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9 of 9 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars A shocking portrayal of a brutal future.
This is 'Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?', a true classic of science fiction novels and one that stands alone at that. This is the original format of the classic movie under the title 'Blade Runner'. It follows the trials of the Bounty Hunter Rick Deckard as he hunts down humanoids known as 'Replicants'- androids with the appearance of a regular human but with super...
Published on 10 Jan 2001
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful
3.0 out of 5 stars A CLASSIC -- BUSTER FRIENDLY SAYS SO!
This was published in the late sixties and could easily fit into the cyberpunk era.
It is set in the near future on a decimated Earth where humans have colonised Mars and other planets, it paints a very bleak time for all.
Most humans have left for Mars leaving only the unfortunate and the 'specials' to live life under a cloud of dust and degradation. The...
Published on 30 Jun 2000
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9 of 9 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars A shocking portrayal of a brutal future.,
By A Customer
This review is from: Blade Runner (Paperback)
This is 'Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?', a true classic of science fiction novels and one that stands alone at that. This is the original format of the classic movie under the title 'Blade Runner'. It follows the trials of the Bounty Hunter Rick Deckard as he hunts down humanoids known as 'Replicants'- androids with the appearance of a regular human but with super strength, agility and intelligence. They are illegal on earth so the position of a 'Blade Runner' is put to the test - a hunter/killer of the perpatrators. Rick Deckard is one of them. This all takes place in a dreary acid rain-sodden San-Fransisco. With an extremely dark, murky however engaging atmosphere. Although the 'Blade Runner' film was based on this novel, it's story line is completely altered although it's atmoshere and technologies remain. If you liked the film then this is simply a must as it almost adds a brand new chapter the the blade runner saga which is truly remarkable. I, personally have read it several times already and I am about to start it again. A truly timeless sci-fi classic - 5 stars!
23 of 24 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Reality?,
Mr. A. Felix "Amedeo" (London, UK) - See all my reviews
Philip K. Dick was part of the generation of 1950's science-fiction writers who took as their core task the criticism of American popular-culture. Thus there is a frequent recurrence of certain themes in his works: The threat of nuclear war; the evil effects of unbridled capitalism; and the degrading influence of mass-media (especially television). However there is another theme which pervades Dick's work, and is more personal: An obsession with the blurring of reality, dreams and waking confused together, mechanical replicas indistinguishable from their originals, drug-induced hallucinations more real than reality. His books are often structured as a series of unexpected trap doors. You think you know where you are and who is whom, then suddenly the bottom falls out and your certainties are thrown into doubt...
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful
3.0 out of 5 stars A CLASSIC -- BUSTER FRIENDLY SAYS SO!,
By A Customer
This was published in the late sixties and could easily fit into the cyberpunk era.
It is set in the near future on a decimated Earth where humans have colonised Mars and other planets, it paints a very bleak time for all.
Most humans have left for Mars leaving only the unfortunate and the 'specials' to live life under a cloud of dust and degradation. The story centres around a bounty hunter called Rick Deckard who is commissioned to 'retire' six androids that have escaped from Mars. The androids are intelligent and have taken on a personality of their own that gives a sense of human survival.
The dark backdrop of Earth together with the intense characters sets up a paranoid existence. There are many metaphors in place dealing with religion - mercerism - and of status in society - the materialistic needs, where owning are real animal denotes where your social standing is. Buster Friendly shows modern societies reliance on the media.
The spectre of Blade Runner sits on the shoulder of this book and may cloud the readers views somewhat. The ideas are very interesting but I do think becomes a little cumbersome in the final chapters and although thought provoking many of the aspects are not fully addressed.
This book is certainly worth are read and is entitled to feature as one of the Masterwork series.
19 of 20 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars A stimulating classic that is a world apart from Blade Runner,
Mr. Paul J. Bradshaw (Midlands, UK) - See all my reviews
Forget about Blade Runner. That was as much about Ridley Scott's stylish visual sense as androids and humanity. The book the film was based on is much more about decay. This is not a world of Tokyo cityscapes; it is a broken world, a dying world, a world populated by those too old or to stubborn to leave. It is about a society where people strive to own a real animal. And of course, it is about questions of what it is to be human, and about the rights of androids when their intelligence surpasses humans'.
As usual Dick imagines this with incisive intelligence himself, considering commercial and political influences on the development of androids and society in general. The plot is 'overcoming the monster', delivered in simple prose, with twists to confuse and tease your mind. A quick but stimulating read, in short, it deserves its classic status.
69 of 74 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars One of Phillip K. Dick's masterpieces (but not his best),
By A Customer
I read this novel some years after first seeing the film version - "Bladerunner". At first, I was disappointed: I foolishly expected something to resemble the film - but I had forgotten that Dick himself was extremely distressed about the distruction of his plot when the film was made: Hence the book and the film, although based on the same ideas should really be viewed as different stories: Both have a "Bladerunner" chasing after escaped Androids, but there the similarities start to run out.
On reflection, I now recognise the book as being an excellent work. The only reason I have awarded it four stars out of five is that I have also read "Ubik" - which is so excellent that I cannot judge "Do Androids..." at 100% in comparison.
The book is more subtle than the film, and includes a lot of Dicks subtle examination of the human condition, which, over the years, had led him to accurately predict several technological innovations to come, not because he was up on technology, but because he knew the sort of thing we'd end up doing. The story contains electric animals, since the real ones have become rather scarce, one of these being the electric sheep owned by the main character, which he pretends is real to save face. One of my favorites is the device which can change your mood: When you don't feel like changing your mood, you can dial in a code to put you in the mood for using the machine! So, given that we are now cloning sheep, I would suggest mood-machines and Androids are on the way.
If you're new to Dick, you're also new to his unique ability of being able to weave a puzzle that will take at least half the book to unravel (or so you think, until you reach the end, and you realise you were wrong!): So, if you haven't read his material before, start with this book - and stick with it - wait a while to let the neurons settle down, and then read his best work - "Ubik". Most of his other works are also worth a read, and some are excellent, although I don't have space to list them all here.
28 of 30 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars After the nuclear war,
Deckard is a bounty hunter in the regular employment of the San Francisco police department. His regular salary is low but he earns 1000 dollars for every android he destroys. there's not much life left on Earth. Most of the plants and animals were either killed in the nuclear war or died later from radiation poisoning. Those left are still deteriorating and dying. Unaffected survivors were persuaded to colonise other planets and were offered android 'slaves' as an incentive. So Deckard and his wife now live in a dry, barren, depopulated city where radioactive dust and escaped androids are the big problems. The diminishing fertility of the few remaining healthy men is guarded by lead codpieces. The most expensive, prestigious and coveted commodity is an actual living animal - even a spider or a toad is highly valued. Deckard and his wife own an electric sheep which they keep on the roof of their apartment building. They're ashamed of it. If Deckard could 'retire' 3 androids, the 3000 dollar bounty would be enough for a down-payment on a real ostrich or a goat. This is his ambition.
If you've watched 'Blade Runner', it might strike you that this, the book it was based upon, tells a very different story. This Deckard bears little resemblance to the Harrison Ford Deckard. The android characters are equally dissimilar to those in the film. the way they're tested (in book and film alike) is by asking them a series of questions, the answers to which show whether they have empathy. Androids fail the empathy test. Whereas the film androids failed the test, they then went on to behave empathetically. the book androids, on the other hand, confirm the test results in their cold behaviour, not only to their enemies, but to each other. Even so, Deckard finds enough 'life' and humanity in these entities to stimulate his own sense of empathy.
I did enjoy the film very much - although P K Dick was distressed by it apparently. The book is a completely different experience: more sad, dour, down-beat, more complicated, more thought provoking, less technologically flashy and colourful. Loving the film is no guarantee of loving the book, or vice versa. I recommend them both.
11 of 12 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars An Unreal novel in an unreal world!,
By A Customer
Bladerunner was a brilliant film! Unfortunately, when they say "based" on the novel Do androids dream of electric sheep they mean "based" in th loosest sense of the word. The two don't even compare to each other. You should put Bladerunner out of your mind before reading this amazing book. The wonderful central methaphor of Mercer continuosly climbing the hill is applicable to any persons life. An uphill struggle to ultimately get us to where? This is the question that Deckard starts to ask himself but unfortunately unanswerable. One of the greatest sci-fi novels ever written be one of the greatest sci-fi writers ever.
10 of 11 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Thought provoking,
Stefan W. Christensen (Aarhus, Denmark) - See all my reviews
A very pleasing read. I'm partial towards science-fiction that tries to speculate about the way future technology would fit into ordinary society, as opposed to clean fantasy-world scenarios, and this book does a very good job of describing what life on earth would be like if androids (flesh and blood humanoid beings with computer brains) existed alongside humans-with the added twist of earth being in a process of slow recovery after a nuclear world war. Though in my opinion by no means a bad movie, Blade Runner, which was based on this novel, is nowhere nearly as interesting as the original story (and it deviates at times quite strongly from this).
For all its future technology description (hover cars, videophones, mood controlling machines etc.) it is a highly philosophical book, which deals with interesting ethical questions, and it supplies plenty of food for thought; I found it both an entertaining and stimulating read.
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Fully recommended even for non sci-fi fans,
Lily Lit (UK) - See all my reviews
I don't usually read science fiction novels but after my partner recommended this I decided I would give it a go, particularly as he had bought me it for Christmas. I read it in two sittings and loved it, it touched upon much more than science fiction and into the heart of philosophy and humanity itself. I enjoy thrillers. I enjoy being challenged and put my hands up and admit that I did not think that I could ever be on the edge of my seat due to something in this genre. I loved it, it had me trying to work things out constantly, I got ideas and thought I had grasped the book, then another turn, and another until I was at the last page.
The novel takes place over one day and it raises so many questions that are central to the human experience. It does make you question a great deal yourself, it is a wonderful allegorical tale of how much humanity has modern society left within it. It is short in length - only around 214 pages so it is easily and quickly readable and today at work when asked what I had just read, I did find myself defending the strange looks I got when I told them.
10 of 11 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Pure Brillience,
By A Customer
Forget the film, Blade Runner, and just read this instead.
I first read this a few years ago, and i have since re read it, and i still think it is a work of genius.
The world that we are taken into is both stark and intreging.
The best thing about this is the fact you are able to see into the world of the androids, and instead of seeing them as 'bad', we are able to see their take on the world. They are as intelligent, if not more, than humans, but have a kind of child hood wonder about them.
I especially like the Wilbor Mercer religion that Dick creates. It hads a depth to the story and a motivation for Deckards behaviour.
You don't need to be heavily into the SF genre to enjoy this book, i am sure everyone will enjoy it.
Most Helpful First | Newest First
Blade Runner by Philip K. Dick (Paperback - 11 Feb 1999)
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subset: commoncrawl


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I'm going to start this post out with a little disclaimer. I do not know any of the women who finished in the top ten at Rock N Roll Marathon, so I don't know what was going on during their race or if there were other factors that caused their slow down other than starting out too fast. I'm using this race as an example because it felt like a larger number of runners than normal started out too fast and seemed to be dying out in the later miles of the race. This may or may not be the case – this is just how it appeared.
I believe that the best way to execute a marathon is to start slow, painfully slow, and to finish fast. I believe that your race time will be faster in the end {baring other issues} if you use this method rather than going out too fast and hitting what feels like a wall later in the marathon. The wall doesn't have to happen. {Refer back to my top tips on how NOT to hit the wall in a marathon} I often suggest starting at a reasonable pace in order to avoid some of the pain felt in marathons.
Starting out too fast and slow and feeling like crap at the end isn't fun to me. I've found that starting out a bit slower working up a bit faster and feeling great at the end of a marathon even if the finish time on the clock ends up being the same – is a much more pleasant way to run a marathon. I'd pick a happy feel good race over a race where I wanted to quit running entirely any day over feeling like crap.
YES I do believe that there are a select few who can run an even paced race. I think there are others who will argue they can run an even paces race – but who really would run faster if they used this method. I'm not a genius. I didn't come up with this method. It's science. I'm not a doctor or a scientist so I am not going to give you the science behind it, but a quick google search will lead you to some interesting articles on it {hint – if you want real science stay away from blogs and find actual articles that lay out the science}.
After feeling that I was mostly passing people in the last ten miles of Vegas I decided to go back and look at the top ten women and what pace they started out at and what pace they ended up with.
Here are my splits for the race:
- Mile 1: 7:41
- Mile 2: 7:34
- Mile 3: 7:43
- Mile 4: 7:46
- Mile 5: 7:36
- Mile 6: 8:12 {included port-o-potty stop}
- Mile 7: 7:26
- Mile 8: 7:08
- Mile 9: 7:03
- Mile 10: 8:02 {Freemont experience – lost signal – long mile}
- Mile 11: 8:06 {included port-o-potty stop}
- Mile 12: 7:36
- Mile 13: 7:39
- Mile 14: 7:39
- Mile 15: 7:15
- Mile 16: 7:41
- Mile 17: 7:28
- Mile 18: 7:06
- Mile 19: 7:14
- Mile 20: 7:06
- Mile 21: 7:29
- Mile 22: 7:37
- Mile 23: 8:21 {Freemont experience – lost signal – long mile}
- Mile 24: 7:47
- Mile 25: 7:36
- Mile 26: 7:32
- Finish: 6:50 avg for .10 {my Timex was short of the 26.2 because I lost signal both times we went through the Freemont Street Experience – this means that my laps for each mile didn't exactly match up to the mile markers on course}
My overall average got faster as the race went on.
Here are the finish times of the top 10 women.
My 5K split was 24:01 – slower than all of the females who finished in the top ten who came in AFTER me.
If you dive even further in to the times you will see that the girl whose time was seconds faster than my overall chip time – started out at drastically faster pace than she finished. My guess is that those last miles were more painful than they had to be. If she had started slower I'm betting her finish time wouldn't have just been seconds ahead of me – she probably would have finished minutes ahead of me.
This is why I often say – your marathon time is not always reflective of your fitness level. The marathon isn't just about fitness – it's about heart, pain tolerance and there is certainly strategy to it. Running a successful marathon isn't just about going out there and running. You can *fake it* in races of a shorter distance but the marathon doesn't lie – you have to be smart about how you run.
Hope this post helps re-think your marathon and racing strategy if you don't believe in starting slow. The marathon is hard enough as it is, there is no need in my eyes to suffer more than you have to! I'm certainly NOT a marathon expert but I have learned a thing or two over the course of ten years and twenty-six marathons. My goal in this post is to provoke some pacing thoughts and to hopefully help others have a positive marathon experience!
I Run This Body gear is selling fast – Get your holiday orders in by the 18th to have it to you in time for Christmas! www.dreambigrunlong.com


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4 posts tagged with tor and privacy.
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"Nothing. You're screwed."
During their Freedom Hosting investigation and malware attack last year, the FBI unintentionally obtained the entire e-mail database of popular anonymous webmail service Tor Mail. And now, they've used it in an unrelated investigation to bust a Florida man accused of stealing credit card numbers. [more inside]
Possible FBI infiltration of TOR
In a crackdown that FBI claims to be about hunting down pedophiles, half of the onion sites in the TOR network has been compromised, including the e-mail counterpart of TOR deep web, TORmail. FreedomWeb, an Irish company known for providing hosting for Tor "hidden services" -- services reached over the Tor anonymized/encrypted network -- has shut down after its owner, Eric Eoin Marques, was arrested over allegations that he had facilitated the spread of child pornography. [more inside]
Challenging the Surveillance State
"If the government is able to learn what we speak about, and know who we're talking to, and know what it is that we're planning, it makes any kind of activism extremely difficult, because secrecy and privacy are prerequisites to effective activism. "Glenn Greenwald on challenging the surveillance state: (1 - 2 - 3 - 4).
Amazing discoveries in plain-text Tor exit traffic.
This is an ironic tale of the consequences of inept application of cryptographic tools. Or is it? Dan Egerstad, a Swedish hacker, gained access to hundreds of computer network accounts around the world, belonging to various embassies, corporations and other organizations. How did he do it? Very easily: by sniffing exit traffic on his Tor nodes. [more inside]
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I've got a Hyundai Sonata with 10 year/100,000 mile "bumper to bumper" warranty.
I've never had a problem with warranty service, ever.
I pick up my car, and the price is $0.00.
I never get any pressure to purchase unwanted services.
I never get any grief for have regular maintenance performed elsewh...
Read the full review


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Deck the holidays with a cookie swap
Dear Carol: I fake-dumped my BF
How to deal with a super-strict dad
The biggest OMG celeb moments of the week
December Holiday Hits Giveaway: Week 3 Winners!
The prettiest plus-size dresses for the holiday season
Easy, pretty holiday hairstyles: All you need are bobby pins
Turn a water bottle into a sporty stocking
What classic Christmas flick are you?
Tell us: What makes your BFF so awesome?
Kirby Buckets Clip
More Friends = More Fun
GL Tweets !
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76 Comments | Add Yours
I don't have mine yet, but thanks! This might help in the future.
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Mod mod mod
So I've had my period for over five years, since I was 11, and it's always been pretty regular. I've also been on the pill for a year and a half to help really bad cramps. But just the other day I had my period for only two days. Its always been five to seven and on time. Should I be worried? I know on this site you keep saying its OK to be irregular, but I've had my period for five years now...
Hey girlie,
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Even though it's probably nothing to worry about, it's good to get a pro
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Over the last few years, many associations have opted to waive reserves or at most partially fund due to the downtown in the economy in an effort to minimize delinquencies and keep regular assessments down. The problem with waiving or partially funding reserves is that the association will most likely have to pass a special assessment down the road to pay for items such as painting, concrete restoration, balcony restoration, paving, pool repair, carpet replacement and any other items which would be considered a capital expenditure.
The purpose of reserve funds is to slowly accumulate the money so that when those big budget repairs are due, reserves have accumulated and may be used to pay for such maintenance, repair or replacement. If there is no money or not enough money in the reserve account, a special assessment will need to be passed.
While an increase in the assessments due funding the association's reserves may be difficult to swallow, paying a little bit of money each month is usually easier than having to come out of pocket thousands of dollars to cover a special assessment. I recently had a client that passed a special assessment in the amount of $40,000 per unit. Those unit owners paid a lump sum payment. If those costs had been charged over a 10 year period as part of funding the reserves, the monthly payments would have been much easier to make. Think of a reserve account as a savings account for certain association maintenance, repair and replacement items.
Chapter 720 of the Florida Statutes provides HOA boards with discretion to fund their association's budget with reserve accounts. Chapter 718 of Florida Statutes (the "Condo Act") requires the board to annually prepare an adequate reserve budget which does not anticipate that reserves will be waived by the membership or that the membership will provide reserves in an amount less than is adequate. The Condo Act provides a formula for determining the proper reserve amounts. Reserves must be established for roof replacement, building painting and pavement resurfacing and for any other item for which the deferred maintenance expense or replacement cost exceeds $10,000. I recommend that associations obtain reserve studies so that the Board can make sure it is properly funding the reserves.
Reserves are important to consider and each building and the owners who live in the building are different. It is the board's responsibility to do what is in the best interest of the community as a whole.
If you have any questions regarding funding reserves, I recommend that you contact an attorney.]]>
People I know asked me what could have been done to prevent this tragedy from occurring. It is always easy to be a Monday-morning Quarterback, but the fact remains that if someone is intent on doing you harm, he or she can usually find a way.
That being said, this attack does necessitate an important discussion about how to protect an association's employees, directors and residents. Whenever you are dealing with volatile personality types, it is important to plan thoughtfully. We have previously seen violence in community associations where a resident attacked a director and vice versa. We have also seen resident vs. resident crime. director vs. director crime and resident vs. manager and director vs. manager attacks. Sadly, no group is immune from being attacked or being the attacker.
What if you don't know someone has such a personality? Well, hiring decisions should not be taken lightly. In this case, a thorough personality screening of this employee may or may not have revealed a history of mental illness or highlighted other troubling personality issues. Given how some people react to bad news, terminating an employee might also require speaking with a professional ahead of time to frame the news in the best possible light and to take all necessary precautions should the employee present a problem immediately upon learning of the termination.
If you have any inkling that a resident, employee or director may have violent tendencies, you must take immediate steps to defuse the situation, reach out to all appropriate professionals and service agencies and do not go it alone.
Fortunately, Jeremy Holland, the manager who inspired this blog, is recovering with the help and overwhelming support of his family, friends and the community he served.
If you would like to help out, you can: https://www.giveforward.com/fundraiser/mt86/jeremy-holland-and-dana-enriquez-thumbs-up-fund]]>
Although the decorations may be beautiful and festive, depending on your association's governing documents, you may not have the right to decorate certain portions of the unit, including the exterior door, your windows and/or your balcony. If you live in a condominium where you are not permitted to decorate certain portions of your unit for the holidays and you do so anyway, the association may send you a violation letter and you could be subject to a fine.
Prior to decorating your unit or bringing in a live Christmas tree, you should review the association's governing documents, specifically the declaration of condominium and the rules and regulations. Most Declarations state that no owner or occupant shall do or permit anything to be done in his unit or bring or keep anything therein which will in any way increase the risk for fire or the rate of fire insurance on any buildings, or on property therein. In this case, real Christmas trees may be implied to be prohibited since they increase the risk of fire.
With respect to decorating your balcony and/or exterior door, the balcony, the railings and the door may be considered common elements of the unit and the Declaration may state that a unit owner may not modify, decorate or attach anything to the balcony or the exterior door of your unit. For example, one my client's Declarations states that unit owners shall not decorate or change the appearance of any portion of the exterior of the building including the balcony without the Association's prior approval. It also states that nothing may be attached to, hung, displayed, affixed or placed upon the balcony, doors, windows or other portions of the building or on the common elements. This would mean that an owner would not be permitted to string or display holiday lights on the balcony or the railing of the balcony. This language would also not allow anyone to hang anything on the exterior of the unit door, including wreaths.
There may be many rules when it comes to decorating your unit. Make sure if you want to decorate for the holidays you contact the association to make sure you don't need any type of prior approval and also review the association's governing documents so you are aware of what you are and are not allowed to do when it comes to holiday decorating.
Remember, you can still be festive by being creative and putting up: a fake Christmas tree in your unit, a wreath on the interior of your door and placing wrapped presents under your tree.
With respect to hanging religious objects on the mantel or frame of a unit door, Section 718.113(6) of the Florida Statutes states "an association may not refuse the request of a unit owner for a reasonable accommodation for the attachment on the mantel or frame of the door of the unit owner of a religious object not to exceed 3 inches wide, 6 inches high and 1.5 inches deep." This means that an owner may hang a mezuzah or a cross (or other religious symbol) on the frame of the door but you should first send a request to the association asking the association to make a reasonable accommodation by allowing him or her to hang the religious object. And the religious object must comply with the size limitations and placement of same as set forth in Section 718.113(6) of the Florida Statute.]]>
Before 1998, it was not uncommon for developers to create a covenant allowing only him (or her) to amend the documents. Florida Statutes Section 720.3075 Florida Statutes (enacted May 28, 1998) addresses that problem. That provision prohibits the the inclusion or enforcement of "a declaration of covenants, articles of incorporation, bylaws, or any other document of the association which binds members of the association, which either have the effect of or provide" that a developer has the unilateral ability to amend or make changes to a homeowners' association documents.
A few years ago, I litigated a case on just this issue, for a homeowner in an older development. The amendment in question was recorded in 1989 – before the Florida law was enacted. Therefore, I relied on public policy and a few out-of-state cases, one of which was a South Carolina appellate ruling. Last month, the South Carolina Supreme Court upheld that ruling. In my client's case, a set of covenants gave the developer unilateral and sole authority to amend the covenants. The developer assigned that right to a property owners association seven years after he had relinquished control of the development. The POA was not incorporated by the developer, but by a few lot owners. The POA amended the covenants, relying on that assignment. Opposing counsel argued that the developer could assign his right at the time. However, the court ruled in my clients's favor. Both the 1986 assignment and the 1989 amendment relying on that assignment were declared void ab initio – from the start. The property owners' association's defenses of statute of limitations, laches and estoppel did not work there.
A void instrument is always void. As a Florida appellate court held, a void deed or other instrument (unlike fine wine) does not improve with age. An instrument executed by those lacking authority to do so renders it void from the start. Community associations should be aware of these limitations – whether HOA, condo or co-op. They might come back to bite.]]>
Florida law does not allow the association to suspend the owner's right to use limited common elements intended to be used only by that unit, common elements needed to access the unit, utility services provided to the unit, parking spaces or elevators.
Water would be considered a utility the association cannot suspend.
All suspension imposed must be approved at a properly noticed board meeting. Upon approval, the board must notify the unit owner and, if applicable, the unit's occupant, licensee, or invitee by mail or hand delivery of the suspension.]]>
The Florida Legislature granted condominium and HOA members the right to videotape board and membership meetings. Florida cooperative owners can only videotape board meetings. However, that right is tempered by the fact that such taping is subject to reasonable board rules and regulations. The reasons for wanting to videotape a meeting can vary from member to member. Some people feel that it is the only possible method to accurately capture what transpires at a meeting; this is particularly true when a board does not provide timely and accurate meeting minutes after the fact. For other people, the ability to videotape may provide a handy tool to harass or annoy someone they don't like in the community. Many boards do create reasonable rules and restrictions regarding the videotaping of meetings and those rules typically require that someone planning to use such equipment advise the board in advance and tape from a certain distance during the meeting. In addition to thinking about how the person videotaping should conduct himself or herself, it is important to give some thought as to how those tapes will be used after they are made.
If you learn that tapes of your community meetings are being posted on Youtube or other public forums, you may have legitimate privacy and security concerns. Those tapes can reveal directors' faces and names (given at roll call) as well as such sensitive information as a director advising that he or she won't be at the next meeting because they will be out of town. At that point, it would not be difficult for someone to look up that person's property address in the Public Records and use that information for ill intentions.
The Florida shared ownership statutes unfortunately do not currently limit the use or distribution of videotapes by owners but the board can pass a rule limiting such use. However, it would be preferable if this loophole were closed statutorily by clarifying that videotapes made of association meetings cannot be posted in public forums. In the interim, there is certainly an argument to be made that prohibiting the posting of such videotapes in a public forum would constitute a reasonable board rule.]]>
Section 718.1035 provides the following:
The use of a power of attorney that affects any aspect of the operation of a condominium shall be subject to and in compliance with the provisions of this chapter and all condominium documents, association rules and other rules adopted pursuant to this chapter, and all other covenants, conditions, and restrictions in force at the time of the execution of the power of attorney.
Chapter 709 of the Florida Statutes governs the formalities of a power of attorney. Section 709.2105 of the Florida Statutes provides that in order for a power of attorney to be valid:
(1) The agent must be a natural person who is 18 years of age or older or a financial institution that has trust powers, has a place of business in this state, and is authorized to conduct trust business in this state.
(2) A power of attorney must be signed by the principal and by two subscribing witnesses and be acknowledged by the principal before a notary public or as otherwise provided in Section 695.03 of the Florida Statutes.
(3) If the principal is physically unable to sign the power of attorney, the notary public before whom the principal's oath or acknowledgment is made may sign the principal's name on the power of attorney pursuant to Section 117.05(14) of the Florida Statutes.
If an owner of a condominium grants an agent a valid power of attorney, the power of attorney may give the agent the power to:
But it may not allow the agent to vote in an election or sit on the board.
All of the above powers are contingent on the association's governing documents. If the governing documents restrict the powers of a power of attorney, then those restrictions are valid.
Section 718.112(2)(d) of the Florida Statutes limits the use of a power of attorney in the election of directors. It specifically states that no unit owner shall permit any other person to vote his or her ballot.
If you are an association that has received a power of attorney or a person who is interested in granting a power of attorney, I recommend that you contact an attorney to make sure the power of attorney is valid and that it may be used for the purpose for which you have granted it.]]>
It is important to read the entire packet because it contains important information regarding the meeting itself, the procedure that must be followed to submit your name to be a candidate to run for the board, the deadline to submit your name to be a candidate and usually a voting certificate to be completed by the unit owners.
The number one issue I see time and time again involves owners failing to deliver a voting certificate to the association in advance of the annual meeting (or any meeting of the members) or if it is delivered to the association, it may not be completed properly
What is a voting certificate? A voting certificate is a document used to designate one of several owners of a unit who will have the right to vote for the unit.
The association's governing documents will dictate whether your association utilizes voting certificates. In general, a voting certificate is needed if:
If a voting certificate is necessary and you do not deliver it to the association prior to the opening of the first ballot (or whenever the governing documents require the voting certificate to be delivered), your election ballot will NOT be counted, regardless of whether the board, property manager or other homeowners can vouch that you own the unit. Also, you won't be able to vote on any matters that come before the membership at the annual or membership meeting.
I can't tell you how often I see an owner's vote not counted because they did not follow the voting certificate instructions. So who must sign the voting certificate?
A voting certificate is not a proxy. Also, the person named in a voting certificate is the person who has the right to designate a proxy.
It is very important that if ownership of the unit changes, that you notify the association immediately, even if the change still includes you as an owner.
So here is an example: Owner A owns the unit alone but then decides to add her daughter to the deed. Once the unit is owned by the mother and the daughter, a voting certificate must be on record with the association in order for the owners to be able to vote on behalf of the unit. The voting certificate will dictate who can vote? Only one of the owners has the right to vote. The voting certificate must be signed by both Owner A and the daughter to be a valid voting certificate and then it must be delivered to the association.
The voting certificate must be filed with the secretary of the condominium in advance of the meeting for which it is to be effective and thereby becomes an association record. A voting certificate is effective indefinitely until either a new voting certificate is filed with the association; notice of revocation is delivered to the association or the unit ownership changes.
If you have any questions regarding the completion of a voting certificate or whether a voting certificate is necessary, please contact an attorney. Also, the association may be able to answer your voting certificate questions, especially regarding delivery of same.]]>
Whether you realize it or not, the community association in which you live or provide services has a brand in the marketplace, it just might not be the brand you ultimately want associated with your community. A valuable brand for your community can increase your property values and enhance the quality of life for your residents and members.
But how do you start building the brand that you want for your community and once you build it, how do you protect it?
I will be teaching a unique class on Building and Protecting a Brand for your Community on Monday, October 27th from 1:00 to 3:00 pm. The class is free and refreshments will be served.
The class will be held in downtown Ft. Lauderdale at the office of Becker & Poliakoff 1 East Broward Blvd. (the Wells Fargo Building) Suite 1800.
Seating is limited and pre-registration is required so if you are interested in learning how to build a strong and valuable brand for your community association, please register by calling 954-985-4119 or by email to: firstname.lastname@example.com.]]>
The manager's job is to make the board's job easier and make sure that the association is run properly and diligently. That sounds much easier than it actually is. Being a manager is definitely not an easy job and involves not only being knowledgeable about the property, the association's governing documents and the law, but also juggling many different issues and personalities.
A manager should have the following qualities:
A great manager can make the board's job easier, but it is also important that the board understands what it is the manager needs to be doing. When the board is able to explain to the manager during the interview process what it is the board expects, the board is more likely to hire the right manager.]]>


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10 Things about D. Light 1. Loves to eat cheeses with names she can't pronounce. 2. Thinks Ke$ha is adorable. 3. Had her first kiss at 17. 4. Once she had three dates in one day. 5. Once she didn't date anyone for an entire Saturn transit.... read more
The last four days have definitely been in an upraised astro-psychic category of difficulty. Now the fifth day in a row... read more »
Your Next Chapter! Saturn's entrance into Sagittarius on December 23 initiates an important new journey that will... read more »


text: We've all seen those commercials where Verizon boasts about the breadth of its network, but what of the depth? Turns out, at least in some cities, that Big Red's LTE is so over-taxed that users are being downgraded to 3G. Executive Fran Shammo has admitted that Verizon's capacity in places like Ne


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David Beckham may be done playing professional soccer, but his fans still can't get enough of him. The retired soccer star was scheduled to appear at Tongji University in Shanghai, China, on Thursday, but his visit was cut short after around 1,000 fans broke through a security cordon and rushed toward the venue. At least seven people were injured, according to Agence-France Presse. "I had an incredible response from everyone at Shanghai Tongji University today," Beckham reportedly said on his Sina Weibo (China's version of Twitter) account. "Sorry I couldn't get out on the pitch to see the teams. It was impossible to get through the massive crowds. "I heard there were a few injuries, hope the fans are ok and I wish them a speedy recovery." The incident occurred at Tongji University's stadium. Beckham was scheduled to meet players from the school's men's soccer team and even take part in an informal game, but that never came close to happening, as fans who were outside the stadium crashed the event. "Photos and video footage show people pushed onto the ground, shoes scattered and a uniformed woman being carried away — her face covered in blood," AFP reports. "The event was canceled, and Shanghai police said they were investigating the incident." The former England captain reportedly walked around the field and waved to fans before leaving. Beckham is in China on a week-long tour promoting the Chinese Super League (CSL). He serves as a global ambassador for the Chinese top flight, helping drum up interest for the struggling league in China and around the world. Have a question for Marcus Kwesi O'Mard? Send it to him via Twitter at @NESNsoccer, NESN Soccer's Facebook page or send it here. He will pick a few questions to answer every week for his mailbag.
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Originally published on Wed March 26, 2014 7:24 pm
Originally published on Wed March 19, 2014 2:29 pm
Dolora Zajick discovered opera as a 22-year-old pre-med student. "That's when I discovered I had a voice," she tells Fresh Air host Terry Gross, "and I actually had a crack at a singing career. And I decided to take the chance."
We've all been there: You try (and try, and try) to hold back a sneeze, and nature prevails.
Originally published on Wed August 13, 2014 9:50 am
The human voice, the true original instrument, is still the most expressive and personal of all. It's one reason more than 42.5 million Americans sing in choirs, and why we seem to be hardwired to tell our stories through song. It also probably explains why I'm a vocal music junkie, eagerly pawing over the operas, recitals and choir albums that land on my desk and in my download folder.
Originally published on Tue July 8, 2014 10:58 am
Connecticut-born composer-pianist Timo Andres likens his music to "walking into an interesting apartment and seeing a few things next to each other that tell you something about a person." At once familiar and modern, forward-looking and reverent, Andres's music tells the story of a composer striving to reconcile a fascination with the past and composers ranging from Mozar
Originally published on Wed March 26, 2014 9:40 am
This is a recording of a jazz trio playing the score to a 101-year-old ballet. It is not a "jazzing the classics" record or a "fantasia on the themes of" sort of project. It is a band translating one of the landmark works in music history to piano, bass and drum set, and doing it as literally as possible.
Originally published on Fri March 14, 2014 12:33 pm
With St. Patrick's Day upon us, it's hard to escape the allure of the Emerald Isle, with its rolling heaths, swirling jigs, frothy beer and curious legends. While we can't afford to fly you to Dublin we can offer this humble St. Paddy's Day puzzler. Score high and be rewarded with the pot 'o gold at the end of the rainbow. Mess up and yours is a sad bowl of soggy Lucky Charms.
Originally published on Mon March 10, 2014 8:55 am
Detroit's Orchestra Hall is one of the best symphony concert halls in the country. The acoustics are top-notch. The theater itself is grand. Important music is made there by some of the country's most talented classical musicians.
Originally published on Sat March 8, 2014 10:31 am
When it comes to musical dynasties, it's tough to top the Bach family. From town fiddlers to court composers, the Bachs dominated German music for seven generations. Today, Johann Sebastian towers above all his relatives, but there's another important Bach we shouldn't forget — especially today, on the 300th anniversary of his birth.


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Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
Patented July 3, 1945 REFLEX LIGHT REFLECTOR Melvin L. Gebhard, St. Paul, Minn., assignor to Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minn., a corporation of Delaware Application January 23, 1943, Serial No. 473,347
6 Claims.
This invention relates'to "reflex light reflectors of the class in which a layer of contiguous small transparent spheres or glass beads overlies light-reflecting means, being held in position by a binder, and serves as an interposed lightrefracting and collimating means so that an incident beam or ray of light is selectively returned toward the source as a brilliant cone of light, even though the incident light strikes at an angle.
Highway signs of the reflex type have greater visibility at night, to the occupants of approaching vehicles, because less of the reflected light is dissipated outside of the field of viewing, the light being concentrated in a narrow cone which is substantially coaxial with the incident beam of light. The general properties of such beaded reflex reflectors which make for utility in signs and markers are discussed in the Palmquist Patent No. 2,294,930, issued September 8, 1942,
The present invention provides novel types of internal structure in such reflex reflectors for controlling the optical characteristics so as to produce novel reflex reflecting characteristics.
The nature of the invention can best be described in connection with the illustrative structures shown in the drawing, where:
Figs. 1, 2 and 3 are magnified diagrammatic views of different reflex reflectors intended to bring out the structure rather than to serve as literal section views. Thus the spheres are spaced farther apart than is customary; and each circle represents a full circumference, which would not be the case in a true section since the spheres are not actually arranged in rows but are packed so that a section plane could not be passed through the centers of a series of adjacent spheres.
Referring to Fig. 1, there is shown in diagram form a beaded reflex reflector, having a base or backing H) (which may be rigid or flexible) pro-' vided with a reflective surface II. This reflective surface may be the surface of the backing itself, as where the latter is an inherently reflecting material such as aluminum foil, or may be formed by an applied sheet or coating which is reflective. This reflective surface is covered by a transparent spacing coating or layer l2, which maintains the heads a predetermined distance from said reflective surface, and itin turn is covered by a reflective binder layer I3 in which a layer of transparent spheres (such as small glass beads) 14 are partially embedded. .The spheres penetrate the binder layer so as to touch, or be slightly embedded in, the transparent spacing layer. The outer extremities of the spheres areexposed and constitute a multiplicity of contiguous convex lens elements which may be entered by incident light rays which strike them.
External reflection of incident light occurs at If the binder is yellow, the appearance will be yellow, etc. During the day. the surface of a sign area having a reflector structure of this type, illuminated by diffused day-light, thus has an appearance determined primarily by the color of the reflective binder in which the spheres are embedded There are a large number-of spheres per square inch. The spheres are ordinarily a few thousandths of an inch (a few mils) in diameter and are notindividually visible to the observer when even a relatively short distance away, so that the outer surface appears as though uniformly covered by a paint of the color of the binder. Under day viewing conditions, the appearance is but little affected by the presence and color of the back reflective surface II, for reasons presently to be discussed.
Now consider the reflex reflecting characteristics, which are of importance when the reflector is illuminated by a beam of light with the observer being located near the axis of the beam, as occurs at night in the case of an automobile approaching a highway sign. In this case the feature of reflex reflection is that visibility exists even when the observer is so far away that he cannot see the reflected light which results from external reflection at the outer surface of the binder; such externally reflected light being diffused in all directions as in the case of an ordinary sign.
Suppose, first, that the sign is set vertically beside the road at substantially right angles to it, and that the approaching car is a great distance away, so that incident light rays impinge substantially normally to the plane of the sign,
or have a relatively small angle of incidence.
Paraxial rays of such a beam are illustrated by c in Fig. 1. The rays are refracted upon penetrating the convex surface of each sphere, so as to converge upon the back reflective surface H, passing through the sphere and the transparent spacing layer. No refraction occurs at the rear surface of the sphere when the sphere and spacing layer have the same refractive index, but they need not have the same index. No spacing distance exists which would result in convergence of all the incident rays to a point (perfect focus) upon the reflective surface, even if the spheres were perfectly round, due to spherical aberration which is very pronounced. It has been experimentally determined that a spacing .distance of 20-50% of the sphere diameter results in optimum brilliancy, when the sphere has the refractive index of ordinary glass (about 1.50-1.55); and a good rule to follow is to employ a'spacing of about one-third the average bead diameter. However, a lesser degree of spacing can be used. For a fuller discussion of the effect of spacing and the factors involved, see Palmquist Patent No. 2,294,930. I
The convergent rays striking reflective surface II are reflected and return as a divergent cone through the transparent spacing layer and transparent sphere, and upon emerging are refracted so as to reduce the angle which they make with the optic axis. The emergent rays are largely concentrated in a narrow cone coaxial with the incident rays and return toward the light source as a brilliant divergent beam, the degree of divergency depending upon the nature of the reflective surface and the extent of the spacing between the sphere and the reflector surface.
This phenomenon occurs even when the rays are incident at an angle, whence the designation reflects. However, the limited aperture at the er cone conforming to the need for greater divergency as the car comes close to the sign. During the intermediate part of the car's approach, some light will be reflected from each type of reflective surface, so that a gradual shift occurs from light largely reflected from the spaced back reflector surface I I, to light largely reflected from the concave, unspaced surface of the binder l3, with a desirable change of mixture occurring during the transition from distant viewing to close viewing. This feature exists even when both reflective surfaces are of the same type, as for example,
when reflective surface H and reflective binder I 3 are of the white paint kind (illustrated by a coating composition pigmented with titanium di-' oxide or other white diffusing pigment).
The maximum-distance visibility can be further stepped up by employing a back reflective rear ofthe sphere, produced by the reflective binder, will pass only those incident rays which approach with a relatively small angle of incidence.
As the car approaches more closely to the sign,
the angle of incidence increases until only a few rays can penetrate to the back reflectivesurface,
and these cannot return. But as the angle of incidence becomes relatively large, the rays striking each sphere will largely converge upon the concave surface of the reflective binder l3 which is in direct contact with the intermediate or side surfaces of each sphere, forming a spherical band or zone, and will be reflected therefrom.- This is illustrated by incident ray b in Fig. 1. These rays also will be reflexively reflected in a cone directed toward the light source, but the cone will be broader since there is no spacing between the sphere and the reflective binder surface. This is an advantage, since the closer the car is to the sign, the greater the angle subtended at the sign by the incident light rays and those returning reducingthe concentration of light is offset by the fact that the observer and light source are now relatively much closer to the sign, which in itself increases visibility.
Thus this structure provides a reflex reflector wherein maximum brilliancy and visibility are provided when most needed, as in the case of a car approaching a highway sign and which is a great distance away, when the light rays from its headlights. strike with a relatively small angle of incidence and the reflected light should be concentrated in a narrow cone. The structure combines with this the ability to reflexively reflect light which strikes at a relatively large angle of incidence, the reflected light returning in a broadsurface II which is of the semi-specular type, as by providing a metallic reflective surface. Thus a layer of flaked aluminum paint can be used, which is applied to the backing so that the aluminum flakes lie approximately parallel to the flat surface when the paint has dried. An aluminum foil, used either as the sole backing or laminated to a support, will provide a more highly specular reflector. The reflective binder I3 may also be of the metallic or semi-specular type, as by using a binder pigmented with aluminum flakes. Thus both reflectors may be semi-specular. However, a very desirable combination is to use a nonspecular reflective binder (such as a binder pigmented with titanium dioxide), and a semi-spec- ,ular back reflector; as this gives a generally more eflective' type of reflection for highly angular incident rays, as to which a broad divergency of reflected rays is usually desired. Furthermore,- such non-specular pigmented binder will provide a more emcient external reflection for rays striking between the spheres, and makes for a better daytime visibility and appearance. Under night viewing conditions,-such a combination results in a silver appearance when viewed from a distance (the back reflector being aluminum paint or foil) and a white appearance when viewed close up by a highly angular rays, if the binder is white, or a colored appearance if a colored binder is used (such as one colored with a yellow pigment).
Other multi-color effects can be obtained. For example, the reflector ll may be a white pigmented layer, while the binder I3 is pigmented with a yellow or other reflective colored pigment. The daytime appearance will be yellow, and likewise the night appearance when the light strikes with a relatively large angle of incidence. White light will be reflected when the light is incident at a small angle. when a highway sign is viewed from an approaching car at a great distance, a reflex reflecting area of this type will appear white; and as the car approaches, the appearance will change to light yellow and then to a deeper and deeper yellow as more and more of the incident light is reflected by the binder with the angle of incident light steadily increasing. This also enables the driver to estimatehis approximate order of distance from the sign, which is of value in the case of stop signs, etc. The changing appearance is of value in advertising signs, as an additional means of attracting curiosity and attention.
In general, it is desirable for the back reflector to be of the white or metallic type, to secure maximum reflection and minimum absorption of light, making for visibility at the greatest distance. However. as in the case of advertising signs where it is desired to provide novelty and attract interest, a; colored back reflector may be' combined with abinder having a different color. .Thus the back reflector might be yellow and the binder might be red. so that the appearance will gradually change from yellow through orange to red as the sign is approached. To increase reflection. light tones may be used. as by including some whitepigment with the colored pigment. A further illustration is a yellow back reflector combined 'with a light blue binder (white ,pigment Fig. 3 shows a similar construction except that the order of applying the reflective binder and the spheres is reversed. Base or backing 2|, having reflective surface 22, is covered by solid transbeing included in the latter to increase reflectivity) which will result in the sign area changing from yellow through green to blue as the sign is approached.
It has been mentioned that when spheres having the refractive index of ordinary glass (about 1504.55) are used. that optimum spacing of the beads from the back reflective surface amounts to -50% of the sphere diameter. The spheres will vary somewhat in diameter, even when finely graded. and an average value is used. In some cases it may be considered desirable to use less spacing than that which produces maximum-distance visibility, in order to secure a greater divergency in the cone of light reflected from the back reflective surface. Thus adjustment of the spacing distance provides a way of varying the reflex reflecting characteristics. The spacing distance for maximum-distance visibility is a function of the refractive index of the spheres. Assuming that the transparent spacing layer has substantially. the same refractive index as the spheres, the optimum distance decreases from about 35% of the sphere diameter at an index of 1.50-4.55. to a zero value at a refractive index of 1.85-1.90 and, in the other direction. it.in-
creases as the refractive index decreases. The optimum spacing will be less or greater if the transparent spacing layer, which contacts the rear-surface of the spheres. has an index less or greater, respectively. than that of the spheres, owing to refraction at the boundary.
With respect to bead size. the upper practical I limit is about 50 mils (average) diameter; while the lower practical limit is about 3 mils (average), determined by the need of getting a smooth bead coat with uniform and controlled bonding and spacing. The use of very small beads, a few mils in diameter, is advantageous not only inreducing costsand improving the structural strength, but
in securing a relatively flat and smooth% outer surface which lends itself to printing and screen process stenciling. Thus in making a sign, a sheet of the reflex reflector may be painted or printed so as to black out certain areas. or
cover them with a colored coating different from that of the bead binder.
Referring to Fig. 2, a variant structure is shown which is the same as that of Fig. 1 except that a thin transparent binder covers the transparent spacing layer beneath the reflective-binder.- This 1 and the spheres or beads 20 are applied over the latter so as to sink through the reflective binder and into or through the transparent binder layer l8. This results in a .better aperture through whlchrays pass, in going to or from the back In constructing parent spacing layer 23. Over the latter there is applied a thin transparent binder coating 24, into which the layer of spheres 25is pressed so as to substantially contact the transparent spacing layer 23, the spheres being applied before the transparent binder coating has dried or set-up to a solid condition. Owing to capillarity, the transparent binder will rise along the spherical surfaces as shown in the drawing. so that its upper edges will be above the binder surface mid: way of the spheres. This results in a still broader aperture, so that rays having a substantial angle of incidence will reach the back reflector. But the coating is-still sufliciently thin to permit of incident rays of relatively large angle of incidence being reflected at the sides of the spheres by the reflective binder 26, which is applied last i of all,over the spheres, in sufficient amount to fill the spaces and provide holding sockets for the spheres, and side reflectors. Binder material whichcovers the outer extremities of the spheres, as a result of this method of application, can subsequently be removed, as by bufling, so
that the spheres are exposed to incident light.
Reference is made to the Palmquist Patent No; 2,294,930, issued September 8, 1942, for a description of various backings and backing treatments, and various transparent coatings, and reflective coating compositions, which may be employed in making reflex reflector signs or sheeting-of the type herein disclosed. Hencea detailed description of valfiousexpedients is deemed unnecessary.
' Example A "making description will now be given of an illustrative reflex'reflector sheeting which is flexible and weatherproof and may be employed in making outdoor signs, and which has the type of structure shown in Figurev 2.
comprise a paper sheeting which has been impregnated to seal and waterproof it, and which is coated on one face with a reflective layer, as by applying a coating composition containing a pigment which is white or yellow, etc, or a varnish containing aluminum flakes adapted to form a semi-specular reflective surface of"silvery" ap-' pearance. See pages 8 and 9 of said Palmqnist Patent No. 2,294,930. A waterproof; flexible and somewhat stretchy, reflective backingvwhich is non-fibrous may be'used, as by employing a Butvar. (polyyinyl--butyral) 'fllmfoneflfaceof which is coatedzw-ith areflective layer, which may be formed by applying a volatile solution of Butvar containing pigment or aluminum flakes,
for example, followed by drying.
Illustrating a specific construction, use may be made of the vulcanized rubber-resinj impregnated paper set forth in Example 1" of said Patent No. 2,294,930, which is provided with-.asemispecular silver type reflective surface by coating cured to form the transparent space coat ll of Fig. 2. 'The thickness of the cured space coat may be about one-third the average diameter of the spheres employed, when ordinary glass beads are used (refractive index about 1.50-1.55), to
- secure optimum reflex brilliancy. In the case of No. glass beads, having an average diameter of approximately 6 to 7 mils, this would call for a final space coat thickness of about 2.0 to 2.5 mils. If beads of higher refractive index are used, the optimum thickness wouldbe less, as for example if No. 10 beads of 1.65 index are used, a good thickness would .be 1.0 to 1.5 mils.
A suitable coating composition for this purpose is an 80% solution in Hydrosolvent No. 2 of a drying-oil modified type alkyd resin (oxidizing type), a type well known in the synthetic resi varnish art. The coating may be cure in 24 hours at say 185 F. An illustrative alkyd resin of this type may be compounded from a normal can reach the latter.
K Parts by weight Phthalic anhydride -1 176 Glycerine 93 Linseed oil fatty acid"; 166-, Dehydrated castor oil 63 The HydrosolventINo. 2 is a volatile petroleum then applied over the soft surface. and the excess removed, to leave a single layer. The sheet is nipped between rollers to'press the beads down throughthe binder layer and into transparent coating l8, to substantially the surface of spacing layer I! (see Fig. '2). The forcing of the beads into transparent coating 3 results in the latter wiping the lower extremities substantially clean of the pigmented binder; audit also makes for a broader optic aperture for light rays to reach the underlying reflective surface l6, so that rays incident at a substantial angle from the The fully coated and headed sheet may then be cured, to set-up the last applied coatings, by oven heating on racks for 24'hours at 185 F.
Having described various illustrative embodiments of the invention, but without intent to be limited thereto, what is claimed is as follows:
1. In a flexible, reflex reflector sheet material adapted to use in making outdoor signs havin long range visibility coupled with good angularity characteristics under night viewing conditions;
a flexible reflector having. a silvery metallic re;- flective surface. an overlying layer of small transparent spheres, and a non-specular reflective binder in which said spheres are partially emsolvent fraction which is'aromatic in character,
and may be substituted-for by benzol or toluol' or mixtures thereof.
Following curingof the space coat, the thin transparent coat [8 and the reflective binder 19 (Fig. 2) aresuccessively applied, and neither is R ezyl 5s" 20a Beetle 227-8 100 Hydrosolvent. No. 2 15 The Rezyl 53 is a liquid alkyd resin composition sold-by-American Cyanamid 00., composed of 65% of a two-component type alkyd resin and 35% of a plasticizer of-the non-drying oil or non-drying fatty acid type, and-may be replaced by a similar material. An illustrative two-component alkyd resin is the Well known ,kind made from phthalic anhydride and glycerine. Castor oil is illustrative ofnon-drying oils and ricinoleic acid is the acid which can be derived therefrom as for example by heating together the glycerine and castor oil before adding I and .milling in a pigment, such as titanium dioxide to make a white binder (the weight of the titanium dioxide being about equal to the resin weight,"and a trace of Ultramarine Blue being added as a white intensifier). This binder composition may be applied with a knife coater. to spread it out to the desired thickness, which should be such that it holds the spheres firmly in sockets but leaves the extremities exposed in the product (see Fig. 2).
The spheres, such as No. 10 glass beads, are
bedded so that an intern-ally reflecting nonspheres spaced therefrom, an interposed-solid transparent spacing medium contacted by the-in;
ner extremities of the spheres and providing optical passage to said back reflector, and a reflective binder overlying said transparent spacing medium and forming a reflective band around the lower side of each sphere to provide internal reflection of highly angular incident rays, said back reflector and said reflective binder being dissimilar in color reflecting properties so that the contiguous small transparent spheres partially embedded in the reflective binder coating so, that the inne'r extremities of the spheres are in optical connection with the underlying spaced-away back reflector, and the binder coating provides a reflective band around the inner side of not exceeding 50 mils. and there being a large number per square inch so as to permit of a rela-' tively smooth and uniform outer surface which I very metallic type having a specular characteristie, and the reflective binder layer is of the non-- specular pigmented type.
5. A'reflex light reflector sheet according to claim 3, wherein the reflective binder layer has a ch-- sphere; the spheres having an average diame r' diflerent color than the back reflector so that the reflex reflecting appearance changes as the incident light angle varies irom relatively small to relatively large.
6. A reflex light reflector sheet adapted for use as a sign or marker, comprising a metallic back reflector having a specular characteristic, an overlying light-returning layer of small transparent spheres, and a non-specular reflective binder coating layer in which said spheres are partially embedded so that the inner extremities of the spheres are in optical connection with the metallic back reflector. and the 'binder coating provides a non-specular reflective band around striking the spheres with a small angle or incidence will undergo internal reflection from the underlying metallic reflector while substantial angular rays will be internally reflected from the non-specular reflective binder surfaces in contact with the sides of the spheres; the spheres havin an average diameter not exceeding 50 mils and there being a large number per square inch so as to permit of a relatively smooth and uniform outer surface which lends itself to painting and printing over the layer of spheres.
the inner side of each sphere, such that light
Referenced by
Original Image


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But it doesn't have to be.
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Categories Food, Groceries Kosher Foods
Categories Food, Groceries Tea, Herbal Green Tea, Bags
Tazo Teas, Green Ginger, Green Tea, 20 Filterbags, 1.5 oz (44 g)
- Shipping Weight: 0.46 lbs (0.21kg)
- Product Code: TAZ-20102
- UPC Code: 794522201020
- Package Quantity: 20 Filterbags, 1.5 oz (44 g)
- Dimensions: 2.7 x 3.3 x 5.2 in, 0.2 lbs (0.09kg)
- Expiration Date: Aug 2016
Madre Labs, CocoCardio, 7.93 oz (225 g)
Priced together: $16.31 Priced separately: $19.32
Product Overview
- So You Can Sip Blissfully, We Source Naturally
- Kosher
This bright green tea blend has a kick from ginger & a sweet note of pear.
Steep and begin a journey that spans continents and centuries on speed-of-sound steam trains.
Sip the sun, rain and fog of the morning these delicate botanicals were picked.
Explore lemongrass lawns, carpets of chamomile and the living history of your ancestors.
Taste with all your senses, but most of all with your imagination.
Each cup is a story, unfolding with every sip.
Green Ginger
Smooth green tea takes root in the fiery depths of ginger, yet runs lithely through the lemongrass. It pauses only to pluck the juiciest of pears from bowed branches (and to thank you for inviting us in to warm up your daydreams).
Suggested Use
For Best Brewing
175ºF - Bring fresh, filtered water to a boil and allow to cool slightly.
8 fl oz - Pour water over the filterbag in your cup.
3 min - Let it steep. Wait patiently for perfection.
Other Ingredients
Green teas, natural flavors, ginger, lemongrass.


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December 28, 2014 6 a.m.
Group will meet on Jan. 21 for a program on Lake Rufus Woods, the reservoir behind Chief Joseph Dam
By Scott Hewitt December 26, 2014 5:16 p.m.
Kelly Punteney has spent the last few years slowly improving the Jane Weber Evergreen Arboretum, a historic property that rolls from Old Evergreen Highway down to the Columbia River. It's been an uphill battle, Punteney has said, toward his ultimate goal of getting the 7-acre oasis adopted by the city of Vancouver as a public park.
By The Associated Press December 26, 2014 10:38 a.m.
SEATTLE — The National Weather Service says a weekend storm could dump more than a foot of snow in the Cascades, and as much as 30 inches in some areas.
December 26, 2014 6:01 a.m.
Two-mile walk one of 28 First Day Hikes scheduled in Washington state parks
By The Columbian December 25, 2014 6:06 a.m.
Eight projects in Southwest Washington get funded totaling $2.5 million
By Allen Thomas December 25, 2014 6:05 a.m.
Winter steelhead streams a bit high for fishing but likely to drop; trout stocked in Battle Ground Lake, Klineline Pond
By The Columbian December 25, 2014 6:04 a.m.
Avian influenza kills domestic fowl in British Columbia; tollfree line established for anyone who sees a sick or dead wild bird
December 25, 2014 6:02 a.m.
Arizona native Angela Elam named to No. 2 post at national forest stretching from Columbia River to Mount Rainier National Park
December 25, 2014 6 a.m.
Hiking, cycling, kayaking and other outings offered by local organizations
By Eric Florip December 25, 2014 6 a.m.
Winter is officially only a few days old, but the region's mountain snowpack already faces a sizeable deficit.
By Lauren Dake December 24, 2014 6:26 p.m.
Dairy farmers have "Got Milk?"
December 24, 2014 2:44 p.m.
Mount Hood Express and Shooting Star will provide access to more terrain
By Conrad Wilson, OPB December 23, 2014 9:58 a.m.
Oregon's ski industry is off to a slow start this winter.
By Associated Press December 23, 2014 9:52 a.m.
LAS VEGAS — A Nevada congressman said he was offended when Interior Secretary Sally Jewell claimed some lawmakers in the West are playing politics over the protection of the sage grouse.
December 23, 2014 6:01 a.m.
Ski area has enough snow to operate Vista Express today; Timberline Lodge also open for skiing and Mount Hood Skibowl for tubing


text:
Gear Review
Don't try this at home
Sleepless in Seattle
Member since
What can I say? They're pitons. I hear they are ugly, but I don't use them on mountains. My climbing is in underwater caves, and pitons are the only secure way of "climbing" down against the flow of a 1st-magnitude spring. They hold well over time. I only wish I could get them in stainless-steel.
Member since
You can find Titanium pins. They would hold up to salt water better than Stainless but are not as durable or strong as steel.
View More Details on Black Diamond Lost Arrow Pitons - DO NOT USE


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Columbus, OH, United States | Member Since 2007
"Just your typical McDevitt awesomeness!"
The Universe that Jack McDevitt has created is vast indeed. This book simply adds another chapter into it. The story, is as always, very well done, with plenty to keep your mind going. The character Alex Benedict, as your future day Sherlock Holmes, takes all the clues you never knew where there and makes amazing leaps and bounds in understanding the greater picture. Adding in fact and the unpredictability of humans and AI's (betas) to come to the correct conclusion. And although Jack brings closure to this book, the new doors he's opened leave even more room to expand. I can't wat for the next novel!
Just another awesome Book!
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With growth forecasts revised up and room for tax cuts in 2015, George Osborne starts electioneering
HMRC to rake in £9bn from tax evaders, while school leavers won't be able to go on the dole
Polling shows that being told the economy is improving is not enough - voters need to feel it
Government's 'cosy deal' with energy firms will not keep bills down, says Labour leader Ed Miliband
Osborne continues to rub Miliband's nose in Co-op cocaine scandal, despite warnings it could backfire
Payday lenders will be forced to rein in 5,000 per cent interest rates in new crackdown
Former PM speaks again – this time to stand up for the working-class Tories Cameron risks losing
George Osborne said IDS wasn't clever enough: waste of millions of pounds suggests he was right
Eyebrows raised all round as Matthew Freud admits Cameron was there - having at first said he wasn't
Chancellor to combat London house price bubble with new tax reform
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Home of the
Voice of God Ministries
Focus of the Ministry
Dr. P.'s pastoral work is in Charleston, South Carolina. She was called in 1984 and has worked in full-time ministry since 1994. She is God's chosen vessel to preach the gospel.
The aim of the ministry is to bring Christians to FULL maturity in Christ Jesus through information that will both profit and prosper them. The ministry "is to declare the Healing power of Jesus Christ and sound aloud His Prophetic voice to all nations from a deliverance Perspective." The ministry proclaims in its teaching and preaching: Prayer, Prosperity, Deliverance, Healing and Faith.
"Be Loose" is the Battle Cry of the Ministry to the Body of Christ. Isaiah 58:5 KJV says, Is not this the fast that I have chose? to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke?
The goal of the ministry is take Christians into the Mind of God. The Vision is being accomplished through all that God has called us to do and is multiplied by the financial support given to like ministries.
His Unspeakable Gift
The foolish
religious leaders mocking Jesus, cried out, "He saved
others, He can not save himself!" The place was just out
side Jerusalem on a hill called the skull. These blind
leaders were right on one hand, yet they were very


text: Park Jokes Episode 3 By Jscomedy Park Jokes is weekly web series created by Jason Schneider (JScomedy.com). All... more »Park Jokes is weekly web series created by Jason Schneider (JScomedy.com). All material is original. All jokes are created and copyrighted by Jason Schneider unless otherwise stated. Jokes are available for licensing to other media outlets and distributors at a minimum bid of $400,000.00 per joke. « less Published May 04, 2011 150 views More Info » Full Credits Jscomedy Uploader Stats & Data 6 Funny Votes 1 Die Votes 151 Views Published May 04, 2011 Categories: Web Series Clean Comedy Politics Keywords: Park Jokes Celebrity Jokes Short Jokes Funny Jokes Sex Jokes Racist Jokes Clean Jokes Dirty Jokes International Jokes Jewish Jokes Muslim Jokes Gay Jokes Animal Jokes Obama Jokes Osama Jokes Up Next: Karaoke Adventure AUTOPLAY Up Next In: 10 Twilight Fans Get Punked Overconfidence FAIL Billy on the Street: It's Not Pitbull – It's Amy Poehler! Where the Magic Happens with Danny Pudi Follow Facebook Twitter Tumblr Instagram Advertisement Browse Related Comments 6+ more View All ▶ Jscomedy Vaguely Related Videos Vaguely RelatedPics & Words Advertisement From Around the Web ZergNet