text:
King v. Dingle et al
Filing 58
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION 1. That the Plaintiffs Motion for Relief Stated in Complaint Docket No. 32 be DENIED. 2. That the Defendants' Motion to Dismiss and for Summary Judgment Docket No. 44 be GRANTED. Objections to R&R due by 3/9/2010. Signed by Chief Mag. Judge Raymond L. Erickson on 02/23/2010. (jz)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA ******************* REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION ******************* Scott Nolan King, Plaintiff, vs. Lynn M. Dingle, individually, and in her official capacity; and Greg J. Lindell, Craig S. Oseland, and Steve Hamann, in their individual capacities; Defendants. Civ. No. 08-5922 (ADM/RLE) ******************* I. Introduction This matter came before the undersigned United States Magistrate Judge pursuant to a general assignment, made in accordance with the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. §636(b)(1)(B), upon the self-styled Motion of the Plaintiff Scott Nolan King ("King") for Relief Stated in Complaint, and the Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, or for Summary Judgment. King appears pro se, and the Defendants appear by Margaret E. Jacot, Assistant Minnesota Attorney General. For reasons which follow, we recommend that the Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment be granted, and that King's Motion for Relief State in Complaint be denied. II. Factual Background King is currently incarcerated at the Minnesota Correctional Facility, at Oak Park Heights ("MCF-OPH"), where he is serving a life sentence following a conviction for First Degree Murder. See, State v. King, 513 N.W.2d 245, 245 (Minn. 1994); Affidavit of Lisa Rudeen, ("Rudeen Aff."), Docket No. 52, at ¶2 and Exhibit A. At all relevant times, King was incarcerated at the Minnesota Correctional Facility, in Stillwater ("MCF-Stillwater"). See, Rudeen Aff. at ¶2. King brings this action against Lynn Dingle ("Dingle"), who is the Warden of MCF-Stillwater, in her official and individual capacities, and against Craig Oseland ("Oseland"), Steven Hamann ("Hamann"), and Gregory Lindell ("Lindell"), in their individual capacities. At all relevant times, Oseland, Hamann, and Lindell, were employees of MCF-Stillwater. Construing King's submissions liberally, we understand him to be asserting claims, pursuant to Title 42 U.S.C. §1983, for asserted -2- violations of his rights under the First, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments.1 In addition, King alleges claims under Title 42 U.S.C. §§1985(3), and 1986, for a civil rights conspiracy, and for failure to prevent a civil rights conspiracy. For relief, King seeks compensatory damages for his emotional injuries, punitive damages, and declaratory and injunctive relief pertaining to the disciplinary proceeding, including a request that we order an expungement of the pertinent incident from his prison records. The facts, as pertinent to the Motions now before us, may be briefly summarized. The Minnesota Department of Corrections' ("DOC's") correctional industry program is called MINNCOR, which provides a centralized organizational structure for the program. See, Affidavit of Steven Hamann, ("Hamann Aff."), Docket No. 48, Although it is not clear if King is asserting an independent claim for retaliation under Section 1983, in addition to his claims related to a conspiracy to violate his First Amendment Rights, see, Plaintiff's Memorandum, Docket No. 34, at pp. 1-5, we have followed the Defendants' lead in proceeding as if he has also asserted such an independent claim. Moreover, as the Defendants have noted, King has not specifically pled an Eighth Amendment claim but, in his Memorandum, he cites to Eighth Amendment law, so we have addressed whether he has asserted a viable Eighth Amendment claim and, for that purpose, assume that he has alleged such a claim. We will further assume, but without deciding, that this particular claim is against the Defendants generally, although that is not entirely clear. -3- 1 ¶¶1, 5. MINNCOR has a number of different shops at MCF-Stillwater. Id. at ¶5. In September and August of 2007, King was working in the W-Shop at MCF-Stillwater. Id. at ¶¶3 and 7, and Exhibit D. W-Shop has three (3) production lines on which the inmates can work. Id. at ¶5. On one (1) production line, workers insert cards into bags, and seal the bags while, on the other two (2) lines, workers fold balloons, insert the balloons into bags, and seal the bags. Id. The cards and balloons do not go into the same bags, but each card bag must be accompanied by a balloon bag. Id. Card stuffing takes less time, however, so there are often more finished card bags than there are balloon bags, and accordingly, the foreman will move inmates around, between the production lines, in order to accommodate production needs. Id. In August and September of 2007, Stacy Corbo ("Corbo"),2 who was, at that time, the Corrections Manufacturing Specialist for the W-Shop, and who was responsible for the direct supervision of the inmates who were working in the WShop, including King. Id. at ¶3, and Exhibit A. Corbo was hired by the DOC in 2001, to work as a Correctional Officer, and she began working for MINNCOR in 2005. Id. Stacy Corbo was initially a Defendant in this action, but she has already been dismissed as a Defendant, upon the recommendation of the undersigned, by Order of the District Court, the Honorable Ann D. Montgomery presiding, which was dated July 22, 2009. See, Order, Docket No. 24. -4- 2 Hamann, who was the Factory Manager responsible for supervising MINNCOR's industry operations at MCF-Stillwater, avers that Corbo "directly supervised inmate workers, ensured that production ran smoothly, interviewed inmates for new employment positions, evaluated inmates, and granted raises." Id. at ¶1, 3; see also, Id. at Exhibit A. According to Hamann, MINNCOR employees must comply with nearly all of the same training requirements as DOC security staff, and they are expected to follow DOC policies. Id. at ¶4. DOC employees must attend academy training, prior to the commencement of their employment, which lasts about three (3) weeks, and they are required to complete additional mandatory training throughout each year of employment. Id. As pertinent here, the employees learn the rules regarding interaction with other inmates, the protection of inmates' rights, the protection of the safety and security of both inmates and staff, and the protection of data privacy. Id. at ¶4, and Exhibit B. King was initially assigned to the card stuffing production line in the W-Shop. Id. at Exhibit F. Apparently, on August 31, 2007, Corbo reassigned King from the card stuffing production line to the balloon stuffing line, which King believed was a demotion. Id. at ¶10, and Exhibit F. Shortly thereafter, on September 5, 2007, -5- Hamann was filling in for Corbo's supervisor, Tom Petrich, who was on vacation, when Hamann was approached by King while Hamann was making the rounds in the W-Shop. Id. at ¶10. King told Hamann that he had been unfairly demoted from his position, as Lead Worker for the card stuffing line. Id. Hamann discussed the situation with King, and then told King to put his complaints in writing, and send them to him. Id. The next day, on September 6, 2007, King sent Hamann a kite, which King had entitled "Grievance/Complaint."3 Id. at Exhibit F. Notwithstanding the title, Hamann avers that the kite was not a formal grievance, as defined by the DOC grievance procedure. Id. at ¶10. In his kite, King alleged that Corbo demoted him from his Lead Worker position on the card stuffing line, because King had not informed her about workers, who had not come to work during the last week of August, which resulted in a drop in the production of cards. Id. at Exhibit F. King further alleged that his job duties did not include monitoring the attendance of his co-workers, or reporting that attendance to Corbo. Id. King, who is an African-American male, further alleges that A "kite" is "a printed form issued by the [DOC] that offenders use to communicate with staff * * * [and that] can be used to request appointments, information, programming, or to informally resolve an issue." See, Affadivit of Kim Ebeling, Docket No. 47, at Exhibit A ("Grievance Procedure"). -6- 3 Corbo gave his Lead Worker position to a white man, and that her decision to reassign him was racially motivated. Id. King requested reinstatement to his Lead Worker position, and a statement assuring that the incident would not affect King's eligibility for pay raises in the future. Id. Hamann avers that, when he spoke with King on September 5, 2007, King had not mentioned racial discrimination. Id. at ¶10. According to Hamann, there is no formal Lead Worker position, because no inmates are allowed to supervise other inmates. Id. ¶7. Hamann avers that, while there is no formal position, some inmate workers become informally known as Lead Workers because they demonstrate that they are responsible, experienced workers, who the staff are able to rely upon for information about production. Id. Hamann attests that inmate workers are reviewed quarterly for raises, which are based upon seniority, performance, and the pay rates of other workers in the shop. Id. at ¶8. In addition, inmate pay rates fall into various categories, and there are caps on the number of inmates in a shop, who may receive wage rates within each category. Id. According to Hamann, while taking on more responsibility as a Lead Worker would increase an inmate's chances that they would receive a favorable evaluation, it does not affect the factors that are considered in granting raises. Id. at ¶8, and Exhibit E. Hamann avers that, as a result, Corbo's decision to move King to another production -7- line did not result in a demotion, a change in his employment position, or a decrease in pay. Id. at ¶10. After receiving King's kite, Hamann gave a copy of the kite to Corbo, and asked her to meet with him in his office in order to discuss the kite after she had reviewed it. Id. at ¶11. Corbo went to Hamann's office later in that same day, at which time, they discussed King's allegations. Id. Corbo denied the allegations and stated that she moved King to a different line, because more workers were needed in other production lines. Id. During that conversation, Corbo stated that she had left King's kite lying on her desk in the W-Shop office, and that the inmate worker who performed janitorial work in the W-Shop might have seen the kite through the windows. Id. at ¶12. In response, Hamann told Corbo that she needed to be more careful in maintaining the privacy of inmate's kites, and that she should tell inmate workers to stay at least five (5) feet away from the office so that they could not see items on her desk.4 Id. Hamann avers that Corbo did not tell him that she had The Defendants have submitted photographs of the W-Shop office, which reveal that it is a small enclosed office, with windows on three (3) sides. See, Hamann Aff., supra at Exhibit C. Hamann avers that an inmate outside of the office would be able to see paperwork that was on the desk in the office, if he was close to the windows and looking inside. Id. at ¶6. -8- 4 intentionally shown, or discussed, the contents of King's kite with another inmate. Id. Following that conversation, on September 7, 2007, Hamann sent King a memorandum in response to his kite. Id. at ¶11 and Exhibit G. In pertinent part, Hamann's memorandum stated as follows: You * * * mentioned that you were demoted from the card stuffing area, as you claim that you were a "lead worker." It is the discretion of the foremen to determine who works in specific area's [sic] as anybody can be put into a different position to provide other services in the Anagram division as the foremen see fit. I have moved many individuals to other area's [sic] when I have been involved with the day to day operations of Anagram. During our conversation, I asked you to send me a kite, which you have done, to express specific issues related to your change of duties. In your kite, you are claiming racial discrimination. Mr. King, the changing of your duties are [sic] in no way racially motivated. As I stated before, the foremen can and will continue to determine who works where to benefit the production of Anagram product. You are not responsible for the lack of attendance by other workers as you are claiming that this responsibility is a reason as to why your duties were changed. I will mention that past practice has been that foremen are notified by offenders if their area is in need of more offender support to meet daily goals. -9- Based on some of the issues that had taken place with your former duties, could [sic] indeed affect you with not getting a raise. You do have the right to apply or bid out for other positions if Anagram is not a good fit for you. Id. at Exhibit G. For his part, King avers that, on September 6, 2007, after Corbo received a copy of King's kite from Hamann, he and several other inmates saw her call Calvin Jones ("Jones"), who is another inmate worker in the W-Shop, into her office, and give him a copy of the grievance to read.5 See, Affidavit of Scott Nolan King, ("King Aff."), Exhibit C3 to Complaint, Docket No. 2, ¶¶6-7. King alleges that, after Jones left Corbo's office, King talked with Corbo, and stressed that showing his kite to Jones was against prison policy, but that she was unresponsive. See, Complaint, supra at ¶9. King further alleges that, on September 6, 2007, he also "personally informed Hamann that Corbo showed Prisoner Jones the grievance to read," and then asked Hamann avers that there is one (1) inmate worker assigned to be a clerk in the WShop, whose job entails obtaining information from production lines, writing information on a board, and verifying orders before they are shipped out. See, Hamann Aff., supra at ¶6. The inmates who are working on the production line provide production information to the clerk, who then completes the associated paperwork. Id. According to Hamann, the clerk often enters the W-Shop office in order to complete paperwork with the foreman, but the clerk is never allowed in the W-Shop unaccompanied by a staff person. Id. Hamann avers that Jones has worked as the W-Shop clerk in the past, but he does not know if he was working as the clerk in August or September of 2007. Id. - 10 - 5 Hamann if he was going to talk to Corbo, because King was concerned "that there could be problems from Prisoner Jones." Id. at ¶10. King claims that Hamann was unresponsive. Id. Hamann avers that he does not recall having any further conversations with King about his allegations, after sending his responsive memorandum to King. Hamann Aff., supra at ¶13. King further alleges that, on September 10, 2007, another inmate told King that Jones and Corbo had discussed his kite, in which he accused Corbo of racial discrimination, and that they had together concluded that Jones was going "to take care of [King] for filing the grievance." Complaint, supra at ¶12. King further alleges that, between September 10, 2007, and September 17, 2007, several other inmates told him to be "aware" of Jones. Id. at ¶13. Shortly thereafter, on September 19, 2007, Jones reported to MCF-Stillwater staff that he had been assaulted during recreation in Cell Hall B East. See, Affidavit of Gregory Lindell, ("Lindell Aff."), Docket No. 50, ¶4. Following that assault, Jones approached staff while he was bleeding profusely from the neck, at which time, they placed him in a wheelchair, and escorted him to health services for treatment. Id. at ¶4, and Exhibit E. Jones "sustained a neck wound of approximately 1 inch in length which was closed by sutures." Id. Sergeant Paul Hofland ("Hofland") watched video - 11 - footage, from a surveillance camera in Cell Hall B East, and he determined that King was Jones' assailant. Lindell Aff., supra at ¶4 and Exhibits C and D.6 Hofland described the incident, as follows: I watched cell hall video to find how Offender Jones received a puncture wound to the right side of his neck. * * * King met up with Offender Jones near the B-East bubble. Both offenders walked together toward the B-East door. They square off and face each other near cell 141. Offender King hit offender Jones with his left hand to Jones's right side of his neck area. Offender Jones then hits King with his right hand to the neck upper chest area. Offender Jones then backed up as Offender King walked at Offender Jones. Offender Jones has his hands up in a defensive stance as he is backing up. King turned and walked away toward the door as Offender Jones follows. Offender King then stoped [sic] and faces Jones again and they both stop and square off again but no punches are thrown. Offender King then turned and walked toward the door and Jones again walked after him for approximately 4 cells and then turned and walked away. Offender King then talked to [another Offender] and then King backed up to the trash can with both hands behind his back and then walked to his cell * * *. All Offenders listed above worked in W-Shop. Id. at Exhibit D. A copy of the surveillance footage of the incident between Jones and King has been provided to the Court. See, Lindell Aff. at Exhibit C. We have reviewed the surveillance footage, which reveals that King initiated the physical altercation, consistent with the reports of the prison officials in the Record. - 12 - 6 Following the incident, on September 19, 2007, the Office of Special Investigations ("OSI") at MCF-Stillwater launched an investigation into the altercation between Jones and King, in order to determine whether the case should be referred to the Washington County Attorney's Office for criminal prosecution. See, Affidavit of David Kampa, ("Kampa Aff."), Docket No. 49, at ¶¶1-2. David Kampa ("Kampa"), who is an investigator with OSI, was involved in that investigation and, on September 20, 2007, he interviewed King. Id. at ¶¶1-3. As related by Kampa, King told him that Corbo had shown Jones a kite that he had written, and that he had preemptively assaulted Jones, because he was afraid that Jones would assault him based upon the information contained in his kite. Id. at ¶3. Lieutenant Prince Aileru ("Aileru"), who was in charge of Cell Hall B East at MCF-Stillwater at all times relevant, avers that, prior to the altercation between the two (2) inmates, King never told him that he believed Jones was going to assault him, or that he had been threatened by Jones. See, Affidavit of Prince Aileru, ("Aileru Aff."), Docket No. 46, at ¶¶1-2. Aileru attests that had he been aware of King's allegations, he would have placed King on Investigative Restrictive Status ("IR Status"), would have investigated King's allegations, and would have referred the matter to MCF-Stillwater's Incompatibility Review Committee ("Committee"). Id. - 13 - at ¶2. An inmate is locked in his cell, for safety, while on IR Status. Id. Following a referral, the Committee investigates and determines whether offenders should be assigned an incompatibility, where an inmate has complained of a conflict with another inmate. Id. at ¶3; see also, Exhibit A. According to Aileru, the Committee will assign an incompatibility if there is compelling evidence, which indicates a risk of serious bodily injury if the inmates are not separated. Id. An incompatibility requires the inmates to be assigned to different DOC facilities. Id. Prior to the assault of September 19, 2007, OSI also did not have any records regarding any problems, or issues, between Jones and King, and its investigations, which followed the assault, did not reveal that King had informed any MCF-Stillwater staff that he feared an assault at any time prior to the investigation of the incident. See, Kampa Aff., supra at ¶4. In addition, Hamann avers that he is certain that King never told him that he believed Corbo, and Jones, were conspiring to assault him, that he feared Jones would assault him, or that Corbo had deliberately shown King's kite to Jones. See, Hamann Aff., supra at ¶13. Hamann avers that the first time, that he learned of any of King's allegations as to Corbo and Jones, was through rumors following the altercation between Jones and King, and then, more fully, when OSI contacted him in regard to its investigation. Id. According to Hamann, had King - 14 - informed him that Jones had threatened to assault him, Hamann would have taken steps to ensure King's safety, by referring the matter to security personnel at MCFStillwater. Id. at ¶9. Hamann further avers that he was surprised to learn that Corbo had breached DOC policy, since she had been a good employee up until that time. Id. at ¶14. According to Hamann, Corbo did not have a prior disciplinary record, and there was nothing in her record which would indicate that she would engage in prohibited conduct. Id. Hamann avers that DOC staff do not show kites to other inmates because it violates their rights, and can threaten the safety and security of the facility, can cause embarrassment, and can cause conflict between inmates. Id. at ¶15, and Exhibit H. Hamann attests to the fact that Corbo was thoroughly trained on those policies, and should have known that it was a violation to show King's kite to Jones. Id. at ¶15. Hamann avers that MINNCOR does not tolerate this type of conduct, as evidenced by its termination of Corbo, following the investigation into the incident between Jones and King. Id. Based upon the information gained during its investigation, which included physical evidence, video footage, photographs, incident reports, medical records, and the interviews of the witnesses, OSI concluded that the evidence established that King - 15 - had assaulted Jones, and the case was referred to the Washington County Attorney's Office for prosecution. Kampa Aff., supra at ¶2. However, it appears that those charges were eventually dismissed. See, Exhibit X30 to Complaint, Docket No. 2. Following the interview with King, Kampa and Jeff Dansky ("Dansky"), who is another OSI investigator, interviewed several inmates, and MINNCOR staff, concerning King's allegations. Kampa Aff., supra at ¶3. One of the interviews was with Corbo, since it is considered employee misconduct to show one (1) inmate another inmate's kite. Id. According to Kampa, Corbo initially denied King's allegations, but eventually, she admitted that the had discussed King's kite and its contents with Jones. Id. Following that interview, OSI prepared and submitted a report to Lynn Dingle ("Dingle"), who was the Warden of MCF-Stillwater, and the report was referred to a Work Incident Review Committee, which determined that Corbo had violated several DOC policies by sharing King's kite with Jones. Id. Corbo was terminated from her employment on November 13, 2007. Id. at ¶3 and Exhibit A. As a result of the altercation between Jones and King, Lindell, who is a corrections lieutenant in the discipline unit at MCF-Stillwater, charged King with violating several Offender Discipline Regulations ("ODRs"). Lindell Aff., supra at - 16 - ¶5. ODRs "apply to inmates at DOC facilities and inform offenders of what conduct is prohibited and what the penalties are for infractions." Id. at ¶3 and Exhibit B. A Notice of Violation Report was delivered to King on September 24, 2007, which notified him of the factual basis for the charges, and the evidence to be introduced at the Hearing. Id. at ¶5 and Exhibit F. The Notice of Violation charged King with Destruction, Damage, or Alteration of Property, in violation of ODR 270; Disorderly Conduct in violation of ODR 320; Possession of Contraband -- Weapons, in violation of ODR 383; Assault on an Inmate with a Weapon, in violation of ODR 414; and Attempted Homicide, in violation of ODR 440. Id. at Exhibit F. Lindell attests that, although he was aware that King alleged that he had preemptively assaulted Jones, because of an asserted conspiracy between Jones and Corbo, he found that the evidence clearly showed that King initiated the altercation with Jones. Id. at ¶7. Accordingly, Lindell avers that King's conduct was in violation of the ODRs, and that the violations would have been charged against King, regardless of King's motivations for committing the violations. Id. Lindell attests that he did not become aware of any alleged conspiracy, or of King's belief that Jones was conspiring to assault him, prior to the OSI investigation. Id. He further avers that he was not aware of King's belief, that Jones and Corbo were conspiring against him. Id. - 17 - King was also provided with a Notice of Hearing Date, which disclosed that the Hearing, with respect to the ODR charges against him, would be held on October 2, 2007, and he requested a continuance of that Hearing date, which he was granted, and the Hearing was rescheduled for November 2, 2007. Id. at ¶5 and Exhibit G. T h e Hearing was held on November 2, 2007, and was presided over by Oseland, who is a Corrections Case Manager at MCF-Stillwater, and who was working out of class, as a Hearing Officer at MCF-Stillwater, at all relevant times. See, Affidavit of Craig Oseland, ("Oseland Aff."), Docket No. 51, at ¶¶1-2. Oseland attests that, at the Hearing, the prosecution presented testimony, incident reports, cell hall videos, notes, and photographs, from the investigation conducted by OSI, as well as physical evidence that was collected at the scene of the assault. Id. at ¶2. Oseland avers that, in his defense, King testified that Jones had threatened him, and that he had assaulted Jones in order to prevent Jones from assaulting him. Id. After reviewing all of the evidence, Oseland determined that King had assaulted Jones, and used the key to his cell as a weapon. Id. Accordingly, Oseland concluded that King had violated ODR 320, ODR 383, and ODR 414, but he found that King did - 18 - not have the intent to murder Jones, so he dismissed charge under ODR 440.7 Id. at ¶2, and Exhibit H. In his findings, Oseland stated that "the penalty is mitigated for reasons of self defense," and that he believed that "the intent was not to cause bodily harm, or to murder the offender." Id. at ¶3. Oseland attests that, when he used the term "self defense" in his findings, he was not using the phrase as it is used in the Criminal Law. Id. at ¶3. Rather, he avers that he used the term so as to "recognize King's motivation for committing the assault," and that it was still his conclusion that King had started the fight. Id. Oseland avers that, "[a]lthough King believed he was acting in self defense, he still engaged in an unprecipitated assault of another inmate * * * [and] [r]egardless of his motivation, King was guilty of the assault because the evidence clearly established that he started the fight with Jones, punched Jones, and injured Jones." Id. Accordingly, Lindell imposed a ninety (90) day segregation sentence for disorderly conduct; a ninety (90) day segregation sentence for possessing a weapon; and an one hundred and eighty (180) day segregation sentence for the assault. Lindell Aff., supra at Exhibit I. The sentences were to run concurrently. Id. The charge that King had violated ODR 270 ("Destruction Damage, or Alteration of Property") was withdrawn prior to the Hearing. See, Oseland Aff., supra at ¶2. - 19 - 7 King alleges that he was denied the right to present witnesses at the disciplinary Hearing. According to King, he requested that Corbo, and another inmate, testify at the Hearing. Oseland Aff., supra at ¶4 and Exhibit A. Although Oseland acknowledged that King's requested witnesses were not at the Hearing, he does not recall the reason that the witnesses were not present. Id. at ¶4. However, Oseland avers that the DOC does not compel witnesses to testify, so if they did not wish to testify, they need not appear at a Hearing. Id. Oseland further avers that an inmate must complete the witness request form, within a designated time limit, in order for the requested witness's testimony to be permitted at the Hearing. Id. King's witness request form is not dated, and does not contain the initials of a Discipline Unit staff person which, according to Oseland, indicates that the form may not have been turned in, or may have turned in after the deadline. Id. DOC policy provides that an inmate, who is subject to the disciplinary process, has the right to appear in person, and be heard by an impartial Hearing Officer, who is not to be the reporting officer, a witness, or anyone who will review the proceedings if the inmate appeals. See, Lindell Aff., supra at Exhibit B. Oseland recognizes that he was working "out of class" as a Hearing Officer at the time of the Hearing. Oseland Aff., supra at ¶5. As related by Oseland, employees of the DOC are assigned - 20 - to different job classes, which have specific job descriptions and duties, and that he was assigned to the job class of Corrections Case Manager. Id. He further relates that an employee, who is regularly assigned to a class, can be assigned to temporarily work another position -- or "out of class" -- when necessary. Id. at ¶5, and Exhibit B. When working out of class, the employee "has all the powers, duties and responsibilities of the position he is filling." Id. As such, Oseland avers that, for purposes of the DOC offender discipline policy, he was considered to be a Hearing Officer. Id. On August 20, 2009, King filed a self-styled "Dispositive Motion," which we construe as a Motion for Summary Judgment, in which he moves the Court for an Order finding that the Defendants "knowingly and intentionally deprived [him] of his rights under Federal Law * * * [and that he] be granted the requested relief in his complaint." See, Plaintiff's Dispositive Motion, Docket No. 32. King asserts that the evidence "explicitly supports" that his rights, under Federal Law, were intentionally violated by the Defendants. Id. Thereafter, on October 28, 2009, the Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss, and for Summary Judgment. See, Defendants' Motion to Dismiss and for Summary Judgment, Docket No. 44. First, Dingle argues that King's claim for damages against - 21 - her, in her official capacity pursuant to Title 42 U.S.C. §1983, are barred by the Eleventh Amendment. See, Defendants' Memorandum in Support, ("Defendants' Memorandum"), Docket No. 45, at pp. 1, 10-11. Second, the Defendants argue that King's claims must be dismissed, because he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies, with respect to the claims that are raised in his Complaint. Id. at pp. 8-9. The Defendants further argue that they are entitled to Summary Judgment because they did not violate King's Federal constitutional, or statutory rights and, in any event, that they are protected by qualified immunity. Id. at p. 1. We address the parties' arguments in turn. III. Discussion A. Standard of Review. Rule 12(c), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, allows parties to move for a Judgment on the Pleadings, "[a]fter the pleadings are closed -- but early enough not to delay trial." The standard upon which Rule 12(c) Motions are decided is akin to that of a Motion to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See, Westcott v. City of Omaha, 901 F.2d 1486, 1488 (8th Cir. 1990) ("[W]e review this 12(c) motion under the standard that governs 12(b)(6) motions."), citing St. Paul Ramsey County Med. Ctr. v. Pennington County, 857 F.2d 1185, 1187 (8th Cir. 1988); see also, Flora v. Firepond, Inc., 260 F. Supp. 2d - 22 - 780, 784 (D. Minn. 2003), aff'd, 383 F.3d 745 (8th Cir. 2004). As a result, a "[j]udgment on the pleadings is appropriate where no material issue of fact remains to be resolved and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Faibisch v. University of Minnesota, 304 F.3d 797, 803 (8th Cir. 2004), citing United States v. Any & All Radio Station Transmission Equip., 207 F.3d 458, 462 (8th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1071 (2001). A disputed fact is "material," if it must inevitably be resolved, and that resolution will determine the outcome of the case. See, Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); Jenkins v. Southern Farm Bureau Casualty, 307 F.3d 741, 744 (8th Cir. 2002)("A fact is material if its determination in favor of the non-moving party could affect the result in the case."); Herring v. Canada Life Assurance Co., 207 F.3d 1026 (8th Cir. 2000). When making such determinations, "[w]e accept as true, all facts pleaded by the non-moving party and grant all reasonable inferences from the pleadings in favor of the non-moving party." Syverson v. Firepond, Inc., 383 F.3d 745, 749 (8th Cir. 2004), quoting United States v. Any & All Radio Station Transmission Equip., supra at 462. However, we need not accept as true, wholly conclusory allegations, or unwarranted factual inferences. See, Hanten v. School Dist. of Riverview Gardens, 183 F.3d 799, 805 (8th Cir. 1999). Moreover, in treating the factual allegations of a Complaint as - 23 - true, the Court "do[es] not, however, blindly accept the legal conclusions drawn by the pleader from the facts." Westcott v. City of Omaha, supra at 1488, citing Morgan v. Church's Fried Chicken, 829 F.2d 10, 12 (6th Cir. 1987). In addition, Summary Judgment is not an acceptable means of resolving triable issues, nor is it a disfavored procedural shortcut when there are no issues which require the unique proficiencies of a Jury in weighing the evidence, and in rendering credibility determinations. See, Wallace v. DTG Operations, Inc., 442 F.3d 1112, 1118 (8th Cir. 2006), citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 327 (1986); Midwest Oilseeds, Inc. v. Limagrain Genetics Corp., 387 F.3d 705, 711 (8th Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 977 (2005). Summary Judgment is appropriate when we have viewed the facts, and the inferences drawn from those facts, in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and we have found no triable issue. See, Smutka v. City of Hutchinson, 451 F.3d 522, 526 (8th Cir. 2006), citing Mayer v. Nextel W. Corp., 318 F.3d 803, 806 (8th Cir. 2003), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 823 (2003); Eide v. Grey Fox Technical Servs. Corp., 329 F.3d 600, 604 (8th Cir. 2003); Philip v. Ford Motor Co., 328 F.3d 1020, 1023 (8th Cir. 2003). For these purposes, a disputed fact is "material" if it must inevitably be resolved and the resolution will determine the outcome of the case, while a dispute is "genuine" - 24 - if the evidence is such that a reasonable Jury could return a Verdict for the nonmoving party. See, Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., supra at 248; Planned Parenthood of Minnesota/South Dakota v. Rounds, 372 F.3d 969, 972 (8th Cir. 2004); Fenney v. Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern R.R. Co., 327 F.3d 707, 711 (8th Cir. 2003). As Rule 56(e) makes clear, once the moving party files a properly supported Motion, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to demonstrate the existence of a genuine dispute. In sustaining that burden, "an opposing party may not rely merely on allegations or denials in its own pleading; rather, it response must -- by affidavits or as otherwise provided in this rule -- set out specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial." Rule 56(e), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; see also, Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., supra at 256; Eddings v. City of Hot Springs, Ark., 323 F.3d 596, 602 (8th Cir. 2003). Moreover, the movant is entitled to Summary Judgment where the nonmoving party has failed "to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, supra at 322; see also, Forest Park II v. Hadley, 408 F.3d 1052, 1057 (8th Cir. 2005); Mercer v. City of Cedar Rapids, 308 F.3d 840, 843 (8th Cir. 2002); Hammond v. Northland Counseling Center, Inc., 218 F.3d 886, 891 (8th Cir. 2000). No genuine - 25 - issue of fact exists in such a case because "a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party's case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, supra at 323; see also, Sallis v. University of Minnesota, 408 F.3d 470, 474 (8th Cir. 2005); Davis v. U.S. Bancorp, 383 F.3d 761, 768 (8th Cir. 2004); Bell Lumber and Pole Co. v. United States Fire Ins. Co., 60 F.3d 437, 441 (8th Cir. 1995). B. Legal Analysis. As a threshold question, the Defendants seek Summary Judgment on King's claims, under the First and Eighth Amendments, and under Section 1986, because King has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies, and accordingly, our analysis commences with that contention. 1. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies. a. Standard of Review. In Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199 (2007), the Supreme Court recently considered the role that a prisoner's failure to exhaust his administrative remedies should play in the context of deciding the merits of a claim, which is brought pursuant to Section 1983. The Court began its analysis by noting that requiring prisoners to exhaust their administrative remedies had the positive effect of allowing prison officials "an opportunity to resolve disputes concerning the exercise of their responsibilities before being haled into court," which, in turn, "has - 26 - the potential to reduce the number of inmate suits, and also to improve the quality of suits that are filed by producing a useful administrative record." Id. at 204, citing Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 94-95 (2006). Those purposes served as the backdrop to the Court's consideration of the exhaustion requirement, that Congress included in the Prison Litigation Reform Act ("PLRA"), which provides as follows: No action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 of this title, or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted. Title 42 U.S.C. §1997e(a). The Court first considered whether exhaustion, which is "mandatory under the PLRA," is a pleading requirement that must be satisfied by the prisoner in his Complaint, or if it must be pled, and proved, by the defendant. See, Jones v. Bock, supra at 211, citing Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 524 (2002). After noting that the drafters of the PLRA failed to impose a stringent pleading requirement on prisoners, the Court concluded that the "failure to exhaust is an affirmative defense under the PLRA, and that inmates are not required to specially plead or demonstrate exhaustion in their complaints." Id. at 216. The Court further clarified that Courts, which are charged with determining exhaustion, should do so on a case-by-case basis, with each - 27 - prisoner's Complaint being evaluated in the light of its compliance with established prison grievance procedures. Id. at 218. The Court concluded by considering "mixed claims," in which a prisoner has failed to exhaust some, but not all, of the claims asserted in his or her Complaint. In general, "if a complaint contains both good and bad claims, the court proceeds with the good and leaves the bad," and the Court distinguished the exception to this general rule -- the total exhaustion requirement in habeas corpus -- because of the implication that habeas relief has on principles of comity and federalism. Id. at 221-222. The Court concluded that the language in Section 1997e(a) of the PLRA, which states that "[n]o action shall be brought" unless administrative procedures are exhausted, allowed Courts to follow the typical claim-by-claim approach, and precluded blanket dismissal of a prisoner's Complaint that contained both exhausted and unexhausted claims. Id. b. Legal Analysis. As noted, the Defendants contend that King has not exhausted his administrative remedies, with respect to his claims under the First Amendment, Eighth Amendment, and Section 1986. In support of their contention, the Defendants have provided copies of the DOC's Grievance Procedures, which were in effect at all times relevant to the pending action. See, Affidavit of Kim Ebeling ("Ebeling Aff."), Docket No. 47, at ¶2 and - 28 - Exhibit A. Before the filing of a formal grievance, an inmate "must attempt to resolve any concerns informally via the kite system prior to pursuing the formal grievance process * * * [and] must follow the chain of command and contact only one staff at a time." Id. The Grievance Procedure explicitly provides that "[a]n offender may, in good faith, submit a grievance without fear of retaliation." Id. at Exhibit A. The DOC's formal grievance procedure has two (2) levels. Id. at ¶2. First, an inmate must file a grievance with the correctional facility's grievance coordinator, and either the Warden of the facility, or a designee, will decide the grievance. Id. If the inmate is dissatisfied with the facility's decision, then he may initiate a grievance appeal, which will be decided by either the Commissioner of Corrections, the Assistant Commissioner of Corrections, or the Deputy Commissioner of Corrections. Id. The decision on appeal is considered the DOC's final response to the inmate's grievance. Id. In the event that the inmate fears retaliation at the facility where he is incarcerated, a grievance may be filed directly with the DOC's Central Office. Id. Kim Ebeling ("Ebeling"), who is an Administrative Specialist Senior with the Policy and Legal Services Division of the DOC, avers that she is involved in the coordination of grievance appeals within the DOC. Id. at ¶1. According to Ebeling, the DOC grievance procedure, as we have detailed its processes, may be used to - 29 - address nearly any issue or grievance, that concerns the conditions of confinement at a particular facility, and she further avers that King's claims are appropriate subjects for a grievance. Id. at ¶¶2-3. Ebeling attests that labeling a kite as a "grievance" does not convert the kite into a formal grievance, as contemplated by the DOC's grievance procedures. Id. at ¶2. Ebeling avers that she has reviewed the DOC's records, and she has determined that King did not file a grievance on those issues with MCF-Stillwater, or with the DOC's Central Office, and indeed, he has filed only one (1) grievance, in December of 2008, since he was incarcerated, and that grievance pertained to a strip search that was conducted while he was incarcerated at MCF-OPH. Id. at ¶3. According to Ebeling, that grievance did not have any relationship to any of King's allegations concerning the sharing of private information by a staff person, or any conspiracy to assault him. Id. Moreover, Lisa Rudeen, who is a paralegal at MCF-Stillwater, avers that, while at MCF-Stillwater, King attempted to file only one (1) grievance on March 27, 2008, which related to discipline that he had received for refusing to move to a double-bunked cell on March 19, 2008. See, Rudeen Aff., supra at ¶¶1-3, and Exhibits A and B. However, that grievance was returned to King on March 28, 2008, because there is a separate appeal process for discipline decisions, and because he had - 30 - not attached copies of kites showing that he had tried to resolve the issues informally. Id. at ¶3 and Exhibit B. "Courts recognize only three exceptions to the exhaustion requirement, including futility, inability of the administrative remedies to provide adequate relief, and the establishment of an agency policy or practice of general applicability that is contrary to law." Blackmon ex rel. Blackmon v. Springfield R-XII Sch. Dist., 198 F.3d 648, 656 (8th Cir. 1999), citing Urban by Urban v. Jefferson Co. Sch. Dist. R-1, 89 F.3d 720, 724 (10th Cir. 1996). "An administrative remedy will be deemed futile if there is doubt about whether the agency could grant effective relief." Ace Prop. & Cas. Insur. Co. v. Federal Crop Ins., 440 F.3d 992, 1000 (8th Cir. 2006), citing McCarthy v. Madigan, 503 U.S. 140, 147 (1992). Here, the Defendants have submitted Affidavits, which attest to the fact that the King has filed only two (2) grievances during his incarceration, which are entirely unrelated to his current complaints. They argue that, as a consequence, King's claims should be dismissed. In response, King has not competently controverted the Defendants' attestation that he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. Indeed, he does not so much as suggest that he followed the DOC's formal Grievance Procedure, that efforts to exhaust his remedies would have been futile, that adequate - 31 - relief was unavailable, or that the policies pertaining to his claims were contrary to law. While King submitted several informal kites to various MCF-Stillwater staff persons, the Record before establishes that he did not file a formal grievance with respect to those claims.8 Those submissions are insufficient to create any genuine issue of material fact, concerning the Plaintiff's failure to exhaust his administrative remedies. As noted, King has submitted copies of numerous kites, or responses to his kites, and he alleges in his Complaint, that he "appealed through prison chain-of-command to David R. Crist, Assistant Commissioner of D.O.C. Facility Services Division and to Brent Wartner Director Policy and Legal Services for D.O.C." Complaint, supra at p. 2. However, King's submissions show that he formally appealed the outcome of his Disciplinary Hearing, but he has not attempted to show that he either filed or attempted to file, a formal grievance with respect to his other claims. Id. at Exhibits H8-J10. We are mindful that, in one of his kites, King appears to claim that he has been denied access to the administrative remedies process because some of his kites were apparently not returned to him. Id. at Exhibit P16. However, King has not alleged that he was denied access in this action, and we cannot conclude that this brief reference, in an exhibit, to an asserted obstruction of the grievance procedure is sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact as to exhaustion. Moreover, King has not shown that he attempted to use the formal grievance procedure, which was obstructed because he did not attach the relevant kites. As such, any argument to this effect would likewise fail. We note that King makes reference to Corbo's asserted retaliation in his appeal of his disciplinary proceeding. See, Complaint, at p. 6 and Exhibit Q22. However, at that time, he did not assert that anyone other than Corbo, had retaliated against him, or was responsible for that retaliation. As such, this does not change the question, since exhaustion requires that the plaintiff exhaust his administrative remedies for each claim, as to each of the named Defendants. - 32 8 Ebeling avers that the informal use of kites does not satisfy the requirements of the formal grievance procedure, even if an inmate labels his various kites as grievances. The inmate is still required to institute the formal grievance procedure, following a failure of the informal use of kites that are directed at staff members in order to resolve the inmate's particular issue. In addition to being mandatory, "the PLRA exhaustion requirement requires proper exhaustion * * * [which] demands compliance with an agency's deadlines and other critical procedural rules." Woodford v. Ngo, supra at 90, 93[emphasis in original]. As such, an inmate's "[f]ailure to adhere to DOC's sequential grievance process after the sending of the kite to a pertinent staff member is fatal to plaintiff's suit * * * ." Roth v. Larson, 2008 WL 4527831 at *16 (D. Minn., September 30, 2008)(granting Summary Judgment, based upon a failure to exhaust, notwithstanding the plaintiff's submission of numerous kites, in view of the plaintiff's failure to file a formal grievance, and appeal); see also, Jones v. Bock, supra at 218 ("The level of detail necessary in a grievance to comply with the grievance procedures will vary from system to system and claim to claim, but it is the prison's requirements, and not the PLRA, that define the boundaries of proper exhaustion.")[emphasis added]; Garcia v. Scull, 2007 WL 295614 at *5 (D. N.D., January 29, 2007)("Woodford does - 33 - not allow for substantial compliance; it requires proper exhaustion."), citing Woodford v. Ngo, supra; Wynn v. Connor, 2008 WL 400699 at *6 (D. Minn., February 11, 2008)(holding that the plaintiff had not exhausted his administrative remedies, pursuant to the PLRA, where he sent numerous kites, but never filed a formal grievance pertaining to the issues raised in that case). Here, the Plaintiff has not competently disputed the Defendants' evidence, which demonstrates that he has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies for his claims under the First and Eighth Amendments, and under Section 1986. The DOC's Grievance Procedure is not fully exhausted until a prisoner follows all of the required steps, and obtains a final decision from the Commissioner, and the undisputed evidence demonstrates that King has failed to initiate that process, let alone complete it. As a consequence, we recommend that his claims of Retaliation, for a Failure to Protect, and his claims under Title 42 U.S.C. §1986, be dismissed, since King failed to exhaust his administrative remedies as to those claims. 2. Claims Against Dingle In Her Official Capacity. a. Standard of Review. Next, we proceed to Dingle's argument that King's claims for damages, and for retroactive equitable relief against her, in her - 34 - official capacity, are barred by the Eleventh Amendment, and the provisions of Section 1983. The Eleventh Amendment provides that "[t]he Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State." United States Constitution, Amendment XI. For over a century, the Amendment has been understood to stand for the proposition that a non-consenting State is immune from Federal Court suits by its own citizens, as well as by citizens of another State. See, Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents, 528 U.S. 62, 72 (2000); Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 54 (1996); Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1, 15 (1890)(such suits were "not contemplated by the constitution when establishing the judicial power of the United States"). In effect, the Eleventh Amendment immunizes from suit a "state agency or official * * * if immunity will `protect the state treasury from liability that would have had essentially the same practical consequences as a judgment against the State itself.'" Hadley v. North Arkansas Community Technical College, 76 F.3d 1437, 1438 (8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1148 (1997), quoting Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 123 n. 34 (1984); see also, Regents of the - 35 - University of California v. Doe, 519 U.S. 425 (1997); Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651 (1974); Ford Motor Co. v. Department of Treasury, 323 U.S. 459, 464 (1945), overruled on other grounds, Lapides v. Board of Regents of University System of Georgia, 535 U.S. 613, 614-15 (2002). Over the years, the Supreme Court has fashioned a patchwork of exceptions to the Eleventh Amendment's limitation on Federal Court jurisdiction, as that doctrine was initially expressed in Hans v. Louisiana, supra. Under the doctrine of Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908), a Federal Court retains jurisdiction, notwithstanding the Eleventh Amendment, to direct State officials to conform their practices to the requirements of Federal law, even though such an injunction might have collateral effects upon a State Treasury.9 See, Edelman v. Jordan, supra at 666-68; Milliken v. Bradley, 433 U.S. 267, 289 (1977). However, suits for retroactive equitable relief against State Officers, in their official capacity, are also barred by the Eleventh Amendment, insofar as the suits would require the payment of funds from a State Treasury. See, Edelman v. Jordan, supra at 667-68; Will v. Michigan Dep't of State In Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89 (1984), the Court held that pendent State law claims, for even prospective injunctive relief, were barred by the Eleventh Amendment and, to that extent, the doctrine in Ex parte Young was substantially narrowed. - 36 - 9 Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989); McGee v. Feneis, 2009 WL 2928245 at *4 (D. Minn., September 8, 2009). Thus, the Eleventh Amendment bars actions, in Federal Court, which seek monetary damages from individual State Officers, in their official capacities, as well as State Agencies, because such lawsuits are essentially "for the recovery of money from the state." Ford Motor Co. v. Department of the Treasury, supra 464; see also, Will v. Michigan Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989)("[N]either a State nor its officials acting in their official capacities are `persons' under §1983" when sued for damages.). In an action under Title 42 U.S.C. §1983, a public servant may be sued in an official, or in an individual capacity, or both. See, Johnson v. Outboard Marine Corp., 172 F.3d 531, 535 (8th Cir. 1999). A suit against a public employee in that person's official capacity is merely a suit against the public employer. Id., citing Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165-166 (1985). The Eleventh Amendment protects the State, and the arms of the State, from liability for monetary damages in a Section 1983 action. See, Hadley v. North Arkansas Community Technical College, supra at 1438 (stating that a State Agency, or its officials, may invoke Eleventh Amendment immunity, if the practical result of a suit would result in a Judgment against the State itself). Such immunity also extends to State officials who are named as individual - 37 - defendants, acting in their official capacity. Id. When the action is against the office, and not the person, there is no difference from a suit against the State itself. See, Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 25-26 (1991); Will v. Michigan Department of State Police, supra at 71. a. Legal Analysis. Dingle is an employee of the DOC, and therefore, she is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity, because she is an official employed by the State. See, Hadley v. North Arkansas Community Technical College, supra at 1438. King does not allege any waiver of Eleventh Amendment immunity by Dingle, or the State, and a review of the Record does not disclose any such waiver by either. See, Faibisch v. University of Minnesota, 304 F.3d 797, 800 (8th Cir. 2002)("To waive sovereign immunity, a state must make a clear, unequivocal statement that it wishes to do so."). Accordingly, we find that King's request for money damages, against Dingle in her official capacity, is barred by the Eleventh Amendment.10 Dingle has also argued that the Eleventh Amendment bars King's request for injunctive relief, in the nature of an expungement of the disciplinary proceeding from his disciplinary record, because it amounts to retroactive equitable relief. We cannot conclude that such is the case here. While Dingle is correct in noting that retroactive equitable relief is unavailable under the Eleventh Amendment, many Courts have found that an expungement, even where predicated on a past violation of the law, is (continued...) - 38 10 (...continued) still, at least in some circumstances, prospective in nature, at least to the extent that it prohibits government officials from continuing to use a past violation against the plaintiff. See, e.g., Pascarella v. Swift Transportation Company, Inc., 643 F. Supp.2d 639, 648-649 (D. N.J. 2009)(finding that reinstatement of employment and driver's license, based upon a past due process violation, is appropriate prospective relief under Eleventh Amendment); Elliott v. Hinds, 786 F.2d 298, 302 (7th Cir. 1986)("The injunctive relief requested here, reinstatement and expungement of personnel records, is clearly prospective in effect and thus falls outside the prohibitions of the Eleventh Amendment," where the State wrongfully discharged employee in violation of First Amendment right to free speech.); Koslow v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 302 F.3d 161, 178-79 (3d Cir. 2002), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 1232 (2003)(finding that a request for reinstatement by State officials was not barred by Eleventh Amendment); Wolfel v. Morris, 972 F.2d 712, 719 (6th Cir. 1992)(finding that expungement of disciplinary records, based upon punishment imposed in violation of First Amendment, awarded only prospective relief since, "[a]s a practical matter, the district court's order merely prevents the prison system from considering the discipline imposed in this case as part of the inmates' records in the future."); Sexton v. Arkansas Supreme Court Committee on Professional Conduct, 725 F. Supp. 1051, 1053 (W.D. Ark. 1989). We recognize that at least one (1) case in this District has held that an expungement of a prison record is retroactive only. See, McGee v. Feneis, 2009 WL 2928245 at *5 (D. Minn., September 8, 2009)(relying on Green v. Mansour, 474 U.S. 64, 68 (1985), and holding that expungement only affects events that have happened in the past). McGee did not discuss whether any future repercussions might result from the disciplinary proceeding and, moreover, Green v. Mansour, supra, upon which McGee relied, is distinguishable from this case since, there, the only relief was "notice relief" that the State's prior conduct had violated Federal law. Here, Dingle has not put forth any evidence that would allow us to conclude that there are no future effects flowing from the disciplinary proceeding, and as such, we cannot conclude that injunctive relief, as requested by King, is barred by the Eleventh Amendment, based upon the Record before us. Nevertheless, we have concluded, as we discuss (continued...) - 39 - 10 3. Qualified Immunity. The Defendants contend that they are entitled to qualified immunity, as to each of King's claims that are directed at them in the individual capacities, because King cannot demonstrate any violation of his constitutional rights and, in any event, since it was not reasonably clear, at the time that the events occurred, that they were violating King's rights. a. Standard of Review. Government officials, who are performing discretionary functions, are generally shielded from liability for civil damages, unless their conduct violates clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known. See, Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 609 (1999); Young v. Harrison, 284 F.3d 863, 866 (8th Cir. 2002); Winters v. Adams, 254 F.3d 758, 766 (8th Cir. 2001). "[W]hether an official protected by qualified immunity may be held personally liable for an allegedly unlawful official action generally turns on the `objective legal reasonableness' of the action, assessed in the light of the legal rules that were `clearly (...continued) elsewhere, that King is not entitled to injunctive relief, since no violation of his rights occurred as a result of the discipline imposed because of the altercation with Jones, or any other conduct that has been alleged by King. - 40 - 10 established' at the time it was taken." Wilson v. Layne, supra at 614, quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 639 (1987); Parrish v. Ball, --- F.3d ---, 2010 WL 445736 at *6 (8th Cir., February 20, 2010). The contours of the constitutional right at issue "must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right," but "[t]his is not to say that an official action is protected by qualified immunity unless the very action in question has previously been held unlawful; but it is to say that in light of pre-existing law, the unlawfulness must be apparent." Anderson v. Creighton, supra at 640 (1987); Nelson v. Correctional Medical Services, 583 F.3d 522, 531 (8th Cir. 2009); Young v. Selk, 508 F.3d 868, 875 (8th Cir. 2007). Thus, "[t]he doctrine `gives ample room for mistaken judgments but does not protect the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.'" Bagby v. Brondhaver, 98 F.3d 1096, 1098 (8th Cir. 1996). "In analyzing the officials' claim of qualified immunity we consider two questions: (1) `whether the facts that a plaintiff has alleged or shown,' when viewed in the light most favorable to [the plaintiff] support a finding that the conduct of [the defendants] violated a constitutional right, and (2) whether that constitutional right was `clearly established' [at the time of the alleged violation] such that a reasonable official would have known that his or her actions were unlawful." Nelson v. - 41 - Correctional Medical Services, supra at 528, quoting Pearson v. Callahan, --- U.S. ---, 129 S.Ct. 808, 815-16 (2009); see also, Howard v. Kansas City Police Dep't, 570 F.3d 984, 988 (8th Cir. 2009). "Recently, the Supreme Court instructed that we are `permitted to exercise [our] sound discretion in deciding which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity analysis should be addressed first in light of the circumstances in the particular case at hand." Parrish v. Ball, supra at *7, quoting Pearson v. Callahan, supra at 818. While advising that the Saucier procedure is helpful, see, Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194 (2001), but no longer mandatory, the Supreme Court explained, as follows: [T]he rigid Saucier procedure comes with a price. The procedure sometimes results in a substantial expenditure of scarce judicial resources on difficult questions that have no effect on the outcome of the case. There are cases in which it is plain that a constitutional right is not clearly established but far from obvious whether in fact there is such a right. District courts and courts of appeals with heavy caseloads are often understandably unenthusiastic about what may seem to be an essentially academic exercise. Pearson v. Callahan, supra at 818. As a result, where appropriate, Courts are permitted to dispose of the qualified immunity issue on the second prong -- that is, whether a violation of a clearly established constitutional right has occurred -- without considering the first prong of - 42 - Saucier. See, Parrish v. Ball, supra (holding that the second prong was dispositive, because the defendant's actions did not amount to a violation of a clearly established constitutional right); Norman v. Schuetzle, 585 F.3d 1097, 1103 (8th Cir. 2009). b. Legal Analysis. In the light of these legal standards, we proceed to an examination of each of King's claims. 1. The Eighth Amendment Claim. As the Defendants have underscored, King did not expressly plead an Eighth Amendment claim, but he cited to Eighth Amendment case law in his Memorandum, and therefore, in an abundance of caution, we address whether he has advanced a viable Eighth Amendment claim. We conclude that he has not. The conditions of a prisoner's confinement are clearly subject to Eighth Amendment scrutiny. See, Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31-32 (1993); Brown v. Nix, 33 F.3d 951, 954-955 (8th Cir. 1994); C.H. v. Sullivan, 718 F. Supp. 726, 733734 (D. Minn. 1989), aff'd, 920 F.2d 483 (8th Cir. 1990). Indeed, our Court of Appeals has mandated a "careful judicial scrutiny" of prison conditions. Tyler v. Black, 865 F.2d 181, 184 (8th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1027 (1989). Accordingly, it is well-settled that a prisoner's confinement must not result in a serious deprivation of his basic human needs, or of a minimal, civilized measure of - 43 - life's necessities. See, Helling v. McKinney, supra at 32; Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 102-03 (1976); see also, Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347-348 (1981). As stated, the focus is on "basic human needs -- e.g., food, clothing, shelter, medical care and reasonable safety." Helling v. McKinney, supra at 32, citing DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services, 489 U.S. 189, 199-200 (1989); see also, Williams v. Delo, 49 F.3d 442, 445 (8th Cir. 1995); Brown v. Nix, supra at 955. "The Constitution does not mandate comfortable prisons, but neither does it permit inhumane ones." Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994) [internal quotes and citations omitted]. Prison officials violate the Eighth Amendment "only when two requirements are met." Farmer v. Brennan, supra at 834. First, the alleged deprivation must be, objectively, sufficiently serious, that is, the prison official's act, or failure to act, must have resulted in "the denial of the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities." Id., citing Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 298 (1991), and Rhodes v. Chapman, supra at 347; Williams v. Delo, supra at 445. Second, to be liable, a prison official "must have a sufficiently culpable state of mind," id., citing Wilson v. Seiter, supra at 30203, and, in cases such as this one, a subjective standard -- namely, a "deliberate indifference" to an excessive risk posed to an inmate's health and safety -- must be - 44 - satisfied before a finding of liability can attach. Id.; see also, Revels v Vincez, 382 F.3d 870, 875 (8th Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 860 (2005)("The defendant's conduct must objectively rise to the level of a constitutional violation, by depriving the plaintiff of the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities, [and] [t]he defendant's conduct must also reflect a subjective state of mind evincing deliberate indifference to the health or safety of the prisoner.")[internal citations and quotations omitted]. "Being violently assaulted in prison is simply not `part of the penalty that criminal offenders pay for their offense against society."' Lenz v. Wade, 490 F.3d 991


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Sudafed to wean
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|Sat, 11-22-2008 - 10:59am
I know I am new to this board....but it seems like a great place for some support!
I had our final breastfeeding session yesterday afternoon and officially began pumping to start weaning. We were having 8 feeds a day, approx every 3 hours....so I figured I would start pumping on that sort of schedule.
Every three hours last night and this morning I have pumped.....I tried to limit to just 10 min (I was block feeding, so I am block pumping now). I was able to get 3oz in those 10 min pretty much every pump so far.
I have been pretty engorged and a little uncomfortable. I started taking sudafed 30mg every 6 hours.....does anyone know how long it will take to show an effect on reducing supply??
I'm already taking lecithin, using cabbage, ice, and started on birth control earlier in the week. I really wish I could do this overnight, I know that is not possible. I just want it over with!
My baby had her first bottle last night and seemed to choke on it and sputter....guess she needs some practice! Overall, she tolerated it pretty well.
Any advice??? I wish they still gave parlodel or whatever that shot was called......that would have been great! Aside from the side effects I suppose.
Thanks for listening :-)


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Swollen Members "Death Warrant" Video
Posted Apr 18, 2013 at 08:19 PM
Watch Swollen Members "Death Warrant" Video - it's the latest video from Swollen Members, having dropped on Thursday, April 18th, 2013. Swollen Members's musical situation is improving with every new release, and Swollen Members "Death Warrant" Video will most definitely help the cause. It's a fine addition to the growing body of work Swollen Members has been developing since stepping foot in the game. We're looking forward to what Swollen Members has in store.The latest official music video from Swollen Members. This track is included on their recent "Beautiful Death Machine" album.
What do y'all think of this video?
Have you heard Swollen Members's Shut The Light?
Hit up Swollen Members's profile page for the latest info, news, songs, and mixtapes.
Tags: music, music video, rap, swollen members, video


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Tag "Community Cohesion"Back to homepage
Britain First: Patriots or Racists?
Britain First; once again its members are being labelled far-right racists with a white supremacy agenda. Here we take a look and ask if Britain First is an organisation of patriots or racists.Read More
A Nation of Cowards for Failing to Address Islamic Issues
Have we really become afraid to address the Islamic issues that plague our society? Here Pat Condell, an open advocate of free speech, considers if we haven't all become a nation of cowards for failing to address the Islamic issues we face across the so-called free world.Read More


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OfflineSend mail to magicmotherfucker Block magicmotherfucker Invite magicmotherfucker to be your friend
latest user's comments
|#30 - you are closer then you think. There are allot of people from … [+] (3 new replies)
|03/20/2013 on dat logic
#31 - AngryRedMidget (03/20/2013) [-]
I speak french as a second language, yet don't make obvious and glaring spelling mistakes at every turn when I type online.
It really isn't that hard to spell words correctly in English, especially because of the lack of hybridized words so many other Latin based languages share.
And that English words have roots in so many other languages.
#58 - elektra (03/20/2013) [-]
My first and second languages are Burmese and Chinese, no freaking roots toward English or Latin or whatsoever.
I have to memorize a lots to speak and write proper english.
Sometimes I write like a retarded 5 years old kid, never stop me from enjoying internet though.
Surviving grammar nazi on fj for more than 5 years.
#46 - anonymous (03/20/2013) [-]
Some people in Europe and other parts of the world never studied English.
I for example thank my n64 and several game forums. which have thought me about spelling and grammar. Also if it wasn't for spellings check I would have made a typo every 2 words.
|#39 - or should the eyes be totally white?
|03/20/2013 on the perfect cosplay
|#38 - guess it had to be fixed then. Hope this is more to your liking [+] (1 new reply)
|03/20/2013 on the perfect cosplay
#39 - magicmotherfucker (03/20/2013) [-]
or should the eyes be totally white?
|#16 - Comment deleted
|01/31/2013 on this is the real best pony
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In Making Things Move: DIY Mechanisms for Inventors, Hobbyists, and Artists, you'll learn how to successfully build moving mechanisms through non-technical explanations, examples, and do-it-yourself projects--from kinetic art installations to creative toys to energy-harvesting devices. Photographs, illustrations, screen shots, and images of 3D models are included for each project.
This unique resource emphasizes using off-the-shelf components, readily available materials, and accessible fabrication techniques. Simple projects give you hands-on practice applying the skills covered in each chapter, and more complex projects at the end of the book incorporate topics from multiple chapters. Turn your imaginative ideas into reality with help from this practical, inventive guide.
Discover how to:
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24-550 - 50 Ft 22 AWG Stranded Hook-Up Wire
Hook-Up Wire, Type: Stranded, Color: Black, Length: 50 feet, Gauge: 22
24-835 - 125 Ft 22 AWG Enamel Magnet Wire
Used for making custom coils, transformers, etc. Copper wire with enamel insulation. Temperature range: -30°~80°C. Sold in 1⁄4 lb. spools.
MCM Cat 57, Page 697
Excellent and accurate buying experience, products exactly as they are described and work perfectly.


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TreeHouse Foods may make took to take over an egg and dairy products company, which could sell for more than $2 billion. According to Reuters in a Chicago Sun-Times report:
Oak Brook-based food maker TreeHouse Foods Inc. is considering a bid for Michael Foods Group Inc., an egg and dairy products company, sources tell Reuters.
TreeHouse provides a range of private-label food and drinks to the retail and food-service industries. Its products include non-dairy, powdered creamer; single-serve hot beverages; specialty teas; salsa and Mexican sauces; and, jams and pie fillings.
[Read more on Chicago Sun-Times]


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A new report from The Solar Foundation (TSF), a national non-profit research organization, finds more than 4,100 Texans are now working in the solar power industry, marking a 28 percent increase in solar jobs in one year. In addition, Texas has moved up to sixth place in national rankings for solar jobs, from eighth in 2012.
You are here
SEIA is the solar energy industry's go-to source for the latest coverage on solar power, including U.S. and international policy, research and polls, business and financing trends, and more. Our staff strives to support the media covering solar energy issues and guide our members on effective media outreach with clear statements, background materials, news and multimedia resources.
SEIA is committed to informing policymakers, the media, and the American public about the benefits of solar energy for today's communities, our economy, and our country.
Learn more from our statements and industry news below.
New Study Finds Solar Jobs Grow 225% in Georgia
A new report from The Solar Foundation (TSF), a national non-profit research organization, finds more than 2,600 Georgians are now working in the solar power industry and that Georgia had the highest rate of growth - 225 per cent - in the nation between September 2012 and November 2013, jumping from twenty-third to seventeenth place overall in national rankings for solar jobs.
SEIA Applauds Success of DOE's SunShot Initiative
WASHINGTON, DC – In response to the Department of Energy's announcement today that its decade-long solar SunShot Initiative is more than 60 percent of the way to achieving "cost-competitive utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity," Tom Kimbis, vice president of executive affairs for the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), issued the following statement:
SEIA: New Jobs Report Shows Value of Effective Public Policies
WASHINGTON, DC - Rhone Resch, president and CEO of the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), released the following statement today after carefully reviewing The Solar Foundation's new state-by-state jobs report:
SunEdison Installs Solar Parking Canopy at Whole Foods in Brooklyn
Solar Novus Today
SunEdison, a solar technology manufacturer and provider of solar energy services, announced the completion of a 306kW (kilowatt) DC (direct current) solar system for Whole Foods Market in Brooklyn, New York (US).
SunEdison designed the system using an innovative parking canopy structure that collects rainwater while protecting customers from the elements. The two companies have worked together since 2004 and have jointly deployed 1.5MW (megawatts) of solar projects.
SEIA Elects New Chairman and Vice Chairman for 2012-2014
WASHINGTON, D.C. – The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) announced today it has elected the following chair and vice-chair to serve on SEIA's Board of Directors Executive Committee: Chairman Arno Harris, CEO of Recurrent Energy; and Vice-Chairwoman Patricia Nugent, Director of Policy and Business Development for Dow Solar.
Report: US Solar Installations Continue to Surge in Q1 2012, but Domestic Manufacturing Woes Continue
The U.S. Solar Market Insight: Q1 2012, a report to be released tomorrow by GTM Research and the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA®), finds that growth in solar photovoltaics (PV) markets in the U.S. is maintaining its breakneck pace from 2011.
SEIA Statement on Chinese Ruling Against US Renewable Energy Programs
Rhone Resch, president and CEO of the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), released the following statement today in response to reports that China's Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) has preliminarily determined that six state-level U.S. renewable energy programs violate global trade rules.
SEIA Statement on Today's California Regulatory Decision on Net Metering
Today, the California Public Utilities Commission passed on a vote of 5-0 a new rule regarding net metering, primarily to clarify calculation of the state's five-percent net metering cap. Net metering allows customers to earn credit for excess solar electricity they produce that is distributed to other customers on the grid. The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) worked with members and stakeholders as part of the Coalition for Solar Rights asking for CPUC review of the calculation of the cap that is expected to be reached as soon as early next year by some utilities.
Solar Industry Statement on Passage of Maryland Solar Bill
Today, Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley signed into law the Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard for Solar Energy and Solar Water Heating Systems bill (Senate Bill 791 and House Bill 1187), which accelerates the target date for achieving the state's renewable portfolio standard two-percent solar carve-out by two years and ensures the industry maintains positive, year over year job growth.
Fourth Graders Power Their Classroom with Solar Energy
A group of fourth graders in Durham, North Carolina, are showing America the way to a clean energy future.
After learning all about solar and other energy sources, Aaron Sebens -- a teacher at Central Park School for Children -- and his fourth grade class came up with a bold idea: make their classroom solar-powered.
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Capacity Quickly Expands When States Provide the Right Incentives
The American solar photovoltaic (PV) industry has grown tremendously in recent years. In 2012, more than 3,300 MW of solar power were installed throughout the United States, with a record 1,300 MW installed in the last three months of the year alone. Falling costs for hardware and installation have accelerated this trend, but it has mainly been driven by public policies that generously reward those who install solar systems.
PUC OKs more solar capacity for Xcel
The solar industry applauded a decision by the Colorado Public Utilities Commission that allows Xcel Energy Inc. (NYSE: XEL) to acquire as much as 33.6 megawatts as part of the company's Solar Rewards program.
Lifesaving Solar Power for Army Firefly Sniper Detection System
The Department of Defense has been aggressively pursuing alternative energy both as the key to future national security and as a means of reducing troop casualties in the field, and a new Army solar project provides a perfect illustration of the two entwined goals.
After Sandy, AT&T Builds Solar Phone Charging Stations Across NYC
In the days following Superstorm Sandy, Starbucks and other restaurants in the New York City region had lines out the door. The customers were not in line to get coffee or food, but instead to use the electric outlets to charge their dead cell phones.


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Posts tagged halo-4,gearbox
'Gearbox is NOT working on a Halo title for Microsoft'
Hey guys and gals, have you been keeping up with this Gearbox/Halo thing? Yesterday, we heard Gearbox president Randy Pitchford kind of stumble over himself in response to the rumored Halo game. Today, it's a different story, with the Halo Waypoint Twitter account declaring, "For the record, Gearb...
Gearbox doesn't deny Halo involvement, speculation ensues
It's no secret: Gearbox and Bungie have been rumored to be in cahoots on a Halo project for some time now. Eurogamer is the latest to try and pry loose some info, speaking recently with Gearbox's Randy Pitchford on the matter. Pitchford seemed to have slipped up during the interview, not necessaril...
Microsoft's Halo team bolstered by Gearbox's Corrinne Yu
The juicy "Gearbox is developing Halo 4 OMG" rumor continues to be at the top of fanboy debate lists, with Microsoft confirming to Kotaku that Corrinne Yu, director of technology at Gearbox and pictured in full Spartan armor, has been hired as principle engine architect (fancy!) for the Xbox manuf...
Variety: Gearbox approached about Halo Game
Following up on yesterday's rumor out of OXM that Gearbox may be handling Halo 4, Variety's Ben Fritz reports that his source close to the dev confirms that it "has definitely had conversations with Microsoft about doing a new Halo game and is very excited at the prospect," but that "there was no d...
OXM: Halo 4 in development by Gearbox
Filed under juicy Halo rumor news, we have information coming from the pages of the latest issue of OXM that tells us that Halo 4 is currently in development, but NOT by Bungie Studios. According to OXM, Halo 4 is currently being developed by non other than Gearbox Software ( Halo PC anyone?) and is...
OXM rumor: Gearbox developing Halo 4 as launch title for next Xbox
Remember back in February when Gearbox Software big boss Randy Pitchford teased his studio's next project as something "big"? Well, not just "big" but something that was "even bigger" than anything Gearbox is currently working on? Well, the kids at OXM sure remembered and they sent their spies dee...
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Twitch to acquire eSports agency GoodGame
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Beginner's Guide to Roleplaying
Filed under: How-tos, Virtual selves
Filed under: How-tos, Virtual selves
I'd say the same i wasnt playing to RP but after about a year Switching from cenarius? ( sp ) to Bonechewer, i decided to try out Silverhand(rp) and actually its alot of fun, there's always something to do a new story. You cant really be bored since well you have friends and stories unwrapping alot. So when you are 60. You can PVP and when your in queue RP!
Just alittle thing i found.
60 Warlock
I've been on Feathermoon US since I got the game, but it was horrible... just no RP going on unless you could work your way into a heavy-RP clique, and that meant interrupting storylines and all sorts of mess. No different than playing on a PvE server, right down to the people endlessly insulting RPers.
I couldn't wait for character transfers anymore and rolled a new character on Thorium Brotherhood... the difference is like night and day. I was starting to get sick of WoW, but now I'm sucked right back in ^^; The server community makes all the difference. Blizz doesn't enforce the RP policy unless the community polices it for them - they'd rather be the judges than the cops, apparently, when it comes to RP servers. The TB community is much tougher about enforcing roleplaying policies than the FM people.
In any case, shop around before you commit to a server, or if you're unhappy with yours... I guess that could be true for any kind of experience, but it really paid off for me.
When LightningHoof was fresh and new, my character Dalexion was in the top 3 of highest level Blacksmiths.
Naturally, everyone would come to me for their goods so I had a story going where I was a crippled old man (wooden leg and all) going. It was fun for a while then it was just tiresome to keep up...
Left the server due to drama. The Drama that is in RP servers is unmatched my ANY other type. Ill stick with my Normal server now, thanks.
The article had good intentions, but the guy definitely needs to learn how to use the spell/grammar check tool.
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|New Revised Standard (NRS)
|New International Version (NIV)
|4 And we have confidence in the Lord concerning you, that you are doing and will go on doing the things that we command.
|4 We have confidence in the Lord that you are doing and will continue to do the things we command.
|New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright 1989, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved. (New Revised Standard Bible Version Online)
|Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online)


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The Passage: A Novel (Book One of The Passage Trilogy) (Compact Disc)
Indie Next ListJune 2010
Justin Cronin's incredible imagination takes the reader on a ride that is engrossing, thought-provoking, terrifying and above all, immensely entertaining. A diverse and engaging cast of characters dot the landscape in this sweeping novel that is both fantastical science fiction and heartbreaking drama. An absolutely thrilling read, The Passage is destined to reach a huge audience and leave everyone wanting more. -- Tiffany Miner, Book People, Austin, TX
"It happened fast. Thirty-two minutes for one world to die, another to be born."
First, the unthinkable: a security breach at a secret U.S. government facility unleashes the monstrous product of a chilling military experiment. Then, the unspeakable: a night of chaos and carnage gives way to sunrise on a nation, and ultimately a world, forever altered. All that remains for the stunned survivors is the long fight ahead and a future ruled by fear—of darkness, of death, of a fate far worse.
As civilization swiftly crumbles into a primal landscape of predators and prey, two people flee in search of sanctuary. FBI agent Brad Wolgast is a good man haunted by what he's done in the line of duty. Six-year-old orphan Amy Harper Bellafonte is a refugee from the doomed scientific project that has triggered apocalypse. He is determined to protect her from the horror set loose by her captors. But for Amy, escaping the bloody fallout is only the beginning of a much longer odyssey—spanning miles and decades—towards the time and place where she must finish what should never have begun.
With The Passage, award-winning author Justin Cronin has written both a relentlessly suspenseful adventure and an epic chronicle of human endurance in the face of unprecedented catastrophe and unimaginable danger. Its inventive storytelling, masterful prose, and depth of human insight mark it as a crucial and transcendent work of modern fiction.
About the Author
Justin Cronin is the author of The Passage, Mary and O'Neil (which won the PEN/Hemingway Award and the Stephen Crane Prize), and The Summer Guest. Other honors for his writing include a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts and a Whiting Writers' Award. A professor of English at Rice University, he lives with his family in Houston, Texas.
Praise for The Passage: A Novel (Book One of The Passage Trilogy)…
"Read this book and the ordinary world disappears."—Stephen King
"[A] blockbuster . . . astutely plotted and imaginative."—The New York Times Book Review
"Don't wait to dive into The Passage. . . . Simmering in the background of this frightening thriller . . . is a heartfelt portrayal of the human capability to fight, endure and hope for a better world."—USA Today
"Engrossing . . . By the third chapter, trash was piling up in our house because I was too scared to take out the garbage at night."—Ron Charles, The Washington Post
"Mythic storytelling."—San Francisco Chronicle


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Opal: Meaning, Popularity, Origin of Baby Name Opal
Origin of the name Opal:
Taken from opal (a semiprecious gemstone which reflects light in a dazzling display of colors), which is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit upala (precious stone, jewel).
From A World of Baby Names by Teresa Norman.
Looking for the perfect name? Try the Name MatchMaker to find the perfect baby name for you!
US Popularity of Opal Over Time
Sister & Brother Names
Know an Opal? What are her siblings named?
Contribute your knowledge to the name Opal
- Comments and insights on the name Opal: | Edit
- Share what you know!
- Personal experiences with the name Opal: | Edit
My great grandma's name is Opal, I've always loved it!
- Nicknames for Opal: | Edit
Opie, Ollie/Olly, Op, Ops, Opel, Opa
- Meanings and history of the name Opal: | Edit
A gemstone
Opal, Virginia, United States
Opal, Wyoming, United States
Opal, Alberta, Canada
- Famous real-life people named Opal: | Edit
Opal Whiteley, American nature writer
Opal Kunz, American Feminist and Aviatrix
Opal Hill, American professional golfer
Opal Palmer Adisa, award-winning Jamaican poet, novelist, performance artist and educator
Opal Bonfante, British television and radio presenter
Opal Wilcox Barron, was First Lady of West Virginia from 1961 to 1965
- Opal in song, story & screen: | Edit
Opal Cowan, protagonist of Maria V. Snyder's "Glass" trilogy
India Opal, called Opal, of "Because of Winn-Dixie," by Kate DiCamillo
Opal City, fictional city set in DC Comic Universe
Opal Koboi, antagonist in "Artemis Fowl" series
Opal Smith, character BBC's "EastEnders"
Opal Luna Saturnyne, character Marvel Comics "Captain Britain"
Opal Cortland, character ABC's "All My Children"
Opal, Oprah based character on "The Simpsons"
The Prisoner in the Opal, 1928 British detective novel by A.E.W. Mason
Opal the prostitute character in the film bad Santa with Billy Bob Thornton.
Opal, a side project of the band Mazzie Star


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A day after the California Supreme Court hears oral arguments for the repeal of Proposition 8, cinephiles of all stripes and sexual orientations will gather in Hollywood for two days of movie-watching at Fusion 2009: The Los Angeles LGBT People of Color Film Festival, presented by Outfest. The film that will generate a whole bunch of interest is Pedro, which was written by Lance Black, the Oscar-winning screenwriter of Milk. Black once again tackles the subject matter of a gay icon in Pedro Zamora, about the AIDS activist and MTV Real World cast member in San Francisco, who died from AIDS complications in 1994. Zamora worked endlessly to put a human face on the AIDS crisis and eventually became so respected and well-known that President Bill Clinton gave him a call. It's a good film with an inspiring story, but there are other entries at Fusion that also deserve attention, particularly a meditative three-minute short film by director Dino Dinco, who created a lovely portrait of San Antonio educator and poet Joe Jimenez, called El Abuelo. Dish, a short film by director Brian Harris Krinsky, which follows the wanderings of teenage emo kids in East L.A., is also a thoughtful treat. Fusion 2009, Egyptian Theatre, 6712 Hollywood Blvd., Hollywood; Fri.-Sat., March 6-7. (213) 480-7088 or www.outfest.org/fusion/.
—Patrick Range McDonald
Sure, Man on Wire deserved the hell out of last month's Best Documentary Oscar, but we as a nation still have many a reality-film inroad to pave. Let us not forget the criminally overlooked, Academy-snubbed 2005 docu-gem The Aristocrats, in which Paul Provenza and Penn Jillette cajoled dozens of dirty-minded comedians into interpreting the titillating titular narrative as his or her own. And just like the nutty Frenchman at Wire's perfectly balanced center, Billy the Mime stole the show. The Jimmy Kimmel Show and comedy-festival vet (and past L.A. Weekly Theater Award winner) opted to forgo lewd language, instead wordlessly and mesmerizingly mimicking an equally disturbing version that began with a cordial opening handshake and culminated in the anal violation of the fictitious family dog. In stark contrast to the esteemed likes of George Carlin, Pat Cooper, Don Rickles and Chris Rock, Billy the Mime spoke volumes without saying a single thing. Sans makeup, the man otherwise known as Steven Banks serves as a SpongeBob SquarePants writer, but this weekend he'll re-apply the whiteface for one show only. With a repertoire including "Dreams of a Young Crippled Boy," "Rape and Revenge," "Columbine: School's Out" and "A Hurricane Called Katrina," he ain't subtle, but he's in a category of his own. Upright Citizens Brigade Theater, 5919 Franklin Ave., Hollywood; Fri., March 6, 7:30 p.m.; $8. (323) 908-8702.
—Julie Seabaugh
Think you know L.A.? Need more stress in your weekend? Got sensible shoes? Then you'll want to set your alarm for Hollywood: Past, Present and Future, the latest "fast-paced, clue-solving adventure" from the fun-loving sadists of Race/L.A. You and your teammates — teams are two to four players — will have to be quick on your feet as you bolt/sprint/tear through Hollywood, solving puzzles, cracking codes and learning little-known factoids about Hollywood. Call for reservations. Sat., March 7, 10 a.m.; $35 (tours last about three hours). (310) 360-6950 or www.racela.com.
—Libby Molyneaux
Your Virtuosi or Mine?
This charming Music and Conversations series delivers a unique experience on a variety of levels. Not only does the classical/jazz combo program feature world-class virtuosi, but you can also enjoy one-on-one conversations with the artists in an intimate private-home setting with a to-die-for view of the city. This week, Nancy Wu, associate concertmaster of the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra; John Walz, L.A. Opera principal cellist; and the one and only Delores Stevens, pianist extraordinaire, perform the West Coast premiere of Morton Subotnick's Then and Now Forever (Wu and Stevens were among the musicians who premiered the work at last August's Martha's Vineyard Chamber Music Festival); Bach's Suite for Unaccompanied Cello No. 3 in C major; and Schumann's Piano Trio No. 1 in D minor. The program changes gears when Grammy-winning pianist Alan Broadbent joins Gary Foster on sax and Putter Smith on bass for some cool-hot jazz. Oh, yeah, throw in some hors d'oeuvres and a wine tasting courtesy of Casa Torelli, and you've got something approaching the music lover's perfect evening. Goldman Custom Performance Space, private residence in Mt. Washington; Sat., March 7, wine & hors d'oeuvres 7:30 p.m., concert 8 p.m.; $35, $20 students. (310) 453-6278 or www.musicandconversations.org.
—Mary Beth Crain
Bodies By Balanchine & Backhaus
Devotees of George Balanchine used to have to leave town for New York or other cities with ballet companies up to the challenges of the legendary choreographer's ballets, but in its first two seasons, homegrown Los Angeles Ballet has already offered an impressive array of Balanchine masterpieces, including Serenade, Concerto Barocco, Apollo, Agon, Four Temperaments, Allegro Brillante, Rubies and Who Cares? — all to high critical praise. A segment of LAB's Who Cares? was even showcased on So You Think You Can Dance. This week, artistic directors Thordal Christensen and Colleen Neary open LAB's three-week spring season with Balanchine's Prodigal Son and Stravinsky Violin Concerto, joined by a new work from award-winning SoCal dance maker Jennifer Backhaus. Prodigal Son was staged by former New York City Ballet star Pat Neary and features guest artist Eddy Tovar from Orlando Ballet in the title role and Melissa Barak as the femme fatale who takes him for all he is worth and knows how to work a cape. This marks Backhaus' second new work set on LAB dancers and continues LAB's promising commitment to new choreography alongside top-notch productions of existing masterworks. After this weekend's opening in Redondo Beach, the company moves to Santa Monica next week for LAB's debut at the new Broad Stage, then on to Glendale for the final weekend. Redondo Beach Performing Arts Center, 1935 Manhattan Beach Blvd., Redondo Beach; Sat., March 7, 7:30 p.m. Also at the Broad Stage, 1310 11th St., Santa Monica; Sat., March 14, 7:30 p.m.; Sun., March 15, 2 p.m. Also at the Alex Theatre, 216 N. Brand Blvd., Glendale; Sat., March 21, 7:30 p.m.; $30-$95. (310) 998-7782 or www.LosAngelesBallet.org.


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Gear Question
Write your question here...Does the Burton...
Member since
Write your question here...Does the Burton Poacher pant have venting? Pictures look like it does but write up says nothing
Member since
The Poacher pant dose not have thigh vents.
Pedro Gonzalez
Member since
Yes, this pant really have thigh vents, have zippers on the inside with mesh. The Burton Poacher pant is amazing!
View More Details on Burton Poacher Pant - Men's


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