initiating permanent thrombotic occlusions in the corneal neovasculature of rabbit eyes with experimentally induced lipid keratopathy.
Nine New Zealand white strain rabbits weighting 1 to 2 kg were rendered hypercholesterolemic by foods that contained high levels of cholesterol, as described in Stock et. al., Arch. Ophthalmol., 103:726-730, 1985; and Mendelsohn et al., Ophthalmic Surg., 17:502-508, 1986. Eight days after commencement of the high-cholesterol diet, corneal sutures were implanted in both eyes according to the surgical procedure described in Mendelsohn et al., Ophthalmic Surg., 17:502-508, 1986.
On day 22, slit-lamp photographs and fluorescein angiograms were obtained of all corneas (Mendelsohn et al., Arch. Ophthalmol., 105:983-988, 1987, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference and relied upon). On the next day, one eye of each rabbit underwent laser surgery, with the other eye serving as a comparative control. Rose bengal dye was dissolved at a concentration of 30 mg/ml in 0.9% saline solution. For the initial injection, the dye solution was administered at a total body concentration of 45 mg/kg. For the two animals in which the procedure took longer than 25 minutes, a booster injection of 15 mg/kg was administered. Irradiations of corneal vessels were carried out with an argon ion laser (Model 95, Cooper Laser-Sonica, Sunnyvale, Calif.) operated in the TEM00 mode at 514.5 nm. The beam was directed toward an aluminized mechanical shutter (AW Vincent Associates, Rochester, NY), which reflected it at a right angle through a 514.5-nm custom interference filter with a transmittance of 92% (Omega Optical, Brattleboro, VT) and then through a fused silica lens with a focal length of 7.5 cm for focusing into a 2.5-m fiberoptic cable 400 μm in diameter. In the optical fiber, the gaussian input beam profile was converted into an output beam. The output was collimated by a plano convex lens 3.5 cm in focal length and focused with a plano convex lens with a focal length of 1.0 cm. The lenses were mounted in a beam telescope attached to an X-Y positioning device (Daedal Inc., Harrison City, Pa.). The beam diameter was measured with a calibrated reticle in the ocular of a �20 operating microscope. By observing, through a 514.5-nm rejection filter, the fluorescence of a white card impregnated with rhodamine B, the minimum diameter of the organe fluorescent spot at the focal point was determined to be 63 μm. Combining the transmission efficiencies of the three uncoated lenses (92% per lens, 76% total transmission) with those of the optical fiber and interference filter yielded a system transmission efficiency of 61.5%. This reduced the incident power level of the laser from 215 mW to an effective power level of 132 mW; this corresponded to an incident intensity at the focal point of 4.23 kW/cm2 . During shutter closure, irradiations were carried out in 0.2-s intervals. When the shutter was opened, the low-power beam, which was reflected off an optical flat and through the optical system, was used for aligning the next vessel selected for irradiation.
One eye of each rabbit was subjected to laser applications that were directed toward the vascular branching points of the limbal and corneal feeder vessels adjacent to the sites of lipid deposits. The irradiated blood vessel segment was observed through the �20 operating microcope fitted with the 514.5-nm rejection band interference filter. Initially, the irradiated segment appeared yellow-orange because the fluorescence of rose bengal had been absorbed into erythrocyte plasma membranes and plasma proteins. As platelets accumulated, the fluorescence became yellowish and less intense. The color gradually disappeared due to the exclusion of red blood cells, indicating occlusion of the vessel. A striking event that preceded the thrombus was intense vasoconstriction at the site of irradiation. Constriction of the vessel could be observed following the initial one to three laser shots in each segment. As laser treatment proceeded, the irradiated segment began to assume a mottled appearance due to the superposition of small reddish aggregates on a generally colorless background. The vessel alternately contracted and, to a lesser extent, expanded. Finally, the irradiated segment became completely colorless as the thrombus evolved within the lumen.
On days 25 and 42, two additional sets of corneal slit-lamp photographs and corneal angiograms were obtained. On day 43, the rabbits were killed. Their corneas were removed and bisected so that each half contained essentially an equal quantity of visible lipid deposition. Biochemical analysis of one of the halves of each cornea was performed to determine the quantity of cholesterol deposits according to the technique described in Stock et al., Arch. Opthalmol., 103:726-730, 1985. The other half was fixed in a solution of 10 mol/L sodium cacodylate, 0.1 mol/L paraffin, and 4 mol/L glutaraldehyde. Cryostat sections were prepared and stained with either oil red 0 or hematoxylin-eosin for histologic analysis.
Angiograms were taken 21 days after laser treatments to determine the effect of argon laser-induced photothrombosis in the region of corneal neovascularization. The angiograms depicted a complete lack of perfusion by fluorescein in all nine treated rabbit eyes, with about 95% of the treated corneal vessels occluded. In contrast, the neovasculature in the control eyes remained patent. Examination of corneal sections by light microscopy revealed that the irradiated feeder vessels were patent distal to the photochemically induced occlusions but were devoid of blood because of the absence of recanalization. Both acute and chronic inflammatory cells were observed in mild to moderate numbers in comparable concentrations in both the treated and untreated eyes. No signs of inflammation were observed along the limbal vessels, nor were any new vessels formed in response to the photothrombotic treatment. Both the laser-treated and control corneas showed lipid deposition in the superficial, middle, and deep stroma, as evidenced by positive oil red 0 staining.
The quantity of injected dye, the number of laser shots, and the corneal cholesterol contents (CCC's) for pohotothrombotically treated and control (untreated) eyes are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Corneal Cholesterol Concentrations Corneal Cholesterol Concentration, g of Cholesterol/ 100 g of Corneal Tissue .THorizBrace. Difference Difference Between Between Rose Bengal No. of Laser- Treated and Treated andRabbit Dye Dose, Laser Untreated Treated Untreated UntreatedNo. mg/kg Shots Eye Eye Eyes Eyes, %__________________________________________________________________________1 45 90 0.3940.250 0.144 -36.52 45 58 0.2840.277 0.007 -2.53 60* 86 0.3740.155 0.219 -58.64 45 64 0.3130.237 0.076 -24.35 45 90 0.3570.208 0.149 -41.76 60* 106 0.3980.192 0.206 -51.87 45 100 0.3610.256 0.105 -29.18 45 96 0.3070.178 0.129 -42.09 45 76 0.2650.207 0.058 -21.9__________________________________________________________________________ *Rabbit received 45 mg/kg and booster shot of 15 mg/kg 25 minutes later.
The laser-treated eyes demonstrated 36% less corneal cholesterol than did the control eyes. The number of laser shots required to occlude the corneal neovasculature varied from 58 to 106 per quadrant, with an average of 85. In general, the number of laser shots required was proportional to the CCC in the untreated eye. Linear regression analysis of the relationship between the required number of laser shots and the CCC of the corresponding untreated eye yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.689 (Mendelsohn et al., Arch. Ophthalmol., 105:983-988, 1987), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference and relied upon). A plot of the apparent reduction in CCC, defined as the difference in CCC between treated and untreated eyes, against the CCC of the untreated eye revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.819. When the percentage reduction in CCC, calculated as 100 times the differences in CCC between the treated and untreated eyes divided by the CCC of the untreated eye, was plotted against the CCC of the untreated eye, a correlation coefficient of 0.795 was obtained. The apparent and percentage reductions in CCC were also related by linear regression to the number of laser shots required, by correlation coefficients of 0.743 and 0.741, respectively.
The results show that the photothrombotic procedure does not produce corneal edema or polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration as has been found in previous studies employing laser induced photocoagulation. Thus, the formation of additional neovascularization and lipid deposition is avoided. Vascular occlusion by photothrombosis, effected with 8.5 times less incident intensity and 27.5 times less total light exposure than with photocoagulation, yielded an average reduction of corneal cholesterol content of 36% as opposed to an increase of 24% found with previous argon laser photocoagulation.
The histopathological and hemodynamic consequences of photochemically induced middle cerebral artery (MCA) thrombosis and recanalization were examined in the rat.
Normally fed male Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 280-330 gm were used. Anesthesia was induced with 4% halothane and maintained with 1.5% halothane, 70% N2 O and a balance of O2 delivered through a closely fitting face mask. Polyethylene catheters were inserted retrogradely into the right external carotid artery and right femoral artery and vein. The partial pressures of O2 and CO2 and the arterial pH were measured frequently. Rectal temperature was maintained at 37� C. by means of a heating pad.
Photochemically Induced MCA Occlusion:
Rats were mounted on a stereotaxic frame and the right MCA was exposed by a modified subtemporal approach. A portion of the jaw was removed, and the masseter muscle was retracted downward to facilitate exposure of the MCA. The mandibular joint was kept intact so as not to disturb normal feeding. To produce MCA occlusion in these studies, a low power He-Ne laser operating in the TEM* 01 (doughnut) mode at 0.8 mW and at a wavelength of 543.5 nm (PMS Electro-Optics, Boulder, CO.) was used. The efficiency of this laser in interacting with rose bengal dye is appreciable (58%) in that its emission wavelength is near the absorption maximum of rose bengal in tissue (562 nm). The animal was moutned in a stereotaxic frame, and its right side was tilted upward by 35� in order for the laser beam to strike the proximal MCA tangentially. The ring-shaped beam was focused transversely onto the exposed MCA by two crossed cylindrical lenses of 1- and 2-inch focal length. The resulting focused spot, rectangular in shape, was �200 μm wide (spanning the diameter of the MCA perpendicular to its axis) and 40 μm high (parallel to the MCA axis).
MCA thrombosis was induced in two steps. First, the linear beam was focused transversely on the MCA segment just distal to the rhinal branch. The intensity of laser irradiation at the focal site was 10 W/cm2. Rose bengal was then injected intravenously (30 mg/ml in saline, 0.67 ml/kg bw weight). An orange fluorescence was immediately observed in the irradiated MCA segment, and a white thrombus began to form within the fluorescent segment and gradually elongated rostrally. Within 10 minutes, the MCA was completely occluded by a white thrombus, the length of which was about two times the diameter of the MCA (�400 μm). Complete MCA occlusion was confirmed by inspection of the vessel during the injection of a 100-μl saline bolus through the retrograde external carotid catheter. Next, the laser beam was moved to the horizontal portion of the MCA, distal to the olfactory tract and proximal to the rhinal branch. A second thrombus was then induced at the site following an additional injection of the same dose of rose bengal. By the end of the second irradiation, a thrombus about 1.2 mm in length was present in the MCA, centered at the olfactory tract.
The invention having been described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that various modifications can be made within the scope of the following claims.
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Roundy's, Inc. Reports Third Quarter 2012 Financial Results
Mr. Mariano continued, "Recognizing that the economy and competitive environment are likely to remain challenging into fiscal 2013, we are reducing our quarterly dividend to strengthen our balance sheet and increase our financial flexibility. We believe that it is in the best long-term interest of our shareholders as it will enable us to continue to invest in the business and expand our growth banner, Mariano's, in the Chicago market, as well as provide cash flow to pay down debt. Our new dividend policy will continue to provide for a dividend pay-out as a percentage of net income and dividend yield that is very attractive relative to our peers."
Financial Results for Third Quarter of 2012
Net sales for the third quarter of 2012 were $973.6 million, a decrease of $3.3 million, or 0.3%, from $976.9 million for the third quarter of 2011. The decrease primarily reflects a 3.6% decrease in same-store sales, partially offset by the impact of new stores. The decline in same-store sales was primarily due to a 3.0% decrease in the number of customer transactions and a 0.7% decrease in average transaction size. Same-store sales comparisons were negatively impacted by the increased effect of competitive store openings and related pricing and promotional activity in certain of our markets as a result of the continuation of a challenging economic environment for our customers, as well as the performance of certain promotional programs which did not perform as well as last year. In addition, we did experience deflationary trends, some of which were related to pricing and promotional activity, in several key product categories that also negatively affected our same-store sales.
Gross profit for the third quarter of 2012 decreased 4.6% to $251.2 million, from $263.2 million in the third quarter of 2011. Gross profit as a percentage of net sales was 25.8% for the third quarter of 2012, compared to 26.9% in the third quarter of 2011. The decrease in gross profit as a percentage of net sales primarily reflects greater price and promotional investments in certain markets and increased shrink as a result of warm weather conditions.
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If you like this, Harlequin recommends
- Una oferta descarada
- by
- Oct 2014
When the Wolfe's at the door
To protect Princess Ava de Veers, James Wolfe must keep his mind on the job. Having shared one passionate night, Wolfe knows exactly how willful, independentand sexyshe is. But he will separate his feelings for Ava from the task at hand.
Wolfe is the most daring man Ava has ever met and he drives her crazy! Yet as the threat to her life escalates, he's the only man she can trust and the only place she feels safe is in his arms. But, as royalty, Ava knows that duty always comes at a cost .


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Nov. 16 (Bloomberg) -- Unifrax Corp., a producer of high- temperature insulation products, cut the rate and shifted funds in a $540 million financing backing its buyout by American Securities LLC, according to a person with knowledge of the matter.
A seven-year term loan has been decreased to $390 million and a 75 million euro ($101 million) piece has been added, said the person who declined to be identified, because the deal's private.
Unifrax, based in Niagara Falls, New York, will pay 5.5 percentage points more than the London interbank offered rate on the dollar denominated debt, compared with six percentage points more than the lending benchmark initially proposed, the person said. The euro-denominated piece will pay six percentage points more than Libor. The lending benchmark will have a 1.5 percent floor on both portions.
The company will sell the loans at 98 cents on the dollar, the person said, reducing proceeds for the borrower and boosting the yield for investors. Unifrax previously offered to sell the loan at 97 cents on the dollar.
Lenders to the Goldman Sachs Group Inc.-led deal are being offered one-year of soft-call protection of 101 cents on both facilities, the person said, meaning Unifrax would have to pay one cent more than face value to reprice the debt during its first year.
The interest rate on a five-year, $50 million revolving line of credit has been cut by 0.5 percentage point, to 5.25 percentage points more than Libor, the person said.
In a revolving credit facility, money can be borrowed again once it's repaid; in a term loan, it can't. A term loan B is
--Editors: Faris Khan, Chapin Wright
To contact the reporters on this story: Krista Giovacco in New York at firstname.lastname@example.com; Michael Amato in New York at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Faris Khan at email@example.com


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|Name: _________________________
|Period: ___________________
This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What does Mother do after Charlie leaves to get married?
(a) Cries for days.
(b) Changes the sheets on his bed.
(c) Cleans the kitchen.
(d) Bakes a pie.
2. Who is the woman who appears to Young Charlie in Act 2, Part 2?
(a) Mrs. Peavy.
(b) Mrs. Prynne.
(c) Mrs. Priory.
(d) Mrs. Preston.
3. What is Charlie's condition at the beginning of Act 2, Part 1?
(a) Drunk.
(b) Depressed.
(c) Ill.
(d) Celebratory.
4. Which of the following does Da not do at the end of the play?
(a) Follows Charlie out of the house.
(b) Cries for Mother.
(c) Says that he'll keep up with Charlie.
(d) Sings an Irish song.
5. Why is Charlie now mad at Da?
(a) For not taking his money.
(b) For leaving him so suddenly.
(c) For not telling him he loved him.
(d) For not loving Mother properly.
Short Answer Questions
1. Who does Charlie say is always bothering him?
2. What is "an Irishwoman's death"?
3. Who is sitting in the living room when Charlie gets home?
4. How long had Charlie been working at Drumm's when Young Charlie has a conversation with Drumm?
5. Where had Mother taken the glasses?
This section contains 217 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)


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TV Show Reviews
Least Helpful
Scott Pilgrim vs the World" is interesting and creative, for the first half of its run. After that the peformances dwindle to nothing as the screen explodes with colors, flashy effects, and cartoonish fighting. None of which is terribly interesting.Paolo Sardinas | 4 years ago | 427 people did not find this review helpfulAt first glance "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World" seems to be one wildly creative and inventive graphic novel adaptation. Much more so than the adaptations of Alan Moore's graphic novels, Watchmen and V f...more
"This was a GREAT movie!"Optimusprime123 | 4 years ago | 27 people did not find this review helpfulKarate Kid was a great movie full of great kung fu! The cast was really great and I can't wait to see Karate Kid 2 coming on 2012! The story is great but it needs a little more action for people to li...more ( Short Review: 105 words )
two mega thumbs upMeg.6.14 | 4 years ago | 17 people did not find this review helpfulThe only movie that has played in a theater that I have actually laughed at. It may be a corny show but overall I think it was the best one yet. The language is strong,however, that was what made it f...more ( Short Review: 41 words )
Wolverine/Logan epic origin of how he came to beundeadslayer4 | 2 years ago | 07 people did not find this review helpfulI don't know why some people are disapointed on x men origins but if any of you do i highly disagree with you. The story wasn't that horrible that most reviewers said in complete exaggeration. The int...more ( Short Review: 177 words )
awesome preadator movie better then the 2nd not better then the first oneRyan Moran | 4 years ago | 157 people did not find this review helpfulthis movie was great lots of acting and the new preadators was ok tho adrein brody was awesome tho he kick ass and i would not want to mess with him in this movie...more ( Short Review: 34 words )
Disapointment, MegaMind is a MegaFail, And A Total Sell Out For DREAMWORKSOhTheFilmNerd | 4 years ago | 67 people did not find this review helpfulThis could possibly be the most ludicrous film made. Funny? In places, immature? Yes, and yes it is Full of great gags referring to Superman, and Will Ferrell on form as per usual, making us gag with ...more
Completely mind-blowing! Completely seductive! Avatar is the reason we become movie fans in the first place!Brian | 5 years ago | 457 people did not find this review helpfulPretend for a second that James Cameron isn't the James Cameron we all know. Pretend for a second that the filmmaker that created Avatar from a vision in his head is a newcomer to the movie-making sce...more
nice scenesMIguel Verguet-Moniz | 4 years ago | 47 people did not find this review helpfuli was just expecting for some good action scenes...it's not a great movie like the hurt locker..but has awesome scenes...more ( Short Review: 20 words )
sucks penisGreatCritic | 4 years ago | 27 people did not find this review helpfuli hatd dis movee. i luv da poster RGGGGAWR BONATASTIC MUDAF*CKA!!! uma turman did a good job, she somked a lot o crack. all d oda acting was good. da movee is meynly borrin, from 0:20-2:00. deyr isnt ...more ( Short Review: 70 words )
" I say Extra Terrestrial" "Dude is that even real"tycamgamer | 4 years ago | 37 people did not find this review helpfulThis movie was phenomenal. The effects, the acting, the dialogue, everything. This movie was well written and well directed. The movie had just the right amount of Action as well as Drama. They have a...more ( Short Review: 167 words )
Electrify the boys and girls......Tronfan | 4 years ago | 37 people did not find this review helpfulThis movie is worth seeing. I have seen it twice so far. I love the special effects, but also the father/son story which has the emotion core that keeps you in the movie. I had no idea that 2 hours ha...more ( Short Review: 63 words )
DOESNT EVEYONE LOVE THIS MASTERPIECE?????GreatCritic | 4 years ago | 97 people did not find this review helpfulMY FAVRIT MOVIE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!...more ( Short Review: 3 words )
RebootDstevens | 3 years ago | 17 people did not find this review helpfulNot as bad as the second one but still full of plot holes. M. Bay reminds me of a 8 year old boy playing with action fig. It's like he's making it up as he goes, changing the rules mid movie....more ( Short Review: 40 words )
DecentMeg.6.14 | 4 years ago | 97 people did not find this review helpfulI am not a big fan of the Saw Movies,considering all of them are basically the same in theory. However, i found this one to be gory, which I loved. The begining was great, that the girl dies. We did n...more ( Short Review: 67 words )
BOOBIES IN 3D 0_0Kazuma47 | 4 years ago | 67 people did not find this review helpfulPIRANHA 3D IS A LOT OF FUN AND IT IS MY FAV MOVE OF 2010. I ABSOLUTLEY ENJOYED THIS MOVIE AND I NEVER HAD SUCH A FUN TIME AT THE MOVIES. THE PIRANHAS LOOKED SO REAL, IT WAS FUNNY, AND IT WAS AWESOME. ...more ( Short Review: 51 words )
predictableAditya Pathak | 4 years ago | 17 people did not find this review helpfulyou will find all the weapons created in the world in this movie.... action is good... but the movie is not.......more ( Short Review: 21 words )
Source CodeTransFormers3 | 4 years ago | 57 people did not find this review helpfulOpens: April 1 (Summit Entertainment) Cast: Jake Gyllenhaal, Michelle Monaghan, Vera Farmiga, Jeffrey Wright Director: Duncan Jones Screenwriter: Ben Ripley
more ( Short Review: 171 words )
It's like the A-Team.......BUT BETTERMonkeyiron | 4 years ago | 47 people did not find this review helpfulLike the sub-title says.This was a very intresting movie from beginning to the very end.The acting was excellent, even Slyvester Stoloan proved that even a man in his old age proved that he can kick s...more ( Short Review: 112 words )
Felt very let down.wbender78 | 2 years ago | 77 people did not find this review helpfulToo slow, and just too drawn out. No Azrael?? Really? Robin? Really? I guess Arnold will come back for the Mr. Freeze role, and DeVito will reprise his role in the next "Robin" movie... Gimme a break....more ( Short Review: 37 words )
Ok this is a review of the movie not the bluerayChris Dye 23 | 2 years ago | 37 people did not find this review helpfulI am soo sick of this happening i have seen several dirty comedy's recently but this was the lowest of the low it wasn't even all that funny and I was ashamed to have picked this out to watch with my ...more ( Short Review: 123 words )


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ROSEBURG, Ore. – The Douglas Forest Protective Association lowered the fire danger level to low Monday. Recent rain showers have reduced the threat level, but officials say the fire season remains in effect. Officials say open fires, including campfires, warming fires, cooking fires and charcoal fires are still prohibited except in designated campgrounds. They say … Continue reading »
Both Sides React to Timber Bill
ROSEBURG, Ore. –Douglas County is home to four different O&C land districts. "That's why this is so important, not only to counties, but to our communities, our economy, our job base," said Doug Robertson, President of the O&C County Association. The association of O&C counties says because of protests and environmental lawsuits, forestry services have … Continue reading »
Animal Control Needs Help Locating Dog
SUTHERLIN, Ore. – Douglas County Environmental Health says it needs help finding a dog involved in a biting incident Sunday. Douglas County Animal Control is looking for a dog described as a small, brown and white pit bull. It says around 11:30 a.m. Sunday, the dog bit a child near east 2nd Avenue. Animal control … Continue reading »
Wildfire Sparks at Cooper Creek
ROSEBURG, Ore. – Fire crews responded to a natural-cover fire near Cooper Creek Reservoir Saturday. Crews say the fire was reported around 3 p.m. when smoke was seen rising from one of the coves on the south shore of the reservoir. Firefighters say 1.5 acres of grass, brush and tress before they were able stopped … Continue reading »
Missing Man's Body Found
RIDDLE, Ore. — The body of a missing Arizona man was found in a wooded area on Monday night after a search that lasted several days. The Douglas County Sheriff's Office says 18-year-old Jonathan Croom was found about a thousand feet from his car, which was found last week after he had been missing for … Continue reading »
Nine Arrested in Marijuana Raids
ROSEBURG, Ore. — Nine people face criminal charges after the Douglas Interagency Narcotics Team conducted several pot busts throughout the county. Four growing sites were raided and 43 marijuana plants were seized as evidence along with 243 grams of processed weed. Wayne Gordon, Jeffrey Star, Stephen Turner, Danielle Leiby, Darrel Denney, Jason Hubbard, Denise Bettencourt, … Continue reading »
Oregon Wildfire Update
EUGENE, Ore. – Wildfires continue to burn in Oregon. 5,596 personnel continue to work to contain the fires. The Douglas Complex near Glendale has burned 35,633 acres and was 18 percent contained Monday. The complex of fires continues to threaten 470 homes. Access to homes on Poorman Creek Road, Lower Grave Creek, Grave Creek and … Continue reading »
National Guard Joins Fire Crews
GLENDALE, Ore. — The Oregon Military Department and the Oregon Office of Emergency Management began assisting fire crews on Douglas Complex fires Wednesday. The Oregon Army National Guard provided five aircrafts prepared to help with fire suppression; three Blackhawk helicopters, a Chinook helicopter and a Lakota helicopter. 125 soldiers with 26 high mobility, multi-wheeled vehicles … Continue reading »
Oregon Wildfire Update
Thirteen large wildfires continue to burn in Douglas and Josephine counties. More than 3,000 fire personnel are working to fight the fires that are continuing to grow. Douglas Complex The Douglas Complex fires continue to burn in Douglas and Josephine counties. The fire is made up of four branches: the Milo fire, Rabbit Mountain fire, … Continue reading »
Oregon Wildfire Update
Firefighters continue to battle growing wildfires in Oregon. Governor Kitzhaber has declared a state of emergency for Josephine and Douglas counties. Here's a rundown of the latest fires. In Douglas County, the Douglas Complex fires continues to burn near Glendale. The fire has burned 21,000 acres and was 2 percent contained Tuesday morning. The fires … Continue reading »


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SSC CGL 2014 Admit Card Download Online for upcoming Combined Graduate Level Exam (CGL 2014) proposed to be held on 19th October 2014 and 26th October 2014 at various location in India. The Admit Card along with the Exam Instruction for SSC CGL 2014 are available to download for selected region. Candidates appearing for the SSC 2014 CGL Exam may download their Admit Card from the below mentioned link. SSC …Continue Here
SSC Exam
Admit Card Download
SSC CGL 2014 Admit Card Download Online – ssc-cr.org
SSC Exam
SSC CGL 2013 Tentative Vacancies
SSC Exam
SSC CGL 2013 Cancelled
SSC Exam
SSC CGL Tier 2 Result 2013
Answer Key


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What is the X in X-mas?
periodic paralysis n.
A group of diseases marked by episodes of muscular weakness or flaccid paralysis without loss of consciousness, speech, or sensation.
any of the forms of a rare disorder that is characterized by relatively short-term, recurrent attacks of muscle weakness. Usually the disorder is inherited; it occurs three times more often in males than in females.


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Spec Ops: The Line will get new co-op campaign missions available as free DLC, which is expected to launch "approximately" around August.
Spec Ops: The Line has already launched in North America, will arrive internationally on June 29th and we can all expect free co-op campaign missions as DLC "approximately" around August, according to 2K Games.
The DLC will provide four co-op campaign missions, which will take place prior to the events in the solo campaign. Players will experience new areas, and be able to play new characters in the co-op DLC.
There has been no exact release date for the DLC, with 2K leaving it fairly open saying that it will be available "approximately" in August.
Haven't decided if you should get Spec Ops: The Line on Friday? Maybe our review will help you decide.


text:
Lund Boats 186 Pro Sport GL - Multi-Species Fishing Boat Photos
About Lund Boats 186 Pro Sport GL
A sleek and unmistakable ride.
The Lund 186 Pro-V GL fiberglass boat is designed with all the fishing features that only a Lund fishing boat can offer. With a fiberglass boat finish the form is unmistakably smooth and sleek. These fiberglass fishing boats provide an unmistakable ride for an 18' boat.


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A Midwinter Night's Dream (San zimske noci)
Description: The turmoil and tragedy of post war serbia is examined through the microcosm of the relationships between an ex-soldier, an autistic girl and her Bosnian mother, with the spectre of destructive nationalism looming in the background.
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Student from Bellerose Queens. Into photography, indie/electronic, music production, public television and green tea!


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My Profile
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Reviewed Pumpkin Soup with Chili Cran-Apple Relish
Oct 26, 2010 in Food Network Community Toolbox on Food Network
"The soup was bland it was ok wouldn't make it again.But the relish was awsome! I make it all the time it is sooo good! I add mango and its good w/ chicken and fish and as salsa with chips! Its great...the soup blahhh"


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Thoughts on this fund tapped by Spokane police over the years?
Spokane police spent $5.3 million on cars, travel, gasoline, weapons, training, clothing, electronics and office equipment over two decades, using a private account operated by the department's Special Investigations Unit – outside of public scrutiny and in violation of city and state laws.
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Goldman's 11 Best Consumer Stocks for 2011
4. Hasbro (HAS) makes toys and operates a kids-focused television channel.
The company preannounced fourth-quarter results. It will provide further detail and disclosure on Feb. 7. Goldman lowered its 2010, 2011 and 2012 earnings per share estimates in reaction to the announcement. It also lowered its price target $3 to $59, still predicting an attractive return of 33% in Hasbro shares. Hasbro missed Goldman's quarterly sales estimate, but the bank is still bullish as it feels that Hasbro has entered a "sweet spot with respect to its entertainment-driven strategy." Hasbro recently launched The Hub television channel and ratings have widely exceeded analysts' initial expectations.
Other analysts are also bullish on Hasbro, with 65% advising clients to purchase shares and 35% saying to hold. Piper Jaffray echoes Goldman's Street-high target of $59. Goldman expects earnings to accelerate during the second quarter, but it expects near-term weakness, resulting from an inventory overhang and a weaker-than-anticipated holiday season, which will likely be evident in first-quarter earnings.
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Jim Cramer and Stephanie Link actively manage a real portfolio and reveal their money management tactics while giving advanced notice before every trade.
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David Peltier, uncovers low dollar stocks with extraordinary upside potential that are flying under Wall Street's radar.
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Jim Cramer's protege, David Peltier, identifies the best of breed dividend stocks that will pay a reliable AND significant income stream.
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- Diversified model portfolio of dividend stocks
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Our options trading pros provide daily market commentary and over 100 monthly option trading ideas and strategies to help you become a well-seasoned trader.
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All new belts including timing belt and idler pulley assembly. Seems worse with A/C on. Noise was present before belt change. Car has 118K miles.
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2000 Dodge Intrepid
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2000 Dodge Intrepid Question: What causes growling sound at 1500 RPM from front area of engine compartment?
Balloon Chaser, 3.5L V6, Puyallup, WA, July 16, 2013, 11:47
1 Answer
Answer #1Greg's Orange Auto (14224 Answers) , Orange, CA - (714) 361-9386globalhelper July 16, 2013, 12:35Master
poss a/c clutch hub bearing
ReplyBalloon Chaser, July 16, 2013, 15:16Rookie
I don't see a cost for replacing that in the Estimator. Any ideas?
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