text:
Elemental Composition of Airborne Particles in Traffic-Affected Brisbane Areas
- Citations (17)
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- SourceAvailable from: tuc.gr[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This research concerns the development of an Negotiation Support Systems (NSS) based on a multi-criteria conceptual framework of the negotiation and developed according to a multi-agent architecture from Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI). A first prototype of such a system, NegocIAD, has already been developed [8], but the weakness of its assistance to the negotiation process have led us to revise the conceptual framework in order to define a more relevant assistance to the negotiation process. This paper presents this new conceptual framework defined in order to develop a new prototype. First, we point out the originality of our multi-criteria and multi-agent approach, the general architecture and the limitations of NegocIAD. Then we present the new multi-criteria conceptual framework mainly based on the definition and the use of projection plans (group Gaia plans) emerging from principal component analysis (PCA) already proposed in a single decision maker context in extension of the Promethee method. In the next part, we develop the possible levels of use of these plans during the negotiation process and the type of assistance provided to the mediator. This assistance is mainly based on the elaboration and the interpretation of group Gaia plans for which we propose a set of interpretation rules and the outline of a method to make use of these rules for a relevant support to the mediator in the management of the negotiation process. Finally, we conclude on the perspectives of our future researches and developments for the new generation of our prototype in a multi-agent architecture context.European Journal of Operational Research 12/1997; · 2.04 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Aerosol samples for PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 um) were collected from September 1993 to August 1994 at five sites representing the major land use patterns in Brisbane, a subtropical coastal city in Australia. The samples collected were analysed by techniques such as ion beam analysis and the integrating plate laser absorption method, and the chemical composition of the samples was reconstructed from the observed elemental composition. For these PM10 samples, the major components, on average, were crustal matter (25% by mass), organics (17%), sea salt (12%), elemental carbon (10%) and ammonium sulphate (7%). Aerosol samples of PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) were collected by a dichotomous sampler at one of the sites (GU), a site on university buildings located in a suburban area of Brisbane but surrounded by a buffer zone provided by a forest conservation area. A high average fine Br/Pb ratio of 0.36 in the GU samples, which is close to that in vehicle exhausts, indicates that this site probably has low background levels of lead even though there has been significant traffic in the area for 20 years, so the forest area is an effective buffer to road dust from the surrounding suburbia. Temporal trends at this site suggest that road side dust and industry-sourced crustal matter could contribute to more than half of the mass of crustal matter. Seasonal meteorological conditions which determine the dispersion of pollutants out of Brisbane and the continuous input of rural dust into Brisbane are potentially important factors influencing the level of crustal matter in Brisbane. However, major rural dust events do not considerably increase the seasonal average level of crustal matter. Also, apart from significant local influences at some sites (such as heavy road traffic network or a cement factory), the results from the GU site show a similar level of elemental and chemical components from anthropogenic sources to sites in heavy industrial and commercial/light industrial sites, indicating that most anthropogenic emissions are evenly and widely distributed in Brisbane.Atmospheric Environment 11/1997; · 3.11 Impact Factor
Article: Composition of Light-Duty Motor Vehicle Exhaust Particulate Matter in the Denver, Colorado Area[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A study to characterize particulate matter emissions from 195 in-use gasoline and diesel passenger vehicles was conducted during the summer of 1996 and the winter of 1997 in the Denver, Colorado region. Vehicles were tested as received on chassis dynamometers using the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS). Both PM-10 and regulated emissions were measured for each phase of the UDDS. Approximately 88% of the PM-10 collected was carbonaceous material, of which the average organic fraction was 0.7 for gasoline vehicles and 0.4 for diesel vehicles. This suggests that the organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC) split may be useful in separating light-duty gasoline from diesel PM emissions. Sulfate emission rates averaged 0.45 and 3.51 mg/mi for gasoline and diesel vehicles, indicating that the EPA's mobile emissions model overpredicts sulfate emission rates. Elements identified by X-ray fluorescence averaged between 3 and 9% of the PM-10 mass. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) profiles developed may help distinguish between gasoline and diesel vehicles in source apportion ment studies. Total PAH emissions, however, were not a good candidate as a tracer of gasoline PM emissions. Hopane and sterane emissions were very similar across the fleet and may be useful tracers for mobile source PM emissions. Overall, emission rates varied significantly with vehicle classification and driving condition, suggesting that a single profile representing the entire fleet will need to carefully reflect the local fleet composition and the local weighting of cold, hot, and hot-stabilized emissions.Environmental Science Technology. 07/1999; 33(14):2328-2339.
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This is the author's version of a work that was submitted/accepted for pub-
lication in the following source:
Ayoko, Godwin, Lim, Mckenzie, & Morawska, Lidia (2003) Elemental Com-
position of Airborne Particles in Traffic-Affected Brisbane Areas. In Winch,
B (Ed.) Proceedings of National Clean Air Conference, 23 - 27 November
2003, Newcastle City Hall, New South Wales.
This file was downloaded from: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/24340/
Notice: Changes introduced as a result of publishing processes such as
copy-editing and formatting may not be reflected in this document. For a
definitive version of this work, please refer to the published source:
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McKenzie C. H. Lim, Godwin A. Ayoko and Lidia Morawska
International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health
School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
Queensland University of Technology
2 George Street
Brisbane QLD 4001
Three urban sites (Woolloongabba, ANZ stadium and QUT M block) were selected
to study the elemental composition of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) and PM2.5
airborne particles. The results of the particles elemental concentrations were
submitted for multi-criteria decision making methods, which showed that all sites
were influenced by vehicular emission, local industrial activities or crustal matter.
Woolloongabba was associated with elements from vehicle emission (Fe, Cd, Cu,
and Zn) and local industrial activities (Co). ANZ was associated with crustal matter
(Si) and QUT with elements from oil combustion (Zr, V and Mo), crustal matter (Al)
and construction activities (Sr and Mn). ANZ is the least polluted of the sites.
Keywords: urban airborne particles, elemental compositions, multivariate analysis,
source apportionment.
1. Introduction
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics
(2002), a total of 12.8 million motor vehicles were
registered in Australia by the end of March 2002.
Among the states of Australia, Queensland recorded the
highest annual increase in the registered motor vehicles
in the past five years. Due to the wide spread use of
metallic compounds as oil additive and anti-wear agents,
a significant proportion of airborne elements in urban
areas are from traffic related emissions. Therefore, there
is a growing concern about traffic-generated pollutants
in general and airborne elements in particular. To
address this, ongoing evaluations of air quality are being
undertaken by different government agencies throughout
Australia (Hinwood and Di Marco 2002).
Among the pollutants concerned, fine particles in the
size range 0.1 to 2.5 µm (PM2.5) have been targeted
recently because of their potential health effects
(Weckwerth 2001) and ability to be transported over
long distances (Wilson 1996). Airborne particles of the
0.01 to 100 µm of diameter size range hereafter referred
to as Total Suspended Particles (TSP) are also of interest
because of their organic and inorganic constituents.
Airborne particles carry metals with potential adverse
health and ecotoxicological effects. Therefore, the toxic
properties of particles are in part due to the biochemical
activities of the metals and it is important to monitor the
presence of airborne metals in the environment (Miller
1979). Verrall et. al. (1986), Chan et. al. (1997) as well
as Thomas and Morawska (2002a) have carried out
independent investigations of the elemental composition
of aerosols in Brisbane. A common feature of their
findings is that crustal matter; industrial dust, marine
aerosol and vehicular emissions are the main
contributors of pollutants to ambient air in Brisbane.
However, no elemental composition analysis of samples
from the vicinity of ANZ stadium or Woolloongabba
busway, which was constructed in Year 2000 has been
carried out to date. Chan et. al. (1997) acknowledged
that various methods including chemical mass balance,
multivariate analysis, enrichment factor analysis and
reconstructions of major components from observed
elemental composition have been used for source
apportionments but employed only the last method,
which led to considerable overestimation of crustal
elements. Since multi-criteria decision making methods
have not been previously employed to rationalize air
quality in Brisbane, this study reports the concentrations
of a variety of elements in PM2.5 and TSP samples from
three representative urban sites in Brisbane and the
application of the multi-criteria decision making
procedures, PROMETHEE
Organisation Method for Enrichment Evaluation) and
GAIA (Geometrical Analysis for Interactive Aid)
(Espinasse et. al. 1997) to air quality in Brisbane. These
procedures have previously been applied to analytical
and environmental problems (Espinasse et. al. 1997).
(Preference Ranking
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2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Description of the Sampling Sites
Samplings were performed in the months of June to
July, 2002 during which ambient temperatures ranged
between 15 – 28oC in the day times and fell down to
10oC during the night. The south east coast of Australia
usually received a southwesterly wind of 11 to 20 km/hr
speed during this period.
Woolloongabba Concourse Area was on the street level
at a height of 7 metres away from passing buses and
opposite the main street. Samplings were conducted at
the peak hours in the morning and late afternoon.
Samples were obtained for TSP and PM2.5 on five
consecutive days. Sampling lines were positioned on a
portable trolley at the height of 0.8 metre from the
concrete floor. High flow sampling system of 0.02
m3/min flow rate was used for the collection of TSP and
PM2.5. In general, Woolloongabba urban is surrounded
by a very busy traffic flow and a range of business
activities like panel beating, cement processing and car
paint spraying. The Southeast Freeway runs through it to
the north and south while several busy urban roads
perpendicular to the Freeway connect Woolloongabba to
the eastern suburbs.
ANZ stadium is located near a busy intersection between
Kessel Road and Main Road. Sampling was carried out
at about 20 m from the intersection close to the ANZ
stadium with a forest reserve in its background. The
samplers were mounted at a height of 1.8 m high on a
sampling chamber standing on a lawn field adjacent to a
drive way. Each sample of the TSP and PM2.5 was
obtained every four consecutive days. Up to 2000
vehicles per hour travel at peak hours between 6:30 am
and 5:30 pm every day. Otherwise, less than 500
vehicles per hour were recorded. The percentages of the
types of vehicles recorded on a particular day are 88.7%
(light vehicles), 3.5% (small trucks), 3.9% (medium
trucks), 3.0% (large trucks) and 0.8% (unclassified).
QUT M Block is located on the 6th level of a building
facing the Southeast Freeway in the Queensland
University of Technology (QUT) Gardens Point
Campus. The site is within the Brisbane City and is at a
distance of 210 m from the Southeast Freeway. It is
surrounded by a Botanical Garden and Brisbane River to
the north and east respectively. Samples were obtained
over five consecutive days.
2.2. Sample Preparation and Analysis
TF-200 Teflon membrane filters of diameter 47 mm
and nominal pore-size 0.2 µm were obtained from Pall
Corporation and used as received for the collection of
total suspended particle (TSP) and PM2.5. A simple
sampling system using Pall Corporation 47 mm in-line
polycarbonate filter holder and Dekati PM10 cascade
impactor was used to collect the TSP and PM2.5
respectively. The TSP and PM2.5 filters were weighed on
a Mettler Toledo analytical balance in a room of constant
humidity (50%) and temperature (23oC). Collected
samples were stored in a glass vial at -15oC. Each vial
was wrapped with aluminium foil.
Each filter was digested in a Teflon digestion vessel
by 70% Aristar grade nitric acid and analytical reagent
grade concentrated hydrofluoric acid in a ratio of 3:1.
The digestion method is an adaptation of the nitric acid
digestion (Thomas and Morawska 2002b) and an aqua-
regia acidic mixture (Wang et. al. 1998) methods. All
samples were placed in Teflon digestion vessels with the
acidic mixture. Digestion was carried out in a CEM
microwave oven (Matthews, NC, USA) at 75 psi and
60% of 650 W power for 30 min and followed by 100%
power for 15 min. A further 60% power at 20 psi for 30
min digestion was used to ensure complete dissolution of
the elements. After digestion, the solution was diluted to
25 mL in a standard flask and stored in a polyethylene
vial. The elemental analysis was performed using
Thermal Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
Spectrometry (ICPAES). EM Science standard element
diluted solutions at 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 ppm were used
for calibration according to the optimized instrumental
parameters described below. The carrier gas, coolant gas
and plasma gas was argon gas at a pressure of 35 Psi. Its
monochromator was calibrated by ICP profile solution of
10 ppm of sulfur, copper and potassium to give 8400
steps. The same instrumental calibration was done on
polychromator to give about 10070 steps for sulfur and
5630 steps for copper. A correlation coefficient close to
unity was observed for linear calibration curves of all the
elements. The detection limits of all the elements were
taken as three times the standard deviation of the field
blank samples, which ranged from 3 ng/sample to 186
ng/sample for the elements studied.
To validate the digestion method, a National Institute
Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material
1648 Urban Particulate Matter was digested as described
above after overnight drying at 120oC and analyzed
together with the samples. The blank was subtracted
from the obtained elemental concentrations in the air
samples and by taking into account the sampling time
and flow rates. Mass concentrations in ngm-3 were
3. Data Analysis
The statistical correlations were studied by using
linear regression method in Microsoft XP excel. Pairwise
comparison of the TSP
concentrations of all sites were conducted. Only detected
elements between the paired sites were used in the
regression method. The chemometrics analysis was
performed using a multi-criteria decision making system,
PROMCALC V3.2. The PROMETHEE II method is
coupled with GAIA in the software. The former provides
a full ranking of all objects from the best to the worst
based on their net outranking flows while the latter
and PM2.5 elemental
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displays PROMETHEE results visually as PCA biplots
and facilitates the interpretation of the global
performance of each object with reference to a decision
axis, π which appears in the biplot. Thus, useful
information about the underlying trends in the data
matrix such as clustering of objects and variables and
characterization of outliers may be obtained from GAIA
biplots. The longer the projected vectors of the variables,
the more variance they contain. Vectors oriented in the
same direction are correlated whereas vectors oriented in
the opposite directions are conflicting. When the
decision axis is long, the best objects are located in the
direction of the axis and as far as possible from the
origin of the GAIA biplots (Espinasse et. al. 1997).
4. Results and Discussion
The mass concentrations of TSP and PM2.5 are
discussed in comparison with local and overseas data.
The correlations between sites with respect to their PM2.5
and TSP mass concentrations are explained. The
significance of the data by means of multivariate
analysis is discussed below.
4.1. TSP and PM2.5 mass concentrations
This study reports PM2.5 average of (18.9 ± 4.9) µgm-3
from both ANZ stadium and QUT sites. Compared to an
annual average in Milan of 45.5 µgm-3 (Marcazzan et. al.
2001), the PM2.5 average concentration for Brisbane sites
is lower and is comparable with that found by Chan et.
al. (1997). In comparison with a developing country like
India (Negi et. al. 2002) and Taiwan (Wang et. al. 1998)
with a mean range of 22 µgm-3 to 600 µgm-3, the TSP
average concentration (16.6 ± 8.0 µgm-3) of the present
study was much lower.
Although the present mass concentrations of PM2.5
may not sufficiently warrant an elaborate action for the
reduction of particle mass concentrations, several
government agencies have taken steps to continuously
monitor its level over the last few years. For instance,
nearly a decade ago, the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) in Victoria reported that PM2.5 in
Brisbane averaged at an annual concentration of 6 µgm-3
(Robinson 1999) which is roughly equivalent to two
years average of 7.3 µgm-3 measured by Chan et. al.
(1997) from December 1993 to November 1995.
Unfortunately, monthly measurement performed by
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization (CSIRO) in 1996 showed that there is an
increase of 46% in the mass concentration of PM2.5 in
Brisbane, although this was about 24% below national
monthly averages of other state capital cities (Robinson
1999). The mass concentration of PM2.5 continues to
climb over the years until recently which is probably
contributed by the increase in the vehicular registration
in South East Queensland. It is well known that since
1997, the Australian registrations of all motor vehicle
types has increased between 3% and 18%. Queensland
alone has an increase of 3.9% registered motor vehicles
from March 2001 to March 2002. Together with the
present on-road vehicles, there were a total of 12.8
million registered motor vehicles around Australia
(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2002).
Currently, there is no Australian standard for PM2.5.
As a result, several government agencies like CSIRO,
EPA, National Environment Protection Council (NEPC)
and other institutions have conducted studies and
reviewed the overseas standards as part of the Australian
guidelines. For instance, the United State of America and
Canada developed daily average standards for PM2.5 of
65 µgm-3 and 30 µgm-3 respectively. Recently, California
proposed an annual average standard of 12 µgm-3 and
New Zealand also proposed an interim guideline of 25
µgm-3 daily average (NEPC 2002). Due to potential
health problems caused by PM2.5, special efforts made
by various state agencies to obtain better understanding
of the fluctuations in the mass composition of the PM2.5
should continue.
A review by NEPC found that the PM10 could serve
as a surrogate for PM2.5 (NEPC 2002). The ratio of
PM2.5 to PM10 reflects a wide range of particle emission
sources of which PM2.5 is generally associated with
anthropogenic sources like motor vehicle exhaust and
combustion of fuels and other natural materials. A ratio
approaching unity will quite accurately pinpoint the
types of emission sources. By adopting the same
approach, it was predicted that the majority of particles
must have originated from anthropogenic sources
especially at QUT site where the ratio very close to one
(0.94). The larger ratio for the ANZ site (1.24) indicates
that there are sources other than traffic related emissions.
4.2. Source apportionment
4.2.1. Elemental relationship between sites
Because all three sites are within the distance of 12
km, it was expected that they might have the same
source of pollution. Therefore, correlations between
elements at different sites were analyzed and presented
in Table 1. Generally, strong positive correlations were
observed between elemental levels at different sites
especially for TSP contents. This indicates that these
sites experienced fairly similar sources of pollution.
However, the PM2.5 correlations between the elemental
levels at Woolloongabba and ANZ on one hand and
Woolloongabba and QUT on the other hand are very low
suggesting that the sources of the pollutants at each of
these sites were not the same. The correlations of PM2.5
bound elements at ANZ and QUT sites are strong
suggesting that they are influenced by relatively similar
pollution sources. Considering that the correlations of
Woolloongabba with QUT and ANZ are weak, it appears
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Table 1: Regression for the paired sites
Elemental Correlations
Woolloongabba Concourse & ANZ
Woolloongabba Concourse & QUT
that the ambient air in Woolloongabba might not be only
associated with the vehicular emission but other types of
anthropogenic sources.
4.2.2. General assignment of the sources of
The three most abundant elements (Fe, Si and Al)
have been associated with crustal matter. This
association is particularly reasonable because the TSP
Fe/Si ratios are found to be 0.01 to 0.08 with the average
of 0.04 which is an indication that local rock influences
the chemistry of the particles (Negi 2002). However,
their presence in smaller concentrations in PM2.5 fraction
might indicate that there are other sources of elements in
agreement with the finding by Chan et. al. (1997) that Fe
was also related to combustion activities. Similarly, Al is
a prominent element present in the metal compartment
within the vehicles engines (Bigard 1969, Brewer and
Belzer 2001) and Si might arise from frictional grinding
on the road (Weckwerth 2001).
The sources of other elements could also come from
the presence of various local industries such as paint
spraying, cement processing and other aerosol producing
activities during the course of samplings could also
affect the elemental concentrations considerably. Given
the large variation in Figure 1, the mean values of each
element in the TSP and PM2.5 from the sites are not
statistically significant. As the ANZ sampling site was
positioned close to the traffic flow, its PM2.5 elemental
levels could be reasonably attributed to the neighbouring
traffic pollution. Similar level was also observed at all
other sites. The opposite is observed for the TSP
elemental levels in which its level at Woolloongabba
concourse area is much higher than those at QUT and
ANZ. Therefore, it could be affirmed that the
Woolloongabba urban is not just affected by the busy
traffic but by other sources of pollutions from its
surrounding business centre.
One of the local activities in the vicinity of the
Woolloongabba site is the car paint spraying which was
located just about half kilometer away from the
Woolloongabba sampling point. This might have caused
Figure 1: Total average elemental concentrations for three
the elevated elemental levels at this site.
Whittaker et. al. (2003) listed a range of inorganic
chemicals like cadmium pigments, chromium oxide, iron
oxide, manganese pigments,
magnesium oxides and zinc sulfide as pigmentation
agents and colour enhancers in paints. In addition, other
activities like coal-fired cement works and vehicular
emission that generate a high amount of airborne
particles that could contribute to the relatively high
elemental concentrations at Woolloongabba site (Chan
et. al. 1997).
4.2.3. PROMETHEE and GAIA analysis of the
PM2.5 air quality of the sites.
Figure 2 and 3 show the respective GAIA scores and
loading plots obtained for the PM2.5 data matrix that
consisted of 10 objects and 16 variables (elements). The
scores plot shows that the three sites (Woolloongabba,
QUT and ANZ) are well separated. The Woolloongabba
objects are on negative PC1 axis while the QUT objects
are on positive PC1 axis. ANZ objects form a tight
cluster on both sides of PC1 axis. The decision axis
points towards the ANZ site showing that it is less
polluted than Woolloongabba and QUT sites. In keeping
with this, PROMETHEE II ranked Woolloongabba and
QUT objects as having the higher elemental pollution.
hydrated alumina,
Figure 2: PM2.5 score plot of matrix of 10 objects and
16 variables for Woolloongabba concourse, QUT and
In Figure 3, the long vectors of Zr, Mo, V, Al, Mn and
Sr are oriented in the same direction and opposite QUT
objects, indicating they are mostly found at QUT site.
The first three elements could possibly come from the
Page 6
engine components and combustion fuels (Moldovan et.
al. 1999, Fukui et. al. 2001, Weckwerth 2001) whereas
the rest might originate from geological source or
construction dust (Cadle et. al. 1999, Qin et. al. 1997,
Brewer and Belzer 2001). Similarly, long vectors are
observed for the variables like Fe, Cd, Co, Sn, Cu, Zn
and Mg. Vehicular emission is a possible source
contributor for Cu, Zn and Mg (Fukui et. al. 2001,
Weckwerth 2001) and the rest could be from local
industrial activities (Cadle et. al. 1999, Kumar et. al.
2001 and Wang et. al. 2001). Since the vectors for these
elements are oriented in the opposite direction to
Woolloongabba objects, these objects have high
concentrations of Fe, Cd, Co, Sn, Cu, Zn and Mg in
accord with the proposition that elemental pollution at
Woolloongabba is influenced by vehicular emission and
local industrial activities. Significant concentrations of
Si and Fe are found at ANZ site, both of which are
crustal elements. Apparently, ANZ site is largely
influenced by the geological source over the vehicular
source in its fine particle as Negi et. al. (2002) and
Kumar et. al. (2001) have confirmed that the geological
origin of these elements. This is probably due to that the
sampling station was in the vicinity to a bushy
Figure 3: PM2.5 loading plot for Woolloongabba
concourse, QUT and ANZ score plot of matrix of 10
objects and 16 variables
5. Conclusion
The TSP average elemental content showed that the
traffic-related emission source was not probably the sole
contributor to the ambient air at Woolloongabba urban.
There was an indication of the influence of other types of
anthropogenic sources from its surrounding commercial
centres. The PM2.5 elemental concentrations at all the
sites were either influenced by the vehicular emission,
local industrial sources or geological source.
The above statement is further confirmed by the
results of the chemometrics analysis. The analysis of the
PM2.5 elemental data showed that the vehicular emission
and local industry were the two most important emission
sources at the Woolloongabba site whereas QUT is
largely influenced by anthropogenic sources with a
prominence of vehicular emission source in addition to
the geological source possibly due to long range particle
transportation. Therefore, QUT site has the highest air
pollution in its PM2.5. Generally, the air quality at the
ANZ site was reasonably under the influence of
geological source, in addition to vehicular emission.
Overall, inorganic species contribute significantly to
the ambient air quality around Brisbane but they are not
of special environment concerns at the levels they were
found. Many of the elements have multiple sources.
Therefore, it was not possible to apportion them to
particular sources unequivocally. Future studies on these
and other sites are planned.
This work was performed with a Polaris Q GCMS
instrument donated by Thermo-Finnigan. The authors
would like to thank Maricela Yip and Pierre Madl of the
University of Salzburg, Austria for their assistance
during the fieldwork.
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1324-6011. Armidale Air Quality Group, NSW.
setting PM2.5 standard in Australia.
Thomas S. & Morawska L. 2002a, 'Size-selected
particles in an urban atmosphere of Brisbane,
Australia', Atmospheric Environment, 36:4277-4288.
Thomas S. & Morawska L. 2002b, A simple nitric acid
extraction for the determination of ultratrace metals in
submicrometer aerosols', personal communication.
Verrall K. A., Muller W. A., Kingston P. A., Frazer B.,
Rose H. & Ratery A. 1986, 'Deteminations of sources
contributing to suspended particular matter in
Brisbane', Air Pollution Control Branch, Queensland.
Wang C. F., Chin C. J. & Chiang P. 1998, 'Multielement
analysis of suspended particulates collected with a
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Analytical Sciences, 14:763-768.
Wang C. X., Zhu W., Peng A., & Guichreit R. 2001,
'Comparative studies on the concentration of rare
Environment Pollution,
earth elements and heavy metals in the atmospheric
particulate matter in Beijing, China and in Delft, the
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Whelan J. 1998, Brisbane Busways: public transport
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or environmental
and coatings,


text:
STORE AROUND THE CORNER: Posh on Palm
Date: July 19, 2010
by: Loren Mayo | Community Editor
Susie Holt loves anything a little bit tattered. Strewn out all over the floor in a back room at Posh on Palm sits Holt's collection of vintage linens and lace — a collection she started 20 years ago. In the next few weeks, she'll choose her favorites and sew them, white on white, into shabby chic slipcovers and pillows.
"It just evolves, these 'have beens' of old fabrics," Holt said. "That's what makes it fun – when you can take that old stuff and put it together."
Holt and her husband, Mark, moved the store, then called "The Cat's Meow," from Venice to Palm Avenue just three months ago. Already, Sarasota has been receptive.
"We looked around for a long time and found this building," Susie Holt said of the former DeMarco Hotel. "The tin ceiling, pillars and old hotel-feel fit us like a glove. We love this area and for us it's meant to be — we're fortunate that we're close to homes and lots of little bungalows and beach houses. People love this style."
The couple is gearing up for their next furniture hunt, when they'll travel out of state to flea markets to search for pieces other stores don't carry. Sometimes it's Texas and sometimes it's California. They'll drive a truck full of furniture back and then work their magic together, transforming their finds into art.
But it doesn't end there — the boutique also stocks one of a kind pieces imported from France and Belgium and carries giftware, picture frames, candles, and accessories. The Holts even created mannequins to display the shop's latest articles of clothing.
"I used to be a window dresser, so I've always loved doing this sort of thing," Susie Holt said. "Mark was a goldsmith for 20 years, so he's really artsy too. The two of us work together pretty amazingly."
Contact Loren Mayo at email@example.com.
Posh on Palm
Owners: Mark and Susie Holt
Address: 33 South Palm Ave.
Phone: 954-7674
Summer hours: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., Tuesday through Saturday
Line of business: Shabby chic clothing boutique
What makes the business unique: It offers one-of-a-kind pieces from Belgium and France and handmade slipcovers from vintage fabrics.
Website: www.catsmeow.com
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Holiday harmonies
Shoppers and residents were treated to some holiday harmonies by the Senior Friendship Centers' group, the Second Wind Harmonica Players, in Downtown Sarasota.
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The Cal Ripken Sr. Foundation and the Boys & Girls Clubs of Sarasota County teamed up to bring the anti-bullying event Rachel's Challenge to Sarasota Dec. 3.

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2010 NHL free agents - Evgeni Nabokov's potential suitorsTim Kavanagh, Andrew Rothstein and E.J. Hradek
Want the latest free agency whispers on Evgeni Nabokov? We've got them all right here. Keep checking back for updates.Story | Conversation | June 01, 2010
2010 NHL free agents - Patrick Marleau's potential suitorsTim Kavanagh, Andrew Rothstein and E.J. Hradek
Want the latest free agency whispers on Patrick Marleau? We've got them all right here. Keep checking back for updates.Story | Conversation | June 01, 2010
Alexander Ovechkin, Sidney Crosby and Dany Heatley the top 3 in p...Sean Allen, Tim Kavanagh and Victoria Matiash
Sean Allen, Tim Kavanagh and Victoria Matiash merge their individual forward, goalie and defenseman rankings into a single Top 200 for the post-Olympic stretch run.Story | Conversation | February 12, 2010
Tim Kavanagh recaps Sunday in the NHL, including what the firing ...Tim Kavanagh, Special to ESPN.com
Tim Kavanagh recaps Sunday in the NHL, including what the firing of Michel Therrien means in Pittsburgh.Blog | Conversation | February 16, 2009
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Most likely, if you're still reading these here NHL box score blogs, you're either heavily embroiled in a fight to the finish or you just can't get enough of our collective wit in describing the prior night's action. This edition promises to be a doo...Blog | Conversation | March 29, 2008
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To those who had discounted this season's version of the Buffalo Sabres from a fantasy perspective (ahem, I guess that includes yours truly), reports of their demise have been greatly exaggerated, as the saying goes. Each game from here on out is im...Blog | Conversation | March 15, 2008
Marleau Bites BackTim Kavanagh, special to ESPN.com
I'm very mad at Patrick Marleau right now. Marleau is having a lousy 2007-08 by most standards, although he's really caught fire as of late, with seven points in his past six games and a rise in his ESPN fantasy league ownership of 25 percent in the...Blog | Conversation | March 08, 2008
New faces make fast friendsTim Kavanagh, special to ESPN.com
TDD (Trade Deadline Day) was Tuesday, as you might've heard, and one of my favorite things to observe each year after the deadline is out-of-place goalie masks. Sometimes, after a goalie is traded, he doesn't have time to get a design made that is ap...Blog | Conversation | March 01, 2008
Great Byfuglien, Batman!Tim Kavanagh, special to ESPN.com
Dustin Byfuglien is his name, and his feat Friday night caused his ownership in ESPN leagues to shoot up 24 percentage points when word got out of his dastardly deeds (three goals and an assist). I say dastardly in being sensitive to any Ilya Bryzga...Blog | Conversation | December 01, 2007
Icing It Down: Hasek breaks downTim Kavanagh
Tim Kavanagh provides updates of the key injuries around the NHL, including the seemingly inevitable injury to Dominik HasekStory | Conversation | October 29, 2007


text: slideshows Comments 4 Movie Poster Fan Art That's Better Than the Original! By Vadim Newquist Jul 29, 2013 Back 9 of 22 Next More More Slideshows A Pac-Man Themed Restaurant (Finally) in This Week's Geeky Twitter! The Greatest Science Breakthroughs of 2014 The Very Best in Geekcentric Holiday Movies! Back Next more > Back Next more > So simple and yet so effective. Bruce Wayne would be proud! Picture by Jordan Gibson. Tags: movies, slideshows, art, superman, spider-man, fan art 21 Mind-Blowing Superpowers in the Animal Kingdom 21 Mind-Blowing Superpowers in the Animal Kingdom 20 Actors Who Should Play the Batman Heroes 20 Actors Who Should Play the Batman Heroes Related Posts science Science Gets Homey With Cross-Stitched Germs And Microbes slideshows Feel the Force With This Fantastic Star Wars Fan Art slideshows Stormtroopers Get Colorful For Art Wars Exhibit fan art Pop Culture Latte Art! Write your own comment! Hold up there partner! Before you comment on a post there's one more step. You'll have to choose a nickname to be displayed on your comment. Give 'er a shot below! Write your own comment! OR OR Please log in first Email Password Remember me Log in Create an account | Lost password ...or log in using


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Just a great listen. Like the other reviewers I can assure you - its like listening to Churchill read the book. I have listened to three of books and just downloaded the fourth. It is compulsive listening.
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I Know That Girl cowgirl VIDEOS (47)
Picture two hot teen chicks Erin and Randi filming their antics as they fool around in their underwear all day. These sluts were half-naked when Randi's BF Chris came home and got to enjoy a random threesome with both these horny babes.
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Busty amateur Elektra Rose was trying to get some studying done, but all she could think about was her BF's thick cock. Luckily for her, he was on hand with a video camera to film a nice homemade sex tape. This amateur babe fucks like a pro!
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We got this video of Alli Rae and Jade Nile having an amateur threesome while they were on spring break, and you can tell the adrenaline was pumping as lucky guy fucked their teen pussies and sprayed a big facial on top of a huge pile of illicit cash...
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Oh baby! Been a while since we saw an amateur girlfriend porn this hot! Ashlyn just wanted to have fun, so she picked up a toy cannon and started teasing her man. She begged him to fuck her while she was so horny and wet, and let him film it all.
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What does CYA mean in British Medicine?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand CYA in the Medical field in general and in the British Medicine terminology in particular.
cover your arse (!)
Find a translation for CYA in other languages:
Select another language:
What does CYA mean?
Discuss this CYA abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"CYA." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 28 Dec. 2014. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/1411138>.
CYA also stands for:
- California Youth Authority
- CAMHS Youth Advisors
- Canadian Yachting Association
- Canadian Yellow A
- Canberra Youth Ambassador
... and 27 more »
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I was, just to name a few [phobias], afraid of going into the movies, of not sitting in an aisle seat, of not knowing exactly how to get out of somewhere, of being in a locked car, of seat belts, of not having access to drinking water, of pools, of using airplane bathrooms, of using bathroom stalls that I couldn't crawl out of, of driving out of my neighborhood, of heights, of swallowing pills, of open spaces, of busy places, of distancing myself from the car in parking lots, and so on, and so forth. I'm over them now. For the most part, I'm not aware of how it happened. But in the case of tunnels and bridges, I accidentally came up with what turned out to be a winning strategy for me, which I'd like to share. Hopefully others will benefit from my experience.
For many years, I lived in a South American capital, which has a long, winding highway down to the airport. This road also has a very long tunnel at the bottom of a prolonged slope. For years I never thought twice about going through it until one day when it suddenly loomed at me like a dark mouth waiting for me as I approached it. I swerved off the road, with palpitations. I was so confused and felt ridiculous, but the truth was that there was no way I was going into the tunnel, and I knew it. I had a real problem on my hands.
Fortunately, I had pulled over into what was the parking area of a National Guard station. The officers that noticed waited to see what I would do. An idea occurred to me, so I rolled down the window and summoned one of them. It went like this: "Hello. How are you? I have a dreadful fear of tunnels. I really can't go in there. Do you think one of you could ride through with me, just to the other side?" I could see they had never had such a request, but no matter. I'm sure I looked as desperate as I felt. That's how my strategy started.
Whenever I went to the airport to pick someone up, I would pull over right at the entrance, go through the whole routine again and was always lucky enough to have a National Guardsman who was willing to do the part. Of course, I'd talk up a storm during the two-minute ride. Silence would have been unbearable. I didn't know it at the time, but I was onto something important for me.
It so happened that one day there was only one guard who could leave the post, and he had a motorcycle. He couldn't ride with me. Dilemma! "Would it be okay with if I followed behind his bike?" he asked. I had no choice except to agree with the arrangement. Once inside the tunnel, I started to panic right away and intuitively began talking out loud to myself, but then it evolved into an imaginary conversation with the guy on the bike ahead of me. I was doing the talking for both. I felt okay. I believed my own lie.
This has since worked for me in tunnels and on bridges: I stick close behind a car that is carrying my "friends," with whom I talk up a storm for the duration of the ordeal, and I firmly believe one of them will help me if I ever have a problem. To be truthful, sometimes I just drive along and don't even have the need to do it anymore.
Gilda Tuttlebee
Boston, Massachusetts
It wasn't until the last year or so that Marvel portrayed Dr. Bruce Banner ("The Hulk") as someone who accepts that his condition needs to be managed, rather someone who has a disease that needs to be treated. His story then moves from the Hulk, who is pursued by every single government entity in the world, to Bruce Banner, who works as a scientist for the government; the Hulk is summoned when the government needs his powerful capabilities to deal with the threat of the day.
To bring the Hulk story full-circle: I used to be extremely upset at myself for lashing out at people during many anxiety-driven outbursts. I would feel really bad after each episode—creating more anxiety in the process—until it all cascaded into another explosive episode. What made it worse is that I was totally aware of what was happening, but was not in control of the situation.
Once I accepted that I have anxiety and have to live with it, I learned several things that made my life a lot easier:
1. I realized that I wasn't the only one who had anxiety problems. Everyone has some form of anxiety, and it manifests differently from one person to another. Knowing that everyone has to deal with anxiety makes it easier because I don't feel so alone in facing the condition.
2. I learned to forgive myself for my actions stemming from the anxiety. Instead of focusing on a complete prevention of the outbursts, I focus my efforts on two things. The first is why the outburst occurred the way it did (and how to recognize the stimuli that leads to outburst in the first place); the second is what to do to recover from the outburst if it does occur. Think of it as a typhoon management system: you use experience to figure out when a typhoon is coming, and you rebuild immediately as soon as the typhoon passes.


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Publishers Weekly -With the public increasingly embracing ecological sustainability, many businesses have pledged to be good corporate citizens-but how committed are they? Hollender, chairman of clean household company Seventh Generation, shares his own company's process of redefining its mission and values, and makes an unimpeachable argument for how sustainable business practices protect both the environment and employees. However, he fails to obviate criticisms or concerns that companies can remain competitive and profitable while undergoing the transition to becoming more environmentally conscious. For example, Hollender describes how outdoor clothing and equipment company Patagonia decided to move from chemically grown or treated cotton and wool to "good cotton," only to find that their demand exceeded supply. Patagonia had to convert farmers to new growing methods, which increased the price of their product. While the company "eventually right-sized itself," and "influenced far bigger companies... to follow its lead," it is unclear what the company's return on investment was or how long it took to achieve. While corporate responsibility is an incontrovertibly attractive ethos, this work skimps on the finer points and complications of making this necessary-but complex-transition.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


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DENVER — A Salida man admitted last week that he had more than 8,000 images and 22.5 gigabytes of video files of child pornography on his computer when an FBI agent seized it.
Cory Sherman, 27, made the admission when he pleaded guilty in U.S. District Court to distributing child pornography over the Internet and possessing it.
The FBI seized the computer in 2010 at Sherman's home, but he was not indicted until this year. He has been in custody most of the time since his arrest in February.
Judge William Martinez set sentencing for Feb. 19.
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I've always had trouble explaining to my wife this nation's fascination with the Civil War. I am hoping this will help.
I've always had trouble explaining to my wife this nation's fascination with the Civil War. I am hoping this will help.
Calling all digital historians and archivists: If after reading this you have any suggestions please leave them in the comments section. I will make sure they get passed on to the right people. Thanks.
Imagine signing on as the Systems and Emerging Technologies Librarian and being told that the library recently purchased two blogs. For Zach Coble of Gettysburg College the question now is what to do with Civil War Memory and Keith Harris's Cosmic America.
This is an exciting project for Gettysburg College. Although the Library of Congress is also archiving this site it's nice to know that it will made available at Gettysburg as well. I've suggested before that I think we have to begin to shift our understanding of historical memory in the digital/web2.o world. Blogs and other social media tools have democratized the sharing of history further than anyone could have imagined just a few short years ago and it also has made it possible for a much wider demographic to share their own understanding of the Civil War and its legacy. As a result the categories that frame our understanding of the evolution of Civil War memory will need to be revised if not discarded entirely to make sense of the sesquicentennial years. It is my hope that this site will function as a unique window into the world of Civil War memory at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
It looks like they found just the right person to take the lead on this project:.
It's exciting to explore new forms of scholarship, but we're not exactly sure what to do with the blogs. Although the blogs are currently active they will not always be, so we must determine how we want to preserve them. Since none of us are experts in digital preservation, we are trying to understand at a conceptual level how best to approach this project.
This initiative has required us to think of larger issues concerning the library's role in digital curation. Should libraries even try to preserve blogs and other digital content? Are we equipped, in terms of technology and staffing, to take on this kind of work? Can't we rely on the big names in the field like the Library of Congress and the Internet Archive to take care of this?
As an employee of a cultural institution, I'm biased to believe that libraries (as well as archives, museums, and others) have a responsibility to preserve cultural content as it fits within the mission, goals, and collection development policy of the organization. I also believe that institutions need to take responsibility and work to inform themselves so they can properly care for the digital materials in their own collections.
The agreement that I signed includes other resources (digital and hard copy) as well, but any discussion of that will have to wait until we sort out some of the details. I will be sure to provide additional updates as this project evolves.
This video is part of a series on the Civil War in Arkansas. It focuses specifically on commemorative activities and monuments to the Civil War dead in that state.
Even the number of black Confederate soldiers. How many? Norris White Jr. speculates that 50,000 men "served" in the Confederate army from Texas, though he has only "documented" 7,500. Mr. Norris came across evidence of these black Confederates while working on an M.A. thesis on Buffalo soldiers in the history department at Stephen F. Austin University. Along the way we get the same tired and confused statements that reveal very little, if any, understanding of the broader historiography and an inability to acknowledge crucial distinctions.
This is embarrassing on a number of levels. The article itself is poorly written. The history department at Stephen F. Austin is referenced in a way that I suspect it would correct if it had the opportunity, and Mr. Norris is clearly misinformed about the subject of how blacks were utilized for the Confederate war effort. Let's take a closer look.
"Their voices have been omitted from the pages of history," White said.
This is simply not true. There is an incredibly rich body of scholarship that explores the various roles performed by blacks in the Confederate army.
Much attention has been given in movies such as "Glory" and in books and articles written by prominent U.S. military and Civil War era historians to the exploits and heroics of black soldiers serving in the Union forces, White said, but he added that "very little observance, if any, has been given to their counterparts in the Confederate Army."
This is a common claim made by folks who become fixated on black Confederates. The United States army utilized black soldiers so there must have been a "counterpart" in the Confederate army as well. What is lost in this move are the salient differences between the debates in the United States and Confederacy that led to their use as soldiers – in 1863 for the former and in the final weeks of the war in 1865 for the latter. Even more to the point, it fails to acknowledge in any way the place of slavery in the Confederacy.
He found that black Texans served in the Confederate Army in many diverse capacities, such as infantrymen on the battlefield, personal body servants, teamsters or laborers.
This is where Mr. Norris and many others reveal their inadequacies as serious historians. I have no idea how many black "infantrymen" or black enlisted soldiers were discovered, but body servants, teamsters, and laborers did not "serve" as soldiers. These distinctions are absolutely crucial if one is to have any hope of making sense of this subject and it is completely lost on Mr. Norris.
Primary sources, White said, are "100 percent irrefutable evidence — letters, diaries, pension applications, photographs, newspaper accounts, county commission records and other evidence that give primary insight" that blacks were in the Confederate Army. For example, White found a Texas historical marker in Wise County that states Randolph Vesey was a respected Negro citizen and homeowner who served during the Civil War as body servant and voluntary battle aid to General W.L. Cabel of the Confederate Army.
First, I am not sure how the discovery of a marker is the kind of example that you want to highlight after supposedly traveling "30,000" miles across the state searching through archives. Randolph Vesey was surely not a "counterpart" to any USCT. One was free, the other enslaved. That a graduate student in history will complete his studies not understanding this fundamental point is truly disturbing.
What I find sad is that even after all of this supposed research conducted by Mr. Norris, all we get here are the same old claims that are commonly found to have been cut and pasted from one black Confederate website to another. There is nothing new here or anything that points to any serious thinking about this topic. In fact, there is nothing in this article that you haven't read hundreds of times in similar articles and countless websites.
How is it that all these people are making the very same discovery couched in the very same language?
Update: The above image of the proposed trails was made available by John Spangler of the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg.
Here is a story that should concern all of you about the integrity of the Gettysburg battlefield. The Lutheran Seminary had embarked upon the construction of a historic trail that looks to threaten some of the most important ground from the fighting on July 1, 1863. Behind the scenes some preservation groups have expressed reservations, but this story needs to go public and the Civil War community needs to make the Seminary folks aware that their plans for the future are intrusive and a threat to the historic resource that they are committed to protect. The Seminary Ridge Historic Preservation Foundation held a public information session a few days ago only after the project had commenced and damage had been done to the landscape. From what I am hearing the panel was unable to address how they reconciled the destruction of the land with their preservation mission. Their plans also include the construction of trails on the western face of Seminary Ridge. The Lutheran Seminary cannot simply fall back on the position that this is private property since this project has been partly funded by federal funds.
I don't know all the details, but at the least the SRHPF should be able to answer questions from those people worried about preservation about how this project will impact the physical landscape of the battlefield. Below are a few pictures that were sent to me that show some of the construction (or destruction) that has already taken place. Let's get the word out.


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Can you opt out of RA?
Started by Lovetoread42 , Jan 22 2013 11:00 AM
19 replies to this topic
Posted 22 January 2013 - 11:00 AM
Hi Ladies, recently on a girls night out we had a discussion re if rental assistance is mandatory. we came to that topic when one of the girls said that she is moving soon to a new place and would like to refuse the RA...her reason was that she had some dramas in the past with CL and is just ''over'' it. now we were split in opinions if you can ''opt'' out of that. half of us said...no you have to take it the other half said no its not mandatory....She said that she calculated her budget and could make it without. can any of you ladies shed some light who is right, as we placed a little bet lol....
Posted 22 January 2013 - 11:04 AM
I think she's a tad crazy for even wanting to...
Posted 22 January 2013 - 11:04 AM
I'd say you could but not certain. Why not collect it and out it in a high interest account. If centrelink has messed up it's there to give back.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 11:07 AM
If you are getting another payment that has the option of rental assisstance, I don't get why you would just opt out of that? It doesn't create anymore drama than CL would normally give you. IF you are ONLY getting RA (and I didn't even know that was possible), then you can opt out of all CL benefits whenever you wish. As far as I know, CL is an "all or nothing" type organisation for each payment.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 11:20 AM
that was another discussion altogether why you would want to opt out. She just said...that she just doesn't want to be ''depended'' forever to CL wants to provide for her kids with her own earned money. Well each to their own I say...lol. As far as I know the only benefit she is getting is Family benefit & RA.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 11:25 AM
If she doesn't want to depend on CL then why claim the family tax benefit?
Posted 22 January 2013 - 11:25 AM
Presumably, she could simply tell them she isn't renting?
She might want to check how it affects her payments. From what I've read, it might actually drop her FTB a bit as well as loosing the amount specified as rent assistance. Not sure on that though.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 11:37 AM
I imagine it may impact her FTB too. I think the only way she could find out is to ring them to ask them.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 11:42 AM
I know how she can avoid it... buy a house.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 11:55 AM
You only get Centrelink payments if you claim them. None are "mandatory" and can be stopped at any time. If she wants to support her children on her own money, why is she claiming FTB? She is only getting RA as an add on to FTB, she can stop it whenever she likes, or request that any component be held over til the end of the financial year.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 12:07 PM
lol..thank you ladies heaps for the replies...I agree with your opinions totally
Posted 22 January 2013 - 12:22 PM
QUOTE (erindiv @ 22/01/2013, 11:04 AM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
I think she's a tad crazy for even wanting to...
No, quite sane I imagine. We have only dealt with Centrelink for child related matters (child care rebate, once upon a time immunisation allowance, baby bonus and carers allowance) and seriously there has not been one thing that has not been cocked up in some way.
I will never forget having to spend 2 whole days sorting out a measley immunisation payment they gave me (unsolicited), then told me I was not entitled to, then said I had to fill out a form & gave me a form, then said I had the wrong form (they had given it to me), then said I did not need a form & had no idea why I had received a letter telling me I had received a letter stating I had inadvertently received a payment I was not entitled to etc etc etc going around in circles a hundred times. They outright refused to just take back the money which I thought was the prefferable option rather than cost me 2 days off work sorting it out, the cost of which far exceeded the pitiful payment I had received.
They have NEVER not lost a form we have given, claimed they have never sighted birth certificates etc when they have been taken in and a person has made a copy and stamped them - I am sure it is protocol to just bin all docs they receive. Seriously it has never ceased to amaze me that one service can be so utterly useless at what they do and that this is deemed to be acceptable. So I in no way think that woman is crazy .....
Edited by Mumsyto2, 22 January 2013 - 12:24 PM.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 12:32 PM
QUOTE (~*Twilight~Zone*~ @ 22/01/2013, 12:59 PM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
All she has to do is tell them she is no longer renting.
She will still get the same FTB but will not receive the rent assistance.
She could get a drop in her FTB as the FTB A is calculated at a different rate, depending on if you rent or not.
This isn't widely publicised, and can catch those families that go from renting to paying off a mortgage - there can be a bit of a shock when you've done your sums based on your current FTB and if you don't realise part of your FTB has a hidden "rent" benefit, then you might find yourself in some financial difficulty.
It's one thing that really needs to be changed!
Posted 22 January 2013 - 03:22 PM
QUOTE (~*Twilight~Zone*~ @ 22/01/2013, 04:02 PM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
I've done the online estimator with and without rent and my FTB hasn't changed only difference was an additional rental assistance amount. Is that what you mean ZombieMum?
Mine doesn't change either but that is only because I am already on max FTB
Posted 22 January 2013 - 09:09 PM
The income limits are different for FTB Part A when you rent. You can definitely lose a chunk of FTB part A, as well as the RA. I lost $40 per fortnight, from memory.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 09:15 PM
I moved once and never gave CL a copy of my lease therefore I didnt get rent assistance for 5 years until I moved again and decided to show them my lease.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 09:21 PM
Edited by EffiesMum172, 22 January 2013 - 11:21 PM.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 10:07 PM
QUOTE (FiveAus @ 22/01/2013, 12:55 PM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
You only get Centrelink payments if you claim them. None are "mandatory" and can be stopped at any time. If she wants to support her children on her own money, why is she claiming FTB? She is only getting RA as an add on to FTB, she can stop it whenever she likes, or request that any component be held over til the end of the financial year.
This is the exact answer. When she changes her address and they ask if she is paying rent say no.
BUT she may find her FTBA drops a little as well. It can be hard to explain but when they work out your FTBA/RA and then advise it in a rate notice it's done as follows:
Max rate of FTBA including all add ons (RA, LFS etc)
less affecting income
equals total payment.
Then the apportion the FTBA and RA according to what percentage the RA is of the total maximum payment that was available.
EG if max FTBA was $70 and RA was $30 then max payment is $100 and the split is 70/30.
Let's say affecting income is $40 so actual FTBA plus RA is $60.
A rate notice would say FTBA is $42 (70%) and RA is $18 (30%).
Now lets say you don't rent so your max FTBA is $70 with no add on payments. Affecting income is $40.
Now your FTBA is $30.
Does that make sense?
But as with other PPs if she is so het up about supprtong her children herself don't claim anything. Noone can make you claim payments from Centrelink.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 10:28 PM
All she has to do is tell them she's moved and never supply them with a copy of the lease or a new rent certificate. They'll stop it for her.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 10:36 PM
QUOTE (~*Twilight~Zone*~ @ 22/01/2013, 04:02 PM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
I've done the online estimator with and without rent and my FTB hasn't changed only difference was an additional rental assistance amount. Is that what you mean ZombieMum?
Yes - but I guess you might be receiving the full amount, therefore it wouldn't be affected?
I stumbled across it a few years ago when I was playing around with the online calculator. At first I thought I must have made a mistake, but then realised I hadn't. I've since seen a few posts online where families have budgeted based on their current FTB, and then find out after they've bought a new house and moved in that their FTB has also dropped.
I'm not sure why Centrelink do this - because it can put people in financial difficulty - it would be fairer for those receiving it if it was clearly defined and obvious.
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I just found out about it today, but I'm going to follow up with the guys at Cyan to see if I can drag out some exclusive content to share with the Spokesman's readers.
Check out the video here:
At the time of writing, they've already raised $65,079 of their $1,100,000 goal, and some of their swag looks really cool. It's also a really good example of what a great Kickstarter campaign looks like, with all the pictures and profiles and other goodies. I'm not going to tell you that you should pitch in, but… you should pitch in.


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I've read the reviews, and they all appear to be all good for the Meta AM. I'm just really concerned about that shock position, and would really appreciate some honest feedback from you guys (Commencal owners).
I ride mostly trail to aggressive trail. Given today's standards, the XC track at Pietermaritzburg -- the techy sections -- would really be by my standards, very aggressive trail riding. We have basically 2 seasons: dry and wet (or wet, and very wet), which translates to loose rocks, stones, dirt for 4-5 months; and mud (clay, where I usually ride) for the other 4-5 months. (the remaining months is when we're usually drunk on weekends). Of course, we have a mix of forest rides which throws the occasional root network, and sometimes deal with rock gardens. Getting an AM bike to hopefully push my riding further. Anyway, that shock is really at an "odd" position where all of the earth stuff seems to go to.
I'm sure the guys at Commencal know what they're doing, but from experience, how damage proof is that shock position...?
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I haven't had much time to post in the last oh… 2 years just quick blogs here and there. Life gets busy and work is crazy and you feel like it is enough to get eyeliner on these days Read More »
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text:
I'm trying to get the last insert id from a plugin I'm in the process of creating for vBulletin in PHP. For some reason it doesn't seem to be working... Any ideas how I go about it?
- The query is inserting fine using the
- The documentation I have found states that I need to use
Full Code:
$sql_i = "INSERT INTO classifieds_item (".$i_fieldnames.",`date_posted`) values (".$i_values.",NOW())";
header("location: classifieds.php?class_act=add_img&id=".$db->insert_id);
This is using the standard vBulletin database class.
Any ideas?


text:
Buy properties in Raglan Street, London NW5 - 2 bedrooms
Raglan Street, Kentish Town NW5Flat for sale - 2 bedrooms
This bright and stylish two bedroom flat has recently been refurbished to a high standard and features ample living space with contemporary décor and a great location close to excellent amenities. More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Kentish Town (0.2 miles)
- Kentish Town West (0.2 miles)
Marketed by Foxtons - Camden, NW1. Call 020 3318 6758


text:
Your Frozen and Disney collection destination with over 300 exclusive items only at JCPenney.Shop Frozen
Purchase limit of two identical Frozen items per customer from Disney Collection at the Disney Shop. While quantities last. ©Disney
Over 300 exclusive Disney collection items.Shop Toys Shop Plush
Disney elements ©Disney, Disney/Pixar elements ©Disney/Pixar. Limit two Frozen units per customer.
Give a gift for all creatures stirring...even a Mouse.Shop Boys Shop Girls
Only at JCPenney. Disney elements ©Disney, Disney/Pixar elements ©Disney/Pixar.
Add a spoonful of sugar and a dash of magic to your child's life with a colorful collection of Disney clothes and accessories at JCPenney. Girls will feel like royalty in a Disney Princess outfit or let their imaginations fly in a Tinkerbell costume. Boys will get in touch with their adventurous sides as Jake the Never Land Pirate or imitate their favorite Pixar characters with a Buzz Lightyear or Woody costume. Make playtime exciting with movie-themed toys and action figures—then watch as naptime comes easily with a variety of plush dolls and pajama sets. You can even surprise your kids with furniture of their own: a miniature princess sofa or a child-sized Cars recliner. No matter who or what their favorite Disney character is, JCPenney has everything you'll need to put a smile on their face.


text:
User talk:Vgavilanes
From Grand Theft Wiki
user page • talk page • contributions • edit count
| This is the talk page for User:Vgavilanes. Please leave a message.
Always sign off your messages using four tildes (~~~~ ) to automatically add your signature.
Hi, welcome to Grand Theft Wiki! Thanks for your edit to the User:Vgavilanes page.
Please leave a message on my talk page if I can help with anything! -- Gta-mysteries (Talk) 22:21, July 8, 2010


text:
is a chemical process applied to cotton to increase strength, luster, and receptiveness to dye, among other things.
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