text: Converting Waste Plastics into Fuel Report on Situation Analysis of Existing Solid Waste Management System for Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Prepared for United Nations Environment Program International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC) Table of Contents List of Tables i List of Figures ii Acronyms Preface Executive Summary Chapter 1 Regulatory Framework 1 1.1 Overview of Regulatory Framework 1 1.2 Description of Regulatory Framework on Solid Waste 10 Management 1.2.1 National Level 10 1.2.2 Provincial Level 22 1.2.3 Local Level 22 1.3 Technical Guidelines 24 1.4 Gap Analysis for Regulatory Framework 25 Chapter 2 Description of Institutions Involved in SWM 27 2.1 Overview of Institutional Framework 27 2.2 Roles and Responsibilities of Relevant Authorities, 28 Institutions and Organizations 2.2.1 National Level 28 2.2.2 Provincial and Local Levels 34 2.2.3 Private Sectors and Civil Society 39 2.3 Gap Analysis 40 Chapter 3 Description of Financial Mechanism for SWM 41 3.1 Overview of Financial Mechanism 41 3.2 Total Income Generation 42 3.3 Income Generation Through Environmental Services 45 Offered 3.4 Total Expenditure for Solid Waste Management 47 3.5 Summary of Financial Situation in Waste Management 49 at BMA 3.6 Gap Analysis 50 Chapter 4 Technology Used for Solid Waste Management 51 4.1 Existing Solid Waste Management Mechanisms in BMA 51 4.1.1 Household Waste 53 4.1.2 Hazardous Waste 54 4.1.3 Infectious Waste 56 4.2 Description of Technology Used for Solid Waste 57 Management 4.2.1 Primary Collection and Transport 57 4.2.2 Secondary Collection at Waste Transfer Sites 59 4.2.3 Final Disposal 60 4.2.4 Recycling and Resource Recovery 62 4.3 Gap Analysis 63 Chapter 5 Conclusion 64 Reference 65 List of Tables Table 1 Summary of regulatory framework related to SWM in Bangkok area Table 2 The zoning of Bangkok Table 3 BMA's budget expenditure appropriation by activities, fiscal year 2002-2003 Table 4 Comparison of collected fees and waste collection and disposal costs Table 5 Fee collection operation results of 50 district offices during fiscal year 2001 to 2004 Table 6 Breakdown of waste collection cost in BMA Table 7 Comparison of expected generation and collected amount of hazardous waste Table 8 Number of BMA's waste collection trucks Table 9 General information of transfer stations Table 10 Standard structures of landfill sites List of Figures Figure 1 Integrated waste management scheme based on waste to energy concept Figure 2 Central government organizations related to the SWM Figure 3 Zoning map of Bangkok Districts Figure 4 Organization chart for the Department of Environment Figure 5 Financial situation of BMA from budget year 1998 to 2003 Figure 6 Distribution of revenue from taxes in 2002 Figure 7 Solid waste management of BMA Figure 8 Sorting and Management of Solid waste in BMA Figure 9 Hazardous Waste Management Scheme of BMA Acronyms BMA = Bangkok Metropolitan Administration DEQP = Department of Environmental Quality Promotion DIW = Department of Industrial Works EIA = Environmental Impact Assessment MNRE = Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MoP = Ministry of Public Health MoIND = Ministry of Industry MoINT = Ministry of Interior NEB =National Environmental Board NEQA = National Environmental Quality Act NGOs = Non Governmental Organizations OEPP =Office of Environmental Policy and Planning ONEP = Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy PAO = Provincial Administrative Organizations PCAs = Pollution Control Areas PCD = Pollution Control Department PHA = Public Health Act PPP = Polluter Pay Principles SWM = Solid Waste Management TAO = Tambon (Sub-district) Administrative Organization Preface Municipal solid waste has become major environmental problem in countries all over the world. Problem of municipal solid waste does not concern only increasing quantity of waste generated but also additional complexity of waste components as new materials are being developed. Although both developed and developing countries are facing with solid waste management problem, nature of problem is different. Developed country may face with increasing waste total quantity of waste, that with appropriate waste management system the problem can be solved partially. Concerns may focus on treatment technology for complex man-made materials such as plastics and other packaging materials. In contrary, nature of waste in developing countries is mainly organic and recyclable materials. Rapid increase in number of population together with changing consumption behavior has contributed to solid waste problem. Additionally, waste management system employed may not be effective or appropriate. Effective solid waste management systems can help reduce quantity of waste to be transported to final disposal sites, expanding the life time of disposal sites, reduce quantity of natural resources to be extracted via implementation of reuse and recycle scheme. Integrated solid waste management aims to convert waste materials to valuable resources seems to be a promising solution for future effective waste management. In order to improve waste management systems in developing countries, comprehensive data on present and future waste situation, policy and legal framework, financial support, capacity of local government, and development plans is of essential. Stages of waste management need to be identified to have clear understanding and develop further management plan that will bridge the gap between each stage. Executive Summary Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand is a mega-city located in the center of the country on the low flat plain of Chao Phraya River, which extended to the Gulf of Thailand. Within the area of Bangkok, the city is divided into 50 districts and 154 sub-districts. Urbanized area has speeded to cover almost half of the city area. With an area of 1,568.737 sq. km., it ranks 68th in size out of the country's 76 provinces but has the largest population and population density. The total population in Bangkok as of 2003 was 5,844,607 person residing in Bangkok, which was approximately 10% of the total population of Thailand. The population density is 3,726 persons/sq. km. However, the actual population may not be known, as there are many people commute to work in Bangkok or live in the city without registration. The increasing quantity of solid wastes in Bangkok has caused serious environmental problems which in turn deteriorate quality of life of urban populations. Rapid increase of wastes due to the trends of increasing population, mass production and mass consumption has make it difficult for authorities to manage solid waste properly. Quantity of general solid waste had increased from 3,260 tons per day in 1985 to that of 6,633 tons per day in 1995 and 9,472 tons per day in 2002. Solid waste mainly consists of food wastes, plastic and foams and papers. The other type of waste is hazardous waste that consists of infectious waste from hospitals, household hazardous waste, electronic waste and industrial hazardous waste from manufacturing process. Existing waste management system includes three man steps; • Primary collection and transportation from generation points to one of the three transfer stations • Waste remains at transfer station, some material recovery activities can be found at this step. Healthcare hazardous wastes are being treated with incinerator. Part of organic waste is used as raw material for compost production. • Transfer of waste from transfer stations to final waste disposal sites, which are sanitary landfill sites approximately 100 km from Bangkok. Rate of material recovery is still low and it is done in both formal and informal ways. Most of the materials recycled are metal and paper waste. Informal material recovery can be done at waste generation source itself and also by the informal sorting of materials by waste collector along waste collection route. Increasing material recovery can be used as means to reduce waste to be transported and disposed as well as the reduction in quantity of natural resources to be extracted. Although material recovery initiatives are being implemented in different social sectors, however, policy and economic incentives should be emphasized to promote the implementation of such program. In term of financial support, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) has budget surplus for most fiscal years. However, the income of BMA comes from taxes more than from collection of service fee for environmental services. Hugh amount of budget has to be allocated to waste management operation. When looking at expenses in waste management, cost of waste collection is a lot higher than waste disposal cost, which indicates inefficiency in collection system as well as possibility in improving the weak points. Chapter 1 Regulatory Framework 1.1 Overview of Regulatory Framework The regulatory framework related to solid waste management (SWM) in Thailand can be classified into three levels which are the National, Provincial and Local levels. There are numbers of Laws/Acts, Regulations, Standards, and Technical Guidelines to overlook the management of sold waste in the country. Significant items have been summarized in Table 1. 1 Table 1 Summary of regulatory framework related to SWM in Bangkok area. Focal Area Policies Laws/ Acts Regulations/Standards/ Economic Guidelines Instruments Overall National Solid Waste The Constitution of the None None Management Policy Kingdom of Thailand B.E.2550 (2007) Framework for Country's The Enhancement and • Ministerial Regulation: None Environmental Quality Conservation of National # 9 (1998) Issued in the Royal Environmental Quality Act Gazette Dated 25 December (NEQA), 1992 1998. • Notification of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Issued under the NEQA, and published in the Royal Gazette Dated 7 August, 1997. 2 • Notification of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment #3, Issued under the NEQA, and Published in the Royal Gazette Dated 13 February, 1996. • Notification of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Re: Specifying Conditions, Procedures and Guidelines for Preparing Reports on Environmental Impact Assessment. Sanitation and None Public Health Act, 1992 disposal of solid waste 3 Household None Public Cleanliness and • BMA Ordinance: waste Orderliness Act (PCOA), Disposal of Garbage, Refuse management 1992 and Unclean Thing 1978 • BMA Ordinance: Disposal of Garbage, Refuse and Unclean Thing 1978 • BMA Ordinance: Specifying Requirements for Construction of Building and Public Utilities 1996 • BMA Ordinance: Control of Waste Collection, Haulage, or Elimination Business which is made for Consideration as Service Fee 1998 4 • Notification of the Industrial Waste • National master Factory Act, 1992 Ministry of Industry plan on the cleaner Concerning Factory Wastes 1988 production and cleaner technology • Notification of Ministry Hazardous Hazardous Substance Act, of Industry Concerning Waste 1992 Management Storage and Disposal of Toxic Hazardous Substance Act, Substances 1982 2001 • Poisonous Substances Act 1967, amended in 1973 • Notification of Ministry of Industry Concerning Industrial Effluent Standards 1982 • Notification of Ministry of Industry concerning manufacture and use of toxic substances 1982 • Notification of Ministry of Industry Re: Hazardous 5 waste manifest system B.E. 2547 (2004) Source Strategic Plan on Industrial Estate Act, 1979 Reduction Packaging and Packaging Waste Management None Construction Building Control Act, 1979 None City Planning Act 1975 None None Segregation of None None waste Transportation None None BMA's Technical Guideline and Transfer for Solid Waste Operator Stations • Notification of Ministry Landfills None Factory Act, 1992 of Industry Concerning Storage and Disposal of Toxic 6 Substances 1982 Incinerator None • Notification of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment B.E.2540 (1997) dated June 17, B.E.2540, published in the Royal Government Gazette, Vol. 114 Part 63, dated August 7, B.E. 2540 (1997) • Notification of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment B.E.2540 (1997) dated June 17, B.E.2540, published in the Royal Government Gazette, Vol. 114 Part 63, dated August 7, B.E. 2540 (1997) • Notification of Ministry 7 of Natural Resource and Environment : Emission Standard for Infected Waste Incinerator published in the Royal Government Gazette, Vol. 120 Special Part 147 D, dated December 25, B.E. 2546 (2003) • Notification of Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment : Infected Waste Incinerator is designated as Pollution Point Source which its emission must be controlled published in the Royal Government Gazette, Vol. 114 Special Part 147 D, dated December 25, B.E. 2546 (2003) 8 Recycling None None None Resource None None None Recovery Construction None None C&D waste is considered as and Demolition part of municipal solid waste 9 1.2 Description of Regulatory Framework on Solid Waste Management 1.2.1 National Level (A) National Environmental Policies and Plans (A.1) Thai Government's Policies Regarding to the Natural Resources and Environmental Policy, the Government will implement an environment-friendly waste disposal system and enhance waste disposal capacity of local administrative authorities. The Government will also promote the private sector's role in research and development for recycling of raw material and clean technology. In addition, the Government will not allow Thailand to become an end receiver of waste, which has to bear the costs of industrial waste and pollution. (A.2) National Integrated Waste Management Policy All important aspects in governing the country normally follow the set of policies formulated. Solid waste management, with no exception, has to move toward national solid waste management policy. The policy is developed for integrated solid waste and waste water management. The policy aimed to minimize waste generation by promoting 3Rs hierarchy including promotion of source reduction and separation, waste stream recovery for composting, material and energy uses. Biogas, heat and electricity generated in the processes can be used in waste water treatment plant. In terms of waste treatment facilities, more effort shall be put towards an establishment of central solid waste management disposal facilities with appropriate technology, privatization of services may be needed in order to achieve high efficiency. The country shall implement the integrated waste management system based on waste to energy concept (Figure 1). Additionally, participation between public and private sectors is also emphasized. 10 In terms of policy implementation, the management of solid waste employs Polluter Pay Principles (PPP) for all sectors in society. Privatization or concession of services is also used as means to achieve effective solid waste management. Data base for waste management system shall be updated and informed to all parties involved. Provincial government shall be responsible for the preparation of land area to be used as long term waste treatment facilities. As for the implementation of law and regulation measures, related documents should be revised especially in terms of service fee, subsidy schemes for waste reduction, and the promotion of local community participation in waste management and monitoring of environmental quality are emphasized. Solid Waste Reduce Recyclable Organic Combustible Non-combustible Non-degradable Reuse Biogas Compost Incineration Refuse Derived Landfill Fuel (RFD) Recycling Heat/Electricity Ash Heat/Electricity Figure 1 Integrated waste management scheme based on waste to energy concept. 11 Other kinds of implementation measures are promotion of environmental education, research and development in environmentally sound technologies, capacity building for government officers and related private sectors, and environmental awareness raising for youths and local public. (A.3) National Master Plan on the Cleaner Production and Cleaner Technology For industrial waste management, the plan promoted the cleaner production and cleaner technology in order to minimize pollutions from the production line and other industrial activities as well as the pollutions or hazardous substances in the product itself. In this regard, projects on waste reduction in pulp and paper industry and in the plastic industry have been initiated. (B) National Regulatory Framework (B.1) The Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E.2550 (2007) According to The Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E.2550 (2007), environmental management is different from the previous constitutions. This law provides the public right to participate the prevention and elimination of any actions that is to deteriorate natural resources and to pollute the environment, some of the sections related to this statement are as follows; • Section 57 A person shall have the right to receive data, explanations and reasons from a Government agency, a State agency, a State enterprise or a local government organization prior to the approval or the operation of any project or activity which may affect the quality of the environment, health and sanitary conditions, the quality of life or any other material interest concerning such person or a local community and shall have the right to express his or her opinions to 12 agencies concerned, for assisting further consideration of such matters. In planning social, economic, political and cultural development, or in undertaking expropriation, town and country planning, zoning and making by-laws likely to have impacts on essential interests of the public, the State shall cause to be held comprehensive public hearings prior thereto. • Section 66 Persons so assembling as to be a community, a local community or a traditional community shall have the right to conserve or restore their customs, local knowledge, good arts and culture of their community and of the nation and participate in the management, maintenance, preservation and exploitation of natural resources, the environment and the biological diversity in a balanced and sustainable fashion • Section 67 The right of a person to give to the State and communities participation in the conservation, preservation and exploitation of natural resources and biological diversities and in the protection, promotion and preservation of the quality of the environment for regular and continued livelihood in the environment which is not hazardous to his or her health and sanitary condition, welfare or quality of life, shall be protected as appropriate. • Section 85 The State shall pursue directive principles of State policies in relation to land, natural resources and the environment, as follows: (1) to prescribe rules on land use which cover areas throughout the country, having regard to the consistency with natural surroundings, whether land areas, water surfaces, ways of life of local residents, and the efficient preservation of natural resources, and prescribe standards for sustainable land use, provided that residents in areas affected by such rules on land use shall also have due participation in the decision-making; 13 (2) to distribute land holding in a fair manner, enable farmers to have ownership or rights in land for farming purposes thoroughly through land reform or otherwise, and provide water resources for sufficient use of water by farmers in a manner suitable for farming; (3) to provide town and country planning and carry out the development and action in the implementation of town and country plans in an efficient and effective manner in the interest of sustainable preservation of natural resources; (4) to provide a plan for managing water resources and other natural resources systematically and in a manner generating public interests, provided that the public shall have due participation in the preservation, maintenance and exploitation of natural resources and biological diversity in a balanced fashion; (5) promote, maintain and protect the quality of natural resources in accordance with the sustainable development principle, control and eradiate polluted conditions affecting health, sanitary conditions, welfare and the quality of life of the public, provided that members of the public, local residents and local government organizations shall have due participation in determining the direction of such work. • Section 290 A local government organization has powers and duties in connection with the promotion and maintenance of the quality of the environment as provided by law. The law under paragraph one shall at least contain the following matters as its substance: (1) the management, preservation and exploitation of the natural resources and environment in the area of the locality; (2) the participation in the preservation of natural resources and environment outside the area of the locality only in the case where the 14 livelihood of the inhabitants in the area may be affected; (3) the participation in considering the initiation of any project or activity outside the area of the locality which may affect the quality of the environment, health or sanitary conditions of the inhabitant in the area; (4) the participation by local communities. (B.2) The Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act (NEQA) 1992. At the national level, the NEQA of 1992 is the basic environmental protection law for the country and establishes the role of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) in environmental planning, standard setting, and monitoring. Key points in the NEQA 1992 include the following pointes. • the provision of the right of individuals to information, compensation and redress against violators, and the duty of individuals to assist and cooperate in enhancing and protecting the environment; • a recognition of the role and standing of environmental NGOs; • the provision for the Prime Minister or the delegated provincial governor to deal with emergencies or public danger arising from natural disasters or environmental pollution; • the creation of a high-level multi-representational National Environmental Board (NEB) to oversee the coordinated response of ministries inter se and between central and provincial authorities; • the reconstruction of environmental related agencies by setting up the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning (OEPP), Pollution Control Department (PCD), the Department of Environmental Quality Promotion (DEQP); 15 • the establishment of an Environmental Fund from which resources will be drawn to combat environmental incidents and to enhance environmental protection efforts like research and training, disbursements of loans and grants, education, NGO funding etc. The fund provides grants to governmental agencies and low-interest loans to the private sectors who are engaged in the activities related to the improvement of the environment; • the formulation of a National Environmental Management Plan and the subsequent duties of government agencies to implement the Plan and of provinces to draw up corresponding Provincial Action Plans, if required; • the provision for the NEB to declare Pollution Control Areas (PCAs) in localities where particularly serious pollution concerns have arisen - contingent upon the declaration of a PCA, special measures may be taken to redress the problem in the area concerned, and a duty is henceforth imposed upon the provincial governor to draw up a Provincial Action Plan to redress the situation; • the provision for the declaration of Conservation and Environmentally Protected Areas in environmentally-fragile areas where special measures can be taken to protect sensitive natural ecosystems and wherein a Provincial Action Plan would have to be formulated by the provincial governor to address the concerns; • the provision for the NEB to assume jurisdictional competence over provinces where the provincial authorities demonstrate an unwillingness or incapacity to deal with a particular incident or to come up with suitable provincial plans; • the prescription of a fairly-detailed environmental impact assessment (EIA) process which incorporates public participation and views of experts in decision-making; 16 • the establishment of a multi-agency Pollution Control Committee to oversee pollution control matters, including the enactment of discharge standards; • the regulation of air, noise, water and hazardous waste pollution, as well as other forms of pollution; • the duty to use central waste treatment facilities, the expense for which is borne by the user (pursuant to the "polluter pays" principle); • the prescription of various civil, criminal and administrative remedies for environmental violations. When focusing on solid waste management issue, it specifies the role of the municipality in: managing solid waste management, contracting out solid waste management services to the private sector where needed, and charging fees in accordance with ministerial regulations. The environmental fund can be used to finance solid waste investments proposed by local governments. As for industrial and hazardous wastes, the management is emphasizing on environmental planning and environmental quality standards and monitoring as well as the establishment of EIA system, which applies to industrial waste disposal sites. Examples of related section in NEQA 1992 are shown below. • Section 78 The collection, transport, and other arrangements for the treatment and disposal of garbage and other solid wastes; the prevention and control of pollution from mining both on land and in the sea; the prevention and control of pollution from the exploration and drilling for oil, natural gas, and all kinds of hydrocarbon both on land in the sea; and the prevention and control of pollution resulting or originating from the discharge of oil and the dumping of wastes and other matters from sea-going vessels, tankers, and other types of vessel, shall be in accordance with the governing laws related thereto. 17 • Section 79 In case there is no specific law applicable thereto, the Minister shall, with the advice of the Pollution Control Committee, have the power to issue ministerial regulations specifying the types and categories of hazardous wastes generated from the production and usage of chemicals or hazardous substances in the production process of industry, agriculture, sanitation and other activities which shall be brought under control. For this purpose, rules, regulations, measures and methods must also be prescribed for the control of collection, storage, safety measures, transportation, import into the Kingdom, export out of the Kingdom, and for proper and technically sound management, treatment and disposal of such hazardous wastes. Numbers of ministerial regulations were issued or revised in accordance to the revision of the NEQA, 1992. Following are the selected ministerial regulations related to the management of solid waste. • Ministerial Regulation: # 9 (1998) Issued in the Royal Gazette Dated 25 December 1998. This regulation controls the registration of a private organization, who wishes to engage in environmental activities in Thailand, with the direct objectives in protecting the environment and conserving natural resources. • Notification of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Issued under the NEQA, and published in the Royal Gazette Dated 7 August, 1997. This Notification sets standards of effluent of waste incinerator. Under this notification: the waste incinerator shall be divided into two sizes: o With the capacity rate of waste incineration: from 1 ton per day, but not more than 50 tons per day. 18 o With the capacity rate of waste incineration: more than 50 tons per day. • Notification of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment #3, Issued under the NEQA, and Published in the Royal Gazette Dated 13 February, 1996. This Notification sets industrial effluence standards controlled by the Pollution Control Committee (PCC). • Notification of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Re: Specifying Conditions, Procedures and Guidelines for Preparing Reports on Environmental Impact Assessment This Notification governs the conditions, procedures, and guidelines for preparing reports on Environmental Impact Assessment. Any central waste treatment plant (as described in the Factory Act) is governed by this Notification. It specifies that, if the waste treatment project is not required to be approved by the Thai Cabinet, the EIA reports can be submitted during the application for the establishment or the expansion of the factory. On the other hand, if the waste treatment project is required to obtain prior approval from the Thai Cabinet, the EIA reports must be submitted prior to the filing of the request for the Thai Cabinet's approval. (C) Laws and Regulations Related in SWM (C.1) Public Health Act (PHA), 1992. This is the most comprehensive laws dealing with solid waste management. The PHA specifies that local government must provide disposal facilities for infectious and industrial non-hazardous waste and that health-care facilities can treat and dispose of infectious waste with approval 19 from the local government. It emphasizes the roles of the municipality in solid waste management described in NEQA. The PHA Act designates sewage and solid waste management the responsibility of local authority. Therefore, waste management in Bangkok area will be under the responsibility of Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). As a consequent, BMA has the authority in licensing private solid waste operators to work on its behalf. BMA also has the authority to prescribe any rules, procedure, and conditions governing the waste management in Bangkok area. (C.2) Public Cleanliness and Orderliness Act (PCOA), 1992. The main content of this act is to forbid any activity that is likely to cause dirtiness to streets and public places allover the country. It specifies how households should store solid waste and place it for collection. The act is one of several that prohibit dumping of solid waste and littering. (C.3) Factory Act, 1992. The Act mainly controls and regulates the establishment and the operation of factories in Thailand by paying attention to the impacts of factory to the environment. Generally, factories are required to be kept clean and free from garbage and refuse at all time. Authorizes the Department of Industrial Works (DIW) to issue standards and specify methods for the control, handling, and disposal of waste by a factory and to license, permit, and inspect factory operations, including waste management. It also governs the licensing, permitting, and inspection of waste treatment, disposal, and recycling facilities. Also, according to Section 8 in the Act, PCD has authority to establish standards and criteria to control the factory operations, specially the standards and methods to control the disposal of waste, pollution or any contaminants caused from factory operation that impact the environment. 20 (C.4) Hazardous Substance Act, 1992 The act governs a broad range of hazardous materials, including hazardous and infectious waste. It also allows the handling, storage, transport, and disposal of hazardous waste to be specified in a ministerial decree. The act describes hazardous substance control criteria for import, production, transportation, consumption, disposal and export not to influence and danger to human, animals, plants, properties or environment. Ministry of Industry (MOIND) categorizes the hazardous substances into 4 types for use to control correctly and appropriately and formulates Hazardous Substances Information Center to coordinate with other government agencies in part of hazardous substances information and stipulation of the criteria and methods to register hazardous substances. (C.5) Industrial Estate Act, 1979 The Act oversees the powers of the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand, including enforcement of regulations and taking action on hazardous waste practices within industrial estates. (C.6) Construction Building Control Act, 1979 There is the Construction Building Control Act of 1979, which controls the design, construction, renovation, remove and utilization of the building. The construction of waste treatment plant shall be considered as the construction of the building under this Act. (D) Code of Penalty There are some Sections in the Penal Code of Thailand, which relates to the management of waste and refuse: those are as follows: • Under Section 237 of the Penal Code of Thailand, it states that whoever introduces a poisonous substance or any other substance likely to cause injury to health into food or water in any well, pond 21 or reservoir, and such food or water has existed or has been provided for public consumption, shall be punished with imprisonment of six months to ten years and fine of one thousand to twenty thousand Baht. • Under Section 238, it states that if the offences committed according to Sections 226 to 237 causes death to the other person, the offender shall be punished with imprisonment for life or imprisonment for five to twenty years and fine of ten thousand to forty thousand Bath. If it causes grievous bodily harm to another person, the offender shall be punished with imprisonment of one to ten years and fine of two thousand to twenty thousand Baht. • Under Section 239, its states that if the offences mentioned in Sections 226 to 237 be committed by negligence results in imminent danger to the life of the other person, the offender shall be punished with imprisonment not exceeding one year or fine not exceeding two thousand Baht, or both. 1.2.2 Provincial Level All national level Laws, Regulations, Ordinances and Guidelines relevant to SWM are applicable at provincial level. 1.2.3 Local Level All National level Laws, Regulations, Ordinances and Guidelines relevant to SWM are applicable at provincial level. However, as BMA has the authority to grant license to private solid waste operators and in creating local by-laws that govern SWM, BMA has issued numbers of Ordinances relevant to SWM. Selected BMA Ordinances are as follows. 22 (A) BMA Ordinance: Disposal of Garbage, Refuse and Unclean Thing (1978) Under this Ordinance: Garbage means waste from paper, cloth, food, merchandise, ash, animal droppings or carcasses, including things swept from streets, market places, animal stalls, or other places. Refuse means excrement or urine and shall include anything which is unclean and has foul odor. Articles of this Ordinance are as follows: • Article 5: The person who is in possession of a premises, building, or dwelling place is required to provide garbage containers and use them to contain garbage within the premises, building or dwelling place possessed by him. • Article 8: No person shall discharge, dump, discard or create refuse or unclean things in public places or ways such as street, passage, lane, river, canal, ditch, pond, or well, except at the places the setting up of which is permitted by the Public Health Official or the Local Official, or is specially provided. • Article 14 : No person other than the officials of BMA shall haul, scavenge, or dig garbage in garbage container, garbage hauling automobile or vessel, or at any garbage-dumping site of the BMA. (B) BMA Ordinance: Control of Water Sewage System (1991) This Ordinance controls the water sewage systems in general types of buildings. (C) BMA Ordinance: Specifying Requirements for Construction of Building and Public Utilities (1996) This Ordinance controls the construction of building and public utilities systems in Bangkok. 23 (D) BMA Ordinance: Control of Waste Collection, Haulage, or Elimination Business which is made for Consideration as Service Fee (1998) This Ordinance controls the waste collection, haulage, or elimination business, which is engaged by a private sector that provides the said waste collecting, hauling or eliminating service in consideration of service fees. It requires that any person, who wishes to provide the said services, must firstly obtain a license from BMA. The licensee shall enter into the agreements with BMA in accordance with the standard agreements drafted by BMA. It also states the obligations and responsibilities of the licensee. 1.3 Technical Guidelines In addition to the laws and regulations, there are also technical guidelines prepared by relevant agencies covering several managerial aspects of various types of waste. Some are described as follow; • PCD's Guideline for solid waste management • BMA's Technical Guideline for Solid Waste Operator • BMA's Guideline and Procedures for service fee collection. • Guide to the Implementation of the Notification of Ministry of Industry on Hazardous Waste Manifest System Notification B.E. 2547 (2004) • Guidelines for Waste Management in Hospital 24 1.4 Gap Analysis for Regulatory Framework Existing laws lack regulation to cover entire system of solid waste management. The effectiveness of municipal solid waste management is also overlooked. Although the nation policy has emphasized on integrate waste management, clear measures to promote waste reduction and public participation in such initiatives were not mentioned. Apart from special color of waste bin assigned, measures to promote separation of household hazardous waste from conventional household waste do not exist. Despite the guideline for waste management for hospital, the infectious waste from hospitals is not properly controlled. In order to overcome stated problems, the following measures can be employed. • Establishment of laws, regulations, orders, and standards that create mechanisms for returning used products and packaging for recycling, and reduction of solid waste from household. • Amend laws and regulations to increase private sector's role in solid and hazardous waste management in place of BMA. • Amendment of existing laws, regulations related to service fee to promote polluter pay principle. • Put emphasis on on law enforcement in order to make various steps of waste management more effective. • Employ economic incentives program; incentives can be in forms of tax reduction for recycle and reuse of waste, reduction in service fee for household and private sectors. Appropriate incentive program can reduce quantity of waste at source effectively. Possible incentive programs are such as the incentives to reduce packaging wastes both in the production process and in the business sectors. 25 • Establish solid waste disposal site pollution control standard and other standard requires for effective solid waste management. • Issuing standard procedures and technical guidelines on garbage collection service, management of waste disposal sites and other related issues. • Clarify overlapping administrative jurisdiction within and between different levels government agencies. Lack of coordination amongst agencies can be seen as major obstacles in waste management. • Inadequacy in public participation and unclear measures to facilitate higher involvement of public bodies in solid waste management issues. 26 Chapter 2 Description of Institutions Involved in Solid Waste Management 2.1 Overview of Institutional Framework Institutions involved in SWM distributed into three administrative levels; national, provincial and local levels. At the national levels there are four ministries involved with agencies under each of the ministry to overlook the issue of solid waste management. However, under the Section 18 of the Public Health Act of 1992, the disposal of sewage and solid waste in the area of any local government shall be the power and duty of such local government. With reasonable cause, the local government may entrust any person with the solid waste management tasks on its behalf under the control and supervision of the local government or may permit any person to operate the disposal of sewage or solid waste. As for BMA, there are several institutions involved in solid waste management. However, as the BMA is one of the organizations under the Ministry of Interior, BMA has it own management scheme that is quite independent from the central government. The BMA decision making processes are agreed upon within the BMA organization and mostly do not have to be approved by the central government. The major office within the BMA that is responsible for the solid waste management is the Department of Environment, formerly known as Public Cleansing Department. The department together with the 50 districts of Bangkok are working together in overall aspects of solid waste management; collection, transportation, storage, and final treatment. 27 2.2 Roles and Responsibilities of Relevant Authorities, Institutions and Organizations 2.2.1 National Level In respond to NEQA 1992, the National Environmental Board (NEB) has been formed to oversee the management of the country's natural resources and environmental quality. Component and functions of NEB are described in the next section. There are four ministries at the national level that are responsible for SWM, namely, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE), the Ministry of Public Health (MoP), Ministry of Industry (MoIND), and Ministry of Interior (MoINT). Principally, the ministries set the national environmental policy and the departments and agencies under the ministries are responsible for implementing the provisions of the law through regulations and technical guidelines. The diagram showing central government organizations related to the SWM is shown in Figure 2. 28 Prime Minister National Environmental Board Ministry of Natural Ministry of Ministry of Ministry of Resources and Public Health Industry Interior Environment Office of Pollution Control Department of Department of Industrial Estate Department of Department of Environmental Department Health Industrial Works Authority of Local Public Works Policy & Planning Thailand Administration Provincial Provincial Environmental Administrative Office Organizations Municipality The Sanitary Sub-District District Administrative Organizations Figure 2 Central government organizations related to the SWM. 29 (A) National Environmental Board The NEB consists of the following members; • Prime Minister as the Chairman, • Deputy Prime Minister designated by the Prime Minister as the first Vice Chairman • Minister of Science, Technology and Environment as the second Vice Chairman • Minister of Defense • Minister of Finance • Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives • Minister of Transport and Communications • Minister of Interior, Minister of Education • Minister of Public Health • Minister of Industry • Secretary-General of the National Economic and Social Development Board • Secretary-General of the Board of Investment • Director of the Bureau of the Budget • Expert in environmental matters not more than eight persons of which no less than half shall be representatives from the private sector • Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment as member and secretary The appointment of qualified members shall be made by drawing from persons who are knowledgeable and known for their expertise, contributions and experiences in the matters concerning the enhancement and conservation of environmental quality. 30 The National Environment Board shall have the power and duty as follows; • To submit policy and plan for enhancement and conservation of national environmental quality to the cabinet for approval. • To prescribe environmental quality standards pursuant to section 32. • To consider and give approval to the Environmental Quality Management Plan proposed by the Minister according to section 35. • To consider and give approval to the Provincial Action Plan for environmental quality management according to section 37. • To make recommendations to the cabinet in respect of financial, fiscal, taxation and investment promotion measures for the implementation of the policy and plan for enhancement and conservation of national environmental quality. • To propose for amendment or improvement of laws relating to the enhancement and conservation of environmental quality to the cabinet. • To consider and give approval to the action plan for prevention and remedy of danger caused by contamination of pollutants or spread of pollution proposed by the Pollution Control Committee pursuant to section 53 (1). • To consider and give approval to the setting of emission or effluent standards proposed by the Minister pursuant to section 55. • To supervise, oversee and expedite the enactment of royal decrees and issuance of ministerial regulations, rules, local ordinances, notifications, bye-laws and orders which are necessary to ensure systematic operation of the laws relating to enhancement and conservation of environmental quality to the fullest extent possible. 31 • To submit opinion to the Prime Minister for his directions in case it appears that any government agency or state enterprise infringes or refrains from complying with the laws and regulations for environmental protection which may cause extensive damage to the environment. • To specify measures for the strengthening and fostering of co-operation and co-ordination among government agencies, state enterprises and the private sector in matters concerning the promotion and conservation of environmental quality. • To supervise the Fund management and administration. • To submit reports on national environmental quality situation to the cabinet at least once year. (B) Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment The ministry has been set up in 2002, following the Restructuring of Ministries, Bureaus and Departments Act of B.E. 2545 (2002). The responsible agencies for SWM within the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment are the Pollution Control Department (PCD), Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP), and the Department of Environmental Quality Promotion (DEQP). (C) Ministry of Public Health The Restructuring of Ministries, Bureaus and Departments Act of B.E. 2545 (2002) provides that the Ministry of Public Health has powers and responsibilities related to the promotion of health, prevention/control and treatment of diseases, and rehabilitation of people's health, as well as other official functions as provided by laws which indicate that such functions are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Public Health. 32 Its principal purpose is to make all Thai citizens healthy, physically and mentally, with good quality of life, being able to live a happy life in society and being valuable resources of the country. Regarding SWM, the Department of Health (DOH) under the Ministry of Public Health is responsible for health care waste and infectious waste management. (D) Ministry of Industry Department of Industrial Works (DIW) and Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand (IEAT) under the Ministry of Industry are responsible for all hazardous wastes generated from industries. DIW being the organization of the state that has the capability to supervise promote and support industrial business operation for its sustained development and acceptability to the international community. Its major responsibilities include the supervision and coordination of industrial business operation activities by following the guidelines of environmental preservation, safety, hygiene and energy economization. Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand (IEAT) is a state enterprise under the Ministry of Industry; the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand is responsible for the development and establishment of industrial estates, where factories for various industries are orderly and systematically clustered together. The enterprise is to provide an environmental management system, along with industrial accident prevention and relief system. (E) Ministry of Interior The Ministry is given wide ranging responsibilities over many aspects. For example the Ministry has responsibility over: the Royal Thai Police, local administrations, internal security, citizenship, disaster management, land management, issuing national identity cards and public works. The Ministry is also responsible for appointing 74 Governors of the Provinces of Thailand. 33 2.2.2 Provincial and Local Levels At the provincial and local levels, the provincial administrative organizations (PAO), municipalities and Tambon (Sub-district) Administrative Organization (TAO) are primarily responsible for waste collection, transport, treatment, and disposal. These local governments can contract the private sector to undertake some of the services. During the last few years, the government has implemented the Decentralization Action Plan in order to transfer functions, budget, and personnel from the central government to nearly 8,000 local governments. BMA is divided into 50 districts in 12 zones (Figure 3). However, as stated earlier, BMA has managed its own solid waste long before the plan are being implemented and thus the decentralization plan has less impact, if any, to the solid waste management of the BMA. Local organizations for solid waste management for BMA area are shown in Figure 4. In October 2004, the BMA has revised the zoning of Bangkok Metropolis into 12 zones to effectively manage the city according to specific nature of each area. Major characteristics of each zone are described in Table 2. 34 Table 2 Zoning of Bangkok. Zone Characteristics 1 Rattanokosin Ancient City Conservation Area, administration center, specific commercial business area and historical arts and cultural sites 2 Commercial, business and service center, and tourist attractions. There are national business office buildings, tourists' residences and hotels in this zone. 3 The new economic sites, employment sources, shopping center and high-density residential areas. 4 The new business along Chao Phra Ya River to support expansion of industrial ring areas. The Port in this area shall be developed to be commercial offices and riverside hotels. 5 Thonburi Ancient Conservation Area is the area for original community way of life, historical art and cultural attractions. 6 The new economic and employment zone and dense residential area. The zone is also served as Bangkok's government center for the west side. 7 The residential area supporting the expansion of the northeastern area of the city. The zone is currently the low density residential area with suburban community center, consisting of shopping and service centers. 8 This is the transition zone in the southeast of Bangkok. At present it is a low-density residential area supporting the expansion of the city. 9 Agricultural and residential area with good environmental conditions. The area will be developed into good environment residential area project. 10 The suburban community center zone developed to support the Suvarnabhumi Airport. The area has potential to be developed into suburban transport terminal and logistic center. 11 Integrated agricultural and residential environment zone 12 Agricultural, industrial, residential and ecotourism zone. 35 Figure 3 Zoning map of Bangkok Districts Source: Bangkok State of Environment 2005. 36 Department of Environment (527 Person) Office of Secretary Policy & Planning Air Quality & Noise Solid & Hazardous Solid Waste Disposal Public Park (57 person) Division Management Division Wastes & Nightsoil Division Office (36 person) (36 person) Management (126) (87 Person) (182 person) Administration Administration Administration General Administration General Section section Section Administration Section Administration Section Section Personnel Planning & Evaluation Research Engineering Sub- Park & Tree Sub-Division Evaluation Sub-Division Sub-Division Division Technical Sub-Division Sub-Division Finance Public Participation Vehicular Emission Hazardous Waste On Nut Park Design Sub-Division Promoting Control Sub-Division Management Solid Waste Sub-Division Subdivision Sub-Division Disposal Center Public Relation Information Other-Source Waste Management Nong Khaem Planting & Section Communication Emission Control Sub-Division Solid Waste Maintenance & Technology Sub-Division Disposal Center Sub-Division Juristic Air Quality & Cleaning Service Sai Mai Plant Propagation Sub-Division Noise Monitoring Sub-Division Solid Waste Sub-Division Sub-Division Disposal Center Environmental Nightsoil Collection Public Park 1 Impact Section Sub-Division Study Analytical Figure 4 Organization Chart for the Department of Environment On Nut Nightsoil Public Park 2 Source: Bangkok State of Environment 2005 Treatment Plant Sub-Division Nong Khaem Nightsoil Treatment Plant 37 As for the agency within the BMA that oversee environmental issues, at present the Department of Environment is the Department responsible for all issues related to environment. Previously, the Public Cleansing Department had taken care of the cleansing of the city. Its duty includes planning, implementing, sanitary control and management of solid waste and nightsoil. The Public Cleansing Department was changed to the Department of Environment in October 2004 in order to facilitate better management of environmental issues in Bangkok and reduce the overlapping responsibilities between divisions. Its structure and scope of responsibilities has changed as follows: Department of Environment is responsible for the environmental management, including studying, analysis and research in order to revise, revive, promote and preserve environment quality, yet monitor and evaluate the environment quality. Furthermore, the Department accounts for creating an environmental report, focusing on growing the green area in Bangkok and other related jobs. Its internal governing and responsibilities are as follows: • Office of Secretary is divided into sub-division working on Administration, Finance, Personnel, Public Relation and Juristic. • Policy and Planning Division, is divided into sub-divisions of Administration, Planning and Evaluation Public Participation Promotion, and Information Communication & Technology. • Solid Waste Hazardous Waste and Nightsoil Management Division is divided into sub-divisions of General Administration, Research, Hazardous Waste, Solid Waste Management, Public Cleansing, Nightsoil Collection, On Nuch Nightsoil Treatment Plant and Nong Khaem Nightsoil Treatment Plant. • Air Quality and Noise Management Division is divided into Administration, Evaluation, Air Quality and Noise Monitoring, Vehicular Emission Control, Other-Source Emission Control and EIA Sub-Division. 38 • Solid Waste Disposal Plant Division is divided into sub-divisions of Administration, Engineering, On Nuch Solid Waste Disposal Center, Nong Khaem Solid Waste Disposal Center and Saimai Solid Waste Disposal Center. • Public Park Office, is divided into General Administration, Park and Tree Technical, Park Design, Plant Propagation, Plant and Maintenance, Public Park 1 and Public Park 2 Sub-division. In terms of personnel, the Department of Environment has 527 person including Director General and 2 Deputies working, in which 213 of the personnel are working in the two divisions related to solid and hazardous wastes management and disposal. 2.2.3 Private Sectors and Civil Society Private sectors are playing important roles in construction, operation, and maintenance of equipments and facilities related to solid waste management programs under contract by local governments. At the same time civil society conducts awareness raising programs and promotion of recycling efforts. Civil society will be of great help to increase public participation. Both the Decentralization Action Plan of the government and the 1997 Constitution mandate greater public participation in environmental planning and implementation of environ-mental services. Effective waste management will rely upon active involvement of the public in activities such as reporting open dumping of industrial waste, disposal site planning as well as reduction of waste generated via reuse, recycle and composting initiatives. Civil society organizations will continue to play a key role in bringing about this involvement through awareness building and encouraging grass root initiatives. 39 2.3 Gap Analysis Although the organization of BMA has been revised in 2004 to reduce the overlapping responsibilities between agencies, there are still some technical difficulties of local government offices in implementation of waste management initiatives due to limited number of personnel. Capacity building in solid waste management for personnel at all levels should be emphasized. Successfulness of integrated solid waste management policy cannot be achieved without major waste generators cooperation. Household and business sectors play important role in waste reduction via 3Rs strategy. Therefore, education of citizens on waste awareness and creation of appropriate responsible behavior regarding waste and environment must be emphasized. Enhancement of environmental awareness among population may be achieved through both formal and informal education and mass media program. 40 Chapter 3 Description of Financial Mechanism for SWM 3.1 Overview of Financial Mechanism According to the BMA development plan, the many activities of the administration are divided into 7 main budget categories, which are: 1) Environmental improvement, 2) Human Resources and Society 3) Traffic Control, Transportation and Public Works 4) Administrative Areas 5) Financial Aspects 6) City Planning and Land Use 7) Information technology Statistics from the 2002-2003 budget year (Table 3) show that by far the largest portion of the budget was allocated to the first three groups. It can be said, theoretically, that so much needs to be spent on physical development because of the inadequate transportation system and infrastructure for the rapid expanding of Bangkok metropolis. 41 Table 3 BMA'S Budget Expenditure Appropriation by Activities Fiscal Year 2002-2003. 2002 2003 ACTIVITIES Budget % Budget % Environment 7,974.39 34.67 8,794.00 32.57 Human Resources and Society 6,528.01 28.38 7,305.37 27.05 Traffic Control, Transportation and Public 4,122.77 17.93 5,582.75 20.68 Works Administrative Areas 3,030.52 13.18 3,713.52 13.75 Financial Aspects 955.48 4.15 1,281.76 4.75 City Planning and Land Use 93.67 0.41 101.37 0.38 Information technology 295.16 1.28 221.23 0.82 TOTAL 23,000.00 100.00 27,000.00 100.00 Source: Statistical Profile of BMA 2003 3.2 Total Income Generation for BMA The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) is the largest local administrative body of the capital city of Thailand. It is also the center of the government and private institutions. For these reasons, people from all parts of the country migrate to Bangkok to pursue better opportunity in life. Consequently, the city has become very crowed and difficult to administer as the influx of people from various provinces creates critical environmental problems. To administer the city effectively, the BMA needs a huge annual budget to cope with the ever increasing problems in the city. The BMA earns their income from three sources of revenue, namely, taxes, non-tax revenues, and grant-in-aid and provident fund. The revenues received by the BMA show some fluctuation due to socio-economic factors, however, BMA has experienced an increasing budget surplus every year (Figure 5). 42 Figure 5 Financial situation of BMA from budget year 1998 to 2003. 43 The revenue received form taxes of local household and land forms the highest percentage (Figure 6). The tax and the value added tax are the largest revenue sources. For non-tax revenues, the revenues earned from rent of properties form the highest share. Figure 6 Distribution of revenue from taxes in 2002. 44 3.3 Income Generation Through Environmental Services Offered It is clearly shown that the income from environmental services is not counted towards revenue of BMA. Income generated from environmental services offered normally comes from waste collection fee. During 1995 – 2004, the average collection fee could be collected at Bt100 million, representing 3.9 percent of the collection and disposal costs (Table 4). Although the collected fee appears to increase most of the year, the differences between collected fee, as income and collection and disposal costs as expense are large. Due to the imbalance budget, the BMA had to compensate the differences by using other income to cover up cost in solid waste management. The average compensation can be as high as 2,074 million Baht per year on an average. It can be seen that from fiscal year 2001 in which the BMA had implemented a fee collection efficiency improvement project, the income collected from household as service fee has improved dramatically. The fee collection operation result from fiscal year 2001 – 2004 is shown in Table 5. In 2004 the percentage of fee collected had decreased again due to the increasing fee charged. As a result, on January 26, 2005 BMA has issued a BMA Ordinance on solid waste and nightsoil collection fee according to the Public Health Act (Second Issue) B.E. 2005 by amending the general waste collection fees for building place having waste of not exceeding 20 liters from 40 to 20 Baht per month. 45 Table 4 Comparison of collected fees and waste collection and disposal costs Fiscal Waste Waste Collected Difference Year Collection Disposal Fee (Baht) between cost and Costs (Baht) Costs (Baht) income (Baht) 1995 1,057,331,868 484,104,434 65,156,323 1,476,279,979 1996 1,154,404,828 486,137,830 56,633,017 1,583,909,641 1997 1,276,433,233 443,236,427 62,162,593 1,657,507,067 1998 1,290,026,455 509,308,644 50,772,161 1,748,562,938 1999 1,797,153,361 429,482,309 57,335,158 2,269,300,512 2000 1,535,005,733 574,877,529 72,163,269 2,037,719,993 2001 1,719,180,122 96,950,028 106,806,811 2,581,873,339 2002 1,448,226,145 1,029,184,526 125,871,034 2,351,539,637 2003 1,386,889,003 1,124,191,263 138,330,212 2,372,750,054 2004 1,797,910,678 1,142,318,792 273,182,516 2,667,046,954 Average 1,446,256,142 729,234,178 100,841,309 2,074,649,011 Source: Bangkok State of the Environment 2005. 46 Table 5 Fee collection operation results of 50 district offices during fiscal year 2001 – 2004. Fiscal Year Total Number of Percentage Fee Households Households of Collected to be Collected Households (Baht) Collected Collected 2001 1,257,373 781,636 62.16 106,806,811 2002 1,240,126 1,033,799 83.36 125,871,034 2003 1,260,380 1,173,120 93.08 138,330,212 2004 1,283,778 883,810 68.84 273,182,516 Source: Bangkok State of the Environment 2005. 3.4 Total Expenditure for SWM Regarding expenditure in solid waste management, the total cost comprises of waste collection cost and waste disposal cost as shown in Table 4. Waste collection costs vary from year to year. The average cost per ton of waste in 2004 was 534 baht. The breakdown of waste collection cost is shown in Table 6. 47 Table 6 Breakdown of waste collection cost in BMA. Year Staff Welfares Fuel Equipment Truck Investment Total Costs Waste Percentage Collection Salary Costs Costs Repair Costs for Amount of Costs (%) Costs Trucks (Baht) Increasing (%) (%) (%) (Tons) Waste (Baht/ton) (%) (%) Amount 1998 44.78 13.61 13.55 1.29 7.84 18.92 1,290,026,432 2,847,790 6.31 452.99 1999 49.68 10.65 13.32 1.78 8.40 16.17 1,797,153,361 3,244,907 13.94 553.84 2000 51.11 12.51 14.07 1.96 11.29 9.06 1,535,005,733 3,212,169 -1.01 477.87 2001 42.07 14.73 17.29 0.56 19.87 5.57 1,719,180,122 3,353,697 4.41 512.62 2002 49.64 12.33 17.59 0.87 14.67 4.90 1,448,226,145 3,358,104 0.13 431.26 2003 54.03 13.06 18.29 0.78 11.34 2.50 1,386,889,003 3,412,738 1.63 406.39 2004 53.57 1.90 15.12 0.52 14.48 14.41 1,797,910,678 3,368,312 -1.30 533.77 Source: Bangkok State of the Environment 2005. 48 3.5 Summary of Financial Situation in Waste Management at BMA The data presented above indicates that the highest expenditure of solid waste management is on labor (staff salary). The labor cost has risen from 44.78 % in 1998 to that of 53.57 % in 2004. Additionally, fuel costs and Truck repairing costs has also increased over time due to fluctuation in global oil price and overused truck that required high maintenance cost. In 2004, the investment cost for trucks had increased sharply, expecting to reduce the maintenance cost in the future. From Table 4, it can be seen that cost for solid waste management falls heavily on waste collection more than waste disposal. Further development in waste management plan should focus on how to lower the cost of collection or make collection process more cost effective. 49 3.6 Gap Analysis ♦ The major revenue for BMA comes from taxes. Although the BMA collect service fee for solid waste management in the metropolis, the fee collected are so small, contributing to small portion of costs incur for solid waste management. ♦ BMA has to bear the cost that cannot be met from collecting service fees. This results in decreasing fund available for other development activities. ♦ BMA has planned to invest more money into trucks and equipment; however, the number of trucks may not be appropriate comparing to quantity of waste produced. Additionally with the high cost in solid waste management incur from waste collection and transport, BMA does not try to involve much of private sector in this part of solid waste management. ♦ BMA hires private sectors in solid waste disposal works. Expenditures of such works are extremely high. ♦ Although waste segregation for reuse and recycle is part of the integrated waste management policy, the quantity of waste separated for recycle is still low. This reduces the chance of BMA in earning the income from selling recyclable materials. Campaign on waste segregation has to be emphasized further. ♦ Waste segregation also helps reducing quantity of waste to be transported to transfer and disposal sites, hence reducing cost in waste collection and transportation. ♦ With approximately 10 million people living and working in Bangkok, there are only three waste transfers sites, thus increasing the distance and number of transportation of solid wastes from source to the transfer stations. 50 Chapter 4 Technology Used for SWM In the Bangkok State of Environment 2005, the BMA has set its strategy in dealing with growing municipal solid waste problem. The main strategies are as follows 1. Solid waste is collected regularly. Sweeping, cleansing and vacuum cleaning are made on streets, walkways and bridges. 2. Promotion of waste minimization and separation for the purpose of reuse, including campaigning for public awareness and cooperation. 3. Enhancing the efficiency of solid waste disposal by appropriate technology and encouraging private sectors to participate in improving solid waste management. 4. Developing hazardous and infectious waste collection and disposal system by collecting thoroughly and disposal with appropriate method. 5. Developing grease and night soil collection and treatment system by collecting thoroughly and treating with appropriate method. 6. Developing information technology system to be the cleansing network center for supporting solid waste and night soil management. 4.1 Existing Solid Waste Management Mechanisms in BMA The Environmental Department and 50 districts offices are responsible for the collection of solid waste in Bangkok. BMA has applied both direct and indirect methods for collecting solid waste. For direct collection method, the waste is collected by vehicles or boats. 51 Indirect collection is a system in which BMA provides containers for collecting waste at various sources such as markets, department stores, and pedestrian walkways. The containers are classified according to food waste, recyclable waste, and household hazardous waste. The collected waste is transported to 3 transfer stations then transferred to 2 sanitary landfills at Kumpaeng Saen district Nakhon Phathom province and Bang Plee district SamutPrakarn province. Figure 7 shows the solid waste management scheme of Bangkok. Solid Waste Illegal Dumping Composted Naturally On Site Recycling (3.48%) Disposal (96.52%) Separated Not Separated Recycled (1) by BMA (0.02%) Recycled (2) by Garbage Collected Collectors (4.33%) Transfer Stations Evaporation of water Final Disposal Recycled (3) by waste picker at sites (0.20%) Total Recycled = 8.04% Figure 7 Solid Waste Management of BMA. Source: Dept of Public Cleansing, BMA, 2002 52 4.1.1 Household Waste Collected household municipal solid wastes both separated and not separated wastes will be subjected to both formal and informal recycle process. Treatments for each type of waste separated are shown in Figure 8. Organic wastes are being sent to landfill while recyclable waste will be sent to related recycle facilities. Household Solid Waste Segregation Yellow Bin Green Bin Gray Bin Red Lid Recycle Waste Organic Waste Household Hazardous Waste Recycle Landfill Authorized Treatment Centers Figure 8 Sorting and Management of Solid waste in BMA. Source: Dept of Public Cleansing, BMA, 2002 53 4.1.2. Hazardous Waste Hazardous wastes from household such as batteries, fluorescent tubes, insecticide cans, herbicide cans, etc. are collected by placing bins (grey bin with red lid) at appropriate places in the city. These hazardous wastes are collected by Public Cleansing Department and each district and stored at 3 transfer stations before transporting to the Authorized Treatment Centers that are authorized by Department of Industrial Works. The Department of Environment has estimated the quantity of hazardous waste generated to be 24.6 tons/day, representing 0.29 percent of the total waste amount. However, the amount of household hazardous waste collected and delivered to three waste disposal centers is lower than the estimation as shown in Table 7. On average, only 0.38 percent of household hazardous can be collected and delivered by BMA to the licensed company for disposal, leading to proper handling of hazardous waste with no health effect to citizens. 54 Table 7 Comparison of expected generation and collected amount of hazardous waste. Fiscal Year Average Average Amount of Percentage Solid Waste Household Household of Collected Collected Hazardous Hazardous Household (tons/day) (1) Waste Waste (Kg) Hazardous Collected Waste (3) = (1)x (Kg) Compared to 0.29%x 1,000 those (2) Expected Amount (4) = (2)/(3)x100 1997 8,694.79 29.81 25,214.89 0.12 1998 8,538.49 6.79 24,892.12 0.03 1999 8,772.49 21.13 25,440.22 0.08 2000 8,988.19 191.06 26,065.75 0.73 2001 9,162.32 109.27 26,570.73 0.41 2002 9,460.40 144.07 27,435.16 0.52 2003 9,349.97 116.37 27,114.91 0.43 2004 9,356.69 136.24 27,134.40 0.50 2005 8,495.97 141.58 24,638.31 0.57 Average 8,984.69 99.59 26,055.61 0.38 55 4.1.3 Infectious Waste Infectious waste from health institutions such as state and private hospitals and clinics are collected by temperature-controlled vehicles and disposed by 2 incinerators at On-Nuch transfer site. Each incinerator has the capacity of 10 tons per day. Management of hazardous and infectious wastes are described in Figure 9. Hazardous Waste Household Health Service Industry Sorting Sorting Sorting Collection Collection Collection Transportation Transportation Transportation Storage Dispose Dispose Treatment Incineration Authorized Treatment Center Authorized Treatment Center Figure 9 Hazardous Waste Management Scheme of BMA. Source: Dept of Public Cleansing, BMA, 2002 56 4.2 Description of Technology Used for Solid Waste Management 4.2.1 Primary Collection and Transport The primary collection work involves all collection ad transportation activities from collection points to transfer stations. The district offices of BMA are responsible for the collection and transportation of wastes. The planning and operation of waste collection work are the responsibility of the public cleansing sections in districts offices. The collection method varies by collection area as the characteristics of each area differ. Collection of solid waste in Bangkok is highlighted by the fact that there are a lot of vehicles in use compared with what other countries in the region. In 2005, collection of raw wastes is done with a 2,610 vehicles fleet, and over 7000 persons workforce. However, there is little maintenance operations of the fleet and this activity is managed separately by most of the 50 districts. Types of vehicle and number of each type are shown in Table 8. Waste collection team normally consists of a driver, four collection workers with one or two helper per compactor truck. The collectors, while collecting the waste, do separate and sort wastes for recoverable materials. Segregation of the valuable items is done whenever possible on the way between the street and the transfer station, therefore decreasing the productivity of the system, however, increase income for collectors and helpers. The trucks deliver the remains to the three transfer stations; On Nut, Tae Raeng and Nong Khaem. Hospital wastes are collected separately on a private contract basis to be transferred and incinerated at On Nut transfer station. 57 Table 8 Number of BMA's waste collection trucks. Item Type of Vehicle Quantity 1 Compaction Truck; 4 cu.m. 128 2 Compaction Truck; 4 cu.m. (rented) 152 3 Compaction Truck; 10 cu.m. 627 4 Compaction Truck; 10 cu.m. (rented) 464 5 Compaction Truck; 20 cu.m. 20 6 Compaction Truck; 23 cu.m. 42 7 Side Open 1 ton 83 8 Side Open 1.5 tons 120 9 Side Open 12 cu.m. 21 10 Lift-up 1.3 tons 173 11 Container lift-up truck 89 12 Container lift-up truck (rented) 124 13 Compactor 25 14 Waste segregation truck 41 15 Infectious waste collection truck 19 16 Tree-branch digestion truck 3 17 Dump truck 189 18 Small dust vacuum sweeper truck 24 19 Medium dust vacuum sweeper truck 50 20 Large dust vacuum sweeper truck 30 21 Fiber-glass ship 186 Total 2,610 58 4.2.2 Secondary Collection at Waste Transfer Sites Concerning the transfer of the waste, BMA has three transfer sites, located in the North, in the East and in the West of Bangkok. These sites belong to the BMA and these are former landfill sites, but as the city expanded in the last 20 years, these landfills sites were abandoned and moved to the outside area of the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. The sites are now clean except that the soil is still at the natural ground level, and underneath there remains from 2 to 4 meters of un-cleaned waste. Recently, the BMA had already implemented some industrial activities, treatment activities, which focus mainly on composting. All the collecting trucks arrive in one of the transfer station o f the BMA. All transfer stations are equipped with a weighbridge, which is operated by the BMA staff, who also enter all data acquired into the computer. General information for each transfer station is shown in Table 9 Table 9 General information of transfer stations Items On Nuch Tha Raeng Nongkhaem Estimated design 1,500 ton/day 1,000 ton/day 1,500 ton/day capacity Actual transfer 3,818 ton/day 2,576 ton/day 3,150 ton/day amount in 1999 Transportation 10 km 110 km 80 km distance Landfill site Rachathewa Kampangsaen (2) Kampangsaen (1) 59 The works at the transfer stations include the unloading of waste onto transfer stations and the loading of waste from transfer station onto trailers to be transported to the landfill sites. Private contractors undertake transporting of waste in the trailers to landfill sites for final disposal. Waste loaded onto the trailers is covered with a sheet prior to the transportation. Waste pickers were regular at the three transfer stations. It can be seen from Table 9 that the amount of waste brought in is far beyond the estimated capacity of the transfer stations resulting in accumulation of waste at the sites. Two of the transfer sites include other activities or equipment than those involving transfer of the waste. On Nuch transfer station is equipped with hospital waste incineration (privately owned and operated), composting plant (stopped in 1996 after private operation) and night soil treatment plant (managed by the night soil treatment Division). Nong Khaem transfer station is managing a night soil treatment plant (nightsoil treatment Division) and wastewater treatment plant (under construction by Sewerage and Drainage Department). 4.2.3 Final Disposal Transport and disposal of the waste to the landfill sites outside of Bangkok is done under private contracts with BMA. The waste are dumped through the transfer station's hoppers into the contractor's trucks. The waste from Tae Raeng, Nong Khaem and On Nuch transfer sites are transported to landfills located outside of the Bangkok metropolitan area. There is no recovery of the waste for the time being apart from the informal collecting of recyclable materials and some form of biogas recovery at Kampangsaen (private site). In particular there is no organic matter or energy recovery. Disposal of industrial toxic waste is not under the responsibility of Department of Public 60 Cleansing. Household toxic wastes arriving at transfer stations are not treated because of the high costs. Rachathewa landfill site has a capacity of 7.5 million cubic meters and was operated from July 2000. At present, around 3,800 tons of waste is brought to the site daily. Kampangsaen landfill sites are located in a sugarcane field and are under going the expansion. At present both sites receive around 5,700 tons of waste per day (Padungsirikul) The regulations and guidance established by Pollution Control Department (PCD) regarding municipal solid waste management detail how landfill sites should be structured. Standard structures of the landfill sites are described in Table 10 (Luanratana, 2003). Table 10 Standard structures of landfill sites. Layers Layer Material Thickness Structure Top Layer Cover soil 0.6 m HDPE liner 1.0 m Waste Layer Cover soil 0.3 m/layer Underground: 6 layers Waste layer 2.7 m/layer Aboveground: 2 layers Slope Cushion Geonet Layer Layer HDEP liner 1.6 mm System Clay 0.6 m Hydraulic Conductivity 1 x 107 cm/sec, 85% Standard AASHO Bottom Cushion Sand 0.4 m ϕ100 PVC pipe installed Layer Sealing HDEP liner 1.6 mm Layer Clay 0.6 m Hydraulic Conductivity 1 x 107 cm/sec, 85% Standard AASHO 61 4.2.4 Recycling and Resource Recovery Recycling has been promoted by the BMA as means to reduce waste generation and quantity of waste transferred for final disposal. The current recycling activities in BMA are as follows; • Material recovery by waste pickers in the city or densely settlement areas. • Material recovery by BMA's waste collectors during their routine waste collection work. • Material recovery by waste pickers at transfer stations • Material recovery through BMA's official recycling programmes. The total amount of waste recycled is estimated at 766 tons per day. The percentage of waste recycling system in Bangkok metropolis is shown in Figure 6. The recycling rate is approximately 8% of total waste generated. Apart from material recovery activities stated above, recycling at generation source is normally practiced. Households normally store their recyclable materials such as paper, glass bottles and plastic bottles at home until the amount is large enough to sell to waste buyer or recycling shops. These activities have been practiced by household long before official programme to educate the public about recycling was originated. 62 4.3 Gap Analysis 1. There are areas that are not covered in waste collection system due to difficult access to the area and insufficient equipment and workforce of BMA. 2. The BMA has high number of waste collection fleets, however, they are poorly maintained, which has lowered the effectiveness of the system by reducing the total capacity of collection. Some equipment is not in working order. 3. Waste collections were not carried out in a sanitary, environmentally sound manner. Protective equipments for waste collectors were provided, however, the collectors do not give much attention to hygienic condition of their works. 4. Waste separation at source is not effectively done, thus, reducing potential of waste recovery and recycling. Lack of public awareness and participation in the separation of waste and waste reduction, the quantity of waste will maintain to be major threats to proper solid waste management. 5. Sorting out valuable items from waste collected during the daily waste collection work reduce the quantity of waste to be transported to the transfer stations. 6. Piles of remain waste to be transported to landfill sites degrade environmental conditions of the surrounding areas. Complaints over odour and leachate are common. The poor sanitary condition at the sites can be the source of diseases, as it has become breeding ground for flies, mosquitoes and rodents. 63 Chapter 5 Conclusion The report has described status of waste management system for BMA by covering four main aspects; policy and regulatory framework for solid waste management, institutions involve in solid waste management, financial aspect of waste management, and system and technology employed at present. It can be concluded that in terms of policy and regulatory framework, details were laid out to cover different kinds of waste at both national and local level. Changes in government structure have been done to reduce the overlapping responsibilities of different agencies, solid waste management included. At present, solid waste management is the responsibility of the BMA, which together with the 50 districts offices collect, transport and regulate the final disposal of wastes. There are gaps in terms of infrastructures, finances, and technological issues. Vehicles and fleets are poorly maintain make it impossible to provide service at full coverage. Transfer stations normally receive more waste than what they can manage per day resulting in accumulation of waste at transfer sites. Financially, BMA enjoys budget surplus annually. However, the income generated from providing environmental services is extremely low. Budget allocated for solid waste management, therefore coming from other source of income, thus reduce the potential to use the money in other development of infrastructures. Gradual increase of community cooperation and participation is needed in order to reduce quantity of waste generated as well as quantity of waste to be disposed at landfill sites. Formal waste recovery scheme should be promoted, as there are many waste traders in the country. 64 References Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Bangkok State of The Environment 2002. Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Statistical Profile of BMA 2003. Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Bangkok State of The Environment 2005. Luanratana, W. Cleaner Production Potential at Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. MS Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology. 2003. Padungsirikul, P. Sustainable Solid Waste Landfill Management Research and Development in Thailand. World Bank. Thailand Environment Monitor 2003. 65


text:
Nothing beats a home cooked meal and NESTLÉ knows that, To help the country rediscover the magic of meals prepared and enjoyed at home, NESTLÉ introduces one of its biggest innovations to date—MAGGI MAGIC MEALS. It is a first-in-the-world recipe solution designed for use in a rice cooker.
"With today's busy lifestyle, many are finding it hard to sit down to a hearty, wholesome, balanced meal at home, much less cook one themselves," says Star Estacio, Senior Vice President and Business Executive Manager for Food at NESTLÉ. "MAGGI MAGIC MEALS offers a solution not only through mouth-watering recipes guaranteed to gather the whole family around the table, but more so through an innovative and modern way of cooking that is so easy and efficient, it's going to make Filipinos want to cook at home more often."
Maggi Magic Meals comes in 4 different meals:
The MAGGI MAGIC MEALS pack has a dual chamber containing the MAGGI MAGIC RECIPE MIX and the MAGGI MAGIC COOKING BAG. It's very easy to prepare and you just need to add fresh veggies and meat.
To prepare the dish your choice, just follow these 5 simple steps:
You kanin and ulam is done in 45 minutes! Now that's what magic meal is all about!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
'Very good photos in bright light, and the fast lens, optical viewfinder'
'Larger-than-average image sensor, Sharp'
'Faster auto-focus and burst shooting speeds'
'Built-in Wifi and GPS via a smartphone, 1080p60 HD video mode.'
'Strong feature-set, Impressive performance'
'Excellent build quality, Manual focus with focus peaking'
'Image quality is great, raw shooting option'
'Good photos and videos, Enhanced response (fps, focusing)'
'Impeccable build quality, Start-up has got much quicker'
'Dials for accessing commonly used features'
'Raw support, 1080p60 video, 10fps continuous shooting'
'One of smallest cameras with RAW & manual control'
'Good handling, Excellent image quality, Fast and easy to use'
'Easy to take impressive star trail shots, Has built-in Wi-Fi'
'Truly pocketable, decent build quality'
'Slim, Cool special modes, RAW shooting, Solid build'
'Small camera, plenty of control'
'Very good camera'
'Tilting, touch-screen LCD, Wi-Fi with NFC support'
'CMOS image sensor helps with low light results'
'Excellent all-round compact system camera'
'Comfortable to hold, Extremely compact with 16-50mm lens'
'Superior stills and videos, Advanced Hybrid AF, Built-in Wi-Fi/NFC'
'Excellent high ISO performance, 10fps burst shooting, Compact design'
'Solid image quality and low light performance'
'Fantastic little camera'
'Sharp kit lens, Excellent high ISO performance'
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'Deliver significantly more features and performance'
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'Responsive & hinged touchscreen'
'Great image quality'
'iFunction control system, low light performance'
'Packed with features'
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'Weather-sealed body that's unique in its price class'
'Large pentaprism viewfinder, Weather-sealed design'
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'Internal shake resistance, Can run on AA batteries'
'Excellent value for money'
'The most compact Rebel, but few small lens choices'
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'World's smallest DSLR, Truly compact body'
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'Delivers excellent photo quality'
'Optional EVF available, Built-in Wi-Fi'
'Excellent video capabilities'
'Great image quality up to 6400, Fast focusing, Compact size'
'Faster hybrid auto-focusing, wi-fi connectivity, downloadable apps'
'Excellent image quality, 10 fps continuous shooting'
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'Drastically improved focusing performance'
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'Ideal camera body for using in extreme weather conditions'
ReviewGist helps you find the best products to buy by making sense of online reviews.
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text:
Actor, author, comedian
Charles Grodin (born April 21, 1935) is an American actor, comedian, author, and former cable talk show host. Wikipedia
Age: 79
Born: 21st April, 1935, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Height: 6' 0" (183 cm)
Nationality: American
Claim to Fame: Seems Like Old Times
Charles Grodin's current girlfriend is Elissa Durwood.
Who can be romantically linked to Charles Grodin...and how closely?
Celebrity Birthdays, April 21 -- Charles Grodin
Happy Birthday to actor/news host Charles Grodin (1935) Read More
Posted by NewsHound 6 years ago
April 17, 2008 -- MARTIN Short had the audience rolling at the Help USA benefit for war veterans at Studio 54 the other night. He joined Charles Grodin, Regis Philbin, Richard Belzer and Belzer`s dog, Bebe, on stage for a discussion about all their careers. "Charles had a stroke five minutes ago, he`s gone," Short cracked as Grodin stared into space. He also broke into a mock show tune including the lyrics, "Paris Hilton, press `record`!" - referring to Hilton`s infamous sex video. "Dim the lights, that`s hot! Springtime makes me want to cheat on my... Read More
Posted by NewsHound 6 years ago
The Humbling (2014)
An aged and addled actor has his world turned upside down after he embarks upon an affair with a lesbian...
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text:
Is Auckland ready for the Rugby World Cup?
Mayor Len Brown says Auckland must become a city of 1.4m hosts.
The New Zealand Herald Network Select a network ° 0 / ° 0 Loading…Change
© Copyright 2014, APN New Zealand Limited
Assembled by: (static) on production apcf02 at 30 Dec 2014 05:05:40 Processing Time: 238ms


text:
Life is but a dream for Tattoo Nightmares' Big Gus and his wife/collaborator/inspiration Gypsy Rose.
Josh Payne shows off his illustrative tattooing style and talks about his secret passion in this month's cover feature.
Cover girl Bernadette relaxes on the beach and shows off her ink.
Enable Nudity? You must be 18 years or older. No Yes
I Love owls! for me they show maturity and wisdom ! – Crystal Stewart ……cover up by Joseph Ferguson of Greenwood S.C.
Copyright © 2014 Quadra Media, LLC. All rights reserved. Privacy Policy | Sitemap WordPress Publication Website produced by Inverse Paradox


text:
I know this outfit, or at least one with that M.O.
They sell Bible encyclopedias, or they sell collegiate "study guides", or something like that, depending on the market.
They recruit suckers from college and maybe high school, and they operate like a cultish traveling sweatshop. They are notorious for not getting proper licensing (so sales people get arrested) and one way or another they leave these kids screwed over, and owing the company money.
My uncle got mixed up with this outfit.
They tried recruiting me when I was in school.


text:
riverbedSyllabification: riv·er·bed
Pronunciation: /ˈrivərˌbed /
Definition of riverbed in English:
1The bed or channel in which a river flows.
Example sentences
- Whether it is a streak of water flowing down a dry riverbed or a cast shadow disrupting the almost monochrome field is unclear.
- Also, as more water flows, parts of the riverbed break away.
- Once a year, like clockwork, the Old Delhi dam is opened, flooding the dry riverbeds.
1.1The bottom of a river.
Example sentences
- To wedge each post as tight as possible, they had poured loose stones from riverbeds and the rubble of concrete down into each hole and tamped the stones tight with the butt end of the shovel.
- Although the Indians welcomed the new settlers, the discovery of gold in the riverbeds sent the Spaniards into a frenzied search for the coveted nuggets.
- Boulders and small stones were used from the nearby riverbeds in a variety of patterns.
Definition of riverbed in:
- British & World English dictionary
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Word of the day cumbersome
Pronunciation: ˈkʌmbəs(ə)m
large or heavy and therefore difficult to carry…


text:
Assistant Store Manager Resume
Free registration required
Executive Summary
This is a resume template for the post of assistant store manager. In this template, summary of qualifications section focuses on the strong skills, while the volunteer section indicates the candidate's active involvement in his/her community.
- Format: HTML
- Size: 0 KB


text:
There are no items in your cart at this time.
Year-End Sale: Extra 15% Off All Sale Items! (Discount shown in cart.)
Spenco began in 1967 by Dr. Wayman Spence, who wanted to create products to improve the comfort level of shoes. As a result, Spenco has developed a full line of insoles, orthotics, heel cups, and sandals to help promote overall wellness and alleviate foot problems. These products have been approved by both the American Podiatric Medical Association and the Federation of International Podiatrists.
There are a variety of features in each Spenco product that greatly enhances your comfort level. Spenco is so confident in its technology that it unconditionally guarantees its products for one year.
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©2014 Footwear Etc. All Rights Reserved. For any questions or assistance call 1-800-720-0572.


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New day. New Daily Deals. Get them before they are gone!
New Customer ? Start Here.
Can't find what you're looking for? Shop all ink and toner cartridges by brand
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Item: 63409 Model: STP-IPH-013
Item:130388 Model:NViPhone4/4S-1
Pack your bags and travel with the iPhone 5 offGRID™ Backup Battery case. With the push of a button, Incipio's offGRID™ case for iPhone 5 unleashes up to 2500mAh of charging capacity.
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This Web site is intended for use by US residents only. See International Sites. See our delivery policy for full details. Copyright 1998-2014, Staples, Inc., All Rights Reserved.


text:
To make reservations by phone, call 1-800-321-2211 in the USA and Canada (or any of our worldwide reservation telephone numbers).
Contemporary and casual all day dining, featuring an open kitchen with a signature wood-fired oven pizza
Korean traditional BBQ restaurant, set menu and a la carte menu are available
On The Border is one of the America's best Mexican restaurants which offer Mexican foods such as taco, burrito, enchilada, quesadilla, and Margarita.
conveyor-belt sushi restaurants, serves variety kinds of sushi with affordable price
Food court with various choices
Reservations required
Sichuan House is where you can sample the flavors of famous Chinese Sichuan cuisine, popular for its pungent spicy taste
Seoga & Cook presents fresh italian dishes in casual and comfortable setting.
Saint Augustin is a stylish Asian restaurant delivering unigue Asian food.
Reservations required
Nipong Naepong serves fusion Chinese style noodles and pizzas with unique recipes
Morac serves modern Korean cuisine and coloful Korea traditional alcoholic drinks.
VIPS provides traditional, premium steak that can be tasted on at a high-class steak house and salad bar with various dishes and seasonal menus.