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A cardioverting/defibrillating pacemaker with the ability to sense and respond to haemodynamic compromise. The ventricular pressure (VP) and electrical activity of the heart are sensed via one or more transvenous or epicardial devices. The filtered peak-to-peak amplitude (VFPPA) or a peak pressure function (VPPF) based upon the right and/or left VP waveform(s) are derived. In one embodiment the VP and the electrical activity of the heart are sensed and processed continuously, and the VFPPA or the VPPF continuously derived. The VFPPA or the VPPF, and the ECG are used to initiate bradycardia pacing, antitachycardia pacing and cardioversion/defibrillation therapies. In another embodiment the VP and electrical activity of the heart are continuously sensed. The electrical activity is processed continuously and used to determine whether or not some irregularity exists. If so, one of the VPPF or VFPPA is derived and used to decide which of the therapies are to be used. One of the VPPF or VFPPA is also periodically determined to ensure optimal haemodynamic function. In both emobidments the degree of haemodynamic compromise is determined by comparing the derived VFPPA or VPPF with programmed values. An algorithm maximizes the effectiveness of support pacing. Preferably an ECG transvenous sensor in the right atrium and a combined ECG/VP sensor in the right ventricle are used.
1. An apparatus for the treatment of the heart, comprising:
a) means for obtaining an electrogram from the heart;
b) means for acquiring a signal indicative of ventricular pressure;
c) processing means for processing said signal to produce a signal representative of at least one of filtered peak-to-peak ventricular pressure amplitude and ventricular peak pressure function, the latter comprising the integral of a filtered and rectified ventricular pressure waveform signal;
d) comparison means responsive to said representative signal for determining whether at least one of said filtered peak-to-peak ventricular pressure amplitude and said ventricular peak pressure function is below a predetermined level;
e) examining means for examining said electrogram to determine whether an arrhythmia is present;
f) therapy selection means responsive to said comparison means and said examining means for selecting therapy to apply to the heart if at least one of said filtered peak-to-peak ventricular pressure amplitude and said ventricular peak pressure function is below said predetermined level and an arrhythmia is present; and
g) therapy application means for applying a therapy to the heart.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said processing means includes means for removing changes in baseline level of said signal indicative of ventricular pressure.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said processing means includes means for removing low frequency components in said signal indicative of ventricular pressure.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said means for removing low frequency components is a high pass filter.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said high pass filter has a -3 dB point in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 Hz.
6. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said means for removing low frequency components is a bandpass filter.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said processing means comprises:
filter means for filtering said signal indicative of ventricular pressure to produce a filtered signal;
rectifier means for rectifying said filtered signal to produce a rectified signal; and
integration means for integrating the filtered, rectified signal to produce said ventricular peak pressure function.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said processing means comprises:
filter means for filtering said signal indicative of ventricular pressure to produce a filtered signal;
means for determining a minimum value of said filtered signal;
means for determining a maximum value of said filtered signal; and
means for determining a difference between said minimum value and said maximum value to define a peak-to-peak amplitude of said filtered signal, whereby said processing means produces a signal representative of said filtered peak-to-peak ventricular pressure amplitude.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said electrogram and said ventricular pressure are continuously sensed; and wherein said processing means continuously produces said representative signal.
10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said electrogram is continuously sensed, and wherein said processing means produces said representative signal only when an arrhythmia is indicated by the electrogram.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said therapy selection means responds to a bradycardia, and said therapy means includes a pacing means and a pacing optimization algorithm for optimizing pacing so as to produce an increase in at least one of filtered ventricular peak-to-peak pressure amplitude and ventricular peak pressure function.
12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said pacing optimization algorithm selects various values of heart rate and A-V delay.
13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said comparison means comprises a counter responsive to amplitude of said representative signal, said counter being reset if said amplitude reaches a predetermined level, said counter counting up if said amplitude does not reach a predetermined level; and means for ascertaining when the count in said counter reaches a predetermined value, and to then provide an input to said therapy selection means indicating that therapy is required.
14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said comparison means comprises: means for storing values of amplitude of representative signals derived from Y successive heart beats, and means for determining whether X of the stored amplitudes are below a predetermined value; and to then provide an input to said therapy selection means indicating that therapy is required.
15. An apparatus for the treatment of a malfunctioning heart comprising:
a programmable device capable of sensing malfunction of the heart and the successful treatment of malfunction based on electrical and haemodynamic function of the heart;
means for calculating a filtered peak-to-peak amplitude and a filtered and rectified integration of a pressure waveform of the right ventricle;
means for determining haemodynamic compromise based upon the calculations;
first therapy means for initiating anti-tachycardia pacing and cardioversion/defibrillation based on the electrical and haemodynamic function of the heart; and
second therapy means for implementing a method of bradycardia support pacing optimization based on both the electrical and the haemodynamic function of the heart.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 further comprising means for warning at least one of a recipient of the device and the recipient's clinician of failure of said method.
17. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein at least one of the pressure waveform of the left ventricle, the right atrium and the left atrium is used instead of, or in conjunction with, that of the right ventricle.
18. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein sensing of electrical activity of the heart and electrical stimulation of the heart is done in at least one of the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium and the left ventricle.
19. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said second therapy means is rate responsive.
20. A method of determining an index of the hemodynamic function of the heart by monitoring right ventricular pressure to obtain a pressure waveform comprising the steps of: high-pass filtering the pressure waveform and determining the peak-to-peak amplitude from the filtered pressure waveform to determine an index of hemodynamic function; or, filtering and rectifying said pressure waveform and then integrating the filtered and rectified waveform to produce a peak pressure function representative of said hemodynamic index.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein said monitoring is implemented continuously.
22. The method of claim 20, wherein said monitoring is implemented intermittently.
23. The method of claim 20 wherein a pressure waveform of at least one of the left ventricle, the right atrium and the left atrium is used instead of, or in conjunction with, that of the right ventricle.
24. A method of automatically optimizing bradycardia support pacing by monitoring the haemodynamic performance of the heart comprising the steps of:
sensing the haemodynamic state of the heart by monitoring right ventricular pressure, wherein said step of sensing the haemodynamic state further comprises processing the right ventricular pressure waveform by either high-pass filtering said pressure waveform and determining the peak-to-peak amplitude of said filtered pressure waveform; or, filtering and rectifying said pressure waveform and then integrating the filtered and rectified waveform to produce a peak pressure function
determining that the sensed haemodynamic state is outside programmed performance limits, that there is a relatively steady cardiac state present, and that there is not a tachyarrhythmia present;
sweeping through programmed pacing parameter values including at least one of A-V delay and pacing rate in a step wise pattern;
reassessing the heart's haemodynamic state and electrical activity after each change in pacing parameters; and
choosing, out of those pacing parameters tested, ones that produce the best haemodynamic state.
25. The method of claim 24 further comprising warning at least one of a recipient of the device and the recipient's clinician of failure of the method.
26. The method of claim 24 wherein said monitoring is implemented continuously.
27. The method of claim 24 wherein said monitoring is implemented intermittently.
28. The method of claim 24 wherein a pressure waveform of at least one of the left ventricle, the right atrium, and the left atrium is used instead of, or in conjunction with, that of the right ventricle.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to implantable cardioverting and defibrillating pacemakers. More particularly it relates to an apparatus that adds the ability to transduce haemodynamic compromise to a cardioverting/defibrillating pacemaker.
2. Background Art
Pacemakers were initially developed to electrically stimulate hearts that were unable to beat at a rate sufficient to maintain a life sustaining cardiac output. The first devices delivered electrical stimuli at a fixed rate regardless of the heart's function or the body's physiological needs.
Devices were then developed that stimulated the heart only if it failed to beat above a predetermined rate. Such devices sensed the electrical activity of the heart, usually in the right ventricle. Later developments saw the introduction of pacemakers that sensed and stimulated in both the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Pacemakers were also introduced that obtain a measure of the body's physiological need and that responded by altering the paced rate to meet the demand, for example, by sensing the respiratory rate and then increasing the heart rate as the respiratory rate increased. Such a pacemaker is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,702,253 to Nappholz et al.
Devices were developed that electrically sensed the presence of a ventricular tachyarrhythmia and delivered a defibrillating D.C. shock to revert the heart to a normal rhythm. More advanced devices were developed that attempted to pace hearts undergoing a supraventricular or ventricular tachyarrhythmia back into a normal rhythm. This technique is known as antitachycardia pacing.
Devices have been developed that can act both as pacemakers and as arrhythmia control systems. These devices are able to pace a heart that is beating too slowly, to cardiovert/defibrillate a heart, and to pace a heart undergoing a ventricular tachyarrhythmia, back into a normal rhythm. The Guardian device is such a device and is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 187,797, of R. Grevis and N. Gilli, filed Apr. 29, 1988, and entitled "Apparatus and Method for Controlling Multiple Sensitivities in Arrhythmia Control Systems Including Post-therapy Pacing Delay", now U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,054.
The Guardian device is a microcomputer based arrhythmia control system. It is able to be programmed to many different bradycardia pacing modes. A telemetric link is used to communicate with the physician. Variables such as the bradycardia support pacing rate and the atrio-ventricular (AV) delay can be programmed to suit the needs of the recipient of the device. However, such parameters can only be altered by a telemetric link. There is no provision for the device to adjust its programmed parameters in a learning response mode.
The use of a telemetric link allows not only the reprogramming of a device, but also the interrogation of a device by a clinician. Some devices are also fitted with vibrating warning devices to indicate to the patient certain error states of the device and/or malfunctions of the heart. The idea is to hasten the patient's presentation to the clinician to allow interrogation of the device.
Despite the above developments, there are still some limitations inherent in any device that relies solely upon the sensing of the electrical activity of the heart as its means of determining the state of cardiac function. Such devices can be confused by electrical noise induced in the sensing circuits and have difficulty distinguishing a supraventricular from a ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Furthermore they are not able to determine whether or not a tachyarrhythmia is haemodynamically compromising, regardless of its origin. There are differences in the haemodynamic effects of the different tachyarrhythmias as documented by Nakano in his article "Effects of Atrial and Ventricular Tachycardias on the Cardiovascular System." Am. J. Physiol 206: 547-552 (1964).
The result of these shortcomings is that recipients of cardioverter/defibrillators and cardioverting/defibrillating pacemakers may be subject to the inappropriate delivery of defibrillation therapy. Such therapy is not without risk of damage to the myocardium. Furthermore, unwarranted discharge of the device causes pain to the conscious patient, instilling great anxiety, as well as shortening the life of the batteries that power the device.
Haemodynamic compromise exists when there is either insufficient blood pressure or blood flow to meet the oxygen demands of the tissues of the body (See Guyton A., "Textbook of Medical Physiology", 7th Ed., Saunders 1986). It is a relative term since the amount of oxygen required varies with the level of activity, the level of consciousness, feeding etc.
Monitoring the blood pressure is an effective means, commonly used in clinical practice, to assess an individual's haemodynamic state. A fall in arterial blood pressure is associated first with a loss of consciousness, then with ischaemia of vital organs, and finally with death either acutely due to anoxic brain death or, in the longer term, with the failure of other vital organs.
The heart is a cyclical pump with a pulsatile output that is smoothed in the capacitance vessels to produce a steady capillary flow of oxygen rich blood to the tissues. Thus arterial blood pressure shows cyclical peaks and troughs; the systolic and diastolic pressures.
The ventricular pressure, likewise, cyclically increases and decreases and is a measure of an individual's haemodynamic state. A voltage proportional to this pressure can be obtained via a piezo-electric device affixed to the end of a permanently implanted transvenous and intracardiac lead. In such a device a pressure sensor acts as one arm of a resistive bridge and varies its resistance, and therefore the voltage across it, with the pressure applied to it. A voltage waveform can thereby be obtained that reflects the changes in ventricular pressure, and therefore haemodynamnic state, over time.
With respect to bradycardia support pacing, one of the common strategies of optimizing cardiac output for a patient is to alter the A-V delay and/or pacing rate of his pacemaker. The latter in particular is fraught with risk. The patient must be carefully monitored after such manipulations since the patient may be pushed into heart failure.
Wish et al. ("Importance of Left Atrial Timing in the Programming of Dual-Chamber Pacemakers," Am. J. Cardiol 60: 566-571 (1987)) have shown that stroke volume can be optimized by manipulating the A-V delay. The optimal value for the A-V delay varies from patient to patient and with the pacing mode used. The present strategy is to use electrophysiological studies to determine the best value of A-V delay. However such studies are not without risk and must be repeated as a patient's clinical status varies over time.
Mirowski et al., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,614,955 and 3,942,536 describe systems that sense heart function using the peak of the right ventricular pressure waveform. Devices of this kind, which have yet to be commercially implemented, suffer some obvious disadvantages.
Generally devices which monitor only the peak of the ventricular pressure waveform are unable to initiate antitachycardia pacing and to automatically optimize bradycardia support pacing. Additionally, such devices are designed to use the raw RVP waveform. The common implementation of such a device utilizes a piezo-electric transducer. If such a device is implemented, it suffers the wandering baseline associated with piezo-electric pressure transducers and an inability to respond to alterations in a given patient's degree of right/left sided heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.
In prior art devices, the use of a pressure reference in a pressure sensing lead produces problems when the devices are intended to be permanently implanted. As noted above, typical piezo-electric sensors suffer from baseline drift. This results in a variable direct current offset being added to the ventricular pressure waveform even when a pressure reference is built into the device.
A device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,774,950 to Cohen seeks to overcome the shortcomings of the common forms of pacemakers by relying on the mean RVP, mean arterial pressure, mean left atrial pressure, mean left ventricular pressure and/or mean central venous pressure as indicators of haemodynamic compromise. The background to this invention can be found in Cohen et al.'s article "Haemodynamic Responses to Rapid Pacing: A Model for Tachycardia Differentiation.", PACE 11: 1522-1528 (1988).
The Cohen patent discloses a device that either uses discrete circuitry or a microprocessor to perform its functions.
The use of a microprocessor in a pacemaker is not uncommon. However the manipulations described are expensive in the use of both power and microprocessor cycle time when implemented in an implantable device. There are simpler measures of haemodynamic compromise that can be used.
It is well recognized that atrio-ventricular (AV) synchrony, cardiac rate and cardiac ejection volume interact to determine cardiac output. In this regard, reference is made to the article by B. N. Goldreyer, "Physiologic Pacing: The Role of AV Synchrony." PACE 5: 613-615 (1982). Of these, the two former are open to manipulation by a bradycardia support pacemaker. A disadvantage of present programmable devices is that they must be reprogrammed should the recipient's condition change. This involves the expense and inconvenience of a visit to a hospital and drastically reduces the ability of the device to respond to changes in the recipient's condition.
It would thus be advantageous for a pacemaker to have the ability to manipulate automatically these and other pacing parameters to guarantee the best possible bradycardia pacing effect.
ATP--Antitachycardia pacing
ECG (Electrocardiograph)--The ECG is strictly speaking, the graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart. However, the term ECG is used loosely to refer to the electrical activity of the heart. The electrical activity of the heart can be sensed either on the surface of the skin, or, on or in the heart.
L (Left)--Used to signify that an acronym refers to the left side of the heart as in: LVFPPA Left ventricular filtered peak-to-peak amplitude (VFPPA); LVP Left ventricular pressure (VP); LVPPF Left ventricular peak pressure function (VPPF); etc.
R (Right)--Used to signify that an acronym refers to the right side of the heart as in: RVFPPA Right ventricular filtered peak-to-peak amplitude (VFPPA); RVP Right ventricular pressure (VP); RVPPF Right ventricular peak pressure function (VPPF) etc.
VF Ventricular fibrillation
VFPPA Ventricular filtered peak-to-peak amplitude
VP Ventricular pressure
VPPF Ventricular peak pressure function
VT Ventricular tachycardia
A pacemaker is any device capable of electrically stimulating the heart to contract. Most such devices can also sense the electrical activity of a contracting heart and react to alterations in its electrical function. Most such devices are implanted and, if programmable, are interacted with via a telemetric link.
Rate responsive or physiological pacemakers are pacemaking devices that are able to sense and respond to some indicator of increased tissue oxygen demand; for example, respiratory rate. They respond by altering the paced heart rate to meet the changes in oxygen requirements.
A cardioverter/defibrillator is any device that can sense the presence of tachyarrhythmias and deliver an electric shock to a heart in order to revert it back to a normal rhythm. The difference between a cardioverter and a defibrillator lies only in the amount of energy delivered to the heart. Cardioversion is usually used to refer to low energy shocks and defibrillation to high energy shocks. A cardioverter/defibrillator is usually capable of supplying energies in a range of less than 1 Joule to more than 40 Joules. These shocks may or may not be synchronized with the R wave of the ECG.
A cardioverting/defibrillating pacemaker is a device that can perform both cardioverting/defibrillating and pacemaking functions. When referred to herein it also applies to devices that deliver their energy synchronously with a detected R-wave and to devices that do not. When used the term will usually apply to devices that electrically sense/stimulate via electrodes in the right ventricle and atrium but may also apply to devices that do so only in the right ventricle, in the right atrium alone, in multiple heart chambers, via epicardial patches or leads, or via other sense/stimulation configurations.
Antitachycardia pacing (ATP) is a technique implemented in some pacemaking devices. It is directed toward pacing a rapidly and abnormally beating heart back into a more normal rhythm. Its use implies that the tachyarrhythmia detected is considered not to be so sufficiently haemodynamically compromising that it will endanger vital organs within the anticipated treatment time.
ATP may produce a more malignant tachyarrhythmia; for example ventricular tachycardia (VT) may be paced into ventricular fibrillation (VF). For this reason ATP is normally implemented only when there is the option to use cardioversion/defibrillation therapy.
Herein wherever reference is made to a device that senses the right ventricular ECG (RVECG), and/or right atrial ECG, and the right ventricular pressure (RVP), the latter to derive the right ventricular FPPA (RVFPPA) and VPPF (RVPPF), and that uses this information to implement bradycardia pacing, antitachycardia pacing or defibrillation, it should be understood that the device can also sense and respond to the left ventricular ECG, and/or atrial ECG, and VP in a similar fashion, ie via deriving the LVFPPA and LVPPF.
The present device uses two simple manipulations of the right ventricular pressure signal to overcome the above mentioned shortcomings; i.e. the RVFPPA and the RVPPF. Filtering the RVP signal removes the effect of baseline wander in the transducer. It also tends to remove the effect of heart failure upon the mean value of the RVP. It is well known that the mean RVP and especially the baseline RVP increase with the degree of pulmonary hypertension and/or left sided heart failure. The peak pressure function used is the integration of the filtered RVP waveform. Research has shown that both the RVFPPA and the RVPPF can accurately discriminate haemodynamically compromising tachyarrhythmias.
An object of the invention is to prevent unnecessary discharges to the heart, thereby preventing damage to the myocardium, avoiding causing distress and pain to the recipient and maximizing battery life.
A further object of the invention is to use the RVFPPA or the RVPPF, as well as rate criteria derived from sensing the electrical activity of the heart, as an integral part of the algorithms for the initiation of bradycardia pacing, antitachycardia pacing and defibrillation therapies; i.e. to allow the distinguishing of the different forms of arrhythmia.
Another object of the invention is to switch to the best mode of pacing for a given cardiac state by sensing the right ventricular filtered peak-to-peak amplitude (RVFPPA) and/or the right ventricular peak pressure function (RVPPF), as well as the electrical activity of the right ventricle (RVECG).
In one embodiment of the invention, the values of RVPPF and RVFPPA, and the electrical activity of the heart are continuously monitored and the appropriate therapy initiated whenever an abnormality is detected. In a second embodiment of the invention the RVPPF or the RVFPPA are derived when the electrical activity of the heart indicates some form of malfunctioning and also at a regular interval to monitor any change in the RVP, thus extending battery life.
A further object of the invention is to allow the programming of reference values of RVFPPA and RVPPF, as well as rate criteria derived from sensing the electrical activity of the heart, that are specific to a given recipient of the device.
Another object of the invention is to effect the implementation of a pacing optimization algorithm.
Yet another object of the invention is to respond to a change in RVP, as derived in terms of the RVFPPA and/or RVPPF and or other mechanisms, by altering the A-V delay, the stand-by rate and other pacing parameters to maximize the RVP. Such an altering of pacing parameters is possible, in the absence of a tachycardia, provided a change in RVP occurs to below programmed levels outside those considered optimal, but not sufficiently different from normal to initiate other therapies.
In a second embodiment of the invention the RVP is periodically evaluated. If it is found to be outside pre-programmed values and a tachycardia or other cardiac dysfunction is not co-existent, then continuous monitoring occurs and the microcomputer based pacemaker reverts to the sensing mode of the first embodiment before implementing the pacing optimization algorithm.
The invention described herein functions equally as well sensing pressure from either ventricular chamber and the ECG from any endocardial or epicardial site. The clinical use of the device with its sensors in the left ventricle will differ only in the site of sensor placement and in the reference values programmed into the device by the clinician at implant.
According to the invention, the filtered peak-to-peak amplitude of the ventricular pressure waveform (VFPPA) is obtained after filtering out any voltage offset to the pressure waveform with a highpass filter (preferably having a 3 dB point in the range of 0.1 Hz to 0.5 Hz) and is therefore a measure of the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures in the ventricle. The ventricular peak pressure function (VPPF) is the integral of the filtered and rectified VP waveform. It is a measure of the work performed by the heart in producing the increase in pressure seen with each contraction The VFPPA and the VPPF are both measures of the contractile performance of the heart and are therefore both measures of haemodynamic compromise.
The manipulations described above reflect only the pulsatile performance of the ventricle. They have the advantage of removing the effect of baseline transducer drift. They also remove the loading effect that a failing left ventricle can have on the right ventricle. Failure of the left ventricle causes the pooling of blood in the lungs and a greater load on the right ventricle. This is reflected by an increase in the mean RV pressure rather than the pulse pressure.
Furthermore the RVFPPA and RVPPF can be intermittently monitored and compared against programmed reference values without the requirement of constant monitoring to obtain long term reference values.
Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a table specifying the therapy to be applied, in accordance with the invention, for representative pulse rate, RVFPPA and RVPPF values;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the apparatus of the invention in situ;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the apparatus of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a representative diagram of normal femoral artery pressure, right ventricular pressure and E.C.G. waveforms taken from a dog;
FIG. 5 is a representative diagram of femoral artery pressure, right ventricular pressure and E.C.G. waveforms during ventricular pacing at 240 b.p.m. in the dog;
FIG. 6 is a representative diagram, taken from a dog, of femoral artery pressure, right ventricular pressure and E.C.G. waveforms during an episode of ventricular fibrillation; and
FIG. 7 is a flow chart representing the logic used in the bradycardia support pacing optimization algorithm in accordance with the invention.
While the present invention may be implemented using a single chamber or dual chamber implantable cardioverting/defibrillating pacemaker, for purposes of illustration, it is described with respect to a dual chamber device.
Referring to FIG. 1, the type of therapy that is typically selected, in accordance with the invention, is set forth as a function of heart rate, RVPPF and RVFPPA. Heart rate is expressed in beats per minute. RVPPF and RVFPPA are expressed as a percentage of resting value. It should be noted that the values given in FIG. 1 are typical percentage values only, and that the values for a given recipient will be determined by electrophysiological studies conducted at the time of implantation.
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the manner in which an apparatus 1, according to the invention, is provided as an implantable device in a manner similar to that commonly employed for permanently implanted pacemaking defibrillators. Leads 2 and 3 are inserted into the chambers of the heart including, respectively, the right atrium 5 and the right ventricle 6. Lead 3 is a dual ECG/VP lead placed to acquire the electrogram of and the pressure in the right ventricle 6. Apparatus 1 may use one or more epicardial defibrillation patches 7 connected to apparatus 1 by a lead 7A. The break in leads 2,3 and 7A signifies that apparatus 1 is to be implanted at a site removed from the cardiac cavity.
Also illustrated in FIG. 2 are the superior vena cava 8, the inferior vena cava 9, the left ventricle 10, the aorta 11, the pulmonary vessels 12 and the left atrium 13.
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates the major circuit and logical units of apparatus 1 and its connection to the heart 4. In the preferred embodiment the heart 4 is connected via the leads 2 and 3 and epicardial patch or patches 7 to the apparatus 1 by a top cap or neck connector 16. The analog signals sensed by the leads are filtered by a filter 18 then converted to a digital format by an A/D converter 19. The VP waveform from lead 3 is filtered with a bandpass or highpass filter 18A portion of filter 18, to remove D.C. offset and low frequency components. The digital signals are then processed by the main processing unit MPU 20 of apparatus 1.
The MPU 20 controls the logic and circuitry of the bradycardia support pacing 21, ATP 22 and defibrillation 23 modules. It can be programmed by a telemetric link 25 and has random access to data storage registers of a memory 26.
The digital signals from the pressure sensing lead are processed by a pressure processing unit P.P.U. 24 that is illustrated as a separate module, but may also be a logical unit within MPU 20.
FIG. 4 depicts a typical RVP waveform 28. FIG. 4 also depicts the typical form of the pressure wave obtained in the femoral artery, FAP 27, and a surface ECG 29. It can be seen that the modulations of both pressure waveforms fall in time between the R waves of the ECG.
FIG. 5 shows that the peak-to-peak amplitude of the RVP 31 is well maintained even when the heart is paced to a high rate. It can also be seen that the FAP 30 at this rate is low, but is still life sustaining in the short term. It can also be seen that the peaks of the pressure waveform in the ventricle and the femoral artery both occur after the R wave of the surface ECG 32.
FIG. 6 depicts the typical changes in FAP 33, RVP 34 and surface ECG 35 with the onset of ventricular fibrillation at 36. There is almost no modulation in either the FAP 33 or RVP 34 waveforms during well established VF and the FAP 33 is so low that life would cease unless prompt action were taken. Normal function is returned after the administration of a defibrillating shock at 37.
The processing unit for the pressure waveform, PPU 24 in FIG. 3, derives the FPPA and VPPF from the filtered and digitized VP waveform. The PPU 24 communicates the derived data to the MPU 20. The MPU 20 has access to the data registers of a P.P.U. memory 24A of the PPU 24.
The RVFPPA is obtained by filtering the VP waveform with a highpass filter with a -3 db frequency in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 Hz. In the preferred embodiments this filter is a second order Butterworth filter. The RVFPPA is derived from the filtered RVP waveform by determining the maximum excursion of the filtered signal over a defined time period. In the preferred embodiment this time period is determined by the period between R waves in the intracardiac ECG. The RVPPF is obtained by rectifying the filtered RVP waveform and then integrating it. The integral for each contraction is obtained by reference to the R wave interval from the endocardial ECG. In the preferred embodiments of this device both these signals are used to determine whether or not the recipient of the device is haemodynamically compromised.
The device has two main implementations each of which can be implemented using one of two algorithms. In the first algorithm (hereafter referred to as the "simple threshold algorithm") the RVFPPA is monitored and compared to a threshold value. This value can be programmed as either an absolute value or as a percentage of a long term mean of the RVFPPA.
The threshold detector is linked to a simple counter. Each time the value of the RVFPPA becomes greater than the threshold value a counter is reset to zero. This counter increments each time the RVFPPA is sensed to be less than the threshold value. If this counter reaches a pre-programmed value then haemodynamic compromise is deemed to exist. In the normally functioning recipient of this device the rising edge of the RVFPPA periodically resets the counter before the triggering value is reached. When the counter reaches the triggering level, the PPU 24 communicates this to the MPU 20 indicating that a state of haemodynamic compromise exists.
In the second algorithm (hereafter referred to as the "X out of Y algorithm"), the RVFPPA is assessed with each cycle as the sum of the greatest negative and positive digital values obtained over one cycle. The value is manipulated as a percentage of a programmed reference value and the values for the last Y beats are stored in memory, where Y is a programmed value. The RVPPF value is calculated as a percentage of a programmed value and the values for the last y beats are also stored in memory.
If X out of the last Y beats, where X and Y are programmed values, fail to produce RVFPPA and/or RVPPF values above programmed levels, then the PPU 24 communicates this to the MPU 20 thus indicating that a state of haemodynamic compromise exists. The simplest case of this X out of Y test is with both X and Y equal to one. The average of the stored values is then used, in conjunction with information gained electrically about the heart rate, to determine what therapy to initiate as per FIG. 1. If apparatus 1 senses an electrical disturbance of the heart, then the MPU 20 interrogates the PPU 24 as to the haemodynamic state of the recipient of apparatus 1 to determine what therapy to initiate as per FIG. 1.
In a second embodiment of the invention, if apparatus 1 senses an electrical disturbance of the heart, then the MPU 20 activates the PPU 24 to derive the RVFPPA and RVPPF values and performs an X out of Y test as described above. Therapy is then initiated as per FIG. 1. No therapy will be initiated if there is no evidence of haemodynamic compromise. The MPU 20 also periodically activates the PPU 24 to ensure that the FPPA and VPPF are within optimal normal limits. If the FPPA and VPPF are not within normal limits, then the MPU 20 will initiate a pacing optimization algorithm as described below.
Thus, in both embodiments a fall in the RVFPPA and/or RVPPF, in the absence of a tachyarrhythmia, initiates a bradycardia support pacing optimization algorithm. Apparatus 1 may manipulate the A-V delay, paced heart rate and/or other pacing parameters to maximize the VP. As described below, it is principally implemented to manipulate A-V delay and heart rate. However since the manipulations involved are generally microprocessor based, any other programmed parameter can also be manipulated.
Thus, for both detection algorithms, the presence of a bradycardia is defined in terms of an electrically sensed bradycardia with or without the pressure sensor detecting haemodynamic compromise. Asystole is defined in terms of the absence of electrical activity and of modulation in the RVFPPA.
The invention can be implemented in one of the two embodiments using either of the sensing modes described above. In the first embodiment the FPPA or VPPF are continuously derived. In the second embodiment the haemodynamic sensor is activated only when an electrical abnormality in the function of the heart is detected.
In the first embodiment the MPU 20 continuously monitors the PPU 24 as well as the electrical activity of the heart. The result of the haemodynamic compromise detection algorithm is used in conjunction with information gained electrically about the heart rate, to determine what therapy to initiate. Since both electrical and haemodynamic function of the heart are being continuously sensed, an abnormality in the function of either can initiate therapy. In this embodiment the pacing optimization algorithm is continuously active during bradycardia support pacing.
It is noteworthy that a dual chambered configuration allows the use of lower energy cardioversion shocks to revert atrial fibrillation that is haemodynamically compromising. This arrhythmia is recognized by the presence of an atrial rate that is higher than the ventricular rate in the presence of haemodynamic compromise.
FIG. 7 illustrates the logic behind the pacing optimization algorithm. This algorithm is designed to function with existing technologies; in particular with existing bradycardia support pacing, anti-tachycardia pacing and cardioverting/defibrillating therapies. The devices and/or logic blocks needed to implement these therapies in hardware or software are well known in the art.
With specific reference to FIG. 7, the first decision, at step 38 is whether or not one of the RVFPPA or RVPPF are within the programmed limits. If so, the program ends and eventually again returns to step 38. If not, then the presence of a tachy-arrhythmia is tested for at step 39. If a tachy-arrhythmia is present, the appropriate therapies are instituted at 40. In the preferred embodiments, the selection of which therapy is to be used is based on heart rate and haemodynamic parameters (FIG. 1).
In the absence of a tachyarrhythmia, whether or not bradycardia support pacing is already functioning, an optimization algorithm is initiated at 41 and the device begins to automatically alter pacing parameters. The parameters to be manipulated are specified by the clinician at implant of the device, or later via the telemetric link, and vary with the nature of the pacing strategies implemented in the device. If pacing is not already in operation, then the programmed stand-by rate is used as the starting point of the algorithm.
In both embodiments of the device the paced heart rate is varied within programmed upper and lower limits by sweeping up from the lowest rate to the highest rate in 5 b.p.m. steps. The range of values open to the clinician is 30-200 b.p.m. The clinician has the option to use any or all of the values in this range, to nominate the order in which they are used, and the starting and finishing point values.
For dual chamber devices the A-V delay is varied within programmed upper and lower limits by sweeping up from the lowest rate to the highest rate in 20 millisecond steps. The range of values open to the clinician is 0-500 milliseconds. The clinician has the option to use any or all of the values in this range, to nominate the order in which they are to be used and the starting and finishing point values.
The clinician also has the option to specify the precedence in which parameters are to be altered as well as the delay period between each change. However, in the preferred embodiment of the invention the procedure is to sweep through each value of A-V delay in the programmed range, then select the next heart rate value in the programmed range, then sweep the A-V delay range again, etc. until the full range of both parameters has been swept and the point of maximal function obtained. The parameters that produce the best haemodynamic result are then selected at step 42.
The function of the optimization algorithm is reinstituted after a programmed time has elapsed as determined at step 48, if a sub-optimal haemodynamic state still exists as determined by step 43. If the haemodynamic state has been optimized so as to be within acceptable limits, the program ends and eventually starts again at step 38. If the haemodynamic state is still sub-optimal, the fact that this has occurred will be stored in the memory of the microprocessor of MPU 20 at step 44. On the next occasion that the device is accessed via the telemetry link, this information will be available to the clinician.
The apparatus has the capacity to warn the patient of the failure of the pacing optimization algorithm. This facility is capable of being activated or inactivated by the clinician via the telemetric link 25. A determination of whether the apparatus has been programmed to do so is made at step 45. If it has been so programmed, it will trigger a tactile warning to the patient at step 45 by way of a piezo-electric vibrating device attached to the inside of the can containing the apparatus.
The clinician has the option to program the number of consecutive attempts that the device may make in trying to establish a stable haemodynamic state to thereby control the determination made at step 47. The clinician may also specify a set of default pacing parameters to be implemented at step 49, once this number of attempts has been made. If this should occur the algorithm cannot be reactivated except via the telemetric link.
The logic for the algorithm is implemented via software. In practice apparatus 1 is implanted and a series of electrophysiological studies are performed to guide the clinician in the choice of programmed variables. In particular, the resting state values of the patient's VFPPA and VPPF must be obtained. Thus the performance of the apparatus can be maximized before the patient is discharged.
The invention also may be implemented as a rate responsive pacemaker using open loop control based upon respiration. In such a device, the algorithm is interrupted whenever a change in respiratory rate indicates that a change in heart rate is required. It is not re-instituted until a stable respiratory rate is again attained.
Although the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the invention. Numerous modifications may be made and other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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- Ariana Grande dyes her hair a dark brown color- US Weekly
- Nicki Minaj is releasing a new music video- TMZ
- Lucy Hale cancels her upcoming tour due to health issues- Gossip Cop
- Dove Cameron & Ryan McCartan cuddle up- Just Jared Jr
- Pedro Pascal in talks for Great Wall movie- Entertainment Weekly
- Big Eyes is about the 'most quiet feminist you've ever met' - Huffington Post
- The two best at the People Mag Awards- Lainey Gossip
- Sarah Jessica Parker plots Divorce comedy at HBO- The Hollywood Reporter
08 May 2013 at 12:12 AM
Lea Michele & Cory Monteith: Beach Lunch in Mexico!
About this photo set: Lea Michele and her boyfriend Cory Monteith grab a romantic lunch on the beach on Tuesday (May 7) in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Over the weekend, the 26-year-old… Read More Here
Posted to Cory Monteith, Lea Michele

subset: commoncrawl


text:
environmental risk management Companies in Nepal
Environmental Risk Managers, Inc.
based in Wayland, MICHIGAN (USA)
eRMI is a specialty wholesaler for environmental liability insurance. We assist independent insurance agents to increase their sales and hit ratios through proven strategies that have generated tens of millions of dollars in environmental liability insurance premium sales. Insurance wholesalers typically focus on the number of submission's, eRMI is focused on writing ...
Environmental Resources Management (ERM)
based in Walnut Creek, CALIFORNIA (USA)
Environmental Resources Management (ERM) is one of the world`s leading providers of environmental, health, safety, risk, and social consulting services. We have 141 offices in 41 countries, employing over 3,500 professionals. We work with our clients around the world to develop sustainable solutions for a wide range of environmental and social pressures they face. ERM is ...
Interra - Environmental Management Consultants
based in Accra, GHANA
Interra is a leading provider of Environmental, Health, Safety, Risk and Social Consulting Services. With sustainability at the heart of both our services and how we do business, we are committed to providing a service that is consistently of the highest quality. Interra is built on the unique skills, experience and resourcefulness of its dedicated professionals to offer ...
Environmental Management Consultants, Inc.
based in Derby, CONNECTICUT (USA)
Environmental Management Consultants, Inc. (EMC) is a full service environmental management, remediation, industrial health and safety firm providing services to industry within the continental United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, Mexico and certain countries in Latin America and Europe. Utilizing this approach, we have the ability not only to provide expertise in a ...
Pacific Risk Advisors Ltd
based in Central, CHINA
Pacific Risk Advisors Ltd (PRA) is a risk management consultancy specialising in sustainability and ESG risk management needs of investors and operators in Asia. Our aim is to enhance the overall performance and value of a company or investment through managing and reducing non financial risks. These risks include regulatory compliance, operational and business, human ...
GEMS - Global Environmental Management Services
based in Jeddah, SAUDI ARABIA
GEMS is part of a global group of companies dedicated towards Preservation, Protection and Restoration of the environment.With our key base in Saudi Arabia, we provide technology, systems, products and services for waste management (reduction, recovery and recycle), industrial effluent treatment, sewage treatment, odour control, bioremediation and environmental clean up.
IRC Risk and Safety LLC
based in Houston, TEXAS (USA)
As a leading global provider of environmental, health, safety, risk, and social consulting services, ERM has sustainability at the heart of both our services and how we operate our business. We employ over 4,000 people with 140 offices in 40 countries worldwide.For over 40 years we have been working with clients around the world and in diverse industry sectors to help ...
Kingsbridge Risk Solutions
based in Tewkesbury, UNITED KINGDOM
Kingsbridge are developing a reputation for being the `insurance brokers of choice` within the water sector. Providing quality bespoke insurance and risk management solutions, we are confident that we can increase overall cover and reduce premium with our expert industry knowledge and established contacts in the insurance market.
Enviro Risk Mitigation Consultants
based in Ghaziabad, INDIA
The Enviro Risk Mitigation Consultants (ERM) Consultants renders diversified consultancy services in the field of Safety & Environment. Services offered by Enviro Risk Mitigation Consultants (ERM) are Hazards & Risk Analysis, HAZOP, HAZID, Transportation Risk Analysis, Safety Audit, Safety Report, On site & Off site Emergency Response Plan, Environment Impact Assessment ...
Ark Workplace Risk
based in London, UNITED KINGDOM
Since 1989, Ark has provided health and safety and fire safety services to the commercial property sector throughout the UK. Since 2000 Ark has expanded its service offering to include the risks associated with legionella bacteria. In order to develop this service Ark has employed a number of staff with the appropriate knowledge and expertise. Occasionally we undertake ...


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Grapevine, United States of America
205 West State Highway 114, Grapevine, TX 76051, United States of America – Show map
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18 properties in Grapevine
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Fitness Center, Indoor Pool
Food & Drink
Restaurant, Bar
WiFi is available in all areas and is free of charge.
Wired internet is available in all areas and is free of charge.
Free public parking is available on site (reservation is not needed).
Room Service, Shuttle Service (free), Airport Shuttle (free), 24-Hour Front Desk, Express Check-in/Check-out, Baggage Storage, ATM on site, Laundry, Dry Cleaning, Meeting/Banquet Facilities, Business Center, Fax/Photocopying
Safe, Shops (on site), Non-smoking Rooms, Facilities for Disabled Guests, Family Rooms, Elevator, Heating, All Spaces Non-Smoking (public and private), Designated Smoking Area
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One older child or adult stays free of charge in an extra bed.
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The maximum number of extra beds/cribs in a room is 1.
Any type of extra bed or crib is upon request and needs to be confirmed by management.
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Grand Hyatt Dallas Fort Worth AirportLatest Booking: yesterday
This hotel in Grapevine, Texas is a 5-minute drive from DFW Airport and Gaylord Texan Convention Center. The hotel features a continental breakfast, outdoor pool and a gym.
Score from 127 reviews Very good
This hotel is in Irving, Texas and 5 miles from Dallas Fort Worth International Airport. This hotel has a free airport shuttle and high-speed wireless internet.
Score from 553 reviews Very good
Holiday Inn Express Hotel and Suites DFW-GrapevineThis completely non-smoking hotel is 4 miles from Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport and has free shuttle service to the airport and within 5 miles of the hotel.
Score from 47 reviews Very good
Hampton Inn & Suites Dallas DFW Airport North GrapevineTexas Stadium and Dallas Fort Worth International Airport are only minutes from this Grapevine hotel, offering free airport shuttles along with modern on-site amenities and easy access to attractions....
Score from 22 reviews Wonderful
Food pretty good.
There was a loud party floor below us and walls vibrating from music. Hard to sleep til about 1am. Desk people did not seem to be able to control music loudness.....Only bad thing
Mini fridge was noisy.
sleep number beds
Just location. That was all.
No breakfast not enought towels. Blaaahhh won't go to that one again.
I just love this place from the room to the pool we had a great time
There was nothing wrong with the place
I stayed at the HGI with my daughter while she was competing in a three day swim meet. The hotel was clean and quiet. We were able to find healthy choices at the breakfast buffet and it wasn't as expensive as some buffets. She was able to get good rest at nights and mid-day. A nice hotel.
The warm indoor pool was great fun for all of the family.
One of the receptionists was very unfriendly and acted perturbed by every question or request.
Left waiting by shuttle. Mislead by ad.
Bar and room service closed before 8:30 instead of 10:00 as noted in hotel literature.
Friendly staff Good facilities Modern decor Free reliable wi-fi
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Added Nov 26, 2012
Lausanne, Switze...
That's a reversible corset out of nowhere… More details on www.aurorasysirenas.com
Nov 26, 2012, 10.37 PMby Mary Athey
Fab x
Nov 28, 2012, 08.23 AMby auroras-y-sirenas
Thanx Mary ;)
Nov 26, 2012, 08.22 PMby chased-away
I really like these corsets, especially the first one :)
Nov 28, 2012, 08.23 AMby auroras-y-sirenas
Thank you for your comment :) It's in fact the same corset but it is reversible. I prefer also the girly side to the color-block side.
Add to Favorites 5 people added it
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Worth a 30 minute to 1 hour family visit with the kids. Plenty of shops nearby for added interest. Good local history spot.
Very interesting with many models, local artists' crafts/paintings, historical information. Docent was very informative with tales of items displayed. Located on marina; walk to beach (lovely sand) is very close.
I live locally. Had a Groupon and was off work due to broken foot. The Teen grandkids 15 16 were off and parent working from home. I was board to death an saw this. I had gone to their old location in1999. At that time they had a shuttle to Port Hueneme to see Capt Cooks Endeavor replica full sized...
Worth the time to drive over; be sure to see both floors. The artwork is staggering. History comes alive, and the ship models are quite simply astonishing. Helpful, VERY nice staff, too -- guided tour will teach you a lot, or you can wander at your own pace. Lots of places to sit and ponder what's there, or to look...
Nice place to visit and read and hear of the historical old ships. Situated right on the water at the Marina you get to learn about boats and also watch them go by in the beautiful Channel Islands Maritime Museum.
A wealth of information, pictures and models of the maritime industry, ships, logs, trunks of treasure and colorful characters in boating through the years. Tour the Museum with experts in the field who will give you a rare glance at the history of ships.
This place is great. Check it out when in Channel Islands Harbor in Oxnard, totally remolded and more additions.
Check it out
Nothing off the wall, my wife and eye came here because of a groupon special they had, they have a few older people working the front and they did not want to accept it at first but it later worked itself out. It has some great views of the marina and a lot of ship miniature models as well as...
Nice little maritime museum by the channel islands harbor. Volunteers running the place are a hoot. Lots of model ships with good outlines of their history. Upstairs the kids can ring the bell, sound the horn and turn the wheel. Small but fun. Lots of free parking.
The museum offers free parking and is located in a quiet, scenic setting overlooking the water. Even though a maritime museum may not be on the top of a person's to-do list, it is educational and shows the craftsmanship of the model ship builders.
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|Ramada Encore Doncaster First Avenue, Auckley,, Doncaster, DN9 3GP, United Kingdom (5.8 miles from Hatfield)
Score from 569 reviews: Very goodModern and stylish, Ramada Encore is just a 2-minute walk (400 yards) from Doncaster Robin Hood Airport terminal. More…
" The hotel was everything we wanted, staff pleasant, hotel immaculate,excellent proximity to the airport "
$58 Average price per night
|Campanile Hotel Doncaster Doncaster Leisure Park, Bawtry Road, Doncaster, DN4 7PD, United Kingdom (5.9 miles from Hatfield)
Score from 474 reviews: Good There are 2 people looking at this hotel.Opposite Doncaster Racecourse, the Campanile Hotel Doncaster is a 15 minute drive from Robin Hood Airport and 5 minutes from the city center. It has a bar, restaurant and free Wi-Fi. More…
" The friendly and helpful staff,the food was good value for money and very tasty will stay again if in the area. "
$45 Average price per night
|Holiday Inn Express Doncaster Bullrush Grove, Balby, Doncaster, DN4 8SJ, United Kingdom (7.4 miles from Hatfield)
Score from 374 reviews: Very goodClose to Robin Hood Airport, a 2 minute drive from highways M18 and A1(M), this modern hotel offers comfortable, air-conditioned rooms. More…
" The staff were excellent and nothing was to much trouble. Room was very clean and provided everything I needed As a solo traveller I would recommend "
$52 Average price per night
|The Fair Green Hotel Horse Fair Green, Thorne, DN8 5EE, United Kingdom (3.2 miles from Hatfield)
$63 Average price per night
|Thorne Central Guest House 11a Queen Street, Thorne. , Thorne, DN8 5AA, United Kingdom (3.2 miles from Hatfield)
Score from 54 reviews: ExcellentTwelve miles north of Doncaster, Thorne Central Guest House offers bed and breakfast accommodation in the South Yorkshire market town of Thorne. More…
" The owners were very kind and helpfull the breakfast was lovely. It was a cold weekend and the room was lovely and warm and had a really warm extra blanket in the wardrobe. I liked the fact the tv had ... "
$47 Average price per night
|The Lodge Fairview Court, Doncaster, DN3 1RU, United Kingdom (3.5 miles from Hatfield)
Score from 68 reviews: Very goodA 15-minute drive from Doncaster city centre, The Lodge at Olive Bar and Grill pub/restaurant has stylish bedrooms with en suite facilities, free Wi-Fi and free parking. More…
" No negative comments for this place.... It has everything. Great staff, wonderful food. We will be back for sure. "
$70 Average price per night
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Home › In The News
In The News
Consumer Watchdog's experts and advocates are quoted every day in the printed press, online, and on TV and radio. Below are selections from our appearances in the news.
News Story
By Staff Reporters, CLASS ACTION REPORTER
Consumers who purchased Hyundai and Kia cars based on the companies' misrepresentations about the fuel economy of several of their 2011, 2012 and 2013 model year vehicles will not receive any money from the government consent decree with the auto makers announced on Nov. 3, said advocates at Consumer Watchdog, the non-profit advocacy group...
News Story
By Ken Broder, ALLGOV.COM
It didn't take the spectacular hacking of Sony computers for consumers to be aware that their privacy is at risk every time someone new gets some of their data. Hackers attack everywhere—financial institutions, retailers, government, universities, medical institutions—and security precautions don't seem up to the task. On...
News Story
By Elizabeth Snell, HEALTH IT SECURITY
Consumer Watchdog has raised concerns over a California HIE and potential patient privacy concerns. When implementing a new electronic health record (EHR), patient privacy and security issues should be a top priority for healthcare organizations. For example, individuals want to know that their protected health information (PHI) is secure, and...
News Story
By Chad Terhune, LOS ANGELES TIMES
A prominent consumer group is calling on customers of two leading health insurers to boycott a vast new database of patient medical records until privacy concerns are addressed. At issue is the California Integrated Data Exchange, or Cal Index, backed by $80 million from Anthem Inc. and Blue Shield of California. In recent weeks, the two insurance...
News Story
By Hector Gonzalez, SANTA MONICA LOOKOUT
December 16, 2014--Santa Monica-based Consumer Watchdog on Monday released a report warning that oil industry officials plan to use "artificially inflated" gas prices, bogus refinery slowdowns and other tactics in a bid to derail the state's new climate protection measures set to go into effect next month. In its report, "...
News Story
By Staff Writers, TIREBUSINESS.COM
WASHINGTON (Dec. 16, 2014) — Auto makers' formal pledge to protect the privacy of consumers is inadequate for that purpose, according to the Auto Care Association (ACA) and advocacy group Consumer Watchdog. The Alliance of American Manufacturers (AAM) and the Association of Global Auto makers (AGA) recently issued their "Consumer...
News Story
By Ron Leuty, SAN FRANCISCO BUSINESS TIMES
The first life that California's stem cell research funding agency saves may be its own. With the clock ticking 10 years and $2.2 billion into an as-yet-unfulfilled quest for new cures, the San Francisco-based California Institute of Regenerative Medicine is overhauling itself with a new, business-friendly approach aimed at speeding therapies...
News Story
By John Wildermuth, SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE
If an avalanche of citizen initiatives morphs the 2016 ballot pamphlet into an encyclopedia-size volume, blame it on California's growing legion of nonvoters. November's record-low turnout means it will be easier than ever to qualify a voter initiative for the ballot, and plenty of groups pushing a cause will probably take advantage....
News Story
By Natasha Singer, THE NEW YORK TIMES
In many ways, it was a typical social media marketing campaign featuring user-generated content — only this promotion involved a brand popular with children. Earlier this year, the company behind Ring Pop, a jewel-shaped sucking candy on a plastic ring, ran a contest called #RockThatRock. It invited users to post photos on Facebook, Twitter...
News Story
By Diana Swartz, THE HOLLYWOOD REPORTER
A coalition of consumer and children's organizations has asked the Federal Trade Commission to investigate Topps candy and trading card company, which is owned by Michael Eisner, for allegedly violating the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act Rule, according to the Center for Digital Democracy, which filed the complaint on Tuesday....


text:
Unbiased Reviews by Real People
I now use a SanDisk 8GB SD Card with my Canon PowerShot SD990 IS and have been quite happy with this memory card so far. Sure it's not the best possible card on the market, but it does exactly what it advertises, and that is to save images and videos without providing any problems to the user. That isn't always the case with memory cards, but with the SanDisk 8GB SD Card, we have had very good results not only with saving images and videos to the card, but with taking them off and putting them on different machines. I had previously been using a 4GB card, but I started using my digital Elph for so many videos that I just needed the extra space on a card when I was out of the house. So, I turned to Dell and their online store for a new 8GB SanDisk memory card.Now the SanDisk SD Cards are designed to work not only with computers but card readers as well, but I must admit that I use this SanDisk memory card for its most basic of purposes, and that is to help along the use of my digital camera. The SanDisk card doesn't get taken out of my camera anymore, but rather stays in there as I work with files, both uploading them and downloading them from my camera any time that I want. The 8GB of space mean that I can save a few extra hours of video to the camera, or I can save many, many more digital pictures on a higher level of pixilation before I have to clear the card for the next set of uses. By having to empty the card far less often, it saves me additional time, and lets me rest easy that I am not going to run out of space on the camera.
There is really nothing spectacular about the SanDisk 8GB card, but rather a frame of mind that it provides that you are always going to have enough space for your digital images. Putting it into your camera for the first time, it doesn't take any work to get things off and running, but becomes just another great plug and play toy that will make your digital cameras work for longer times between uploads. It is advertised that the card provides a lot of speed, and I think that it does just that, but this card is rated as a class 2. Think of the class level as the number of megabytes per second that the camera can upload, and that this digital card will give you two megabytes per second. There are some on the market that will do it much faster, but you save a lot of money going with reliability and average speed using the SanDisk (this one).
This is really a high quality SanDisk card, and with 8GB of room, some user may find that it is more than enough to keep them happy for quite a long time. The images always save to the card quickly, and it has always operated just as it is intended to with my digital camera. The price was also very affordable, as it is one of those products that you can typically find on sale if you just look around. If I remember correctly, this one cost me less than $30.00 total on sale, and there have been even better deals that I have seen around the internet. If you are looking for a memory card that is going to give you a lot of space to save images, and want something that is both affordable and high quality, you cannot go wrong with the SanDisk 8GB SD Card.


text:
small slamLine breaks: small slam
Definition of small slam in English:
The bidding and winning of twelve of the thirteen tricks.
Example sentences
- A contract to make 12 tricks is known as a small slam.
- Thus, if 4 Hearts was bid and 12 tricks are taken, only the points for a game are scored, not a small slam.
Definition of small slam in:
- US English dictionary
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Word of the day tenebrous
Pronunciation: ˈtɛnɪbrəs
dark; shadowy or obscure


text:
Endian inked distribution agreement with Hemisphere Technologies
Hemisphere Technologies has announced a new partnership with Endian, a leading global developer of enterprise and commercial Unified Threat Management (UTM) solutions.
Hemisphere Technologies, an Australia and New Zealand based distributor of IT security solutions, says the partnership allows it to target some of the strongest sectors of the economy, as well as allow customers in the hospitality industry to address some of the IT security issues to hit the headlines recently.
Endian's capabilities across specific vertical markets will allow it to translate its expertise in industrial network security solutions to target the mining and energy sectors, as well increase its foothold in the education services industry.
"We're focused on expanding our portfolio of product offerings in a way which gives each of our vendors the space to roll out an effective local channel strategy. The cyber security stories coming out recently have left a mark on customers across 'non-traditional' sectors, and we're ready to offer them auxiliary IT consumables and products based on readily identifiable international standards, in addition to a core group of specialist technologies," Peter Phokos, Hemisphere Technologies' managing director, said.
Endian's two-pronged approach offers scalability to the local market. Home users can enjoy the free open source commercial Linux-based security gateway OS - called Endian Community Edition –, whereas small-medium to large enterprises that requires technical support and advanced modules (including Hotspot and Advanced Content Security packet) are well served through Hardware, Software and Virtual fee-charged appliances.
Nigel Hedges, Hemisphere Technologies' general sales & technical manager, said that in examining today's firewall/UTM market from a technical product perspective, they were looking to offer the channel a clear winner that combined best-of-breed open source technology and heritage, with a sturdy commercial offering. "What appealed to us about working with Endian technology is the ability to cover everything from a five-member organisation, through to multiple thousands of corporate employees. There is a vast array of security features built-in, while giving companies the architectural freedom to deploy the hardware appliance, software and virtual options depending on their needs."
Endian says its existing customer base of over 4,000 organisations spanning over 50 countries, provides it with a strong foothold for the rollout of its UTM appliances across heavy industries with a highly dispersed workforce.
"When looking at channel considerations, our first step is to see how our global experience translates to the local market. The A/NZ market fits perfectly with our product offerings because of the nature of our experience across remote energy and mining communities. Our focus on energy efficiency, which makes up a big part of our industrial product range, also allows companies to balance their emissions output with solutions which are designed to withstand various temperature variations," said Raphael Vallazza, CEO of Endian.
Endian Switchboard: Revolutionizing Machine-to-Machine communication04.12.2014
Endian is pleased to announce the all new Switchboard 3.0 release today. This release furthers our vision of enabling simple and secure communication among a large, diverse global network of connected devices and machinery.read more
Endian at SPS/IPC Drives with Exclusive Networks03.11.2014
Endian at SPS/IPC Drives with Exclusive Networks Nuremberg 25-27 November 2014read more
Endian' s systems protected from Shellshock26.09.2014
As you may know, during the last few days a serious bug affecting bash has been discovered. Endian developers already implemented fixes for CVE-2014-6271 and CVE-2014-7169, known as Shellshock. Endian' s...read more
Endian Announces New 4i Industrial Appliance17.07.2014
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Showing 43 reviews for Kenwood KAC-8105D
|Customer Review Summary for Kenwood KAC-8105D
|November 25, 2010
|Bang for your Buck
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful:
Review by
G from Weed, CA
Amp pushes 500w RMS at 2 ohms which is perfect for my two MTX Terminator twelves that are rated 300w each so its giving them both a solid 250w. I've taken it on multiple 3 hour trips and has never overheated. For those of you bridging your amp and complaining about them overheating, you need to buy a monoblock. Bridging puts much more stress on the amp and you can get the same power output from a monoblock without putting additional streets on the unit. Sounds great for a low wattage system.
|January 2, 2012
|its a bird its a plane it kenwood
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful:
Review by
freddie from kodak, TN
Kenwood amp sounds great also when its paired up with their subs.
|May 5, 2013
|best amp out there
Review by
2008 jeep from Austin,TX
I 100% recommend this product. I have this amp in my 2008 jeep pushing my 2 12 pioneer comps and I have yet to have a problem. It sounds great all day and never overheats. Bottom line, i would recommend this product to a friend.
|April 14, 2013
|Nice value
Review by
Negolien from Sacramento,CA
I' am running this amp to the Jackhammer dual 12" ported enclosure. I have had this setup for a couple of years now and I' am very impressed. I run it in a 2001 Oldsmobile Alero Sedan with two Bi-Amplified SoundStream 6X9s run by another amp in the rear deck. I listen to rock only no rap. This set up is pretty loud I must say and very reliable I have had 0 issues. the amp is screwed to the back of my enclosure and sits between the enclosure and the rear of the rear seats. I never have any issues with clipping or overheating. I would recommend this amp.
|March 14, 2013
|Great amp. Sylish, too!
Review by
Justin from Columbia, MO
I used this amp to power 1 alpine sws-10d2 sub. I have the sub wired to 4 ohms, which gives it 300w rms. Even though I don't have it running the whole 500w rms, there is still plenty of power to rock you car and shake the mirrors.
As for the design of the amp, it looks very cool with the blue and red lights on the top. My only prblem with the amp is that the wires and control knobs are on the same side of the amp. The way my amp is mounted, it makes it difficult to adjust the bass when I first set it up. After it is tuned though, its not as much of a problem.
Overall, this amp is a great investment, and it still has plenty of power left for adding another sub in the future!
|January 18, 2013
|Great little amp
Review by
PoweredByDodgeV8 from Buffalo, NY
Outstanding little amplifier, small footprint for the output, provides plenty of subwoofer power for a full size extended cab pickup truck.
|January 4, 2013
|Kenwood KAC-8105D
Review by
Serguei from Cambridge, ON, Canada
It's a powerful amp with a compact size. Fitted perfectly behind the passenger seat in my Ford F-150 (standard cab). In fact, the audio shop that did the install just bolted the amp on my Sony boxed subwoofer. Never had any problems with it. The sound quality was excellent. Very satisfied with the product.
|December 7, 2012
|Awesome amp!
Review by
AudioNub from CA
I like how durable it is and the ease of install. no complaints works as intended for my two 4ohm 250Watt subs. I simply connected it in parallel to get 2ohm connection at 500Watts. They could have remove the cover panel, its pretty useless.
|December 4, 2012
|Very nice little amp
Review by
Tim from Chicago, IL
I bought this amp to power a Pioneer TS-W309D4. I have had it for 6 months now and have had no issues, It is really small and puts out more than enough power to make my sub really loud. Great buy!
|November 12, 2012
|Definitely an instant classic in modern car audio
Review by
Ish from Aurora, CO
Bought this Kenwood amp not knowing what to expect, as I had never owned anything from Kenwood's "Performance Series" line of car audio products.
Let me tell you. . It's definitely an instant classic.
Not many other amps out there can promise the same wattage for the same dollar (except maybe HiFonics, and even then you know it's not true). Being CEA compliant, I have full faith that this amp does what it says it does. It seems a bit power hungry for just 500 watts RMS though, as it makes my lights dim depending on the gain setting. I use it for occasional musical enjoyment, not really everyday use. I don't have a capacitor, nor have I done the "Big 3" upgrade. Having said that, a true enthusiast should probably do these before purchasing this. The sound is amazing. Clean bass no matter what you're playing. The settings are simple to use, yet functional. The overall design of the amp is classy, in my opinion. Overall a solid, great value for plenty of good sound. Would recommend in a heartbeat.
|November 4, 2012
|Kenwood Quality
Review by
Joe G from Soqualmie WA
I purchased this amp for the class D series and match up to my excellon reciever. To fire my 12" CVR dual 4 ohm. A perfect match it was. No need for a remote boost control. Take advantage of the KW reciever controls. This 8105D is running at 2 ohms. With a little adust its totally pounds. True watts. Looks so killer in design. Never even gets hot. Just wire it up correctly give it perfect ground the proper volts. I gave it shurken from Sonic. I highly recommend. You wont be disappointed. It pushes my 12 so hard my door seals will leak water in on a heavy rain day. Thanks Sonic.
|September 14, 2012
|great amp!
Review by
Richard from Spring Valley, CA
this amp pushes more power than i was thinking. i have it setup to 2 10's from infinity. they are 250 rms each and going strong!
|September 5, 2012
|This amp is fantastic
Review by
Cody from Dwight, IL
I hooked this amp up to two 12" MTX terminator subs and turned up the input sensitivity and LPF and they hit so hard. I took that setup on a 4 hour car drive through Illinois and the amp did not overheat during the whole trip (with the car running and audio going the whole time). Class D amps are the only way to go for subs and anyone who uses A/B is doing it wrong ;D
|August 9, 2012
Review by
Caleb from Battle Creek, MI
Awesome hits harder than I thought it would. Great buy!
|July 14, 2012
|Kenwood KAC-8105D
Review by
Jeremiah from Medford, OR
I got this amplifier second hand about a week ago. It was used gently, but still the newest model. First things first, Kenwood has always put out pretty good equipment. They're like Alpine or Pioneer, but cheaper. Right now, I'm running them to two ten inch Alpine type E's in a massive ported bandpass box which makes those little guys pound like the cops with a search warrant. (It might be because they are in the backseat of my 84 Z28 which has about as much storage space as your back pocket). The sound is still very clean you can tell its a quality amp. It stays true to its power ratings for sure, and you can crank it for days and have no trouble. In my opinion, if this amp blew on you, you wired it wrong. It's not the 5000 watt blah blah. But for a good amount of clean bass, this amp is worth it for sure. I would consider buying more Kenwood equipment because of the quality and craftsmanship of this amp.
|May 27, 2012
|Solid entry level amp
Review by
Tommy from San Francisco, CA
I bought this when they had their black friday deal. So far the amp has held up perfectly fine. Being a entry level amp, it was a solid investment for my 12" sub. I had the audio shop professionally install my system so they pre-set the amp settings. It was powering my 12" MB Quart ONX304 and ended up blowing it. I figured the extra 100wrms delivering into the sub caused the sub to fail. That should tell a bit how the amps power wattage is accurate as rated.
|April 26, 2012
|Small yet powerful!!!
Review by
Nado from Michigan
This item is compact and appealing to the eyes, yet packs a powerful punch and can be mounted anywhere. I have this item in my corvette, and do not regret buyin' it.
|April 21, 2012
|good combination with my polk audio db1212
Review by
jith from riggae, Kuwait
Hi friends, this is giving a mind blowing deep bass though my polk db1212. It is shaking my montero.
|March 29, 2012
Review by
cole from MA
Very inexpensive, worth every dollar, easy to set up and it pounds my kenwood sub! Perfect amp if it's your first time buying new audio. Also very fast shipping.
|March 12, 2012
|Great amp!
Review by
Brian from Glendora, CA
Sound is great. Use with Polk Audio single 10" sub.
|February 22, 2012
|Great Amp!
Review by
Tom from 203, CT
At first I wasn't sure if i wanted to pay the price for this amp when i could have gotten a cheaper one, but im glad i didnt. This amp has given me absolutely no problems whatsoever and has always sounded amazing! Puts out plenty of power too, trust me! This really is a great amp. Very easy to use. I would absolutely recommend this amp!
|February 12, 2012
|Great amp
Review by
Marcus from Covington, GA
I used to own this amp. Very powerful!
|February 6, 2012
|Powerful Amp
Review by
Mike from Harrisville, RI
This amp is awesome. My only gripe is that the connections should be on the top not the bottom. Very powerful. Made the 2 MTX Terminators sound a LOT better than the amp that it originally came with.
|February 4, 2012
|great amp
Review by
gator from owen, WI
I have two of these amps running 2 12" kfc's and two 10" kfc's. Thats 1000 rms to four subs and im hitin low 150 dbs with the boxes tuned for the subs. Great powerful sound for a lower wattage system.
|October 30, 2011
|best bang for your buck
Review by
Leon from Vancouver, WA
I tried ordering the older 1000w kenwood amp, the previous model, it was like 100 bucks, when i opened my package they gave me the updated amp, which was a surprise, at least in a good way.
|October 10, 2011
|Great Value
Review by
Ismael from Los Angeles
Good Product!
|August 25, 2011
|Excellent value!
Review by
Danny from Wetumpka, AL
I purchased the 8105D to power a DVC 12. The amplifier performs flawlessly and remains acceptably cool while hard driving the 12 and it's overall quality is comparable to higher priced units. For someone who has a receiver without sub-woofer controls, a remote would be a plus but I would still recommended the amplifier to anyone.
|August 24, 2011
|Great beginner's amp
2 of 4 people found the following review helpful:
Review by
Bob Barker from Michigan
I've owned this amp for a few months now, my first amp. Have to say it really kicks for the price its at. Have it powering one Kicker CVR 10". Already not enough for me, so I'm saving up about $3000 to sink into a serious system now that I've learned the basics and am confident in my own abilities. For the guys that say it cuts out on them, monitor your voltage because if you are running this on stock electricals (no "big 3" upgrade etc) then you are experiencing voltage dips likely down to 11 volts. First off this means the amp is working much much harder to provide the same output, and second off it means that you arent getting as much power to your sub as you could.
Putting in a second battery or possibly just a capacitor may help a little but if you want that big of power you are going to need a more expensive amp.
I have yet to do any real upgrades to my own equipment besides a cap (which was like a bandaid on a cut artery) and even just my 10" CVR gets anemic for power at a certain level.
If you are serious about your BASS then you will want more from this amp. I would say unless you are willing to upgrade your electrical system, go with a better amp such as the KAC-9105D.
|July 2, 2011
|Great amp!
Review by
Fausto from Lima, Peru
I have this amp powering a JBL GTO-1214 sub at 4 ohms. It rattles my car with no distortion whatsoever. It was definitely a good buy.
|June 28, 2011
Review by
Avid from ronkonkoma, ny
I have this paired with two 12 inch kicker comp single 4ohms. its wired at 2 ohms and it rattles my car. After my experience with this I'm definitely buying another Kenwood amp.
|May 30, 2011
|Good amp!
Review by
B.W. from Toms River, NJ
I've had this amp for about a month now,and Im completely satisfied with it. Never experienced any of the heat issues others have talked about. In fact its barely even gotten warm expect for when I had my gains set wrong and was pumping it hard for about an hour(even then, it was still barely warm). Then again, I have it matched perfectly RMS wise to a 300rms Infinity sub. I also added a PAC-LC1 remote to it, and I'm enjoying it now more than ever cuz I can dial in just right amout of bass to go with different types of music now. I recommend the PAC-LC1 to anyone whos amp doesn't have a remote or sub control on their head unit.
But back to the topic...if you're looking for a good entry level/budget amp, this ones got u covered! Look no further. This amp is solid, it puts out a clear signal, and its priced right.
|May 3, 2011
|Great am for the price!
Review by
Dave from salem, MA
This amp is a must buy if you have a sub that needs 500w rms and up to 1000w peak. Its never overheated or cut out. I have it mounted under the rear seat of a jeep cherokee ad this thing pounds!! Highly recommend this amp, you wont be sorry.
|March 29, 2011
|great amp
Review by
Angel from South Gate, CA
Good amp. It hurts my Kicker 10" sub in my shallow mount box under the back seat of my F150. Barely gets warm if at all. Hooked up to my Pioneer DEH-6300 ...
|February 26, 2011
Review by
jay from garland texas
I installed this amp today for my Kenwood KFC w3012 and it make my subs hit way more than my last amp. it has the fans on it which really do work to keep it cool and its stable at 2 ohms! good amp good price. cant go wrong with Kenwood
|February 25, 2011
Review by
D from San Diego, CA
Dizzlle says he has a P3 getting pushed by this amp, but I have the same set up and this amp pushes good. My 1 is better than majority of the guys that have 2 12's in their car. My P3 hits so hard, I had to adjust and lower my amp and bass. People who are in their cars in front of mine can feel it.
|February 3, 2011
|Great value for big boom!
Review by
Steward G from Los Angeles, CA
Its a great amp for the price, its looks very clean and sharp.
Using it at 300 rms @ 4 ohms it bumps my rear window.
|February 2, 2011
|good deal fast delivery
Review by
sorefoet from portland, or
as above. good price delivered in a timely maner. what's not to like
|January 15, 2011
|Works Great
Review by
craig from shreveport, LA
I have this amp hooked up to two 12" Kicker comps. Its running at 4 ohms so it gives the subs 300 RMS, which is their exact RMS. They sound great and go really loud if you want them too with this hooked up to them.
|December 10, 2010
|Good Amp
Review by
stupendicleshot from Washington
Works great and strong for my 3 JL 10's. Haven't even had to turn it up all the way. The Overall sound quality is great.
|December 7, 2010
|Great Amp
Review by
Johnny from Westchester, NY
I have this puppy powering my two 12" Kicker Comps that came already in a ported enclosure. They take about 300 watts RMS and man this thing works like a charm. I live in NY so the temperatures are 0-40 degrees F lately and it's had no problems. No overheating, no freezing.
The sound quality is amazing, I'm nothing but impressed. Amazing bang for the buck.
|November 4, 2010
|04 Civic sedan with a kicker comp VX 12 this amp, capacitor.
Review by
acwood04 from Atlanta, GA
I bought this amp at a stereo shop locally, where they have given it great reviews as long as its tuned properly. I decided to go with since I just bought a Kenwood head unit. Im using it to drive a sub that handles 750 watts RMS and 1500 peak. Its a 4 ohm load, and I know this is only rated at 300 rms x1 @4 ohms, but WOW. This amp drives that sub very nicely and then some. With the cap i have NO light dimming and i am getting amazing bass. I am very happy with this the only thing i wish it had a wired remote.
|April 18, 2010
|love it
Review by
bassgolfer25 from Sioux Falls, SD
see it, love it, buy it. it's that easy
|March 30, 2011
|Great Value!
0 of 2 people found the following review helpful:
Review by
[email protected] from Hixson, TN
Great for the price! I'm using mine to push 2-10" Kenwood KFC-W2512, in parallel, with a 1-farad cap, vented box. Amp does great with those subs. Only downside is amp will overheat within 10 min. at max.gain and max. volume. I have mine mounted on top the box in my Ford Focus. Not much room to breath with only about 3" clearance of rear deck. Great overall amp for the price.


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News in Brief: Pablove Foundation, Odetta, Dukes of Stratosphear, Tristeza
By Ryan Dombal on November 20, 2009 at 3:05 p.m. EST
-- Band of Horses, Rage Against the Machine's Tom Morello, Against Me!'s Tom Gabel, and Black Rebel Motorcycle club are some of the acts playing "stripped-down" sets at a benefit gig for tomorrow, November 21, at Hollywood's Avalon. Proceeds go to the Pablove Foundation, which fights pediatric cancer, and is run by Dangerbird Records' Jeff Castelaz, who lost his son to the disease. Click here for more info.
-- Folk pioneer Odetta passed away a year ago, and to celebrate her legacy, artists including Marissa Nadler, Ane Brun, Linda Draper, Liz Durrett, and Pepi Ginsburg have contributed tracks to the tribute album Beautiful Star: The Songs of Odetta. It's out November 30 in the UK and December 1 in the U.S. via Wears the Trousers. Proceeds from the record benefit women's charities. Check out the project's MySpace to sample a couple tracks.
-- Fans of XTC's 1960s-sounding side project the Dukes of Stratosphear, this is your day. A deluxe, limited, very special (etc.) box set of the band's entire output called The Complete and Utter Dukes is due November 30 on XTC mastermind Andy Partidge's Ape House imprint. Along with vinyl, CDs, and a fancy box, the package boasts a "mindbendingly difficult" 500-piece puzzle.
-- Post-rockers Tristeza have a new LP coming out on December 1. It's called Fate Unfolds and Better Looking is the label. Download new song "Manitas" here.
XTC to Reissue Dukes of Stratosphear Side Project
By Tom Breihan on February 25, 2009 at 8:00 a.m. EST
Back in 1985, three members of the acerbic British power-pop institution XTC (and one other dude, guitarist David Gregory's brother Ian) took a little time off to record 25 O'Clock, a vinyl-only EP of retro psychedelic pop, under the name Dukes of Stratosphear. As side projects go, this one was pretty elaborate: XTC themselves claimed in interviews that they had nothing to do with the project, and all the band's members adapted goofy-ass stage-names. Frontman Andy Partridge, for instance, was Sir John Johns. And in 1987, the band followed up that EP with Psonic Psunspot, an actual full-length album, on a major label and everything. And then XTC got back to their regular lives.
Well, nothing stays buried for long. Not long after Psonic Psunspot's release, Virgin actually reissued both the album and the EP together as Chips From the Chocolate Fireball. And later on this year, Partridge will re-reissue both of them again, seperately this time, with unreleased material. There's no release date yet, but both reissues are due late in spring from Partridge's own Ape House Records. Partridge has remastered both records from their original tapes, and he'll add on demos and videos.
Meanwhile, expect Green Day to give those Foxboro Hot Tubs and Network albums deluxe reissues about 20 years from now.
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Napoleon Charcoal Grill Cover for NK22CK-LItem # HN-WSU046
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- Cover for the Napoleon Charcoal Kettle
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Just Finished Watching Superman I
At the end of the movie Superman delivers Lex Luther an his henchman to a prison yard for safekeeping "until they get a fair trial". He does this after Luther launched two nuclear missiles at targets in the USA.
How times have changed.
If Superman were real and showed up on earth today, based on his moral code depicted in the movies I can't see how he would be doing anything other than opposing almost everything America has come to represent in the world.
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