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High-powered panel to provide strategic direction to third law school
Published on Nov 27, 2013 10:04 AM
SOME of the most prominent members of the legal fraternity in Singapore will have a hand in shaping the third law school which will come up at SIM University.
The Ministry of Law announced on Wednesday that it had set up a 12-member steering committee to provide strategic direction for the school on matters such as the educational philosophy, admissions criteria and curriculum development.
The list of members on the panel headed by Senior Minister of State for Education and Law Indranee Rajah comprises several highly experienced legal professionals from the private and public sectors. They include Attorney-General's Chambers chief prosecutor Tai Wei Shyong, chief district judge See Kee Oon, criminal lawyer Subhas Anandan and leading family lawyer Foo Siew Fong. The committee will be supported by a Curriculum Working Group, who will make recommendations on the development of the curricular framework.
Plans to set up a third law school to address the shortage of lawyers in the areas of criminal and matrimonial law were announced by Law Minister K. Shanmugam in May. The part-time undergraduate degree course, which will open in the next few years, is expected to take in about 75 students. Ms Rajah said the school will aim to provide a strong foundation in all core law subjects, while developing in its students specialist expertise in family and criminal law.
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subset: commoncrawl


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|この項目「アデノ随伴ウイルス」は途中まで翻訳されたものです。(原文:en:Adeno-associated virus 10 November 2009 at 10:42 UTC)
アデノ随伴ウイルス(英: Adeno-associated virus:AAV)とはヒトや霊長目の動物に感染する小型のウイルス。アデノ随伴ウイルスは現在まで病原性は知られておらず、それゆえに非常に弱い免疫反応しか引き起こさない。アデノ随伴ウイルスは分裂期にある細胞にもそうでない細胞にもゲノムを送り込むことができる。そのような特色があるためにベクターウイルスを用いた遺伝子治療の有力な候補となっている。.[1]
アデノ随伴ウイルスはパルボウイルス科・ディペンドウイルス属に属する。 大きさ (20 ナノメートル) 複製欠損性ウイルス, 無エンベロープウイルス.
- 1 遺伝子治療ベクター
- 2 Pathology
- 3 AAV structure
- 4 AAV serotypes, receptors and native tropism
- 5 AAV immunology
- 6 AAV infection cycle
- 7 References
- 8 外部リンク
Wild-type AAV has attracted considerable interest from gene therapy researchers due to a number of features. Chief amongst these is the viruses' apparent lack of pathogenicity. It can also infect non-dividing cells and has the ability to stably integrate into the host cell genome at a specific site (designated AAVS1) in the human chromosome 19.[2] The feature makes it somewhat more predictable than retroviruses, which present threat of a random insertion and of mutagenesis, which is sometimes followed by development of a cancer. The AAV genome integrates most frequently into the site mentioned, while random incorporations into the genome take place with a negligible frequency. Development of AAV's as gene therapy vectors, however, has eliminated this integrative capacity by removal of the rep and cap from the DNA of the vector. The desired gene together with a promoter to drive transcription of the gene is inserted between the inverted terminal repeats (ITR) that aid in concatamer formation in the nucleus after the single-stranded vector DNA is converted by host cell DNA polymerase complexes into double-stranded DNA. AAV-based gene therapy vectors form episomal concatamers in the host cell nucleus. In non-dividing cells, these concatamers remain intact for the life of the host cell. In dividing cells, AAV DNA is lost through cell division, since the episomal DNA is not replicated along with the host cell DNA. Random integration of AAV DNA into the host genome is low but detectable. AAV's also present very low immunogenicity, seemingly restricted to generation of neutralizing antibodies, while they induce no clearly-defined cytotoxic response.[3][4][5] This feature, along with the ability to infect quiescent cells present their dominance over adenoviruses as vectors for the human gene therapy.
Use of the virus does present some disadvantages. The cloning capacity of the vector is relatively limited and most therapeutic genes require the complete replacement of the virus's 4.8 kilobase genome. Large genes are, therefore, not suitable for use in a standard AAV vector. Options are currently being explored to overcome the limited coding capacity. The AAV ITRs of two genomes can anneal to form head to tail concatamers, almost doubling the capacity of the vector. Insertion of splice sites allows for the removal of the ITRs from the transcript.
The humoral immunity instigated by infection with the wild type is thought to be a very common event. The associated neutralising activity limits the usefulness of the most commonly used serotype AAV2 in certain applications. Accordingly the majority of clinical trials currently underway involve delivery of AAV2 into the brain, a relatively immunologically privileged organ. In the brain, AAV2 is strongly neuron-specific.
Clinical trials[編集]
To date, AAV vectors have been used for first- and second-phase clinical trials for treatment of cystic fibrosis and first-phase trials for hemophilia. Promising results have been obtained from phase I trials for Parkinson's disease, showing good tolerance of an AAV2 vector in the central nervous system. Other trials have begun, concerning AAV safety for treatment of Canavan disease, muscular dystrophy and late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.
|Route of administration
|Subject number
|Cystic fibrosis
|Lung, via aerosol
|Lung, via aerosol
|Lung, via aerosol
|Hemophilia B
|Hepatic artery
|Hereditary emphysema
|Muscular dystrophy
Trials for the treatment of prostate cancer have reached phase III[6], however these ex vivo studies do not involve direct administration of AAV to patients.
AAV is not considered to have any known role in disease. It has been suggested to have a role in male infertility,[8] as AAV DNA is more commonly found in semen samples from men with abnormal semen. However, no causal link has been found between AAV infection and male infertility.
AAV structure[編集]
AAV genome, transcriptome and proteome[編集]
The AAV genome is built of single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA), either positive- or negative-sensed, which is about 4.7 kilobase long. The genome comprises inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) at both ends of the DNA strand, and two open reading frames (ORFs): rep and cap. The former is composed of four overlapping genes encoding Rep proteins required for the AAV life cycle, and the latter contains overlapping nucleotide sequences of capsid proteins: VP1, VP2 and VP3, which interact together to form a capsid of an icosahedral symmetry.[9]
ITR sequences[編集]
The Inverted Terminal Repeat (ITR) sequences comprise 145 bases each. They were named so because of their symmetry, which was shown to be required for efficient multiplication of the AAV genome.[10] Another property of these sequences is their ability to form a hairpin, which contributes to so-called self-priming that allows primase-independent synthesis of the second DNA strand. The ITRs were also shown to be required for both integration of the AAV DNA into the host cell genome (19th chromosome in humans) and rescue from it,[11][12] as well as for efficient encapsidation of the AAV DNA combined with generation of a fully-assembled, deoxyribonuclease-resistant AAV particles.[13]
With regard to gene therapy, ITRs seem to be the only sequences required in cis next to the therapeutic gene: structural (cap) and packaging (rep) genes can be delivered in trans. With this assumption many methods were established for efficient production of recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors containing a reporter or therapeutic gene. However, it was also published that the ITRs are not the only elements required in cis for the effective replication and encapsidation. A few research groups have identified a sequence designated cis-acting Rep-dependent element (CARE) inside the coding sequence of the rep gene. CARE was shown to augment the replication and encapsidation when present in cis.[14][15][16][17]
rep genes and Rep proteins[編集]
On the "left side" of the genome there are two promoters called p5 and p19, from which two overlapping messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) of different length can be produced. Each of these contains an intron which can be either spliced out or not. Given these possibilities, four various mRNAs, and consequently four various Rep proteins with overlapping sequence can be synthesized. Their names depict their sizes in kilodaltons (kDa): Rep78, Rep68, Rep52 and Rep40.[18] Rep78 and 68 can specifically bind the hairpin formed by the ITR in the self-priming act and cleave at a specific region, designated terminal resolution site, within the hairpin. They were also shown to be necessary for the AAVS1-specific integration of the AAV genome. All four Rep proteins were shown to bind ATP and to possess helicase activity. It was also shown that they upregulate the transcription from the p40 promoter (mentioned below), but downregulate both p5 and p19 promoters.[12][18][19][20][21][22]
cap genes and VP proteins[編集]
The right side of a positive-sensed AAV genome encodes overlapping sequences of three capsid proteins, VP1, VP2 and VP3, which start from one promoter, designated p40. The molecular weights of these proteins are 87, 72 and 62 kiloDaltons, respectively.[23] All three of them are translated from one mRNA. After this mRNA is synthesized, it can be spliced in two different manners: either a longer or shorter intron can be excised resulting in the formation of two pools of mRNAs: a 2.3 kb- and a 2.6 kb-long mRNA pool. Usually, especially in the presence of adenovirus, the longer intron is preferred, so the 2.3-kb-long mRNA represents the so-called "major splice". In this form the first AUG codon, from which the synthesis of VP1 protein starts, is cut out, resulting in a reduced overall level of VP1 protein synthesis. The first AUG codon, which remains in the major splice, is the initiation codon for VP3 protein. However, upstream of that codon in the same open reading frame lies an ACG sequence (encoding threonine) which is surrounded by an optimal Kozak context. This contributes to a low level of synthesis of VP2 protein, which is actually VP3 protein with additional N terminal residues, as is VP1.[24][25][26][27]
Since the bigger intron is preferred to be spliced out, and since in the major splice the ACG codon is a much weaker translation initiation signal, the ratio at which the AAV structural proteins are synthesized in vivo is about 1:1:20, which is the same as in the mature virus particle.[28] The unique fragment at the N terminus of VP1 protein was shown to possess the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, which is probably required for the releasing of AAV particles from late endosomes.[29] Muralidhar et al. reported that VP2 and VP3 are crucial for correct virion assembly.[26] More recently, however, Warrington et al. showed VP2 to be unnecessary for the complete virus particle formation and an efficient infectivity, and also presented that VP2 can tolerate large insertions in its N terminus, while VP1 can not, probably because of the PLA2 domain presence.[30]
The crystal structure of the VP3 protein was determined by Xie, Bue, et al..[31]
AAV serotypes, receptors and native tropism[編集]
As of 2006 there have been 11 AAV serotypes described, the 11th in 2004.[32] All of the known serotypes can infect cells from multiple diverse tissue types. Tissue specificity is determined by the capsid serotype and pseudotyping of AAV vectors to alter their tropism range will likely be important to their use in therapy.
Serotype 2[編集]
Serotype 2 (AAV2) has been the most extensively examined so far.[33][34][35][36][37][38] AAV2 presents natural tropism towards e.g. skeletal muscles,[39] neurons,[33] vascular smooth muscle cells[40] and hepatocytes.[41]
Three cell receptors have been described for AAV2: heparan sulfate proteoglican (HSPG), aVβ5 integrin and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR-1). The first functions as a primary receptor, while the latter two have a co-receptor activity and enable AAV to enter the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis.[42][43][44]) These study results have been disputed by Qiu, Handa, et al..[45] HSPG functions as the primary receptor, though its abundance in the extracellular matrix can scavenge AAV particles and impair the infection efficiency.[46]
Serotype 2 and cancer[編集]
Studies have shown that serotype 2 of the virus (AAV-2) apparently kills cancer cells without harming healthy ones. "Our results suggest that adeno-associated virus type 2, which infects the majority of the population but has no known ill effects, kills multiple types of cancer cells yet has no effect on healthy cells," said Craig Meyers,[47] a professor of immunology and microbiology at the Penn State College of Medicine in Pennsylvania.[48] This could lead to a new anti-cancer agent.
Other Serotypes[編集]
Although AAV2 is the most popular serotype in various AAV-based research, it has been shown that other serotypes can be more effective as gene delivery vectors. For instance AAV6 appears much better in infecting airway epithelial cells, AAV7 presents very high transduction rate of murine skeletal muscle cells (similarly to AAV1 and AAV5), AAV8 is superb in transducing hepatocytes[49][50][51] and AAV1 and 5 were shown to be very efficient in gene delivery to vascular endothelial cells.[52] AAV6, a hybrid of AAV1 and AAV2,[51] also shows lower immunogenicity than AAV2.[50]
Serotypes can differ with the respect to the receptors they are bound to. For example AAV4 and AAV5 transduction can be inhibited by soluble sialic acids (of different form for each of these serotypes),[53] and AAV5 was shown to enter cells via the platelet-derived growth factor receptor.[54]
AAV immunology[編集]
AAV is of particular interest to gene therapists due to its apparent limited capacity to induce immune responses in humans, a factor which should positively influence vector transduction efficiency while reducing the risk of any immune-associated pathology.
The innate immune response to the AAV vectors has been characterised in animal models. Intravenous administration in mice causes transient production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and some infiltration of neutrophils and other leukocytes into the liver, which seems to sequester a large percentage of the injected viral particles. Both soluble factor levels and cell infiltration appear to return to baseline within six hours. By contrast, more aggressive viruses produce innate responses lasting 24 hours or longer.[55]
The virus is known to instigate robust humoral immunity in animal models and in the human population where up to 80% of individuals are thought to be seropositive for AAV2. Antibodies are known to be neutralising and for gene therapy applications these do impact on vector transduction efficiency via some routes of administration. As well as persistent AAV specific antibody levels, it appears from both prime-boost studies in animals and from clinical trials that the B-cell memory is also strong.[56] In seropositive humans, circulating IgG antibodies for AAV2 appear to be primarily composed of the IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses, with little or no IgG3 or IgG4 present.[57]
The cell-mediated response to the virus and to vectors is poorly characterised and has been largely ignored in the literature as recently as 2005.[56] Clinical trials using an AAV2-based vector to treat haemophilia B seem to indicate that targeted destruction of transduced cells may be occurring.[58] Combined with data that shows that CD8+ T-cells can recognise elements of the AAV capsid in vitro[59], it appears that there may be a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to AAV vectors. Cytotoxic responses would imply the involvement of CD4+ T helper cells in the response to AAV and in vitro data from human studies suggests that the virus may indeed induce such responses including both Th1 and Th2 memory responses.[57] A number of candidate T cell stimulating epitopes have been identified within the AAV capsid protein VP1, which may be attractive targets for modification of the capsid if the virus is to be used as a vector for gene therapy.[58][57]
AAV infection cycle[編集]
There are several steps in the AAV infection cycle, from infecting a cell to producing new infectious particles:
- attachment to the cell membrane
- endocytosis
- endosomal trafficking
- escape from the late endosome or lysosome
- translocation to the nucleus
- formation of double-stranded DNA replicative form of the AAV genome
- rep genes expression
- genome replication
- cap genes expression, synthesis of progeny ssDNA particles
- assembly of complete virions, and
- release from the infected cell.
Some of these steps may look different in various types of cells, which, in part, contributes to the defined and quite limited native tropism of AAV. Replication of the virus can also vary in one cell type, depending on the cell's current cell cycle phase.[60]
The characteristic feature of the adeno-associated virus is a deficiency in replication and thus its inability to multiply in unaffected cells. The first factor that was described as providing successful generation of new AAV particles, was the adenovirus, from which the AAV name originated. It was then shown that AAV replication can be facilitated by selected proteins derived from the adenovirus genome,[61][62] by other viruses such as HSV,[63] or by genotoxic agents, such as UV irradiation or hydroxyurea.[64][65][66]
The minimal set of the adenoviral genes required for efficient generation of progeny AAV particles, was discovered by Matsushita, Ellinger et al..[61] This discovery allowed for new production methods of recombinant AAV, which do not require adenoviral co-infection of the AAV-producing cells. In the absence of helper virus or genotoxic factors, AAV DNA can either integrate into the host genome or persist in episomal form. In the former case integration is mediated by Rep78 and Rep68 proteins and requires the presence of ITRs flanking the region being integrated. In mice, the AAV genome has been observed persisting for long periods of time in quiescent tissues, such as skeletal muscles, in episomal form (a circular head-to-tail conformation).[67]
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- ^ Rohr UP, Kronenwett R, Grimm D, Kleinschmidt J, Haas R (September 2002). "Primary human cells differ in their susceptibility to rAAV-2-mediated gene transfer and duration of reporter gene expression". Journal of Virological Methods 105 (2): 265–75. . .
- ^ a b Matsushita T, Elliger S, Elliger C, et al. (July 1998). "Adeno-associated virus vectors can be efficiently produced without helper virus". Gene Therapy 5 (7): 938–45. . .
- ^ Myers MW, Laughlin CA, Jay FT, Carter BJ (July 1, 1980). "Adenovirus helper function for growth of adeno-associated virus: effect of temperature-sensitive mutations in adenovirus early gene region 2". Journal of Virology 35 (1): 65–75. . .
- ^ Handa H, Carter BJ (July 25, 1979). "Adeno-associated virus DNA replication complexes in herpes simplex virus or adenovirus-infected cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 254 (14): 6603–10. .
- ^ Yalkinoglu AO, Heilbronn R, Bürkle A, Schlehofer JR, zur Hausen H (June 1, 1988). "DNA amplification of adeno-associated virus as a response to cellular genotoxic stress". Cancer Research 48 (11): 3123–9. .
- ^ Yakobson B, Koch T, Winocour E (April 1, 1987). "Replication of adeno-associated virus in synchronized cells without the addition of a helper virus". Journal of Virology 61 (4): 972–81. . .
- ^ Yakobson B, Hrynko TA, Peak MJ, Winocour E (March 1, 1989). "Replication of adeno-associated virus in cells irradiated with UV light at 254 nm". Journal of Virology 63 (3): 1023–30. . .
- ^ Duan D, Sharma P, Yang J, et al. (November 1, 1998). "Circular intermediates of recombinant adeno-associated virus have defined structural characteristics responsible for long-term episomal persistence in muscle tissue". Journal of Virology 72 (11): 8568–77. . .


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Sunday, December 28, 2014
Alternate title: Alabama Monroe, The Broken Circle
Much like the tattoos etched on the beautiful body of one character and the beard sprouting on the face of another, the narrative two-step performed in "The Broken Circle Breakdown" goes a long way toward distracting you from the familiarity of the story. The ink adorns Elise (Veerle Baetens), a tattoo artist, who lives with her bearded partner, Didier (Johan Heldenbergh), a bluegrass musician, and their young daughter, Maybelle (Nell Cattrysse), in the kind of picturesque country spread where a dog chases chickens that roost in a pickup truck. It looks like a slice of hillbilly heaven, except that this isn't Kentucky but a pastoral corner near the Flemish city of Ghent in Belgium. Felix van Groeningen directed this touching love story and soggy family melodrama, which opens with a shell-shocked Elise and Didier at a hospital where they learn that Maybelle has cancer. The movie then begins skipping around in time, beginning with a flashback to when Didier first took Elise home to his country compound. He explores her tattoos, and she learns why he loves the banjo (it snarls), and then it's back to the hospital. And so it goes, with flashbacks that trace Elise and Didier's relationship and evolving musical partnership (they have sex, harmonize, become pregnant, have Maybelle), scenes that invariably cycle back to the sad present. — Manohla Dargis


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Score of 90 on TEAS V - page 2
Hi is there anyone who has got a score of 90 of higher on the TEAS V? if so, let me know how long you studied and what helped you study. thanks :)... Read More
- 2Aug 19, '12 by soyboyYes, my TEAS V was computer-based, and I feel it followed the practice test format pretty closely. It was a little different for me than what I'm used to (paper tests), but if you are comfortable with a computer you should have no problem. One thing you should be careful of is to make sure you answer all the questions in each section before the time runs out (harder to do on computer-based tests vs. paper-based). When you look at the timer and see 0:58 it's easy to panic, and if you haven't been diligent about answering every question you risk losing points you don't have to lose.
- 0Aug 19, '12 by soyboyThanks Julliansmom2011, your anxiety will lessen each time you crack the study guide and get some studying in. Create a schedule for yourself and stick to it, it's amazing how much progress you can make in a few weeks or months if you dedicate even an hour or two a day to it. Remember how to eat an elephant: One bite at a time. Good luck!
- 1Aug 21, '12 by ShannonBerry11I scored a 90+, and most definitely recommend the ATI TEAS study book and the McGraw-Hill 5 Teas Practice Tests. I studied a while longer, about a month and a half - I hadn't completed all of my pre-reqs at the time I tested. I took written notes from the ATI book, and that seemed to help a lot.
- 0Aug 21, '12 by xInspiredxSoyboy: Did you take all of your science prereqs. before taking the exam?
- 0Aug 24, '12 by mrmrz3I highly recommend the ATI study guide, but more importantly--the 2 online practice tests that can be purchased along with the study guide. I found that the online practice exams were very helpful, as they were in the same format as the real exam (timed and all), and upon answering a question it would explain why it was the correct/incorrect answer. I started studying about a week before the exam, which I took in July. I would have started earlier, but I was in the middle of finishing my last prereq (A&P) and was bogged down with that class.
I do not have any experience with the McGraw Hill 5 practice exam book, but have heard from peers that it was helpful.


text: 500 pts Music Trivia #1 <Loonatics According to this article, what artist's album has sold 10 million copies? Click here for the answer. Sign in to Participate Category: Trivia Ends: Friday November 30 at 10:59PM CST Visit our sponsor: Click here for the answer. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! More Ways To Get and Use Points Loonatic TriviaLoonatic TriviaMeat Me Under The Mistletoe$10 iTunes Gift Card$25 Target Gift Card$50 Coborn's Gift Card


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Report: State paid $30K for two lost cell phones
HARTFORD -- The state's mental health agency paid bills totaling more than $30,000 for two lost cellular telephones, including one assigned to the commissioner's office.
The Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services has subsequently taken steps to better monitor cell phones assigned to agency workers, officials within the department said.
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2Cmott wrote on Sep 21, 2010 8:19 AM:
" Are you kidding me? The individual and their immediate supervisor should be FIRED. How does something like this happen and noone does anything about it? "
Roadrunner wrote on Sep 21, 2010 8:25 AM:
" Dont worry RELL will hire a special commity to look in to it that will cost around 31k State workes dont care about the small stuff as they get there pay. "
raycity wrote on Sep 21, 2010 10:49 AM:
" Just ask the people who were called who called them .Arrest the caller an if they have the money pay it back.Fire the incompedent people who can't even keep tract of a phone an waite till $30,000 in calls are made to report it "
Ms. Rant wrote on Sep 21, 2010 11:16 AM:
" How on EARTH can two phones total up $30,000 over any period of time, seriously. Someone better start bargaining with providers a tad better, don't you think? And can whoever is presently in charge? For $30k, you could hire someone for a year...to do something...but of course, there IS no accountability among state employees - and if you get arrested and convicted and sent to jail, when you get out you get a cushy $90k job and your own radio show.... "
Reality Check wrote on Sep 21, 2010 12:28 PM:
" The person who stole the phone should have changed their plan to unlimited calls and texts to save us some $.
Where are the safeguards? 1) The employee doesn't have to mention their cell phone is missing? Did they go without a new one or did we pay for that one, too? 2) The agency pays an exhorbiant phone bill each month without even questioning it? Isn't there a dollar threshold that should trigger investigation before a payment is made?
How much other waste is going on at tax payer expense? "
Where are the safeguards? 1) The employee doesn't have to mention their cell phone is missing? Did they go without a new one or did we pay for that one, too? 2) The agency pays an exhorbiant phone bill each month without even questioning it? Isn't there a dollar threshold that should trigger investigation before a payment is made?
How much other waste is going on at tax payer expense? "
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We have stayed here for four years and have enjoyed every moment. Comfortable beds, great food (including a Austrian buffet), 10 minutes taxi ride from a ski slope or you can catch the local bus to the Glacier, great swimming pool and wellness-everything you could want! It is a 30 minute drive from Innsbruck airport. Happy Stubai is a great... More
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Photos from Pusateri's Chicago Express/33 Degrees Blues Club in Stuart. Following the success of Pusateri's Thin Chicago Pizza in downtown Stuart, John and Pam Pusateri had planned to open this restaurant. John died unexpectedly on Sept. 12 and now Pam hopes to sell the lease.
Pam Pusateri, left, talks with NAI Southcoast Broker Associate Douglas Legler Wednesday inside the Pusateri's Chicago Express/33 Degrees Blues Club in Stuart that Pam and her husband, John Pusateri, had planned to open. Pam will now try to sell the lease to the new restaurant following John's death Sept. 12.
Pam Pusateri works behind the register Wednesday at Pusateri's Thin Chicago Pizza in downtown Stuart, which she and her husband have run for nine years.
John Pusateri not only remodeled the 1920s-built restaurant he and his wife had hoped to open as Pusateri's Chicago Express/33 Degrees Blues Club, he also painted original, Chicago-inspired art on its walls with the help of graffiti artists.


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
|Osedax roseus
|Scientific classification
Rouse et al., 2004[1]
See text.
|This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (December 2009)
|Osedax roseus
|Scientific classification
Rouse et al., 2004[1]
See text.
Osedax is a genus of deep-sea siboglinid polychaetes, commonly called boneworms, zombie worms, or bone-eating worms. Osedax is Latin for "bone-eating". The name alludes to how the worms bore into the bones of whale carcasses to reach enclosed lipids, on which they rely for sustenance.
Scientists from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute using the submarine ROV Tiburon first discovered the genus in Monterey Bay, California, in February 2002. The worms were found living on the bones of a decaying gray whale in the Monterey Canyon, at a depth of 2,893 m (9,491 ft).
Lacking stomach and mouth, Osedax rely on symbiotic species of bacteria that aid in the digestion of whale proteins and lipids and release nutrients that the worms can absorb. Osedax have colorful feathery plumes that act as gills and unusual root-like structures that absorb nutrients. The Osedax secrete acid (rather than rely on teeth) to bore into bone to access the nutrients.[2] Between 50 and 100 microscopic dwarf males live inside a single female and never develop past the larval stage.
Female Osedax worms have been observed spawning both in the wild and in laboratory aquaria (Rouse et al., 2009). Osedax rubiplumus can spawn hundreds of oocytes at a time. The worms' endosymbiont, the bacteria Oceanospirillales, was not observed in the spawned oocytes, which suggests that they are acquired after the worms settle on the bones.[3] In the adult, the bacteria are localised in the root-like structures that grow into the whale bone.[4][5] This worm appears to be highly fecund and reproduces continuously. This may help explain why Osedax is such a diverse genus, despite the rarity of whale falls in the ocean.
Male Osedax are microscopic dwarfs that live as "harems" inside the lumen of the gelatinous tube that surrounds each female. An individual female can house hundreds of these males in her tube.[6][7]
Following its discovery in 2002, the genus was announced in Science in 2004.[1]
In late 2005, an experiment by Swedish marine biologists resulted in the discovery of a species of the worm in the North Sea off the west coast of Sweden. In the experiment, a minke whale carcass that had been washed ashore had been sunk to a depth of 120 m (390 ft) and monitored for several months. Biologists were surprised to find that, unlike the previous discoveries, the new species, colloquially known as "bone-eating snot flower" after its scientific name (Osedax mucofloris), lived in very shallow waters compared to the previous discoveries.
In November 2009, researchers reported finding as many as 15 species of boneworms living in Monterey Bay on the California coast.[8]
The role of Osedax in the degradation of marine vertebrate remains is controversial. Some scientists[9] think that Osedax is a specialist on whalebones while others think that it is more of a generalist.[10] This controversy is due to a biogeographic paradox: despite the rarity and ephemeral nature of whale falls, Osedax has a broad biogeographic range and is surprisingly diverse. One hypothesis advanced to explain this paradox is that Osedax are able to colonize a variety of vertebrate remains besides whalebones. This hypothesis is supported by an experiment involving cow bones suspended above the sea floor. A variety of Osedax species successfully colonized these bones. Osedax have also been observed colonizing terrestrial mammal bones mixed in with galley waste from a surface vessel. Other scientists have countered this hypothesis by pointing out how the cow bone experiment does not match any natural habitat and also the low probability of terrestrial mammal bones arriving at the ocean floor in significant quantities. They also point out other cases of food falls in which the remains disappeared too swiftly for Osedax colonization and the lack of any observed colonization in similar cases. The true role of Osedax in the degradation of marine vertebrate remains is important to marine vertebrate taphonomy. Burrows closely similar to those made by Osedax species have been found in the bones of ancient marine birds, suggesting that the genus may once have had a wider range of foods.[11][12]
Osedax were mentioned in popular TV series Bones in episode 6 of season 6 aired on November 11, 2010 on the Fox Network.[13]


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Book your room at Comfort Inn Richmond Airport
Standard Room, 1 King BedMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children)
Standard Room, 1 King Bed, Non SmokingMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children)
Standard Double Room, 2 Double Beds, Non SmokingMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children)
Standard Double Room, 2 Double BedsMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children)
Hotel with a complimentary breakfast, in Sandston (Richmond Airport - Sandston)
This hotel is located in Sandston (Richmond Airport - Sandston), near the airport and Virginia Aviation Museum. Area attractions also include St. John's Episcopal Church and Edgar Allan Poe Museum.
Hotel Features
Comfort Inn Richmond Airport offers a complimentary buffet breakfast. Other amenities include complimentary wireless Internet access, a 24-hour business center, and dry cleaning/laundry services.
Room Amenities
Televisions come with premium cable channels. Guestrooms also feature complimentary wireless Internet access, sofa beds, and refrigerators.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
At your hotel
At your hotel
High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This hotel offers access to a 24-hour business center. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast each morning. This Sandston hotel also offers a 24-hour fitness center, coffee/tea in the lobby, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 61
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Complimentary newspapers in lobby
- Free breakfast
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Number of floors - 2
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free self parking
- Long-term parking (surcharge)
- Free RV, bus, truck parking
- 24-hour business center
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Television in lobby
- Free Wi-Fi
Stay connected
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi
Park your car
Long-term parking (surcharge), Free self parking, Free RV, bus, truck parking
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- Premium TV channels
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Cable TV service
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- Free local calls
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- Iron/ironing board
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- Refrigerator
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Shower/tub combination
- Sofa bed
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
- Desk
- Free Wi-Fi
- Partially open bathroom
Eat and drink
A complimentary buffet breakfast is served each morning between 6 AM and 9 AM.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Ecotours nearby
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
The fine print for Comfort Inn Richmond Airport
When you arrive
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
When you leave
Check-out time is 11 AM
How you can pay
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Only service dogs are allowed
24-hour check-in
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 10 per night
We should mention
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


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|Braised beef with tomatoes and herbs
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Braised beef with tomatoes and herbs
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The Backpage: My Favorite LessonThe Back Page: My Favorite Lesson: The Trig Tribe
December 2012, Volume 106, Issue 5, Page 400
A favorite lesson on right-triangle trigonometry is presented.
ArticleRight Triangle TrigGrades 9-12Teacher
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A family that recently had its home damaged by fire also lost some of its personal possessions this week.
On Monday, the Monroe Fire Department responded to a fire in the 1000 block of Franklin St.
The fire, which remains under investigation, caused significant damage to one room where the fire was concentrated.
A cat died in the fire, but the people in the home made it out safely.
However, the family reported jewelry and electronics were taken from the home Tuesday night.
An Xbox 360, a Play Station and an $800 Toshiba laptop were reported stolen. In addition, $550 worth of jewelry, including two necklaces and a bracelet, were missing from the home.
The case is under investigation by the Monroe Police Department.
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Tess Lillian is here
Find a Conversation
Tess Lillian is here
|Sun, 05-02-2010 - 6:17pm
Our beautiful baby girl was born 4/19/10 at 8:49 am. 7lbs 5oz and 20.75in.
The labor was fast, I was admitted 4/18 at 7PM for induction. I was 2cm and 70% effaced and so they
|Fri, 05-07-2010 - 4:37pm
Thanks Ang and Wenz. I'll attempt to post a couple of pictures-lets see if it works!
|Thu, 05-20-2010 - 2:19pm
CONGRATULATIONS Mel!! Sorry I'm late, I just saw your announcement! Baby Tess is simply gorgeous! I'm sorry about the pre-eclampsia, but glad that you're doing better now and are home with baby.
Seeing yours and Ruthie's announcement made aware of how close I am to meeting my babies!!


text: Pretoria Beauty Wellness Healthcare Leisure Travel Tickets Restaurant Dining Central African Food East African Food North African Food South African Food West African Food Argentina Food Brazilian Food Cuban Food Jamaican Food Mexican Food Peruvian Food American Food Australian Food Chinese Food Indian Food Indonesian Food Persian Food Japanese Food Korean Food Lebanese Food Malaysian Food Mongolian Bbq Filipino Food Thai Food Turkish Food Vietnamese Food Austrian Food English Food Polish Food French Cuisine German Food Greek Cuisine Hungarian Food Italian Food Portuguese Food Russian Food Norwegian Food Swedish Food Finnish Food Danish Food Danish Cuisine Spanish Food Swiss Food Jewish Food Arabic Food Belgian Food Dutch Food Irish Food Colombian Food Uruguayan Food Chilean Food All You Can Eat Fast Food Experience Restaurant Fine Dining Fish Restaurant Organic Restaurants Vegetarian Restaurants Breakfast Desserts Ice Cream Drinks Bars Services Online Shopping Rate the page Rating: 4 of 5 (Number of votes 53) Groupon on your mobile iPhone | AndroidDetails Groupon Travel view Groupon Shop view Try something new today in Pretoria, and visit a Danish Restaurant at a price you can afford! With these coupons for Danish food in Pretoria You'll be able to take advantage of great deals from local businesses that serve wonderful Danish food that will satisfy your appetite for adventure and savings. If you're looking for a new culinary experience in Pretoria, a coupon for Danish food may be just the thing to send your taste buds into the stratosphere! You can take your friends and coworkers with you when you visit a Danish Restaurant in Pretoria, and they'll be impressed by your "expensive" tastes, while you enjoy great savings with your coupon. Don't delay, get some of these coupons for Danish food in Pretoria today while they're still available. Snap up wonderful Danish food coupons in Pretoria and enjoy delicious Danish food There are many fine dining experiences available in Pretoria, and they don't have to break the bank when you use one of these coupons. Get out and see what Pretoria has to offer, and be sure to grab a coupon before you do. You might just find that Danish food becomes your favorite go-to activity as you explore everything Pretoria has to offer. And with one of these coupons, the savings will be yours to enjoy as well as the great food. Impress your coworkers or treat your family to a great Danish meal today and you'll be glad you did. Selection of our partners Enjoy the advantages of your city with Groupon! Choose your city Cape Town Johannesburg Pretoria Durban Stellenbosch East London Subscribe! Share Groupon with your friends! Coupons in South Africa Johannesburg - Leisure Johannesburg - Healthcare Cape Town - Leisure Cape Town - Healthcare Johannesburg - Leisure Johannesburg - Healthcare Johannesburg - Leisure Johannesburg - Healthcare Johannesburg - Leisure Johannesburg - Healthcare Coupons in: Johannesburg Cape Town Durban Stellenbosch East London Follow us on Twitter Follow us on RSS-Feed Follow us on Facebook


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Oh, to be famed supermodel and "Project Runway" host Heidi Klum. When you and I lose our luggage, we get stuck going to Target and buying discount pairs of underwear. When Heidi loses her luggage — or in this particular case, has her luggage stolen at JFK — Michael Kors comes to the rescue, messengering a new dress over to Heidi's hotel room. And it's a good thing, too — Heidi was set to appear at a special lunch at Hudson Hotel to shill her Wildlife jewelry collection, the third collection for the Home Shopping Network. At the lunch, Heidi confessed that she works on her jewelry designs on Saturday mornings (that's exactly what we do, too). "I like to make things that stand out," said Klum at the event. "I don't like to make things that you've seen before." [Racked]
Heidi Klum Loses Luggage, Gains A Michael Kors
Seal & Heidi Split
Yup, it's over. Read More »
Heidi's Coolest Costumes
Heidi Klum never fails to impress on Halloween. 9 Photos »
Heidi Opens Up
About her break up from Seal. Read More »
Posted Under: heidi klum, luggage, michael kors


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The closest major airport to Fayetteville, Georgia is Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL / KATL). This airport is in Atlanta, Georgia and is 16 miles from the center of Fayetteville, GA. If you're looking for international or domestic flights to ATL, check the airlines that fly to ATL.
Find some hotels near Fayetteville, GA, or scroll down for more international airports or domestic airports. You can also browse local airports if you're a pilot.
16 miles: Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport - Atlanta, GA (ATL / KATL)
161 miles: Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport - Birmingham, AL (BHM / KBHM)
266 miles: Charlotte Douglas International Airport - Charlotte, NC (CLT / KCLT)
266 miles: Nashville International Airport - Nashville, TN (BNA / KBNA)
16 miles: Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport - Atlanta, GA (ATL / KATL)
84 miles: Middle Georgia Regional Airport - Macon, GA (MCN / KMCN)
88 miles: Columbus Metropolitan Airport - Columbus, GA (CSG / KCSG)
90 miles: Athens-Ben Epps Airport - Athens, GA (AHN / KAHN)
10 miles: Galleria - Atlanta, GA (JGL)
14 miles: Henry County Airport - Hampton, GA (4A7)
25 miles: Perimeter Mall Helipad - Atlanta, GA (JAJ)
27 miles: Fulton County Airport - Atlanta, GA (FTY / KFTY)
30 miles: West Georgia Regional - O V Gray - Williamson, GA (GA2)
34 miles: DeKalb-Peachtree Airport - Atlanta, GA (PDK / KPDK)
38 miles: Dobbins Air Reserve Base - Marietta, GA (MGE / KMGE)
38 miles: Atlanta Nas - Marietta, GA (NCQ)
44 miles: Beaver Ruin Airport - Beaver Ruin, GA (JAO)
48 miles: Cobb County Mc Collum Field - Marrietta, GA (QMA)
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Trusts and estates attorneys help clients plan to protect their most vulnerable loved ones. Most professionals in this area know about creating a special needs trust as part of the estate plan for a child or grandchild with a disability and understand about guardianships for an incapacitated person. Special or supplemental needs trusts provide funds to pay for expenses that can help take care of an individual with a disability—while not cutting off access to government benefits.1 Guardianships ensure that caregivers retain the rights to make essential decisions for loved ones with special needs who lack the mental capacity to do so. But many attorneys, upon learning about a child with a disability, stop their inquiries there.
If attorneys don't know the basics about special education services and advocacy, they may miss out on opportunities to serve clients, protect client estates and help their beneficiaries. Without this knowledge, an attorney won't be able to fully address the multitude of issues that can arise from caring for a child with a disability. Medical and educational expenses for a child with a disability can run from $50,000 to $100,000 or more per year. These expenses can drain even a generous trust, and parents must ensure that their children with special needs, to the extent possible, receive appropriate training about independent living and postsecondary options. Until age 21 or graduation with a regular diploma, whichever occurs first, a child's public school district has a responsibility to provide these appropriate transition services.
We'll review the basics of special education legal protections for children with disabilities and how advisors can identify issues that may require further attention. Knowing the right questions to ask and offering basic advice will help properly serve clients.
Sample Scenario
Suppose two clients, Ryan and Megan, both in their early 50s, meet with you to discuss their estate plan. During the meeting, you learn that the couple has two children, Lisa, 19, who's in college, and John, 17, who's in high school. In reviewing the parents' assets, you note that they've established an account under Internal Revenue Code Section 529 to help pay for John's future college expenses. The parents, however, aren't sure that John will be able or prepared to attend college, although he clearly has the academic potential to do so. You ask why, and they tell you that John has Asperger's syndrome and that he finds school very difficult. He's failing many of his classes and is very withdrawn. The parents are worried that he's not going to graduate from high school. They state that they've sought the help of many private professionals, but that school officials haven't taken steps to help John. He was recently suspended for threatening another child and doesn't want to go back to school. He hasn't expressed any interest in a career and has no vocational skills or job training. The school has done no career planning for John.
An astute trusts and estates attorney will learn more about John's situation. If John doesn't receive appropriate services to serve his academic, social emotional and academic needs, he may not graduate from high school and may never pursue a career. His depression could become more debilitating. In addition, his lifelong care has the potential to pose a substantial drain on your clients' estate. This situation necessitates careful planning. In the situation above, John's downward spiral obviously greatly concerns his family, but the lack of progress also is the responsibility of his local school district, as John has a disability.
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA), as most recently enacted in 2004, states that every public school district in our country has the affirmative obligation to provide a free, appropriate public education (FAPE) to every child with a disability until the student graduates or turns 21.2 A school district provides a FAPE when it offers "special education and related services tailored to meet the unique needs of a particular child, [which are] 'reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational benefits.'" Courts and administrative judges generally measure educational benefit in the form of passing grades and advancement from grade to grade.3
The law gives parents detailed and specific rights under the IDEIA. For example, if a parent refers her child for special education services, the law requires the district to conduct specific evaluations of the child within 60 days after receiving consent.4
Even if a parent doesn't refer a child, a public school has the affirmative obligation to conduct an evaluation if the child is suspected of needing special education or related services.5 This "child find" obligation extends to children "who are suspected of being a child with a disability ... and in need of special education, even though they are advancing from grade to grade..."6 Courts have held that a state's child find duty is "triggered" when the school district "has a reason to suspect a disability, and reason to suspect that special education services may be needed to address that disability."7
The law protects every child who requires special education and related services and has a disability in one of the IDEIA classifications. The classification categories include: autism, deaf-blindness, deafness, an emotional disturbance, a hearing impairment, an intellectual disability (formerly known as "MR"), multiple disabilities, other health impairments (which can include ADHD), an orthopedic impairment, a speech/language impairment, a specific leaning disability, a traumatic brain injury or a visual impairment.
The IEP
Once a child is evaluated, a team of special education professionals must meet to decide if the child meets the criteria to receive special education services.8 If so, the team must develop an individualized education program (IEP). An IEP represents the "centerpiece of the IDEIA" and is a written statement outlining a plan for providing a FAPE.9
The IEP contains valuable information for special needs planning. It includes the present levels of academic achievement and functional performance and details academic, physical, management and social emotional needs. The IEP should also contain services and a goal for every special education need identified. It must contain:
(1) A statement of the child's present levels of academic achievement and functional performance, including how the child's disability affects the child's involvement and progress in the general education curriculum (that is, the same curriculum as for children without disabilities); or
(2) A statement of measurable annual goals, including academic and functional goals designed to: meet the child's needs that result from the child's disability to enable the child to be involved and make progress in the general education curriculum and meet each of the child's other educational needs that result from the child's disability;
(3) A description of how the child's progress toward meeting the annual goals will be measured;
(4) A statement of the special education and related services and supplementary aids and services, based on peer-reviewed research to the extent practicable, to be provided to the child, or on behalf of the child, and a statement of the program modifications or support for school personnel that will be provided to enable the child to advance appropriately toward attaining the annual goals to be involved in and make progress in the general education curriculum, to participate in extracurricular and other nonacademic activities with children without disabilities;
(5) An explanation of the extent, if any, to which the child won't participate with children without disabilities in the regular class;
(6) A statement of any individual appropriate accommodations that are necessary to measure the academic achievement and functional performance of the child on state and district assessments; and
(7) The projected date for the beginning of the services and the anticipated frequency, location and duration of those services and modifications.10
Focus on Transition Services
An IEP must also contain transition services and goals, described below, which are absolutely essential for helping children with disabilities attain independent living. The IDEIA requires that, beginning no later than the first IEP to be in effect when the child turns 16, or younger if determined appropriate by the IEP team, the IEP must contain transitional goals and services that will facilitate movement from school to post-school activities. Specifically, the IEP must contain:
• Appropriate measurable postsecondary goals based on age appropriate transition assessments related to training, education, employment and, when appropriate, independent living skills; and
• The transition services (including courses of study) needed to assist the child in reaching those goals.
Transition services are quite comprehensive. The law defines them as a coordinated set of activities for a child with a disability that's:
(1) designed to be within a results-oriented process focused on improving the academic and functional achievement of the child with a disability to facilitate the child's movement from school to post-school activities, including postsecondary education, vocational education, integrated employment (including supported employment), continuing and adult education, adult services, independent living or community participation;
(2) based on the individual child's needs, taking into account the child's strengths, preferences and interests; and includes:
• instruction;
• related services;
• community experiences;
• the development of employment and other post-school adult living objectives; and
• if appropriate, acquisition of daily living skills and provision of a functional vocational evaluation.
Transition services for children with disabilities may be special education, if provided as specially designed instruction, or a related service, if required to assist a child with a disability to benefit from special education.11
A school district must, for example, include transition goals for the school to work program and progress reports for the student's participation in the programs. The district must provide an appropriate, detailed formal report of the student's school-to-work experiences. There must also be specific transition goals on the IEP to measure a student's progress in a school-to-work program.12 Thus, in the example above, John requires a comprehensive, coordinated set of transition activities that include specific vocational experiences in addition to his academic program, including expanded community experience, acquisition of daily living skills related to employment and communication skills.13
Protections After Age 21
After a child graduates with a regular education diploma or turns 21, certain federal laws still protect him from discrimination, but don't require a FAPE or services to the extent the IDIEA does. This is why special education advocacy before age 21 is so important. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 provides that:
[n]o otherwise qualified individual with a disability in the United States ... shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.14
To prove a violation of the Rehabilitation Act, a plaintiff must show that:
(1) he is an individual with a disability; (2) he is otherwise qualified to participate in a particular program; (3) he was denied that participation based upon his disability; and (4) the program receives federal funds.15
In addition, the Americans With Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination based on disability.16
Parental Remedies
Parents need to know that they have specific and important rights under the IDIEA to participate in the process, get notice of all proposed decisions and actions and give their consent to evaluations or the provision of services. Parental participation represents one of the fundamental tenets of the IDIEA. Parents also have the right to seek and review all of their child's educational records, and school districts have the obligation to keep such records confidential.17
If parents disagree with a school district's decision, they have the right to file for due process. This means that a school district must conduct a due process hearing before an impartial hearing officer appointed by the state. The hearing can take one day or last for months. When a parent files for a hearing, the child is granted pendency, which means that the last agreed-upon IEP must be in place.
Parents have the right to seek various remedies in an impartial hearing. They may seek compensatory or made-up services. They can't seek money damages, but may be able to recover reimbursement for certain evaluations or services that a school district should have covered. Under the IDEIA, parents have the right to unilaterally place the child in a private school and seek tuition reimbursement. Parents have the burden to show that the private school is appropriate.
After due process, parents or the district may appeal, first, in some states, to a state administrative panel, then, in all states, to federal or state court. IDEIA contains fee-shifting provisions. If the parent prevails, the school district must pay attorneys' fees.
Thus, for example, if a parent disagrees with the transition services provided to a child under the IDEIA, the parent may file for due process and seek a new placement or additional services.
Advising Parents
At the client meeting, it's important for the trusts and estates attorney to be able to spot issues and know where to send the parents for more information. Thus, if you learn that one of your clients has a child with a disability under age 21, advise your client of the basic right of a student to a FAPE and transition services. Attorneys should remind parents that they may request in writing, under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, access to all school records and documents. Also remind clients to ensure that the school has an appropriate transition plan and services.
Attorneys who take the time to understand these issues will be providing a value-added service to their clients, which will enhance their relationships with those clients and lead to better representation and service in the future.
1. See Bernard A. Krooks, "Estate Planning & Taxation: Individuals With Special Needs," Trusts & Estates (July 2011), at p. 30.
2. 20 U.S.C. Section 1412(a)(1)(A); Board of Ed. of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 179 (1982).
3. Walczak v. Florida Union Free Sch. Dist., 142 F.3d 119, 122 (2d Cir. 1998) (quoting Rowley, ibid. at 207).
4. 34 CFR Section 300.301(c).
5. 34 CFR Section 300.111(c)(1). See also 20 U.S.C. Section 1412(a)(3).
6. 34 CFR Section 300.111(c)(1); Dean v. School Dist. of the City of Niagara Falls, 615 F. Supp.2d 63, 71 (W.D.N.Y. 2009).
7. New Paltz Cent. Sch. Dist. v. St. Pierre, 307 F. Supp.2d 394, 400 n. 13 (N.D.N.Y. 2004); Regional Sch. Dist. No. 9 Bd. of Ed. v. Mr. & Mrs. M., 2009 WL 2514064, at *8 (D.Conn. Aug. 7, 2009) (finding that the Board didn't discharge its Child Find obligations consistent with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act when it failed to locate, identify or refer the student to a pupil personnel team).
8. 34 CFR Section 300.8.
9. Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305 (1988).
10. 34 CFR Section 300.320.
11. 34 CFR Section 300.45.
12. See 34 CFR Section 300.320 (2)(i)(B).
13. See 34 CFR Section 300.43; 8 N.Y.C.R.R. Sections 200.1(fff) and 200.4(d)(2)(ix).
See also Pace v. Bogalusa City School Bd., 325 F.3d 609 (5th Cir. 2003) (adequate transition plan found that included a statement of desired adult outcomes, school action steps and family action steps for various areas of need, such as postsecondary education, employment, living arrangements, homemaking, financial/income, advocacy/legal, community resources, recreation and leisure, transportation and relationships).
14. 20 U.S.C. Section 794(a).
15. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. Section 794, 34 CFR Part 104 ("No otherwise qualified handicapped individual shall ... be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefit of or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal assistance"). See www2.ed.gov/policy/rights/reg/ocr/edlite-34cfr104.html. Note that Section 504 also protects school-age children and can serve children with disabilities with an accommodation plan if they don't qualify for special education services. For example, a child with diabetes may simply require accommodations of needing to leave class early to test blood sugar, rather than full special education services.
16. Title II of the Americans With Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. 12101-12213.
17. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 20 U.S.C. Section 1232g, 34 CFR Part 99 (requires confidentiality and allows access to student records). See www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/reg/ferpa/index.html.


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I wish I had a nickel for every rat I shot. Used to go to the town dump on weekends and sit in the middle and pop them off with a .22. Ah, the memories...
This is a discussion on Shot a rat within the Off Topic & Humor Discussion forums, part of the The Back Porch category; I wish I had a nickel for every rat I shot. Used to go to the town dump on weekends and sit in the middle ...
I wish I had a nickel for every rat I shot. Used to go to the town dump on weekends and sit in the middle and pop them off with a .22. Ah, the memories...
"Confidence is food for the wise man but liquor for the fool"
Have had rat in Thailand, Guinea Pig (they call it Cui) in Ecuador, and squirrel several times here. All pretty much the same - stringy and gamey, but edible, especially as they're usually pretty heavily seasoned/salted. Fall squirrel, when they've been stuffed full of acorns, is actually pretty good. In fact, I recently read a WSJ or NYT article about some gourmet cook that's all gaga about them. If your rats are gorging on birdseed, they're probably similar.
Would I seek out a rat if I had something else in the fridge? Nope. But for survival food, it's easy protein.
9mm hollow points work.
Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk
Yoda, I am, yes.
I've rolled a couple around the compost pile with my .22 air rifle in the last couple weeks. The one I dropped with a head shot was nearly the size of a tail less squirrel. He was well fed.
I prefer to live dangerously free than safely caged!
"Our houses are protected by the good Lord and a gun. And you might meet 'em both if you show up here not welcome son." Josh Thompson "Way Out Here"
Great shot! Our Governor Rick Perry shot one a couple of years ago, but he claimed later that it was a rabid coyote. Same thing. Just sayin'
Uncle Dannie
FOP Lodge 55, RPOAC, NRA Life Member
One of the keys to happiness is a bad memory
"Outside of the killings, Washington has one of the lowest crime rates in the country,"
--Mayor Marion Barry, Washington , DC .
Also rats have been known to overpower a person carrying one of them there plastic guns and gnaw the gun so badly it can no longer function. 1911's are impervious to this.
Somebody had to say it.
Last edited by mlr1m; July 21st, 2012 at 02:27 PM. Reason: I made an oopsie
Mors est libertas
I have shot rats too.
I used to work at a local privately owned independent grocery store that had a very large warehouse adjacent to the store building. On our lunch break, me and some of the stock room boys would take .22's with bird shot, get a flashlight and go over to the warehouse to hunt. You would lay on the concrete floor, shine the flashlight underneath the pallets that merchandise sat on, and when Mr. Rat was discovered they would freeze in the spot light and you shoot down the beam and kill Mr. Rat dead.
I did shoot one out back of the same warehouse after one of the guys discovered it in box of stuff he cleaned out. We used my cheap .25 auto with one shot to the back of the head.
Lastly, a former neighbour of mine came screaming over to the house, pounding on the back door that a "rat"was in her trash can. Expecting to see a mouse, I went to investigate and discovered a very large and agressive rat that jumped up when I opened the can. I went and got my .22 revolver (same one used in the first rat shooting story) and plugged him twice in his ratty head.
I hate rats. There is only one good rat, and that would be a dead one.
"A Smith & Wesson always beats 4 aces!"
The Man Prayer. "Im a man, I can change, if I have to.....I guess!" ~ Red Green
Lenina Huxley: [Spartan encounters a burger grill in the underground world] Just don't ask them where the meat comes from.
John Spartan: Huxley, what's that supposed to mean?
Lenina Huxley: Do you see any cows around here, detective?
John Spartan: Que es este carne? [What is this meat?]
Hamburger Stand Scrap: Este carne es de rata. [This meat is from rats]
John Spartan: Rat? This is a rat burger? [vendor nods]
John Spartan: Not bad! Matter of fact this is the best burger I've had in years!
Hamburger Stand Scrap: Gracias, Senor.
John Spartan: Prego. See ya later.
"Legitimate use of violence can only be that which is required in self-defense."
Ron Paul.
-The Mist (2007)"My God David, We're a Civilized society."
"Sure, As long as the machines are workin' and you can call 911. But you take those things away, you throw people in the dark, and you scare the crap out of them; no more rules...You'll see how primitive they can get."


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Beloved Broadway Musical 42nd Street at Toby's Dinner Theatre
* Additional fees apply.
The last date listed for 42nd Street was Sunday May 29, 2011 / 5:00pm (Show at 7:00pm).
Most Popular Theater Event Nearby
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Venue Details
Bring a sweater; it was a bit chilly!Nunsense info • Aug 12 2013 star this tip starred
Food is served at specific times and is promptly removed at specific times. Don't be late if you want to eat.The Wiz dining • Jun 04 2013 star this tip starred
Reviews & Ratings
Featured review from Philip John
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42nd Street is THE musical for dance, not to mention song AND dance. This production at Toby's is sensational. No one should miss it, if he/she has a chance to see it before it closes. I've now seen three productions of 42nd Street and this is the equal of even the most professional company's. And a very nice buffet-style meal on top of the show. What else could one want!
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Went with a group of friends and we had a blast. We werent familiar with the story but still followed along pretty well. The food was buffet and a little bland but not a big damper on the event. We would definitely do this again.
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As usual, Toby's put on a superb performance. The show was full of tap dancing which I love. The dance routines were well choreographed. The food was tasty although I felt like we were rushed to finish eating so the actors/waiters could get...continued
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The play was very enjoyable.
The venue was cozy; not too big. Even w/a full audience I think it would still have that "personal" touch.
The food was phenomenal!! Such a variety from the salad, entrees, desserts, etc.
Quotes & Highlights
"_42nd Street and its songs are timeless and toe-tapping." —Maryland Theatre Guide _
"A high-energy show … with right costumes, witty dialogue and elaborate tap scenes." —The Dundalk Eagle
"The musical numbers are sure to keep you tapping and singing for weeks to come." —East County Times
This is the story of hard work, being in the right place at the right time, talent and love. 42nd Street is a celebration of Broadway and the people involved in its shows. It focuses on aspiring chorus girl Peggy Sawyer, and takes us along on her journey. Musical hits include: "You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me," "Dames," "I Know Now," "We're in the Money," "Lullaby of Broadway," "Shuffle Off to Buffalo" and "42nd Street."
Buffet Menu:
Steamship Round
Oven Roasted Turkey
Baked Virginia Pit Ham
(All carved to order by Toby's chef)
Steamed Spiced Shrimp
Stuffed Chicken Breast w/Broccoli & Gorganzola
Baked Tilapia with Wasabi Sauce
Beef Stroganoff & Noodles
Pasta Rosé
Rice Pilaf with Sautéed Veggies
Mediterranean Blend Vegetables
Our Famous Spinach "Phunque" Casserole
Sour Cream Mashed Potatoes with Sautéed Peppers
Bountiful Fruit and Cheese Board
25 Item Salad Bar & Caesar Salad
Assorted Cakes and Pies
"Make-your-own" Sundae bar
Coffee, Tea & Iced Tea
Full-Service Cash Bar