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1. The Politics of God and the Politics of Man
by Jacques Ellul
Man's freedom--God's omnipotence: how can they be reconciled? That question is central to this penetrating study of political action and the ... More
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2. Kingdom of Priests: A History of Old Testament Israel
by Eugene H Merrill, Ph.D.
From the origins and exodus to the restoration and new hope, "Kingdom of Priests" offers a comprehensive introduction to the history of Old Testament ... More
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3. Prophetic Imagination
by Dr. Walter Brueggemann
In this challenging and enlightening treatment, Brueggemann traces the lines from the radical vision of Moses to the solidification of royal power in ... More
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4. Texts of Terror
by Phyllis Trible
Professor Trible focuses on four variations upon the theme of terror in the Bible. By combining the discipline of literary criticism with the ... More
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5. A Theological Introduction to the Old Testament
by Bruce C Birch, Terence E Fretheim, David L Petersen
First published in 1999, this text has become a standard in seminary and university classrooms. This edition was revised with special attention to ... More
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6. Creation and Fall
by Dietrich Bonhoeffer, John W De Gruchy (Editor), Douglas Bax (Translator)
Creation and Fall originated in lectures given by Dietrich Bonhoeffer at the University of Berlin in the winter semester of 1932-33 during the demise ... More
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7. The Institutes of Biblical Law
by Rousas John Rushdoony, Rushdoony
8. The Authority of the Old Testament
by John Bright
"As its title page indicates, the substance of[this book]was delivered as the James A. Gray Lectures at the Divinity School of Duke University. That ... More
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9. Seeing the Psalms: A Theology of Metaphor
by William P Brown
William Brown introduces a new method of exegesis, particularly for biblical poetry, that attends to the metaphorical contours of the Psalms. His ... More
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10. The Lord Reigns
by James Luther Mays
Mays convincingly argues that the declaration "The Lord reigns" is not only a statement of faith but a statement of a particular worldview: that is, ... More
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11. Reading the Old Testament
by John Barton
A new and substantially revised edition updated to cover the latest developments in biblical study, including deconstruction, post-structuralism and ... More
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12. Shades of Sheol: A Reader's Guide to the Book of Revelation
by Dr. Philip S Johnston
Philip S. Johnston examines Israelite views on death and afterlife as reflected in the Hebrew Bible and in material remains, and sets them in their ... More
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13. The Life of Moses: The Yahwist as Historian in Exodus-Numbers
by John Van Seters
This companion to Prologue to History: The Yahwist as Historian in Genesis continues the argument that the Yahwist was an antiquarian historian ... More
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14. The Old Testament : an introduction
by Rolf Rendtorff
Professor Rendtorff discusses the Old Testament in a way which sets his book apart from all other similar works by examining OT development from the ... More
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15. Theology in Exodus: Biblical Theology in the Form of a Commentary
by Donald E Gowan
Gowan organizes his study of the book of Exodus like a traditional commentary, following the text of Exodus from beginning to end. Attempting to ... More
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16. Grace in the End: A Study in Deuteronomic Theology
by J Gordon McConville, Willem A Van Gemeren (Preface by)
McConville reevaluated the way in which Deuteronomic theology is understood in modern Old Testament research by arguing the Deuteronomy is an early ... More
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17. Power of Providence
by Dr. Walter Brueggemann
Prominent biblical scholar and author Walter Brueggemann studies three passages from the books of Samuel, using the methods of literary criticism and ... More
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18. An Old Testament Theology of the Spirit of God
by Wilf Hildebrandt
Wilf Hildebrandt carefully explores the meaning of "the Spirit" in the Old Testament. He examines the role of God's Spirit in creation, in the ... More
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19. Roots of Wisdom: The Oldest Proverbs of Israel and Other Peoples
by Claus Westermann
Dealing primarily with Proverbs 10-31, Westermann demonstrates how the wisdom literature evolved into a form of poetry that had greater universal ... More
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20. Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation
by Bernard M Levinson
Positioned at the boundary of traditional biblical studies, legal history, and literary theory, this book shows how the legislation of Deuteronomy ... More
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21. The Old Testament in Early Christianity: Canon and Interpretation in the Light of Modern Research
by E Earle Ellis
22. Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow: Time and History in the Old Testament
by Simon John De Vries
The ancient Hebrews were distinctive in the way they understood time. This study of Hebrew terms and phrases shows that they thought of time in ... More
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23. Old Testament Theology in Outline
by Walther Zimmerli
During the period that the Old Testament came into being, Israel, from who whose world the documents contained in the Old Testament derive, underwent ... More
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24. The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible: the Oldest Known Bible
by Martin Abegg (Editor), Peter W. Flint (Editor), Eugene Ulrich (Editor)
All 220 biblical scrolls are presented and translated into English with a full commentary. The work reveals important differences between the scrolls ... More
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25. Israel's Wisdom Literature
by Dianne Bergant, CSA, Alice L Laffey (Editor)
This series looks at various sections of the Old Testament from the perspective of a worldview in which various groups of humans, and other parts of ... More
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His biggest lie to all mankind
If I were the devil I would cause as many as I could to believe that the Bible cannot be trusted!
If the Bible cannot be fully trusted, then neither can God!
If the Bible has anything untruthful in it, then God is a liar and need not be feared nor obeyed!
THAT dear friends, is one of his greatest lies that MANY today do believe that the entire Bible is not from God and has many errors within its pages through the translations, and even some so callled Christians take this unbelieving position that will damn them forever!
They themselves mock the very Word of God out of ignorance and spiritual depravity.
They use Scripture to twist the Word of God, just as satan did when he tempted Christ in the desert.
They like Eve have taken a bite, a big bite out of the fruit of evil!
The wicked devil is having great success in these very last days with this great lie!
Choose this day whom you will believe, the devil or God!
God Himself gave us, through His Spirit unto His prophets all 66 books that are to be a lamp unto our feet and a light unto our path in a very dark and unbelieving world.
To all whom believe, salvation, to all who do not believe His word, damnation as it is written.
That wicked one leads many to believe that the Bible is in error, cannot be fully trusted, has been mis-interpreted, and has a host of contradictions and therefore is like any other book written by man.
To those without the Spirit of the Living God indwelling them, these things are so!
They are "spiritually discerned" as it is written and God has blinded their eyes to the truth so that they might damned and believe a lie.
"they that are unlearned and unstable wrest, as they do also the other scriptures, unto their own destruction"
They find many errors ( so they think ) and go on their merry way thinking they are walking in the light when they are in great darkness.
This is so evident in our day of great sin and apostacy and chaos around the world as it continues its death slide.
Every Word of God is Truth, and by His very Word will He judge all those who mock and deny it to their utter damnation!
Jesus said "He that rejecteth me, and receiveth not my words, hath one that judgeth him: the word that I have spoken, the same shall judge him in the last day"
~ John 12:48 ~
Even so, come Lord Jesus!
" In Thee O Lord do I put my trust " ~ Psalm 31:1~
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A soft, lightweight, comfortable running shirt is cut from moisture-wicking Dri-FIT fabric and features ergonomic flat seams, strategically placed reflective elements and a half-zip mock neck for a protective fit. Great for layering or use as a base layer. 29" length (size Medium). Thumbholes at cuffs. 88% polyester, 12% spandex. Machine wash warm, tumble dry low. By Nike; imported. Men's Furnishings.
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I remember the days of holstering my gun just to take out the trash, I took my gun everywhere. Then something happened, I start leaving it at home sometimes. I'm 26 and single and live alone and I noticed that my social life wasn't conducive to conceal carrying a gun 24/7... Bars, dates, blind dates (Some ladies got spooked when they came back to the pad and found out I owned guns), partying, and just plain going out a lot. Now, after 3 years of conceal carrying, I find that my gun stays at home a good bit. I'll def take it when leaving my quiet neighborhood but even at that I sometimes lock it up in my truck.
I'm not saying anyone should do as I do and carry less I say more power to you if you want and are able to carry 24/7. Just for me and the things I do in my social life, it makes my nights and some of the people I interact with less stressful and hassle free. I guess my logic behind it is that my defensive weapons are for self defense, defending myself. I don't claim to be a sheepdog, nor a hero, nor do I train for a active shooter in a building scenario, I look at my gun (and other weapons) as tools to defend myself and I feel like my non lethal EDC items can be used quite effectively to fulfill that purpose... A gun is absolutely more effective at self defense but that doesn't make other defensive tools ineffective and obsolete.
So these were just some things I've been thinking about, I tried to articulate my thoughts well but I don't do a good job most of the time. My gun(s) get out a good bit but just not as much as they used too. Anyone else leave their gun at home sometimes or how about all the time?


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Thank you card on a elegant christmas card. EPS 8© beholdereye - See portfolio
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When placing any orders, I have always received great communication. I find this very important. I have also received price matches from competitors...Read More ->
MJM sets the standard for both pricing on new magic effects and customer service. All other magic shops should follow suit, and follow the incredible...Read More ->


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HOUSTON – The Houston School Board of Trustees has voted to borrow up to $1.5 million to purchase seven new buses to compliment its aging fleet of 26 vehicles. The motion to approve the note and sale of bonds was made by Trustee Marvin Beard with a second by Trustee Bart Munlin. Board President Daniel […]
Tag Archives | School taxes
Houston schools to borrow up to $1.5 million.
By Floyd Ingram | 7:05 AM | June 19, 2014 | Business, Living, News
Schools trustees ponder $14.86 million budget
By Floyd Ingram | 6:05 AM | August 8, 2013 | Business, News
HOUSTON – Trustees for the Houston School District are facing lean times with state and federal revenue dropping and the price for everything else going up. The district has proposed a 2013-14 revenue budget of $14,864,728.50 which is down from actual 2012-13 expenditures of $14,948,616. Trustees had proposed a revenue budget of $15,191,446 last year. […]
- Making the grade December 12, 2014
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- Topper Old Timer December 16, 2014
- Houston superintendent's contract not renewed December 17, 2014
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- Houston considering fire chief December 18, 2014
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1-10 of 42 one bedroom flats for sale found
£375,000 Offers in Region of
Offers in Region of £375,000
1 bedroom block of apartments for sale Euston Road, Morecambe, LA4
Commercial Building with 2 shop units and 13 Residential flats currently let generating £35,460 pa potential to generate £66,960 pa More details ›
1 bedroom apartment for sale Morecambe at Marine Road East, Morecambe, LA4
One and two bedroom retirement apartments exclusively for the over 55s and complete with fully fitted kitchens, underfloor heating and a range of facilities. Intelligently designed to offer space and luxury, our apartments are set in a prime position on the promenade with superb views over Morecambe More details ›
£169,950 Offers in Region of
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Offers in Region of £169,950
1 bedroom apartment for sale The Parks, Bare, Morecambe. LA4 6BP.
Spacious 1 bed purpose built first floor apartment, highly popular and convenient development, secure grounds, parking and lift to all floors, Georgian style double glazed windows, gas c/heating, superb bay fronted kitchen diner, sold with vacant possession and no chai... More details ›
£120,000 Guide Price
Guide Price £120,000
1 bedroom block of apartments for sale LINES STREET, Morecambe, LA4
Investment opportunity consisting of two tenanted flats arranged at first floor level over a retail premises in Morecambe town centre. Total rent roll of £10,140 per annum, offering an 8.45% yield. More details ›
Added on 11/12/2014 by Fisher Wrathall, Lancaster - Commercial. Call: 01524 930037 Local call rate
1 bedroom flat for sale Marine Road East, Morecambe
Located in the front of Lakeland House with panoramic bay views, open plan living area with enclosed balcony and a shower room. Underground parking space and located in the heart of Bare Village. More details ›
1 bedroom flat for sale Marine Road Central, Morecambe, LA4 4BJ
Modern re-development of 10 apartments Stunning sea views to the Lakeland Hills Luxury 1 bedroom apartment Security entrycom, lift to all floors Fabuous open plan lounge/kitchen Range of integrated appliances Highly convenient location Internal viewing is essent... More details ›
1 bedroom apartment for sale Marine Road East, Morecambe
Seeing is believing. The views from this top floor flat are breath taking! With the amenities of Bare on your doorstep and the most amazing views at home you'll also be pleased to hear there's a modern kitchen, recently fitted shower room, double glazed balcony and generous rooms! More details ›
1 bedroom flat for sale Clarence Court, Morecambe
Purpose built first floor flat with 1 bedrooms, communal lounge, lift, house manager and 24 hour care line. Located in the popular and convenient village of Bare. Nearby are bus routes, Bare Lane Train Station, Princes Crescent Shopping Parade and Morecambe Promenade. More details ›
1 bedroom flat for sale Marine Road East, Morecambe
Well presented ground floor flat on Morecambe Promenade with stunning views. Located at the Bare end with easy access to Bare Village Centre, Morecambe Golf Club and Happy Mount Park. Suitable as a second home, investment or retirement. More details ›
1 bedroom retirement property for sale 30 Clarence Court, Morecambe. LA4 6DL
Spacious one bedroom retirement apartment constructed by McCarthy and Stone and within walking distance of the sea. More details ›
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Comment: Re:Why didn't he just call them? (Score 2, Insightful) 177
by norova (#24545681) Attached to: Air Traffic Controller Lands Stricken Plane By SMS
An SMS is sent in a single frame of GSM data. Audio needs 50 frames per second.
And again I'm reminded of why I'm so sick that we pay so much for SMS services.


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Penticton, Canada
890 Lakeshore Drive, V2A 1C1 Penticton, Canada – Show map
Excellent location – rated 9.3/10! (score from 387 reviews)
Rated by guests after their stay at Spanish Villa Resort.
|Room Type
|Queen Room
|Queen Room with Two Queen Beds
|One-Bedroom Queen Suite with Kitchen
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|Two-Bedroom Suite with Lake View
|Three-Bedroom Suite with Lake View
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43 properties in Penticton
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387 verified reviews
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Spanish Villa Resort's staff speaks: English
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BBQ Facilities, Sun Deck
Golf Course (within 2 miles), Indoor Pool (seasonal), Library, Playground
WiFi is available in all areas and is free of charge.
Free private parking is available on site (reservation is not needed).
Vending Machine (drinks), Laundry
Newspapers, Non-smoking Rooms, Facilities for Disabled Guests, Family Rooms, Heating, Air Conditioning
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Cancellation and prepayment policies vary according to room type. Please enter the dates of your stay and check what conditions apply to your preferred room.
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All children are welcome.
Up to two children under 8 years stay free of charge when using existing beds.
Any additional older children or adults are charged CAD 20 per person per night when using existing beds.
Extra beds are not available.
One child under 2 years stays free of charge in a crib.
The maximum number of cribs in a room is 1.
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Located opposite Loco Landing Adventure Park, this heart-of-Penticton motel features studios and suites with a kitchen. A seasonal outdoor pool and a hot tub are available.
Score from 92 reviews Very good
Tiki Shores Condominium Beach ResortAcross the street from Okanagan Beach, the Tiki Shores Condominium Beach Resort is located in Penticton, British Columbia. Okanagan Wine Country also surrounds this motel.
Score from 37 reviews Very good
This Penticton, British Columbia motel features a seasonal outdoor pool and guest rooms with free Wi-Fi. It is an 8-minute drive from South Okanagan Events Centre.
Score from 39 reviews Review score
Sahara Courtyard Inn PentictonIn Penticton, this motel is a 5-minute walk from Okanagan Lake and 6.5 miles from Skaha Lake Park. It features an outdoor pool and free Wi-Fi access.
Score from 250 reviews Review score
Location can't be beat - directly across from the beach and a quick walk to main street. Pleasant staff, kitchen was well stocked despite cutlery, etc being quite dirty as it is up to guests to wash these prior to departure.
Seriously uncomfortable and outdated bedding, dirty kitchen facilities and paper thin walls- could hear the people in the next room snoring!
good view of the lake and the mountains
Upon check-in we were upgraded to a kitchenette suite. Very spacious, clean,excellent location. Staff very helpful,great value for the price. Close to the casino. Would definitely stay there again
Spanish villa was clean, spacious and well maintained. It was good value for money.
It is convenient and in a beautiful location. The kitchen was new. Service was good.
The bed is needing to be replaced.
Older facility, very clean and helpful staff.
price and location
pool and grounds were a bit worn and shabby.
Location, price, friendly, helpful staff. No charge or hassle when we had to cancel 2 of our 5nights even though we used a booking agent.
Bed was hard, kitchen was poorly equipped, cracked mug, no paring knife, no dish cloths the first night, cleaners won't wash the mugs or coffee pot.
Restful. Well maintained facility. Quiet. Very clean. Non intrusive staff but polite inquiry about needs and a warm welcoming atmosphere.
Parking was a bit cramped but adequate at the time of year for my stay.
Right over the road from the lake, Short 10 minute walk to main street.
Nearest grocery store 20 minute walk, can only use credit card to secure your room! Pain if you don't have one
great place to stop for a day or two when in penticton but I wouldn't consider it a suitable and comfy place to stay a week or more.
hotel and rooms are getting older... Need a good update
clean, close to all amenities. Large bedroom. Came with fridge and coffee machine, flat screen tv. This is place is the best value for money I've ever stayed at. I would definitely come back.
beds were average.
Great location for being right beside the lake, and the beach. Nice to have free wifi in room. Pretty clean When we arrived, the room wasn't ready for check in yet. But the staff knew we had a wedding to attend, he let us check in early by 1 hour, which was super nice of him!
The place may need a bit of renovation The fridge was broken
Location is perfect (at the beach).
Little bit outdated, bathroom was not completely clean and bed (matress) was really old.
It was fantastically located and close to some good restaurants.
It was quite expensive and extremely dated.
An excellent value for a 3 day stay. One bed suite was spacious and had complete kitchen facilities. Comfortable bed. Right across the road from the beach.
Furniture old and worn with some showing holes. Couch very difficult to get out of once sitting down. Noisy guests in the parking lot at 4 am.
Location, location, location!!
Some of the rooms still smell like smoke:(
great location, good price, reasonable room - furniture etc - fridge ok, TV ok although cable without guide/info - got ok channels good shower, sink etc ( see didn't like )
plumbing - pipe hammer - varied at times nite & day ( were in same room as last time Feb 2014 / complained then, still not fixed ), no ice machine / available at $ 3.00 / bag only four light fixture over toilet - one bulb broken / not replaced ...and later picked up piece of glass on carpet near sink carpet dirty / white socks didn't survive walking on it air conditioner old and too noisy 1st night no shampoo available in room ( 2nd night ok )
Loved the view of the beach!
I like it was clean and comfy. Everything was there that was needed. I would stay there again.
I suggested they use paper cups for coffee as the glass cups were old and chipped. They appreciated my comment
The location, the value & the people
Location right by the beach. Was upgraded to the 2 bedroom suite.
Chips and open bag of pretzels left in cupboard. Only one package of coffee available on arrival. Once used, no additional packages left. Coffee table in living room was not dusted for 3 nights we were there.
Got an amazing two-night deal at peak season on Booking.com. Located on the lakefront strip a short walk from the doughnut stand - awesome! Well-maintained rooms and facilities with a miniature kitchen and plenty of space. Silvered windows allow light in but give plenty of privacy. Lots of parking available. Our new favourite spot in Penticton - will stay again!
Location, price, suite
Furniture was dated. Couch unusable. Not very clean. Utensils were ancient.
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Canstar Community News - ONLINE EDITION
Pops orchestra in the park
The Winnipeg Pops Orchestra will perform at Assiniboine Park's Lyric Theatre tonight (Wed., June 26).
"We play light classics and pop music," said Timmalee Thompson, principal
flutist in the orchestra. "We'll have about an hour-long concert."
The Lyric Theatre, located in the park behind the Pavilion Gallery Museum, is an open-air stage that features many summer concerts.
The Winnipeg Pops Orchestra will hit the stage at 7 p.m.
For more information on the Orchestra visit their website at
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@LanceWPG: From the political arena to the RWB stage #cbn - via @WinnipegNews shar.es/13Oi9x via @ShareThis 12:47 pm on Dec 18
@CanstarHeadline: Portage Family Abuse Prevention Centre collecting for their Shoebox for Mom project until Dec. 22. winnipegfreepress.com/our-communitie… #cbn 10:43 am on Dec 18
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@CanstarHeadline: Headingley's new water plant will serve local residents and RM of Rosser businesses. winnipegfreepress.com/our-communitie… #cbn 1:54 pm on Dec 17
@CanstarDeputy: RT @CanstarHeadline HGTV's Bryan Baeumler is using an AMC Foam Technologies product in his new home. winnipegfreepress.com/our-communitie… … #cbn 2:14 pm on Dec 16
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A Parent's Guide to Safety at Home
Children have a tendency to be unaware of their own vulnerability. Unfortunately, children with autism take this to the extreme, often exploring dangerous places and playing with potentially hazardous objects. Parents can work with an autism specialist to learn more about potential hazards and how to keep kids with autism safe from harm at home and in other environments. An effective safety plan will have a multipronged approach. That is, it will focus on teaching children correct behaviors while modifying the home to improve safety.
Modify Your Windows
Some children with autism have a tendency to climb out of windows. Parents can place locks on windows to safeguard their kids. In the event that a child engages in self-injurious behaviors, such as pounding on the glass, parents can replace the panes with Plexiglas.
Lock Up Hazardous Items
There is a wide range of objects that could pose danger to a child with autism. Parents should keep all medications, chemicals, detergents, pesticides, cleaning supplies, and similar items locked up, away from the child's reach. Other potentially dangerous items include sharp objects, matches, and lighters.
Use Visual Reminders
Many parents have found visual reminders to be successful. For example, parents of kids with autism frequently place printouts that look like stop signs on the interior of all doors to prevent wandering. You can use these visual reminders in any other potentially dangerous place that your child may try to explore. Some parents also place brightly colored tape along floors or walls to remind children of set boundaries. This can be particularly helpful if your child has a tendency to climb up on tall objects or wander away from your watchful eye.
Work with an Autism Specialist
An autism specialist can help your child learn about appropriate and inappropriate behaviors. He or she can help instill safety skills through the use of social stories and roleplaying, for example.
STAR of CA provides a comprehensive range of autism therapy services, all of which are based on clinically proven principles. Our autism therapists can design a behavioral intervention plan for your child that can reduce problematic behaviors and improve his or her safety in various environments. To request more information about Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) and our intervention services, call (805) 804-5671.


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Funny, smart(ish) and easy going, I see myself as a jack of all trades. I like doing things I've never done and learning about things I know nothing about. I like to stay fit; hiking and kayaking being my exercise of choice. I have an on again/ off again relationship with yoga. . . currently on again, happy to say. I love cooking and try to eat SOMEWHAT healthy, but I am by no means fanatical about it. (favorite recipes are ice cream and BBQ chicken if that tells you something.) As active as I can be, I'm also a big fan of downtime. I read, write, listen to music and watch tv and movies. my favorite shows/ movies are the quirky ones. Reality shows and American Idle stuff make me want to set fire to myself in the town square... ugh.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games
Other types of exercise, Walking / Hiking, Yoga
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I have Cats
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text: Journal of Wildlife Management 74(1):174–180; 2010; DOI: 10.2193/2008-502 Tools and Technology Article Technique, Safety, and Efficacy of Intra- Abdominal Transmitters in Nine-Banded Armadillos SONIA M. HERNANDEZ,1,2 Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA DANIEL J. GAMMONS, Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA NICOLE GOTTDENKER, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA MICHAEL T. MENGAK, Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA L. MIKE CONNER, Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, Route 2, Box 2324, Newton, GA 39870, USA STEPHEN J. DIVERS, Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA ABSTRACT The future management of nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) requires solid space-use and activity data, which are currently lacking and which radiotelemetry can provide. External radiotransmitters have not been successful applied with this species. To make recommendations for intra-abdominal radiotransmitter placement in nine-banded armadillos, we 1) evaluated 4 different anesthetic protocols for safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness; 2) evaluated a surgical technique for the intra-abdominal placement of radiotransmitters that addresses problems described in previous studies; and 3) evaluated the physiologic and behavioral effects of such a technique. We captured and surgically implanted 37 nine-banded armadillos using either butorphanol and isoflurane, ketamine alone, ketamine and xylazine, or a combination of butorphanol, ketamine, and medetomidine for anesthesia. We recovered and necropsied armadillos after the completion of the study. The objective and subjective assessment of butorphanol, ketamine, and medetomidine combination protocol, followed by reversal of the anesthesia with atipamezole, showed that it was the best overall anesthetic protocol for field use, providing both a smooth induction and fast recovery. We evaluated the fate and effects of radiotransmitters on 13 recovered animals at the end of the study and found no adverse effects. We recommend the implantation of radiotransmitters that are allowed to free- float within the abdominal cavity and specifically emphasize the need for strict aseptic technique. Wildlife managers and wildlife veterinarians aiming to implant nine-banded armadillos with radiotransmitters will benefit from using the recommended anesthetic protocol and surgical technique in future studies. KEY WORDS Anesthesia, Dasypus novemcinctus, Georgia, intra-abdominal radiotransmitter, nine-banded armadillos, radiotelemetry. Until the mid-1850s, nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus which are currently lacking. Radiotelemetry could provide novemcinctus; hereafter, armadillo) were restricted within the necessary data; however, external transmitters, a the United States to southern Texas. Through natural common radiotelemetry device, are impractical because of dispersal and translocations, nine-banded armadillos are the armadillo's compact body, flexible carapace, and L now common throughout 12 of the southeastern states burrowing behaviors (Jacobs 1979, Herbst 1991b). (Humphrey 1974, Taulman and Robbins 1996, Engeman et Our objectives were to develop and evaluate 1) an al. 2003), where sometimes they are classified as an invasive anesthetic protocol that was safe, efficacious, and cost- species or as pests (Hawthorne 1994, Taulman and Robbins effective for field conditions; 2) a surgical procedure for the 1996). Armadillos can cause landscape damage, which may intra-abdominal placement of radiotransmitters that ad- lead to conflicts with landowners (Mengak 2003) and may dressed problems previously described (Bond et al. 2000); be significant predators for ground-nesting birds and and 3) the physiologic effects and utility of intra-abdominal endangered species (Drennen 1989, Engeman et al. 2003, radiotransmitters. Previous studies have described anesthetic Staller et al. 2005). Despite these concerns, most of the protocols for xenarthrans (Fournier-Chambrillon et al. ecological information regarding armadillo home range, 2000, West 2007); however, we specifically evaluated a habitat use, and activity patterns has been derived from protocol that would allow for surgical procedures under field indirect studies or radiotelemetry investigations with small conditions. sample sizes (Thomas 1980, Herbst 1991b, Zimmerman 1992, Schnell 1994, Bond et al. 2000). STUDY AREA The future management of armadillos (e.g., recommen- We conducted our study at the 11,735-ha research facility of dations for decreasing population numbers, eradication, or the Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center at Ichau- translocation) requires solid space-use and activity data, way (JWJERC) near Newton, Georgia, USA, in the 1 southeastern Gulf Coastal Plain. Armadillos have been E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com 2 Present address: Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural reported in this location for approximately 50 years (Fitch Resources, and the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 1952). Historically, JWJERC was managed as a quail University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA (Colinus virginianus) hunting preserve; however, 40% of 174 The Journal of Wildlife Management N 74(1) JWJERC is currently managed to conserve the natural MI), penicillin G (300,000 units [U]/mL [75,000 U/kg] longleaf pine ecosystem, whereas the remaining 60% is SC; Aspen Veterinary Resources, Liberty, MO), and 0.09% managed as multiple-use zones integrating wildlife and saline (60 mL SC; Hospira, Lake Forest, IL). timber management. We delineated a 3,610-ha section of We evaluated the anesthetic protocols by recording 5 JWJERC for this study. lengths of time: 1) time to induction (i.e., time from anesthetic administration to a surgical level of anesthesia, METHODS which we defined as lateral recumbency and a lack of We captured 37 adult armadillos (9 ad and 3 juv M, 23 ad response to a toe-pinch); 2) total time of surgery from and 2 juv F, weighing 2.3–5.2 kg) either by visually incision to application of the last skin suture; 3) time of locating them at night with an infrared camera (IR250; reversal administration; 4) time to spontaneous movement Raytheon, Las Vegas, NV) and netting them by hand or by (i.e., time from ending anesthesia to sternal recumbency); unbaited, wire cage traps (Tomahawk Live Trap Company, and 5) time to complete recovery (i.e., time from first Tomahawk, WI; Hawthorne 1994). Captures took place spontaneous movement to preanesthetic status). between 22 May 2005 and 20 March 2006. We transported We determined the subjective quality of each protocol by armadillos to a laboratory, allowed them to acclimatize to recording 3 scores: 1) we termed the induction smooth if the indoor temperatures (20–25u C), provided them with animal became anesthetized without thrashing or paddling water, and did not handle them again until the following (score 5 1) and rough if we observed the contrary (score 5 day, when we weighed, sexed, and aged them according to 0); 2) we termed the anesthetic level and quality appropriate established criteria (McDonough 1994). Because we were if the animal displayed adequate muscle relaxation for interested in determining survival rates and sources of surgery, did not move or wake up before finishing surgery, mortality, we did not permanently mark animals because and if cardiopulmonary parameters monitored were stable permanent markings are known to potentially bias hunter (score 5 1), and we termed the anesthetic level and quality and predator behavior (Kaine 1992). inadequate if additional drugs were needed to maintain surgical anesthesia or if cardiopulmonary parameters were Anesthetic Protocol not within expected limits (score 5 0); and 3) we termed the We captured, handled, and performed anesthetic and recovery smooth if the animal regained consciousness without surgical procedures on armadillos in compliance with the thrashing or paddling, and the animal completely recovered University of Georgia's Animal Care and Use Committee in a reasonable amount of time (,3 hr; score 5 1) and rough (project A2004-10138-0). For all cases, the handler reached if we observed the contrary or the complete recovery was inside the carrier, restrained the animal by the base of the lengthy (.3 hr; score 5 0). tail, and delivered injections into either the quadriceps or the semimembranosus muscle group of the hind limb. Surgical Technique We evaluated 4 field anesthetic protocols with 4 groups Once we achieved a surgical level of anesthesia, we placed the of armadillos: butorphanol and isoflurane (BI), ketamine animals in dorsal recumbency on a heating mat and prepared alone (K), ketamine and xylazine (KX), or a butorphanol, the ventral abdomen surgically from the xiphoid process of ketamine, and medetomidine combination (BKM). In the the sternum to the pubis, by first shaving the fine abdominal BI group, we administered an intramuscular (IM) hairs and then using a 70% isopropyl alcohol and 2% injection of butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg; Torbugesic [10 mg/ chlorhexidine scrub solution (ChlorhexiDerm; DVM Phar- mL]; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Madison, NJ), and maceuticals, Saint Joseph, MO) as described in standard 30 minutes later, we physically restrained the armadillos surgical texts (Slatter 2003). The transmitters were crystal and used a face-mask to induce them with isoflurane gas controlled, 2 stage, and powered by a lithium battery, and (Isoflo; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL). In the K they were cylindrical (79 mm long, 20 mm wide, weighing group, we administered ketamine alone (65–89 mg/kg IM; 32 g) and encapsulated in electrical resin (model M1240; Ketaset [100 mg/mL]; Fort Dodge Animal Health). In Advanced Telemetry Systems, Isanti, MN). We sterilized the the KX group, we administered a combination of ketamine transmitters by submersion in 2% glutaraldehyde solution and xylazine (40 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg IM, respectively; (Cidex; Advanced Sterilization Products, Irvine, CA) for xylazine: Rompun [100 mg/mL]; Bayer Health Care, 30 minutes and aseptically rinsed them with 0.9% sterile Shawnee Mission, KS). In the BKM group, we adminis- saline solution. To implant the transmitter, we first made a 4- tered a combination of butorphanol, ketamine, and cm incision through the skin and subcutaneous tissue medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, and 0.07 mg/kg overlying and immediately caudal to the umbilical scar, IM, respectively; medetomidine: Domitor [1 mg/mL]; which exposed the thick, fibrous umbilical tissue. We sharply Pfizer Animal Health, Exton, PA), and upon conclusion dissected the umbilical tissue with scissors, exposing the of surgery, we administered atipamezole (administered at fragile union of the rectus abdominis muscles, which we also the same volume as medetomidine, IM; Antisedan [5 mg/ bluntly dissected. Immediately medial to these muscles, we mL]; Pfizer) to reverse the effects of medetomidine. identified the thin peritoneal membrane, lifted it with Once anesthetized, all animals received meloxicam forceps, and incised it with scissors, gaining access to the (0.1 mg/kg subcutaneously [SC]; Metacam [5 mg/mL] abdominal cavity. We inserted the transmitter into the injection; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, St. Joseph, abdominal cavity and allowed it to free-float (Hernandez- Hernandez et al. N Armadillo Transmitter Safety 175 Figure 1. We surgically implanted intra-abdominal radiotransmitters into 37 nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) at the Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center at Ichauway, near Newton, Georgia, USA, in the southeastern Gulf Coastal Plain, 2005-2006. We placed the armadillo in dorsal recumbency and aseptically prepared the area immediately caudal to the umbilicus. (inset) The surgical skin incision was made immediately caudal to the umbilical scar. The junction of the rectus abdominis muscles, which is merged with the umbilical scar, was surgically incised, followed by an incision through the peritoneal membrane to a length that allowed placement of the transmitter in the abdominal cavity. Divers et al. 2001; Fig. 1). We closed the surgical incision in translocated animals), and we released the remaining animals 2 layers, suturing the rectus abdominis muscles with at their capture site (i.e., resident animals). We located the absorbable suture (2-0 gauge polydioxanone; Ethicon, Piscat- animals by triangulation 3–4 times per week. To determine away, NJ) in a simple, interrupted pattern and then the the utility of the transmitter, we recorded the range of the subcutaneous tissue with a simple, continuous pattern. We signal and our ability to locate animals. To determine brought the skin into apposition by the subcutaneous closure transmitter effects, we compared the home range and survival and closed it with surgical glue (Vetbond Tissue Adhesive; of the implanted animals to published values from other 3M, St. Paul, MN). We monitored heart rate, respiratory armadillo populations. To determine whether the transmitter rate, and body temperature throughout the surgical proce- interfered with internal organ structure and function, we dure. We noted hypoxemia (i.e., relative oxyhemoglobin described the fate and location of the transmitter on all saturation ,90% by pulse oximeter) in the first 5 animals; animals found dead. In addition, we recaptured 9 animals thereafter, we used supplemental oxygen by face mask (4 M, 5 F), euthanized them, and performed a full, gross (0.5 mL/min) for the rest of the animals. On completion, examination in which we noted the location of the transmitter we maintained the animals indoors in carriers until as well as whether it was free-floating or adhered to abdominal completely recovered (i.e., back to preanesthesia status) while viscera. Euthanasia was achieved by IM administration of monitoring their respiratory rate. 2 mL of a 50:50 combination of ketamine and xylazine and, once deeply anesthetized, intracardiac administration of 2 mL Transmitter Safety and Utility of pentobarbital euthanasia solution (Beuthanasia; Schering We released armadillos within 24 hours after surgery. We Plough Animal Health, Kenilworth, NJ). We harvested released 6 animals in areas away from their capture site (i.e., several sections of all major organs, fixed the samples in 176 The Journal of Wildlife Management N 74(1) Table 1. We implanted radiotransmitters into 37 nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) to evaluate 4 anesthetic protocols at the Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center at Ichauway near Newton, Georgia, USA, from 22 May 2005 to 20 March 2006.a We divided armadillos into 4 anesthetic groups. The mean anesthetic parameters measured to objectively and subjectively assess the utility of the 4 anesthetic protocols are summarized. Anesthetic group BI (n = 2, M) BMK (n = 19; 7 M, 12 F) KX (n = 14; 6 M, 8 F) K (n = 4; 1 M, 3 F) Surgical stage Parameter BI SD BMK SD KX SD K SD Induction Mean body wt (kg) 4.39 0.41 4.15 0.38 4.38 0.58 3.35 1.49 Drug doses (mg/kg) B: 0.09 0.01 B: 0.15 0.05 X: 4.2 1.3 K: 73 11 Isoflurane (%) I: 1.5–2.5 M: 0.07 0.01 K: 40 7 K: 17 7 Induction time (min) 17.5 3.5 12.2 6.9 10.3 4.3 16b Proportion (%) of armadillos 0 94 1 0 receiving score of 1 for subjective quality of induction Surgery Respiratory rate (per min) 37 5.2 40 10.2 NR NR Heart rate (per min) 88 2.3 79 5.0 NR NR Mean temp (uC) 34.5 0.1 34.1 2.0 34.7 1.8 33.2 2.4 Mean surgery time (min) 41.0 30.1 18.3 25.7 Proportion (%) of armadillos 100 88 84 0 receiving score of 1 for subjective quality of anesthesia Recovery Atipamezole reversal (mg/kg) NA 0.31 0.03 NA NA Mean complete recovery time (min) 32 2.1 13.7 5.4 .3 hr .3 hr Proportion (%) of armadillos 100 100 0 0 receiving score of 1 for subjective quality of recovery a Abbreviations: B, butorphanol; I, isoflurane; K, ketamine; M, medetomidine; NA, not applicable; NR, not recorded; X, xylazine. b Only recorded in a single animal. 10% neutral-buffered formalin, and submitted them for the other 2 groups, whereas it was .3 hours in the K and histopathologic examination. KX group, yielding low qualitative scores. No animals died upon capture or before, during, or within 24 hours of RESULTS surgery, and all animals were completely recovered at the Anesthetic Protocol time of release. We did not note any adverse effects The BKM and KX groups yielded the best subjective quality sometimes associated with the drugs (e.g., excessive of induction scores (1 or nearest 1); the shortest induction salivation, vomiting, regurgitation, or bloating). For each was in the K group. The 2 animals in the BI group struggled animal, total surgical time averaged 20 minutes (range, 18– significantly, and armadillos in the K group displayed 40 min), with the longest times reflecting the first 5 dissociative movements, causing their inductions to be procedures and the learning curve of the surgeon. classified as rough and yielding low scores (Table 1). All of the K group armadillos either required further doses Transmitter Safety and Utility for adequate muscle relaxation or experienced negative The 6 translocated armadillos exhibited erratic movements cardiopulmonary effects, yielding low subjective scores. The immediately after release, and their fates are unknown level of anesthesia was adequate for surgery in all but 2 (Gammons et al. 2009). Excluding those animals, we obtained animals in the BKM group: one required additional enough data to confidently evaluate transmitter safety and ketamine IM to achieve surgical anesthesia, and one animal utility from 31 resident armadillos, of which, 6 died, 13 began recovering before the end of the surgical procedure, disappeared, and 12 survived until the end of the study. No although no further drugs were needed. One animal moved resident armadillos died as a result of the surgical procedure. slightly before the completion of the surgical procedure in Only one animal, which had sustained severe wounds from a the KX group, without needing additional drugs. The best predator within days before her recapture, failed to survive .30 subjective scores for quality of anesthesia were in the BI, days after implantation. We monitored animals that died an BKM, and KX groups. average of 107 days (range, 15–206), animals that disappeared Return to spontaneous movement was smooth in the BI an average of 260 days (range, 118–377), and animals that and BKM. We did not record return to spontaneous survived until the end of the study an average of 270 days movement for the K or KX group because armadillos in (range, 89–360). The mean minimum convex polygon home those groups generally remained in a sleep-like state range size of 27 armadillos with .30 locations was 8.7 ha. (presumptively because of defense behavior) unless we Including both translocated and resident armadillos, we applied vigorous external stimulus (e.g., shaking carrier), lost radiocontact with 17 animals (7 M, 10 F), and their which made it difficult for us to determine when the time to transmitter fate was unavailable. We found 8 animals (3 M, spontaneous movement occurred. The time to complete 5 F) dead; we recaptured and euthanized 9 animals (4 M, 5 recovery for the BI and BKM group was much shorter than F) at the completion of the study, and 3 animals continued Hernandez et al. N Armadillo Transmitter Safety 177 transmitting an active signal, but we could not recapture Consequently, we abandoned this method early in the study them. Of the 8 animals found dead, the causes of death were and do not recommend it. unknown (n 5 1), gunshot (n 5 2), predation (n 5 3), We used ketamine alone in some animals because it is vehicular collision (n 5 1), and crushed by a tractor (n 5 1). cost effective and commonly used by field researchers. We examined the abdominal cavity of all animals when Ketamine alone may suffice for short procedures and those possible (9 euthanized and 3 found dead) and found no that do not require muscle relaxation (Plumb 2008). transmitter adhesions to abdominal organs or significant However, high doses (.60 mg/kg) were required to inflammation. Histopathologic examination of the tissues achieve surgical planes of anesthesia, which can cause from the armadillos found dead was not possible because of significant respiratory depression and lengthy, rough extensive tissue autolysis. recoveries because of ketamine's dissociative effect on the central nervous system (Plumb 2008). In the K group, DISCUSSION recoveries were considered very lengthy and the procedure Anesthetic Protocol impractical for future use. Because armadillos are solitary, primarily nocturnal, occupy The a2-adrenoreceptor agonist anesthetics, such as thickly vegetated habitats, and are difficult to permanently xylazine and medetomidine, have gained popularity in mark (Loughry and McDonough 2001), research on their wildlife immobilization, including for armadillos, because space use using radiotelemetry could provide more reliable they synergize the effects of dissociative agents, such as estimates than currently available. To our knowledge, this ketamine, and produce excellent muscle relaxation (Four- study provides the largest sample size and longest duration nier-Chambrillon et al. 2000, Grimm 2007). Adding an a2- of any radiotelemetry study on armadillos to date and the adrenoreceptor agonist to the drug protocol considerably first attempt to objectively assess the effects and utility of lowers the dose of ketamine needed, compared with using abdominal radiotransmitters in armadillos. Anesthetic ketamine alone, and simultaneously decreases the negative combinations used in xenarthrans have recently been side effects associated with ketamine. We evaluated the use reviewed (West 2007), but only one publication, to our of ketamine and xylazine because the combination is likely knowledge, details modern anesthetic techniques for free- to serve the realistic budget and drug availability limitations ranging armadillos (Fournier-Chambrillon et al. 2000). In often confronting field biologists (Fournier-Chambrillon et general, the ideal anesthetic for field use is 1) easily applied; al. 1997). For example, based on our doses, the cost of 2) does not require specialized equipment; 3) provides rapid, butorphanol, ketamine, and medetomidine, reversed with smooth inductions; 4) has a wide margin of safety; 5) can be atipamezole, is significantly higher than a combination of reversed; and 6) results in smooth, rapid recoveries. We were ketamine and xylazine (US$4.14 vs. $1.24/5 kg of armadillo, particularly interested in the overall quality of anesthesia and respectively). the time to complete recovery. Rough recoveries require An added advantage to using combinations of a2- confinement and can lead to unnecessary trauma for an adrenoreceptor agonists is the recent development of specific animal. Lengthy recoveries (.3 hr) are not practical in field antagonists or reversal agents. We used atipamezole to situations when an animal needs to be released quickly, can reverse the medetomidine portion of the BKM combination. lead to hypothermia, and are associated with other adverse Atipamezole reverses medetomidine through competitive anesthetic complications, such as organ damage from inhibition at the receptor site, whereas the comparatively hypoxemia and low blood pressure, among others. The lower dose of ketamine used with this combination is time to complete recovery for the BKM group was much metabolized quickly, which results in an animal that shorter than any other group. This was expected because recovers faster. Adding the mixed agonist–antagonist opioid atipamezole is a highly specific antagonist for medetomi- butorphanol to the ketamine and medetomidine combina- dine, and thus, any remaining sedation after reversal can be tion provided both added relaxation and acted as a short- attributed to ketamine and butorphanol. term analgesic. Butorphanol is commonly combined with Face-mask induction with a gas inhalant, with or without other anesthetics in animals to ensure short-term pain a premedicant such as butorphanol, is widely used to control upon recovery and to lower the dose of the other anesthetize animals (Heath 2007) and has a wide margin of agents (Grimm et al. 1998, Carroll et al. 2005). We aimed safety. However, face-mask induction requires specialized to release the armadillos within 24 hours after surgery and equipment and physical restraint of an animal. We expected specifically did not want the surgical procedure to interfere that administering butorphanol 30 minutes before face- with the animal's behavior; thus, we aimed to minimize mask induction would produce enough sedation to safely pain, using butorphanol for short-term relief and meloxicam administer inhalant anesthesia (Grimm 2007). This was not for longer analgesia. the case, and the armadillos struggled excessively. This type of stress has been shown to adversely affect physiologic Transmitter Safety and Utility parameters (i.e., heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen We lost radiocontact with most of animals implanted with demand), which can directly affect survival (Arnemo 2007). radiotransmitters. This could be due to a variety of factors, In addition, armadillos can cause serious injury with their including dispersal, transmitter failure, or transmitters claws, including deep skin lacerations, putting the handler at destroyed by gunshots, vehicle collisions, or predators. risk for disease with Mycobacterium leprae (Williams 2001). Destruction of the transmitters is unlikely because 1) the 178 The Journal of Wildlife Management N 74(1) leading biologist was generally notified when and where starvation and adhesions to internal organs in at least 2 more armadillos on the property were killed by hunters, 2) cases. vehicle-struck armadillos would have likely been found while conducting telemetry, and 3) transmitters were not MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS affected in 2 animals that were scavenged during the study. We recommend the butorphanol, ketamine, and medeto- It is unlikely that most missing animals were the result of midine anesthetic combination, reversed with atipamezole. transmitter failure; thus, we speculate that most of the Additionally, we recommend the implantation of radio- missing animals dispersed, and we have no reason to believe transmitters that are allowed to free-float within the that physiologic effects caused by the transmitter are related abdominal cavity and specifically emphasize the need for to loss of radiocontact. Recapture rates in previous studies strict aseptic technique, which is likely to minimize infection have been low (Jacobs 1979, Loughry and McDonough and adhesion rates. We conclude that the aforementioned 2001), leading those authors to suspect dispersal of a large anesthetic, surgical, and implantation techniques are safe percentage of animals. Other studies on the movement of and should be considered for future radiotelemetry studies. armadillos also suggest highly mobile patterns (Thomas 1980, Herbst 1991b, Zimmerman 1992, Schnell 1994, Bond ACKNOWLEDGMENTS et al. 2000). We were able to collect data on the fate and We thank the wildlife laboratory at JWJERC, the numerous effects of 13 of the 37 implanted radiotransmitters. There volunteers for assistance with data collection, particularly J. was no macroscopic evidence of transmitter-related injury. Keenan, D. Temple, M. Blasier, and E. Mackey, and D. All histopathologic lesions observed were consistent with Mulcahy for review of this manuscript. Funding was parasites, pathogens, and conditions routinely described in provided in part by Jack H. Berryman Institute, the Jones armadillos (Cheadle et al. 2001, Leighton 2001, DeLucia et Ecological Research Center, and a University research al. 2002). assistantship to D. Gammons. Permanent surgical equip- Although we did not have a control group to compare ment was loaned by the College of Veterinary Medicine, with (e.g., from a direct observation study), it seems unlikely University of Georgia. that the transmitters had negative effects on the behavior of armadillos. Implanted armadillos generally began foraging LITERATURE CITED immediately upon release, and their mean home range size Arnemo, J. M., and N. Caulkett. 2007. Stress. Pages 103–111 in G. West, G. Heard, and N. Caulkett, editors. Zoo animal and wildlife was similar to what has been reported elsewhere (see table 4 immobilization and anesthesia. Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, USA. in McDonough 2000) where other monitoring techniques Bond, B. T., M. I. Nelson, and R. J. Warren. 2000. Home range dynamics have been used. We cannot rule out the possibility that and den use of nine-banded armadillos on Cumberland Island, Georgia. habitat use was influenced by the surgical procedure, but a Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 54:415–423. comparison with other populations to evaluate this effect is Bond, B. T., R. J. Warren, and M. I. Nelson. 2002. Winter mortality of impractical. Habitat use in other armadillo populations has adult nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) on Cumberland been studied primarily using direct observation, and this Island, Georgia. Georgia Journal of Science 60:209–215. technique can produce biased results because of differential Carroll, G. L., L. B. Howe, and K. D. Peterson. 2005. Analgesic efficacy of preoperative administration of meloxicam or butorphanol in onychecto- detection probabilities between habitats, whereas detection mized cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association probability did not vary in our radiotelemetry study 226:913–919. (McDonough 2000). More important, however, is the Cheadle, M. A., S. M. Tanhauser, J. B. Dame, D. C. Sellon, M. Hines, P. indication that the surgical procedure did not appear to E. Ginn, R. J. MacKay, and E. C. Greiner. 2001. The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is an intermediate host for Sarcocystis influence armadillo survival rates. Six of the 31 resident neurona. International Journal for Parasitology 31:330–335. armadillos died of a variety of causes, but that is within the DeLucia, P. M., M. A. Cheadle, and E. C. Greiner. 2002. Prevalence of rate of loss reported for this species (Bond et al. 2002). A Sarcocystis sarcocysts in nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) potential concern when speculating about survival is the from Florida. Veterinary Parasitology 103:203–205. Drennen, D., D. Cooley, and J. E. Devore. 1989. Armadillo predation on high number of animals that disappeared and whose fates loggerhead turtle eggs at two national wildlife refuges in Florida, USA. are undetermined. However, given the length of time we Marine Turtle Newsletter 45:7–8. monitored them before the loss of transmitter signals, we are Engeman, R. M., R. E. Martin, B. Constantin, R. Noel, and J. Woolard. confident that the surgical procedure did not cause these 2003. Monitoring predators to optimize their management for marine turtle nest protection. Conservation Biology 113:171–178. animals to vacate their home ranges. Fitch, H. S., P. Goodrum, and C. Newman. 1952. The armadillo in the Radiotransmitter implantation can have pathologic effects southwestern United States. Journal of Mammalogy 33:21–37. on surrounding tissues (Guynn 1987, Mulcahy and Esler Fournier-Chambrillon, C., P. Fournier, and J. C. Vie. 1997. Immobiliza- 1999). Herbst (1991a) evaluated the effects of abdominal tion of wild collared anteaters with ketamine- and xylazine-hydrochlo- ride. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33:795–800. radiotransmitters in nine-banded armadillos. In that study, Fournier-Chambrillon, C., I. Vogel, P. Fournier, B. de Thoisy, and J. C. one animal died from anesthetic complications and an Vie. 2000. Immobilization of free-ranging nine-banded and great long- additional armadillo died as a direct consequence of surgical nosed armadillos with three anesthetic combinations. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36:131–140. implantation. Although the number of animals implanted Gammons, D. J., M. T. Mengak, and L. M. Conner. 2009. Armadillo that were subsequently recaptured for evaluation in that habitat selection in southwestern Georgia. Journal of Mammalogy study was small (n 5 8), results indicated 2 deaths from 90:356–362. Hernandez et al. N Armadillo Transmitter Safety 179 Grimm, K. A., and L. A. Lamont. 2007. Clinical pharmacology. Pages McDonough, C. M. 1994. Determinants of aggression in nine-banded 3–36 in G. West, G. Heard, and N. Caulkett, editors. Zoo animal armadillos. Journal of Mammalogy 75:189–198. and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia. Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, McDonough, C. M. 2000. Social organization of nine-banded armadillos USA. (Dasypus novemcinctus) in a riparian habitat. American Midland Grimm, K. A., J. C. Thurmon, W. A. Olson, W. J. Tranquilli, and G. J. Naturalist 144:139–151. Benson. 1998. The pharmacodynamics of thiopental, medetomidine, Mengak, M. T. 2003. Wildlife damage management education needs: butorphanol and atropine in beagle dogs. Journal of Veterinary survey of Georgia county FASAT agents. Pages 7–15 in Proceedings of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 21:133–137. 10th Wildlife Damage Management Conference. Wildlife Damage Guynn, D. C., Jr., J. R. Davis, and A. F. von Recum. 1987. Pathological Management Working Group, The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Mary- potential of intraperitoneal transmitter implants in beavers. Journal of land, USA. Wildlife Management 51:605–606. Mulcahy, D. M., and D. Esler. 1999. Surgical and immediate postrelease Hawthorne, D. W. 1994. Armadillos. Pages D1–D3 in S. E. Hygnstrom, mortality of Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) implanted with R. M. Timm, and G. E. Larson, editors. Prevention and control of abdominal radiotransmitters with percutaneous antennae. Journal of Zoo wildlife damage. Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and Wildlife Medicine 30:397–401. Cooperative Extension Office, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA. Plumb, D. C. 2008. Plumb's veterinary drug handbook. Sixth edition. Heath, B. 2007. Mobile inhalant anesthesia techniques. Pages 75–80 in G. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA. West, G. Heard, and N. Caulkett, editors. Zoo animal and wildlife Schnell, P. T. 1994. Home range, activity period, burrow use, and body immobilization and anesthesia. Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, USA. temperatures of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) on the Herbst, L. 1991a. Pathological and reproductive effects of intraperitoneal northern edges of its range. Southwest Missouri State University, telemetry devices on female armadillos. Journal of Wildlife Management Springfield, USA. 55:628–631. Slatter, D. 2003. Textbook of small animal surgery. Third edition. Volume Herbst, L., and K. Redford. 1991b. Home-range size and social spacing 1. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. among female common long-nosed armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus). Staller, E. L., W. E. Palmer, J. P. Carroll, R. P. Thornton, and D. C. Research and Exploration 7:236–237. Sisson. 2005. Identifying predators at northern bobwhite nests. Journal of Hernandez-Divers, S. M., G. V. Kollias, N. Abou-Madi, and B. K. Hartup. 2001. Surgical technique for intra-abdominal radiotransmitter placement Wildlife Management 69:124–132. in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Taulman, J. F., and L. W. Robbins. 1996. Recent range expansion and Wildlife Medicine 32:202–205. distributional limits of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) Humphrey, S. R. 1974. Zoogeography of the nine-banded armadillo in the United States. Journal of Biogeography 23:635–648. (Dasypus novemcinctus) in the United States. BioScience 24:457–462. Thomas, W. D. 1980. Summer movement of a male armadillo in central Jacobs, J. F. 1979. Behavior and space use patterns of the nine-banded Texas. Texas Journal of Science 32:363–365. armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in southwestern Mississippi. Cornell West, G., T. Carter, and J. Shaw. 2007. Edentates (Xenarthra). Pages 349– University, Ithaca, New York, USA. 353 in G. West, G. Heard, and N. Caulkett, editors. Zoo animals and Kaine, D. M., and J. A. Litvaitis. 1992. Age and sex composition of live- wildlife immobilization and anesthesia. Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, USA. captured and hunter-killed samples of black bears. Journal of Mammalogy Williams, E. S. 2001. Paratuberculosis and other Mycobacterial diseases. 73:215–217. Pages 361–371 in E. S. Williams and I. K. Barker, editors. Infectious Leighton, F. A., and T. Kuiken. 2001. Leptospirosis. Pages 498–502 in E. diseases of wild mammals. Iowa State University Press, Ames, USA. S. Williams and I. K. Barker, editors. Infectious diseases of wild Zimmerman, J. W. 1992. The common long-nosed armadillo (Dasypus mammals. Third edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, USA. novemcinctus) in northcentral Oklahoma. Oklahoma State University, Loughry, W. J., and C. M. McDonough. 2001. Natal recruitment and adult Stillwater, USA. retention in a population of nine-banded armadillos. Acta Theriologica 46:393–406. Associate Editor: Nielsen. 180 The Journal of Wildlife Management N 74(1)


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Summary: American Work travels through 350 years of history to tell the epic, often tragic story of success and failure on the uneven playing fields of American labor. Here is the story of how virtually every significant social transformation in American history (from bound to free labor, from farm work to factory work, from a blue-collar to a white-collar economy) rolled back the hard-won advances of African Americans who had managed to gain footholds in various jobs ...show moreand industries. It is not a story of simple ideological "racism," but of politics and economics interacting to determine - and determine differently in different times and places - what kind of work was "suitable" to which groups. Jacqueline Jones shows how racially divided workplaces developed, and how efforts to gain or preserve group advantages in certain jobs helped to foster racial hatred and contradictory stereotypes. Ultimately, she reveals in an unmistakable light how systematic forms of discrimination have denied whole groups of Americans the opportunity to compete for jobs, training, and promotions on an equal footing.
From Library Journal:
Jones (history, Brandeis Univ.) has written a massive study of black working people in the United States from the first arrival of slaves in the early 1600s until the present. Running throughout the narrative is the theme that in the long history of work in America, blacks have always suffered disproportionate burdens and received unequal rewards. Jones argues that emphasizing employer discrimination downplays the role of the state, which, from earliest colonial times, has given white workers advantages over their black counterparts. Blacks, however, have always pressed hard against employment discrimination. In the 20th century their struggle for decent jobs has taken the form of lawsuits, grassroots boycotts of retail stores, and protests against racially discriminatory labor unions. The writing is often turgid. Recommended for labor and Afro-American collections of academic libraries. -Harry Frumerman, formerly with Hunter Coll., New York ...show less


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The number has stayed near 14-year lows
Congress wouldn't dare get rid of the program
Join the NASDAQ Community today and get free, instant access to portfolios, stock ratings, real-time alerts, and more!
Millennial Media Inc.
), a leading mobile advertising and data provider, recently
extended its global footprint with the launch of its new office
in Tokyo as it embarks on operations in the Japanese market. With
this, the company presently has international presence in London,
Singapore, Tokyo, Paris, Hamburg and Jakarta.
The strategic move is aimed to capitalize on the advanced and
robust mobile market of Japan and was like a natural progression
for Millennial Media after its foray in Singapore in 2011. A
solid presence in the dynamic and mature mobile market in Japan
will enable the company to unlock significant value for its users
across the broader Asia Pacific region.
John Greiner has been entrusted as the Managing Director of the
company for Japan, with the primary responsibility of building
relationships with developers and publishers to execute effective
mobile advertising campaigns for leading brands across the
country. With over 18 years of experience of the Japanese market,
Greiner brings on board key insights about consumer behavior to
leverage its scale, innovative rich media capabilities and
industry-leading data asset platform for premium mobile
advertising solutions.
Millennial Media expects to augment its revenue from increased
market penetration amid stiff competition in the mobile ad
segment. The company has developed about 350 million proprietary,
anonymous user profiles and more than 39,000 apps operate on its
platform. The company reportedly delivers advertising campaigns
through more than 7500 distinct device types, out of which almost
20% include non-phone devices like tablets and gaming devices.
The company intends to focus its development efforts more on such
devices in 2013, and tapping new markets could be of immense
significance in this regard.
Millennial Media presently has a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold). Other
notable companies in the industry that warrants a look include
Omnicom Group Inc.
Publicis Groupe SA
) and
The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc.
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Amazing: first pitch tossed out Monday night by a performer with Cirque du Soleil. Read more.
How to pitch a baseball
June 29, 2011 by 4 Comments
What's the big deal? I did that just last week….
Lol, that "pitch" is illegal, and a balk with any runner on base.
I'm more impressed with his physique. No matter how often I go to the gym, I've never looked that good.
And given the discussions of the last few days, the answer is no, I'm not gay…lol.
This is 'how not to pitch the ball'.
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Comparison: Linux Text Editors
Re: You're welcome to them. (402 comments)
citation needed
Announcing: Slashdot Deals - Explore geek apps, games, gadgets and more. (what is this?)
We are sorry to see you leave - Beta is different and we value the time you took to try it out. Before you decide to go, please take a look at some value-adds for Beta and learn more about it. Thank you for reading Slashdot, and for making the site better!
Re: You're welcome to them. (402 comments)
citation needed
Re:Still relevant nowadays? (58 comments)
Ive been working on a platform that is Linux running on a 1 GHz, 32 bit ARM, where we want to run an already existing Qt Quick 2 application. We have run mockup applications with X using the virtual framebuffer and the mesa software renderer, and found performance to be really bad. On the order of 1 FPS or so. Any suggestions on ways to make the software renderer more usable? My understanding is that LLVM would help here, but only works on x86 and x64.
Re:BeOS kicked butt, give Haiku a break! (70 comments)
On hardware from circa 2001, BeOS had an audio latency of about 3 msec from input to output. I don't know the x86 / x64 number, but in 2014 running on the best ARM hardware available, by default, the Linux scheduler runs every 10 msec, so audio latency of 40-80 msec is pretty common. In many applications, that is quite a significant difference. There are good reasons why Linux has this latency, but it is a question of optimizing for different use cases. BeOS had a laser focused use case of Desktop performance. Linux is used on servers, desktops, embedded, super computers, and all kinds of wierd places.
Re:Militia, then vs now (1633 comments)
If they were "just enforcing the law", then why did the FBI/ATF enter with masks on and no visible identification? That's what terrorists do, not government or police agencies. There is evidence that the federal agents fired the first shots as well.
Slashdot continues to get worse (478 comments)
This article is yet another confirmation that Slashdot just gets worse and worse. I hate to troll, but come on guys, up the quality some.
Re:Electrical Engineer / Computer Engineer (401 comments)
My BS is a BSCmpE, but my MS is an MSEE with specialization in Computer Engineering. I have often wondered "Am I a EE?". I don't feel like one....I write embedded software, but I participate in schematic reviews, and debug hardware problems.
Re:Grindcore: yes, it exists, and fits Napalm Deat (79 comments)
I always know when I'm listening to the wrong music, cause it has a "scene".....this works with music, cars, and just about anywhere else the word "scene" is used to indicate hip.
Re:Good (459 comments)
He didn't walk into the bank vault, the bank vault threw money at him, and he didn't throw it back. Very big difference.
Re:Musk isn't doing himself any favors here (841 comments)
It's a luxury car that does 0 to 60 in 5.6 seconds while using no gas. I'm guessing most of thebuyers of these vehicles have other cars for long haul cross country trips. (At least that's what it looks like from down here, looking up....)
Except that it is a felony (528 comments)
"The lower receiver is the the 'body' of a gun, and its most regulated component. So 3D-printing that piece at home and attaching other parts ordered by mail might allow a lethal weapon to be obtained without any legal barriers or identification." This is true, but to print a receiver without a federal firearms manufacturing license is a felony. I can mill one out of aluminum without a 3d printer, it would last a lot longer, but that doesn't make it legal. In general, most "bad" things that people can do with a firearm, are already illegal.
Re:Age of Slashdot Accounts (146 comments)
Ok, will do......Every time I've seen this topic come up though, someone with 5 digits will show up, then 4, then 3. I had a 5 digit one in the 80,000s and when I couldn't remember the login way back when, I let it slide and re-registered. Now I wish I had tried a little harder.
Re:Just remember (403 comments)
"You get what you pay for." This is absolutely correct, and is where much outsourcing goes wrong. I work for a company that does contract engineering or "outsourcing as a team". We are based in Indianapolis, speak English, answer phone calls, do our best to accurately estimate work, and are very up front about our areas of expertise. In almost all cases, I think we do an excellent job of representing ourselves, and what we are capable of. We have been in business for 15 years, are employee owned, and have almost no employee turnover. We currently have about 70 employees. We specialize in consumer electronics, medical, and industrial products, and do schematic design, mechanical design, ecad, mcad, prototyping, firmware development and testing. Many of our devices are Linux based, or on smaller parts run a custom OS developed in house. We are very strict in enforcing NDA agreements that we have in place with our customers. Being in this industry for so long, we receive lots of projects that have come out of failed business relationships with competitors. This highlights my main point, and that is that you must do business with someone you trust. If you are worried about "opening up core libraries", and hiding your IP from the software engineers you are paying, then you have the wrong partner. On the same token, we see a lot of trends in failed projects that come to us for repair after a failed relationship with a competitor. One of the biggest is that customers do not value or do not wish to pay for documentation. Without paying for a requirements document, and an architecture document, with review sign offs, there is nothing written down that says both sides agree on what is being produced. Many customers come to use thinking they have already done their architecture, and that they have all the details figured out. We find that in almost all cases, this is not correct. A 10 page document is not an architecture, and a 1 piece marketing blurb is not requirements. Another common failure is lack of communication. At a very minimum, an hour a week to meet and discuss progress is important. If either side has a problem with this, the relationship is in big trouble. I could go on and on, but it starts to sound like an advertising spiel. Virtually all of our projects end in success, and we work hard to hold up our side of the bargain. the counterpoint to that is that we are not "cheap". We are very talented, many of us have masters degrees in technical areas, and we generally do a lot more designs in a given time than most of our clients, so we grow experience faster with different vendors / libraries / platforms / parts / tools, what have you. We need to make a living, be able to pay our expenses, and be able to attract good talent, so we charge accordingly. Our project success rate, and the number of clients that return to us again and again justifies this. In almost all cases, I think that we end up saving our clients money, due to reducing their overhead of hiring and managing engineers, and our ability to get their projects done faster.
Re:What is your software called (635 comments)
That's just not how the enterprise market works. As price goes up, generally complexity goes up, and therefore the need for support goes up. People don't generally pay $10k to solve simple problems.
Re:I expected it was a problem with ball bearings (428 comments)
and fetzer valves
Re:Really five over or five over according to spee (717 comments)
My Yamaha VStar 1300 speedometer reads 10% fast through it's entire range. I have been told that the size of the rear tire was changed right before production, and never corrected in the speedometer.
Re:Datacenter (224 comments)
Scrap steel is purportedly going for $800 US per/ US ton according to http://www.scrapmonster.com/PricesCharts/Metals/Steel.aspx I think this is for bare clean steel. I know locally in the US midwest the junk yards are buying scrap steel + iron for $200 US per US ton. Based on this, the 10,000 british ton ship at $200 / ton is worth $2.2 million USD to a dealer who will put a lot of labor into tearing it down. Torn down into just scrap, I would say the ship is worth about $8.8 million. I don't think $2.2 million is completely out of line for a data center facility, but it would need a lot more capital to make it usable, and since a data center needs connection to the outside world, building one on a ship has little benefit, as there is no data cables in the middle of the ocean. On the upside, there is plenty of sea water to use for cooling.
Re:What took it all so long?? (269 comments)
Diesel fuel standards in the U.S. have improved starting in 2006 with the introduction of ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel). ULSD will become mandatory in 2010. It is common now to see at large gas stations "truck" diesel for sale at the semi pumps and "car" diesel for sale at the car pumps. I believe the difference is the sulfur content. The US standards for emissions on diesel passenger cars are a bit more stringent than Europe (probably due to lobbyists). This makes many of the cars sold in Europe not eligible for import. Its also a bit of a chicken and egg problem in that most people know of diesel either from semi trucks or early 80's Mercedes that had poor acceleration, and took forever to warm up. In the late 70's GM made a line of diesel engines based on the famous Chevy 350 gas engine, and they were notoriously bad. Recently, Chrysler sold their "Common Rail Diesel" in Jeep Liberty's here. It had about the same horsepower, significantly more torque, and better fuel consumption compared with their V6, but it sold poorly and was discontinued. VW cars are becoming pretty popular here with younger, more affluent, environmentally aware people, so I think they have a chance with their new Jetta TDI. Unfortunately, people resist change, even in the face of logic.
Re:How to learn COBOL? (314 comments)
That doesn't stop a number of people.
Try InDesign (262 comments)
I work for / partially own InDesign, LLC (http://indesign-llc.com) that does exactly this type of contract product design. Located in Indianapolis, we have in house approximately 60 employees. Most are engineers, with many years of electrical, firmware, PCB layout, PCB assembly, test, and mechanical experience. We have done several camera related products, and a large number of our product designs include USB in some capacity. We can do just hardware and mechanical if you have firmware resources available. We can do quick low volume prototypes, or design for and work with an outside third party manufacturer for high volumes. Feel free to respond to my email address above, or contact one of our account managers from the InDesign website to learn more about our capabilities.
Re:didnt kdawson post this last week (196 comments)
The last 3-5 years of Slashdot have been pretty painful. I find the insightful posts to be less and less insightful, and the humorous comments to be more and more predictable. I have sworn I was leaving several times, only to come back out of habit and boredom. It is no longer "News for Nerds, stuff that matters.", it is "Easily explained subsets of news for wannabe nerds, and pointless articles that are rarely interesting and often old". It saddens me, as I learned a lot of technical knowledge on this site.


text:
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- Serving Your Needs Since 1973
Siberian Eleuthero has long been used to fortify vitality by enhancing energy and stamina. A full-spectrum extract has been done on these woody roots to maximize potency, absorption and assimilation. We guarantee a minimum 1.0% Eleutherosides B & E. Our Royal Jelly is one of the most concentrated natural sources of amino acids, B vitamins (particularly B5), enzymes and minerals. We utilize fresh, freeze-dried Royal Jelly to optimize the nutrient content.
Suggested Use
As addition to diet take 1 capsule per day with water or as a tea.
Other Ingredients
May contain any or all of the following: Gelatin (capsules), rice powder, magnesium stearate and silica.
Do not take during pregnancy. Keep out of reach of children.
Do not use if safety seal is broken.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 1 Capsule
|Servings Per Container: 100
|Amount Per 1 Capsule
|% Daily Value
|Proprietary Blend: Siberian Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus) root extract powder (5:1 concentration), freeze dried Royal Jelly powder (3:1 concentration).
|400 mg
|*Daily Value not established.