text:
"Women and girls are more familiar with the business end of the human capacity for cruelty and evil…"
- Salon posted this incredible essay about why today's most exciting crime novelists are women. The icing on the cake: Lauren Beukes is featured.
Write a crime story by July 1st that meets the following criteria: No Italian mafia, no hitmen (or hitwomen), no sex crimes, no serial killers, word count between 3,000-5,000
The grand prize is publication in Thuglit! Submissions will be read by amazing authors and editors! And submissions are now open!
London, 1968: The body of a teenaged girl is found just steps away from the Beatles' Abbey Road recording studio. Follow the investigation by requesting one of twenty-five advance reader's editions of She's Leaving Home!
Vintage Crime Scene Photos Superimposed on Modern NY Streets (via FStoppers)
What do you think of the new cover (right) for Nick Santora's Fifteen Digits? Whatever your opinion, pop over to the book's Facebook page for a chance to win a free paperback.
Join us for a Google hangout with Lauren Beukes, author of The Shining Girls, as she talks about all things crime and fantasy with authors Jesse Bullington and Paolo Bacigalupi.
The chat will be taking place next Monday the 22nd at 2pm EST. Do you have any questions for Lauren?
Three weeks ago, the family and I moved into a new home. We'd been renting a place in Alhambra until we could find a house both within our budget and big enough to accommodate our ever-expanding need for space, and we finally lucked into a four-bedroom, single-story mid-century number in Glassell Park that fits the bill. It was a great blessing. The new joint needs a lot of work, God knows, and most of the heavy lifting has already been done, but there's still a hell of a lot of sweat equity left to invest to make it our "home" --- starting with unpacking all these @!*#%!*@ boxes we've vacuum-packed our lives into. Boxes just like this one:
If you've ever made a similar move yourself, you know what I'm talking about. First you spend weeks stuffing and taping everything you own into cartons three sizes too small, and then you spend weeks yanking it all out again in a different place, always thinking along the way:
"What the hell is this?"
"So that's where that damn thing went!"
"Why in the world do I own one of these?"
"I've got absolutely no use for this, and I probably never will --- but as soon as I toss it, I'll find a use for it, so I'd better hold onto it."
You learn a lot about yourself as you take this item-by-item inventory of your earthly existence, and one of the most fascinating is all the things you've accumulated not with the intent of using it in this life --- the one you're actually living --- but in the life you hope to have someday. Clothes you plan to fit into; brochures for exotic cars you intend to own; toys you're going to play with just as soon as you're making enough money to slow down a little. Some of this stuff is as new as the day you acquired it; it comes in packages that have never been opened, inside plastic bags that are still sealed air-tight.
These possessions are pieces of a dream you can't let go of. Giving them away or selling them off at your next yard sale would be a form of surrender, an admission that time has run out on the future you've always thought would be yours.
So when the time comes to change addresses, you stick these things in a box, rather than leave them behind, and then you find a place for them in your new home --- the closet, the garage, the attic --- when the box gets opened again. If it gets opened again.
Some things go into boxes that stay sealed forever.
Of course, as I'm a writer, most of my moving boxes are filled with ideas. Fragments of stories yet to be written, dogeared notebooks brimming with single-line plot synopses and half-formed character profiles. Throw this stuff away? Are you nuts? There's a bestseller in there somewhere, I know there is, and one day I'm going to find it.
Ultimately, for all our mindless attachment to them, it's not the things inside the boxes that really count. It's the things we can't box up: the people we love, the memories of good times past, the hope that tomorrow will only bring more of the same.
As I write this, late at night in my new office upstairs, I see boxes all around me; numbered and labeled, every one filled with odd bits and pieces of this poor man's treasure. But what I value most isn't in any of these boxes, nor anywhere here in this room. They're downstairs, occupying three different beds in three different bedrooms.
And that's what makes this home.
Brace yourselves, people. You're about to meet Schreck.
No, not "Shrek." Schreck. Tom Schreck. This guy:
Tom Schreck is a multi-talented author who's written on topics as diverse as boxing, business, pets, fitness, psychology, relationships, golf, diners, drive-ins and prison, all for publications that include The Business Review, Fightnews.com, Westchester Magazine, American Health and Fitness, Professional Counselor and Catfancy, among others.
So far he's written five novels, including his latest Duffy Dombrowski mystery, THE VEGAS KNOCKOUT, which was just released today. Tom's a graduate of the University of Notre Dame and has both a master's degree in psychology and a black belt. (Don't those two things always go hand-in-hand?)
Having formerly worked as the director of an inner-city drug clinic, Tom today juggles several jobs: communications director for a program for people with disabilities, adjunct psychology professor, freelance writer, and world championship boxing official.
Now, about his Duffy Dombrowski mysteries: These books chronicle the life of a not-so-social social worker who's always on the brink of getting fired. Duffy's a bad professional boxer by night, part philosopher, part Robin Hood by day, and he's always all heart as he throws himself into helping those who can't help themselves.
But the real star of the series is Al --- Duffy's obstinate basset hound, who prefers cheeseburgers for their laxative effect, hates sparrows, and prefers good looking Corgi's as sex partners. Oh, and Al seems to show up exactly when it matters.
Ladies and gentlemen, I give you Schreck . . .
Gar: Okay, let's get the obvious question out of the way first: How many times a day do you get a "green ogre" joke?
Tom: More often I get the knowing smirk and a shake of the head. I love the twenty-something hotel clerks who have no idea that anything else ever existed before the last decade.
I use the stock line, "Hey, I had the name first."
Gar: Duffy drinks a lot of Schlitz. For those in the audience who think Schlitz tastes like a warm Budweiser poured out of a septic tank, please make your best case for drinking the stuff.
Tom: Man, defend Schlitz? C'mon Gar, how about a little willing suspension of disbelief?
Actually in the early 90's Men's Health said it was one of the best values in beer so I tried it and it wasn't half bad. Since then the company has been sold a few times and I'm not so sure. They now make a sort of "craft brew" that has returned to the original "60's recipe". They can't keep it on the shelves in Milwaukee.
I want to be careful here, I'm still looking for an advertising endorsement deal.
Gar: What fighter, alive or dead, do you most wish could be a fan of your writing, and why?
Tom: John Duddy.
The Derry Destroyer just retired and I had the privilige of judging a few of his fights. He was a blood and guts fighter who the NYC fans love. He'd sell out Madison Square Garden with Irish nationals. His uncle Jackie, his namesake, was the first man killed on Bloody Sunday in Northern Ireland.
John got out of the game a couple of years ago and I admire him for that.
If my books were published in Spanish I'd like Hector Camacho to read them too.
Gar: The previous owners of Duffy's basset hound Al (Allah-King) were members of the Nation of Islam, yet there's no indication in the books that he's partial to bean pies. Why not?
Tom: One word: flatulence.
Gar: How would you compare writing to the sweet science?
Tom: It hurts less.
Both take concentration and the ability to empty your mind while you perform. Boxing asks you to do that while being punched in the face.
Both require strategy and forward thinking.
Writing taxes the cardio vascular system less—have you seen many of our peers at cons?
Gar: What's the hardest you've ever been hit in the ring, and who nailed you?
Tom: I was sparring with a pro that I heard was mad at me. The last time we had got in the ring he hit me in the head and broke a small bone in his forearm. A couple of years later we were in the ring going nice and light which is how a pro will work with a guy like me.
Then he threw one shot that knocked me down so fast that I was disoriented because of going vertical to horizontal so quickly. Oddly enough, because I went down so fast it didn't hurt my neck that much but my head swam for a little while and I was actually kind of giddy.
Nothing was ever said. It might have been a coincidence. Whenever I see him now we do a big bro-hug.
He was a good pro and at one point was like 15-0.
Gar: If book reviews were judged like fights, what would your record be?
Tom: I'd be undefeated, of course. Four and O. Though one or two might have been split decisions based on who the judges/critics would be.
Gar: They say the kind of dog a person owns says a lot about them. What does your love of basset hounds say about you, besides how difficult you are to house break?
Tom: Gar, my incontinence was a secret between me and you and mostly with the medication I can control it.
As for what it says . . . I think it means I'm a masochist who has the distinct need of being humiliated by long-eared short-legged creatures that believe I was born to serve them.
Gar: Duffy's boss Claudia Michelin is a real pain in the neck. Considering her last name, in what ways is Claudia similar to a steel-belted, all-weather radial tire?
Tom: They are both inflexible, unattractive and round.
Gar: In your opinion, which game is more fair and honest? Professional boxing or the publishing industry?
Tom: Fair, huh? Like you could fight your heart out and still get screwed by judges? And fair like you could write a book that's heralded and loved by everyone who reads it but the publisher doesn't back it and it never makes it to shelves?
At least in boxing you can knock someone out in the ring and they can't take that from you.
Gar: Complete this sentence: "If I could get ten rounds in the ring with anyone in the world, it would be _____."
Tom: There's this guy who does reviews on Amazon . . .
Gar: You and Duffy are both huge fans of Elvis Presley. Who is your favorite among all the King's leading ladies in film?
Tom: Man, you're asking me to pick from Ursula Andress, Ann-Margaret and Juliet Prowse? You know what --- I'm going off the board --- Shelly Fabares.
Gar: Duffy lives in a converted Airstream trailer. Why an Airstream and not, say, a Winnebago?
Tom: C'mon Gar, it's class thing. Airstreams are THE RV for those of us with style and class.
Gar: Who would you rather have watching your back in a dark alley --- Floyd Mayweather or Reed Farrel Coleman?
Tom: Easy, Coleman's from Brooklyn and wouldn't fight fair. Plus he might have Ken Bruen with him.
Sure Mayweather is a brilliant counterpuncher but if you crowd him and put pressure on him he can't turn a metaphor like Reed.
Gar: The plot of THE VEGAS KNOCKOUT involves the Russian Mafia, prostitution, and illegal immigration, among other things. If you could have crammed one more hot topic into the book, what would it have been?
Tom: That's even easier, I would've added more basset hounds.


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The Knicks' Carmelo Anthony met with Trayvon Martin's family at Madison Square Garden on April 13, 2012.
Police shot and killed a man robbing an East Harlem pharmacy and were hunting for another alleged robber.
The victim was found with a fatal gunshot wound at 876 Pine St. in City Line.
Travis Marks walked through the exit gate in Times Square subway station hiding a gun, according to cops.
On Tuesday, a shot was fired at the intersection of West 71st Street and Amsterdam, near P.S. 199.
A mother jumped from the window of her Hollis home during an armed home invasion, police said.
Franklyn Nunez, 23, was shot by police during a gun battle with cops on Frederick Douglass Boulevard.
Meredith Graves will face no jail time after bringing a gun to the 9/11 Memorial.
Police are searching for three suspects who fired at an apartment while a tenant was inside, police said.
Darren Prince, 25, was charged with murdering Justin Cherry, 20, in the Whitman Houses.
Police are hunting a wig-wearing would-be robber who tried to stick up a pharmacy in The Bronx.
Luis Martinez, 25, was charged with attempted murder for the shooting on the Lower East Side last month.
At least one shot was fired outside the popular club on West 28th Street on Saturday, cops said.
A man was shot in the head on West 116th Street near Seventh Avenue early Saturday, authorities said.
Eduardo Rodriguez, 15, is charged with attempted murder in the shooting of an 8-year-old boy.
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The Imitative Mind
Development, Evolution and Brain Bases
Preview (read now) Add to my own site Give this ebook to a friend Add to my wishlist Author's page Publisher's page
moreImitation guides the behaviour of a range of species. Scientific advances in the study of imitation at multiple levels from neurons to behaviour have far-reaching implications for cognitive science, neuroscience, and evolutionary and developmental psychology. This volume, first published in 2002, provides a summary of the research on imitation in both Europe and America, including work on infants, adults, and nonhuman primates, with speculations about robotics. A special feature of the book is that it provides a concrete instance of the links between developmental psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science. It showcases how an interdisciplinary approach to imitation can illuminate long-standing problems in the brain sciences, including consciousness, self, perception-action coding, theory of mind, and intersubjectivity. The book addresses what it means to be human and how we get that way. less
Cambridge University Press; April 2002
365 pages; ISBN 9780511057458
Read online, or download in secure PDF format
Title: The Imitative Mind
Author: Andrew N. Meltzoff; Wolfgang Prinz
365 pages; ISBN 9780511057458
Read online, or download in secure PDF format
Title: The Imitative Mind
Author: Andrew N. Meltzoff; Wolfgang Prinz
Buy, download and read The Imitative Mind (eBook) by Andrew N. Meltzoff; Wolfgang Prinz today!
More Psychology
Outliers 2008 US$ 9.99
The Defining Decade 2012 US$ 9.99
Super Brain 2012 US$ 11.99 320 pages
The Drama of the Gifted Child 2008 US$ 13.95 144 pages
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I recently upgraded to the RX-V650 and have a simple question for anyone running it alongside a Motorola DCT6200 HD cable box (my provider is Comcast): does anyone know if there is a remote code for this unit? I was surprised that it wasn't listed in the manual given the relative popularity of the Motorola box. Waiting for a response from Yamaha but figured I'd try here to see if anyone has run into the same issue. Thanks.
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myCourses (WebCT Vista) news
myCourses is back online
The application WebCT Vista is now available. We regret the delay and any inconvenience. Thank you for your understanding.
Restart of myCourses delayed
The restart of the WebCT (Vista) application scheduled for Sunday, June 14 at 5:00 PM will be delayed due to technical problems. We apologize for this inconvenience. We will keep you posted as more information becomes available.
myCourses Downtime
Saturday, March 14
6th Annual Teaching & Technology Fair
6th Annual Teaching and Technology Fair
WebCT Vista problem resolution
The cause of the failure of WebCT Vista at approximately 4:30 pm, April 12, has been identified and corrected. Services were restored by 10:50 pm. We do not anticipate that the problem will recur. If it does it can be corrected quickly. The WebCT Vista support team will be monitoring the performance of the system to ensure consistent and reliable service during the exam period. Once again we apologize for the inconvenience this has caused.
Update: WebCT Vista restored
WebCT Vista service was restored at around 10:50 p.m. Thursday evening.
WebCT emergency restart
WebCT is currently under a very heavy load. We are restarting WebCT Vista and hope to have the service restored as soon as possible. Thank you for your patience.
New Daylight Savings Time in WebCT Vista
As of March 11, 2007, North American Daylight Saving Time is being extended, starting three weeks earlier and ending one week later (November 4, 2007). Users are advised that this will affect timed components (quizzes, assignments, selective release) created prior to March 10, 2007, 8:00 a.m. and scheduled to occur between March 11 and April 1, 2007, by being released or closed one hour later. Timed components scheduled for April 1, 2007, onwards are not affected. Timed components created after March 10, 2007, 8:00 a.m. will also not be affected. Thank you for your understanding.
WebCT Vista Java certificate expiry on Jan. 24
The Java certificate in WebCT Vista will expire on January 24, 2007.
Emergency WebCT restart - Jan 16, 2:15 pm
WebCT service will be unavailable from 2:15 pm to 2:45 pm.
WebCT Vista update successful
WebCT Vista is now available after the weekend update. Please see the WebCT web page for sign-in instructions.
Archive of Winter 2005 courses on WebCT CE on May 1
In order to optimize our server resources, on Monday, May 1, at 5 pm we will archive all Winter 2005 courses, move the Winter 2005 semester offline and remove it from your myWebCT. All your course data will be preserved in this archive and all other semesters will remain unaffected. This will require no action on your part. As an instructor or course designer, if you require access to your Winter 2005 courses in the future, you should contact ICS Customer Support with your McGill ID and the full Course number, Section number and CRN (Example: ABCD-123-001 - 9876) of the Winter 2005 course. Your course content will be brought back online within 6 hours of the request being made.
Students: McGill buys you dinner in exchange for feedback on WebCT Vista!
Do you have a course in WebCT Vista this term? McGill University wants to learn about your experiences so far. The Vista team would like your perspective to help us improve the implementation process. Please share your opinions with us at one of the following focus group sessions.
Exporting grades from WebCT to Minerva currently unavailable
Due to technical difficulties, instructors are not able to export their grades from WebCT to Minerva at this time. This notice will be removed once the issue has been resolved.
Grade Submission opened for 09/2004 term
The 09/2004 term Grade Submission opens as of November 23, 2004.


text:
Letter: Like he said ...
Allan Sperl, Bonita Springs
Like he said ...
From French King Louis XIV:
L'etat c'est moi (I am the state).
Also applicable to President Barack Obama
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text:
JonagoldSyllabification: Jon·a·gold
Pronunciation: /ˈjänəˌɡōld /
Definition of Jonagold in English:
A dessert apple of a variety with greenish-gold skin and crisp flesh.
Example sentences
- She did these tests on more than 138,000 pounds of Gala, Jonagold, Braeburn, Granny Smith, Fuji, and Golden and Red Delicious apples.
- In cold storage, some apples (notably Jonagold and Bramley) will stay perfect for up to a year.
- At the shop, I bought six superb steaks from Sussex cattle which had been born and nurtured on site, and a Jonagold apple from the orchard on the hill.
1960s: blend of Jonathan2 and Golden Delicious.
Definition of Jonagold in:
- British & World English dictionary
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Word of the day resilient
Pronunciation: rəˈzilyənt
able to recoil or spring back into shape…


text:
Added Feb 20, 2013
New York, New Yo...
Unlined three-quarter sleeved dress with a deep cowl neckline. Serged seams.
Wool in a mini cream/blue herringbone pattern.
Feb 24, 2013, 06.08 PMby jdp136
That looks great! It's been on my list and I love your version!
Feb 20, 2013, 10.17 PMby schnui
Beautiful!!! The fabric is so nice and perfect for this pattern.
Feb 20, 2013, 09.01 PMby dudette0sam
so cute. flatters you great!
Feb 20, 2013, 09.00 PMby rabitgrl
Great dress! And looks very nice on you.
Feb 20, 2013, 06.26 PMby chillwear
Love this dress, great job! You wear it well.
Feb 20, 2013, 03.46 PMby Mary Athey
This is lovely. The fabrics fab x
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Q: Why does Ramadan begin on a different day each year?
A: Because Ramadan is a lunar month, it begins about eleven days earlier each year. Throughout a Muslim�s lifetime, Ramadan will fall both during winter months, when the days are short, and summer months, when the days are long and the fast is more difficult. In this way, the difficulty of the fast is evenly distributed between Muslims living in the northern and southern hemispheres.
Q: Is Islam the only faith that observes fasting?
A: No, Islam is a continuation of the religion of Abraham, Moses and Jesus (peace be upon them). Hence, it is not surprising to find references to fasting in Judaism and Christianity. Other faiths also enjoin fasting, as they recognize its spiritual benefits. Fasting is thus universally known as a means of gaining self-discipline and of gaining closeness to God.
Fasting is an institution for the improvement of moral and spiritual character of human being. The purpose of the fast is to help develop self-restraint, self-purification, God-consciousness, compassion, the spirit of caring and sharing, the love of humanity and the love of God. Fasting is a universal custom and is advocated by all the religions of the world, with more restrictions in some than in others. The Islamic Fast, as opposed to mere starvation or self-denial, is an act of worship and obedience to God, thanksgiving, forgiveness, spiritual training, and self-examination.
Q: Do children, sick and old people need to fast?
A: Fasting is only obligated on Muslims who have reached puberty, are sane and are healthy. So children who have not reached puberty are exempt, but are encouraged to fast some days, or a portion of a day, to train them for when they are obliged to fast. The temporarily sick who have a sickness that may extend a few days, where fasting may severely affect them or prolong their recovery are not obliged to fast but must make up the days after Ramadan. The chronically ill and elderly, for example those with diabetes, are not obliged to fast, but should feed a needy or poor person for each day they miss.
Q: What do Muslims do during Ramadan?
A: Muslims usually wake before dawn to take a small meal called �suhoor�. They abstain from eating, drinking and sensual pleasures during the daylight hours of the blessed month. Muslims exert more effort in worship, praying, contemplating, helping others, giving charity, reciting the Quran (the holy book of the Muslims); many Muslims endeavour to complete the Qur�an�s recitation at least once during the month. At sunset, Muslims break their fast, usually with a big meal with family and friends. Many Muslims also attend the mosque at night, to engage in special night prayers called �taraweeh�.
Q: Do Muslims not eat and drink for a whole month?
A: No. Muslims are ordered to abstain from food, drink and sensual pleasures from the break of dawn until sunset throughout the whole month. This means, that after sunset until the break of dawn of the following day, Muslims may eat and drink as they please. Many Muslims take this opportunity to invite friends and family over to share in the spirit of Ramadan.


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This Application Note highlights the use of a cartridge extraction system for the extraction of EPA Method 508.1 analytes. The fully automated extractor allows for up to 6 samples in bottle rinse mode or 12 samples without bottle rinse mode to be run unattended. In this application, the instrument is configured to run 6 mL cartridges this allows for higher recoveries to be obtained.
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SelectScience is the fastest way to impartial, expert opinion about the best laboratory equipment and latest techniques.© SelectScience 2014. Supporting the Anaphylaxis Campaign


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Clinicians seek better outcomes for women with CVD
Glycemic index did not affect CV risk factors, insulin resistance
Low- and No-Calorie Sweeteners in Weight Management: What Do You Need to Know?
Screening and Treatment of Diabetes-Associated Eye Disease: Out of Sight, Out of Mind?
Top honors in the Summer/Fall 2014 Web Health Awards Competition have been awarded to two of the Endocrine Society's consumer health education websites, according to a release from the society.
"We were delighted the Hormone Health Network's valuable consumer resources were selected as winners in the 2014 Web Health Awards competition," Susan Kirk, PhD, associate professor at the University of Virginia and member of the Hormone Health Network's advisory committee, said in the release. "The award validates the Network's important work providing the latest information on treatment advances and scientific findings to consumers in an understandable format."
This activity is supported by an educational grant from the American Beverage Association.
This activity is supported by an independent educational grant from Amarin Pharma Inc.
Hypoglycemia increased risks for CV events, death in patients with diabetes on insulin
BMI increase adversely affects metabolic markers in lean young adults
This feature offers timely executive summaries of the most relevant journals in endocrinology.
Read diabetes updates from the American Diabetes Association's 74th Scientific Sessions in San Francisco.
Meeting coverage from the 16th International Congress of Endocrinology and the Endocrine Society's 96th Annual Meeting.
Meeting news on obesity, diabetes and more from the AACE 23rd Annual Scientific and Clinical Congress.
From the podium to practice, Endocrine Today's award-winning journalists and editors produce live editorial and video coverage from the most important clinical meetings in endocrinology.
Home for important videos from key opinion leaders who provide perspective and insight, related current news and endocrinology updates.
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text:
^ Those must have been decades old when George Cleverly still worked for the company.
post #5881 of 12972
11/25/11 at 3:25pm
I have been watching these AE park avenues for the last few days. There is only 12mins left on the auction and the price is currently at $19.99 they also come with the shoe trees. The seller doesn't post to Australia, or else i'd buy them for myself! So thought i'd let you guys know so you could possibly buy them. Size 10B.


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RSS 275 deals tagged "mattress"
pragma bed mattress platform for $349.99
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We use a fancy algorithm to determine which deals are catching the most buzz – they're under the Popular tab, which is the default view of this section. You can look for the most popular deals today, this week, or this month. The Fresh tab features the most recently submitted deals, so that's where to look for deals that everybody else doesn't know about yet. And the Search bar does what a Search bar does, only, uh, much wootier! Yeah! Right on!
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Sundance film festival: A year after his death, film explores Aaron Swartz's online activism
Published on Jan 22, 2014 10:51 AM
PARK CITY, Utah (REUTERS) - A year after Internet activist Aaron Swartz committed suicide, a new documentary brings to light the young computer prodigy's earnest battle to bring online freedom of access to information for everyone.
The Internet's Own Boy: The Story Of Aaron Swartz premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on Monday and director Brian Knappenberger was joined by Swartz's father Robert and two brothers, Noah and Ben, all of whom received a standing ovation.
"It's unbelievably hard for us, but Aaron is dead, there's nothing we can do about that," Swartz's father told the audience, saying he hoped the film would raise awareness of Aaron's activism and encourage others to fight on his behalf.
Swartz died aged 26 in his Brooklyn, New York apartment on Jan 11, 2013, after facing felony charges brought by a federal grand jury that included theft, wire fraud and computer fraud.
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FlashWhat's New Now
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A.M. Rituals Straight From the Mouths of Wellness ExpertsHealth and wellness site cofounders share what gets them going
A boogie or surf board isn't just good for burning calories on the water: It can also be a prop for on-sand workouts, says Chris Freytag, a personal trainer and group fitness instructor in Minneapolis. Stand on one side of your board, facing the same direction the nose is pointed; then hop laterally over the board to the other side. (If you've got a wide board, you may need to stand toward the front where it gets skinnier.) "I call it 'Fire Feet' because you can pretend you're jumping up and over a row of fire," she says. "You can keep your feet together, or you can jump one foot and then the other; the important thing is to keep your knees high." Hop back and forth across the board, 10 times on each side, then rest and repeat for four sets total.


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If ..Kc5, Qb7, Kc4 then Qd5#
If ..Kd4, Qb5, Ke4 then Qd5#
intense, you made it look so simple now that i see the solution, i really wish i could have figured it out on my own, just seemed so hard lol, seems like i need to just sit down and study mating nets.
yeah, when i was looking at it after* the first time i figured the queen needed to be on a white square to cut him off but i never thought queen b1 which is the only obvious square to keep the b file closed and block off d3 lol. im going to continue to look at mate in #s to continue my study of the net :D
The starting point is to look for mating nets.
In this case, you're unable to get the black King on to a back row, so it must occur in the middle of the board.. and a Queen on d5 would give you the coverage you need, so it's a case of working out how you can end up there in 3 moves without the black King escaping.
I solved it by working out how to stop the king escaping to d3 then to e2.
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Mia's Creative Closet Blog
Let's Mix IT UP!!
Let's Mix It Up!!! It's the season of layering… the season of beautiful nature color shows, brisk air, and holiday gatherings…. And the perfect time to join a Sacred Circle of Creative Goddess Warriors for an afternoon to Mix it Up on Canvas!!!. Using this beautiful season…(continue reading)
Featured Gallery: Puerto Rican History & Culture Thru Art
Puerto Ricans often call the island Borinquen, from Borikén, its indigenous Taíno name. The terms boricua and borincano derive from Borikén and Borinquen respectively, and are commonly used to iden...(view gallery)
Hello Lovies, This year has been one of wonder, surprise, changes, loss, grief, joy, growth, amazement, abundance, blessings, light, darkness, discovery, new friends, old friends, love, new kitties, and so much more AND I WELCOME EVERY DROP OF IT!!! without the movement of life it would be STAGNANT...(continue reading)
Art Journal/Journey Soul Workshop
Let's Get Down and DirtyIt's the season of change… releasing… shedding… letting go… the season of beautiful nature color shows, brisk air, and gatherings…. And the perfect time to join a Sacred Circle of Creative Goddess Warriors for an afternoon to Art Journal/Journey...(continue reading)
A Yummy Holiday Thank You from Art By Mia
Hello My Creative Lovies, Grate-ful 1. Appreciative of benefits received; thankful. Gratitude, thankfulness, gratefulness, or appreciation is a feeling or attitude in acknowledgment of a benefit that one has received or will receive. A note from Art By Mia to YOU during this Holiday of Thanks...(continue reading)
Art Class: Day of the Dead Mask Making for Children
Hello Creative Lovies, It's the season of harvest, change, halloween and so much more... take a moment to take it all in... the beautiful change of colors, the sky, the sunrise and sunset, the ever changing skies and the brisk air. Experience the art of this beautiful universe and its magic!!! LET...(continue reading)
Children's Art classes open with a Tribute to James Rizzi
Childrens Art classes with Mia October 13th ATribute to Rizzi Hello Creative Lovies!!!! I have been waiting for the opportunity to do this project and it finally has arrived... A TRIBUTE TO THE WONDERFUL JAMES RIZZI!!!! AAAAAAND.... WHILE...(continue reading)
September 28th 2013 art class is cancelled
Sad news!!!! Our September 28th Art class for children has been cancelled... classes will reconvene on Sunday October 13th. Please mark your calendar and pack the aprons because it will be loads of creative fun!!! Those that have already registered are confirmed for...(continue reading)
Art is critical for educating the whole child
When kids learn art, they think, they discover, they thrive! Art teaches creativity and critical thinking. Children who learn through art do better in all areas. We know that "art," understood as spontaneous creative play, is what young children naturally do—singing, dancing, drawing, and...(continue reading)
Fall 2013 Art Classes with Mia
Greetings Creative Lovies, Hope you all enjoyed your Summer season and vacations. I will certainly miss the summer season but created lots of wonderful memeories to last me until the next. It has been quite an inspiring and productive one for Art By Mia. Lots of new projects, workshops, classes,...(continue reading)
Art by Mia hosts Sacred Yoli Art from the West Coast
Sacred Heart Altered Tin Class, June 2nd, 2013 in Lower Manhattan Yoli Rodriguez Manzo from Sacred Yoli Arts in the West Coast comes to teach a class in New York City at the Clemente Soto Velez Cultural Center located in Lower Manhattan, NYC!SHE LOVES TEACHING AND SHE LOVES NYC!...(continue reading)


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Dee this is what I know Ann Calderwood had a Sister named Jesse the only children born to james monroe and a cinderella hemler calderwood. Jessie Calderwood is the mother of Fred Waring the band leader of ww 2 fame. Ann I have no information but the time period is about right. Cinderella was james monroe's second wife she possiblly from ohio and the husband from penn,. no dates I am looking for dates. One piece of information in the Penn., state libary system is a book on the history of the calerwoods called the the The calderwood Families of Scotland Ireland and America. It is not on the lending list. I am looking for another copy of it as we speak.pj
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|Standalone and versatile PDF to ePub Creator Converting PDF file to ePub format Storing the original text, layout, tables, images, etc. Suitable for iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch and other portable digital devices 4Easysoft PDF to ePub Creator is an advanced software to convert PDF format to ePub format. It can help users to convert PDF files or eBooks to ePub format, which can be supported by a lot of mobile digital products, including iPad, iPhone, iPod touch, etc. With the use of 4Easysoft PDF to ePub Creator, you can enjoy many eBooks without any limitation of digital devices. It can also preserve the original quality of the file during the process of outputing ePub eBooks. Furthermore, 4Easysoft PDF to ePub Creator has simple settings and intuitive interface to make it easy to use, adding to fast conversion speed and the function that supports converting many PDF files at one time, so you can just freely enjoy your favorite eBooks on your eBook Readers.
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+ - Merrill Lynch: 30% of U.S. Households to Own Wii b
Submitted by njkid1
njkid1 writes "According to a report in the Financial Times, the Wii's sales momentum is so strong that some analysts have upgraded their long-term outlooks for the console. Nintendo's new console just came off a very strong performance in January, easily selling more consoles than either the Xbox 360 or Sony's PS3. http://biz.gamedaily.com/industry/feature/?id=153
0 9&ncid=AOLGAM000500000000022"


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If you like to reveal text over time, you do have some basic animation capabilities to fade and move. I am going to go ahead and place a URL here. I've selected the correct group and added a new layer and we'll just put that above. We are going to drag that out, so it's the duration that we want, and I'm just going to type the web site address in. We'll go ahead and take advantage of standard controls, I'll smooth that out a bit, make it nice and large and track it a little bit looser, so it's easier to read.
Great! If I want, I could simply select the previous text layer, right-click, and choose Copy Layer Style, and then right-click on that layer to apply the same Layer Style. Great! Let's move that into place, looks about right, scroll down to where that falls in the timeline, there is out text. We can drag that where we want it to appear, and extend it so it's the correct duration. And if we twirl this down, you'll see some basic properties, the one we really care about is Transform.
We can now select this and take advantage of some basic moves. Notice that you have Panning and Zooming as presets, we usually use that with photos. I'm going to instead go to the beginning of the clip. Let's go ahead and hold down on the Shift key and drag and snap. We are going to turn on the stopwatch for Transform and Opacity. I'll come to the end, Hold down the Shift key to snap, back off one frame and add two more keyframes. Now this allows us to create fades.
I am going to want to jump back just a little bit and add a third and fourth keyframe. This is going to make it easy to do the fade up, there we go. Start at the beginning and change the Opacity down to 0. Jump to the next keyframe, you see it's 100, 100, and then 0, that works nice. And under the Transform property here, I'm just going to scale that up slightly, so it gets a little bigger. What we now have is a slowly fade growing URL.
(video playing) Looks pretty good! I just want to make sure it's properly centered. So let's position or playhead in the middle, call up our Rulers, and switch them to Percent. This makes it easier to drag a guide over and invoking the Free Transform command, I could see that I'm off a little bit.
Now what I don't want to do is add another keyframe. So we'll simply delete that keyframe, jump to the beginning, and tell it to Free Transform, Ctrl+T or Command+T. Set our beginning point, looks good. Jump to the end, Crtl+T or Command+T, and it makes it very easy to tell if you've got proper alignment. I want to a go ahead and clear that guide out and it's no longer part of my program.
Let's mute the audio and play that back. (video playing) There is my growing URL and it fades out.
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Vanda Pharmaceuticals Appoints Chief Commercial Officer
ROCKVILLE, Md., Oct. 24, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Nasdaq: VNDA) announced today that it has named Bob Repella as Senior Vice President, Chief Commercial Officer of the company.
Mr. Repella has more than 25 years of experience in the biotech/pharmaceutical industry, including senior-level leadership roles in global marketing, sales, new product development and commercial operations.
"We are very pleased to welcome Bob to the Vanda team," said Mihael Polymeropoulos, M.D., President and CEO of Vanda. "His depth of industry experience and proven track record across a wide spectrum of therapeutic areas are expected to be pivotal to the commercial success of Vanda's product pipeline."
Prior to joining Vanda, Mr. Repella was Senior Vice President of Pharmaceutical Operations for the America's Region at Cephalon, Inc. In this position, he was responsible for all commercial operations in North and South America, including brand marketing, sales, managed markets and new product planning. This included oversight of all therapeutic categories (CNS, Oncology and Pain), partnership agreements and the Mepha generics division.Before joining Cephalon, Mr. Repella was Executive Vice President and General Manager of the Biopharma Business Unit for Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. In this position, he was responsible for the global portfolio of products across Wyeth's immunology, oncology and hemophilia franchises. During his 16 years at Wyeth, Mr. Repella served in various roles in both marketing and sales, including Executive Vice President Pharmaceutical Sales, Marketing and Operations; Senior Vice President, Pharmaceutical Sales; and Vice President, Global Business Manager, Enbrel ®. Earlier in his career, Mr. Repella held positions with Johnson & Johnson's McNeil Pharmaceutical Division, Merck & Co., Inc. and Eli Lilly & Co. Mr. Repella received his Bachelors Degree in Pharmacy from Rutgers University and a Masters in Business Administration from Temple University. About Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of clinical-stage products for central nervous system disorders. For more on Vanda, please visit http://www.vandapharma.com/. Media Contact : Cristina Murphy+1-240-599-4500 firstname.lastname@example.com SOURCE Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.
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text: Retro Bakelite Style Alarm Clocks by Berry Red £12$22.89€15.80$20.09 6 customer reviews(6) In stock £2.75$5.24€3.62$4.60 mainland UK delivery - Order now and receive this item on or before Monday 5 January £2.75$5.24€3.62$4.60 mainland UK deliveryEstimated delivery: 5-7 days UK delivery only colour of alarm clockcolour of alarm clock (required)Red Alarm ClockBrown Alarm ClockGreen Alarm ClockPink Alarm Clockcolour of alarm clock (required)Red Alarm ClockBrown Alarm ClockGreen Alarm ClockPink Alarm Clockcolour of alarm clock (required)Red Alarm ClockBrown Alarm ClockGreen Alarm ClockPink Alarm Clockcolour of alarm clock (required)Red Alarm ClockBrown Alarm ClockGreen Alarm ClockPink Alarm Clock quantity by Berry Red Location: Herefordshire, GB read seller's profile see seller's complete range more items from this seller Desk Parcel Scale £17.50$33.38€23.04$29.30 Hotel Style Letter Rack £65$124.01€85.58$108.82 Classic Trim Telephone £45$85.85€59.25$75.34 Woodland Critters Bookends £24$45.78€31.60$40.18 Nancy And Johnny Knitted Toys £27.50$52.46€36.20$46.04 Vintage Book Style Notebook £18$34.34€23.70$30.13 view all you may also like PRODUCT DETAILS CUSTOMER REVIEWS DELIVERY RETURNS ask seller a question Bakelite Style Alarm Clocks Retro Bakelite Style Alarm Clocks in a choice of fabulous colours. Battery operated with illuminated dials and second hand. Easy to operate large on/off switch at the top of the clock (imperative when you are fumbling for the alarm at 6.30am)! Each measures 11cmx9cm and are great value for money, come boxed to make a fab gift. Sorry Green Alarm Clock temporarily sold out product code: 111722 6 customer reviews Tue 11 Nov 2014 looks perfect - haven't tried it out as it's a stocking filler for someone else. Wed 29 Jan 2014 Arrived on time, Great quality.Easy process and speedy delivery. Tue 17 Jul 2012 No comment supplied. Wed 22 Feb 2012 No comment supplied. Mon 24 Oct 2011 No comment supplied. Fri 25 Feb 2011 No comment supplied. see all customer reviews hide some customer reviews read about our product rating system ratings guide trusted independent customer feedbackforum excellent bad good poor This product is dispatched to you by Berry Red. MAINLAND UK order now and receive this item on or before price Standard Delivery Monday 5 January £2.75$5.24€3.62$4.60 NON-MAINLAND UK estimated delivery price Highlands & Islands of Scotland 2-5 daysfrom dispatch £2.75$5.24€3.62$4.60 Northern Ireland 2-5 daysfrom dispatch £2.75$5.24€3.62$4.60 Other UK Islands 2-5 daysfrom dispatch £4.95$9.44€6.51$8.28 INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY estimated delivery price Not currently available for this region You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. Berry Red's return policy


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Scripps Health part of first intercontinental kidney transplant chain
Scripps Health patients and doctors made history by participating in the first intercontinental kidney transplant paired donor chain, which started with a man in Greece and has grown to involve 10 organ donors and recipients.
The achievement was announced June 1 at at Scripps Green Hospital in La Jolla, Calif., and at the Embassy of Greece in Washington, D.C.
"This is a new and exciting era in organ transplantation," said Christopher Marsh, M.D., chief of transplant surgery at Scripps Green. "I hope this example motivates more people to donate their kidney to save lives."
Expanding the pool of available donors beyond family circles and even national borders means patients will spend less time undergoing dialysis and on organ transplant waiting lists.
"Everyone at the transplant center at Scripps Green is thrilled to be part of this new breakthrough approach that gets patients transplanted sooner," added Scripps Clinic transplant surgeon Jonathan Fisher, M.D., who participated in the news conference in Washington. "Dialysis can keep you alive, but a kidney transplant can give you your life back."
Already, the chain has saved five lives and involved four medical centers spread across the United States.
In San Diego County, Genene Wiebe, a 49-year-old mother of four from San Marcos, donated one of her kidneys to an Ohio woman on May 21. Her friend Bernard Tatum, 58, of San Diego, received a kidney from a man in Kentucky several weeks earlier.
Both procedures were performed at Scripps Green by Drs. Fisher, Marsh and Randolph Schaffer, who were all ranked among the top 1 percent of transplant surgeons in U.S. News & World Report's "Top Doctors" list in 2011.
Donor chain started by patient from Greece
The chain began when Greek patient Michalis Helmis received a kidney from an altruistic living donor – a 31-year-old woman from Oklahoma – after his wife agreed to give one of her kidneys to a 57-year-old man in Pennsylvania. That man's 43-year-old friend then gave one of his kidneys to a 57-year-old woman in Louisville, Ky. That woman's husband then gave one of his kidneys to Tatum in San Diego.
The chain is scheduled to continue with three more kidney paired donations and transplants in Atlanta and Denver, according to the Alliance for Paired Donation which arranged the exchanges.
Such exchanges have become more common in recent years as kidney patients have sought new ways to obtain healthy organs after failing to identify a relative who is a good match or spending years on a waiting list for organs from dead donors. Kidney paired donations occur when a donor who is incompatible with their designated recipient promises to donate their kidney to a stranger in order to enable their designee to receive a compatible kidney from another stranger.
Previous efforts to expand the pool of potential paired donation participants internationally have been blocked by national laws restricting the movement of organs across borders in order to prevent nefarious organ trafficking.
The newly announced intercontinental chain was made possible only after officials in Greece changed a law that required Greek patients to receive donated organs from close relatives. The move opened the door for the Greek national health insurance system to pay for Helmis' transplant and his wife's organ donation, which both occurred in Ohio.


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Complex social behaviour can select for variability in visual features: a case study in Polistes wasps.
ABSTRACT The ability to recognize individuals is common in animals; however, we know little about why the phenotypic variability necessary for individual recognition has evolved in some animals but not others. One possibility is that natural selection favours variability in some social contexts but not in others. Polistes fuscatus wasps have variable facial and abdominal markings used for individual recognition within their complex societies. Here, I explore whether social behaviour can select for variability by examining the relationship between social behaviour and variability in visual features (marking variability) across social wasp taxa. Analysis using a concentrated changes test demonstrates that marking variability is significantly associated with nesting strategy. Species with flexible nest-founding strategies have highly variable markings, whereas species without flexible nest-founding strategies have low marking variability. These results suggest that: (i) individual recognition may be widespread in the social wasps, and (ii) natural selection may play a role in the origin and maintenance of the variable distinctive markings. Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that species with flexible nesting strategies have reproductive transactions, a type of complex social behaviour predicted to require individual recognition. Therefore, the reproductive transactions of flexible species may select for highly variable individuals who are easy to identify as individuals. Further, selection for distinctiveness may provide an alternative explanation for the evolution of phenotypic diversity.
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ABSTRACT: Animals can influence their social environment by preferentially associating with certain conspecifics. Such preferential association has gained increasing theoretical attention, as it may influence social evolution and population dynamics. However, relatively little empirical work has examined the occurrence of preferential association and its effects on cooperative group formation. Here, we test the factors associated with cooperative group formation in Polistes dominulus nest-founding queen wasps. P. dominulus are a good system to study preferential association, as foundresses can nest alone or in groups and group membership is flexible. We found that both social and environmental factors were associated with partner choice. First, facial patterns were associated with cooperation. Wasps with more similar facial patterns were more likely to cooperate than wasps with less similar facial patterns. This preferential phenotypic association fits the theoretical criteria for the evolution of tag-based cooperation. Season was also associated with cooperation; wasps on early-season nests were more likely to cooperate than wasps on late-season nests. High levels of aggression by nest owners during initial interactions were also correlated with lower probabilities of subsequent cooperation, suggesting that nest owners have some control over group membership. Other factors including body weight, weight similarity and nest productivity were not linked with cooperation. Overall, multiple factors influence cooperation in paper wasps, including facial pattern similarity. The occurrence of preferential phenotypic association in paper wasps is quite interesting and may influence the evolution of cooperation and population divergence in this group.Journal of Evolutionary Biology 09/2013; · 3.48 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To be effective, signals must propagate through the environment and be detected by receivers. As a result, signal form evolves in response to both the constraints imposed by the transmission environment and receiver perceptual abilities. Little work has examined the extent to which signals may act as selective forces on receiver sensory systems to improve the efficacy of communication. If receivers benefit from accurate signal assessment, selection could favour sensory organs that improve discrimination of established signals. Here, we provide evidence that visual resolution coevolves with visual signals in Polistes wasps. Multiple Polistes species have variable facial patterns that function as social signals, whereas other species lack visual signals. Analysis of 19 Polistes species shows that maximum eye facet size is positively associated with both eye size and presence of visual signals. Relatively larger facets within the eye's acute zone improve resolution of small images, such as wasp facial signals. Therefore, sensory systems may evolve to optimize signal assessment. Sensory adaptations to facilitate signal detection may represent an overlooked area of the evolution of animal communication.Biology letters 01/2014; 10(4):20140254. · 3.35 Impact Factor
Article: Flight calls signal group and individual identity but not kinship in a cooperatively breeding bird.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In many complex societies, intricate communication and recognition systems may evolve to help support both direct and indirect benefits of group membership. In cooperatively breeding species where groups typically comprise relatives, both learned and innate vocal signals may serve as reliable cues for kin recognition. Here, we investigated vocal communication in the plural cooperatively breeding superb starling, Lamprotornis superbus, where flight calls-short, stereotyped vocalizations used when approaching conspecifics-may communicate kin relationships, group membership, and/or individual identity. We found that flight calls were most similar within individual repertoires but were also more similar within groups than within the larger population. Although starlings responded differently to playback of calls from their own versus other neighboring and distant social groups, call similarity was uncorrelated with genetic relatedness. Additionally, immigrant females showed similar patterns to birds born in the study population. Together, these results suggest that flight calls are learned signals that reflect social association but may also carry a signal of individuality. Flight calls, therefore, provide a reliable recognition mechanism for groups and may also be used to recognize individuals. In complex societies comprising related and unrelated individuals, signaling individuality and group association, rather than kinship, may be a route to cooperation.Behavioral Ecology 01/2013; 24(6):1279-1285. · 3.22 Impact Factor
Page 1
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2784
, 1955-1960
2004 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
features: a case study in
Complex social behaviour can select for variability in visual
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Received 15 April 2004
Accepted 27 April 2004
Published online16 August2004
Complex social behaviour can select for variability in
visual features: a case study in Polistes wasps
Elizabeth A. Tibbettsy
Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca,NY 14853, USA
The ability to recognize individuals is common in animals; however, we know little about why the pheno-
typic variability necessary for individual recognition has evolved in some animals but not others. One possi-
bility is that natural selection favours variability in some social contexts but not in others. Polistes fuscatus
wasps have variable facial and abdominal markings used for individual recognition within their complex
societies. Here, I explore whether social behaviour can select for variability by examining the relationship
between social behaviour and variability in visual features (marking variability) across social wasp taxa.
Analysis using a concentrated changes test demonstrates that marking variability is significantly associated
with nesting strategy. Species with flexible nest-founding strategies have highly variable markings, whereas
species without flexible nest-founding strategies have low marking variability. These results suggest that: (i)
individual recognition may be widespread in the social wasps, and (ii) natural selection may play a role in the
origin and maintenance of the variable distinctive markings. Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests
that species with flexible nesting strategies have reproductive transactions, a type of complex social behav-
iour predicted to require individual recognition. Therefore, the reproductive transactions of flexible species
may select for highly variable individuals who are easy to identify as individuals. Further, selection for dis-
tinctiveness may provide an alternative explanation for the evolution ofphenotypic diversity.
Keywords: individual recognition; skew theory; ornamentation; dominance hierarchies
The phenotypic diversity within a single species can be
remarkable, from the polymorphic underwings of Catocala
moths (Kamil & Bond 2001), to the white and blue colour
phases of the lesser snow goose (Cooke et al. 1995), to the
markedly different sizes and shapes of leaf-cutting
ants (Ho ¨lldobler & Roces 2001). Many different selection
pressures are thought to cause the phenotypic diversity
within species, ranging from sexual selection to frequency-
dependent selection. Benefits derived from being individu-
ally distinctive and easily recognizable may offer an
important, but largely neglected, explanation for the origin
and maintenance of phenotypic diversity (Beecher 1989;
Johnstone 1997; Daleet al.2001).
(reviewed in Dale et al. 2001). In every modality, the trait
used for recognition must be highly variable to allow accu-
rate discrimination of individuals (Dale et al. 2001). There
are two possible explanations for the evolution of the
phenotypic variability necessary for individual recognition:
(i) no selection favouring distinctiveness: the variability
could be neutral or functional in a non-recognition context
and have been co-opted for recognizing conspecifics; and
(ii) selection favouring distinctiveness: the variability could
benefit individuals by making them readily recognizable
and this benefit may have driven the evolution of pheno-
typic variability. One way to differentiate between these
alternatives is to test whether social behaviour predicted to
involve individual recognition is associated with frequent
gains and/or infrequent losses of variability. This type of
association supports the hypothesis that variability has
evolved because distinctiveness benefits individuals of spe-
cies with this social behaviour.
Theoretical work suggests that several types of complex
social behaviour could select for the kind of variable mark-
ings necessary for individual recognition, including terri-
toriality (Ydenberg et al. 1988), reciprocal altruism
(Crowley et al. 1996), monogamous pairing (Dale et al.
2001), dominance (Barnard & Burk 1979; Van Rhijn &
Vodegel 1980; Dawkins & Guilford 1991) and repro-
ductive transactions (when group members yield repro-
duction to each other in exchange for benefits in a manner
relationship between variability and social behaviour will
also provide valuable insight into which behaviours actually
select for distinctive, recognizable individuals, as little
empirical research hasaddressed this topic (Beecher 1989).
Social wasps in the genus Polistes are an attractive taxon
in which to examine whether social behaviour can select for
distinctiveness. First, it is known that individual recog-
nition occurs in at least one species in this genus. In Polistes
fuscatus, wasps use variation in facial and abdominal mark-
ings to recognize their nest-mates as individuals (Tibbetts
2002). Second, experimental results suggest that the social
behaviour of P. fuscatus may favour wasps with variable dis-
tinctive markings; easily recognizable wasps receive less
aggression from their nest-mates than unrecognizable
wasps (Tibbetts 2002). Third, Polistes is a large genus and
one finds diverse social behaviours of varying complexity
among its many species. Although specific information on
social behaviour is available for only a few Polistes species,
models). Examining the
yPresent address: ARL, Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ85721,USA (email@example.com).
Proc.R. Soc.Lond.B (2004)271,1955–1960
on May 24, 2011rspb.royalsocietypublishing.orgDownloaded from
Page 3
models and empirical data indicate that nest-founding
strategy is a useful proxy for social behaviour (Reeve & Kel-
ler 2001), and nest-founding strategies are well docu-
mented. Species have one of three nest-founding strategies:
multiple foundress (all nests are started by multiple foun-
dresses) single foundress (all nests are started by a single
foundress), or flexible (nests can be started by a single
foundress or by multiple foundresses). All Polistes species
have workers for much of the colony cycle. Workers and
queens have identical marking variability (Tibbetts 2002),
as workers are fertile and may become queens (Reeve et al.
1998). Here, I test for a relationship between nest-found-
ing strategyand markingvariability across the Polistes.
(i) If variable markings are associated with all nesting
strategies, no conclusion can be drawn, but the pat-
tern suggests that worker interactions may be suf-
ficient toselect forvariability.
(ii) If there is no association between variable markings
and nesting strategies, nesting strategy may not be a
useful proxy for social behaviour or social behaviour
may not haveselected forvariability in the Polistes.
(iii) A significant association between nesting strategy and
variable markings (a) suggests a role for natural selec-
tion in the origin and maintenance of variable, dis-
tinctive markings, and (b) provides insight into the
type of social behaviour that may select for distinc-
(a) Variability data
Information on the marking variability of each species was col-
lected by examining specimens from the Polistes collections at the
Museum of Natural History in New York, and Cornell University
in Ithaca, NY. All variability data were collected blind with respect
to species and social behaviour. Therefore, I was able to assess the
repeatability of variability scores by independently scoring the
variability of seven species in each museum. Variability was scored
only when at least 10 specimens of a species were available (the
mean number of specimens examined was 58; range 10–200). I
collected data on facial and abdominal variability, as both are used
for individual recognition in P. fuscatus (Tibbetts 2002). The
number of marking variants in a species was determined by count-
ing the number of facial or abdominal areas that varied and the
number of different marking variants for each of these areas.
Across the species examined, I found five discrete facial areas that
varied: inner eye, outer eye, clypeus edge, middle clypeus and
'eyebrow' (the area dorsal to the antennae; figure 1). There were
nine discrete abdominal areas that varied: the middle of each
abdominal segment (1–5) and the edge of abdominal segments 1–
4. I calculated the number of possible combinations of variable
areas and variants to get each species' total variability. For
example, in figure 1, there are three areas that vary and two var-
iants for each of these areas. Therefore, this species has 23¼ 8
total variants. This method of assessing a species' variability
assumes that marking areas vary independently of each other, an
appropriate assumption given the distribution of markings in P.
fuscatus (Tibbetts 2002). Further, this method of scoring a spe-
cies's variability provides an estimate of the maximum variability
of each species rather than the exact number of variants in each
species. Species with less than five variants on either face or abdo-
men were categorized as low variability species. All species with
five or more variants in either face or abdomen were termed high
variability species. I chose five variants as the cut-off point
between low and high variability species as I was looking for the
exceptional variability expected in a species selected for distinc-
tiveness; accurate discrimination of individuals requires that all
individuals on a nest have different markings. This cut-off point
was determined after gathering all variability data, but was blind
with respect to the variability of particular species and their social
behaviour. Most low variability species had one variant and the
most high variability species had eight or more variants, so the
results are not sensitive to the specific cut-off point. If eight
variants were used as the cut-off, the mean probability of the
observed association between variability and social behaviour
occurring by random chance is 0.010. If three variants were used
as the cut-off, the mean probability is 0.066. Therefore, any cut-
off between three and eight yields similar results.
Variability data were collected on 69 species of Polistes; 14 spe-
cies of Mischocyttarus, the genus most closely related to Polistes
(Carpenter 1996), were also examined to provide an outgroup.
(b) Behaviouraldata
Searching the literature yielded data on nest-founding strategies
of 25 Polistes species. I defined multiple-foundress species as those
in which more than 98% of nests were started by multiple foun-
dresses, and single-foundress species as those in which more than
98% of nests were started by a single foundress. Species with
intermediate rates of singly and multiply founded nests were cate-
gorized ashaving 'flexible' nest-founding strategies.
(c) Phylogenetic analysis
Carpenter's (1996) taxon-area phylogeny was used for the
analysis. His tree is based on a consensus tree that used 33 mor-
phological characters and species group distributions. Beha-
vioural data on 25 Polistes species and variability data on 69 Polistes
species plus an outgroup were mapped onto the tree using
MCCLADE (Maddison & Maddison 1992). The hypothesis that
inner eye
clypeus edge
middle clypeus
outer eye
Figure 1. Illustration of fourdifferent waspfaces. The five
general facial areas that varyacrosswasp taxa arelabelled.
1956E. A. Tibbetts
Complex social behaviour and visual featuresin Polistes wasps
Proc.R. Soc.Lond.B (2004)
on May 24, 2011rspb.royalsocietypublishing.orgDownloaded from
Page 4
changes in marking variability (dependent variable) are associated
with nest-founding strategy (independent variable) was tested
using Maddison's (1990) concentrated changes test. This test
examines whether changes in marking variability occur more fre-
quently on branches where species have the predicted nest-found-
ing strategy or an unknown nest-founding strategy than expected
by chance. The null hypothesis is that gains and losses of variable
markings are equally probable on every branch. Specifically, the
test addresses whether a flexible nesting strategy facilitates the
evolution of variability (if gains of variability are associated with
flexible nesting strategies) and/or the maintenance of variability
(losses of variability are not associated with flexible nesting strat-
egy). The number of gains and losses of variability was estimated
by MCCLADE, using the most parsimonious reconstruction of
character evolution (figure 2). The concentrated changes test is
sensitive to the number of gains and losses, so the data were also
analysed with the most conservative numbers of gains and losses
to ensure that the results were robust. Carpenter's (1996) phy-
logeny contains polytomies. As the concentrated changes test can-
not be performed with polytomies, all polytomies were randomly
resolved by MCCLADE. Then the concentrated changes test was
run for each of five randomly selected resolutions. The exact prob-
ability of the observed relationship occurring by chance was calcu-
lated by MCCLADE in most analyses. In two cases, exact values
could not be calculated, so probabilities were estimated with a
1000-iteration simulation.
(d) Correlation analysis
The relationship between marking variability and nesting strat-
egy was also analysed independently of phylogeny by using a v2
There was no relationship between the number of speci-
mens examined and the classification of a species with
respect to marking variability (high or low) (p ¼ 0:32,
t ¼ 1, d:f: ¼ 47). Therefore, the number of specimens
examined didnot bias the variability categorizations.
Specimens of seven species were examined in both
museums to determine the repeatability of variability cate-
gorizations. Three species were categorized as highly vari-
able in both museums, and four species were categorized as
low variability in both museums (Fisher's exact test:
p ¼ 0:028). Therefore, each sample was an accurate rep-
resentation of that species' true variability and my method
of scoring variability yielded consistent results, even
between museums.
The distribution of marking variability in 69 species of
Polistes is shown in figure 2. The ancestral state is low varia-
bility. Highly variable markings evolved a minimum of five
times. The distribution of marking variability and nest-
founding strategy in 25 Polistes species is shown in figure 3.
All eight species with highly variable markings have a flex-
ible nesting strategy, but there are four species with a
Figure 2. The distribution of marking variability among69
Polistes species using Carpenter's (1996)phylogeny. Black
indicates lowvariability. Grey indicates high variability. The
most parsimonious reconstruction of variability is shown.
Analysis wasalso performed using less parsimonious
reconstructions of variability (markedwith Aand B)to ensure
theresults arerobust.
Complex social behaviour and visualfeatures inPolistes wasps
E. A.Tibbetts 1957
Proc.R. Soc.Lond.B (2004)
on May 24, 2011 rspb.royalsocietypublishing.orgDownloaded from
Page 5
flexible nesting strategy that do not have highly variable
markings (P. olivaceous, P. lanio, P. metricus and P. car-
Table 1 gives the probabilities that the observed associ-
ation between changes in variability and nest-founding
strategy would occur through random chance. (Prob-
abilities are given for three reconstructions of ancestral
states and five random resolutions of the polytomies seen in
figure 3.) The probability of the observed association
occurring through random chance is below 0.05 for every
Similar results are found when the relationship between
nest-founding strategy and variability is analysed using a v2
analysis. There are 13 species with non-variable markings
and non-flexible nesting strategies, eight species with vari-
able markings and flexible nesting strategies, four species
with non-variable markings and flexible nesting strategies,
and zero species with variable markings and a non-flexible
nesting strategy. This distribution is significantly different
from random (v2¼ 12:7, p ¼ 0:0004). If the non-flexible
species are more specifically categorized into single-
foundress and multiple-foundress species, the statistical
difference between nesting strategy and variability is also
significantly different from
p ¼ 0:0017; 10 non-variable single-foundress species,
three non-variable multiple-foundress species, zero vari-
able single-foundress species, and zero variable multiple-
foundress species). Therefore, flexibly nesting species are
significantly more likely to have variable markings, regard-
less of whetherone controls forphylogeny.
random(v2¼ 12:7,
There are eight Polistes species with the kind of highly vari-
able markings necessary for individual recognition, sug-
gesting that individual recognition is widespread in the
Polistes. Further, gains of marking variability are signifi-
cantly clustered in areas of the phylogeny where species
have an unknown or flexible nest-founding strategy (foun-
dresses have the option of starting a nest alone or in a
group). In areas of the phylogeny where foundresses always
nest alone or always nest in a group, all species have
invariant markings. There is also a significant association
between nesting strategy and marking variability inde-
pendent of phylogenetic relationships; flexible species have
variable markings and non-flexible species have non-vari-
The robust association between marking variability and
flexible nesting strategies suggests that variable markings
have evolved because some aspect of flexible nest-founding
selects for distinctive individuals. The complex social
behaviour of flexible species is the most plausible selection
pressure, as markings are known to be a social signal, unob-
trusive without close interaction, and not associated with
physiological or behavioural differences (Tibbetts 2002).
Further, P. fuscatus who are easily recognizable received
less aggression from their nest-mates than P. fuscatus who
are unrecognizable, suggesting that being recognizable may
provide social benefits (Tibbetts 2002). Finally, theory and
empirical results indicate that flexible species (such as P.
fuscatus) have reproductive transactions (reviewed in Reeve
& Keller 2001), precisely the type of complex social behav-
iour predicted to favour distinctiveness (Beecher 1989;
Johnstone 1997; Daleetal. 2001).
Distinctiveness probably provides individual and colony-
level benefits in species with reproductive transactions. At
the individual level, distinctive wasps probably receive less
aggression than non-distinctive wasps. Theoretical and
empirical evidence indicates that, in flexible species, the
dominant foundress concedes a fraction of the group's
reproduction to the subordinate in exchange for the sub-
ordinate's help (reproductive transactions (Reeve & Rat-
nieks 1993; Reeve et al. 2000; Reeve & Keller 2001)). The
dominant makes such concessions because each subordi-
nate has the option of starting her own nest (Reeve 2000).
Precise reproductive shares vary with rank, so it is not sur-
prising that there is constant aggression between wasps of
adjacent ranks. Wasps of other ranks receive little
aggression, probably because they are not perceived as an
Figure 3. The distribution of marking variability andnest-
founding strategy in 25Polistes species. Black indicates low
variability. Grey indicates high variability. Underlined species
haveflexible nest-founding strategies. Other species are
multiple foundress or singlefoundress.
1958E. A. Tibbetts
Complex social behaviour and visual featuresin Polistes wasps
Proc.R. Soc.Lond.B (2004)
on May 24, 2011 rspb.royalsocietypublishing.orgDownloaded from