text:
GENEVA (AP) — A tour bus slammed into a tunnel wall in the Swiss Alps in a horrific accident that killed 22 school children and six adults returning to Belgium from a joyous ski vacation, police said Wednesday.
Another 24 students were hospitalized, police spokesman Jean-Marie Bornet told The Associated Press, after one of the deadliest highway accidents in Swiss history left the front of the bus mangled, trapping some people inside. The police chief described a "scene like a war."
The bus carrying 52 people, including students of around age 12 from two different Belgian schools, hit the tunnel wall shortly after 9 p.m. Tuesday night on a highway near the southern town of Sierre, Switzerland, in an area of popular ski resorts.
Authorities were still identifying all the victims, said Didier Reynders, the Belgian foreign minister. It was unclear exactly how the accident happened, he said.
"It is incomprehensible," Reynders said.
Belgian Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo called it "an extremely sad day for all of Belgium." He planned to fly to Switzerland on Wednesday, and the Belgian government was arranging planes to fly parents and relatives of the victims to the site.
Police said the students had spent the last few days at a ski camp and were on their way back to the Belgian provinces of Brabant, Flanders and Limbourg.
While they were there, students at one school kept a blog that brimmed with enthusiasm.
"Today was totally the best," one girl wrote. "The adventurous walk was tiring but mega-cool. We won first prize for cleanest room. Tomorrow it's going to be colder. Byyyeeee!"
On day five of the vacation, a teacher posted a note meant to reassure parents back at home. "For now we do not see much homesickness," the teacher wrote. "But from the reactions of the children we gather that they miss you a little bit."
The bus was carrying students from two towns — Lommel, east of Antwerp, and Heverlee, near Leuven. In the tunnel, it veered, hit a curb, then rammed into a concrete wall, police said. The front of the bus was heavily damaged, making it difficult for people to get out. Some had to be freed by rescuers.
"The bus hit the barrier stones on the right side of the road. It then hit the tunnel wall head on in an emergency stop space," police said in a statement. "Because of the strong impact the bus was badly damaged and several passengers were trapped in the wreckage."
The police chief in the canton of Valais, Christian Varone, told a news conference that rescuers were greeted by what he called "a scene like a war."
"We have had a number of serious accidents in Valais but nothing like this, with so many young victims," he said.
Initial indications are that no other vehicles were involved in the crash, which occurred in a stretch of tunnel where the speed limit was 100 kilometers per hour (62 miles per hour).
"We will examine everything to find out what happened," said Valais prosecutor Olivier Elsig.
The highway was closed in both directions to aid in the rescue. Some eight helicopters and a dozen ambulances took victims to hospitals. Dozens of firefighters and police, 15 doctors and three psychologists were called to the scene.
"There is this terrible fear and uncertainty," Andre Joseph Leonard, the archbishop of Belgium, who was in Heverlee by coincidence, told the AP. "There are about eight about whom we don't know what happened, leaving their parents in terrible fear."
A government spokesman said a crisis center has been set up and an emergency number provided for families.
The Alpine city of Sierre, near Sion, the capital of Valais, is a gateway to the Val d'Anniviers tourist region and is connected to the Crans-Montana ski resort by funicular railway.
The Top Tours company, based in Aarschot, about 25 miles (40 kilometers) northwest of Brussels, was in charge of the bus that crashed. A woman who answered the phone at the company's offices declined to comment, but Belgian Transport Minister Melchior Wathelet said it has a good safety record.
"The company has an excellent reputation. The drivers had arrived (in Switzerland) the night before and rested on the day before the departure. It seems that the rules regarding driving and rest time were respected," said Wathelet. He added the bus that crashed was relatively new.
Two other buses, carrying students from schools in the Belgian towns of Beersel and Haasrode, arrived safely back in Belgium on Tuesday, apparently without having seen the accident.
Dutch foreign ministry said 10 of the children on the bus were Dutch, but said it was not clear if any of them were among the dead.
The previous worst accident in a Swiss highway tunnel happened in 2001, when two trucks collided in the Gotthard tunnel, killing 11 people.
One of Europe's most tragic tunnel accidents happened in March 1999, when 39 people were killed after a truck caught fire in the Mont Blanc tunnel between France and Italy. The blaze burned for two days while firefighters tried to reach victims and vehicles trapped in the tunnel under Western Europe's highest peak.
At midday, the blog of the Sint Lambertusschool in Heverlee was still online, showing kids smiling and frolicking amid the snow.
"Things are super here in Saint-Luc. The skiing, the weather, the food. Its all not bad at all," one boy posted on Saturday. "Tomorrow I play in the Muppet Show. ... I'm now reading the book 'Why Dogs Have Wet Noses.' Very interesting! I miss you all."
Melvin reported from Brussels. Frank Jordans in Geneva, Raf Casert in Heverlee, Belgium, and Robert Wielaard in Brussels contributed to this report.
22 Children, Six Adults Killed in Swiss Bus Crash
24 students left injured after deadly highway accident.
GENEVA (AP) — A tour bus slammed into a tunnel wall in the Swiss Alps in a horrific accident that killed 22 school children and six adults returning to Belgium from a joyous ski vacation, police said Wednesday.
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text:
A flow measurement apparatus is provided that combines the functionality of an apparatus that uses strain-based sensors and ultrasonic sensors to measure the speed of sound propagating through a fluid flowing within a pipe, and measure pressures disturbances (e.g. vortical disturbances or eddies) moving with a fluid to determine respective parameters of the flow propagating through a pipe. The apparatus includes a sensing device that includes an array of pressure sensors used to measure the acoustic and convective pressure variations in the flow to determine desired parameters and an ultrasonic meter portion to measure the velocity and volumetric flow of the fluid. In response to an input signal or internal logic, the processor can manually or dynamically switch between the pressure sensors and ultrasonic sensors to measure the parameters of the flow. The flow measurement apparatus thereby provides a robust meter capable of measuring fluid flows having a wide range of different characteristics and flows exposed to different environmental conditions.
1. An apparatus for measuring a process flow flowing within a pipe, the apparatus comprising:
at least two strain sensors disposed at different axial locations along the pipe, each of the strain sensors providing a respective pressure signal indicative of a pressure disturbance within the pipe at a corresponding axial position;
at least one ultrasonic sensor disposed on the pipe that provide a signal indicative of a parameter of the process flow; and
a signal processor, responsive to said pressure signals and ultrasonic signal, which provides a first signal indicative of a velocity of a pressure field moving with the process flow and/or provides a second signal indicative of a speed of sound propagating through the process flow
2. The apparatus of
3. The apparatus of
4. The apparatus of
5. The apparatus of
6. The apparatus of
7. The apparatus of
8. The apparatus of
9. The apparatus of
10. The apparatus of
11. The apparatus of
12. The apparatus of
13. The apparatus of
14. The apparatus of
15. The apparatus of
an array of at least two ultrasonic sensor units disposed at predetermined locations along the elongated body, each sensor unit including an ultrasonic transmitter and an ultrasonic receiver, each sensor unit providing a respective signal indicative of a parameter of an ultrasonic signal propagating between each respective ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver; and
a processor that defines a convective ridge in the k-ω plane in response to the ultrasonic signals, and determines the slope of at least a portion of the convective ridge to determine the flow velocity of the fluid.
16. The apparatus of
17. The apparatus of
18. The apparatus of
19. The apparatus of
20. The apparatus of
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/510,218 (Atty. Docket No. CC-0663PR) filed Oct. 9, 2003, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
This invention relates to an apparatus for measuring a parameter of a process flow passing within a pipe, and more particularly to a flow measurement apparatus having ultrasonic sensors and an array of strain-based sensors and for processing data signals therefrom to provide an output indicative of the speed of sound propagating through the process flow and/or a flow parameter of the process flow passing through a pipe.
Ultra-sonic flow meters are well known for measuring volumetric flow of liquids and gas. Ultra-sonic meters may be mounted within a pipe, mounted within a spool piece, or clamped onto the outer surface of the pipe. While ultra-sonic meters are suitable and in some case accurate flow meters, such as gas custody meters, ultra-sonic meters are not suitable for all fluid flows. For instance, ultra-sonic meters have difficulty measure volumetric flow rate when measuring aerated fluids. The gas bubbles scatter the ultra-sonic waves and therefore, provides an inaccurate or no output at all.
Similarly, an array-based flow meter that uses an array of sensors disposed along the pipe for measuring vortical disturbances and/or acoustic waves propagating through the flow, are suitable for some applications and not as suitable for other applications. The array-based flow meter and the ultra-sonic meter have common applications that they are both suitable for use, however, in other instances, the ultra-sonic meter functions better than the array-based meter in some applications and the array-based flow meter functions better than the ultra-sonic meter in other applications. The present invention combines the two technologies into a single flow meter to provide a flow meter capable of functions in a great number of applications than each flow meter can function alone.
Objects of the present invention include providing a flow measuring apparatus having a dual function of measuring the parameters of the fluid flow using an array of strain-based sensor and/or ultrasonic sensors to provide a more robust flow measuring apparatus for flows of varying characteristics and process environments.
In one aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for measuring a process flow flowing within a pipe is provided. The apparatus includes at least two strain sensors disposed at different axial locations along the pipe. Each of the strain sensors provides a respective pressure signal indicative of a pressure disturbance within the pipe at a corresponding axial position. At least one ultrasonic sensor is disposed on the pipe that provide a signal indicative of a parameter of the process flow. A signal processor, responsive to said pressure signals and ultrasonic signal, provides a first signal indicative of a velocity of a pressure field moving with the process flow and/or provides a second signal indicative of a speed of sound propagating through the process flow.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments thereof.
For instance, the apparatus 10, in accordance with the present invention, can determine the speed at which sound (i.e., acoustic wave 90 in
The sensing device 16 comprises an array of strain-based sensors or pressure sensors 18-21 for measuring the unsteady pressures produced by vortical disturbances within the pipe and/or speed of sound propagating through the flow, which are indicative of parameters and/or characteristics of the process flow 12. The sensing device 16 further includes an array of ultrasonic sensors 22-23, each of which having a transmitter 40 and a receiver 42, to also measure a parameter of the flow 12.
The pressure signals P1(t)−PN(t) and ultrasonic signals S1(t)−SN(t) are provided to the processing unit 24, which digitizes the signals and computes the appropriate flow parameter(s). A cable electronically connects the sensing device 16 to the processing unit 24. The analog pressure sensor signals P1(t)−PN(t) are typically 4-20 mA current loop signals.
The measurement apparatus 10 may be programmed to provide a flow output parameter 29 corresponding to the pressure signals and/or ultrasonic signals in response to an input/command from and external source, such as control system (not shown) or a user. This capability enables a user to selectively process the input pressure and ultrasonic signals to provide an accurate measurement of the fluid flow 12. For example, the output measurements 29 may be determined using the pressure signals of the pressure sensors 18-21 for conditions when the fluid flow is aerated. In another example, the output measurements 29 may be determined using the ultrasonic signals of the ultrasonic sensors 22-25 when the fluid flow has no or very little entrained gas, and/or when the pipe is vibrating at a relatively high level. As one skilled in the art can appreciate, the present invention allows a user to install one meter on the pipe and measure parameters of the flow under different operating conditions and flow conditions. The configuration of the apparatus may be static, in other words set by the user at installation, or dynamic wherein the user or control system may dynamic switch between (or simultaneously measure) the ultrasonic sensors and the pressure sensors. The processing unit 24 may also provide intelligence the will switch between utilization of the pressure sensors and ultrasonic sensors when sensing degradation of the output measurement or other external parameter (e.g., vibration).
The array of pressure sensors 18-21 comprises an array of at least two pressure sensors 18,19 spaced axially along the outer surface 17 of the pipe 14, having a process flow 12 propagating therein. The pressure sensors 18-21 may be clamped onto or generally removably mounted to the pipe by any releasable fastener, such as bolts, screws and clamps. Alternatively, the sensors may be permanently attached to or integral (e.g., embedded) with the pipe 14. The array of sensors of the sensing device 16 may include any number of pressure sensors 18-21 greater than two sensors, such as three, four, eight, sixteen or N number of sensors between two and twenty-four sensors. Generally, the accuracy of the measurement improves as the number of sensors in the array increases. The degree of accuracy provided by the greater number of sensors is offset by the increase in complexity and time for computing the desired output parameter of the flow. Therefore, the number of sensors used is dependent at least on the degree of accuracy desired and the desire update rate of the output parameter provided by the apparatus 10. The pressure sensors 18-19 measure the unsteady pressures produced by acoustic waves propagating through the flow and/or pressure disturbances (e.g., vortical eddies) that convect with the flow within the pipe 14, which are indicative of the SOS propagating through the fluid flow 12 in the pipe and the velocity of disturbances propagating through the flow 12 of the mixture 12, respectively. The output signals (P1(t)−PN(t)) of the pressure sensors 18-21 are provided to a signal amplifier 39 that amplifies the signals generated by the pressure sensors 18-21. The processing unit 24 processes the pressure measurement data P1(t)−PN(t) and determines the desired parameters and characteristics of the flow 12, as described hereinbefore.
The apparatus 10 also contemplates providing one or more acoustic sources 27 to enable the measurement of the speed of sound propagating through the flow for instances of acoustically quiet flow. The acoustic source may be a device the taps or vibrates on the wall of the pipe, for example. The acoustic sources may be disposed at the input end of output end of the array of sensors 18-21, or at both ends as shown. One should appreciate that in most instances the acoustics sources are not necessary and the apparatus passively detects the acoustic ridge provided in the flow 12, as will be described in greater detail hereinafter. The passive noise includes noise generated by pumps, valves, motors, and the turbulent mixture itself.
As suggested and further described in greater detail hereinafter, the apparatus 10 has the ability to measure the speed of sound (SOS) and flow rate (or velocity) using one or both of the following techniques described herein below:
Generally, the first technique measures unsteady pressures created by acoustical disturbances propagating through the flow 12 to determine the speed of sound (SOS) propagating through the flow. Knowing the pressure and/or temperature of the flow and the speed of sound of the acoustic disturbances or waves, the processing unit 24 can determine determined include the volumetric flow of the fluid, the consistency or composition of the fluid, the density of the fluid, the Mach number of the fluid, the average size of particles flowing through the fluid, the air/mass ratio of the fluid, and/or the percentage of entrained air within a liquid or slurry, such as that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/349,716 (CiDRA Docket No. CC-0579), filed Jan. 23, 2003, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/376,427 (CiDRA Docket No. CC-0596), filed Feb. 26, 2003, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/762,410 (CiDRA Docket No. CC-0703), filed Jan. 21, 2004, which are all incorporated by reference.
The second technique measures the velocities associated with unsteady flow fields and/or pressure disturbances, such as that created by vortical disturbances or �eddies� 88 (see
As shown in
As shown in
The Flow Logic32 of the processing unit 24 as shown in
One technique of determining the convection velocity of the turbulent eddies 88 within the process flow 12 is by characterizing a convective ridge of the resulting unsteady pressures using an array of sensors or other beam forming techniques, similar to that described in U.S. patent application, Ser. No. ______ (Cidra's Docket No. CC-0122A) and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/729,994 (Cidra's Docket No. CC-0297), filed Dec. 4, 200, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,609,069, which are incorporated herein by reference.
A data accumulator 44 accumulates the frequency signals P1(ω)−PN(ω) over a sampling interval, and provides the data to an array processor 46, which performs a spatial-temporal (two-dimensional) transform of the sensor data, from the xt domain to the k-ω domain, and then calculates the power in the k-ω plane, as represented by a k-ω plot.
The array processor 46 uses standard so-called beam forming, array processing, or adaptive array-processing algorithms, i.e. algorithms for processing the sensor signals using various delays and weighting to create suitable phase relationships between the signals provided by the different sensors, thereby creating phased antenna array functionality. In other words, the beam forming or array processing algorithms transform the time domain signals from the sensor array into their spatial and temporal frequency components, i.e. into a set of wave numbers given by k=2π/λ where λ is the wavelength of a spectral component, and corresponding angular frequencies given by ω=2πv.
The prior art teaches many algorithms of use in spatially and temporally decomposing a signal from a phased array of sensors, and the present invention is not restricted to any particular algorithm. One particular adaptive array processing algorithm is the Capon method/algorithm. While the Capon method is described as one method, the present invention contemplates the use of other adaptive array processing algorithms, such as MUSIC algorithm. The present invention recognizes that such techniques can be used to determine flow rate, i.e. that the signals caused by a stochastic parameter convecting with a flow are time stationary and have a coherence length long enough that it is practical to locate sensor units apart from each other and yet still be within the coherence length.
Convective characteristics or parameters have a dispersion relationship that can be approximated by the straight-line equation,
To calculate the power in the k-ω plane, as represented by a k-ω plot (see
The present invention may use temporal and spatial filtering to precondition the signals to effectively filter out the common mode characteristics Pcommon mode and other long wavelength (compared to the sensor spacing) characteristics in the pipe 14 by differencing adjacent sensors and retain a substantial portion of the stochastic parameter associated with the flow field and any other short wavelength (compared to the sensor spacing) low frequency stochastic parameters.
In the case of suitable turbulent eddies 88 (see
Once the power in the k-ω plane is determined, a convective ridge identifier 48 uses one or another feature extraction method to determine the location and orientation (slope) of any convective ridge 100 present in the k-ω plane. In one embodiment, a so-called slant stacking method is used, a method in which the accumulated frequency of k-ω pairs in the k-ω plot along different rays emanating from the origin are compared, each different ray being associated with a different trial convection velocity (in that the slope of a ray is assumed to be the flow velocity or correlated to the flow velocity in a known way). The convective ridge identifier 48 provides information about the different trial convection velocities, information referred to generally as convective ridge information.
The analyzer 50 examines the convective ridge information including the convective ridge orientation (slope). Assuming the straight-line dispersion relation given by k=ω/u, the analyzer 50 determines the flow velocity, Mach number and/or volumetric flow. The volumetric flow is determined by multiplying the cross-sectional area of the inside of the pipe with the velocity of the process flow.
As shown in
A data accumulator 58 accumulates the signals P1(t)−PN(t) from the sensors, and provides the data accumulated over a sampling interval to an array processor 60, which performs a spatial-temporal (two-dimensional) transform of the sensor data, from the xt domain to the k-ω domain, and then calculates the power in the k-ω plane, as represented by a k-ω plot, similar to that provided by the convective array processor 46.
To calculate the power in the k-ω plane, as represented by a k-ω plot (see
In the case of suitable acoustic waves 90 being present in both axial directions, the power in the k-ω plane shown in a k-ω plot of
The acoustic ridges represent the concentration of a stochastic parameter that propagates through the flow and is a mathematical manifestation of the relationship between the spatial variations and temporal variations described above. Such a plot will indicate a tendency for k-ω pairs to appear more or less along a line 110,112 with some slope, the slope indicating the speed of sound. The power in the k-ω plane so determined is then provided to an acoustic ridge identifier 62, which uses one or another feature extraction method to determine the location and orientation (slope) of any acoustic ridge present in the left and right k-ω plane. The velocity may be determined by using the slope of one of the two acoustic ridges 110,112 or averaging the slopes of the acoustic ridges 110,112.
Finally, information including the acoustic ridge orientation (slope) is used by an analyzer 64 to determine the flow parameters 29 relating to measured speed of sound, such as the consistency or composition of the flow, the density of the flow, the average size of particles in the flow, the air/mass ratio of the flow, gas volume fraction of the flow, the speed of sound propagating through the flow, and/or the percentage of entrained air within the flow.
Similar to the array processor 46, the array processor 60 uses standard so-called beam forming, array processing, or adaptive array-processing algorithms, i.e. algorithms for processing the sensor signals using various delays and weighting to create suitable phase relationships between the signals provided by the different sensors, thereby creating phased antenna array functionality. In other words, the beam forming or array processing algorithms transform the time domain signals from the sensor array into their spatial and temporal frequency components, i.e. into a set of wave numbers given by k=2π/λ where λ is the wavelength of a spectral component, and corresponding angular frequencies given by ω=2πv.
One such technique of determining the speed of sound propagating through the flow 12 is using array processing techniques to define an acoustic ridge in the k-ω plane as shown in
The apparatus 10 of the present invention measures the speed of sound (SOS) of one-dimensional sound waves propagating through the mixture to determine the gas volume fraction of the mixture. It is known that sound propagates through various mediums at various speeds in such fields as SONAR and RADAR fields. The speed of sound propagating through the pipe and flow 12 may be determined using a number of known techniques, such as those set forth in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/344,094, filed Jun. 25, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,354,147; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/795,111, filed Mar. 4, 2004; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/997,221, filed Nov. 28, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,587,798; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/007,749, filed Nov. 7, 2001, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/762,410, filed Jan. 21, 2004, each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
While the sonar-based flow meter using an array of sensors to measure the speed of sound of an acoustic wave propagating through the mixture is shown and described, one will appreciate that any means for measuring the speed of sound of the acoustic wave may used to determine the entrained gas volume fraction of the mixture/fluid or other characteristics of the flow described hereinbefore.
The analyzer 64 of the acoustic processing unit 53 provides output signals indicative of characteristics of the process flow 12 that are related to the measured speed of sound (SOS) propagating through the flow 12. For example, to determine the gas volume fraction (or phase fraction), the analyzer 64 assumes a nearly isothermal condition for the flow 12. As such the gas volume fraction or the void fraction is related to the speed of sound by the following quadratic equation:
Alternatively, the sound speed of a mixture can be related to volumetric phase fraction (φi) of the components and the sound speed (a) and densities (ρ) of the component through the Wood equation.
One dimensional compression waves propagating within a mixture 12 contained within a pipe 14 exert an unsteady internal pressure loading on the pipe. The degree to which the pipe displaces as a result of the unsteady pressure loading influences the speed of propagation of the compression wave. The relationship among the infinite domain speed of sound and density of a mixture; the elastic modulus (E), thickness (t), and radius (R) of a vacuum-backed cylindrical conduit; and the effective propagation velocity (aeff) for one dimensional compression is given by the following expression:
The mixing rule essentially states that the compressibility of a mixture (1/(ρa2)) is the volumetrically-weighted average of the compressibilities of the components. For gas/liquid mixtures 12 at pressure and temperatures typical of paper and pulp industry, the compressibility of gas phase is orders of magnitudes greater than that of the liquid. Thus, the compressibility of the gas phase and the density of the liquid phase primarily determine mixture sound speed, and as such, it is necessary to have a good estimate of process pressure to interpret mixture sound speed in terms of volumetric fraction of entrained gas. The effect of process pressure on the relationship between sound speed and entrained air volume fraction is shown in
As described hereinbefore, the apparatus 10 of the present invention includes the ability to accurately determine the average particle size of a particle/air or droplet/air mixture within the pipe 14 and the air to particle ratio. Provided there is no appreciable slip between the air and the solid coal particle, the propagation of one dimensional sound wave through multiphase mixtures is influenced by the effective mass and the effective compressibility of the mixture. For an air transport system, the degree to which the no-slip assumption applies is a strong function of particle size and frequency. In the limit of small particles and low frequency, the no-slip assumption is valid. As the size of the particles increases and the frequency of the sound waves increase, the non-slip assumption becomes increasing less valid. For a given average particle size, the increase in slip with frequency causes dispersion, or, in other words, the sound speed of the mixture to change with frequency. With appropriate calibration the dispersive characteristic of a mixture 12 will provide a measurement of the average particle size, as well as, the air to particle ratio (particle/fluid ratio) of the mixture.
In accordance with the present invention the dispersive nature of the system utilizes a first principles model of the interaction between the air and particles. This model is viewed as being representative of a class of models that seek to account for dispersive effects. Other models could be used to account for dispersive effects without altering the intent of this disclosure (for example, see the paper titled �Viscous Attenuation of Acoustic Waves in Suspensions� by R. L. Gibson, Jr. and M. N. Toksoz), which is incorporated herein by reference. The model allows for slip between the local velocity of the continuous fluid phase and that of the particles.
The following relation can be derived for the dispersive behavior of an idealized fluid particle mixture.
Two parameters of particular interest in steam processes and air-conveyed particles processes are particle size and air-to-fuel mass ratio or steam quality. To this end, it is of interest to examine the dispersive characteristics of the mixture as a function of these two variables.
In particular
Given the difficulties measuring sufficiently low frequencies to apply the quasi-steady model and recognizing that the high frequency sound speed contains no direct information on either particle size or air-to-fuel ratio, it becomes apparent that the dispersive characteristics of the coal/air mixture should be utilized to determine particle size and air-to-fuel ratio based on speed of sound measurements.
Some or all of the functions within the processing unit 24 may be implemented in software (using a microprocessor or computer) and/or firmware, or may be implemented using analog and/or digital hardware, having sufficient memory, interfaces, and capacity to perform the functions described herein.
While data acquisition units 40,54, FFT logic 42,56, data accumulators 44,58, array processors 46,60 and ridge identifiers 48, 62 are shown as separate elements or separate software/processing routines, one will appreciate that each of these elements may be common and able to process the data associated with both the pressure signals associated with the speed of sound and the pressures that convect with the process flow.
As shown in
As shown in
An ultrasonic signal processor 37 fires the sensors 40 in response to a firing signal 39 from the transmitter 24 and receives the ultrasonic output signals S1(t)−SN(t) from the sensors 42. The signal processor 37 processes the data from each of the sensor units 18-21 to provide an analog or digital output signal T1(t)−TN(t) indicative of the time of flight or transit time of the ultrasonic signal through the fluid. The signal processor 37 may also provide an output signal indicative of the amplitude (or attenuation) of the ultrasonic signals. One such signal processor is model no. USPC 2100 manufactured by Krautkramer Ultrasonic Systems. Measuring the amplitude of ultrasonic signal is particularly useful and works best for measuring the velocity of a fluid that includes a substance in the flow (e.g., multiphase fluid or slurry).
The output signals (T1(t)−TN(t)) of the ultrasonic signal processor 37 are provided to the processor 24, which processes the transit time measurement data to determine the volumetric flow rate. The transit time or time of flight measurement is defined by the time it takes for an ultrasonic signal to propagate from the transmitting sensor 40 to the respective receiving sensor 42 through the pipe wall and the fluid 12. The effect of the vortical disturbances (and/or other inhomogenities within the fluid) on the transit time of the ultrasonic signal is to delay or speed up the transit time. Therefore, each sensing unit 22-25 provides a respective output signal T1(t)−TN(t) indicative of the variations in the transit time of the ultrasonic signals propagating orthogonal to the direction of the fluid 12. The measurement is derived by interpreting the convecting coherent property and/or characteristic within the process piping using at least two sensor units 22,23. The ultrasonic sensors 22-25 may be �wetted� or clamped onto the outer surface 17 of the pipe 14 (e.g. contact or non-contact sensor).
In one example, the flow meter 10 measures the volumetric flow rate by determining the velocity of vortical disturbances or �eddies� 88 (see
The Flow Logic 65 processes the ultrasonic signals in substantially similar way as that described for the Flow Logic 32 for the pressure signals shown in
While each of the ultrasonic sensor units 22-25 of
The present invention also contemplates the sensor units 22-25 of the sensing device 16 may be configured in a pulse/echo configuration. In this embodiment, each sensing unit 22-25 comprises one ultrasonic sensor that transmits an ultrasonic signal through the pipe wall and fluid substantially orthogonal to the direction of flow and receives a reflection of the ultrasonic signal reflected back from the wall of the pipe to the ultrasonic sensor.
The sensing device 16 may be configured to function in a pitch and catch configuration. In this embodiment, each sensor unit 22-25 comprises a pair of ultrasonic sensors (transmitter, receiver) 40, 42 disposed axially along the pipe disposed on the same side of the pipe at a predetermined distance apart. Each transmitter sensor 40 provides an ultrasonic signal a predetermined angle into the flow 12. The ultrasonic signal propagates through the fluid 12 and reflects of the inner surface of the pipe 14 and reflects the ultrasonic signal back through the fluid to the respective receiver sensor 42.
As shown in
The ultrasonic sensor portion may be any known ultra-sonic flow meter, such as U.S. Pat. No. 2,874,568; U.S. Pat. No. 4,004,461; U.S. Pat. No. 6,532,827; U.S. Pat. No. 4,195,517; U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,622; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,397,683, which are all incorporated herein by reference.
The array-based flow meter is similar to that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/007,749 filed Nov. 7, 2001 (Atty. Docket No. CC-0066B), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/007,736 filed Nov. 8, 2001 (Atty. Docket No. CC-0122A), U.S. Pat. No. 6,587,798, filed on Nov. 28, 2001, (Atty. Docket No. CC-0295), U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/359,785 filed Feb. 26, 2002 (Atty. Docket No. CC-0403), ) U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/425,436 filed Nov. 12, 2002 (Atty. Docket No. CC-0538), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/729,994, filed Dec. 4, 2000 (Atty. Docket No. 297), and U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 10,875,857 (Atty. Docket No. CC-0749) filed Jun. 24, 2004, which are all incorporated herein by reference.
While a single array processor 32 is shown to receive and process input signals from the pressure sensors 18-21 and the ultrasonic sensors 22-25, the present invention contemplates that an array processor may be dedicated to each of the array of pressure sensor 18-21 and the array of ultra-sonic sensors 22-25.
In one embodiment as shown in
The piezoelectric film sensors 18-21 include a piezoelectric material or film 50 to generate an electrical signal proportional to the degree that the material is mechanically deformed or stressed. The piezoelectric sensing element 50 is typically conformed to allow complete or nearly complete circumferential measurement of induced strain to provide a circumferential-averaged pressure signal. The sensors can be formed from PVDF films, co-polymer films, or flexible PZT sensors, similar to that described in �Piezo Film Sensors Technical Manual� provided by Measurement Specialties, Inc., which is incorporated herein by reference. A piezoelectric film sensor that may be used for the present invention is part number 1-1002405-0, LDT4-028K, manufactured by Measurement Specialties, Inc. While the piezoelectric film material 50 is provided substantially the length of the band 44, and therefore the circumference of the pipe 14, the present invention contemplates that the piezoelectric film material may be disposed along a portion of the band of any length less than the circumference of the pipe.
Piezoelectric film (�piezofilm�) 50, like piezoelectric material, is a dynamic material that develops an electrical charge proportional to a change in mechanical stress. Consequently, the piezoelectric material measures the strain induced within the pipe 14 due to unsteady or stochastic pressure variations (e.g., vortical and/or acoustical) within the process flow 12. Strain within the pipe is transduced to an output voltage or current by the attached piezoelectric sensor 18-21. The piezoelectrical material or film 50 may be formed of a polymer, such as polarized fluoropolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The piezoelectric film sensors are similar to that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/712,818 (CiDRA Docket No. CC-0675), filed Nov. 12, 2003 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/795,111 (CiDRA Docket No. CC-0731), filed Mar. 4, 2004, which are incorporated herein by reference. The advantages of this clamp-on technique using piezoelectric film include non-intrusive flow rate measurements, low cost, measurement technique requires no excitation source. One will appreciate that the sensor may be installed or mounted to the pipe 14 as individual sensors or all the sensors mounted as a single unit as shown in
The pressure sensors 18-21 of
In certain embodiments of the present invention, a piezo-electronic pressure transducer may be used as one or more of the pressure sensors 18-21 and it may measure the unsteady (or dynamic or ac) pressure variations inside the pipe 14 by measuring the pressure levels inside of the pipe. These sensors may be ported within the pipe to make direct contact with the process flow 12. In an embodiment of the present invention, the sensors comprise pressure sensors manufactured by PCB Piezotronics. In one pressure sensor there are integrated circuit piezoelectric voltage mode-type sensors that feature built-in microelectronic amplifiers, and convert the high-impedance charge into a low-impedance voltage output. Specifically, a Model 106B manufactured by PCB Piezotronics is used which is a high sensitivity, acceleration compensated integrated circuit piezoelectric quartz pressure sensor suitable for measuring low pressure acoustic phenomena in hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
It is also within the scope of the present invention that any strain sensing technique may be used to measure the variations in strain in the pipe, such as highly sensitive piezoelectric, electronic or electric, strain gages and piezo-resistive strain gages attached to the pipe 12. Other strain gages include resistive foil type gages having a race track configuration similar to that disclosed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/344,094, filed Jun. 25, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,354,147, which is incorporated herein by reference. The invention also contemplates strain gages being disposed about a predetermined portion of the circumference of pipe 12. The axial placement of and separation distance ΔX1, ΔX2 between the strain sensors are determined as described herein above.
It is also within the scope of the present invention that any other strain sensing technique may be used to measure the variations in strain in the pipe, such as highly sensitive piezoelectric, electronic or electric, strain gages attached to or embedded in the pipe 14.
While the description has described the apparatus as two separate meters that measure the vortical disturbances and the speed of sound, respectively, as suggested by
The dimensions and/or geometries for any of the embodiments described herein are merely for illustrative purposes and, as such, any other dimensions and/or geometries may be used if desired, depending on the application, size, performance, manufacturing requirements, or other factors, in view of the teachings herein.
It should be understood that, unless stated otherwise herein, any of the features, characteristics, alternatives or modifications described regarding a particular embodiment herein may also be applied, used, or incorporated with any other embodiment described herein. Also, the drawings herein are not drawn to scale.
Although the invention has been described and illustrated with respect to exemplary embodiments thereof, the foregoing and various other additions and omissions may be made therein and thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
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I did 10 gallons of an AG pale ale on Sunday. Towards the end of my boil I realized that my two vials of yeast (White Labs 001) were still in the fridge. The label says to take them out 3-6 hours ahead of time. There was a pitcher of warm water sitting there, so I threw them in to speed the warming, intending to remove after a few minutes. They ended up staying in there for what was probably 30-45 minutes. I'd estimate the initial water temperature to be 90 F, but that's based on sticking my finger in there. I wouldn't be surprised if it was anywhere from 80-105.
When I realized I'd left them in there, I pulled them and set them on a table. They were quite warm.
I pitched as planned around 3 o'clock, Sunday afternoon. As of 7, Tuesday morning, I'm still showing no activity. The carboys are sitting in my 72 F basement. I did not oxygenate, just tried to splash a bit as I siphoned from boil kettle to carboy.
I realize that up to 72 hours for activity to begin is not unusual, so I'm still relaxing and not worrying. I am trying to be proactive about gathering information. I plan on doing nothing until at least Wednesday evening (77 hours from pitch).
If I don't see anything by Wednesday evening, should I conclude that I toasted my yeast, run to the LHBS and re-pitch, or wait longer. I'm trying to gather this information in advance, rather than waiting until Wednesday night, searching for information, running out of time to get more yeast, and losing another day.
As I said, I'm still relaxing and not worrying. I won't be one bit surprised if I get home from work today or wake up tomorrow and see bubbling. I just want to be ready to act if I get home from work on Wednesday and see nothing.
Edit: AFTER 72 HOURS!!!
Stop what you are doing and take a gravity reading If it's lower than when you pitched, your yeasties are alive and well. If after 72 hours it's the exact same... well wait another day and try again. If by then it's still the same you screwed up and would probably wanna repitch.
Do yourself a favor and keep a few packs of Safale US-05 yeast on hand. It's dry yeast and you literally just dump it in the carboy when you are ready to pitch. Two pack of that is a total of like 4 bucks. Plus if you kill your liquid yeast its always a good backup. Not to mention it ferments better than liquid yeast.
Like my snazzy new avatar? Get Sons of Zymurgy swag, here, and brew with the best.Revvy's one of the cool reverends. He has a Harley and a t-shirt that says on the back "If you can read this, the bitch was Raptured. - Madman
I gotta tell ya, just between us girls, that Revvy is HOT. Very tall, gorgeous grey hair and a terrific smile. He's very good looking in person, with a charismatic personality... he drives like a ****ing maniac! - YooperBrew
Thanks for the tips. I realized airlock bubbling wasn't important, but I thought I would see bubbling or swirling inside my carboy.
If I don't see anything by Wednesday evening, I'l take a reading. If gravity hasn't changed on Wednesday, I'll try again Thursday (that will be around 100 hours since pitching). If no change in gravity by Thursday evening, I'll re-pitch.
sounds like a good plan.
I've got one carboy bubbling steadily and one that is just starting to push throught the hose in my remote trap.
Glad you posted this, because I also forgot my yeast in the fridge last night, and I put it in some warm water for maybe 10-15 minutes before I put it in a small starter of warmish wort. I'm not worrying about the lack of airlock activity both because of revvy's posts and because I've noticed that liquid yeast seems to take longer to get going than dry yeast. That said, I think I'll start using dry yeast more if only for peace of mind.
Edit: As of 9am this morning (~33 hours after pitching), the yeast is bubbling.
Primary: Belgian Dark Strong, Version 2
Secondary: Second running session ale #2
I haven't brewed in a while and I just statered again. I am still new to brewing. My father offen buys ingredents for me to make for him. I brewed a Belgain Wit. The kit was sitting around for a few months. As I started brewing it I noticed the yeast was to be in the fridge and it wasn't. I used anyway because I am making it for a family party at the end of August. Should I be concerned and try to repitch after a few days or wait and see. I took a gravity reading and it was 40. Please help. Thanks


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'Pop culture geek' offers Comic-Con tips
Get in shape, stay focused and manage your expectations, says author of unauthorized Con guide
The U-T's own Guru of Geek, Karla Peterson, has her own advice:
With its massive crowds and mind-blowing schedule, this entertainment endurance test is not for the weak of heart or tight of shoe. But with the proper preparation, even a newcomer can conquer the Con. Here are some tips to get you started.
1.Dress to decompress. Comfort should be your goal, so dress in layers to accommodate the temperature fluctuations, which can go from steaming (the line outside Hall H) to arctic (inside the ballrooms) in no time. Wear shoes you can hike in and bring a hat you won't mind throwing away later. Because Comic-Con discomfort is fleeting, but fan sweat isn't going anywhere.
2.BYOF (Bring Your Own Food. And water.) The convention center fare is pricey, and you don't want to lose that front-row seat for something as trivial as lunch. And since everyone around you will be munching on loud, smelly snack foods until you want to scream, you might as well join them. (And try to get your coffee before you get to the Con. The Starbucks lines are crazy.)
3. Don't drive if you don't have to. Public transportation can be a pain, but the traffic snarls and parking-lot piracy might actually be worse.
4. Practice patience. If you want to see a big movie panel in Hall H, plan on lining up at least a few hours in advance. (Don't forget the sunscreen!) If you have your eager eye on a certain popular TV panel, plan on sitting through the two panels that come before it. Comic-Con is all about waiting, and there is nothing you can do about it. Bring a buddy, share your snacks, and take your trash with you when you go. At Comic-Con, the time to be a hero starts now.
— Karla Peterson
First time attendees beware — Comic-Con is one intense workout, and Doug Kline, founder of popculturegeek.com, can attest to that.
The unabashed nerd has been making the trek from Los Angeles to the convention every year since 2004. Last year he even compiled his expertise into "The Unauthorized San Diego Comic-Con Survival Guide," in which the author offered some unexpected advice: "Try to prepare yourself for Comic-Con by walking a mile a day where you live. This kind of regimen could make a big difference between collapsing from exhaustion on Sunday instead of Thursday."
Apparently, just a bit of cardio will improve anyone's experience at the convention. Of course, Kline continues, comfy shoes are also a must.
It's this common-sense mentality — coupled with a fervent love for geek culture — that has made his Comic-Con ventures so successful.
"Comic-Con runs through Doug's blood," Kline's friend, author Robin Parrish, notes in the pocket-size guide's forward. The two have been going to the convention together since 2004 — and Kline was the organizational expert from the start.
The author admits he has a real knack for figuring out the annual pop culture fest.


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East TN: House Mnt. Scenario Paintball Campout Game - May 14th - 16th
21 March 2010 - 08:45 PMHouse Mountain Scenario Paintball Campout Game
DATE CHANGED: May 21st-23rd.
Due to some previously unforeseen scheduling conflicts for a majority of our regular players the date has been changed. Hopefully this will free up some of the guys playing at Hiatt's the weekend before.
Friday afternoon is when we will be setting up camp and maybe playing some scrimmage games or 1 v. 1 / 2 v. 2 etc. and then maybe a night game or two that evening. Saturday will be the main scenario game day and will also include some dusk and night games. Sunday morning we generally just pack up and go home. Camping out is optional, you can camp out Friday Sunday or Saturday / Sunday, just bring your gear if you want to or if you would rather just play on Saturday thats fine too. Everyone will be camping out at the same site this time so everyone can freely fraternize with each other in the evenings.
Those camping out Friday Sunday can show up any time after 2pm Friday. Those playing just Saturday are expected to show up around 8am to check in and game play will start at 10am.
*Game Format*
To those who played the last scenario camp out game, this go around were not going to be so extreme with the team separation and score keeping like we tried last time. Our plan is to try to mix and match teams up as evenly as possible and possibly switch things up half way through the game so everyone gets a chance to play together and against each other.
All games will be voluntary and we are going to focus more on just having a good time playing paintball than keeping score though we will try to arrange a few longer games where the teams can win some small door prizes.
Most games will be 1hr to 30 minute scenarios with supply refill breaks in between. Some scenarios weve played before and some will be new. The key is that each game will have a set start time and will start regardless of who is ready but players can jump in once they are. (Sorry guys, when you have 20-30 people its just too much for everyone to have to wait 15 minutes for 1 player to fix their gun.)
Also, we are going to work hard to make night play a little easier by lighting up key areas of the field.
*Paint & Air*
We have a portable HPA and CO2 station now that we will keep at the field entrance for faster refills and much easier access.
We have a chrono station now and expect all players to chrono their guns to no more than 300fps. This will be checked by one of the game organizers before you enter the game.
This game is BYOP (Bring your own paint). We just ask that you avoid bringing super cheap paint that can hurt people (i.e. JT Monster). If youre not sure the paint you are bringing is ok just email me and I will let you know.
We will try to bring a few extra cases of decent paint just in case but since BEAST Paint is no longer in business we can no longer get bulk pricing on paint. Expect extra cases to cost between $45-$60 depending on brand and if we can score a discount from a vendor.
*Food & Drinks*
Bring your own food and drinks. Be sure to bring plenty of water. Alcohol is not prohibited by the land owner BUT we do not allow drinking before or during a game. Illegal drugs are MOST DEFINITELY PROHIBITED. If it is obvious that you are under the influence of either before or during a game you will be asked to leave the field. There is plenty of time AFTER the night games to share a few beers and bar stories around the campfire.
Please be respectful of the land and pickup after yourself and take your trash with you. We ask that you DO NOT burn plastic and Styrofoam in the campfire while people are trying to prepare their food or sitting close to the campfire.
ALL PLAYERS MUST SIGN A LIABILITY RELEASE WAIVER! If you have already signed one please let me know when you arrive so I can confirm.
Teams will be Red vs. Blue. Instead of colored tape we will have red and blue Velcro straps you are required to wear one on each arm with nothing to conceal them.
All body hits will count head to toe. We will hold a group vote to see if guns hits will be counted.
We are really going to do our best to nail down the safety rules. Though this is a backwoods scenario game we still need to observe safety no different than if we were at a professional field.
Wear your mask on the field at ALL TIMES.
Barrel Bags & Safeties are expected to be on all guns when you are not on the playing field. The only shooting permitted off the field will be at the chrono table.
Intentionally excessive shooting will result in a 2 for 1.
10ft rule applies. If you get within 10ft of a player from the opposite team they are out. Sorry guys, No Bunkering.
Please try to keep the language and general game play clean on the field.
We will have a handful of volunteer refs that will rotate for each game and they will enforce the game rules on and off the field.
If you are camping out we just ask you chip in $10 to help cover the field supplies and port pottie rental.
Air Fee = $20 (Unlimited HPA or CO2 Fri. & Sat.) / $10 Saturday Only
Bringing your own paint & air and only playing Saturday? Were just asking you to chip in a measly $5 to cover field supplies and port pottie rental.
At the very most you will be out $30 + paint.
If you are interested in playing please PM me or shoot me an email at firstname.lastname@example.com and let me know if you plan on camping out or just playing on Saturday. Also, please let me know how many people you are bringing if they/you will require HPA or CO2 so we can gauge how many tanks we need to rent out. You dont have to pay up until you show up to play.
If you have any other questions about the game please let me know. If it starts to look like mother nature is going to give us a hard time we will do our best to coordinate a new date with everyone.
20+ Acres in Corryton, TN
The landowner is private. Please PM me for location details.
Sorry if this already coincides with another game somewhere else but we honestly can't coordinate with every game at every field within 100 mile radius. It is what it is.
Here's some pics from the last Sun. game we had in November.
FS: Dangerous Power SE Green/Black w. Virtue Board, TBO Trigger + Mo
28 February 2010 - 06:59 PMSOLD
My Side Fed SP1 Project
27 February 2010 - 06:05 PMJust finishing up a project that I have been slowly working on in the winter months. Since my SP1 is my main woodsball marker I really wanted something I could mount a sight in the center of.
Stock your only option on an SP1 is to mount a scope on the side. After I sold my Tiberius T9 I finally came up with an answer to my problem.
This has been tested and works like a charm with all my hoppers.
- SP1 w/ Blackheart Board & Eyes
- TechT L7 Bolt
- Dangerous Powers 2nd Gen RAPS ASA
- Empire Dovetail Rail
- Heavily Modified Body and Blackheart Firing Can (Tiberius T9 Side Feed Adapter)
- Kila Magnetic Detents
- Shaved Double Trigger
- Empire 45 Grips
- Liberty Stock and SP1 Adapter
- Custom Tiger Woodland Camo Paintjob
- Trinity Locking Feedneck Clamp
- Macroline Hose and Fittings (not pictured)
- J&J Ceramic Barrel
- Stiffi C Series Barrel w/ APEX Tip (Not Pictured)
Future Upgrades:
- Virtue Board (Ordered and on the way)
- Custom Wood 45 Grips
- SP1 w/ Blackheart Board & Eyes
RobertK's Feedback
22 December 2009 - 09:39 PMPost Away!
RobertK's Gearbag Sale
12 December 2009 - 06:58 PMWent through all my old stuff and I need to get rid of this stuff else the wife is gonna start chunking in the garbage while I'm at work one day.
My Rules:
1. I only accept Paypal and US Postal Money Orders.
2. You ship first unless you have more feedback than I do.
3. My stuff works, once it leaves my house it's your responsibility. This includes anything that happens in shipping. Shipping insurance is your responsibility to request and pay for.
4. Please refrain from crapping on my thread.
5. There is no spoon.
6. If Paying with Paypal please add 3%... Please
HPA & CO2 Tanks
Crossfire 68/4500
Pure Energy 50/4500
Guerrilla Air 48/3000 Steelie
The PE tank has a small spot where the previous owner patched a small chip with composite resin. Otherwise I've used this tank many times without any issues.
Dye Rhino & NXE Tank Covers
Frankstein Halo and Reloader Hoppers.
I built these hoppers out of extra parts and used them for woodsball or as backups. All work great and have custom camo paintjobs.
Smoke Halo hopper in mint condition with original box. Used one time.
RARE Empire Reloader Niteloader
Used for playing night games with glow in the dark paintballs.
Seventh Element Blue Laser Eyes for DP Fusion F7 or F8
Remote Lines
Old School JT Mask and Invert 20/20 without fan.
Both in good condition.
Invert 20/20 Mask with Fan and custom tiger camo paint.
JT Straps - Olive and Blue Flames
Misc. Pod Packs
Garmin eTrex Personal GPS - Great for Scenario Games
Invert Mini Stock Optimus v. 1.2 Board (Mini v2 Board)
5th Gen 30GB iPod
Got this as part of a trade on PBNation. The screen has some deal pixels which is annoying when playing video but doesn't effect the functionality. Still works great but you will need to download iTunes to upload your MP3s to it.
SanDisk Sansa 4GB MP3 Player
Works great, has MicroSD expansion slot, also plays video.
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Essential March Madness advice, plus some Russian.


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Lake Wildwood, California
For population 25 years and over in Lake Wildwood:
For population 15 years and over in Lake Wildwood CDP:
168 residents are foreign born (1.2% Europe, 0.8% Asia).
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2012: $3,920 (1.0%)
Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: Roseville, CA (33.7 miles , pop. 79,921).
Nearest city with pop. 200,000+: Sacramento, CA (49.1 miles , pop. 407,018).
Nearest city with pop. 1,000,000+: Los Angeles, CA (389.1 miles , pop. 3,694,820).
Nearest cities: Penn Valley, CA (1.6 miles ), Rough and Ready, CA (1.9 miles ), Smartsville, CA (2.3 miles) , Grass Valley, CA (2.8 miles ), Dobbins, CA (3.1 miles ), Nevada City, CA (3.2 miles ), Cedar Ridge, CA (3.2 miles ), North San Juan, CA (3.3 miles ).
Latitude: 39.23 N, Longitude: 121.20 W
Area code commonly used in this area: 530
This place's Wikipedia profileUnemployment in July 2013:
Unemployment by year (%)
Work and jobs in Lake Wildwood: detailed stats about occupations, industries, unemployment, workers, commute
(lower is better)
Air Quality Index (AQI)
Ozone [ppb] level in 2010 was 39.4. This is worse than average. Closest monitor was 7.9 miles away from the city center.
Particulate Matter (PM10) [µ/m3] level in 2010 was 21.8. This is about average. Closest monitor was 5.4 miles away from the city center.
Particulate Matter (PM2.5) [µ/m3] level in 2010 was 4.88. This is significantly better than average. Closest monitor was 7.9 miles away from the city center.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) [ppm] level in 2006 was 0.279. This is significantly better than average. Closest monitor was 9.3 miles away from the city center.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) [ppb] level in 2010 was 5.59. This is significantly better than average. Closest monitor was 7.9 miles away from the city center.
Percentage of residents living in poverty in 2012: 6.4%
(6.6% for White Non-Hispanic residents, 6.5% for Hispanic or Latino residents, 0.0% for American Indian residents, 0.0% for Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander residents, 1.5% for other race residents, 0.0% for two or more races residents)
Average household size:
Percentage of family households:
Percentage of households with unmarried partners:
Likely homosexual households (counted as self-reported same-sex unmarried-partner households)
Detailed information about poverty and poor residents in Lake Wildwood, CA3 people in workers� group living quarters and job corps centers in 2010
Lake Wildwood compared to California state average:
Educational Attainment (%) in 2012
School Enrollment by Level of School (%) in 2012
Most commonly used house heating fuel:
Presidential Elections Results
1996 2000 2004 2008 2012
1996 Presidential Elections Results
2000 Presidential Elections Results
2004 Presidential Elections Results
2008 Presidential Elections Results
2012 Presidential Elections Results
Graphs represent county-level data. Detailed 2008 Election Results
Religion statistics for Lake Wildwood CDP (based on Nevada County data)Percentage of population affiliated with a religious congregations: 30.94%
Breakdown of population affiliated with a religious congregations
Tables represent county-level data.
Food Environment Statistics:
Number of grocery stores: 25
Number of convenience stores (no gas): 9
Number of convenience stores (with gas): 16
Number of full-service restaurants: 98
Adult diabetes rate:
Adult obesity rate:
Low-income preschool obesity rate:
7.64% of this county's 2006 resident taxpayers lived in other counties in 2005 ($64,247 average adjusted gross income)
0.09% of residents moved from foreign countries ($326 average AGI)
Top counties from which taxpayers relocated into this county between 2005 and 2006:
7.78% of this county's 2005 resident taxpayers moved to other counties in 2006 ($46,109 average adjusted gross income)
0.08% of residents moved to foreign countries ($245 average AGI)
Top counties to which taxpayers relocated from this county between 2005 and 2006:
Strongest AM radio stations in Lake Wildwood:
Strongest FM radio stations in Lake Wildwood:
TV broadcast stations around Lake Wildwood:
Lake Wildwood on our top lists:
Back to Lake Wildwood, CA housing info, Nevada County, California, CA smaller cities, CA small cities, All Cities.


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Cannes: Stars Forced to Rearrange Flights to LA Amid London Runway Closures
LONDON - A British Airways plane had to return to Heathrow Airport to make an emergency landing after black smoke was seen coming from an engine, the BBC reported.
Both runways were closed as passengers and crew were evacuated from the plane's emergency chutes.
The knock-on effect disrupted flights from Nice to the U.S. that were to transfer via London. Cannes attendees reported to have been forced to re-arrange flights include Richard Dreyfuss, Zachary Quinto and Rosario Dawson.
BA said the Heathrow to Oslo service turned back after a technical fault at about 09:00 BST. Witnesses reported seeing flames coming from the engine.
Both the southern and northern runways have since reopened.
Passengers were evacuated down chutes from the aircraft with emergency services standing by.
BA said the Airbus A319 was carrying 75 passengers -- who were safely evacuated -- and a "full investigation" would be conducted into the incident.
The airport said 23 flights had been diverted as a result of the incident and advised travelers to contact their airlines to see if their flight has been affected.
Never miss a story. Stay up-to-date with THR's Daily Headlines.
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British Swim School's instructors know that swimming, splashing, diving, and cannonballing are loads of fun. But they also know that swimming is an important survival skill, one that's especially vital for young children. For the last 30 years, they've led lessons that give kids the tools they need to have fun and be safe, too. Swim instruction covers all the basics, including teaching kids how to float on their back—a technique the staff believes is one of the most important water survival skills. Instructors teach students as young as 3 months, and lead small-group classes for adult beginner and intermediate swimmers, as well.
The PADI- and first aid-certified instructors at QC Scuba school students in the slippery ways of underwater breathing apparati with hands-on courses held seven days a week. PADI designs its Discover Scuba course to expose students to breathing underwater, which is the most elemental of scuba techniques next to looking good in a wetsuit. After a brief introduction at QC headquarters, pool dives are held outdoors in Bellmore, Huntington, or Bayshore or indoors at Queensborough Community College or the Freeport Rec Center.
For more than a decade, campers ages 4-13 have whiled away their summers and holidays at Woodmont, but more importantly, they've made memories and friends to last a lifetime. Entertaining youngsters with sports, art, theater, music, and dance, days are packed with activities that keep kids engaged.
During Group and Cuddles and Strokes swim sessions, the aqua aces at Saf-T-Swim equip bipeds with the skills and safety techniques necessary for conquering liquid-filled lands. Group classes sport student/instructor ratios as small as four to one, giving each floater more personalized attention as he or she learns to glide through the water more gracefully than a troupe of manatee ballerinas. Buyers can purchase multiple Groupons to allow families and friends to gain aqueous footing in the same welcoming environment among their peers and other swim scholars.
Deer Park Community Center runs on the belief that children should remain active and use their imaginations. So, the facility organizes a full slate of athletic and cultural programs as an alternative to other popular forms of entertainment, such as playing video games and trying to sell annoying siblings on eBay. The DPCC offers activities that satisfy a wide range of interests. Youngsters can spark up competition with games of volleyball, basketball, and dodgeball, or get their creative juices flowing during theater performances and age-appropriate dances.
Since its 1965 founding in Venice Beach, California, Gold's Gym has dotted the globe with more than 600 locations where professional athletes and exercise newbies gather under the umbrella of personal strength. Nearly 3.5 million Gold's members chart and aim for their fitness peaks, perspiring beneath the gaze of certified personal trainers or pedaling beside peers at cycling sessions. In a diverse lineup of group classes, patrons strengthen cores with Pilates, finger-paint pictures of ninjas in martial arts, and amp up heart rates along to the pulsating soundtracks of Les Mills routines.
Many Gold's Gym locations stockpile futuristic amenities, such as cardio machines with individual iPod docks and televisions that help keep patrons motivated.


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A few years back, shortly before the release of his debut horror film The Pact, writer-director Nicholas McCarthy told EW, "I think hearing people scream is almost too addictive of a moment for me—I want to do it one more time." Now, McCarthy is doing it one more time with At the Devil's Door, another likely scream-inducing project which is released on VOD on August 8 and arrives in cinemas September 12.
Tag: movie (81-90 of 1537)
5 things Hollywood learned about Latino moviegoers this summer
For kids in school, summer is typically spent catching up on reading lists and assigned homework between hours spent at the swimming pool and with friends at summer camp (not necessarily in that order). But many professionals working in the entertainment industry—whether as producers, journalists, actors, or producers—spent this summer learning about Latino moviegoers. (That's largely thanks to an exclusive series on Hispanic film consumers published at TheWrap.)
From the growing importance of Hispanic females at the box office to the expanding movie preferences of Latino film fans, here are a few essential—takeaways about Hispanics that got Hollywood's attention this summer.
1. Hispanic women over age 25 are the most frequent moviegoers. Summer films like Transformers: Age of Extinction, Godzilla and Captain America: The Winter Soldier are meant to capitalize on the appetites of young, mostly male audiences, but it turns out that Latina movie lovers headed to the movies more this summer often than any other age or ethnic group. According to a study conducted for The Wrap by market research firm C4, about 20 percent of Hispanic women watched this summer's major releases—and in every case except for The Fault in Our Stars, those buying movie tickets were over the age of 25.
2. Hispanic audiences go to movies of all genres. Horror and family flicks used to be considered standard money makers among Latino audiences (the smash success of Guillermo del Toro's Mama and the Lego movie were largely driven by Hispanic audiences). This summer, hits like 22 Jump Street (a comedy), Fault in Our Stars (a drama) and Edge of Tomorrow (a thriller) were all heavily attended by Latinos, who made up at least 20 percent of the opening week audience—proving that just like in political elections, their preferences aren't monolithic.
3. Twenty is a magic number. When it comes to Hispanic movie lovers, that is. According to Nielsen/Univision research conducted for The Wrap, Latino ticket buyers are now Hollywood's most valuable audience, accounting for at least 20 percent of ticket sales opening weekend for the highest-grossing movies in May and June. "You don't have a major hit without Hispanic moviegoers," Chris Aronson, Fox's president of domestic distribution, told TheWrap.
And consider this: Latinos purchased 25 percent of the tickets sold in 2013 in the U.S. though they account for just 17 percent of the U.S. population, according to a study published by the Motion Picture Association of America last year. Those statistics are the driving force for a growing number of creative agencies that specialize in helping studios market films to Hispanic moviegoers, who tailor media campaigns to appeal to an audience that cares deeply about culture, family-friendly content, and Spanish-language media.
4. Tacos and margaritas now mean big money for cinemas. It's no secret that overpriced popcorn and Big Gulp-sized drinks earn major dollars for movie theaters, but a diversified menu at the concession stand is a big draw for Latino moviegoers. Fajitas, chicken wraps, tacos, dishes spiced with chipotle peppers, and specialty cocktails are now available at AMC's 15 dine-in theaters nationwide, part of an industry-wide push for diverse dining choices and alcohol offerings that aims to capitalize on the fact that Hispanic moviegoers overindex in their purchase of concessions and alcohol.
"Our dine-in theaters, while not specifically targeting a certain demo, have a seasonal menu that would line up closer to a Hispanic moviegoing population in terms of food," AMC spokesman Ryan Noonan explained to TheWrap.
5. The Latino presence in film—both in front of the camera and behind the scenes—remains alarmingly low. Despite the presence of Latinos in summer films like like Sex Tape (starring Cuban-American actress Cameron Diaz) and The Purge: Anarchy (with its predominantly Latino cast), there are "fewer Latino lead actors in the entertainment industry today, than there were seventy years ago," a recent study by the Columbia University Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Race shows.
And it gets worse: When Latinos are on camera, they are typically portrayed in roles that lean heavily on stereotypes—Latinos are often cast as criminals, law enforcers, cheap labor, and hypersexualized beings, the study found. And according to the study, when it comes to behind-the-scenes talent, Hispanics account for just 2.3 percent of movie directors, about 2 percent of producers, and 6 percent of writers.
"The success of a few Latino stars has created a widespread perception that media diversity in the U.S. is significantly improving," said Frances Negrón-Muntaner, director of Columbia's Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Race and the study's lead researcher in a statement. "But our findings indicate that, in some ways, it is getting worse."
Video: Demon doll terrifies in new trailer for 'Annabelle'
Those familiar with James Wan's supernatural tale The Conjuring—or the occult museum of real-life purported ghostbuster Lorraine Warren—will know about the allegedly haunted doll, Annabelle. Well, now the figurine o' fright has been gifted her own movie, the Wan-produced origin story Annabelle, which arrives in cinemas October 3.
Man meets muck: See a poster for the new horror film 'Septic Man'
It might seem unfair to suggest the new horror movie Septic Man is going to stink, especially without having seen it—but the filmmakers probably won't object on this occasion. Written by Tony Burgess (Pontypool) and directed by Jesse Thomas Cook (Monster Brawl) the movie stars Jason David Brown as a man who undergoes a hideous transformation after he is trapped in a septic tank.
2014's most influential director: John Carpenter?
John Carpenter was once among Hollywood's most prolific filmmakers. But the man who brought us such genre classics as Halloween, The Thing, Escape From New York, and Assault on Precinct 13 has only made one movie in the past 13 years—2010's psychological thriller The Ward—and hasn't troubled the box office in a big way since 1998's James Woods-starring Vampires. (And Carpenter, 66, doesn't sound like he's in any rush to get back behind the camera: "I worked really hard for more years than I'd like to count, but now I can pick and choose things," says the director, who most recently co-penned a comic book follow-up to his 1986 kung fu-fantasy film Big Trouble in Little China. "I was doing too much—music and writing and all this shit. I had to take a break. I'm developing a couple of things. But we'll see. There's no urgency.")
Director's cut of Clive Barker's 'Nightbreed' to be released this Halloween
Author, artist, and director Clive Barker seems to have few qualms about inflicting injury on characters, as those familiar with his Books of Blood short stories or the 1987 film Hellraiser know. But Barker himself had a painful experience with his 1990 fantasy-horror film Nightbreed. The tale of a suspected serial killer (Craig Sheffer) who joins a group of freakish-looking outcasts the film was, to Barker's enduring dissatisfaction, re-cut before its release, and some of the movie's original elements were subsequently lost forever…
Video: Dad becomes demon in 'The Possession of Michael King' trailer
People with the name "Michael King" may well find themselves asking "Wait, what the Hell is going on now?" when the new horror film The Possession of Michael King is released in August. As it happens, that would be an entirely appropriate question to raise.
Retirement home rebels and dreamers pass the time in 'Wrinkles' -- EXCLUSIVE VIDEO
Former bank manager Emilio (Martin Sheen) is none too happy when his family ships him off to a retirement home in the emotional but quick-witted animated film Wrinkles. But then he meets his scheming, know-it-all roommate Miguel (George Coe), and this new chapter begins to take on a life and an energy all its own as they navigate the tricky waters of life in the home.
Described as One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in an old folks home, Wrinkles is based on Paco Roca's popular graphic novel. Director Ignacio Ferreras released the hand-drawn animated pic in Spanish in 2011 to great acclaim, prompting interest in an English-language version as well. That version, which also features the voice talents of Matthew Modine, hits theaters on July 4 and VOD/DVD on July 15.
Though there is plenty of snark and blue comedy throughout the film, take a look at one of the sweeter moments in the exclusive clip below featuring one of the home's many characters and her romanticized, heartbreaking delusions. READ FULL STORY
Exclusive: Ed Helms has bad news for Amy Poehler in 'They Came Together'
You want funny people? They Came Together has funny people. This rom-com spoof from writer-director David Wain and cowriter Michael Showalter stars (deep breath) Amy Poehler, Paul Rudd, Ed Helms, Cobie Smulders, Christopher Meloni, Max Greenfield, Bill Hader, Ellie Kemper, Jason Mantzoukas, Melanie Lynskey, Michael Ian Black, Kenan Thompson, Jack McBrayer, and Ken Marino, among others.
Watch the first five minutes of phallological documentary 'The Final Member' -- EXCLUSIVE VIDEO
Is there a good reason why I was recently sent a bottled bull penis in the mail? Actually, yes (although, of course, the bull might disagree). The item was "gift" from Drafthouse Films to promote new documentary The Final Member, which was released on Blu-ray and DVD earlier in the week. READ FULL STORY
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DETROIT — Historically styled LED street lights have been installed in Detroit's Sherwood Forest neighborhood.
A countdown attended by Mayor Mike Duggan and neighborhood residents was held about dusk Wednesday as the 96 lights were turned on.
The Sherwood Forest Association chose the poles and provided additional funds to cover the difference between their cost and that of the standard light poles being installed in other parts of the city.
The Public Lighting Authority was authorized by the Michigan Legislature in 2012 and approved by the Detroit City Council in 2013. It's replacing lights throughout the city.
Fewer than half of the city's 88,000 streetlights were believed to be working before the efforts began.
"This is a great example of how the PLA is working with individual neighborhoods to bring modern, reliable street lighting while respecting the unique character of the community," Duggan said. "Even as they install nearly 1,000 new lights a week, the PLA has done a great job of listening and responding to the wishes of the community."
More than 30,000 lights have been installed since January. An additional 65,000 new LED lights are expected to be installed over the next two years.
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Words on Wellness: Don't touch your eyes, nose or mouth. The membranes in these areas make it easy for bacteria and viruses to enter your body.
Southwood Jr/Sr High School provides academic and activity-based experiences, which cultivate a partnership among the school, the home, and the community, providing an opportunity for diverse learners to become independently functioning citizens.
"Respect, Responsibility, and Personal Best"
Remember Me


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If you have a public function which may throw an exception which uses other (private or public) helper functions which can also throw exceptions I think you should document what exceptions the public function can throw and this includes exceptions thrown by the helper functions.
Something like this (using Doxygen):
* @throw Exception ...
* @throw ExceptionThrownByHelper ...
* @throw ExceptionThrownByHelpersHelper ...
void theFunction()
helperWhichMayThrowException() also calls other functions which may throw exceptions.
To do this you can:
- recursively follow all functions
theFunction()calls and look for exceptions thown by that function. This is a lot of work and you might forget to document an exception somewhere when you add an exception to a helper.
- catch all exceptions thrown by helpers in
theFunction()and convert them so you are sure only the exceptions you specify are thrown. But then why use exceptions?
- do not worry about exceptions thrown by helper functions but then you can not unittest all exceptions because you do not know which exceptions can be thrown by the public function
- have some tool which (semi)automatically lists all exceptions thrown by helpers etc. I looked in the documentation of Doxygen but did not find a way to do this.
I would like to use option 4 but I have not found a good solution yet, maybe it is doable with Doxygen? Or maybe I just want to document to much???
edit: Maybe its not really clear but I am looking for an easy way to document all exceptions (preferably using Doxygen) a function might throw without manually checking all helper functions. An easy way includes 'do not document all exceptions' or 'catch and transform all exceptions in


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Jil Sander Stretch wool-blend coat
Details & Fit
- Jil Sander navy coat
- Stretch wool-blend
- Notched lapels, welt pockets
- Snap fastenings along front
- 96% wool, 2% elastane, 2% silk
- Dry clean
- Fits large to size, take one size smaller than normal
- Tailored for a loose fit
- Mid-weight, non-stretchy fabric
- Model is 177cm/ 5'10" and is wearing a FR size 34
Need advice? Contact Customer Care
Product code: 437951
Designer Information
Established in 1967, Jil Sander has led the minimalist agenda since the '90s, and in 2012 its eponymous founder returned to the creative helm. The brand's fresh prints, clean-lined separates and perfectly proportioned tailoring are consistent favorites with fashion editors and style mavens alike.
Delivery & Returns
If you need to send it back, you have 28 days to exchange or return your item. Plus, we'll come and collect from your home, work or alternate address.
Please note, items purchased in our Clearance sale and Weekend Shop-In are FINAL sale and cannot be exchanged or returned.


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Iams Puppy & Junior Small/Medium Dry Dog Food
£3.99 (£3.99 per kg)
Brand Price Match - Checked Tesco.com 17/12/2014
|Typical values
|2.5%Analytical Constituents:
|1.2%Analytical Constituents:
|Vitamin A
|57783 IU/kgAnalytical Constituents:
|Vitamin D
|6861 IU/kgAnalytical Constituents:
|Vitamin E
|127 mg/kgAnalytical Constituents:
Dried Chicken and Turkey (32%), Maize, Wheat, Animal Fat, Dried Beet Pulp (2.9%), Sorghum, Hydrolysed Animal Proteins, Fish Oil, Dried Whole Egg, Brewer's Dried Yeast, Potassium Chloride, Sodium Chloride, Fructooligosaccharides (0.14%)
Preparation & Storage
- Daily nutrition for Small and Medium breed puppy from 1 to 12 months old. Your puppy may eat more or less depending on its temperament and activity. When switching to Iams, gradually introduce over 4 days.Iams premium quality ingredients mean that each kibble is packed full of nutrition, so a small amount will satisfy your dog.
Store in a cool, dry place, ideally in a sealed container.
Please note that whilst we take every care to ensure the product information displayed on our website is correct, product recipes are regularly changed and this may affect nutrition and allergen information therefore you should always check product labels and not rely solely on the information presented here.If you require specific advice on any Waitrose branded product, please contact Customer Support on 0800 188884 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. For all other products, please contact the manufacturer.This information is supplied for personal use only. It may not be reproduced in any way whatsoever without the prior consent of Waitrose Limited nor without due acknowledgement.