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The last chapter in Ring Lardner Jr.'s new memoir, I'd Hate Myself in the Morning (Nation Books), is called "Sole Survivor." When Lardner, who died October 31, wrote it he was indeed (a) the last of a family of four boys with a famous father, the humorist and sportswriter Ring Lardner; and (b) the last surviving member of the Hollywood Ten, who gained renown in 1947 when they refused to answer the House Committee on Un-American Activities' question, "Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party?" They were indicted, prosecuted and convicted of contempt of Congress and sent to prison-- in Ring's case for a year.
Among the first victims of the great Red purge to come, The Ten, also known as the Unfriendly Ten, are historically important because they were willing to risk prison to help prevent it, putting First Amendment principle ahead of personal convenience.
At the time, Billy Wilder, the witty director, cruelly and unjustly said, "Of the Unfriendly Ten, only two had any talent; the other eight were just unfriendly." Ring, who had already won his first academy award for Woman of the Year, starring Katharine Hepburn, was one of the two. The other was his buddy Dalton Trumbo, the highest-paid writer in Hollywood, who went on to win an Oscar for The Brave One, a movie he wrote under the pseudonym Robert Rich.
At the time, the tabloid press and newsreels did their best to portray the Ten as obstreperous, dogmatic followers of the party line. Each of the Ten was, in fact, following his conscience, albeit they arrived at their decision on how to confront HUAC after collective deliberation with counsel, some of whom were party lawyers, others not.
Lardner's famously elegant response to the committee was a clue to how wrong that image was. "I could answer your question," he said, but "I would hate myself in the morning"--hence his memoir's title.
Even during the blacklist years, when he made his primary living writing under various pseudonyms, he never gave up on his social commitment. Thus in 1955, when Hannah Weinstein set up a production company in London and chose for its maiden effort in the new medium of television The Adventures of Robin Hood, Lardner, along with fellow blacklistees like Abe Polonsky and Walter Bernstein, leapt at the opportunity for, as he put it, commentary-by-metaphor "on the issues and institutions of Eisenhower-era America."
After he was finally graduated from the blacklist--it took twelve years--and able to write under his own name, he gave us M*A*S*H, the black comedy that was, on the surface, about life in a medical unit during the Korean war; but beneath the surface, like Joe Heller's Catch-22, it was about the absurdities and contradictions of war itself.
Although his public positions were militant, privately he was a gentle soul. His main target was often himself. He would delight in telling how he recommended to David O. Selznick that he not acquire Gone With the Wind, the highest-grossing picture of its time, "because I objected on political grounds to the glorification of slave owners and the Ku Klux Klan." When progressives praised him for his principled stand against HUAC he would observe that the Ten did the only thing they could do under the circumstances "short of behaving like complete shits."
The loss of Lardner is a loss for both The Nation and the nation. One part Marxist democrat and two parts humanist-rationalist, he stayed true to his vision to the end. A few years ago he listed in The Nation "some of the strange things Americans believe 200 years after Thomas Paine published The Age of Reason." (Typical entries: "Eating fish is good for the brain"; "There never was a Holocaust.") He felt no comment was called for. But when a reader wrote to complain that "Reason is a wonderful tool, but it is a tiny flashlight shining here and there..." Lardner responded, "What he sees as a tiny flashlight, I call, in the words of Cicero, 'the light and lamp of life.'"
In an introduction to his memoir, I call Lardner "recrimination-challenged." In fact he seemed incapable of bitterness. Although he did once say of Martin Berkeley, a screenwriter who named a record 161 names before HUAC and specialized in writing animal pictures, "I always maintained that was because he couldn't write human dialogue."
What ought to be read--and why--are questions that have a unique urgency in a multicultural milieu, where each group fights, legitimately, for its own space and voice. In the past couple of decades, battles over the Western canon have been fought strenuously in intellectual circles--one such flash point was Allan Bloom's The Closing of the American Mind and the debates that ensued. These skirmishes have much to do with the fact that America is undergoing radical change. The Eurocentric place once acknowledged as the heart of its culture has ceased to be so. Alternative groups, from different geographies, have brought with them the conviction that public life with a myriad of cores rather than a single one is far more feasible today.
It strikes me as emblematic that the voices most sonorous in the battlefield over the fate of literature are often Jewish, from those of the two Blooms, Allan and Harold, to that of Cynthia Ozick. This is not a coincidence: After all, the Jews are known as "the people of the book." For the Talmudic rabbis, to read is to pray, but so it is, metaphorically, among secular Jews...or, if not to pray, at least to map out God's cosmic tapestry. Among the most deeply felt Jewish expressions of book-loving I know is a letter to the legendary translator Samuel ibn Tibbon, a Spanish Jew of the illustrious translation school of Toledo in the twelfth century, written by his father. In it the elder Tibbon recommends:
Make your books your companions, let your cases and shelves be your pleasure grounds and gardens. Bask in their paradise, gather their fruit, pluck their roses, take their spices and their myrrh. If your soul be satiate and weary, change from garden to garden, from furrow to furrow, from prospect to prospect. Then will your desire renew itself and your soul be filled with delight.
But to turn Tolstoy's Anna Karenina into a companion, to satiate one's soul with it--ought that to be a Jewish pastime? I'm invariably puzzled at the lack of debate among Jewish intellectuals, especially in the Diaspora, on the formation of a multinational literary canon made solely of Jewish books. Why spend so many sleepless nights mingling in global affairs, reorganizing a shelf that starts in Homer and ends in García Márquez, yet pay no attention whatever to those volumes made by and for Jews?
The idea of a Jewish literary canon isn't new. Among others, Hayyim Nakhman Bialik, the poet of the Hebrew renaissance and a proto-Zionist, pondered it in the early part of the twentieth century. He developed the concept of kinus, the "ingathering" of a literature that was dispersed over centuries of Jewish life. Bialik's mission was to centralize it in a particular place, Israel, and in a single tongue, Hebrew. And a handful of Yiddish and Jewish-American critics, from Shmuel Niger to Irving Howe, have addressed it, although somewhat obliquely. Howe, for instance, in pieces like "Toward an Open Culture" and "The Value of the Canon," discussed the tension in a democratic culture between tradition and innovation, between the blind supporters of the classics and the anti-elitist ideologues. But in spite of editing memorable volumes like A Treasury of Yiddish Stories, he refused to see Jewish literature whole.
The undertaking never achieved the momentum it deserves--until now. A number of books have appeared in English in the past few months that suggest the need for a debate around a modern Jewish library. The Translingual Imagination (Nebraska), by Steven Kellman, a professor at the University of Texas, San Antonio, while partially concerned with Jewish literature, addresses one crucial issue: the polyglotism of authors like Sh. Y. Abramovitch, the so-called grandfather of Yiddish letters, whose conscious switch from Hebrew into Yiddish didn't preclude him from translating many of his novels, like The Mare, back into the sacred tongue. The presence of multilingualism in the Jewish canon, of course, is unavoidable, for what distinguishes the tradition is precisely its evaporative nature, for example, the fact that it emerges wherever Jews are to be found, regardless of tongue or geographical location. This complicates any attempt at defining it in concrete ways: What, after all, are the links between, say, Bruno Schulz, the Polish fabulist and illustrator responsible for The Street of Crocodiles, and Albert Cohen, the French-language author of the masterpiece Belle du Seigneur?
Also recently released is a book by Robert Alter, author of the influential The Art of Biblical Narrative and translator of Genesis. It is titled Canon and Creativity (Yale) and attempts to link modern letters to the biblical canon to stress issues of authority. Alter is attracted to the debate of "canonicity" as it is played out in academia and intellectual circles today, but he isn't concerned, not here at least, with purveying the discernible edges of Jewish literature historically. Far more concerned--obsessed, perhaps--with the continuity between Jewish authors from the Emancipation to the present is Ruth Wisse, a professor of Yiddish at Harvard, whose volume The Modern Jewish Canon will legitimize the debate by bringing it to unforeseen heights. For purposes of mitigated objectivity, I must acknowledge up front that together with Alter and Wisse and four other international Jewish critics, I am part of a monthslong project at the Yiddish Book Center to compose a list of the hundred most "important" (the word cannot fail to tickle me) Jewish literary books since the Enlightenment. So I too have a personal stake in the game. But sitting together with other candid readers in a room is one thing. It is another altogether to respond to the pages--at once incisive and polemical--of one of them whose views have helped to form my own.
Wisse is a conservative commentator of the Jewish-American and Israeli scenes and, most significant to me, an intelligent reader of strong opinions whose work, especially her study of Itzjak Leib Peretz and her monograph The Schlemiel as Modern Hero, I have long enjoyed. In her latest work she ventures into a different territory: From specialist to generalist, she fashions herself as a Virgil of sorts, thanks to whom we are able to navigate the chaotic waters of Jewish culture.
Probably the most estimable quality of The Modern Jewish Canon is simply that it exists at all. It insinuates connections to document the fact that Jews have produced a literature that transcends national borders. Albert Memmi's Pillar of Salt and Philip Roth's Operation Shylock might appear to be worlds apart, but Wisse suggests that there is an invisible thread that unites them, a singular sensibility--a proclamation of Jewishness that is clear even when it isn't patently obvious.
This is a crucial assertion, given that Jewish communities worldwide often seem imprisoned in their insularity: Language and context serve to isolate them from their counterparts in other countries and continents. For example, American Jews, for the most part, are miserably monolingual. (I doubt Jews have been so limited linguistically at any time in the past.) They insist on approaching their own history as starting in the biblical period but then jump haphazardly to the Holocaust, and thereon to the formation of the State of Israel in 1948. The Spanish period, so exhilarating in its poetic invocations, is all but ignored, and so is the importance of Jewish communities beyond those of Eastern Europe. Why are the echoes from the Tibbon family to Shmuel Hanagid, Shlomo ibn Gabirol, Moses ibn Ezra and medieval Spanish letters in general so faint? The power of these poets, the fashion in which they intertwined the divine and the earthly, politics and the individual, the struggles of the body and the soul, left a deep imprint in Jewish liturgy and shaped a significant portion of the Jewish people through the vicissitudes of the Ottoman Empire and northern Africa. Even the Dreyfus Affair is little known or regarded, as is the plight of the Jews in Argentina from 1910 to the bombing of their main cultural building in Buenos Aires in early 1994. And where the verbal isolation is not a problem, the insular perspective still applies: For instance, only now is Israel overcoming its negation of Diaspora life, which has deformed Israeli society and resulted in an institutionalized racism against those co-religionists whose roots are not traced to Yiddishland.
Wisse displays genuine esteem for high-quality literary art. She trusts her instincts as a savvy reader and writes about what she likes; no affirmative action criteria seem to apply in her choices--and for hewing to her own perspective, she ought to be commended. The common traits she invariably ascribes to what is a varied corpus of Jewish literature always point to Russia and Europe. Her encyclopedism is commendable in that it surveys a vast intellectual landscape, but it has clear limitations. She is well versed in English, Hebrew and Yiddish letters. But what about Sephardic culture? Ought she to exclude all that she is unfamiliar with?
The study is divided into ten chapters of around thirty pages each, ordered chronologically according to the birth dates of authors. She starts in the right place--with Sholem Aleichem, the author of the most beloved of all Jewish novels and my personal favorite, Tevye the Dairyman. And she ends with Israeli literature. In the interim, she mixes excerpts, critical commentary and historical perspective in exploring the work of Kafka, S.Y. Agnon, Isaac Babel, Isaac Bashevis Singer and scores of other luminaries, some of questionable value in my eyes (Jerzy Kosinski, for instance) and others often overpraised (here I would include Ozick). The contributions of critics such as Dan Miron, Chone Shmeruk, Lionel Trilling and Howe are acknowledged by Wisse in these pages, their perspectives still fresh and inviting.
It may be ungenerous to accuse Wisse of a certain nearsightedness; after all, to capture the essence of a literature written in a plethora of tongues and cultures, a literature that is by definition "undefinable," any potential cataloguer would need to be versed in each and every one of them. But The Modern Jewish Canon suffers another serious shortcoming, entirely within control: It is too dry a read. For a treatise that aspires to connect the various Jewish Weltanschauungen and juxtapose a rainbow of imaginations, each responding to different stimuli, from the eighteenth century to this day, Wisse offers little by way of narrative enchantment. She is a scholar and writes as such. Scarce effort is made to turn words into metaphors, to twist and turn ideas and allow them to wander into unexplored regions. The reader finds himself lost in a sea of "objective impersonality." Too bad, for shouldn't a book about the beauties of a polyphonic literature aspire to that on its own?
Wisse herself announces: "Modern Jewish literature...promises no happy merger into universalism at the end of the day." And yet some form of universalism is what she is attempting to describe, extending connective tissue between literary works where, at least superficially, there seemed none before. In that sense the achievement is impressive. Immediately after finishing the book, I took up pencil and paper to shape a list of what would be my own choice of books. In one of her last pages Wisse, who concentrates on novelists, includes a list of almost fifty titles, "meant to serve as a reference guide." Included are Yaakov Shabtai's Past Continuous, Piotr Rawicz's Blood From the Sky, Pinhas Kahanovitch's The Family Mashber, and Anne Frank's Diary of a Young Girl. But I found myself asking, Where are Marcel Proust, Elias Canetti and Moacyr Scliar? And that, precisely, is one thing a book of this sort should do: force readers to compose a response to the invisible questionnaire the author has quietly set before our eyes.
Future generations will find The Modern Jewish Canon proto-Ashkenazic and hyper-American, a sort of correlative to the Eurocentrism that once dominated American letters. They will kvetch, wondering why the Iberian and Levantine influence on today's Jewish books--from the poetry of the crypto-Jew João Pinto Delgado, to the inquisitorial autobiography of Luis de Carvajal the Younger, to even the Sephardic poetry that came out of the Holocaust--was so minimized in the English-language realm. Kvetch is of course a Yiddish word--or, as Leo Rosten would have it, a "Yinglish" one--but fretting and quarreling are Jewish characteristics regardless of place, and they inhabit the restless act of reading as well. The idea of a Jewish canon, modern and also of antiquity, hides behind it an invaluable fact: that Jews are at once outsiders and insiders, keepers of the universal library but also of their own private ones. Books have always served as their--our--companions for renewal and delight. The content of that private library might be up for grabs, but not its endurance.
The attempt to see Jewish literature whole, as expressing a singular sensibility, has never had the momentum it deserves--until now.
Why must the noble rose
bristle before it blooms, and why
must the frost declare
allegiance to the dew?
Don't tell me the robin's
forlorn invitation
could not be denied.
I've heard the magpie's lies.
Outside my window,
twenty-seven juncos
consort in a cedar tree,
fat and happy to be free
of all desire--ah, but
that's not true! See
how they dance and turn
when I throw out the seed.
In their 1996 book The Next War, former Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger and Peter Schweitzer concoct some troubling scenarios they imagine could confront the United States. One is with Mexico: It's 1999, and a radical nationalist comes to power with the assistance of drug traffickers, resulting in a flood of migrants and drugs across the US boundary. In response, the Pentagon sends 60,000 troops to the border region. Tensions between the two countries mount over the next few years, leading to a full-scale US invasion of Mexico that restores law and order within six months. In constructing this nightmare scenario, the authors draw on a long history of depicting undesired immigrants as invading hordes and the international boundary as a line of defense. Peter Andreas recounts this hawkish vision in his provocative and highly persuasive Border Games: Policing the US-Mexico Divide. He argues that predictions of an inevitable march toward greater levels of militarization in the region--of which the Weinberger/Schweitzer vision is the most extreme--ignore the necessity of maintaining a porous boundary because of the significant and intensifying levels of economic integration between the United States and Mexico.
Still, as part of the US government's war on drugs and "illegal" immigrants in the border region, the enforcement regime has grown dramatically over the past two decades, as chronicled by Andreas. The antidrug budget of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, for example, rose 164 percent between fiscal years 1990 and 1997, while the overall budget for the INS nearly tripled between FY 1993 and 1999, from $1.5 billion to $4.2 billion, with border enforcement the biggest growth area. At the same time, transboundary trade has reached unprecedented heights because of the 1994 implementation of NAFTA. This exacerbates the challenge of "enforcement." As a 1999 government report cautioned, "Rapidly growing commerce between the United States and Mexico will complicate our efforts to keep drugs out of cross-border traffic." With a daily average of 220,000 vehicles now crossing into the United States from Mexico--and only nine large tractor-trailers loaded with cocaine required to satisfy annual domestic demand in the United States--the task facing US authorities is daunting.
Given such practical contradictions, it's the creation of an image of boundary control that has been most significant. As Andreas explains--and this is his well-written book's central point--the escalation of border enforcement is less about deterring drugs and migrants than it is about symbolism. In other words, state elites are more concerned about giving a good performance for reasons of domestic political consumption than they are about realizing the stated goals of boundary enforcement. In fact, the political-economic costs of too much success serve to limit enforcement. As one high-level US Customs official cited in Border Games stated, "If we examined every truck for narcotics arriving into the United States along the Southwest border.... Customs would back up the truck traffic bumper-to-bumper into Mexico City in just two weeks--15.8 days.... That's 1,177 miles of trucks, end to end."
To the extent that there is an appearance of success, however (statistics showing more interdiction, for example), it helps to realize a variety of political agendas. As Andreas contends, "Regardless of its deterrent effect, the escalation of enforcement efforts has helped to fend off political attacks and kept the drug issue from derailing the broader process of economic integration."
Thus, in the case of NAFTA, the deceptive image (one carefully crafted with the Clinton White House) that Mexico under Carlos Salinas de Gortari was having significant success in the binational war on drugs facilitated a reluctant Congress's passage of NAFTA. Moreover, the Administration promised that NAFTA would bring even greater levels of transboundary cooperation in the drug war and lead to more resources for boundary enforcement.
NAFTA also intertwined with the Administration's offensive against unauthorized immigration (a matter Andreas does not discuss), which was, in part, the US answer to massive disruption in Mexico's rural and small-business sectors brought about by growing economic liberalization. While Administration officials promoted NAFTA as a boundary-control tool (by creating better, high-paying jobs in Mexico, went the argument, NAFTA would lead to less immigration from Mexico to the United States), they also understood that NAFTA would intensify pressures to migrate among Mexicans displaced in the name of economic efficiency. As INS Commissioner Doris Meissner argued to Congress in November 1993, "Responding to the likely short- to medium-term impacts of NAFTA will require strengthening our enforcement efforts along the border."
For Andreas, specific developments are often the "unintended feedback effects of past policy choices" as much as the result of particular bureaucratic incentives and rewards. The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), for example, led to the legalization of large numbers of unauthorized immigrants as a way of ultimately reducing unsanctioned immigration. IRCA's main effect, however, was "to reinforce and expand already well-established cross-border migration networks" and to create a booming business in fraudulent documents.
These "perverse consequences" laid the foundation for the anti-immigrant backlash that emerged in the early 1990s--most vociferously in California, a state especially hard hit by the recession and feeling the effects of a rapidly changing population due to immigration. In advancing this argument, Andreas cautions that his goal is "not to provide a general explanation of the anti-illegal immigration backlash." Rather, he seeks to show how political and bureaucratic entrepreneurs partially whipped up public sentiment and channeled it "to focus on the border as both the source of the problem and the most appropriate site of the policy solution." While there is much merit in such an approach and the explanation that flows from it, it is insufficient.
First, as many have argued, the backlash of the 1990s was not simply against "illegal" immigrants but, to a large degree, against immigrants in general--especially the nonwhite, non-English speaking and the relatively poor. Moreover, as Andreas shows in a stimulating chapter that compares and contrasts similar developments along the Germany/Poland and Spain/Morocco boundaries, the seeming paradox of "a borderless economy and a barricaded border" is evidenced along boundaries that unite and divide rich and poor in other parts of the world. Given the locales of these developments and their uneven impacts on different social groups, there is need for another type of explanation.
How does one explain the differential treatment of the interests of the rich (enhanced trading opportunities) and those of the poor (those compelled by conditions to migrate and work without authorization)? It is in this area that Grace Chang is of great help. Disposable Domestics offers a refreshingly new perspective on immigration control. Chang's tone is overtly political and more polemical than that of Andreas, but her approach is equally rigorous. Her goal is to make poor immigrant women visible, to humanize them, to highlight their contributions and tribulations, and to show them as actively trying to contest their conditions of subjugation.
Chang argues persuasively that poor immigrant women--largely Third Worlders--have become a central focus of "public scrutiny and media distortion, and the main targets of immigration regulation and labor control" in the United States. To show the continuity between past and present, she provides an overview of the long history of imagery portraying immigrant women as undeserving users of welfare services and hyperfertile breeders of children. In doing so, she makes an invaluable contribution, showing how the regulation of immigration and labor is inextricably tied to matters of gender, as well as to those of class, race and nationality.
The author effectively challenges mainstream assumptions that surround the immigration debate. For example, she argues that studies attempting to measure the costs and benefits of immigration--regardless of their findings or the agendas behind them--ultimately reduce immigrants to commodities or investments. Chang sides with an emerging consensus among immigrant advocates that sees such studies as missing the point, and instead emphasizes the human and worker rights of all immigrants. In this regard, she criticizes immigrant advocates who have fallen into the trap of dividing immigrants between good ("legal") and bad ("illegal").
Chang highlights the folly of this approach in recounting the trials of Zoë Baird, Clinton's first nominee for Attorney General. When it came to light that she employed two undocumented immigrants as domestic servants--a common "crime" among two-career, professional couples--her nomination was sunk. What led to public outrage, according to Chang, was more the "resentment that this practice was so easily accessible to the more privileged classes while other working-class mothers struggled to find any child care," rather than the flouting of the law per se.
Throughout, Chang gives us moving accounts of gross exploitation of immigrant women working as domestics or caretakers, showing that relatively well-off households often look specifically for "illegals" to save money and to facilitate their privileged lives. Indeed, "the advances of many middle-class white women in the workforce have been largely predicated on the exploitation of poor, immigrant women." For Chang, this explains why "the major women's groups were conspicuously silent during Baird's confirmation hearings"--a manifestation of the racial and class privileges their members enjoy.
Recent antiwelfare efforts in the United States, which Chang explores in another provocative chapter, also rely on the exploitation and scapegoating of immigrant women. She compares representations of poor women--native and immigrant--used both in the promotion of welfare "reform" and in efforts to regulate undocumented working women. In both cases, poor women are portrayed as exploiters of the system (to facilitate their hyperfertility) and as criminals--either as welfare cheats or as "illegals." For welfare mothers, the resulting backlash is "workfare"--a program that forces them to work (outside their homes, under the assumption that raising children is neither work nor a benefit to society), but not for a wage. They work for their welfare benefits instead, a remuneration usually far below what they would earn as employees. Meanwhile, government officials, corporate spokespersons and household employers mask their exploitation of low-wage employees as beneficence, purportedly providing them with opportunities, training and preparation, and the ability to assimilate into respectable society.
The war on the poor (welfare reform) and that against unauthorized immigrants are also sometimes functionally tied. Virginia's state office of social services, for example, cooperated with the INS to open up jobs held by "illegals" for workfare participants. This, along with INS raids of workplaces in the midst of unionization drives, according to Chang, is a growing trend. It is far from clear, however--at least on the basis of the anecdotal evidence Chang presents--that such events indicate a long-term, upward trend. Indeed, while anti-union employers have long used the INS to undermine immigrant-worker organizing, with a number of especially outrageous incidents taking place in the late 1990s, those appear to have diminished over the last couple of years, apparently due to the outcry from union, immigration and human rights activists. In part, the discrepancy reflects the fact that Chang wrote the book--more a collection of essays stitched together--over several years, with some of the chapters having appeared in previous publications.
Chang tends to see the factors that create and drive immigration and the mistreatment of low-wage immigrant workers as derivative of an overarching economic logic and a resulting set of intentional, goal-oriented practices. Thus, the workfare/INS-raid nexus illustrates the "true function" of the INS: "to regulate the movement, availability, and independence of migrant labor." More generally, immigration "is carefully orchestrated--that is, desired, planned, compelled, managed, accelerated, slowed and periodically stopped--by the direct actions of US interests, including the government as state and as employer, private employers, and corporations." United States elites keep Mexico and other countries in "debt bondage" so that they "must surrender their citizens, especially women, as migrant laborers to First World nations." And the purpose of California's Proposition 187, which would have eliminated public health, education and social services for unauthorized immigrants, is "perhaps" to mold immigrant children into a "category entirely of super-exploitable workers--those with no access to language or other skills and, most of all, no access to a status even remotely resembling citizenship that might allow them the safety to organize."
Such contentions imply a level of unity within the state and coherency in thought among economic and political actors (who are seemingly one and the same) that simply do not exist. They also downplay the agency of immigrants--who appear to be mere pawns of larger forces--and factors internal to their countries of origin driving immigration. Finally, such economic reductionism is puzzling given Chang's emphasis on race, gender and nationality. It seems at times, however, that she thinks that these are mere tools for highly rational, all-knowing and all-powerful economic elites.
This is why we need to appreciate the autonomous roles of race-, class-, gender- and nation-based ideologies in informing much of the anti-immigrant sentiment--factors that do not always dovetail with the interests of capital. Indeed, those elements are frequently at cross purposes. More than anything, anti-immigrant initiatives over the past thirty years have been the work of opportunistic and/or entrepreneurial elected officials, state bureaucrats and the cultural right--often small grassroots organizations and right-wing think tanks--rather than the business sector. Historically, capital has been generally pro-immigration. As the New York Journal of Commerce gushed in 1892, "Men, like cows, are expensive to raise and a gift of either should be gladly received. And a man can be put to more valuable use than a cow." Today, the Wall Street Journal advocates the elimination of border controls for labor. While this probably does not represent the view of most capitalists, it is significant nonetheless. And in the case of Proposition 187--as Chang reports--California employers, while collectively failing to take a public stand on the measure, generally opposed it for fear that they had much to lose if it passed. That said, the author is undoubtedly right to castigate employers for doing little or nothing to stand up for the rights of immigrants from whose labor, and from whose politically induced marginalization, they profit.
Given the divergent emphases and approaches of Andreas and Chang, very different solutions emerge from their arguments. Andreas criticizes the overemphasis on the supply side of unauthorized immigration and drugs. In terms of immigrants, for example, he observes that among wealthy countries, the United States "imposes the toughest penalties on the smuggling of migrants and related activities yet is among the most lenient with those who employ them." Similarly, he criticizes the scant resources available for enforcing existing workplace rules, which would undermine the ability of employers to exploit unauthorized workers, and he chides Congress for failing to develop a forgery-proof identity card system. (His stand on continued drug policing in the border region is less clear, although he calls for framing the drug problem as one of public health rather than law enforcement.)
Andreas seems resigned to the continued emphasis on border controls, too, despite demonstrating their brilliant failure. As one INS official he quotes explained, "The border is easy money politically. But the interior is a political minefield." Ending the border buildup is also a political minefield--one Andreas seems unwilling to enter. He is decidedly critical of the border status quo and aware of the hardships it causes (a topic to which he gives insufficient attention), but he critiques it on its own terms. In this regard, he does not stray outside the mainstream confines of debate.
A law-enforcement approach to unauthorized immigration is destined to fail. The ties between the United States and Mexico (and increasingly much of Latin America) are too strong, migrants are too resourceful and creative, and Americans are too resistant to the types of police-state measures that would prove necessary, to reduce unsanctioned immigration significantly. A far more effective and humane approach would be to work with progressive sectors of Third World societies to address the breakdown of political, economic and social systems and/or institutionalized injustice that often leads to immigration.
De-emphasizing boundary policing will likely reduce the deaths of unauthorized migrants (almost 600 in the California border region alone since 1994). But increased internal enforcement will create other difficulties, such as increased discrimination against those who do not look "American." It will also cause greater hardships in immigrant households, many of which contain people of different legal statuses. Should the US deport a principal breadwinner (an "illegal") from such a household, for example, leaving behind his or her US citizen children and "legal" spouse to fend for themselves?
Although Andreas argues that "the state has actually structured, conditioned, and even enabled (often unintentionally) clandestine border crossings," he discusses this matter in narrow terms, focusing on how previous "solutions" to the putative problems had an exacerbating effect. Meanwhile, he neglects the role played by the government and US-based economic interests in creating the conditions that fuel immigration. Thus, no issues of moral or political responsibility enter the analysis.
Grace Chang, on the other hand, puts a strong emphasis on the responsibility of the United States in fueling outmigration; it benefits from immigrant women's labor and wreaks havoc in Third World countries through the likes of military interventions and the imposition of structural adjustment programs. For Chang, the question is not one of trying to devise the best policy to control the unauthorized but of bringing about the changes needed to realize the rights of immigrants as workers and as human beings. In making this case, Chang correctly calls upon those of us who benefit from an unjust world order to stand in solidarity with immigrants--especially low-wage, Third World women who enable our privileged lifestyles--in their struggle for social justice at home and abroad.
It was curled on the pavement, forehead to knees,
as if it had died while bowing. Its stripes
were citrine-yellow, and the black of a moonless
starless, clear night. It did not
belong on a street, to be stepped on, I picked it
up in a fold of glove, and in the taxi
canted it onto a floral hankie,
a small, thin, cotton death-glade--
and the bee moved, one foreleg,
like an arm, feebly, as if old. It seemed
not long for this world, and it seemed I could not
save it, and had been saved, by its gesture,
from smothering it all day in my bag. I would have
liked to set it in a real glade,
but I thought that it might still, right now,
be suffering, yet I could not kill it
directly--I shook it, from the hankie, out the window,
onto West End Avenue,
hoping that, before a tire
killed it, instantly, it would hear
and feel huge rushes of tread and wind,
like flight, like the bee-god's escape.
One of the most remarkable--but unremarked, other than superficially--aspects of globalism is its erosional effect on the role of the state as we've known it since the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. Indeed, as Nation editorial board member Richard Falk notes in opening Human Rights Horizons, "The sovereign state is changing course due primarily to the widespread adoption of neoliberal approaches to governmental function.... There exists a broad cumulative trend toward the social disempowerment of the state," and "market forces operate as an impersonal agency for the infliction of human wrongs." Advancing their cause despite the privatizing of government functions--the ultimate in deregulation--may be "the most pressing framing question for human rights activists," Falk asserts in this scholarly meditation.
Falk moves between the specific and the general, whether geographically (from Rwanda to Kosovo to the Gulf War) or institutionally (the UN, NATO, World Bank, IMF), to try to tease out the foundations and implications of a new world moral order. He eschews easy answers--"it remains premature at this point to set forth 'the lessons of Kosovo'"--and is skeptical, yet he presents signs of hope: Global media provide "vivid images...of popular activism and makes the struggles in one setting suggestive...in another," for instance, and in one of its dynamics, globalization "is creating a stronger sense of shared destiny among the diverse peoples of the world."
In the more trying period ahead, a modest internationalism would fare best.
Crow light: I call it that at dawn
when one wing, then this other, bursts in flame,
catching the sun's rising. The stupid bird,
dipping his hunk of bread into the water,
doesn't know the Mississippi is my friend:
it disgorges in the gulf the frozen states I came from.
Mississippi! She was a grade school spelling word
in Detroit for me. I spelled well. Now, forty years later
I jog beside her interchange of gold and silver lustres,
always too much in love with any surface of the world.
But the crow: I know it's not the same bird
morning after morning. Still, the dipping of his beak
into this water, softening a breakfast for his gullet
demanding, like mine, daily satisfactions
lets me pretend every day's the same.
On one chunk of that bread some day up ahead
my last day is written, clear as the printing
on my birth certificate on file in Michigan.
Crows dip their bread. Daily, I run for breath,
hoping to extend my distance, even a little.
The Mississippi muddies, clears, according to the factories
up North, the local, snarled measures against its dying.
Slowly, even the river is passing from us while I run.
You have "little trace," exclaimed Gershom Scholem in a letter he sent to the great Jewish political philosopher Hannah Arendt, of "love for the Jewish people." It was the early 1960s, and Scholem, one of Israel's most prominent intellectuals, was responding to her analysis of Adolf Eichmann's trial. Scholem's attack was spurred by several assertions Arendt had made, including her allegation that the Jewish officials in the ghettos--the Judenrat--expedited the extermination machine; if they had not collaborated with the Nazis, Arendt wrote, fewer Jews would have been killed.
Scholem's criticism expressed the prevailing view held by Israel's elite. Not surprisingly, Arendt was censored in Israel, and it took thirty-six years before an Israeli press agreed to translate her writings. Although the recent appearance of Eichmann in Jerusalem in Hebrew has rekindled an age-old debate, it seems that Israelis can now relate to the Holocaust in a more mature way.
Corners of the Jewish establishment in the United States may not be ready to cope with similarly forceful criticism, though, judging from the response to Norman Finkelstein's The Holocaust Industry. A review put forth in the New York Times tossed it aside as "an ideological fanatic's view of other people's opportunism, by a writer so reckless and ruthless in his attacks that he is prepared to defend his own enemies, the bastions of Western capitalism, and to warn that 'The Holocaust' will stir up an anti-Semitism whose significance he otherwise discounts." There are two major problems with this line of criticism. First, it summarily dismisses Finkelstein's arguments without any attempt to engage his disturbing accusations. Second, instead of concentrating on the book, the reviewer goes after the author, implying that Finkelstein, the son of survivors, represents a neoteric breed of anti-Semite. In this way, it resembles the assault on Arendt.
On the book's first page Finkelstein distinguishes between the actual historical events of the Nazi holocaust and "The Holocaust," a term denoting an "ideological weapon." He notifies the reader that The Holocaust Industry deals only with the ideological component, which is used to cast both Israel and "the most successful ethnic group in the United States" as victims. Victim status, in turn, says Finkelstein, enables the Zionist state, which has "a horrendous human rights record," to deflect criticism, and US Jewish organizations (the American Jewish Committee, the American Jewish Congress and others) to advance dubious financial goals.
Others have already shown that the holocaust has served to justify pernicious acts. Tom Segev, a leading Israeli journalist, said as much over a decade ago in his book The Seventh Million. In the early 1980s, Israeli scholar Boaz Evron observed that the holocaust is often discussed by "a churning out of slogans and a false view of the world, the real aim of which is not at all an understanding of the past, but the manipulation of the present." Thus, Finkelstein's contribution to the existing literature involves his concentration on US Jewish organizations. He attempts to go beyond Peter Novick's The Holocaust in American Life [see Jon Wiener, "Holocaust Creationism," July 12, 1999], which focused in part on abuses committed by Jewish organizations and intellectuals, by providing a much more radical critique. Finkelstein strives to show how the organizations have "shrunk the stature of [Jewish] martyrdom to that of a Monte Carlo casino."
The major claim of the first chapter, "Capitalizing the Holocaust," is that until the 1960s "American Jewish elites 'forgot' the Nazi holocaust," their public obliviousness induced by a fear of being accused of "dual loyalty." Finkelstein urges the reader to keep in mind that the United States opposed Israel's 1956 invasion of Egypt and did not become an ardent champion of the Jewish state until the mid-1960s. Accordingly, he avers, Jewish elites were apprehensive about accentuating the holocaust for fear that this would be interpreted as favoring Israel over the United States.
The reader is also reminded that after World War II, Germany became "a crucial postwar American ally in the US confrontation with the Soviet Union." It was, I believe along with the author, a sad moment in Jewish history when organizations like the American Jewish Committee and the Anti-Defamation League "actively collaborated in the McCarthy-era witch hunt." The crux of Finkelstein's argument in this context is that Jewish organizations "remembered" the holocaust only after the United States and Israel had formed a strategic cold war alliance. They suddenly realized that "The Holocaust" (in its capitalized form) could be employed as an ideological tool.
Finkelstein does not hesitate to use blunt language rather than euphemism; and although he usually applies words in a precise manner, at times he gets carried away in his analysis. For instance, at the very end of the first chapter, after discussing the dissolution of the longstanding alliance between American Jews and blacks, he claims that "just as Israelis, armed to the teeth by the United States, courageously put unruly Palestinians in their place, so American Jews courageously put unruly Blacks in their place." The book offers no support for the sentence's second clause; the analogy it sets up, too, is erroneous and can easily be used to discredit Finkelstein and thus his more serious charges.
The book's principal weakness, however, develops in its second chapter, "Hoaxers, Hucksters and History." Finkelstein dedicates this portion of the book to undermining two "central dogmas" that "underpin the Holocaust framework: (1) The Holocaust marks a categorically unique historical event; (2) The Holocaust marks the climax of an irrational, eternal Gentile hatred of Jews."
My criticism has nothing to do with Finkelstein's analysis of the second dogma, whose paradigmatic example is Daniel Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners. The main thesis underlying Goldhagen's book--which has been acclaimed in some quarters but derided in many others--is that ordinary Germans were no less anti-Semitic than National Socialist Party members. Goldhagen's theory serves the notion that Jews can always fall prey to Gentiles, which makes them the quintessential and eternal victims. And if "'all people collaborated with the Nazis in the destruction of Jewry,'" then, as Boaz Evron points out, "everything is permissible to Jews in their relationship to other people." Together with Ruth Bettina Birn, an international expert on Nazi war crimes, Finkelstein examined Goldhagen's references one by one, and in their book A Nation on Trial they concluded convincingly that Hitler's Willing Executioners is not worthy of being called an academic text.
My problem, rather, lies with Finkelstein's attempt to demonstrate that the holocaust was not a unique historical event. I disagree with Elie Wiesel, who for a "standard fee of $25,000 (plus a chauffeured limousine)"--in Finkelstein's aside--insists that "we cannot even talk about it," and I follow Finkelstein's admonition that it's helpful to compare it with other historical events. Yes, Finkelstein is right that Communists, not Jews, were the first political casualties of Nazism, and that the handicapped were the first genocidal victims. He is also correct that Gypsies were systematically murdered. But these facts do not prove that the holocaust was unique only "by virtue of time and location," in his formulation. Even though mass genocide has occurred elsewhere, death trains, gas ovens and Auschwitz have not. The holocaust, including the horrific experience of European Jewry, was unique.
Finkelstein's error is in conflating two issues: the uniqueness of the holocaust, on the one hand, and how this uniqueness is interpreted and put to use in manipulative ways, on the other. He fails to recognize that one need not debunk the uniqueness of an event in order to compare it and criticize its use and abuse.
Nonetheless, when it comes to analyzing how "The Holocaust" has been employed to advance political interests, Finkelstein is at his best. He shows how "The Holocaust" demagogues draw a link between "uniqueness" and "Jewish chosenness" and demonstrates how both are used to justify Israel's rightness, regardless of the context. His most notable contribution is in the third chapter of his book, "The Double Shakedown," where he couches as an exposé his view that "the Holocaust industry has become an outright extortion racket." The chapter deals with a few specific cases but mainly focuses on the circumstances leading to the compensation agreement between Switzerland and a number of Jewish organizations. In this disturbing affair the devil is in the details, and Finkelstein has done his homework.
The empirical evidence he supplies is alarming. He documents how Jewish organizations have consistently exaggerated numbers--of slave laborers or the amount of "victim gold" purchased by the banks--in order to secure more money. This sort of inflation was recently repeated in an October 23 letter written by Burt Neuborne--the lead counsel in the Swiss banks case--to The Nation. Neuborne claimed, for instance, that if one takes into account that there were "more than 2 million wartime accounts" whose records have been destroyed, then the $1.25 billion compensation provided by the Swiss "barely scratches the surface of the stolen funds." Neuborne fails to mention the findings published by the Independent Committee of Eminent Persons, also known as the Volcker Committee, in its Report on Dormant Accounts of Victims of Nazi Persecution in Swiss Banks (1999). The committee established that approximately 54,000 dormant accounts had a "possible or probable" relationship to Holocaust victims, and of these only half had any real likely connection. Considering that "the estimated value of 10,000 of these accounts for which some information was available runs to $170-200 million," even Raul Hilberg, author of the seminal study The Destruction of the European Jews, infers that the "current value of the monies in the dormant Jewish accounts is far less than the $1.25 billion paid by the Swiss."
Hilberg himself has accused some Jewish organizations of "blackmail," and Finkelstein describes in detail how this economic strong-arming was carried out. While the high-powered lawyers representing the organizations haggled with the Swiss, the Jewish lobby launched an extensive campaign. This drive included the publication of studies--supported by the Simon Wiesenthal Center--that accused Switzerland of "knowingly profiting from blood money" and committing "unprecedented theft," and claimed that "dishonesty was a cultural code that individual Swiss have mastered to protect the nation's image and prosperity." Using its leverage, the lobby utilized these allegations in the House and Senate banking committees in order to orchestrate a "shameless campaign of vilification" against Switzerland, in Finkelstein's words. Simultaneously, it convinced officials in a number of states, including New York, New Jersey and Illinois, to threaten the Swiss banks with economic boycott. Finally, the banks bent in response. Call it what you will, ingenious lobbying or conspiracy theory, Finkelstein manages to disclose how this well-oiled machine has utilized abhorrent methods to fill its coffers.
The World Jewish Congress has amassed "roughly $7 billion" in compensation moneys. One reads that former Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger earns an annual salary of $300,000 as chairman of the International Commission on Holocaust-Era Insurance Claims, while ex-Senator Alfonse D'Amato is paid $350 an hour plus expenses for mediating Holocaust lawsuits--he received $103,000 for the first six months of his labors. Most of the attorneys hired by the Jewish organizations earn around $600 an hour and their fees in total have reached several million. One lawyer asked for "$2,400 for reading Tom Bower's book, Nazi Gold." These attorneys might be demanding a smaller fee than is common to such litigation, but even a small percentage of a billion dollars is a lot of money. One should keep in mind that Finkelstein's mother received $3,500 for spending years in the Warsaw ghetto and in labor camps--the same amount D'Amato made in ten hours' work. These numbers plainly suggest that the "struggle," as much as it may be about paying damages to victims, has elements of an out-and-out money grab.
Finkelstein's analysis here boils down to three major criticisms: First, US Jewish organizations have been using shady methods to squeeze as much money as they can from European countries; second, while these organizations "celebrate" the "needy victims," much of the money gained in the process does not reach the victims but is used by organizations for "pet projects" and exorbitant overhead salaries; and third, that Jewish organizations' ongoing distortion of facts and emotional manipulation foments anti-Semitism. While his arguments are convincing, his attempt to be provocative leads to carelessness. His claim that the "Holocaust may turn out to be the greatest theft in the history of mankind" is preposterous, especially considering the history of imperialism. And yes, the "Holocaust industry" probably engenders some anti-Semitism; but Finkelstein should also clearly state that any misbehavior by Jewish organizations does not, and never can, provide an excuse for it.
Finkelstein does not spend all of his ire on his critique of Jewish organizations; he forcefully condemns US double standards as well. Why, for example, was a Holocaust museum built on the Washington Mall while there is no similarly high-profile museum commemorating crimes that took place in the course of American history? "Imagine," he says, "the wailing accusation of hypocrisy here were Germany to build a national museum in Berlin to commemorate not the Nazi genocide but American slavery or the extermination of Native Americans." Along the same line, the United States pressures Germany to pay compensation for its use of slave labor, but few in government dare mention compensation for African-Americans. Swiss banks are asked to pay back money taken from Jews but are allowed to continue profiting from the billions of dollars deposited by tyrants like Mobutu and Suharto at the expense of indigenous populations.
Informing Finkelstein's analysis is a universal ethics, which echoes Arendt's important claim that Eichmann should have been sentenced for his crimes against humanity rather than his crimes against the Jews. His book is controversial not entirely because of his mistakes or his piercing rhetoric but because he speaks truth to power. He, and not the Jewish organizations he criticizes, is following the example set by the great Jewish prophets.
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Menck Bolt Jeweling Replacement Abrasive 1/4"
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Create a custom jewel pattern on any bolt with this simple tool. Fits any standard drill press chuck.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Invest in You: Attend a Workshop at SMX Advanced
Successful marketers invest time learning new skills and perspective-changing ideas. That's why we're offering six unique workshops and summits featuring leading experts on June 10 at SMX Advanced. Choose from:
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Discover what's up in the business of marketing each Friday.


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Australian woman charged with murder of 8 children whose bodies were found...
Selena Gomez is reportedly "obsessed" with her on/off boyfriend, Justin...
MIDLAND – Warm thanks to the homeowners who graciously opened their homes...
BARRIE - Irma Young, owner of Irma's Salon, helps keep Annet Bernier, a...
Now that Bill 115 is gone, does that mean public school teachers are once again in a legal strike position?
That's the argument posed this morning by the elementary teachers union before an Ontario Labour Relations Board hearing.
When the province repealed the controversial bill, it set parties back to where they were before contracts were imposed, allowing unions to strike and boards to lock out teachers, according to Elementary Teachers Federation of Ontario lawyers.
If the union wins the closely watched case, all bets are off — and the possibility of strikes looms once again — in the prolonged labour dispute causing turmoil in Ontario schools.
The controversial bill, also known as the Putting Students First Act, denied unions the right to strike and imposed contracts.
Unions for elementary and high school teachers have encouraged their members to withdraw volunteer activities in protest, but two school boards, Trillium Lakelands and Upper Canada district school boards, filed applications with the labour board for a cease and desist order to make the union stop encouraging this boycott.
The elementary union turned the tables this morning by raising the possibility that all federation members are in a strike position thanks the Bill 115's repeal, so the argument is moot.
They can take any strike action because they have no collective agreements, union lawyer Howard Goldblatt argued.
The contracts are null and void, he said, and, therefore, teachers can negotiate and legally strike.
"The stakes just exploded; ETFO lawyer arguing now that contracts have ceased to exist so all labor peace bets are off," tweeted Toronto Star reporter Louise Brown, who live-tweeted throughout the morning, "Two boards want ruling on whether boycott of plays + pizza lunches is illegal; ETFO arguing for right to full blown strikes."
The Education Ministry has decided to seek intervenor status in the hearings to defend the collective agreements, ministry spokesperson Paris Meilleur said in an interview this morning
Despite the repeal of the act, the collective agreements are still in place and subject to the Labour Relations Act, she said. The ministry is confident in this argument and will continue to make it to the (labour relations board and) look forward to the board's ruling.
York Region elementary teacher union president David Clegg is also watching for a ruling.
"The only comment I have at this juncture is ... does the public need any better proof that (Education Minister) Laurel Broten and the Liberals have had no idea what they are doing for the last year than to see the mess that is now unfolding at the OLRB?"
York Region public school board spokesperson Licinio Miguelo said while his board continues to communicate with the unions, it's premature to speculate on a ruling.
"We have no decision yet and we have not received any indication from anyone that there will be a change to the situation."
For members of the York Region Parent Association, the idea of even bigger strike action is worrisome.
If the union's argument is upheld, "the scope is much bigger than just work to rule", association co-chairperson Alick Siu said.
The group has planned a town hall meeting for parents to discuss the issue Wednesday in Markham.
"It will definitely give us more to talk about."
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Installed SS 3.03
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Every image I placed has a border around it. Is it possible to remove this border? If yes, how can I do this?
This site requires you to update your browser. Your browsing experience maybe affected by not having the most up to date version.


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New Homeless Children's Center Expected In Little Rock By Summer 2014
By Malcolm Glover
Officials with Our House, a Little Rock-based nonprofit organization that serves homeless families, say construction is underway for a new Children's Center.
A groundbreaking ceremony for the 19,000 square foot facility is scheduled for Wednesday. Georgia Mjartan is executive director of Our House.
When complete, the Center is supposed to be a safe place where homeless youth can receive a nutritious meal and participate in educational and fun activities.
Mjartan says Our House expects to open the Children's Center by May 1, 2014 so 150 young people can get the support they need by next summer.


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Ms. Michelle R. Nelson
Orthopaedic Surgery, Aurora Medical Group Burlington
- 248 McHenry St
Burlington, WI 53105
- 1 Office Location
- (262) 767-8000
Ms. Nelson works in Burlington, WI and specializes in Orthopaedic Surgery. Ms. Nelson is affiliated with Aurora Lakeland Medical Center, Aurora Memorial Hospital Burlington and Aurora St Lukes Medical Center. Ms. Nelson speaks Chinese, English and Spanish.
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Hospital Affiliations: Aurora Lakeland Medical Center, Aurora Memorial Hospital Burlington, Aurora St Lukes Medical Center
Specialties: Orthopaedic Surgery


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CodeTopo is a software that allows to automatically draw maps from list of cartesian coordinates. Drawings are constituted by vector objects and are saved in a PDF file.
The graphics can be scaled and, if these options are set, CodeTopo will draw : a peripheral grid, a cartridge with legend, north arrow,etc.
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Visionary Solutions Appoints New Head of Sales and Marketing
SANTA BARBARA, Calif. — Feb. 9, 2012 — Visionary Solutions Inc. today announced that the company has appointed Mike Piper as its new vice president of sales and marketing. In his new role, Piper will be responsible for leading global sales, marketing, and new product development efforts for Visionary Solutions' IPTV products, including its flagship product — the AVN443 encoder. more
Related Topics: Corporate AV, News |


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thelead wrote:Dwight is back. Looking very healthy.
I predict that he will get hurt again, and this time is going to be worse. Torn labrums don't get magically better just like that with a week's rest.
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Moderators: Devin 1L, eyriq, Hilltop, Howard Mass, damo[23], MagicMadness
#1216 Re: Around The League


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COS student answers 'X Factor' open call
TW grad got chance to sing before Cowell
3:27 AM, Jan. 23, 2014
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COS student answers 'X Factor' open call
College of the Sequoias engineering student Elizabeth Rocha said she expected to be a target for sharp-tongued music critic Simon Cowell while she auditioned for the reality, talent-seeking show the
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Arsenal have attempted to beat Chelsea to the signing of Queens Park Rangers striker Loic Remy by meeting his £10.5m release clause, according to the Daily Telegraph.
On Saturday, it had looked as though Chelsea had wrapped up the signing of Remy by agreeing a deal with QPR. The move to Stamford Bridge is still close to being confirmed although a medical is still to be completed, but Arsenal have provided Remy with another option.
The Blues are reportedly confident that the deal will still take place as they believe Arsenal have intervened too late. Remy is set to brought in as a replacement for Fernando Torres, who left for Milan in a two-year loan deal. That left manager Jose Mourinho with Diego Costa as his only recognised striking option.
As for Arsenal, they are looking to sign a striker after Olivier Giroud was ruled out until the end of the calendar year after breaking his tibia late on in the 2-2 draw at Everton. Remy has previously been linked with a move to the Emirates Stadium, and the Gunners will be hoping that he has a change of heart.
See what the expert tipsters at OLBG are tipping on Leicester v Arsenal
Liverpool 2-2 Arsenal: Skrtel late header rescues deserved point for Liverpool
Newcastle 0-1 Sunderland: Johnson strikes late to sink the Magpies in tempestuous Tyne-Wear derby
Liverpool vs Arsenal - Premier League preview and team news
Newcastle vs Sunderland - Premier League preview and team news
Arsenal to make January bid for Kramer
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Congressmen-Elect John K. Delaney Steps Down As CapitalSource Board Chairman
LOS ANGELES, Dec. 20, 2012 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- CapitalSource Inc. (NYSE:CSE) today announced that its Founder, John K. Delaney, has resigned as Chairman and a member of the Company's Board of Directors and as a member of the CapitalSource Bank Board of Directors, effective immediately, as he completes preparations to join the 113 th Congress as a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Long-time Board member and Presiding Independent Director William G. Byrnes has been elected to succeed Delaney as Chairman. The Board recognized Mr. Delaney's contributions to the Company since its founding in 2000 with the honorary title of Chairman Emeritus. He will take office on January 3, 2013, representing the 6th Congressional District in Maryland.
"I love CapitalSource and am devoted to many of the individuals who contributed to our success over the years, so it is a special honor to be awarded the Chairman Emeritus title," said Congressman-elect John K. Delaney. "I have always subscribed to the belief that our work in life falls into one of three categories - duty, obligation, or privilege. Starting CapitalSource and working with all of my colleagues across the past 12 years has always been a privilege. I am particularly pleased that Jim Pieczynski and Tad Lowrey are managing the Company and that Bill Byrnes will be Board Chair," added Delaney. "Jim and Tad are doing a truly exceptional job leading CapitalSource and Bill has a deep understanding of the strategic priorities for the Company.
"In addition to thanking my colleagues for making CapitalSource possible, I want to thank the countless individuals outside the Company with whom I have had the pleasure of working, including our clients, investors, lenders, regulators and advisors. Based on its people, its market position, and its financial strength, the future business prospects for CapitalSource are extremely bright,"concluded Delaney.
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December 10, 2014
Eastbound Interstate 94 in St. Paul, Minn., will be closed from Dec. 12 through Dec. 15 for work on the Lafayette bridge.
December 4, 2014
Vehicles longer than 30 feet, including trucks, will soon be banned from a mountainous section of eastern Tennessee roadway, due to a high number of crashes over a three-year period.
December 1, 2014
Westbound Interstate 94 in St. Paul, Minn., between Highway 61 and Interstate 35 East will be closed from Dec. 5 through Dec. 8 for bridge work. The road will close at 10 p.m. on Friday, Dec. 5th and reopens on Monday, Dec. 8th at 5 a.m.
November 25, 2014
Anyone out driving the day before Thanksgiving needs to be prepared for possible big traffic delays with traffic congestion predicted to be 25% worse than a typical Wednesday afternoon, according to the traffic analytics company Inrix.
November 24, 2014
More than 46 million Americans will journey 50 miles or more from home during the Thanksgiving holiday weekend, with most of them taking to the highways, according to a forecast from AAA Travel.
September 22, 2014
The private operator of the Indiana Toll Road has filed for bankruptcy reorganization, following a deal several years ago in which a consortium of Spanish and Australian investors leased the route from the state of Indiana.
September 19, 2014
The U.S. Public Interest Research Group's "Highway Boondoggles: Wasted Money and America's Transportation Future," explains how 11 projects, costing at least $13 billion, are based on what it says are driving forecasts that are out of synch with the decade-long trend toward less driving.
September 18, 2014
More money is going to state highways, but there has been very little progress in improving their condition, according to a new report from the libertarian think tank the Reason Foundation and its 21st Annual Highway Report.
September 15, 2014
The Nevada Department of Transportation reopened Interstate 15 north of Las Vegas Friday after 4 p.m., but only partially for commercial vehicles.
September 12, 2014
Nevada transportation officials hope to reopen sometime Friday a section of Interstate 15 between Las Vegas and the Utah border that has been closed since Monday -- however, trucks heading in one direction will continue to have to take a long and painful detour.
September 9, 2014
Freight interests are staking ground for the next highway program, asserting the need for sustainable funding, systematic planning and improved efficiency. The Freight Stakeholders Coalition, representing 18 carrier and shipper organizations including American Trucking Associations, published a 9-point platform for the upcoming debate over reauthorization of the program.
September 5, 2014
The Michigan Department of Transportation has activated the Truck Parking Information and Management System on a section of Interstate 94 in southwest Michigan.
September 2, 2014
New estimates released by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration show that American driving between July 2013 and June 2014 is at levels not seen since 2008.
July 23, 2014
The Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission on Wednesday placed a 70 mph speed limit on a 100-mile stretch of toll road in the south-central part of the state, up from 65 mph.
July 21, 2014
Rand McNally has released the 2015 edition of the Motor Carriers' Road Atlas, a guide for over-the-road and other large-vehicle drivers.
July 16, 2014
U.S. Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx received a report this week from the Department of Transportation's National Freight Advisory Committee making 81 recommendations to improve the performance of the nation's freight transportation system.
July 11, 2014
A new report finds that the nation's rural transportation system is in need of modernization to address deficient roads and bridges, due in part to increased truck traffic, and suffer from high crash rates and inadequate capacity.
July 9, 2014
N.Y. Gov. Andrew Cuomo announced the designation of Route 15 as Interstate 99 between Corning, Steuben County, and the Pennsylvania border.
July 2, 2014
Expect the highways to be more crowded this Independence Day weekend that they were last year and compared to the recent Memorial Day holiday.
May 23, 2014
AAA projects 36.1 million Americans will journey 50 miles or more from home during the Memorial Day holiday weekend, a 1.5% increase from last year, with more than eight in 10 driving to their destinations.
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June 8, 2013
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Vans reinterprets one of their staple silhouettes for the harsh winter season with the Sk8-Hi MTE. Designed to withstand the winter season, the MTE model features a Scotchgard™-treated upper, in addition to small enhancements such as a warm fleece liner, and a heat retention layer to keep the wearer warm and dry. The black upper features tumbled leather side panels, as well as a tonal suede toebox. Brown accents are seen on the leather collar and heel pull, as well as the welt on the midsole. The outsole solidifies this winterized model, utilizing a rugged lug outsole inspired by a classic snowboot.
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Andover, Minnesota
For population 25 years and over in Andover:
For population 15 years and over in Andover city:
1,203 residents are foreign born (0.8% Asia, 0.6% Europe).
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2012: $2,685 (1.1%)
Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: Coon Rapids, MN (6.1 miles , pop. 61,607).
Nearest city with pop. 200,000+: Minneapolis, MN (20.5 miles , pop. 382,618).
Nearest city with pop. 1,000,000+: Chicago, IL (368.8 miles , pop. 2,896,016).
Nearest cities: Anoka, MN (2.2 miles ), Ramsey, MN (2.3 miles ), Oak Grove, MN (2.4 miles ), Ham Lake, MN (2.4 miles ), Coon Rapids, MN (2.5 miles ), Champlin, MN (2.6 miles ), East Bethel, MN (2.8 miles ), Nowthen, MN (2.9 miles ).
Single-family new house construction building permits:
Number of permits per 10,000 residents
Average cost (in $1000s)
Latitude: 45.26 N, Longitude: 93.33 W
Daytime population change due to commuting: -10,518 (-34.3%)
City-data.com crime rate counts serious crimes more heavily. It adjusts for the number of visitors and daily workers commuting into cities.
(click on a table row to update graph)
Crime rate in Andover detailed stats: murders, rapes, robberies, assaults, burglaries, thefts, arson
Andover, Minnesota accommodation, waste management, arts - Economy and Business DataUnemployment in July 2013:
Unemployment by year (%)
Historical population
Population change in the 1990s: +11,305 (+74.0%).
Work and jobs in Andover: detailed stats about occupations, industries, unemployment, workers, commute
Average climate in Andover, Minnesota
Based on data reported by over 4,000 weather stations
Tornado activity:
Andover-area historical tornado activity is above Minnesota state average. It is 76% greater than the overall U.S. average.
On 7/3/1983, a category F4 (max. wind speeds 207-260 mph) tornado 2.7 miles away from the Andover city center injured 4 people and caused between $5000 and $50,000 in damages.
On 6/19/1951, a category F4 tornado 2.7 miles away from the city center killed one person and injured 20 people and caused between $500,000 and $5,000,000 in damages.
Earthquake activity:Andover-area historical earthquake activity is significantly below Minnesota state average. It is 100% smaller than the overall U.S. average.
On 2/9/1994 at 08:45:35, a magnitude 3.1 (3.1 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi, Class: Light, Intensity: II - III) earthquake occurred 83.4 miles away from the city center
Magnitude types: regional Lg-wave magnitude (LG)
Natural disasters:The number of natural disasters in Anoka County (10) is near the US average (12).
Major Disasters (Presidential) Declared: 7
Emergencies Declared: 2
Causes of natural disasters: Floods: 4, Storms: 3, Floods: 2, Tornadoes: 2, Wind: 1, Drought: 1, Fire: 1, Hurricane: 1 (Note: Some incidents may be assigned to more than one category).
Birthplace of: Clarence Munn - Football player and coach.
Hospitals/medical centers near Andover:
Political contributions by individuals in Andover, MN
Local government website: www.ci.andover.mn.us
Colleges/universities with over 2000 students nearest to Andover:
Public high schools in Andover:
Private high school in Andover:
Public elementary/middle schools in Andover:
See full list of schools located in Andover
Private elementary/middle school in Andover:
(lower is better)
Air Quality Index (AQI)
Carbon Monoxide (CO) [ppm] level in 2010 was 0.201. This is significantly better than average. Closest monitor was 13.0 miles away from the city center.
Lead (Pb) [µ/m3] level in 2010 was 0.00331. This is significantly better than average. Closest monitor was 4.5 miles away from the city center.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) [ppb] level in 2008 was 1.05. This is significantly better than average. Closest monitor was 10.2 miles away from the city center.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) [ppb] level in 2010 was 7.45. This is better than average. Closest monitor was 10.2 miles away from the city center.
Particulate Matter (PM10) [µ/m3] level in 2010 was 21.0. This is about average. Closest monitor was 13.4 miles away from the city center.
Particulate Matter (PM2.5) [µ/m3] level in 2010 was 10.3. This is about average. Closest monitor was 10.2 miles away from the city center.
Drinking water stations with addresses in Andover and their reported violations in the past:QUICK STOP (Address: 15825 Seventh Avenue , Population served: 300, Groundwater):
Past health violations:
Drinking water stations with addresses in Andover that have no violations reported:
Percentage of residents living in poverty in 2012: 4.2%
(4.1% for White Non-Hispanic residents, 3.5% for Black residents, 10.4% for Hispanic or Latino residents, 1.8% for American Indian residents, 24.8% for other race residents, 4.4% for two or more races residents)
Average household size:
Percentage of family households:
Percentage of households with unmarried partners:
Likely homosexual households (counted as self-reported same-sex unmarried-partner households)
Detailed information about poverty and poor residents in Andover, MN39 people in group homes intended for adults in 2010
11 people in homes for the mentally retarded in 2000
Andover compared to Minnesota state average:
Banks with branches in Andover (2011 data):
Educational Attainment (%) in 2012
School Enrollment by Level of School (%) in 2012
Most commonly used house heating fuel:
Presidential Elections Results
1996 2000 2004 2008 2012
1996 Presidential Elections Results
2000 Presidential Elections Results
2004 Presidential Elections Results
2008 Presidential Elections Results
2012 Presidential Elections Results
Graphs represent county-level data. Detailed 2008 Election Results
Neighborhood in Andover (Andover, Minnesota Neighborhood Map):
Religion statistics for Andover city (based on Anoka County data)Percentage of population affiliated with a religious congregations: 50.48%
Breakdown of population affiliated with a religious congregations
Tables represent county-level data.
Food Environment Statistics:
Number of grocery stores: 32
Number of supercenters and club stores: 3
Number of convenience stores (no gas): 14
Number of convenience stores (with gas): 109
Number of full-service restaurants: 125
Adult diabetes rate:
Adult obesity rate:
Low-income preschool obesity rate:
Andover government finances - Expenditure in 2002 (per resident):
Andover government finances - Revenue in 2002 (per resident):
Andover government finances - Debt in 2002 (per resident):
Andover government finances - Cash and Securities in 2002 (per resident):
8.16% of this county's 2006 resident taxpayers lived in other counties in 2005 ($41,871 average adjusted gross income)
0.04% of residents moved from foreign countries ($97 average AGI)
Top counties from which taxpayers relocated into this county between 2005 and 2006:
7.90% of this county's 2005 resident taxpayers moved to other counties in 2006 ($44,754 average adjusted gross income)
0.04% of residents moved to foreign countries ($183 average AGI)
Top counties to which taxpayers relocated from this county between 2005 and 2006:
Strongest AM radio stations in Andover:
Strongest FM radio stations in Andover:
TV broadcast stations around Andover:
Fatal accident count (per 100,000 population)
See more detailed statistics of Andover fatal car crashes and road traffic accidents for 1975 - 2011 here
National Bridge Inventory (NBI) Statistics
Number of bridges: 7
Total length: 18 meters (59ft)
Total average daily traffic: 66,767
Total average daily truck traffic: 5,349
Total future (year 2029) average daily traffic: 64,560
FCC Registered Cell Phone Towers:1 (See the full list of FCC Registered Cell Phone Towers in Andover)
FCC Registered Antenna Towers:8 (See the full list of FCC Registered Antenna Towers)
FCC Registered Private Land Mobile Towers:10 (See the full list of FCC Registered Private Land Mobile Towers in Andover, MN)
FCC Registered Microwave Towers:3
FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses:73 (See the full list of FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses in Andover)
FAA Registered Aircraft:35 (See the full list of FAA Registered Aircraft in Andover)
Detailed HMDA statistics for the following Tracts: 0502.08 , 0502.17, 0502.18, 0502.19, 0502.20, 0502.21, 0502.22
Detailed PMIC statistics for the following Tracts: 0502.08 , 0502.17, 0502.18, 0502.19, 0502.20, 0502.21, 0502.22
Conventional Home Purchase Loans
Conventional Home Purchase Loans - Value
2006 National Fire Incident Reporting System Incidents:
Incident types - Andover
See full 2006 National Fire Incident Reporting System statistics for Andover, MN
Andover on our top lists:
Total of 807 patent applications in 2008-2014.
Back to Andover, MN housing info, Anoka County, Minnesota, MN smaller cities, MN small cities, All Cities.


text:
April 16, 2011; St. Petersburg, FL, USA; Minnesota Twins right fielder Jason Kubel (right) is congratulated by third baseman Danny Valencia (19) after he hit a home run in the second inning against the Tampa Bay Rays at Tropicana Field. Kim Klement-US PRESSWIRE
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I purchased the frog as a birthday gift for a fellow garden buddy of mine. She was so shocked at how realistic the garden frog looks that she has placed it among her plants in the house. Thank you overstock for makiing my friend happy on her birthday.
This is my 4th garden figure from the Warts frog series from Michael Carr Designs, all purchased here on Overstock. They're very high quality and wonderfully detailed. This particular figure was larger in reality than the dimensions in the description led me to believe. If you think having oversized resin frogs in your garden would be cool, then get one of these.
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** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.


text:
Lady, let me tell you something...you might as well say that...
...the Ten Commandments is antiquated and out of date and should be re-written to reflect 21st Century ideals.
Let me explain:
The U.S. Constitution did NOT change ANY of man's fundemental rights - it simpley RE-ITERATED them.
Because man had so bastardized the God-given rights of the individual, the founders had to RE-STATE them and form a new government and force that government to adhere to these laws.
So the right to defend yourself is nothing new lady. It is our RIGHT.
THIS is the problem with this country when people of knowledge say things like this.
Our Constitution is only about 225 years old and NONE of our fundemental rights has changed in 225 years and they never will.
"We have allowed our nation to be over-taxed, over-regulated, and overrun by bureaucrats. The founders would be ashamed of us for what we are putting up with."
-Ron Paul
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text:
Executive Walnut Studycomments (0) April 6th, 2011 in Project Gallery
Walnut study. There are two oval windows, a coffered ceiling and fireplace. Above the lower cabinet doors are pullout shelves for book rests.
Design or Plan used: Brian Kent Jones, Architect
posted in: Project Gallery, finish carpentry, cabinets, built-ins, study
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Project House: A Simple Approach to Paneled Wainscot, Episode 1
Built on a bench and finished with stock moldings, these panels don't lose any points for style read more