text:
Religious fundamentalisms in India: the impact of Hindu fundamentalisms on sexual and reproductive health and rights.
Defining religious fundamentalisms
"Religious fundamentalisms" is a term used to describe "politically motivated ideologies" fuelling a "range of movements and tendencies in all regions of the world which aim to impose what they define as tradition ... on societies they consider to be in danger of straying from the fundamental tenets that hold them together." (1) Looking at fundamentalisms in South Asia This article is about the geopolitical region in Asia. For geophysical treatments, see Indian subcontinent.
South Asia, also known as Southern Asia , Jayawardena and de Alwis state unequivocally, "fundamentalism uses women's bodies as a battlefield in its struggle to appropriate institutional power, and is therefore a political phenomenon." (2) Using the Women Against Fundamentalism (WAF WAF 1 or Waf
A member of the Women in the Air Force, organized after World War II, but now no longer a separate branch.
[From W(omen in the) A(ir) F(orce).] ) definition, Feldman and Clark define fundamentalism as a "type of modern political movement which uses religion as a base from which to try to gain power and extend social control." The WAF founding statement says, "At the heart of the fundamentalists' agenda is the control of women's minds and bodies (by) the patriarchal family." (3)
Freedman attempts to list out some characteristics of the fundamentalist political project, such as the construction of a worldview world·view
n. In both senses also called Weltanschauung.
1. The overall perspective from which one sees and interprets the world.
2. A collection of beliefs about life and the universe held by an individual or a group. "premised on difference and confrontation"; an absolutist approach to law and religious authenticity; the deeply cynical use of religious language and imagery; the identification of a threat to the community that will be the source of social chaos and disorder; the adoption of militant and violent methods; and selective use of the implements of modernity. (4) Feldman and Clark add to this list the appeals to tradition invoking a mythical past as a common method of social control. (3) Jayawardena and De Alwis argue further that religious nationalists try to homogenise Verb 1. homogenise - break up the fat globules of; "homogenized milk"
change state, turn - undergo a transformation or a change of position or action; "We turned from Socialism to Capitalism"; "The people turned against the President when he stole society, despite apparent social and economic differences, by creating a strong image of a potential disruptor or threat, an 'internal enemy' who may be of a different religion or race, or even immoral "westernised" women. (2)
However, there are hesitations around the use of the term "religious fundamentalisms" as the 'fundamentals' of every religion are also considered sacred by women around the world. But Freedman warns that tradition and customs are not static entities: the so-called 'fundamental' beliefs and practices are not retrieved from ancient authentic texts or customs but are actually invented and constructed by fundamentalists themselves. (4)
Religions fundamentalisms and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR SRHR Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
SRHR Science and Reason in Hampton Roads )
Religious fundamentalisms, according to Freedman, are fuelled by a sense of social dislocation and disorder, particularly by the "breakdown of patriarchal structures that keep women in carefully circumscribed roles, particularly within the family." (4) Both Freedman and Feldman and Clark reason that political and economic crises of the modern world are fuelling religious fundamentalist movements; however, the South Asian experience indicates that religious fundamentalisms were also part of anti-colonial movements. (2)
What Freedman sees as important for the SRHR movements is that the "confrontation and boundary building" that goes with religious fundamentalisms uses "women to map its territory and construct its borders." Women's sexuality and reproductive capacity are viewed as points of vulnerability and opportunity within the heightened concern about 'authenticity' and 'purity' of race or religion; therefore, these must be policed. Women's wombs need to be controlled to produce the 'pure' heirs of their race or religion. (4)
One of the most successful ways to control and discipline women's sexuality is by confining them within the home and interpellating them into predominantly subordinate and familial subject positions such as daughter, sister, wife and mother. These interpellations are facilitated through what Althusser calls the "ideological state apparatuses" such as the family, school, media, religious institutions and so on. (5) Religious fundamentalists use a "powerful and essentialist image of women's role based on natural and God-given differences" as being that of dutiful du·ti·ful
1. Careful to fulfill obligations.
2. Expressing or filled with a sense of obligation.
du wives and self-sacrificing mothers. (3)
Bagchi notes that "women themselves often get drawn to fundamentalist configurations because of (their) so-called cultural authenticity and because they are made to feel empowered." (6) Women are elevated through the apparently empowering role of being "mothers of the nation and transmitters of the cultural inheritance" which actually serves to confine them to the gendered role of social reproduction: motherhood, household chores and childcare. (3) During the revival and nationalist movements in South Asia, women's biological role as reproducers of the nation, as cultural carriers of tradition, was highlighted. This instrumentalised women's reproductive functions and their bodies in the interests of the state. (2)
Women's duty to procreate pro·cre·ate
1. To beget and conceive offspring; to reproduce.
2. To produce or create; originate.
pro and to limit themselves only to socially sanctioned sex within marriage is posited against the anarchic notion of women's autonomy and rights to choice. (3) Women who seek their human rights are labelled as selfish individualists who are betraying their family and community identity. The 'uncontrolled woman' and her 'uncontrolled sexuality' are seen as symbolic of the disorder all around. In this regard, feminist movements that seek to affirm women's rights The effort to secure equal rights for women and to remove gender discrimination from laws, institutions, and behavioral patterns.
The women's rights movement began in the nineteenth century with the demand by some women reformers for the right to vote, known as suffrage, and are seen as a threat. (4) They are labelled in South Asia as the 'urban Westernised Feminists' and caricatured or stereotyped in various ways.
As Freedman and others have pointed out, fundamentalists focus strongly on a bi-polar construction of the 'Us' versus the 'Other,' an enemy or threat leading to chaos and breakdown of the social order, from which society or the purity of their own community has to be protected. In this vilification of the 'Other' and glorification glo·ri·fy
tr.v. glo·ri·fied, glo·ri·fy·ing, glo·ri·fies
1. To give glory, honor, or high praise to; exalt.
2. of their own community, religious fundamentalisms also attempt to provide unifying symbols to establish a forced hegemonic identity, such as images of the 'ideal woman.' (2)
For the Hindu revivalists of South Asia in the early 20th century, the 'Other' was the invading outsider who had destroyed the 'golden past' and who had stayed on: the Muslim community. They also represented the threat of rape and possible pollution of daughters: thus, women become sex objects in the custody of a male national collectivity. (2) As such, communal violence frequently resorts to the sexual violation sexual violation A form of sexual misconduct defined as physician-patient sexual relations, regardless of who initiated the relationship, which includes genital intercourse, oral sexual contact, anal intercourse, mutual masturbation. of the womenfolk of the Other community; for a woman's modesty signifies the masculinity of her community, and her shaming becomes symbolic of the subjection of her community. As Michel Foucault puts it, sexuality is a "dense transfer point for relations of power" (7) and patriarchal discourses about women's modesty are really about controlling her sexuality. (2)
Hindu fundamentalisms: Origins
Modern Hindu fundamentalisms have their root in the nationalist project of Hindu revival and reform that started in the 19th century. Some key ideologues included social reformers like Dayanand Saraswati and Raja Ram Mohan Roy, who were followed by Hindu revivalists like Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bāḷ Gaṅgādhar Ṭiḷak and, in Bengal, Rajnarain Basu and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, whose writings glorified glo·ri·fy
tr.v. glo·ri·fied, glo·ri·fy·ing, glo·ri·fies
1. To give glory, honor, or high praise to; exalt.
2. the golden past of the Indian subcontinent and who demanded militant action to return to that past. As mentioned above, the Muslim community was constructed as the polluting 'Other'; Hindu supremacy and exclusivity was the slogan.
Bagchi describes how a purely symbolic 'empowerment' of Hindu women was validated by these writers through mythological references to the self-denying Sita and Savitri or the avenging, all-powerful Durga or Kali. (8) They chose to overlook more concrete reform measures of women's education, raising age at marriage and improving the status of widows.6 Women's sacrificial protection of their own chastity was lauded as courageous, as in the case of medieval Indian women who committed suicide rather than fall into the hands of the Muslim invaders, or of women who burnt alive as Sati at the funereal fu·ne·re·al
1. Of or relating to a funeral.
2. Appropriate for or suggestive of a funeral; mournful: funereal gloom. pyre of their dead husbands.
Chakravarti narrates how consummation of non-consensual marriages of girls at ages below ten was seen as a Hindu sacrament not to be questioned, despite the incident of a ten-year old bride bleeding to death due to marital rape by her 35-year-old husband. The violent controversy over the Age of Consent Bill in 1890-91 was a defence of Hindu culture as symbolised by Hindu womanhood, and led to consolidation of a nationalism that was conflated with deeply conservative Hinduism. (9) In this unification, of course, the internal divisions of class and caste within the group were made invisible, and 'Hindus' were seen as a homogeneous category.
In the 1920s, a book about Hindutva (Hindu-ness) was written by V. D. Savarkar, and K. B. Hegdevar founded the RSS (Really Simple Syndication) A syndication format that was developed by Netscape in 1999 and became very popular for aggregating updates to blogs and the news sites. RSS has also stood for "Rich Site Summary" and "RDF Site Summary. or Rastriya Swayam-Sevak Sangh The term Sangh or Sangha means an assembly or congregation. The usage of the term includes:
- Sangha in Buddhism and Jainism.
- Sangh Parivar a group of Indian nationalist organizations.
- Sangam a legendary literary assembly in ancient Tamil Nadu.
BJP British Journal of Psychiatry
BJP British Journal of Photography
BJP Bubble Jet Printer (Canon)
BJP Bence Jones Protein
BJP Boston Jolly Pirates ), and a host of other 'family organisations' called collectively as the Sangh Pariwar. The first of these organisations was the women's wing called the Rashtra Sevika Samiti (Nation Servers' Association, where the female gender is implied) set up in 1936. The RSS has over three million core members, while the women's wing has at least a million. Many organisations that are the face of Hindu fundamentalisms today are part of the Sangh Pariwar, within India and in other countries, and the RSS functions as the think-tank for the ideology of affiliated politicians, as well as raises political issues in the public discursive space. (10)
Hindu fundamentalisms: 'Today
Paola Bacchetta's study of discourses of the Sangh and its women's wing, the Samiti, provide many insights into the current ideological framework of Hindu fundamentalists today. (10) The Sangh's literature has a binary mode, in which the mutually exclusive halves are polarised against each other: the homogenised concept of Hindu people constructed in direct opposition to the non-Hindu 'Other.' According to the Sangh, Hindu culture is a unitary, uniform heritage representing the essence of the Hindu religion. Hindus are portrayed as a 'homogenous people': there is no regional difference and no sense of caste or class conflict here. The pre-Muslim 'Hindu period' of history is constructed as politically and culturally excellent, followed by periods of Hindu struggles against the Muslims then against the British. This reformulation of history has been a recurrent key strategy of the Sangh Pariwar. The nation is represented as 'Motherland,' a chaste but motherly moth·er·ly
1. Of, like, or appropriate to a mother: motherly love.
2. Showing the affection of a mother.
In a manner befitting a mother. figure, asexual asexual /asex·u·al/ (a-sek´shoo-al) having no sex; not sexual; not pertaining to sex.
1. Having no evident sex or sex organs; sexless.
2. but vulnerable to assault by invaders. (10)
The ideal Hindu is a patriotic, strong male, preferably celibate, as contrasted to the Muslim Other who is an anti-national, sexually overactive o·ver·ac·tive
Active to an excessive or abnormal degree: an overactive child.
o male, lusting after and raping Hindu women and symbolically desecrating the feminine Motherland by raising mosques. The memory of the Partition (11) is evoked continually to conjure up or make visible, as a spirit, by magic arts; hence, to invent; as, to conjure up a story; to conjure up alarms s>.
See also: Conjure demonised images of Muslims as rapists and looters, and their presence in India is constructed as a threat of future violence, so as to justify continual 'retaliation' against Muslims. Both are characterised in masculine terms, since males are the essential community agents. (10)
On the other hand, Hindu women are assigned an ideal of domesticated do·mes·ti·cate
tr.v. do·mes·ti·cat·ed, do·mes·ti·cat·ing, do·mes·ti·cates
1. To cause to feel comfortable at home; make domestic.
2. To adopt or make fit for domestic use or life.
a. , motherly and sisterly femininity, whereas Muslim women are seen as weak victims of a religion degrading to women. Mythological references, such as to the goddess Durga, are intended to build a sense of women's empowerment. Bacchetta concludes that the Sangh regime accepts Samiti women's slightly differential modes of perception insofar in·so·far
To such an extent.
Adv. 1. insofar - to the degree or extent that; "insofar as it can be ascertained, the horse lung is comparable to that of man"; "so far as it is reasonably practical he should practice as their discourses remain the means to ensure women's complicity in the overall Hindu fundamentalist political project. (10)
Although India is a vast country with enormous cultural diversity, the Sangh functions with military precision in most regions and Hindu fundamentalist actions are similar across the country. In areas where there is a syncretic syn·cre·tism
1. Reconciliation or fusion of differing systems of belief, as in philosophy or religion, especially when success is partial or the result is heterogeneous.
2. form of Sufi religious belief combining elements of both Hinduism and Islam, religious tolerance and co-existence is being insidiously undermined. In some cases, the hegemonic form of Hinduism that is being constituted by the Sangh-related organisations is at odds with local culture and customs, as in tribal-dominated regions, yet has managed to make strong inroads. This is often done through militant actions that occur in collusion with the state machinery.
The media in India today has a key role to play in extending the Hindu fundamentalist ideology. Through subtle ways such as television serials and advertisements, and not so subtle coverage of positions taken on issues by fundamentalists, the media provides a broad public platform to disseminate this ideology. The homogenising project of Hindu fundamentalists is taken forward by the portrayal of Hindu women in television soaps who are inevitably upper middle class and follow rites and rituals that are projected as 'universal.' Hindu festivals, especially those that have a female component in the rituals, are an occasion for aggressive media advertising of products targeting women as devoted consumers. A more direct approach is taken by television channels devoted to religious and spiritual discourses and activities. These include both majority and minority religions.
The minority community has not remained unaffected by the 'othering' rhetoric of fundamentalists and their communal violence. Muslims in India have reacted through progressive ghetto-isation of their residences, living and working in communally safe spaces as far as possible. There have been regressive measures aimed at protecting 'minority culture,' including demands for banning of writers and books considered offensive. The restrictions and controls on women have tightened, with overt assertions of patriarchy. The community is also suspicious of the intentions of the majority community, especially where there is some coercion involved, such as the mandatory sterilisation programme of the government.
The impact of Hindu fundamentalisms on SRHR in India
As described above, Hindu fundamentalists have a particular ideological construction of history, society, culture, gender and religious difference. This has a multi-faceted impact on sexual and reproductive rights and health in India today, which is manifested in myriad ways, as the examples below indicate. Some of the basic premises on which the fundamentalists base their arguments are:
* The woman's body is the site of 'community and family honour'--women of one's own community have to be strictly guarded and women of the 'other' community can be sexually violated to punish the 'other' community.
* Women's sexuality or non-reproductive sexuality must be restricted; women's self-esteem must be curtailed.
* If a national health programme fails, there is a 'communal reason' for this: the 'other' minority community is planning to destroy the majority community.
These premises play out in the aggressive stance of Hindu fundamentalists regarding various aspects of reproductive and sexual health and rights, in which women's bodies and autonomy become the ground for political action. They violently oppose exercise of the right to choice of partners, adolescent sex education, and any depiction of sexuality that implicates Hindu women or goddesses. They have urged the Indian government to 'recover' Hindu women who had been 'abducted' by Muslims during the Partition of the sub-continent, while using continued sexual violence against women as a means of retaliating against Muslims. Rumours are spread that Muslims are attempting to become a majority community through refusing family planning family planning
Use of measures designed to regulate the number and spacing of children within a family, largely to curb population growth and ensure each family's access to limited resources. measures. Hegemonic Hinduism, in tune with Catholic Christianity, also disapproves of abortion, calling it 'foeticide,' and attributes the foetus with personhood per·son·hood
The state or condition of being a person, especially having those qualities that confer distinct individuality: "finding her own personhood as a campus activist" .
Hegemonic Hinduism considers daughters inferior to sons, promoting son-preference through cremation cremation, disposal of a corpse by fire. It is an ancient and widespread practice, second only to burial. It has been found among the chiefdoms of the Pacific Northwest, among Northern Athapascan bands in Alaska, and among Canadian cultural groups. rituals that may only be performed by sons. There are also traditional beliefs that consider menstruation menstruation, periodic flow of blood and cells from the lining of the uterus in humans and most other primates, occurring about every 28 days in women. Menstruation commences at puberty (usually between age 10 and 17). as polluting, and menstruating women may be even be prevented from access to the kitchen. Current religious practice is replete with fasts for women almost every other day of the week. While women's reproductive capacity is a social resource, it has to function within a strictly controlled framework; unbridled female sexuality is taboo. Widows are considered 'bad omens' and even if young, are advised a life of seclusion seclusion Forensic psychiatry A strategy for managing disturbed and violent Pts in psychiatric units, which consists of supervised confinement of a Pt to a room–ie, involuntary isolation, to protect others from harm , abstinence and prayer, which may mean leaving them in the convent-like ashrams of the Hindu holy cities.
Some selected aspects of the above impacts of Hindu fundamentalisms on SRHR are discussed below in some detail, including sexual violence against women during communal conflict, opposition to adults exercising their rights to choose sexual partners, 'saffron demography,' and opposition to young people's access to sexual and reproductive health information.
Sexual violence and communalism com·mu·nal·ism
1. Belief in or practice of communal ownership, as of goods and property.
2. Strong devotion to the interests of one's own minority or ethnic group rather than those of society as a whole.
Menon and Bhasin12 term the 1947 Partition of the Indian subcontinent as an event that still "reverberates in the national consciousness" 45 years later: "That terrible stunning violence and then the silencing pall that descended like a shroud around it have always just hovered just at the edges of history; the story of 1947, while one of the attainment of independence, is also a gendered narrative of displacement and dispossession The wrongful, nonconsensual ouster or removal of a person from his or her property by trick, compulsion, or misuse of the law, whereby the violator obtains actual occupation of the land. Dispossession encompasses intrusion, disseisin, or deforcement. , of large scale and widespread communal violence, and of the realignment re·a·lign
tr.v. re·a·ligned, re·a·lign·ing, re·a·ligns
1. To put back into proper order or alignment.
2. To make new groupings of or working arrangements between. of family, community and national identities...." Menon and Bhasin argue that the location of women at the intersection of these forces casts an entirely new light on the apparent fixity fix·i·ty
n. pl. fix·i·ties
1. The quality or condition of being fixed.
2. Something fixed or immovable. of the defining features of identity like religion and nationality. (12)
The migrations across the newly created borders, on foot, by train or by air, consisted of about eight million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims. This was accompanied by violence visited by the three communities upon each other, "unmatched in scale, brutality and intensity," leading to a half million lives lost, according to official estimates, although the actual figures are suspected to be much higher. Convoys were ambushed, entire trainloads of refugees butchered, families separated, children orphaned. In this extreme disruption of life at all levels, women were raped, abducted, humiliated hu·mil·i·ate
tr.v. hu·mil·i·at·ed, hu·mil·i·at·ing, hu·mil·i·ates
To lower the pride, dignity, or self-respect of. See Synonyms at degrade. , murdered, taken away from their families, then reclaimed, then again rejected or separated from their children by the multiple patriarchies of the State, the police, the community and the family. The material, symbolic and political significance of the abduction of women, often accompanied by forcible conversion and marriage, was simultaneously an assertion of identity and a humiliation of a rival community. It compelled many families to kill their women, and pushed many hundreds of women to taking their own lives, either as a preventive measure, or 'after being polluted.' (12)
The forcible recovery of Hindu women from the 'polluting' embrace of Muslim men extended to the 'products' of these women's bodies, with women either compelled to abort (1) To exit a function or application without saving any data that has been changed.
(2) To stop a transmission.
(programming) abort - To terminate a program or process abnormally and usually suddenly, with or without diagnostic information. or leave their small children behind while being restored to their own community. (2) Menon and Bhasin interrogate the so-called 'amicable exchange' of abducted women between India and Pakistan, especially the 'recovery operations' carried out by the Indian state and question its definition of itself as 'secular and democratic.' They argue that the Indian state, in its articulation of public policy, underlined the primacy of community identity and departed from its neutrality in assigning values to the 'legitimate' family and community 'honour' through the regulation of women's sexuality and reproductive capacity. (12) There was no space for women's own rights, choices or agency in preferring to continue with their lives in Pakistan; their reclaimed bodies and products provided the crucial statistics through which the diminished nation's masculinity could be gauged: their recovery was thus not a project of salvation but a battle for virility Virility
See also Beauty, Masculine; Brawniness.
Fury, Sergeant
archetypal he-man. [Comics: "Sergeant Fury and His Howling Commandos" in Horn, 607–608]
Henry, John . (2)
The spectre of horrific communal violence came back to haunt the nation repeatedly: the attacks on Sikhs in 1984, the attacks on Muslims after the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1994, and most recently, the pogrom pogrom (pō`grəm, pōgrŏm`), Russian term, originally meaning "riot," that came to be applied to a series of violent attacks on Jews in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th cent. against Muslims in Gujarat in 2002. This was apparently 'a retaliatory measure' following the inflammatory headlines of the newspaper Sandesh
- Sandesh is a popular masculine given name across Indian sub-continent.
- Sandesh - a particular kind of sweet (in Bengali language)
- Message (a kind of lesson, or statement)
- Sandesh is a children's magazine in West Bengal
Agnes gives us the narrative of Hameeda, a 14-year-old survivor of the Naroda Patiya massacre (where 150 people were killed within a few hours on 28 February 2002): her 11-year-old sister was gang-raped and burnt while Hameeda ran and hid behind a wall, watching as her sister screamed until she was dead. It was in Naroda Patiya where Kausar Bano fell into the clutches of the chasing mob that slit open her belly, scooped out her foetus and roasted it before her eyes, before they killed her too. Agnes writes of how her volunteer workers broke down when they had to deal with "bodies of women, disfigured beyond recognition, brutally dismembered," one of which had a sword inserted into the vagina: (13)
In a society which holds such scant respect for its women, gendered violence is a foregone conclusion. But these riots have scaled new heights and have reached a peak in sadism and barbarity.... It is this horror, this extreme sexual perversion, unleashed upon women in times of conflict in order to defile the community, that needs to be recorded.
Agnes acknowledged that the stories of rape and abduction during the Partition were brought out only after the women's movement brought sexual violence out of its 'closeted existence.' She adds, "Within the patriarchal scheme of social structures, sexual violence remains hidden through a conscious design.... Unlike murder, theft, arson, this crime has ... no visibility." (13) Yet in keeping with the pattern during the Partition, here too, women have been denied the space or legitimacy to seek justice, as the state has colluded with the judiciary in denying them legal redress. Six years after the Gujarat massacre, partial justice has been obtained in only one case of gang-rape and murder, after the courageous survivor Bilkis Bano had battled endlessly with the help of civil society support. (14)
The night to choice
The right to choose one's sexual partner is a basic sexual right and is also the premise behind safe and consensual sexual relations. However, Hindu fundamentalists vociferously oppose the exercise of women's choice in sexual partners. Chakravarti argues that the reproduction of the caste system is contingent upon 'endogamy' or carefully controlled marriages within bounded groups. Violation of the marriage code is considered an attack upon izzat or honour, a masculine concept, and retaliation may include extreme violence upon those who defiled de·file 1
tr.v. de·filed, de·fil·ing, de·files
1. To make filthy or dirty; pollute: defile a river with sewage.
2. the izzat. Women, as a kind of sexual property, are considered the repositories of the family and community honour in the patriarchies of almost all cultures on the South Asian sub-continent, and this is used to enforce on them the code of appropriate conduct. The marriage code is threatened by 'love marriages,' since acceding to choice or 'love' means that choice may extend beyond the acceptable circle of males belonging to the same caste group. (15)
Right-wing Hindu mobilisation in recent years has led to ideological and organisational moves to counter such relationships. Moral policing by Hindu right-wing groups has been rampant in several areas where couples are publicly humiliated in parks and coffee shops. These actions usually intensify on Valentine's Day, with Hindu right-wing gangs routinely vandalising shops selling greeting cards or offering special products for the occasion. They also prowl around restaurants and cafes to intimidate couples out for a meal together. The police usually turn a blind eye to this. In Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, the police have even taken on this role and invited the media to observe how they preserve 'social decency' by attacking couples in parks and threatening to 'expose' them to their parents.
By emphasising women as repositories of the 'honour' of the Hindu nation, Hindutva (Hinduness) ideology has also expanded the legitimacy for violence against couples marrying across caste or religious boundaries. Violence before and after runaway marriages is the norm; several cases of imprisonment Imprisonment
See also Isolation.
Alcatraz Island
former federal maximum security penitentiary, near San Francisco; "escapeproof." [Am. Hist.: Flexner, 218]
Altmark, the
German prison ship in World War II. [Br. Hist. at home, forcible retrieval, coerced remarriage Re`mar´riage
n. 1. A second or repeated marriage.
Noun 1. remarriage - the act of marrying again , and even killing of Hindu women have been documented over the last few years in Uttar Pradesh, a state in northern India (see Chakravarti). In June 2003, media reports mentioned a Hindu woman being forcibly separated from her Christian husband in Gujarat and compelled to abort her 4-month pregnancy by militant right-wing groups. (15) The violence intensifies if their male partners happen to be Muslim or from a lower caste: they would in all likelihood be killed, or women family members raped or abused.
As a throwback throwback
see atavism. to the debates around the age of sexual consent in the 19th century, the Hindu customary law itself permits the use of force in marriage. Legally, women are minors before the age of 18, and therefore cannot give their own consent to a contract, and as such, a marriage of choice would be rendered void. In fact, if the girl is under 16, the sexual act (within such a marriage) would be considered rape, as 16 years is the age of consent for sex. However, under Hindu and Muslim customary law, parents may arrange for the marriage of their daughter before 18 years and this marriage would not be considered legally void; neither would sexual relations with a minor in such a case be considered criminal, even if she was 15 years old. (15)
The police and lower levels of the judiciary act as extensions of the father's authority over the woman by using penal clauses of kidnapping, abduction and rape on the male, and, if possible, on his family members as well. The statements of the girl may not be accepted in court since she has 'been under the influence of the male accused,' while the parents would be permitted to have full access to (i.e, put pressure on) their daughter as they are her 'natural guardians.' On matters of custom, the administration prefers to side with the (majority) community rather than protect the rights of the two individuals concerned, and the excuse to capture the woman and return her to the community or family is always the prevention of a 'law and order' problem. Women are assumed to have no capacity for rational judgement or consent: it is assumed that their family knows what is best for them. (15)
Thus, the possibility of consensual sexual relations among adults is pre-empted, and sexual choices severely curtailed for women. The default assumption is that a woman's guardians are best placed to decide at what age and with whom she should have sexual intercourse sexual intercourse
or coitus or copulation
Act in which the male reproductive organ enters the female reproductive tract (see reproductive system). within marriage, as a way of cementing existing caste and religious divisions.
This 'parental' approach towards choice extends to relations between same-sex couples, even if they are consenting adults. The Hindi film Fire, which depicts a sexual relationship between two women, faced violent opposition from the Hindu Right groups to the extent that it was actually banned. The law against 'unnatural sex' that was in all erstwhile British colonies as Section 377 of the Penal Code, and which is used to harass and penalise Verb 1. penalise - impose a penalty on; inflict punishment on; "The students were penalized for showing up late for class"; "we had to punish the dog for soiling the floor again"
penalize, punish hijras and gay men, continues to be in effect in India today (even though this has long been removed in the United Kingdom). Following a police clampdown clamp·down
An imposing of restrictions or controls: "Advertisers and broadcasters would raise howls of protest against any strong clampdown" Wall Street Journal. on members of an online gay club, leading to arrests of four men, the Senior Superintendent of Police in Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh is quoted by the media as having said, "Gay culture is against Indian culture and we are doing things under the law." His junior officer (who actually got the arrests done) is quoted by the media as saying, "homosexuality is legally and socially not recognised in our culture." (16) The invocations of '(our) Indian culture' to justify attacks against the human rights and right to privacy of consenting adults is a significant indication of the 'moral policing stance' favoured by the bureaucracy.
Population control: "Saffron demographics"
According to Jeffery and Jeffery, "saffron demography" comprises a set of pernicious myths repeated often by right-wing Hindu politicians who claim essential differences between Hindu and Muslim population dynamics in India, reflecting an obsessive concern with Muslim fertility and arguing that Hindus face a minority status at some point in future. The scare-mongering purpose is evident from statements such as, "Muslim population in India is exploding while Hindu population is declining." (17)
Since the early 1970s, Hindu Right propaganda has vigorously insisted that Indian Muslims are anti-national because of their supposed refusal to accept 'modern' contraception (read, the terminal/sterilisation methods promoted by the State). Some Hindu Right leaders, with support from communal political parties have advocated population growth for Hindus to avert the threat of being out-numbered by the Muslims. For saffron demographers, Muslims pose a threat to the Hindu nation by contributing to excessive population growth as well as, when their numbers will permit, providing Pakistan with the opportunity to invade India. (17)
The focus is on homogenising Hindus and Muslims as mutually opposed groups, ignoring the conflicting intra-group interests on the basis of region, caste, class or gender. The essentialised Muslim woman is supposedly victimised by Muslim men, who are caricatured as sexually voracious and polygamous polygamous
as a male or female, having more than one mate. . The common wisdom is that Muslims have more children because their women are more backward and constrained by religion, while Muslim men have more children because they can take more than one wife and can divorce more easily. Around one-third of Muslims live in northern India, specifically Bihar and UP, which are also the higher fertility states. Jeffery and Jeffery argue that ironically while Muslims in general are blamed for their backwardness and fertility, the communalised nature of the already very limited health and education services often leave out Muslim women in Northern India. (17)
On the other hand, the Hindu woman is seen as being too submissive to the 'small-family norm.' (17) There have been exhortations to Hindu women to produce more children, to combat the perceived threat of Muslim over-population. Hindu women are thus being discouraged from abortion by religious leaders, and the foetus is being ascribed with personhood. In fact, this has led the Indian state and some activists to suggest monitoring of the outcomes of every pregnancy in order to prevent sex-selective abortion (commonly termed as 'female feoticide'), overlooking the fact that this will drive abortions underground and make them further unsafe.
In this way, women of both communities are instrumentalised as agents of social reproduction, and their preferences or their rights to be informed, to choose and make their own reproductive decisions are by-passed.
Young people's right to information about sexual and reproductive health
In 2007, the government introduced an Adolescent Education Program (AEP AEP - Application Environment Profile ) in schools with funding and support from the United Nations Children's Fund United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), an affiliated agency of the United Nations. It was established in 1946 as the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. (UNICEF) and the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO NACo National Association of Counties (Washington, DC, USA)
NACO National AIDS Control Organisation (India)
NACO National Aeronautical Charting Office (US FAA) ). The AEP had been developed around five key components of integrating HIV HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), either of two closely related retroviruses that invade T-helper lymphocytes and are responsible for AIDS. There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is responsible for the vast majority of AIDS in the United States. prevention in education, and consisted of a Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) A group of commonly asked questions about a subject along with the answers. Vendors often display them on their Web sites for use as troubleshooting guidelines. ) booklet for students, a Facilitators' Handbook for Peer Educators' training and a Teachers' Workbook. These were tried out on a pilot basis in a few states, and NACO and UNICEF put out a publication reviewing these ongoing trials in 2007. (18) While this is not a discussion of the merits or demerits of the curriculum, it is significant that the reaction across many states of India was to emphatically oppose the material. It was banned entirely by the governments of around ten states and opposed by politicians of several parties, teacher and headmaster associations, youth organisations and some sections of the media.
From July 2007, the AEP curriculum faced considerable criticism for its 'explicitness' and defacing of Indian tradition and morality, which was highlighted in the media. The Madhya Pradesh government states that the program "devaluated Indian culture and its values.... Instead, the younger generation should be taught about yoga, Indian culture and its values." (19) Murli Manohar Joshi Murli Manohar Joshi was the Union Human Resources Development minister of India in the NDA government. Joshi is a leading member of the BJP.
He was born in Delhi on January 5 1934, hailing from the Kumaon Hills region of northern India which today form a part of the state of of the BJP Party said, "The sex education curriculum was a conspiracy by multi-national corporations to boost condom sales in the country by creating a fear of AIDS. It was based on western values and would strike a blow against Indian culture and the institution of the family." He termed this a struggle to save not just education but the nation and its cultural heritage. (20) One headmaster declared that the curriculum would encourage children to buy condoms and promote sexual experimentation, and said he refused to turn his schools into 'temples of sex.' (21) A media feature writer expressed her fears that this curriculum would promote "unnatural sexual behaviour such as homosexuality which would strike a blow against Indian values and traditions." (22)
The fears of enemies conspiring to gain profits through condom sales are at odds with India's own preoccupation with condom-promotion programmes for HIV prevention. Given that large numbers of Indian youth are nudged into early sexual activity (usually both uninformed and unprotected) through the widespread practice of early marriage, the concerns about sexual experimentation during the teenage years is possibly a middleclass anxiety. This also reflects a deliberate naivete na·ive·té or na·ïve·té
1. The state or quality of being inexperienced or unsophisticated, especially in being artless, credulous, or uncritical.
2. An artless, credulous, or uncritical statement or act. about the impact of sexually explicit actions in current popular Hindi cinema. What comes through overall is a nation-wide moral panic that uses arguments of cultural essentialism essentialism
In ontology, the view that some properties of objects are essential to them. The "essence" of a thing is conceived as the totality of its essential properties. to prevent the youth from engaging in an informed discussion on sexual matters.
Conclusion and ways forward
In conclusion, it is evident that Hindu fundamentalisms have been active for over a century and their hold over popular imagination has strengthened in the last 20 years. In this regard, the role of media remains to be investigated. With the collusion of a supposedly secular Indian state, there is careful separation of what is 'unacceptable' (such as sex education or a film showing a lesbian relationship) and what can be done with impunity (such as extreme sexual violence against minority women). The Hindu Right have worked on their project of demarcating and controlling women's sexuality, reproduction and rights in myriad ways. This has impacted on the identities of both Hindu and Muslim women, who are interpellated into submissive sexual beings as their bodies, especially their reproductive capacity, become the "battlefield in the struggle to appropriate institutional power." (2)
Civil society in India has responded by constantly challenging this through academic analyses, strategic use of media, legal action and varied forms of protest. There have been sustained civil society efforts at bridge-building between the people of India and Pakistan, in contrast to the aggressive posturing that characterises official interactions. Campaigns for peace have continued despite the uneven nature of the inter-governmental relationship. Almost every violent expression of the Hindu fundamentalists has seen responsive civil society protests, accompanied by legal action for the restitution of constitutional guarantees. These efforts by human rights defenders have included public interest litigation Public Interest Litigation, in Indian law, means litigation for the protection of public interest. It is litigation introduced in a court of law, not by the aggrieved party but by the court itself or by any other private party. , following through individual cases in their battle for justice, or use of instruments such as the Right to Information Act. Writers, researchers and film makers have chosen to record and analyse the incidents of violent communalism and attempted to create a true picture of the cynical use of religion for political ends. Hegemonic masculinity has been brought under question by gender activists, including the construction of masculinity by the Hindu Right. Feminists and queer activists have constantly questioned the arbitrary regulation of sexualities and sexual choices by the fundamentalist forces.
It is these social responses that provide glimmers of hope in an otherwise darkening landscape in India today, where the major political formations are implicated in the history of using religion as a base from which to try to gain power and extend social control.
(1) Berer, M.; Ravindran, T.K.S. 1996. "Fundamentalism, women's empowerment and reproductive rights." Reproductive Health Matters. No.8, pp.7-10.
(2) Jayawardena, K.; De Alwis, M. 1996. "Introduction." In Jayawardena, K. & De Alwis, M. (Eds.). Embodied Violence: Communalizing Women's Sexuality in South Asia. New Delhi, India: Kali for Women.
(3) Feldman, R.; Clark, K. 1996. "Women, religious fundamentalism and reproductive rights." Reproductive Health Matters. No.8, pp.12-20.
(4) Freedman, L.P 1996. "The challenge of fundamentalisms." Reproductive Health Matters. No.8, pp.55-69.
(5) Althusser, Louis. 1971. "Ideology and the ideological state apparatus." In Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. New York New York, state, United States
New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of and London: Monthly Review Press. pp.127-197. Cited in Jayawardena, K. and De Alwis, M. "Introduction." In Jayawardena, K. & De Alwis, M. (Eds.). Embodied Violence: Communalizing Women's Sexuality in South Asia. New Delhi, India: Kali for Women.
(6) Bagchi, Jasodhara. 1996. "Ethnicity and the empowerment of women: The colonial legacy." In Embodied Violence: Communalizing Women's Sexuality in South Asia. New Delhi, India: Kali for Women. pp.113-125.
(7) Foucault, Michel. 1981. History of Sexuality, Vol. I. Penguin Books. p.103. Cited in Jayawardena and De Alwis, 1996 [See 2 above].
(8) These are mythological and religious female figures within Hindu beliefs in India. While the first two are stereotypes of chaste and loyal wives, the second two are revered as fierce forms of female energy that can protect or destroy.
(9) Chakravarti, Uma. "The myth of 'patriots' and 'traitors': Pandita Ramabai, Brahmanical patriarchy and militant Hindu nationalism." In Embodied Violence: Communalizing Women's Sexuality in South Asia. New Delhi, India: Kali for Women.
(10) Bachhetta, Paola. 1996. "Hindu nationalist women as ideologues: the Sangh, the Samiti and differential concepts of the Hindu nation." In Embodied Violence: Communalizing Women's Sexuality in South Asia. New Delhi, India: Kali for Women. pp.126-167.
(11) The Partition of India The Partition of India is the process that led to the creation, on 14 August 1947 and 15 August 1947, respectively, of the sovereign states of Dominion of Pakistan (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan) and Union of India (later Republic of India) upon the granting of independence led to the creation on 14 August 1947 and 15 August 1947, respectively, of two sovereign states, upon the granting of independence to British India by the United Kingdom: the Dominion of Pakistan The Dominion of Pakistan was a federal entity that was established as a result of Partition of India into two sovereign dominions: the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan); and the Union of India (later Republic of India).
(12) Menon, R.; Bhasin, K. 1996. "Abducted women, the state and questions of honour: Three perspectives on the recovery operation in post-Partition India." In Embodied Violence: Communalizing Women's Sexuality in South Asia. New Delhi, India: Kali for Women.
(13) Agnes, Flavia. 2002. (Ed.). Of Lofty Claims and Muffled Voices. Mumbai, India: Majlis Majlis (مجلس) is an Arabic term meaning "a place of sitting" used to describe various types of formal legislative assemblies in countries with linguistic or cultural connections to Islamic countries. .
(14) Dhar, Arti. 2002, January 22. "I stand vindicated: Bilkis Bano." The Hindu. Available at www.hindu.com/2008/01/22/stories/2008012259981300.htm
(15) Chakravarti, Uma. 2005. "From fathers to husbands: Of love, death and marriage in North India." In Welchman, L. & Hossain, S. (Eds.). 'Honour' in Crimes, Paradigms, and Violence Against Women. London, UK: Spinifex spi·ni·fex
Any of various clump-forming, perennial Australian grasses, chiefly of the genus Triodia, growing in arid regions and having awl-shaped, pointed leaves. Press and Zed Books.
(16) Manjul, T.; Singh, S. 2006, January 15. "All gays have united against us, laughs UP cop." EXPRESS News Service. p.IE. Lucknow.
(17) Jeffery, P; Jeffery, R. 2006. Confronting Saffron Demography: Religion, Fertility and Women's Status in India. India: Three Essays Collective.
(18) NACO; UNICEF. 2007. "Safe space for young people: A review of the school AIDS education program." Adolescent Education Program Toolkit Materials. New Delhi, India: NACO & UNICEF.
(19) India Daily. 2007, March 20. "MP bans AEP in schools: AEP officials blame teachers and politicians for the ban." Available at www.indiadaily.org
(20) Saurabh, Pradeep. 2007, July 22. "We will need a campaign to stop the CBSEMM Joshi." Hindustan (Hindi daily, Lucknow edition).
(21) Seth, Maulshree. 2007, July 26. "Sex education: Review begins, experts find syllabus faulty." The Indian Express (Lucknow edition). p.6.
(22) Bisht, Renuka. 2007, July 30. "Sex education: The good, bad and ugly." Hindustan Times (HT Research: Lucknow edition). p.8.
Jashodhara Dasgupta is the Coordinator of SAHAYOG, a voluntary organisation based in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, which is working on women's health Women's Health Definition
Women's health is the effect of gender on disease and health that encompasses a broad range of biological and psychosocial issues. and gender equality using human rights frameworks. She has been working on issues affecting women in rural Uttar Pradesh since 1989, has worked with civil society networks that monitor women's rights, and has engaged in research and advocacy on policy and practice regarding women's reproductive health and rights in India.
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Research Topics
Genomes and Genes
Principal Investigator: Peter Thorne
Affiliation: University of Iowa
Country: USA
Abstract: DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant) Environmental health sciences has evolved from studies that link a single exposure with a disease, to a new understanding of complex mechanisms by which agents in the environment interact at the molecular level to induce disease in individuals who are susceptible by virtue of age, genetics, nutrition, underlying disease or concurrent exposures. While methods of characterizing exposure and disease have improved, challenges remain when there are multiple exposures and the pathogenesis involves complex genetic and host factors. This is particularly apparent among rural populations with a multiplicity of chemical and biological exposures. This application is to continue funding of the Iowa Environmental Health Sciences Research Center (EHSRC) which has as its overarching theme, research and outreach on the adverse health effects of environmental contaminants among rural and agricultural populations. The EHSRC is at the forefront of research on environmental health problems such as rural asthma and other environmental lung diseases, bioaerosol-induced inflammation, innate immune responses to inhaled microorganisms, mechanisms of oxidative stress, and pesticide metabolism. The Center's focus on the rural environment provides the opportunity to conduct innovative mechanistic and population-based research and to translate that research to prevention and treatment through public health initiatives and clinical advancements. Junior scientists are trained to characterize biological response mechanisms and elucidate gene-environment interactions underlying environmental disease. The interdisciplinary research is organized around three Research Clusters: Inflammation & Innate Immunity, Oxidative Stress & Metabolism, and Environmental Lung Disease. A new initiative is the formation of an Environmental Genomics Research Cluster. Three Facility Cores provide cutting edge services and equipment: Integrative Health Sciences Facility, Pulmonary Toxicology Facility, and Environmental Modeling & Exposure Assessment Facility. An Administrative Core manages a highly effective Pilot Grant Program, Career Development Program, and Community Outreach & Education Core. Center goals are: 1) To coordinate and nurture innovative interdisciplinary EHS research with a focus on reducing adverse health effects of environmental contaminants, especially among rural populations; 2) To promote and enhance multi-disciplinary collaborations among basic scientists and physician researchers; 3) To recruit investigators from within and outside EHS by providing support for Research Clusters and dedicated Facility Cores; 4) To provide mentoring, research resources, and salary support to stellar junior investigators to develop their research careers in EHS; and 5) To provide outreach and education to translate research findings to improve the health and environment of rural people. BACKGROUND The Environmental Health Science Research Center (EHSRC) is located in the upper Midwest at the University of Iowa. With its main activities focused in the Schools of Medicine and Public Health, the Center has concentrated on environmental health problems located primarily in Iowa and neighboring areas, although wider collaborations nationally and internationally have been features since the early beginnings of this Center. The EHSRC has been funded by the NIEHS since 1993. During that time it has had two Directors, Dr. James Merchant (1993-2003) and Dr. Peter Thorne (2003-present). The primary areas of research focus have been in areas of respiratory biology and airborne environmental exposures, environmental epidemiology and health surveys in relation to environmental exposures, exposure assessment, and the control of environmental exposures, primarily through engineering methods. An occupational medicine component was dropped in 2003. During the previous review, concerns in several areas of the Center were noted that resulted in only three years of funding. Significant changes in the Center's structure have occurred in over the past years, partly in response to the concerns of the previous review and from input from NIEHS staff. The structure of the Center's Research and Facility Cores since 2003 is well described in the application. The changes in structure were decided and implemented by the Director based on input from the Internal Advisory Committee and the External Advisory Committee. The most significant changes were a greater focus on environmental lung diseases and dropping the former Environmental Assessment and Control Core and the Exposure Assessment Facility. These latter components have been included in a new Iowa Superfund Program funded by the US EPA. The former Exposure Assessment Facility has been replaced by an Environmental Modeling and Exposure Assessment Facility that focuses on airborne exposures. In addition, elements of the Clinical Sciences Facility, with components of the Laboratory for Radiologic Imaging and the Asthma Center, were combined to form the Integrative Health Sciences Facility Core. The Inhalation Toxicology Facility was renamed the Pulmonary Toxicology Core. Reallocation of resources from five to three facility cores has provided three well funded cores that are responsive to the revised vision of the center. Over the same period, the Research Cores underwent some consolidation and restructuring also. Elements of the Environmental Epidemiology Core and Health Registry Facility were refocused and combined with other components to create the areas of pulmonary health outcomes research and the new Environmental Lung Disease Research Cluster. The basic science components were defined from several previous areas to create an Inflammation and Innate Immunity Cluster and an Oxidative Stress and Metabolism Cluster in order to take advantage of areas of growing expertise at the University of Iowa that complemented the new focus of the Center. The resulting redefinition of the EHSRC, in terms of its core research and facilities, now demonstrates a more focused and clearer vision, with better defined goals and objectives. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS Strategic Vision and Impact on Environmental Health
Funding Period: 1997-04-01 - 2012-03-31
more information: NIH RePORT
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Publications298 found, 100 shown here
- The concentration of glutathione in human erythrocytes is a heritable traitThomas J van 't Erve
Interdisciplinary Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Free Radic Biol Med 65:742-9. 2013..Understanding the genetic determinants of these inherited traits may allow personalized approaches to relevant therapies. ..
- A mutation in mouse Pak1ip1 causes orofacial clefting while human PAK1IP1 maps to 6p24 translocation breaking points associated with orofacial cleftingAdam P Ross
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
PLoS ONE 8:e69333. 2013..No deleterious variants in the PAK1IP1 gene coding region were recognized, however, we identified a borderline association effect for SNP rs494723 suggesting a possible role for the PAK1IP1 gene in human orofacial clefting. ..
- The age-specific quantitative effects of metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a pooled analysisGitanjali M Singh
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
PLoS ONE 8:e65174. 2013....
- Development of quantitative computed tomography lung protocolsJohn D Newell
Advanced Pulmonary Physiomics Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
J Thorac Imaging 28:266-71. 2013....
- Damage control: management of cellular stress by the NLRP3 inflammasomeStefanie Haasken
Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
Eur J Immunol 43:2003-5. 2013....
- ATP and AMP mutually influence their interaction with the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) adenylate kinase cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) at separate binding sitesChristoph O Randak
From the Departments of Pediatrics
J Biol Chem 288:27692-701. 2013..They further indicate that the active center of the adenylate kinase comprises ATP-binding site 2. ..
- Superoxide mediates acute liver injury in irradiated mice lacking sirtuin 3Mitchell C Coleman
1 Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
Antioxid Redox Signal 20:1423-35. 2014..Antioxid. Redox Signal. 20, 1423-1435. ..
- Person-to-Person Spread of the MERS Coronavirus - An Evolving PictureStanley Perlman
From the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City
N Engl J Med 369:466-7. 2013..Since this coronavirus is a close relative of the virus that caused the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a short-lived but . . . ..
- CaMKII is essential for the proasthmatic effects of oxidationPhilip N Sanders
Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Sci Transl Med 5:195ra97. 2013..Our findings support the view that CaMKII is a ROS-responsive, pluripotent proasthmatic signal and provide proof-of-concept evidence that CaMKII is a therapeutic target in asthma. ..
- Iron dissolution of dust source materials during simulated acidic processing: the effect of sulfuric, acetic, and oxalic acidsHaihan Chen
Departments of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
Environ Sci Technol 47:10312-21. 2013..The role of atmospheric organic acids should be taken into account in global-biogeochemical modeling to better access dissolved atmospheric Fe deposition flux at the ocean surface. ..
- Cancer risk in children and adolescents with birth defects: a population-based cohort studyLorenzo D Botto
Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
PLoS ONE 8:e69077. 2013..Excess cancer risk may be an added burden in this vulnerable group of children, but studies to date have provided inconsistent findings. This study assessed the risk for cancer in children and young adolescents with major birth defects...
- Abundant DNase I-sensitive bacterial DNA in healthy porcine lungs and its implications for the lung microbiomeAlejandro A Pezzulo
Departments of Internal Medicine
Appl Environ Microbiol 79:5936-41. 2013..This approach and conceptual framework will improve analysis of the lung microbiome in disease. ..
- Maternal periconceptional occupational exposure to pesticides and selected musculoskeletal birth defectsChristine Kielb
NYS Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Troy, NY, United States Electronic address
Int J Hyg Environ Health 217:248-54. 2014..16-3.05), but not for women under age 20 (aOR=0.48; 95% CI: 0.20-1.16). We found no significant associations for the other defects. Additional research is needed to validate these findings in a separate population. ..
- Microparticles prepared from sulfenamide-based polymersSheetal R D'Mello
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA and
J Microencapsul 31:137-46. 2014..Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to qualitatively observe the cellular uptake of PSN microparticles and indicated localization of the particles in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus...
- Postentry processing of recombinant adeno-associated virus type 1 and transduction of the ferret lung are altered by a factor in airway secretionsZiying Yan
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 1009, USA
Hum Gene Ther 24:786-96. 2013..These findings demonstrate that a factor in lung secretions can influence intracellular processing of rAAV1 in a proteasome-dependent fashion...
- Search for genetic modifiers of IRF6 and genotype-phenotype correlations in Van der Woude and popliteal pterygium syndromesElizabeth J Leslie
Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
Am J Med Genet A 161:2535-44. 2013..We also show that families with the Van de Woude phenotype but in whom no mutations have been identified have a lower frequency of cleft lip, suggesting there may be locus and/or mutation class differences in Van de Woude syndrome...
- Human Melanoma cells over-express extracellular matrix 1 (ECM1) which is regulated by TFAP2CGeeta Lal
Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
PLoS ONE 8:e73953. 2013..Our investigations show an as yet unrecognized role for TFAP2C in melanoma via its regulation of ECM1. ..
- Quantification of ventilation distribution in regional lung injury by electrical impedance tomography and xenon computed tomographyGunnar Elke
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold Heller Strasse 3 Haus 12, D 24105 Kiel, Germany
Physiol Meas 34:1303-18. 2013..This study shows that EIT is able to reliably discern even small ventilation changes on sub-lobar level. ..
- Residential culturable fungi, (1-3, 1-6)-β-d-glucan, and ergosterol concentrations in dust are not associated with asthma, rhinitis, or eczema diagnoses in childrenH Choi
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
Indoor Air 24:158-70. 2014..Furthermore, these agents in dust samples were not associated with any health outcomes in the children...
- Structure-activity relationship of selected meta- and para-hydroxylated non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls: from single RyR1 channels to muscle dysfunctionYassaman Niknam
Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
Toxicol Sci 136:500-13. 2013..NDL-PCBs and their 5-OH and 4-OH metabolites differentially influence RyR1 channel activity and ECC in embryonic skeletal muscle...
- Chitosan coating of copper nanoparticles reduces in vitro toxicity and increases inflammation in the lungKristan L S Worthington
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Nanotechnology 24:395101. 2013..g. chitosan) could increase their potential for use in controlled release of copper ions to cells, but will result in a higher inflammatory response if administered via the lung. ..
- Cultural identity and patient trust among older American IndiansVanessa W Simonds
Department of Community and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 105 River Street, N428 CPHB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
J Gen Intern Med 29:500-6. 2014..The likely influence of patients' cultural characteristics on trust is widely acknowledged but inadequately explored...
- Bronchial thermoplasty: Long-term safety and effectiveness in patients with severe persistent asthmaMichael E Wechsler
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo Electronic address
J Allergy Clin Immunol 132:1295-302. 2013..Bronchial thermoplasty (BT) has previously been shown to improve asthma control out to 2 years in patients with severe persistent asthma...
- Cutting edge: Mycobacterium tuberculosis but not nonvirulent mycobacteria inhibits IFN-β and AIM2 inflammasome-dependent IL-1β production via its ESX-1 secretion systemSwati Shah
Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
J Immunol 191:3514-8. 2013..In conclusion, we report a novel immune evasion mechanism of M. tuberculosis that involves the ESX-1-dependent, direct or indirect, suppression of the host cell AIM2 inflammasome activation during infection. ..
- A new player in environmentally induced oxidative stress: polychlorinated biphenyl congener, 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB11)Yueming Zhu
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, B180 Medical Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center
Toxicol Sci 136:39-50. 2013..Furthermore, antioxidant treatments following PCBs exposure could significantly mitigate the PCB-induced cytotoxicity in exponentially growing human prostate epithelial cells...
- Plasma lipids, genetic variants near APOA1, and the risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosisBjarke Feenstra
Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
JAMA 310:714-21. 2013..Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis shows strong familial aggregation and heritability, but knowledge about specific genetic risk variants is limited...
- Interaction of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine monolayers with a particle-laden subphaseAmir M Farnoud
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
J Phys Chem B 117:12124-34. 2013..These studies may partially explain the varying results reported in previous studies. ..
- Biodegradable particles as vaccine antigen delivery systems for stimulating cellular immune responsesVijaya B Joshi
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics College of Pharmacy University of Iowa Iowa City, IA USA
Hum Vaccin Immunother 9:2584-90. 2013..Our attention is focused on, but not limited to, the generation of antitumor immunity where we stress the importance of particle size and co-delivery of antigen and adjuvant. ..
- Glucocorticoid receptor antagonist and siRNA prevent senescence of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in vitroNa Wei
Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, 405N, DSB, 801 Newton Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
Cell Tissue Res 354:461-70. 2013..Our data suggest that the blocking of the effects mediated by GCs might extend the lifespan of endogenous MSCs in patients who have elevated GC levels as a consequence of advancing age or estrogen depletion...
- Nongenetic risk factors and congenital heart defectsSonali S Patel
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Children s Hospital, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
Pediatr Cardiol 34:1535-55. 2013..These factors also are broken down by specific defect type. Although additional investigations are needed in this area, many of the discussed risk factors present an opportunity for prevention of potential disease. ..
- Mitochondrial cardiolipin is required for Nlrp3 inflammasome activationShankar S Iyer
Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Immunity 39:311-23. 2013..Together these data suggest that mitochondria play a critical role in the activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome through the direct binding of Nlrp3 to cardiolipin. ..
- The dairy industry: a brief description of production practices, trends, and farm characteristics around the worldDavid I Douphrate
School of Public Health, University of Texas, San Antonio Regional Campus, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
J Agromedicine 18:187-97. 2013....
- Risk factors for metastatic disease at presentation with osteosarcoma: an analysis of the SEER databaseBenjamin J Miller
Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, 01015 JPP, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
J Bone Joint Surg Am 95:e89. 2013..Our goal was to examine potential risk factors predictive of metastatic disease at presentation...
- Surface modification of Al30 Keggin-type polyaluminum molecular clustersSamangi Abeysinghe
Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, W374 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
Inorg Chem 52:5991-9. 2013....
- Efficient delivery of RNA interference oligonucleotides to polarized airway epithelia in vitroShyam Ramachandran
Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 305:L23-32. 2013....
- Bringing the ocean into the laboratory to probe the chemical complexity of sea spray aerosolKimberly A Prather
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:7550-5. 2013....
- Privacy and security of patient data in the pathology laboratoryIoan C Cucoranu
Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
J Pathol Inform 4:4. 2013..Importantly, security failures often lead to privacy breaches, invoking the HIPAA privacy rule as well. Therefore, this review also highlights key aspects of HIPAA and its impact on the pathology laboratory in the United States...
- Identification and environmental implications of photo-transformation products of trenbolone acetate metabolitesEdward P Kolodziej
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Mail Stop 258, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
Environ Sci Technol 47:5031-41. 2013..These data indicate that environmental transformation processes do not necessarily reduce steroid hormone ecotoxicity...
- Aberrant free radical biology is a unifying theme in the etiology and pathogenesis of major human diseasesFrederick E Domann
Departments of Radiation Oncology, Surgery, and Pathology Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Int J Mol Sci 14:8491-5. 2013..Together with this deeper understanding, opportunities will arise to devise rational therapeutic interventions to decrease the incidence and severity of these diseases and positively impact the human healthspan...
- Manganese superoxide dismutase regulates a redox cycle within the cell cycleEhab H Sarsour
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
Antioxid Redox Signal 20:1618-27. 2014..Therefore, MnSOD and mitochondria-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to be critical regulators of quiescent cells' entry into the cell cycle and exit from the proliferative cycle back to the quiescent state...
- Recent advances in RNA interference therapeutics for CNS diseasesPavitra S Ramachandran
Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Neurotherapeutics 10:473-85. 2013..We also highlight outstanding questions or concerns that have emerged as a result of an improved (and ever advancing) understanding of the technologies employed. ..
- Sulfated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls are high-affinity ligands for the thyroid hormone transport protein transthyretinFabian A Grimm
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, USA
Environ Health Perspect 121:657-62. 2013..Previous research has discovered hydroxylated PCB metabolites (OH-PCBs) as high-affinity ligands for TTR, but the binding potential of conjugated PCB metabolites such as PCB sulfates has not been explored...
- Elimination of inhaled 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl and the formation of the 4-hydroxylated metaboliteXin Hu
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
Environ Sci Technol 47:4743-51. 2013..4 h half-life. This study demonstrates rapid metabolism of CB11 and elimination of 4-OH-CB11 and suggests that the metabolite is not retained in the body but is susceptible to further biotransformation...
- Optimization of dual-energy xenon-computed tomography for quantitative assessment of regional pulmonary ventilationMatthew K Fuld
Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Invest Radiol 48:629-37. 2013....
- Characterization of an ntrX mutant of Neisseria gonorrhoeae reveals a response regulator that controls expression of respiratory enzymes in oxidase-positive proteobacteriaJohn M Atack
School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
J Bacteriol 195:2632-41. 2013....
- Cyclic siloxanes in air, including identification of high levels in Chicago and distinct diurnal variationRachel A Yucuis
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Chemosphere 92:905-10. 2013..D5 was the dominant siloxane in both indoor and outdoor air. Ratios of D5 to D4 averaged 91 and 3.2 for indoor and outdoor air respectively...
- Comparison of spirometric thresholds in diagnosing smoking-related airflow obstructionSurya P Bhatt
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Thorax 69:410-5. 2014..70 with LLN in diagnosing smoking-related airflow obstruction using CT-defined emphysema and gas trapping as the disease gold standard...
- Validating whole slide imaging for diagnostic purposes in pathology: guideline from the College of American Pathologists Pathology and Laboratory Quality CenterLiron Pantanowitz
From the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Drs Pantanowitz, Contis, and Parwani the Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Dr Sinard the Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio Dr Henricks the College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois Ms Fatheree the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia Dr Carter the Department of Pathology, North Shore Medical Center, Salem, Massachusetts Dr Beckwith the Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Dr Evans the Department of Pathology, Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts Dr Otis and University Hospital, London Health Science Center, London, Ontario, Canada Dr Lal
Arch Pathol Lab Med 137:1710-22. 2013..Currently, there are no standard guidelines regarding validation of WSI for diagnostic use...
- Laxative use and incident falls, fractures and change in bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health InitiativeBernhard Haring
Department of Internal Medicine I, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Wurzburg, Oberdurrbacher Strasse 6, Wurzburg 97080, Germany
BMC Geriatr 13:38. 2013..Associations between laxative use and risk for fractures and change in bone mineral density [BMD] have not previously been investigated...
- Size-dependent changes in sea spray aerosol composition and properties with different seawater conditionsAndrew P Ault
Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
Environ Sci Technol 47:5603-12. 2013..These changes with size and seawater composition have important implications for atmospheric processes such as cloud droplet activation and heterogeneous reactivity...
- Size-resolved sea spray aerosol particles studied by vibrational sum frequency generationCarlena J Ebben
Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
J Phys Chem A 117:6589-601. 2013..Needs for additional research activities are discussed in the context of the results presented. ..
- Synthetic tracheal mucus with native rheological and surface tension propertiesR Hamed
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242 Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, 11733, Jordan
J Biomed Mater Res A 102:1788-98. 2014..However, surfactant spreading on the more viscoelastic mimetics was hindered, suggesting that the bulk properties of the mimetics dictate the range of surface properties that can be achieved...
- Site-specific acylation changes in the lipid A of Escherichia coli lpxL mutants grown at high temperaturesBirgit Schilling
1The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
Innate Immun 20:269-82. 2014..This study indicates that E. coli (lpxL) lipid A biosynthesis, and specifically the 'late' acylation of lipid A, is temperature dependent, thus suggesting a highly regulated process. ..
- Regulation of CuZnSOD and its redox signaling potential: implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosisMichael J Hitchler
1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
Antioxid Redox Signal 20:1590-8. 2014....
- Agreement between fixed-ratio and lower limit of normal spirometry interpretation protocols decreases with age: is there a need for a new GOLD standard?Marek A Mikulski
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
J Occup Environ Med 55:802-8. 2013..To assess concordance between the fixed 70% ratio cutoff point with the fixed percent predicted values (Fixed-ratio) and the lower limit of normal (LLN) algorithms in interpreting spirometry results in an older population...
- Diabetes, metformin use, and colorectal cancer survival in postmenopausal womenFurha Iram Cossor
Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Box 245, Boston, MA 02111, USA
Cancer Epidemiol 37:742-9. 2013..We examined the relationships among metformin use, diabetes, and survival in postmenopausal women with CRC in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trials and observational study...
- Manganoporphyrins increase ascorbate-induced cytotoxicity by enhancing H2O2 generationMalvika Rawal
Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
Cancer Res 73:5232-41. 2013..Finally, tumor growth in vivo was inhibited more effectively by combining MnT4MPyP with AscH-. We concluded that MnPs increase the rate of oxidation of AscH- to leverage H2O2 flux and ascorbate-induced cytotoxicity...
- Cellular localization of dieldrin and structure-activity relationship of dieldrin analogues in dopaminergic cellsErin M G Allen
Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
Chem Res Toxicol 26:1043-54. 2013..Comparisons of the toxicity profiles for each dieldrin analogue indicated a structure-specific effect important for elucidating the mechanisms of dieldrin neurotoxicity. ..
- Chronic chlorpyrifos exposure does not promote prostate cancer in prostate specific PTEN mutant miceRobert U Svensson
Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 32:29-39. 2013....
- Chlorinated solvent transformation by palladized zerovalent iron: mechanistic insights from reductant loading studies and solvent kinetic isotope effectsYang Xie
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, A242 Bourns Hall, Riverside, California 92521, USA
Environ Sci Technol 47:7940-8. 2013..During anaerobic aging of Pd/NZVI, decreases in the SKIE for 1,1,1,2-TeCA reduction suggest that atomic hydrogen will contribute to reactivity for only approximately 1 week after application...
- Longer lived parents: protective associations with cancer incidence and overall mortalityAmbarish Dutta
MBBCh, Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 68:1409-18. 2013..Children of centenarians have lower cardiovascular disease prevalence and live longer. We aimed to estimate associations between the full range of parental attained ages and health status in a middle-aged U.S. representative sample...
- Passive monitors to measure hydrogen sulfide near concentrated animal feeding operationsBrian T Pavilonis
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Environ Sci Process Impacts 15:1271-8. 2013..Measured values in excess of an Iowa state limit of 30 ppb (24 h average) suggest that enforcement actions are needed to mitigate H2S migration from swine CAFOs...
- Community-based participatory research: its role in future cancer research and public health practiceVanessa W Simonds
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Prev Chronic Dis 10:E78. 2013....
- Adapting Western research methods to indigenous ways of knowingVanessa W Simonds
Vanessa W Simonds is with the Department of Community and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City Suzanne Christopher is with the Department of Health and Human Development at Montana State University, Bozeman
Am J Public Health 103:2185-92. 2013..Currently, examples of Indigenous methods and theories are not widely available in academic texts or published articles, and are often not perceived as valid. ..
- Development of metal-organic nanotubes exhibiting low-temperature, reversible exchange of confined "ice channels"Daniel K Unruh
Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Chemistry Building W374, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
J Am Chem Soc 135:7398-401. 2013..Similar properties have not been reported for other inorganic or hybrid compounds and indicate the potential of MONs as advanced materials...
- Composition and sources of fine particulate matter across urban and rural sites in the Midwestern United StatesShuvashish Kundu
Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Environ Sci Process Impacts 16:1360-70. 2014..This study presents the first source apportionment results from the state of Iowa and is broadly applicable to understanding the differences in anthropogenic and natural sources in the urban-rural continuum of particle air pollution. ..
- Nlrp3 is a key modulator of diet-induced nephropathy and renal cholesterol accumulationPieter J Bakker
Department of Pathology, Academical Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Kidney Int 85:1112-22. 2014..Thus, Nlrp3 may mediate renal pathology in the context of diet-induced MetSyn. ..
- Integrin α6β4 Identifies Human Distal Lung Epithelial Progenitor Cells with Potential as a Cell-Based Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis Lung DiseaseXiaopeng Li
Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
PLoS ONE 8:e83624. 2013..Therefore, targeting the α6β4(+) epithelial population via either gene delivery or progenitor cell-based reconstitution represents a potential new strategy to treat CF lung disease. ..
- Associations between cigarette smoking, hormone therapy, and folate intake with incident colorectal cancer by TP53 protein expression level in a population-based cohort of older womenLori S Tillmans
Authors Affiliations Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Health Sciences Research Division of Epidemiology Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Department of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Department of Medicine Gastroenterology, Huntsman Cancer Institute and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 23:350-5. 2014..50; 95% CI, 0.27-0.94). No other statistically significant associations were observed. These data support possible heterogeneous effects from HT on TP53-related pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis in older women...
- Transition metal associations with primary biological particles in sea spray aerosol generated in a wave channelTimothy L Guasco
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
Environ Sci Technol 48:1324-33. 2014..This study highlights the potential for transition metals, in combination with specific biomarkers, to serve as unique indicators for the presence of marine PBAP, especially in metal-impacted coastal regions. ..
- Early airway structural changes in cystic fibrosis pigs as a determinant of particle distribution and depositionMaged Awadalla
Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, C33GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
Ann Biomed Eng 42:915-27. 2014..The irregular particle distribution and increased deposition in newborn CF pig airways suggest that early airway structural abnormalities might contribute to CF disease pathogenesis. ..
- Developing a public health-tracking system for follow-up of newborn screening metabolic conditions: a four-state pilot project structure and initial findingsCynthia F Hinton
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Genet Med 16:484-90. 2014....
- Surface photochemistry of adsorbed nitrate: the role of adsorbed water in the formation of reduced nitrogen species on α-Fe2O3 particle surfacesCharith E Nanayakkara
Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
J Phys Chem A 118:158-66. 2014..The atmospheric implications of these results are discussed. ..
- Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in subjects with stable COPD: a randomized trialSurya P Bhatt
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA
Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 8:581-9. 2013..We hypothesized that use of NPPV in stable COPD and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) <52 mmHg might result in improvement in quality of life and dyspnea...
- Abnormal differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in zebrafish trpm7 mutant larvae impairs development of the motor patternAmanda R Decker
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
Dev Biol 386:428-39. 2014..In summary, a forward genetic screen in zebrafish has revealed that both melanocytes and dopaminergic neurons depend on the ion channel Trpm7. The mechanistic underpinning of this dependence requires further investigation. ..
- An employee total health management-based survey of Iowa employersJames A Merchant
From the Healthier Workforce Center for Excellence Drs Merchant, Kelly, and Hall, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City and David P Lind Benchmark Mr Lind, Clive, Iowa
J Occup Environ Med 55:S73-7. 2013..To implement an Employee Total Health Management (ETHM) model-based questionnaire and provide estimates of model program elements among a statewide sample of Iowa employers...
- Characterizing the needs of a young working population: making the case for total worker health in an emerging workforceDiane S Rohlman
From the Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology Dr Rohlman, Ms Parish, and Ms Montgomery and Health Promotion and Sports Medicine Dr Elliot, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland Occupational and Environmental Health Dr Rohlman, University of Iowa, Iowa City and Kaiser Permanente Northwest Dr Hanson, Center for Health Research, Portland, Ore
J Occup Environ Med 55:S69-72. 2013..This article aimed to identify the content and process for an on-line total worker health training for young workers...
- The P-glycoprotein inhibitor cyclosporin A differentially influences behavioural and neurochemical responses to the antidepressant escitalopramFionn E O'Brien
Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Behav Brain Res 261:17-25. 2014....
- The fate of inhaled (14)C-labeled PCB11 and its metabolites in vivoXin Hu
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Electronic address
Environ Int 63:92-100. 2014..Some lower-chlorinated PCBs are still being produced and contaminate both indoor and ambient air...
- Minimal Change in the cytoplasmic calcium dynamics in striatal GABAergic neurons of a DYT1 dystonia knock-in mouse modelSadahiro Iwabuchi
Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
PLoS ONE 8:e80793. 2013..Given that calcium dynamics reflect neuronal excitability, these results suggest that the mutation only slightly increases the excitability of striatal GABAergic neurons in DYT1 dystonia. ..
- Hypoxia perturbs aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling and CYP1A1 expression induced by PCB 126 in human skin and liver-derived cell linesSabine U Vorrink
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 274:408-16. 2014..Our results show that AhR activation and CYP1A1 expression induced by PCB 126 were significantly inhibited by hypoxia and hypoxia might therefore play an important role in PCB metabolism and toxicity. ..
- Polymorphisms of CYP51A1 from Cholesterol Synthesis: Associations with Birth Weight and Maternal Lipid Levels and Impact on CYP51 Protein StructureMonika Lewinska
Center for Functional Genomics and Bio Chips, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
PLoS ONE 8:e82554. 2013..042 and p = 0.046 respectively). Our results indicate a new link between a cholesterol synthesis gene CYP51A1 and pregnancy pathologies. ..
- Characterization of N-glycosylation sites on the extracellular domain of NOX1/NADPH oxidaseMisaki Matsumoto
Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602 8566, Japan Electronic address
Free Radic Biol Med 68:196-204. 2014..As is true for NOX2, the contribution of glycosylation in NOX1 to its biologic function(s) merits further study. ..
- Toxicity assessment of zinc oxide nanoparticles using sub-acute and sub-chronic murine inhalation modelsAndrea Adamcakova-Dodd
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Part Fibre Toxicol 11:15. 2014..We sought to determine whether ZnO NPs induce pulmonary toxicity in mice following sub-acute or sub-chronic inhalation exposure to realistic exposure doses...
- A comparison of winter short-term and annual average radon measurements in basements of a radon-prone region and evaluation of further radon testing indicatorsNirmalla G Barros
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 Department of Physics, St John s University, Collegeville, MN 56321
Health Phys 106:535-44. 2014....
- A microRNA processing defect in smokers' macrophages is linked to SUMOylation of the endonuclease DICERThomas J Gross
From the Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
J Biol Chem 289:12823-34. 2014..This massive down-regulation of miRNAs (driven in part by alterations in DICER) may be an important regulator of the disease-promoting macrophage phenotype found in the lungs of smokers. ..
- Binding interactions of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OHPCBs) with human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase hSULT2A1Edugie J Ekuase
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
Chem Biol Interact 212:56-64. 2014..These results have implications for the roles of SULTs in the toxicology of OHPCBs, while also providing molecular probes of the complexity of substrate/inhibitor interactions with hSULT2A1. ..
- Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 inhibits respiratory syncytial virus replicationIhab Hassan
From the Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine and
J Biol Chem 289:7537-46. 2014..Our data characterize, for the first time, the nature of the ER stress response in the setting of RSV infection and identify the IRE1 stress pathway as a novel cellular anti-RSV defense mechanism. ..
- Epigenetic Silencing of the Human NOS2 Gene: Rethinking the Role of Nitric Oxide in Human Macrophage Inflammatory ResponsesThomas J Gross
Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
J Immunol 192:2326-38. 2014..Taken together, our findings suggest there are significant and underappreciated differences in how murine and human macrophages respond to inflammatory stimuli. ..

subset: commoncrawl


text:
How to give to charity
How I did it: I never have set up a direct debit but I give to charity collectors whenever i have spare coins. I know it's not alot but when I'm rich I will give so much more!
Awaywiththefairies it's all Buddha.
I have infact....
Set up a direct debit now. Well, i've had a few set up. What I do is alternate them every so often. At the minute i'm giving to Macmillan, which is a very worthy cause.
Awaywiththefairies has gotten 2 cheers on this entry.
- yogamom cheered this 3 years ago
- ~Lady-of-Shalott~Countess Purrs Like a Kitten cheered this 3 years ago


text:
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