text: Strict Standards: Redefining already defined constructor for class XML_Parser in /home/sites/www.americanpoems.com/web/store/aom/includes/os.php on line 1188 Strict Standards: Declaration of XML_Parser::raiseError() should be compatible with PEAR::raiseError($message = NULL, $code = NULL, $mode = NULL, $options = NULL, $userinfo = NULL, $error_class = NULL, $skipmsg = false) in /home/sites/www.americanpoems.com/web/store/aom/includes/os.php on line 1604 Strict Standards: Declaration of XML_Unserializer::startHandler() should be compatible with XML_Parser::startHandler($xp, $elem, &$attribs) in /home/sites/www.americanpoems.com/web/store/aom/includes/os.php on line 3503 Strict Standards: Declaration of Cache_Lite_File::get() should be compatible with Cache_Lite::get($id, $group = 'default', $doNotTestCacheValidity = false) in /home/sites/www.americanpoems.com/web/store/aom/includes/cache.php on line 1020 American Poems: Home & Garden: Woodstock Chimes Gregorian Soprano Windchime Home Apparel Appliances Books DVD Electronics Home & Garden Kindle eBooks Magazines Music Outdoor Living Software Tools & Hardware PC & Video Games Search All Products Apparel Appliances Arts & Crafts Automotive Baby Beauty Books Computers DVD Electronics Gourmet Food Grocery Health Home & Garden Industrial & Science Jewelry Kindle eBooks Kitchen Magazines Miscellaneous Mobile Apps MP3 Downloads Music Musical Instruments Office Products Outdoor Living Pet Supplies Photo & Camera Shoes Software Sporting Goods Tools & Hardware Toys VHS Video On Demand PC & Video Games Watches Wireless Wireless Accessories Advanced Search Sitemap View Cart Checkout Location: Home » Home & Garden » Woodstock Chimes Gregorian Soprano Windchime Woodstock Chimes Gregorian Soprano Windchime enlarge Other Views: Brand:Woodstock Category:Lawn & Patio Department:Teak List Price: $38.45 Buy New: $29.75 as of 12/19/2014 00:05 EST details You Save: $8.70 (23%) In Stock New (19) Used (1) from $28.49 Seller:PlumStruck Sales Rank:1,505 Color:Silver Media:Kitchen Number Of Items:1 Size:See Item Shipping Weight (lbs):0.5 Dimensions (in):3.8 x 3.8 x 18 Warranty:Warranted against manufacturers defects in materials and workmanship. MPN:GSS Model:GSS UPC:028375006519 EAN:4250944930390 ASIN:B00004WYOK Availability:Usually ships in 1-2 business days Features: This classic-style wind chime, tuned to a medieval scale commonly used in gregorian chant, sounds uplifting, exceptionally rich, and melodious 8 Silver-colored aluminum tubes; cherry wood top, clapper and wind catcher; durable, braided nylon cord One of a series of 5 precision-tuned wind chimes to enjoy together as a set or individually, this alto chime is middle voice in the gregorian series Other wind chimes in the gregorian series are the little gregorian, gregorian soprano, gregorian tenor, and gregorian baritone Measures 17-inches overall length; 13-inches from the top wooden piece to the bottom of the wind catcher; longest tube is 7.5-inches Similar Items: Woodstock Chimes Gregorian Alto Windchime Woodstock Chimes Little Gregorian Windchime Woodstock Chimes Gregorian Tenor Windchime Woodstock Amazing Grace Chime, Medium Menu Selection Decanting Pourer Editorial Reviews: SynopsisImmerse yourself in the peaceful patterns of Gregorian chant with this classic-style windchime. Tuned to a medieval scale, it echoes the vocal music of the gothic era sung to accompany meditation in the churches of Europe since the late 8th century. The sound produced by the 8 precision-tuned tubes is soothing, uplifting, and incredibly rich. One of a series of 5 differently sized windchimes tuned to the same scale, the Gregorian Soprano Chime harmonizes beautifully with the other Gregorian Chimes. Imagine the sound of all 5 Gregorian Chimes hung outdoors and sounding together with their rich melodies. Woodstock Chimes are the original, musically-tuned, high-quality windchimes known worldwide for their superior sound. When listening to a Woodstock Chime, you hear a fine musical instrument played by the wind, perfectly hand-tuned using the ancient system of "just intonation" based on natural harmonics. This means the frequencies at which the different tubes vibrate are related to one another by simple whole-number ratios. Tones that are related in this way produce the most beautiful musical intervals. The sonic effect is exceptionally pure and soothing. More than 30 years ago, the first Woodstock Chime was created by founder and owner Garry Kvistad from an aluminum lawn chair he found in a landfill. As a professional musician and instrument designer, he was fascinated by the Scales of Olympos, a 7th century pentatonic scale that can't be played on a modern piano. Garry had the idea to cut and tune the lawn chair tubes to the exact frequency of the ancient scale. The resulting Chimes of Olympos was the first Woodstock Chime and is still one of our bestselling windchimes. Garry and his wife Diane founded Woodstock Percussion, Inc. in 1979 and it remains a family-owned business in New York's Hudson Valley. Amazon.comThe sounds of nature are sweet, but the music of chirping birds, chattering squirrels, and rustling leaves is even sweeter when accompanied by Woodstock's Gregorian soprano computer-tuned wind chimes. These silver chimes play medieval soprano notes inspired by the Gregorian chants of Europe. Company founder Garry Kvistad has developed an advanced method of tuning used on every Woodstock chime: each tube is analyzed digitally with a microphone under the tube measuring the frequency, and cutters are instructed to remove just the right amount of material to produce the most precise tuning possible. The result is a purer, more harmonious sound. All Woodstock wind chimes are made in the USA from nonendangered hardwoods treated to endure season after season of outdoor use. Woodstock prides itself on being a socially responsible company, explaining that "through the sale of our chimes we proudly support the arts, as well as many environmental and humanitarian causes." Add a hint of Gregorian mystery to your yard or garden while contributing to the harmony of the earth. --Ariel Meadow Stallings CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON SERVICES LLC. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME. Brought to you by American Poems Categories •Apparel •Appliances •Arts & Crafts •Automotive •Baby •Beauty •Books •Computers •DVD •Electronics •Gourmet Food •Grocery •Health •Home & Garden •Industrial & Science •Jewelry •Kindle eBooks •Kitchen •Magazines •Miscellaneous •Mobile Apps •MP3 Downloads •Music •Musical Instruments •Office Products •Outdoor Living •Pet Supplies •Photo & Camera •Shoes •Software •Sporting Goods •Tools & Hardware •Toys •VHS •Video On Demand •PC & Video Games •Watches •Wireless •Wireless Accessories Related Categories •Chimes Outdoor Décor Categories Patio, Lawn & Garden •Garden Center Specialty Stores Patio, Lawn & Garden •Woodstock Percussion Patio & Garden Brands Custom Stores Specialty Stores Patio, Lawn & Garden •Shop Father's Day Gifts Special Features Stores Self-Service Patio, Lawn & Garden


text: Conference Proceedings "Water and the Future of Rural Texas" Austin, Texas Lady Bird Wildflower Center March 30, 2001 44 East Ave., Suite 306 • Austin, TX 78701 512.474.0811 phone • 512.474.7846 fax email@example.com • www.texascenter.org "It is imperative that we address this task with our eyes open and our minds clear. We must provide long-term solutions that benefit everyone, rather than quick fixes that benefit one sector of the economy and cause irreparable harm to another.." Sen. David Bernsen "Until we can find the mechanism to establish and insert the true value of fish and wildlife and rural values into the equation, and until we can convince urban people about these values – we'll always be on the short end of the stick." Dr. Larry McKinney Water and the Future of Rural Texas Finding Common Ground Introduction The Texas Center for Policy Studies (TCSP) organized a conference entitled Water and the Future of Rural Texas on March 30, 2001 in Austin at the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. The goal of the conference was to explore the role of water management policy in preserving the viability of Texas rural communities and the state's natural heritage. These issues have taken on particular urgency as the regional water planning groups and the state begin to explore how to meet growing urban demands for water. The conference was one means of exploring how urban water needs can be met without undermining the future of rural Texas and without damaging our natural heritage. The conference agenda included three paneled discussions involving distinguished speakers from diverse backgrounds. The panel topics included water and rural life, water for fish and wildlife, and water marketing and groundwater management. We were also honored to have three additional speakers who shared their knowledge and experience in working with water related issues: The Honorable David Counts, Chair of the House Committee on Natural Resources, Dr. Larry MacDonnell, president of Stewardship Initiatives of Colorado, and the Honorable Susan Combs, the Texas Commissioner of Agriculture. The wide range of speakers and the diversity of the almost 200 people that attended are attributable to the collaboration and support of the conference co-sponsors which included: Texas Association of Regional Councils Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Sportsmen Conservationists of Texas Hill Country Groundwater Alliance Texas Rural Communities Lone Star Chapter of the Sierra Club Christian Life Commission National Wildlife Federation Independent Cattlemen's Association Environmental Defense Texas Rural Development Council Texas Wildlife Association This conference is the first of three annual TCPS sponsored events that will focus on water issues in the state. This effort is made possible through the generous support of the following contributors: The Houston Endowment, Inc, The Meadows Foundation, The Jacob and Terese Hershey Foundation, and the Magnolia Charitable Trust. 1 Welcoming Remarks The Honorable David Counts, Chair of the Texas House Committee on Natural Resources, said he believed the state is moving along admirably on water issues. He congratulated the conference organizers and sponsors for bringing together rural and environmental interests to discuss their common issues. Retrospective and Conference Purpose An appropriate question to start the day with was "What is Rural Texas?" Mary E. Kelly, Director of the Texas Center for Policy Studies, opened up the conference by defining rural Texas as a place that has less than 20 percent of the state's population, but constitutes 90 percent of the land. Rural Texas is the setting for the farms and ranches that help feed the state. Rural lands also include our best remaining fish and wildlife habitats, contain many of our most important aquifer recharge zones, and provide sanctuary to the rich cultural heritage that makes Texas proudly unique. Kelly explained how rural Texas is currently undergoing major transitions-- demographically, economically, and socially. The growing urbanization and sub- urbanization of Texas – accompanied by an expanding population – presents major implications for the viability and future of rural Texas communities. One of the most important impacts could be the availability and quality of rural water supplies. Panel Discussion: Water and Rural Life Panel Members Tom Beard, Rancher and President, Leoncita Cattle Company, Chair, Far West Texas Regional Water Planning Group Terri Morgan, Director, Special Projects and Environmental Justice, Christian Life Commission State Senator David Bernsen, Beaumont, Member, Senate Natural Resources Committee Melinda Taylor, Program Manager, Environmental Defense Moderator Robert Potts, Executive Director, The Nature Conservancy of Texas Tom Beard spoke from the perspective of a 6th generation rancher who wants his daughter to be able to carry on the tradition. For Beard, resource sustainability is very important in making this family tradition possible. Beard explained that landowners and environmentalists often have the same goals, and walk the same paths. Sometimes they see through different glasses, but often, old adversaries make the best allies. He spoke of the negative aspects of mining a resource such as water (taking more water out of the aquifer than can be recharged, ultimately leading to its depletion.) He observed that Texas' "rule of capture" might lead to the death of rural Texas. Terri Morgan expressed her concern that water management is at a critical juncture and suggested that we cannot leave the issues to another generation to solve. She talked 2 about the loss of family ranches and farms and how in many cases the decline of small- scale agriculture is driven by human decisions, or value biases that can be changed. If rural communities are to succeed, the policy makers must consider the value that rural communities and farming and ranching hold for society as a whole. Melinda Taylor opened with a quote from Winston Churchill, "there are no permanent enemies, just permanent interests." She expressed her concern of the likelihood that rural families will feel the brunt of development in the coming years. Taylor suggested three areas where people could work together. Promoting policies that encourage demand side solutions with conservation coming first; secondly, looking for ways to modify the "rule of capture"; and lastly elevating the importance of instream flows to sustain fish and wildlife. State Senator David Bernsen shared his concerns about the state of the water laws in Texas. He outlined the importance of farming and ranching in the state, and how these activities have survived many hardships. Our most difficult task in recent years has been providing water to the growing economy and growing population. He spoke of his involvement in the legislative debate over the status of junior water rights provisions, and the establishment and strengthening of groundwater districts. He also spoke of the need to create a comprehensive water plan that incorporates new technology, such as desalination, that would benefit all users. Subsequent to the individual presentations, the panel discussed a range of issues including the changing attitudes in Texas regarding water, potential changes in the governing laws, and potential problems of treating water as a commodity. All panelists agreed that there is definitely a heightened awareness of water issues in the rural areas of the state. On the topic of water laws, several of the panelists repeated their concern that the law governing groundwater in the state-- the "rule of capture"--needs to be modified. There was also some concern that Senate Bill 2--the water bill currently in debate in the Legislature--could weaken groundwater districts, which, since the 1940s, have been empowered by the state to manage groundwater on a local basis. Panelists also discussed the need to better understand available resources in the river basins. This would involve studies, using the best science possible, on how to minimize environmental impacts of increased water demand. The panel agreed that it was important not to build additional infrastructure before we know what the effects will be on rural lands and the environment. There was consensus that we could do some things now instead of adding additional water supply infrastructure. For example, repairing existing infrastructure (20 % of water losses is attributable to water distribution system losses), exploring aggressive conservation measures and pricing mechanisms, and/or providing incentives for population centers to conserve. 3 There was also a discussion of economic development activities and how it might be sensible to develop strategies that support the development of better job markets in smaller towns. This, in turn, might help alleviate some of the pressures caused by urban population concentration. The panel touched on the subject of water marketing. Concerns about water marketing stemmed from the fact that it creates a price- driven market where rural communities and interests would loose out to the larger cities. There is also the ethical issue of water as a common good that we all hold and share. The fact that marketing water might potentially be a useful tool under certain scenarios, and within certain limitations, was discussed. Panelists suggested that protecting the sustainability of aquifers, not treating water like just another commodity, and taking into account rural and environmental considerations, might help make water marketing workable. Panel Discussion: Water for Fish and Wildlife Panel Members Joseph Fitzsimons, San Pedro Ranch, Carrizo Springs, Member, Governor's Task Force on Conservation Ted Eubanks, President, Fermata, Inc. Myron Hess, Legal Counsel, National Wildlife Federation Michael Davidson, Co-founder, Far Flung Adventures Moderator Larry McKinney, Senior Director, Aquatic Resources, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Joe Fitzsimons observed that the conservation community, the agricultural interests, and residents of rural Texas are on the same side when it comes to protection of the state's water resources. Wildlife is occurring on the same land as farming and ranching, but that fact has been ignored by the Texas Water Development Board and the Regional Water Planning Groups: the word wildlife did not appear in any of the water planning groups' recommendations. He also suggested that the Texas Water Code should be amended to take wildlife into account. Fitzsimons believes the state must recognize wildlife management as a beneficial use of water. Prior to revamping the state's water policy, there is a need to remove some of the disincentives in the laws that prevent current water management from recognizing the needs of wildlife. Fitzsimons noted that the Governor's Task Force on Conservation made recommendations regarding adequate quantity and quality of water to support both land and water ecosystems. In addition, the Task Force recommended that the Texas Water Code be amended to better recognize in- 4 stream flows as critical water for the long-term maintenance of fish and wildlife resources, and provided specific strategy recommendations that promote agricultural water uses that also benefit wildlife. Regarding the state water plan (Senate Bill 1), Fitzsimons said that before we talk about moving water to where it's needed in the future, there is a need to talk about where it's needed now. For now, Fitzsimons believes we need to encourage local control of water. Fitzsimons said he is not against water marketing, he believes it could be a friend of rural Texas as long as there is full cost accounting that includes environmental costs. Ted Eubanks observed that ecology is the economics of nature, and that economics is the ecology of man. He went on to say that the common theme for all rural communities is their vulnerability. We are losing rural communities by attrition; it is a national crisis. He believes that what is at risk is our natural patrimony, our natural heritage. According to Eubanks, rural communities are faced with an immediate need for economic diversification, and that resource-based tourism is a viable economic approach. Most of these resource-based activities depend on water e.g., fishing, canoeing, hunting, kayaking, etc. But most often, water that could fuel economic diversification is not specifically appropriated for this purpose. He noted that we do not know the current value or the potential value of water related recreation. This lack of knowledge shows that we have not seriously considered resource-based tourism as an economic approach to help our rural communities survive. Eubanks believes we should look for concurrent or complementary uses of water; for example, water treatment facilities, playa lakes, stock ponds that can serve as habitats for birds and other wildlife and lead to resource-based tourism. Myron Hess agreed with Joe Fitzsimons that fish and wildlife resources have been totally ignored by the Texas regulatory system. When the water regulatory system was developed back in the late 1800s, there were no stakeholders advocating for fish and wildlife, so those uses of water were not generally recognized. Though most of the water in Texas has been permitted, many water rights are not being used. For Hess, there is a need to analyze what water is available to protect wildlife resources. Hess also commented about the shortcomings of the SB 1 (State Water Plan) planning process. This process, too, has failed to take into account the needs of fish and wildlife resources. If the state is going to do a comprehensive water plan, we have to plan for all the needs. If we do not do this, we will not have plans we can rely on. Hess sees that with the current water planning process we have a unique opportunity to address fish and wildlife needs. 5 Michael Davidson remarked that water creates value wherever it is, whether it's used or not. Water even has value on paper. Maintaining the flow of the river has value in and of itself because it creates fish and wildlife habitat. As water becomes more expensive, every drop will have to be assessed in order to create the most value possible from that volume. An example of possible multi-valued use is the release of waters in a river system for agriculture needs coinciding with recreational interests, thereby increasing the value. He noted that agriculture uses water with little incentives to conserve, because if farmers and ranchers do not use it, they might not get their water allotment the next year. The public trust doctrine says "the state as sovereign owes to its citizens the duty to protect public resources." Davidson believes that this doctrine should be extended to include groundwater. During the discussion period, questions were asked about the effects of population growth. One of the panelists remarked that population distribution is one issue since Texas' population is concentrated in a few major metropolitan areas. But, for many, the issue is how to make the rural community a viable community that attracts people. If we shift water out of the rural areas, we can't go back there. Dr. Larry McKinney ended the session by expressing his view that until we can find the mechanism to establish and insert the true value of fish and wildlife as well as rural values into the water planning equation and into water law, and until we can convince urban people the value of fish and wildlife and rural communities, we'll always be on the short end of the stick and we can't afford it----we must come up with a solution. The post-luncheon speaker was Dr. Larry McDonnell, President of Stewardship Initiatives based in Boulder Colorado. McDonnell observed that Texas was actually further along in the discussion of water planning issues than other western states. He noted that with their populations concentrated in urban areas, the transformation of and pressure on rural areas in western states is increasing dramatically. This also reflects the changing nature of the economies of these states. Every place has the same set of options for water management open to them. Water development (pipelines, reservoirs) is one way to manage water needs, but it is also the most expensive option. Because of the nature of urban economies, water development remains at the top of the wish list for urban residents. Water marketing also has become an option with its pluses and minuses. The best water marketing practice is to have the system run by the water user community. Water banks are also a good water management strategy; with water banks, you can make a portion of available water to users through leasing mechanisms. This brings money back into the system for reinvestment and improvement. Water conservation has now become a core expectation, and, for McDonnell, the best solution, though pricing is hard to define. McDonnell believes we are going to need every option available to us. McDonnell noted that the conservationists participating in this conference do share rural values. But he questioned who is the repository for what urbanites care about? Subdivisions have zero natural environments; when urbanites talk about wanting a good 6 environment, they are really talking about somewhere else. Urbanites do value open spaces, farmlands, and undeveloped parts of the state, so we must convince them to invest in rural land being maintained for us by landowners. The rural landscape is the watershed for all of us who live in the cities. Therefore, it is important for urbanites to support such programs as the Conservation Reserve Program, which paid farmers to take erodible cropland out of production, and the Wetlands Restoration Program, which helps create riparian buffers. These programs and similar state programs are investments in the rural landscape. Panel Discussion: Water Marketing and Groundwater Management Panelists Ron Kaiser, Professor, Institute of Renewable Resources, Texas A&M University Stovy Bowlin, General Manager, BS/EACD Ken Kramer, Director, Lone Star Chapter of the Sierra Club Ron Gertson, Rice Farmer, Wharton County, Member, Region K Water Planning Group Moderator Mark Macleod, Economist Environmental Defense Ron Kaiser noted that since most of the water in Texas rivers is spoken for (i.e. appropriated), reallocating water, or moving it around creates a tense situation. Kaiser gave a brief overview of water marketing, including some of the benefits and drawbacks. In some markets, it is the water, and not the right, that is transferred. This can be done through dry-year option leases, subordinations, conservation transfers, and water ranching. The key players in the market include the public, river authorities, water districts, cities, and private interests. Benefits of water marketing can include providing water to growing cities; serving as a tool for drought management and promoting efficient water use and water conservation. The current population growth and increasing urban demands, among other things, are driving the water market in the state. Lastly Kaiser gave an overview of some of the currently evolving issues which included the sale of treated effluent, interbasin transfer restrictions, the sale of conserved water, third party impacts, environmental water needs, and the role of water banks. Stovy Bowlin began by stating that all groundwater challenges are opportunities in disguise. He explained that the two primary concerns with groundwater are quality and quantity. In discussing quantity, he used the Edwards Aquifer as an example. With the new production limits on the Edwards aquifer, water rights are becoming a marketable commodity, with the scarcity of the resource driving the price. He pointed out that the quantity of groundwater also affects the quality of groundwater. Bowlin pointed to the population growth of Hays and Comal counties, where the population is expected to double over the next 25 years and then double again in 2030. 7 Ken Kramer outlined three key points on water marketing. He said that there is a great deal of ambivalence towards water marketing, and there are often misunderstandings. People most often think of physical water transfers, but Kramer explained that there are also ramifications for the environment, including the potential loss of instream flows in the basin of origin. Second, he pointed out that marketing should be based on a true need for the water and should be judged on a case-by-case basis. With water marketing strategies, there should be rational management, including conservation, efficient use, and demand management. These strategies should be in place and extensively used before any water marketing is considered. Third, Kramer warned the audience to be skeptical of marketing schemes that move water long distances. He went on to talk about how even the limited authority of the groundwater districts was now in jeopardy in the legislature, and that we "have no rational policy toward groundwater in Texas." We say groundwater districts are the best way to manage groundwater but, on the other hand, we don't give them the authority to do so effectively. Ron Gertson opened his remarks by explaining how the rice industry is part of a unique ecosystem that provides hundreds of thousands of man-made wetlands along the gulf coast, serving as habitat for waterfowl and other species. He brought up the point that the rice industry on the coast is often accused of using more than their fare share of water (1 million acre-feet annually), but explained how the industry is making efforts to improve efficiency. He shared his concern that water marketing threatens to reverse the movement of water running downhill by making it run "uphill" to money. Water marketing will possibly negatively affect rural communities that support our agriculture. He said that if marketing took into account environmental and quality of life values, then it would be workable, but in absence of this, we need local regulatory control. State water policies should force innovation rather than simply meeting needs. Gertson offered an example of regional sharing between Regional Water Planning Groups K and L, which calls for major water saving technology in rice farming in order to be able to transfer agriculture water to San Antonio to meet municipal needs. He understands the environmental community's apprehensions with this proposal because it could potentially scalp floodwaters which would normally go to in-stream flow. He believes however, that the proposed project is an innovative solution to future water supply problems. The questions and answers covered some of the issues surrounding water marketing. Given that water marketing is a free market system, it does not take into account needs other than that of the buyer and seller. This is the type of transaction that the "rule of capture" promotes. If water transfers occur, there should be more than the two main parties involved. Water dealings need to be more transparent and open. A benefit of creating a water market is that in an open 8 market, the public has the opportunity to impose restrictions and establish the framework for the transactions. Closing Remarks: The Honorable Texas Commissioner of Agriculture, Susan Combs. Combs began her remarks by pointing out that all economic activity follows water. For example, in 1998 we had a terrible drought. The state lost $5.5 billion in cash receipts from agriculture. One of Combs' concerns is that the voice of rural Texans has been greatly reduced. Eighty-six percent of the population of Texas lives in cities, and only 1.9 percent of the population is involved with production agriculture. Under legislative redistricting, the voice of rural residents will most likely be further diminished. Combs believes that if we are to be successful in managing our water resources, we cannot have a rural versus urban mind set. If rural Texas dies off, eventually urban Texas will feel it. The issue of water ranching (that is pumping the aquifer to transfer water from the rural areas to the urban areas) presents some serious issues for rural residents. Taking all the water from rural Texas is not sustainable. We should not have a public policy that encourages the transfer of water from wherever it is to elsewhere. What will happen if you kill off all of Texas west of IH-35? Combs believes that we should follow the lead of other countries which have been using grey water, desalination, and cloud seeding. For Combs, conservation is also very important. In response to questions from the audience, Combs suggested that Purchase of Development Rights (a program whereby landowners – usually a farmer or rancher – voluntarily sells conservation easements to a government agency or private conservation organization) was not only a great idea for land, but also for water. She also remarked that brush control was very successful in recapturing water lost to salt cedar and other brush. She also stated that Texas must ensure that our bays and estuaries are receiving enough fresh water flow, and that we should look to promoting agricultural crops that do not require a great deal of water. 9 Definitions Beneficial use is defined as using the amount of water that is economically necessary for an authorized purpose, when reasonable intelligence and diligence are used in applying the water to that purpose (Texas Water Code (TWC) § 11.002 (4)). The Texas Legislature in 1949 authorized the establishment of Groundwater Conservation Districts and groundwater management areas. The legislature designated groundwater conservation districts as the tool to conserve and protect groundwater resources of the state. Groundwater districts do not provide water or wastewater services; their main purpose is to manage groundwater. Districts are organized along county lines or along aquifer boundaries. Individual districts are legislatively given varying levels of authority from limiting groundwater withdraws (overriding the "rule of capture") to the taxing and permitting of water wells. In general, instream use is defined as the use of state water for fisheries, water quality protection, aquatic and riparian wildlife habitat, freshwater inflows for bays and estuaries, and any other similar use of water. Instream use is not currently defined in the Texas Water Code, though it is defined in TNRCC regulations. Prior appropriation is the principle that governs surface water use in the state. In Texas, surface water is publicly owned—a property of the state. Before using surface water, a municipality, corporation or individual must apply for a permit from the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission. The prior appropriation principle is based on who received the water permit first (senior water rights vs. junior water rights). Rule of Capture is the governing doctrine for the use of groundwater in the state. Under Texas law, groundwater is privately owned and controlled by the owner of the land overlying the aquifer. The "rule of capture" allows landowners to withdraw unlimited amounts of water under their land, and use it or sell it. Sustainability as it refers to groundwater means maintaining a balance of the resource and not withdrawing more water from the aquifer than is recharged. Senate Bill 1 (SB 1) was enacted by the Texas Legislature in 1997. It establishes the framework for the regional water planning effort currently taking place in Texas. The state was divided into 16 regions and a Regional Water Planning Group (RWPG) was created for each region. Over the last 4 years, each RWPG developed a plan to provide for the water needs of its region for the next 50 years. All 16 regional plans were submitted to the Texas Water Development Board in January 2001. The Board is currently reviewing the regional plans and will incorporate these into a state-wide plan by January 2002. The regional plans and the state-wide plan will be updated and modified on a five-year planning cycle. See www.twdb.state.tx.us for additional information about the regional water planning process. 10 The proposed Senate Bill 2 (SB 2) was introduced in the January, 2001 session of the Texas Legislature. SB 2 addresses many important water management issues that cannot be fully delineated here. To review the bill, see www.capitol.state.tx.us. You might also wish to contact the Texas Center for Policy Studies in Austin at 512.474.0811 for further information. The Texas Water Bank was established and is currently managed by the Texas Water Development Board in order to facilitate water transactions and to provide sources of adequate water supplies for use within the State of Texas (TWC § 15.702). See www.twdb.state.tx.us/assistance/WaterBank/waterbankMain.htm for additional information. The Texas Water Trust was established within the Texas Water Bank to hold water rights dedicated to environmental needs, including instream flows, water quality, fish and wildlife habitat, or bay and estuary inflows (TWC § 15.7031(a)). See www.twdb.state.tx.us/assistance/WaterBank/waterbankMain.htm for additional information. 11 Additional Resources The Governor's Task Force on Conservation produced the report Taking Care of Texas. This report summarizes the Task Force's in-depth look into the issues surrounding the future of conservation and outdoor recreation in the state. It can be viewed on-line at www.tpwd.state.tx.us. Rural Texas in Transition, Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Strategic Research Division. This report is available on-line at www.window.state.tx.us, or by calling 800.531.5441. House Select Committee on Rural Development, Texas House of Representatives, Interim Report 2000. This report is available on-line at www.house.state.tx.us/house/commit/reports/ruralsct.pdf. Topics for the 77th Legislature, Focus Report, House Research Organization, December 12, 2000. This report is available on-line at www.capitol.state.tx.us/hrofr/hrofr.htm, or by calling 512.463.0752. Managing Groundwater for Texas' Future Growth, Focus Report, House Research Organization, March 23, 2000. This report is available on-line at www.capitol.state.tx.us/hrofr/hrofr.htm, or by calling 512.463.0752. 12 Reprint For Texas Now, Water and Not Oil Is Liquid Gold April 16, 2001 "You're going to devastate a large part of the state By Jim Yardley of Texas," said Tom Beard, a rancher who said he feared that arid West Texas could be pumped dry New York Times by water ranches owned by distant cities. "I'm not sure we can afford to treat water like cotton or MIAMI, Texas - The dirt road winds through the cattle. And certainly not like oil. The approach to gray hills of T. Boone Pickens's sprawling Mesa oil was to pump it up, use it up and do something Vista Ranch when an unlikely swath of green else. We can't do that with water." grass appears like an emerald in a sandbox. It is a lushly irrigated two-hole golf course, a playpen for Throughout the country, drought and population a wealthy man, and a reminder that beneath this growth have placed a premium on water. Such bleak, isolated terrain lies one of the prime demand is amplified in Texas after four droughts in untapped reserves of water in Texas. five years. The state's population is 20.8 million, second only to California's, and demographers And Mr. Pickens, the former oilman and corporate predict that it will double in 50 years. Already, El raider whose takeover bids once struck terror in Paso must find new sources of water or it could boardrooms, has more in mind for the Mesa Vista run out in 20 years. The Rio Grande, a primary than golf. At a time when nearly every major city in water source for counties along the Mexican Texas is desperate for more water to meet border, is so dry that this month it failed for the first runaway population growth, Mr. Pickens is time in 50 years to reach the Gulf of Mexico, proposing to pump tens of billions of gallons to the stopping 50 feet short. highest bidder. Until now, Texas has largely avoided the "Water is the lifeblood of West Texas," said Mr. contentious political fights over water familiar to Pickens, 72, who is courting Fort Worth, Dallas, Western states like Arizona. But the Texas San Antonio and El Paso as potential customers Legislature is considering a sweeping piece of and estimates that a deal could reap $1 billion. legislation known as Senate Bill 2 that could "They've got to get it somewhere." determine how water is regulated and what is done to meet demand in the state for the next half- For decades the gold beneath the ground in Texas century. Regional water planning groups have was oil. But if oil built modern Texas, water is now proposed $17 billion in public works projects, needed to sustain it. conservation efforts and irrigation improvements. Lawmakers say it could cost at least $80 billion to Water has become so valuable that a complicated upgrade the state's aging municipal water scramble is under way for the rights to systems. underground aquifers, reminiscent of the days when "land men," among them a young George The political debate is complicated. W. Bush, solicited rural landowners to drill for oil. Environmentalists want more conservation and There are even "water ranches" popping up tougher regulation, as opposed to new dams and around the state. aggressive pumping of groundwater. There are the competing demands of agriculture and urban The unanswered question is whether all this areas. There are also differing needs and climates activity will skew who gets water and who does not in the state's various regions, some of which in the future, or influence how much it will cost. In depend on reservoirs and other surface sources many parts of the country, water is considered a while others depend on underground aquifers. The life-sustaining public resource. So there are divide is starkly rural versus urban, particularly already public policy concerns about whether over who should have priority in times of drought pumping water for profit could threaten supply in when a water source is shared. some areas. Rural officials fear that large cities could simply outbid them in a profit-driven market. A major sticking point in planning is the difficulty in And Texas law offers few restrictions; groundwater passing taxes to pay for any major water projects. is considered private property, and any landowner Legislators have already stripped Senate Bill 2 of can pump the water out even if it leaves neighbors a tax increase on water and sewer bills that would high and dry. have raised several hundred million dollars a year. 1 This lack of political will is one reason some tight. In Texas, all surface water is considered lawmakers say water marketing - essentially public, while groundwater is private. Under the allowing private companies to sell and move water "rule of capture" in Texas law, a landowner can like electricity - is the best solution. pump without regard for his neighbors. This can create a race to pump water before the aquifer "We can't pay for all of it - the state," said State goes dry, particularly with so much demand for it. Senator J. E. Brown, the influential Republican who is sponsoring the water legislation and who "All of us in the back of our minds are asking, `Is favors encouraging private efforts. "Either you've this the right thing to do?' " said Salem Abraham, got to let the price of water go up, or we're going to the landowner who made the deal to sell water to have to collect fees." Amarillo, albeit not for 25 years. "But you know you've got to do it or you'll get zero." State Senator David E. Bernsen, a Democrat who represents Beaumont, agreed that a fund-raising The safeguards to protect groundwater are local mechanism was needed for future water projects. conservation districts, though their ability to restrict But he warned of the potential consequences of the pumping and export of water is limited. For privatization in a state where nearly 55 percent of example, Mr. Pickens's plan calls for building a the population depends on groundwater for pipeline and pumping enough water for a million drinking. people a year. Panhandle Ground Water Conservation District No. 3, which oversees "It's kind of like the golden rule: those with the gold Roberts County, initially tried to cut that volume in make the rules," Mr. Bernsen said. "If individuals half. But Mr. Pickens prevented reduction by like T. Boone Pickens are going to control arguing that his proposed pumping level was the groundwater, and water is already more valuable same as that already granted to the Canadian than oil, then they will set the economic policy for River authority, and that by law he should be where Texas is going to grow. And that is a treated equally. dangerous situation." C. E. Williams, manager of the conservation Here in Miami (pronounced my- AM-uh), which is district, said the district's current policy allowed a tucked in a remote stretch of the Texas landowner to pump the equivalent of 326,000 Panhandle, the equivalent of a water rush has gallons annually for every acre. The Canadian been under way for more than year, though no River project controls 43,000 acres. Mr. Pickens major pumping has begun. Roberts County, which controls 150,000 acres and is looking for 50,000 includes Miami, has fewer than 1,000 people and more, meaning that he could conceivably pump is hardly affluent. An acre of land costs only $250 more than 60 billion gallons of water a year. because the rugged terrain makes farming difficult at best. But it does sit atop a mostly untouched "We haven't ever seen any huge projects like this," section of the immense Ogallala Aquifer, which Mr. Williams said, adding that the district could stretches as far north as South Dakota. suspend pumping of all projects if the aquifer shows signs of undue depletion. "So it's kind of a On a recent Saturday afternoon, about 60 fear of the unknown. If we make a mistake on this ranchers in dusty jeans gathered inside the one, we affect generations to come for a long time. Roberts County Courthouse as Mr. Pickens That's what makes me lay awake at night." explained the latest developments in his deal. One rancher had already signed a contract to sell water Mr. Pickens said his project would not endanger to Amarillo. Another group was looking for a the aquifer. He noted that his proposal customer to lease water rights on 190,000 acres. represented only a fraction of the amount of water The regional Canadian River Municipal Water already pumped by farmers in the Panhandle Authority, which provides water for much of the (more than 80 percent of the groundwater pumped Panhandle, will next month become the first to in Texas is for agriculture). He also called his actually start pumping in Roberts County. decision to sell a protective measure to ensure that the Canadian River authority's deal did not The flurry of activity can be traced to both profit pump the water from beneath his land. and fear. While there is water farming in most Western states, the level of regulation is relatively 2 "When you hear people say Boone Pickens is going to turn Roberts County into a Dust Bowl," he told the ranchers, "well, that's wrong. We're never going to be without water." That is a matter of debate. Mr. Pickens's projections, which jibe with estimates by the local water district, show that his project would reduce the water in Roberts and three surrounding counties by 50 percent over the next 100 years. But state statistics show that the section of the Ogallala beneath the entire Panhandle is very stressed. There is little rainfall, and at the current consumption rate the Ogallala could be depleted in Texas in 70 years. These sorts of regional water wars are percolating across Texas. El Paso has angered rural ranchers by buying or leasing several water ranches for possible future pumping. A private company, Metropolitan Water, is actively leasing water rights across central Texas. There are scores of such deals being cut or discussed. In response, at least 40 localities are asking the Legislature to create new groundwater districts. "People are going after groundwater because it's a lot quicker and cheaper than having to develop a reservoir project, which can take 30 years," said Paul Sugg, a government liaison with the Texas Association of Counties, which represents all 254 Texas counties. Mr. Sugg said some farmers in West Texas were talking about forming co-ops to sell water rights and, as a result, stop farming. "What happens to land values, to local and regional economies that are often based on agriculture?" Mr. Sugg asked. "What happens to the tractor dealer and the local car dealer when a farmer says, `Heck, I can make more money selling my water and stopping farming'?" 3

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A Reputable Landscape Contractor for Your Needs
Do you want to hire a reliable company that can offer you professional lawn care services that come at competitive rates? Maybe you are searching for a landscaper that can offer you reliable maintenance, design, and installation services? If you are, Best Buds Landscape is the company for you. Based in Middleton WI, we are well-known for our dedication and the exceptional quality of our services. We can offer you a variety of services, from weed control and lawn fertilization to excavation, lawn maintenance, and landscape design & installation. Choose us, and we will take care of your needs in a manner that will exceed your expectations! Make us your landscape contractor, and you will not regret it!
Best Buds Landscape
Address: 7071 University Ave Middleton, WI 53562
Phone: (608) 352-3700
Fully licensed, we are a company that will take care of your needs in a timely and professional manner. In business since 2000, we are more than capable of meeting your requirements. Whether you want to hire a landscape contractir or you are looking for a company that can offer you lawn maintenance, we are the right choice for you. Make sure you are choosing the right people, and hire us for a service that will satisfy you completely!
Call us at (608) 352-3700 to make sure you are working with dedicated and well-equipped landscaper!
Great work!
My landscape was outdated and shabby so I turned to Best Buds Landscape. It was totally worth it! The guys are hardworking, full of fresh ideas and polite. Will recommend them.
Based in Middleton WI, Best Buds Landscape is a company that can handle anything, from delivering a tree service to designing your landscape. Our rates are competitive, and we also offer convenient specials for our clients. Choose us, and we will provide you with the quality you deserve! Call us today to find out more about our specials and pricing!
Contact us at (608) 352-3700 to hire a company that will ensure your satisfaction!


text:
Hardie, KeirLine breaks: Keir Har¦die
Pronunciation: /ˈhɑːdi/
Entry from British & World English dictionary
Definition of Hardie, Keir in English:
( 1856–1915), Scottish Labour politician; full name James Keir Hardie. A miner before becoming an MP in 1892, he became the first leader of both the Independent Labour Party (1893) and the Labour Party (1906).
Definition of Hardie, Keir in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
Get more from Oxford Dictionaries
Subscribe to remove adverts and access premium resources
Most popular
Most popular in the US
Most popular in the UK
Most popular in Canada
Most popular in Australia
Most popular in Spain
Most popular in Malaysia
Most popular in Pakistan
= trending
Most popular inAustralia Canada India Malaysia Pakistan Spain United Kingdom United States All
Word of the day resilient
Pronunciation: rɪˈzɪlɪənt
able to recoil or spring back into shape…


text:
Nosler Ballistic Tip Hunting Bullets 30 Caliber (308 Diameter) 165 Grain Spitzer Box of 50
Product #: 584152 Nosler #: 30165 UPC #: 054041301657
Product Information
Nosler Ballistic Tip Hunting bullets have been trusted by hunters for nearly 25 years. They are precision made and individually inspected for the utmost quality which translates to incredible accuracy with every shot. The heavy jacket base prevents bullet deformation during firing and holds together at extreme velocities as well as a polycarbonate tip that resists deformation in the magazine and initiates expansion upon impact. The bullet's mid-section keeps it together at any velocity until impact, and a uniform, pure lead core eliminates possible imbalance and erratic flight caused by air pockets. Great for thin-skinned game like deer, antelope and sheep. This is not loaded ammunition.
Technical Information
Caliber: 30
Bullet Diameter: 0.308
Bullet Weight: 165 Grains
Bullet Length: 1.290"
Bullet Style: Ballistic Tip Spitzer
Bullet Coating: Non-Coated
Ballistics Information:
Sectional Density: 0.248
Ballistic Coefficient: 0.475
MidwayUSA also offers Nosler Ballistic Tip Hunting Bullets loaded in the following brands of loaded Ammunition:
Technical Information
Ballistics Information:
MidwayUSA also offers Nosler Ballistic Tip Hunting Bullets loaded in the following brands of loaded Ammunition:
Delivery Information
The total weight of the product, including the product's packaging as it sits on our shelf. Since some products ship directly from the Manufacturer, their weight may be unavailable. Because of variations in the manufacturing process, similar products may have differing weights. Unless the product is designated as "Ships Alone", Shipping Weight does not include the shipping box or packing materials associated with your order.
Product ships from MidwayUSA, separate from any other products on your order due to its size. Products that are Shipped Alone incur separate "Per Order" and "Per Pound" shipping charges.
Product is regulated by the US Department of Transportation (DOT) and cannot be shipped via USPS or air shipping methods. DOT-Regulated products must ship UPS Ground.
Product is restricted by shipping carriers and cannot be shipped to certain locations or via certain shipping methods.
Additional shipping charge for HazMat products. Carriers charge extra to ship packages with products they consider hazardous, such as reloading powder and primers.
Was this information helpful? Yes No
Thank you! Your valuable input helps improve our product information and future product selections
Know someone who may like this? Email this Page to a Friend
Customer Reviews
The statements and opinions expressed within Customer Reviews reflect each author's personal perspective and do not imply endorsement by MidwayUSA, its Employees or any other organization. Customers should in no way infer that MidwayUSA has validated review information as safe, accurate or appropriate.
NOTE: Prices, specifications and availability are subject to change without notice.
We reserve the right to correct typographic, photographic and/or descriptive errors.
We reserve the right to correct typographic, photographic and/or descriptive errors.
Suggested Products
Others Bought
Nosler Ballistic Tip Hunting Bullets 30 Caliber (308 Diameter)...
Hornady InterLock Bullets 30 Caliber (308 Diameter) 165 Grain...
$28.29Sale Save $3.20 (10%)
Nosler Partition Bullets 30 Caliber (308 Diameter) 165 Grain...
$27.22Clearance Save $9.77 (26%)
Nosler Ballistic Tip Hunting Bullets 270 Caliber (277...
Nosler Ballistic Tip Hunting Bullets 30 Caliber (308 Diameter)...
Nosler Varmageddon Bullets 30 Caliber (308 Diameter) 110 Grain...
Combined Technology Ballistic Silvertip Hunting Bullets 30...
Nosler Ballistic Tip Hunting Bullets 243 Caliber, 6mm (243...
Hornady Reloading Brass 300 Winchester Magnum Box of 50...
$46.79Sale Save $13.20 (22%)
Winchester Large Rifle Primers #8-1/2...
$27.69 - $159.99Clearance — Select Items Save up to $4.80 (15%)
Hornady XTP Bullets 38 Caliber (357 Diameter) 125 Grain...
$15.49Sale Save $2.00 (11%)
Nosler Ballistic Tip Hunting Bullets 284 Caliber, 7mm (284...


text:
Feb. 13 (Bloomberg) -- Belgium lifted a ban on the short- selling of financial stocks, the country's markets regulator said today.
The FSMA said its decision reflected "the lower volatility of the markets" and a consistent approach with other authorities, the regulator said on its website today. A ban on so-called naked short selling would remain in place, it said. France confirmed today that it hasn't renewed a similar short- selling ban.
The Belgian curbs are replaced by requirements for traders to report on their activities and to have a "reasonable expectation" that they can obtain the securities that they sell short, the FSMA said.
Authorities in Belgium, France, Spain and Italy moved to ban short selling in August in an effort to stabilize markets after European banks including Societe Generale SA hit their lowest levels since the credit crisis of 2008.
Short-sellers sell borrowed shares with plans to buy them back later at a lower price, a practice politicians and some investors blame for roiling markets. The practice is known as "naked" when sellers haven't first taken steps to ensure that they can borrow the securities.
--Editors: Peter Chapman
To contact the reporters on this story: Jim Brunsden in Brussels at email@example.com;
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Anthony Aarons at email@example.com


text:
Dr. John Gagnon specializes in oral and maxillofacial surgery in Wichita, Kansas.
Dr. John Gagnon has been compared 11 times. Details of Dr. Gagnon's experience as an DDS are available on your free dentist report.
Primary Location for Dr. Gagnon
Dr. John Gagnon
3510 N Ridge Rd
Suite 500
Wichita, KS 67205
3510 N Ridge Rd
Suite 500
Wichita, KS 67205
Board Certification, Specialty and Expertise
Dr. John Gagnon has been identified as specializing in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.
Patients may also know Dr. John Gagnon DDS as:
Compare Similar Dentists
Top searched Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons in Wichita, KS
We found 4 dentists nearby Dr. Gagnon who also specialize in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
We found 3 dentists with names similar to Dr. John Gagnon
Related Cities and Specialties
Are you Dr. John Gagnon?
Update your information


text:
Three labels I came up with for my last three beers I am now drinking.
I don't have "hobbies", I'm developing a robust Post-Apocalyptic skill set.Little House On the Sand Pit on WordpressTwo If By Sea Brewing (2XC) on FacebookFacebook BIAB GroupFacebook Southcoast Homebrewers email@example.com Gone Wild on Basic Brewing Radio <-Hey, that's me!
Thank you for sharing these.
Those look really nice. If I were to change anything, it would be the font of the descriptions.
Thanks, I'll try a different font on the next label.
I definitely like the "Big Mouth IPA"! Thanks for sharing!


text:
|Name: _________________________
|Period: ___________________
This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. To what does Ishmael attribute the hieroglyphic-like markings on the whale skin?
(a) contacts with ships.
(b) ageing.
(c) scrapes from coral reefs.
(d) contacts with other whales.
2. How does Ishmael recognize newcomers to whaling on the streets of New Bedford?
(a) They do not know how to dress.
(b) They look dazed.
(c) They are carrying large carpetbags.
(d) They have on new Macintoshes.
3. What does Charity bring for the crew of the ship?
(a) Paper and pens
(b) A Bible
(c) A guitar
(d) Meat
4. Why does Elijah challenge Ishmael to find the men he saw heading for the Pequod?
(a) they are ghosts and not real men.
(b) they are criminals sabotaging the Pequod.
(c) they will not board with Captain Ahab.
(d) they are figments of Ishmael's imagination.
5. What do Queequeg and Ishmael do before they sleep?
(a) Kiss
(b) Embrace
(c) Slap each other
(d) Pray
6. What happens to the two men who turn on Steelkilt and come out of the locked scuttle?
(a) they walk the plank.
(b) they are flogged.
(c) they receive pardons.
(d) they are hanged.
7. How does Ishmael foreshadow Starbuck's behavior throughout the novel?
(a) He becomes fearful and mutinous.
(b) He changes into a madman.
(c) He loses all his moral values and tries to kill Ahab.
(d) He remains the valiant and moral person he first appears to be.
8. Why do people not comprehend the dangers of whale hunting?
(a) Deaths are not well publicized
(b) Whales are seen as gentle creatures
(c) Whale hunting is romanticized
(d) Few people die
9. When the whale is harpooned, what action do the harpooner and the chief mate take?
(a) they switch from harpoons to lances.
(b) they switch places from front to back.
(c) they join the rowers.
(d) they manhandle the harpoon line.
10. What is the speculation about Ahab's knowledge of the stowaways?
(a) that he is playing a game with them.
(b) that he knows why they are there.
(c) that he is aware of them.
(d) that he will have them thrown overboard.
11. What Biblical character does Mapple deliver a sermon about?
(a) The Good Samaritan
(b) Moses
(c) Abraham
(d) Jonah
12. What does Ishmael decide to prepare in this chapter?
(a) Marriage
(b) His will
(c) A boat home
(d) His coffin
13. Why does Ishmael think Chapter 45 is the most important one in the book?
(a) because it describes behaviors of whales.
(b) because it describes Moby Dick in detail.
(c) because it discusses the pecularities of Ahab.
(d) because it deals with whale stories.
14. What type of whale is Moby Dick, the whale they are searching for?
(a) an octavo whale.
(b) a duodecimo whale.
(c) a Greenland whale.
(d) a folio whale.
15. What white sea creature does the crew see?
(a) A great squid
(b) A jelly fish
(c) A white whale
(d) An octopus
Short Answer Questions
1. What is the conversation like at breakfast in the Spouter Inn?
2. What kind of whale eats brit?
3. What equipment does Ishmael discuss including their descriptions and uses?
4. What is Ishmael's evidence that sperm whales have knowingly and maliciously been destructive to men and their ships?
5. What part of the whale is the most valuable to the whalers?
This section contains 543 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)


text:
0 Followers
0 Following
iam a full blooded asian also Cambodian I love anime to boot its the intrest in all genre that make it stay intersting thats about it thats me lol.
total episodes
12 total
You must be logged in to leave comments. Login or sign up today!
Venry nice avatar!
Welcome to AP!
Don't want a popup? edit settings here
Gifted by .
If you liked or , you'd like the other because...
or, add different recommendations for


text:
New research shows no solid benefit & even some risks of taking vitamin supplements
POSTED: Tuesday, November 12, 2013 - 9:00am
UPDATED: Tuesday, November 12, 2013 - 9:08am
NBC NATIONAL NEWS — More than half of Americans take some sort of vitamin supplement, spending billions of dollars on the pills each year.
But a new report confirms what some doctors have been saying for years.
There's no evidence supplements help prevent heart disease or cancer.
The reasons behind supplementation are as different as the people taking them.
But now new research suggests if you're using them to prevent two major types of disease, you may not be getting your money's worth.
"If the purpose of your vitamin supplementation is to prevent heart disease and cancer, that there isn't enough evidence right now to say conclusively that it is effective for doing that," said Dr. Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo a panel member of the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force
The new report from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force updates its 2003 findings, stating there's still not enough evidence for or against supplementation for preventing heart disease and cancer.
This time there was enough evidence for experts to say without a doubt vitamin "E" and beta-carotene do not prevent these diseases.
In fact, the report finds beta carotene can increase the risk for lung cancer among smokers.
"This is one area where the studies are there and are clear that there are harms in this high risk group," Bibbins-Domingo said.
Representatives for the vitamin industry say many Americans rely on multivitamins, not for disease prevention, but simply to make up for nutrients they don't get from their diet.
"A multivitamin can fill those nutrient gaps and provide us all the essential nutrients we need, it really is a good insurance policy," said Dr. Douglas Mackay of the Council of Responsible Nutrition.
Experts say patients should talk to their doctor about which supplements, if any, they should take.
These recommendations are open for public comment until the beginning of December then the task force will release its final statement.


text:
Want Cable TV? Get XFINITY TV in Rudd, IA
XFINITY customers in Rudd, IA are part of the majority of Americans who watch 35 hours of television per week. The current and classic TV shows and movies you love are included in XFINITY TV specials. Get the most live, local sports in Rudd with a local programming package from XFINITY.
With XFINITY TV from Comcast, you can enjoy the best television programming in Rudd. It's the perfect choice of multiple affordable packages, including DVR options, On Demand choices and digital cable channels. You get the best TV programming through XFINITY TV.


text:
Real news. Real funny.
Real news. Real funny.
If you can read this, either the style sheet didn't load or you have an older browser that doesn't support style sheets. Try clearing your browser cache and refreshing the page.
• • •
7961 clicks; posted to Main » on 16 Feb 2013 at 9:34 AM (1 year ago) | Favorite | share: more»
Share this link:
Article Comments close
121 Comments (+0 »)
Archived thread
Displayed 50 of 121 comments
This thread is archived, and closed to new comments.
Submit a Link »
In Other Media
Stories from our partner sites:
Guy Grumpy Over Christmas Greeting Th...
Woman Switches Seats on Plane, Spends...
Belize's 'Blue Hole' May Hold Secret...
'Screech' Charged in Wisconsin Bar St...
More news at Newser »
UPI Almanac for Saturday, Dec. 27, 2014
Son's mortgage-paying Christmas gift...
Screech actor Dustin Diamond arrested...
Justin Bieber shows off new jet on In...
More news at UPI »
Judge Andrew Napolitano Goes #OffTheGrid
Forbes Names the Hottest Startup Comp...
Revista Forbes Publica Lista de Las N...
I Adore Beyoncé - I Think She's an In...
More news at OraTV »


text:
The other day I finished the book, " Kiss Your Dentist Goodbye " by Ellie Phillips. It is probably the best book I have read this year! The info she puts out just seems to be light-years ahead of other dentists.
Her system boils down to the use of xylitol and also typical drugstore rinses. She laid out such a clear and engaging case that I bought into her system and started following it right away.
Best of all is that she is an acual dentist, and she has had many years of experimenting with and tweaking her system.
She points out the progressive nature of tooth decay, and that drilling and filling doesn't stop the progression. Her idea is to change the bacteria in the mouth for long-term health. She even suggests trying to let teeth mineralize in certain cases of light tooth decay before going the drilling route.
Overall, it was a well-organized, excellent book on oral health.


text:
Pavol's Reviews > A Clash of Kings
A Clash of Kings (A Song of Ice and Fire, #2)
by George R.R. Martin
by George R.R. Martin
Good, good, though I am growing wary of the length and the glacial speed. 1000 pages when maybe 700 would have sufficed. And I can't imagine why anyone would re-read this. Still, gripping yarn and all that. Engrossing. Forfeit all illusions of doing anything else besides reading it.
Sign into Goodreads to see if any of your friends have read A Clash of Kings.sign in »
|page 242
No comments have been added yet.


text:
The FastCap Tech SumoStrap Adjustable Case is a 100% adjustable, universal, durable cellphone case designed for the tradesperson. It provides protection for cellphones, PDAs, 2-way radios, and more. Made from heavy-duty webbing and industrial-strength hook & loop fastener, the SumoStrap is built to withstand the rigors of the job site.
- High adjustability
- Rugged nylon material
- Fastens on almost any belt
- Suitable for phones, 2-way radios, and tools
- Designed in USA


text:
Get 10 free worksheets per month plus activities, articles and science projects.
Does your child have an interest in robots? This printable makes a robotic cut-out that will get his imagination steam-rolling!
About Us | Support | PRIVACY POLICY |
Terms of Use | Partners | Widgets and Tools | AdChoices


text:
Consultant/vendor to nonprofits
Last modified: April 8, 2014, 6:03 PM
Accounting Services
Monthly Management Services
Your situation: You're happy with your part time bookkeeper/admin but would like the comfort of an expert to assist & review their work.
Our Role: We take complete responsibility that everything is being done correctly.
The main components are:
Record: Additional items & Journal Entries or make updates to your Chart of Accounts
Review: CPA review of all the work of your bookkeeper/accountant
Reconcile: As an additional control check we perform the bank reconciliations
Reports: Please see our Enhanced Reporting for a list of advanced reports.
Advantage: Since we do your bank rec & journal entries your bookkeeper doesn't have to. Saving you the hours they would bill you for.
Collaborative Controller Service Includes all Month End Review & Enhanced Reporting
Your Situation: You currently don't have a qualified member of staff to handle accounting
Our Role:We give you all the control but take all responsibility that everything gets done. We will coordinate with that designated person and take complete ownership that everything is being done timely and correctly. Through the collaborative controller services we provide the training and supervision of an internal administrative staff member, who does not necessarily require an accounting background, to perform day-to-day accounting operations.
Advantage:You don't need to spend money on a part time bookkeeper. We will train any new designated person on an ongoing basis
Controller Accounting Service Includes all Month End Review & Enhanced Reporting
Your Situation:You don't have an Accountant/Bookkeeper or would like to reduce/replace their workload to save money or promote them to a different role.
Our Role: We perform all your Accounting & Regulatory Functions.
Advantage: We generally save our nonprofit clients $1000-$2000 per month.
Our CPA can visit your office or attend any Board Meeting if requested
Arts , Government reform , Professional association , Energy conservation , Media , Drug abuse , Seniors and retirement , Disability , Mental health , Environment , Community development , Philanthropy , Museums and history , Job and workplace , accounting , Social enterprise , Network of nonprofits , Urban , Prison reform , Volunteering , Consumer protection , Veterans , Men , Immigration , form 990 , International cooperation , Communications access , Human services , Women , Animals , Multi-service agency , Microcredit , Human rights and civil liberties , Youth , Housing and homelessness , Travel and transportation , Sports and recreation , Library or resource center , Politics , Rural , Poverty and hunger , Quickbooks , International relations , Family , LGBT , Technology , Economic development , Research and science , Religion and spirituality , Conflict resolution , Health and medicine , Legal assistance , Personal finance , Victim support , Civic engagement , Crime and safety , Education , Agriculture , Race and ethnicity , Disaster relief


text:
- Forum Posts: 3322
- Wiki Points: 8836
- Followed by: 127
- Reviews: 5 Lists: 17
It's may ok to be first if you're at least helping her finish as well.
It did feel sweet to get it twice. I like it when I get quests but I won't go apeshit over people who "steal them" from me. It's part of the game after all.
- Forum Posts: 2304
- Wiki Points: 0
- Followed by: 52
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 0
waaaaaaaaaaaaahhhhhhhhh he stole my forum achievement
- Forum Posts: 4055
- Wiki Points: 0
- Followed by: 72
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 2
I think people who complain about this whole "First Quest" are extremely childish.
Like whatever people are going to post first on the comments. Move on. Pointing out a guy cause he posted first on the comments makes you look like you literally have nothing better to do. How many topics have been brought up to remove the first quest?
It's moronic.
- Forum Posts: 4177
- Wiki Points: 1446
- Followed by: 121
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 11
I've done it, and I do it for the lulz.
- Forum Posts: 12161
- Wiki Points: 889
- Followed by: 234
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 2
I got the quest (and Remarkin' Spartan) on the first day. That being said, the quest is fucking stupid (so was Remarkin' Spartan. They should've just removed both of them instead of keeping the one for posting first).
So no, I post first whenever I can. It's a dumb quest anyway and should be removed.
- Forum Posts: 2778
- Wiki Points: 822
- Followed by: 90
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 3
There was a tsunami in Japan.
You are concerned with this.
- Forum Posts: 9130
- Wiki Points: 918
- Followed by: 249
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 4
I don't understand why people care. I think they should be more ashamed than anything if they're the first poster.
- Forum Posts: 5404
- Wiki Points: 3452
- Followed by: 128
- Reviews: 2 Lists: 8
Only if someone doesn't contribute anything and go "HA!, I'm taking your chances! Suck my dick!". Its worse that a comment that just says first.
- Forum Posts: 1050
- Wiki Points: 141
- Followed by: 258
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 5
I apologize if I come off as a troll but this genuinely intrigues me -- Are there actually people who are so interested in the quests as to actively try to get the first post on a news story or video? Not only that, but to go as far as to get upset at people who happen to be the first poster on more than one occasion?
- Forum Posts: 5730
- Wiki Points: -1
- Followed by: 109
- Reviews: 5 Lists: 5
" fuck those assholes "
- Forum Posts: 2483
- Wiki Points: 1360
- Followed by: 23
- Reviews: 1 Lists: 2
" @Enigma777 said:I say more power to them. This quest needs to go, period. I encourage the blocking." fuck those assholes ""
I was lucky enough to get First! the other day, but when I went back to see my comment was missing. Weird, as the quest shows to be completed in my stats. I'd never steal the thunder from someone else if the opportunity comes up. I've done it once, got what I wanted, and will move on from trying to refresh at just the right time.
- Forum Posts: 2053
- Wiki Points: 37991
- Followed by: 132
- Reviews: 10 Lists: 3
That person is a dick.
- Forum Posts: 5154
- Wiki Points: 7918
- Followed by: 112
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 15
I had a few chances to be first again, but I prefer not to be a dick. I just refresh the page and post second.
- Forum Posts: 6078
- Wiki Points: 47078
- Followed by: 128
- Reviews: 6 Lists: 1
- Forum Posts: 11406
- Wiki Points: 5533
- Followed by: 328
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 9
I've been first at least thrice. And none of them were a "first" comment.
- Forum Posts: 1763
- Wiki Points: 216
- Followed by: 47
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 8
i say whatever... seriously why do you guys care so much about a quest? it's like achievement whoring to me...
- Forum Posts: 2834
- Wiki Points: 899
- Followed by: 121
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 5
There is nothing offensively bad about it or anything.
On the other hand I don't think its very nice to actively seek first just so another person doesn't get a chance, which I have seen quite a few people talking about how much they love grabbing first precisely for that reason. There is really no reason to be ashamed or wary of getting first more than once, but when you go about doing it just to be a dick, regardless of the reason or importance that is just being a dick plain and simple.
If you are actually posting about something relating to the article or video, go ahead and get first who cares about the quest.
- Forum Posts: 1888
- Wiki Points: 153263
- Followed by: 175
- Reviews: 6 Lists: 43
Nah, man. I got that quest quite a while back and have never commented first on anything ever since.
If I see there are no comments yet, than I just wait. You gotta give room to others ^^
- Forum Posts: 12431
- Wiki Points: 194643
- Followed by: 199
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 6
The word "inconsiderate" comes to mind.
You might not personally care about the quests, but others definitely do; so deliberately attempting it whilst you already have the quest, knowing full well that others care, would be considered pretty rude. It would be akin to having tickets to some show, then pushing your way back in line in front of someone else that hasn't already purchased tickets.
- Forum Posts: 19220
- Wiki Points: 65079
- Followed by: 867
- Reviews: 32 Lists: 5
Who cares? I fail to see how this is a big deal.
- Forum Posts: 4512
- Wiki Points: 4128
- Followed by: 128
- Reviews: 8 Lists: 13
There's competition for the position and so thus people drive towards being first, quest or not. It's never really interested me personally, even with the quest, but we're all different.


text:
chryselephantineLine breaks: chrys|ele¦phant|ine
Pronunciation: /ˌkrɪsɛlɪˈfantʌɪn /
Definition of chryselephantine in English:
(Of ancient Greek sculpture) overlaid with gold and ivory.
Example sentences
- In ancient Greek sculpture gold leaf might have been included in chryselephantine sculpture, as well as applied over an entire figure.
- A chryselephantine figure of Zeus sat on a jewel-encrusted throne carrying a small figure of Nike in his left hand, a scepter in his right.
- The intrinsic value of the materials employed predominates in the earlier model: the value of plate at an Athenian symposium, or the value of gold and ivory in the chryselephantine statues by Phidias.
early 19th century: from Greek khruselephantinos, from khrusos 'gold' + elephas, elephant- 'elephant' or 'ivory'.
Definition of chryselephantine in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
Get more from Oxford Dictionaries
Subscribe to remove adverts and access premium resources
Most popular
Most popular in the US
Most popular in the UK
Most popular in Canada
Most popular in Australia
Most popular in Spain
Most popular in Malaysia
Most popular in Pakistan
= trending
Most popular inAustralia Canada India Malaysia Pakistan Spain United Kingdom United States All
Word of the day cumbersome
Pronunciation: ˈkʌmbəs(ə)m
large or heavy and therefore difficult to carry…


text:
Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
Unit .7. 7
States Patent [19] Cristal et al. 14 1 July 10, 1973 [54] MICROWAVE AND UHF FILTERS USING 3,451,015 6/1969 Heath 333/73 DISCRETE HAIRPIN RESONATORS 2,945,195 7/1960 Mattahaei 333/73 S 2,915,716 12/1959 Hattersley 333/73 S 1 Inventors: Edward Crwlal, Dundos, w, 3,582,841 6/1971 Rhodes 333/70 3 Canada; Sidney Frankel, Menlo 3,525,954 8/1970 Rhodes 333/73 Park, Calif.
[73] Assignee: Stanford Research Institute, Menlo a Examine,. Rudolph v Rolinec Park Cahf- Assistant Examiner-Saxfield Chartmon, Jr. [22] Filed; May 1, 7 Att0rney-Samuel Lindenberg et al.
21 Appl. No.: 249,071
[57] ABSTRACT [52] US. Cl 333/70 S, 333/73, 333/84 M,
333/73 S A new class of microwave and UHF filters is disclosed [51] Int. Cl. 1103!! 7/10, H03h 9/00 using only discrete hairpin resonators h input and [58] Field of Search 333/70 70 output lines either open circuited or short circuited at 333/73 73 84 M their ends, or using both discrete hairpin resonators and half-wave parallel-coupled line filter structures in [56] References cued hybrid filter configurations.
UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,668,569 6/1972 Herring 333/73 S 5 Claims, 12 Drawing Figures PATENTED' 10975 3. 7-45 .489
sum 2 or 2 I INPUT INP MICROWAVE AND UHF FILTERS USING DISCRETE HAIRPIN RESONATORS BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE This invention relates to microwave or UHF filters, and more particularly to a new class of filters comprised of discrete hairpin resonators.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to microwave or UHF filters, and more particularly to a new class of filters comprised of discrete hairpin resonators.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The use of stripline and/or MIC (microwave-integrated-circuit) designs in microwave systems is often preferred to other manufacturing methods. Stripline and MIC have advantages with respect to size, weight, costs, and often reproducibility. MIC is particularly useful in hybrid integrated circuits. Circuits and systerns constructed in stripline or MIC would preferably utilize geometries not requiring connections to ground, since this is quite difficult (or at least awkward) in most cases. Among the numerous transmission-line filter designs available, the half-wave parallel-coupled-line filter satisfies the above condition. Hairpin line structures also satisfy the above condition, although to date, the ory and design equations for these structures as filters have been unavailable.
The image impedance and propagation constant for the infinite periodic hairpin line have been previously reported by J. T. Bolljohn and G. L. Matthaei in A study of the Phase and Filter Properties of Arrays of Parallel Conductors Between Ground Planes, Proc. IRE, V0. 50, pp. 299-311, March 1962. However, for finite length hairpin filters, neither exact nor approximate design equations have been reported prior to this invention.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of this invention is to provide a microwave or UHF filter comprised of discrete hairpin resonators.
Another object is to provide a microwave or UHF filter comprised of discrete hairpin resonators and halfwave parallel-coupled-line filters.
These and other objects of the invention are achieved by arrangements of conventional (straight) half-wave parallel-coupled open-circuited resonators, hereinafter referred to sometimes as a half-wave resonator, and hairpin resonators, wherein each hairpin resonator consists of a half-wave resonator folded in the center. These resonators are implemented in a stripline or MIC form and so disposed on a substrate in an array that capacitive coupling beyond nearest neighbors is usually negligible. Input and output coupling is through quarter-wave parallel-coupled lines which are open circuited in all cases excepting the case of an adjacent hairpin resonator with its open end opposite the input or output end of a quarter-wave parallel-coupled resonator; in that case the quarter-wave parallebcoupled line is short circuited.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. la and lb show schematically two types of FIGS. 3a and 3b illustrate a conceptual process for obtaining hairpin-resonator filters from parallelcoupled half-wave open-circuited resonator filters.
FIGS. 4a and 4b illustrate two hybrid hairpin-halfwave'resonator filters.
FIG. 5 is a plan view of an experimental hybrid hairpin-half-wave resonator filter.
FIGS. 6a, 6b and 6c illustrate a conceptual process for folding a half-wave parallel-coupled-line filter into an intermediate wicket filter and then into an interdigital filter.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Two types of hairpin-resonator filters are shown schematically in FIGS. la and lb. The first type shown in FIG. la is characterized by having its input and out put lines 10, 11, open circuited at their ends l2, 13. This type of filter has been found to yield practical impedance levels for narrow to approximately 25 -percent bandwidths.
The second type shown in FIG. lb is characterized by having its input and output lines 10', ll, shortcircuited at their ends 12', 13'. This type of filter has been found to yield practical impedance levels for bandwidths greater than 25 percent.
Theoretical background and design equations for fil' ters of the first type are presented. Corresponding equations for filters of the second type can be developed in a strictly analogous manner. Also experimental data for several stripline and MIC filters of 5 to 20 percent bandwidths are given. For convenience only MIC structures are illustrated in FIGS. la and lb, it being understood that the filter elements spaced from one ground plane by suitable dielectric material could be similarly spaced from a second ground plane on the opposite side for MIC structures.
Approximate equivalent circuits for the filters of FIGS. la and lb have been derived and are presented in FIGS. 2 a and b, respectively, wherein: each capaci tor C, represents the open circuited transmission line of characteristic impedance C each indicator L, represents the short-circuited transmission line of characteristic impedance L and UE is the unit element of characteristic impedance Z These circuits are based on the assumption that inductivecoupling beyond immediately adjacent conductors is negligible. For cmmmonly used microwave-filter geometries using paraIlel-coupling-line arrays this assumption differs from, and is more difficult to satisfy than, the usual one of negligible capacitive coupling.
Physically the difference between inductive and capacitive coupling can be understood in terms of the basic definitions of the coupling parameters. In the case of the admittance (capacitance) parameters, the'immediately adjacent conductors act as partial electric shields between a conductor and the next adjacent conductor. In the impedance-parameter (inductive) case, the floating conductors only slightly effect the tendency of magnetic field lines to spread out over the entire coupled array.
The reason for making the former rather than the latter assumption is the enormous simplification that results in the equivalent circuits for the two types of hairpin-line filters. The assumption of negligible capacitive coupling beyond immediately adjacent conductors leads to quite complex equivalent circuits that precludes any likelihood of achieving practical design procedures. Ultimately, since approximations are necessary in either approach, the practicality of either assumption must be judged on the basis of comparisons between theoretical and experimental results. Before leaving the subject of the approximate equivalent circuit, it is suitable to point out that a formulation for the analysis of hairpin-resonator filter response in terms of an equivalent circuit based only on immediately-adjacent-conductor capacitive coupling is straightforward. (See R. Sato and E. G. Cristal, Simplified Analysis of Coupled Transmission Line Networks, IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. MTT-l8, pp. 122-131, March 1970). Any design synthesized through the use of the equations presented hereinafter could be analyzed through the more accurate formulation.
Conceptually, hairpin-resonator filters may be obtained by folding the resonators of parallel-coupled half-wave open-circuited resonator filters. FIGS. 3a, and 3b illustrate the process. The first of a plurality of half-wave resonators R R R, shown in FIG. 3a is folded into a hairpin, giving the hybrid hairpin halfwave resonator filter shown in FIG. 3b. Next, if desired, the second half-wave resonator may be folded, giving a second hairpin resonator and a new hybrid filter. Other half-wave resonators are indicated simply by dots. The process may be continued as many times as the designer wishes. It is evident that a large number of hybrid filter realizations are possible. In all cases the same design equations may be used, and the same electrical performance results.
FIGS. 4a and b illustrate two hybrid filters. The filter ,of FIG. 4a consists of one half-wave resonator and four hairpin resonators, 21 to 24 while the filter of FIG. 4b consists of one hairpin resonator 30 and six halfwave resonators 31 to 36. The hybrid structure is the most important aspect of the present invention. This is because the hybrid filter provides the designer with the greatest flexibility in shape factor, and does not allow a surface wave mode to propagate. A filter comprised of all hairpin resonators can propagate a surface wave mode at 2f,, in stripline, and below 2f in MIC structures, where f, is the bandcenter frequency of the filter. Consequently, most hairpin filters will be of the hybrid type in order to surpress the surface wave caused spurious responses. I
The equivalent circuit for the first type (FIG. 1a) of filter shown in FIG. 2a is topologically dual to the wellknown interdigital filter. l-Ience, existing design tables and approximate design procedures may be adapted for hairpin resonator filter designs. Space does not allow for the detailed development of the design equations; however, the essential design procedures are summarized below. Presented first are approximate design equations that were developed by modifying those given in New Design Equations for a Class of Microwave Filters, 'IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-l9, pp. 486-490, May 1971, by E. G. Cristal. Theoretically, hairpin resonator filters designed from these equations will have precisely controlled bandwidth in all cases, and nearly equal ripple responses in Chebyshev cases.
First to be defined are the set of prototype filter parameters and auxiliary equations given in the following Table l.
TABLE 1 AUXILIARY EQUATIONS AND PARAMETER DEFINITIONS Fori=landN+I Fori=2,3,...N
A? Irr A 1:6, sin 0 N is the order of the low-pass prototype filter, having a cut-off frequency of (0,, and normalized element values g,. Tables of g, values are available that give Chebyshev, Butterworth, and other types of responses in Design of Microwave Filters, Impedance Matching Networks, Coupling Structures (New York: McGraw Hill, 1964) by G. O. Matthael, et al., and Network Analysis and Synthesis (New York: McGraw Hill, 1962) by L. Weinberg. The parameter cp" in Table l is the coupling between lines constituting a single hairpin and not between adjacent hairpin resonators. Once the cp factor is chosen, the initial synthesized design will consist of hairpin resonators all having the same cp values. However, a simple method is presented later for obtaining arbitrary and different values of cp for each resonator, if desired.
A hairpin-line filter based on an N order low-pass prototype filter will consist of 2N+2 parallel-coupledlines. The array of 2N+2 coupled lines is completely defined in terms of its inductance matrix which, for the assumed coupling conditions, can be written as Inductance matrix normalized to L11 L12 0 0 0 LIZ L22 L23 r 0 L23 I133 [J34 0 0 A7171: L34 I144 I145 where v Velocity of propagation in the medium LU lu/(Z V I Self or mutual inductance per unit length of the i and j conductors Z, Source impedance In terms of the Auxiliary equations given in Table l, the L are given by Table 2.
Having obtained the normalized inductance matrix from Table 2, the noralized capacitance matrix may be computed from the matrix equation where CU C /(V YA) c Self or mutual capacitance per unit length of the i and f" conductors The normalized parameters C may be converted into the convenient form c ll: by the equation c /e (376.7/ fT) Y C where e, Effective relative dielectric constant of the medium s Permittivity of free space From the numerical values for c le the physical dimensions of the coupled lines may be determined from various design charts.
If the L matrix is sparse, as is the case here, the C matrix will generally be dense. (It may even represent a nonphysical system.) However, only the diagonal and the upper and lower sub-diagonal entries are of significance. These will be referred to as principal terms or principal entries. Other entries (referred to as nonprincipal) will generally be small in comparison, at least for narrowband filters, and may be neglected. However, as the filter bandwidth is increased, the nonprincipal terms of the C matrix will also increase. Since it is known that the capacitance matrix is approximately sparse for the planar-array filter configurations ordinarily used at microwave frequencies, checking the nonprincipal terms is one way of estimating when the filter responses may begin to deviate appreciably from the theoretically expected behavior.
As noted previously, the equations in Table 2 give designs consisting of hairpin resonators, all of which have the same coupling. However, a simple transformation may be performed that allows modification of the cou pling between two lines forming a hairpin, and by which hybrid hairpin-half-wave resonator filters may be designed.
The detailed theory for hairpin-resonator filters of the type under discussion reveals that their responses are invariant, provided that the expression n 41+: t|.i+i for i 1' 14) remains constant. In addition, physical realizability requires L L L 0 for a (5) The L,, parameters in Eq. (4) correspond to the self and mutual inductance between lines constituting a hairpin resonator. Thus, it is evident that there is considerable redundancy and flexibility in determining suitable numerical values for the hairpin resonators. A matrix transformation that satisfies Eq. (4) and whose effect on the filter geometry is easily visualized, is easily programmed on a computer. That matrix is as follows:
Note that the even-numbered rows have the increment A added to the appropriate L values in a way that satisfies Eq. (4). Thus, all values A not violating Eq. (5) give physically realizable inductance matrices corresponding to equivalent hairpin-resonator filters.
The transformation ti i.i+i i= 4,
is particularly useful, for in this case no inductive (and capacitive) coupling exists between lines originally constituting a hairpin resonator. In other words, Eq. (6) transforms the hairpin resonator into a half-wave parallel-coupled-line resonator. Repeated application of Eq. (6) permits the design of hybrid hairpimhalfwave filter structures. The following example will-serve as an illustration. The original L matrix for the filter shown in FIG. 5 with a hairpin-resonator coupling of 12 dB (cp 12 dB), is given in the upper half of Table 3.
NORMALIZED L'MATRIX 0 1.00000 NORMALIZED L-MATRIX I L(1,1) L(1,1+1) 1 1.00000 0.30031 2 1.31767 0.00000 3 1.31767 0.08303 4 1.35828 0.08570 5 1.35828 0.06571 6 1.35828 0.08570 7 1.35828 0.08303 8 1.31767 0.00000 9 1.31767 0.30031 10 1.00000 The physical realization of the filter for this matrix would be an all-hairpin resonator filter like that in FIG. 1(a). By letting A, A22 -0.0ss74 the results given in the lower half of Table 3 are obtained. This leads to the hybrid configuration of FIG. 5 comprised of input and output lines 40 and 41, open circuited at their ends 42 and 43 and coupled to respective half-wave resonators 44 and 45, and two hairpin resonators 46 and 47.
The use of the preceding transformation allows, in a straightforward way, the application of exact design tables for interdigital filters to the design of hybrid hairpin-half-wave resonator filters. In order to present the method concisely we summarize below some needed facts concerning the design of interdigital filters.
An interdigital filter may be conceptualized as the result of folding the halfwave parallel-coupled line filter shown in FIG. 6(a) comprised of half-wave resonators R R short-circuited at both ends into the intermediate wicket filter shown in FIG. 6(b). Then, since the grounded ends of the wickets are physically close and at the same potential, they may be connected, yielding the interdigital form given in FIG. 6(c). Although the original justification for this folding procedu're was based on physical considerations, the entire process has been rigorously verified mathematically by Sato, et al., supra. The wicket filter and the hairpinresonator filter are electrical duals. Consequently, if the interdigital filter in FIG. 6(0) can be converted back to the wicket form in FIG. 6(b), the principle of duality may be applied to achieve a hairpin-resonator filter design.
It is well known that the following capacitance matrix can uniquely represent an interdigital filter of the form shown in FIG. 6(c).
O CN+1,N+1 Interdigital Filter Capacitance Matrix Tables of c 's are available that yield optimum Chebyshev and maximally flat response, and it can be proved that the above (N l) X (N l) capacitance matrix corresponding to an interdigital filter can be expanded into the following (2N 2) X (2N 2) matrix, with the latter corresponding to a wicket filter in which there is no coupling between any two lines constituting a wicket.
U11 O12 0 0 12 m n 0 0 22) 22 23 0 2a ss as 0 O (l Row 2N+ CN-|-1,N ll
Wicket. Filter Capacitance Matrix a half-wave parallel-coupled-line filter with opencircuited resonators. Next, the transformations depicted in the matrix preceding Eq. (6) are performed to obtain the particular hybrid hairpin-half-wave resonator filter desired. The L matrix is then inverted to obtain the C matrix, which is then realized physically.
A second transformation that is useful is a special form of inductance congruence transformation very similar to capacitance matrix transformations described by R. J. Wenzel, Theoretical and Practical Applications of Capacitance Matrix Transformations to TEM Network Design, IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-l4, pp. 635-647, Dec. 1966. The effect of this transformation is to scale the impedance level at specific points within the filter, without changing its transfer response. The transformation as applied to interior sections of the filter is as follows.
L11 NL12 0 N z N L22 z za 0 NZLZQ N2L33 0 N L Note that the transformation must be performed on paired-rows and paired columns, in distinction to conventional capacitance-matrix transformations. The al lowed pairs of rows and columns are Row-Columns i and i l, for i 2, 4, 2N (3 The only exceptions to this rule are when transforming the input and output impedances. In order to modify these or, equivalently, to change the terminations, Row-Column 1 (or 2N 2) would be multiplied by a suitable constantsay, M. This would modify the input (or output) impedance of the filter by the factor M The congruence transformation and the transformation of preceding Eq. (6) maybe carried out in any sequence or be intermixed. Both transformations are par ticularly useful when programmed for an interactive time-share computer terminal.
What is claimed is:
l. A structure selected from stripline or microwave-integrated-circuit forms for use as a finite filter comprised of: a plurality of half-wave, parallelcoupled and open-circuited resonators disposed in parallel in an array, at least one of said resonators being folded at the center to form a discrete hairpin resonator, each of said resonators having negligible coupling to all other resonators in said array excepting immediately adjacent resonators and the end of each resonator being opposite the center of adjacent resonators in said array and unconnected to any other resonator; an input line parallel to one of said resonators at one end of said array; and an output line parallel to one of said resonators at the other end of said array.
2. A structure as defined in claim I wherein each of said input and output lines is open circuited.
3. A structure as defined in claim I wherein each of said input and output lines is short circuited. resonators are half-wave parallel-coupled open cir- 4. A structure as defined in claim 1 wherein only cuited resonators folded at the center to form an array some of said resonators are folded at the center to form of hairpin resonatorsv a hybrid array of hairpin and half-wave resonators. 5. A structure as defined in claim 1 wherein all of said 5
Referenced by
Original Image