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A method and apparatus for producing thin film silicon solar cells by the deposition of successive passivation and silicon layers in a vacuum of low 10-4 to high 10-5 torr is disclosed. The method utilizes three principal sources: a semiconductor, gaseous ion and dopant. Evaporation at low vacuum is achieved by heating solid silicon indirectly in a crucible of refractory material or directly in a crucible of conductive material. Alternatively, the solid silicon can be heated indirectly with rf power. The gaseous plasma and dopant(s) are provided from suitable sources. The result is the deposition of semiconductor material and dopant in the presence of a gaseous plasma at low vacuum. The plasma eliminates contamination from the low vacuum.
1. A method for producing semiconductor solar cells comprising the steps of:
establishing a vacuum environment of low 10-4 to high 10-5 range;
positioning a deposition substrate in said vacuum environment;
introducing a gaseous plasma into said vacuum environment to replace the residual gases therein; and,
depositing successive passivation and semiconductor layers onto said deposition substrate in the presence of said gaseous plasma with at least some of said semiconductor layers being doped, said semiconductor layers being deposited by evaporation with the semiconductor material forming said semiconductor layers coming from a solid source.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said semiconductor material is silicon and further comprising the step of producing deposition silicon by indirectly heating solid silicon in a crucible of refractory materials that is heated by heating elements.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said semiconductor material is silicon and further comprising the step of producing deposition silicon by directly heating solid silicon in a crucible of conductive material by passing an electric current therethrough.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said semiconductor is silicon and further comprising the step of producing deposition silicon by inductively heating solid silicon.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of producing said gaseous plasma by passing the gas through a chamber having a heated tungsten element therein which produces electrons to ionize the gas.
6. A method for producing a heterostructure solar cell having microcrystal silicon superposed on amorphous silicon, said method comprising the steps of:
1. positioning a steel substrate in a vacuum environment;
2. establishing a vacuum of high 10-5 torr range and then heating the substrate to between 250� and 450� and introducing an ionized gas into said vacuum environment;
3. evaporating and depositing in sequence on the substrate the following layers of materials while a vacuum of a low 10-4 torr range is maintained:
(a) a passivation metal layer of 500 Angstroms,
(b) a n-doped silicon layer of 300 Angstroms,
(c) an intrinsic silicon layer of 5000 Angstroms; and,
(d) a p-doped silicon layer of 30 Angstroms.
4. after deposition of the p-doped silicon layer, raising the substrate temperature to 630� C. in a time of 5 to 10 minutes which is sufficiently long to establish a thermal equilibrium, but not too long to induce a crystallization of the amorphous layer of silicon deposited in Step 3;
5. after the 630� C. temperature is reached, depositing a p-layer of microcrystal silicon of a thickness of 500 Angstroms;
6. thereafter, lowering the temperature in a hydrogen plasma ambient to 250� C. in 10 to 30 minutes; and,
7. completing the solar cell by attaching thereto a top electrode.
7. A solar cell produced by the method of claim 6.
This is a continuation of co-pending application Ser. No. 497,400 filed on May 23, 1983, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 362,798 filed Mar. 29, 1982, abandoned, which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No. 087,282 filed Oct. 22, 1979, abandoned.
Solar cell research, development and production are great current technological activities. Two areas which have received attractions are the cost of materials for solar cell production and the efficiency of the solar cell performance. Emphasis has alos been made on the simplification of the production steps. The complexity, the cost and the operation of the involved production equipment do not seem to be the foremost in these considerations. This practice can be traced to the microelectronics technology. Not too many years ago was the birth of the transistors and solar cells and in fact they were essentially the same device. Now transistors have entered a maturity through miniaturization, contracting from millimeter into micrometer in linear dimensions, that is, a 103 folds reduction. On the other hand, the size of the solar cell, because of the very nature of light acceptance thermodynamics and a limited possibility of the augmentation of conversion efficiency, has no alternative but to expand. Current technology expanded solar cells from centimeter by 10 times and arrays of solar cells also by about 10 times. 103 fold enlargement, while a desirable goal, is not in sight. One possible reason is due to a transistor mentality. With this mentality, the expensive equipment and the meticulous processes are naturally accepted based on which the production proceeds.
The present invention is to design an approach which does not involve high technology of sophisticated equipment, and the operational process is simplified but still meets the requirement of basic physics. This invention is a modification of a part of my patent, U.S. Pat. No. 3,914,856, and its continuation to produce a vacuum evaporated thin film solar cell. This modification will be described in several inter-dependent constructions in the following.
Among several approaches to deposit semiconductor films, the vacuum evaporation is unique in three aspects, (i) fast deposition rate with a high percentage of material utilization, (ii) solid silicon is used which represents material and transportation convenience and cost saving, (iii) dopant materials will also be solid with low vapor pressure, thus the interference and contamination between dopands are minimized. In conventional practice, the ambient vacuum is 10-6 torr or better obtained by a diffusion pump action with cryogenic trapping, typically by liquid introgen or liquid helium. Under this condition, electron beam heating for vaporizing the material is found to be most convenient. There are several deficiencies in this practice:
(1) The cost of the facility and the operation of cryogenic source is expensive;
(2) The cost of electron beam system represents a large portion of the deposition system; and,
(3) Due to the involved high voltage operation, there is a radiation damage on the produced device from the electrons and x-rays generated by the electron beam.
The present invention aims to eliminate all these deficiencies through a modification of the processing methods and will be described according to three principal sources, semiconductor, gaseous ion and dopant.
In the following presentation, silicon will be used as a representative semiconductor material. It should be obvious that the same design is applicable to produce thin film solar cells made of materials such as germanium or silicon-germanium combination, selenium, or compound semiconductors. All these materials in solid form can be evaporated in crucibles.
A. Silicon source- If the evaporation is to be carried out at a low vacuum by eliminating the cryogenic facility, electron beam system will arc and spark, also the filament for electron emission will be deteriorated rapidly. Therefore, low vacuum and electron beam evaporation are incompatible. The present modification thus is to replace the electron beam system by several other designs. One design uses a resistive heating of graphite or conductive refractive material such as boron nitride or boron carbide. Another way is to use indirect heating with tungsten basket of the silicon contained crucible such as boron nitride or beryllium oxide. A third way is to heat inductively by introducing a radio frequency coil inside the vacuum system. It is important in all these installations to have a heat removal facility inside the vacuum system. A convenient method will be a closed water cooling shield and water circulated leads of the power carrying conduit.
The vacuum system is to be operated in low 10-4 to high 10-5 torr range, a condition can be readily obtained by a mechanical plus an ordinary diffusion pump. This low vacuum will also minimize the pumping time requirement. This low vacuum is adequate for evaporation from the point of view of silicon mean free path. The relation between the mean free path L, in centimeter and the vacuum pressure p in torr is given approximately by:
L=5�103 /p
Thus, when p=10-4 torr, L would be 50 cm, in the practical range of source-substrate separation.
B. Ion Source- The low vacuum represents a presence of various gaseous species in the system and they can react with the evaporation material to render the solar cell to a poor performance. The solar cell made of thin film configuration as described in my pending application actually consists, besides silicon, a small gas component, such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and so forth, but in an atomic or ionized state instead of a molecular state. This atomic or ionic gas now can be filled in the vacuum system which performs simultaneously two functions, a replacement of undesirable residue in the low vacuum and a purveyor of a small amount of the ingredient to achieve a defect annealing and morphology regulation of the silicon bulk.
The proper amount of this introduced gas will be decided by the amount required in the silicon composition, taken into consideration the concentration of the gas available on the deposted surface and the sticking coefficient.
The source of the gaseous ion is derived in the following manner:
(a) Mechanical construction: (i) Through a leak valve, the molecular gas of about 1 torr pressure is introduced into the vacuum system, (ii) Inside the vacuum system, the outlet of the leak valve is connected to the one end of a tungsten or a tantalum tubing of 1 cm inner diameter, 10 cm long, (iii) inside the tubing is a tungsten filament coil, 5 mm in diameter and 3 cm long, placed about 3 cm from the other end of tungsten tubing, (iv) this other end will closed by a flat tungsten plate with an orifice of 1 mm in diameter.
(b) Electrical connection: There are three electrical connections (i) heating the filament to incandescent temperature to emit electrons from the filament, (ii) a positive voltage with respect to the filament is connected to the tungsten tubing or to a grid inside the tubing to remove the electrons stripped out from hydrogen and to promote a production of hydrogen ions and (iii) a negative potential plate of a 3 mm hole in the center aligned with the center of the orifice of the end plate, with 5 mm separation between the plates, a negative potential is introduced to extract the ions, to orient the ions to the location of the substrate where the deposition is performed.
C. Dopant Source- In order to stress the economy and convenience, dopant source will be in solid form. For n-type dopant, arsenic or antimony metal in resistive heating boat such as tungsten or tantalum boat is satisfactory. For p-type, aluminum or boron can be used. Better uniformity is obtained with boron, however, a very high temperature of 1800� C. is required to evaporate boron.
A practical construction in the laboratory for boron source is to have a graphite rod of 5 mm diameter, 5 cm long, with constricted central portion of about 1 cm long with 2 to 3 mm diameter, with an indented hole to place a small boron piece. The two ends of the rod are tightly wrapped with tantalum foil as electrodes to be connected to heavy copper electrical lead. In order to avoid the excessively high temperature, a source of boron can be boron nitride or boron silicide. In the industrial production, the scale described above can be proportionally enlarged.
With above A, B and C, the principle installation of the solar cell production plant is complete. For the process of solar cell production, the description is contained in my patent application Ser. No. 362,798 filed Mar. 29, 1982 which in turn is a continuation of Ser. No. 087,282 filed Oct. 22, 1979 which are incorporated herein by reference, except that the deposition is to proceed in situ of a gaseous plasma environment instead of an incorporation of the ionized gas through a post annealing.
In the following, an example will be given to produce a heterostructure solar cell made of a superposition of microcrystal silicon onto amorphous silicon:
(i) The steel substrate is placed in a rotary dome inside the vacuum system for evaporation. After a vacuum of high 10-5 torr range is reached, the substrate is heated to between 250� and 450� C. and the gaseous ion is introduced into the system, then the following layers of materials are consecutively evaporated while a vacuum of a low 10-4 torr range is maintained:
(ii) a passivation metal layer of 500 Angstroms,
(iii) a n-doped silicon layer of 300 Angstroms,
(iv) an intrinsic silicon layer of 5000 Angstroms, and
(v) a p-doped silicon layer of 30 Angstroms.
(vi) These above silicon layers, because of the low substrate temperature, will be in amorphous form. At the end of (v), the substrate temperature is raised to 630� C. rapidly in a time of 5 to 10 minutes, sufficiently long to establish a thermal equilibrium, but not too long to induce a crystallization of the amorphous layers. After this temperature is established, a p-layer of silicon of a thickness of 500 Angstroms is deposited. This layer, because of the substrate temperature, will be microcrystal.
(vii) At the end of (vi), the temperature is lowered in a hydrogen plasma ambient to 250� C. in 10 to 30 minutes.
(viii) The complete solar cell is made by introducing the top electrode and top surface anti-reflection coating.
In conclusion, while the method employed to produce the individual sources is known in the practice, the combination to produce the desired objective of low technology requirement and low cost effectiveness is the heart of the present invention.
In the aspect of combination of silicon and electron source to produce plasma, it should be pointed out that this is different from the familiar ion plating deposition. The ion plating deposition is consisted of ionizing silicon and accelerating the ionized silicon to attain a high energy. As pointed out in the beginning of this patent description, the objectives of the present work is to have evaporating materials at low energy state to minimize the radiation damage during the processing.
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Two wrongs have never equaled one right.
Your self-imposed posting exile will not undo finding the soft porn link. The internet is an opened Pandora's Box, a genie no longer in a bottle. The nearly full manifestation of the First Amendment is here on the DP, and for good or bad this is the reality of unlimited free speech. Believe it, and keep posting whenever you want are my recommendations.
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Join us for the premier social media, marketing, and communications event, brought to you for a second year by SMT. Summer pricing ends August 29, so make sure to buy your pass now!
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A Man without a CountryHardback
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A Man Without a Country is Kurt Vonnegut's hilariously funny and razor-sharp look at life ("If I die--God forbid--I would like to go to heaven to ask somebody in charge up there, 'Hey, what was the good news and what was the bad news?"), art ("To practice any art, no matter how well or badly, is a way to make your soul grow. So do it."), politics ("I asked former Yankees pitcher Jim Bouton what he thought of our great victory over Iraq and he said, 'Mohammed Ali versus Mr. Rogers.'"), and the condition of the soul of America today ("What has happened to us?"). Based on short essays and speeches composed over the last five years and plentifully illustrated with artwork by the author throughout, A Man Without a Country gives us Vonnegut both speaking out with indignation and writing tenderly to his fellow Americans, sometimes joking, at other times hopeless, always searching.
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KURT VONNEGUT was among the few grandmasters of twentieth-century American letters, one without whom the very term American literature would mean much less than it does now. He was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, on November 11, 1922, and died on April 11, 2007, in New York City.


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Star Trek
10 Stories you might have missed: 'Star Trek's' Cumberbatch says he's not playing Khan
Posted on Saturday, Dec 15, 2012
In this installment of 10 Stories you might have missed: "Star Trek's" Benedict Cumberbatch says he's not playing Khan ...
A day at Bad Robot gives us a better look at 'Star Trek Into Darkness'
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I was afraid I'd missed the start of today's "Star Trek Into Darkness" event, but ended up making it in just enough time to get my green wristb ...
IMAX prologue to 'Star Trek Into Darkness' teases expertly and answers nothing
Posted on Monday, Dec 10, 2012
Earlier this evening, I took the biggest "Star Trek" fan I know to see the nine-minute prologue that will be screened in IMAX venues in front of the r ...
'Star Trek Into Darkness' teaser gives a first look at the sequel
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But for now, this 60 seconds of "Star Trek Into Darkness" will be heavily scrutinized and discussed and debated, and Paramount will indeed get ...
'Star Trek Into Darkness' gets an oddly familiar teaser poster
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As if there weren't already a thousand breathless rants revving up on message boards everywhere about the "Justice League" rumor that broke a few ...
Bruce Greenwood on helping Denzel in 'Flight' and returning to 'Star Trek'
Posted on Monday, Nov 5, 2012
There's a reason he got tapped to play JFK in "Seven Days," and there's a reason JJ Abrams cast him as Commander Pike, who had such a great cou ...
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So… take those two things into account when I tell you that Latino Review is reporting that Benicio Del Toro will be playing Khan Noonien Singh in th ...


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V.21 No.50 | 12/13/2012
DJ Tahnee spins an all-vinyl Roulette
Old-school DJ and noise musician Tahnee Udero played Song Roulette with us this week. She has a serious holiday music fetish—specifically Halloween and Christmas—that makes me dig her shows even more. Hear Udero spin Christmas music with DJ Mello on KUNM's Afternoon Freeform on Monday, Dec. 24, from 1:30-4 p.m. Listen online at kunm.org or tune your dial to 89.9 FM. Night owls can also tune in to Udero's Christmas edition of Music to Soothe the Savage Beast on Tuesday, Dec. 25, from 10 p.m.-1 a.m. Check out sound and video from her random tracks below.
Song Roulette
Vinyl Archaeologist Shares Random Tracks
Noise musician and DJ Tahnee Udero takes time out from recording her TAHNZzz debut album to spin an all-vinyl Roulette for us.
V.21 No.43 | 10/25/2012
Scaring up fun with cover bands, loudness war and Balkans Halloween
To celebrate the creepiest time of the year, get your spook on with 18 cover bands, 14 noise acts and one Bulgarian wedding band. Soak up all the gory details in this week's Music to Your Ears. Peruse the flyers after the jump.
Music to Your Ears
Plan your creepy, kooky, mysterious and spooky week of concert-going with a little help from Music to Your Ears.
V.21 No.34 | 8/23/2012
Aylin Gungor
Show Up!
Faits Divers
Diverse items coalesce at Small Engine
A Hawk and a Hacksaw with Drake Hardin and Mike Smith light up the Small Engine Gallery
V.20 No.48 | 12/1/2011
Flyer on the Wall
Desert Stars
An eclectic evening of jazz, noise and beatboxing at the Small Engine
V.20 No.44 | 11/3/2011
High Mayhem this weekend
High Mayhem Emerging Arts, the Santa Fe series that showcases Nuevo Mexicano and international sound art, enters it's 10th year this weekend. Samantha Anne Scott interviewed Raven Chacon about Mesa Ritual (one of his numerous projects), which will be performing Saturday. Read the article here.
V.20 No.36 | 9/8/2011
LissaIvy Tiegel
Excavating Evangelista
Carla Bozulich speaks an animal language
Carla Bozulich has crooned, screamed and keened her way across the musical spectrum, right to its noisiest end. Her name might ring a bell to fans of the vintage-inspired alt.country band The Geraldine Fibbers. Or perhaps she pops into mind for remaking Willie Nelson's Red Headed Stranger in its entirety. Way back in the early '90s she was part of the cheeky, sexualized rock group Ethyl Meatplow. Today she's the linchpin of Evangelista, a group that braids strange, moody threads of sound. The Alibi called Bozulich at home to talk about the creation process, emotional yin and yang, and positivity within the noise.
V.20 No.23 | 6/9/2011
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Some canoes on your list can't handle
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class 3 with a full load, and some are pigs on lake water.
I wouldn't worry about flare if a canoe is big enough and not overloaded. None of my bigwater lake or ww boats is flared, and they all run dry.
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The following centres provide Pediatric Dentistry services.
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The Hersham Dental Practice. The practice is in a nice old building in a conservation area facing the trees and flowers of the village green. We have made this small surgery... (Pediatric Dentistry Surrey)
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Ceramic Systems (Chertsey)are the pioneers of Cerec in the UK. We have been involved with this incredible technology since the early days of Cerec 1 and 2. Now over 500... (Pediatric Dentistry Surrey)
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The Richmond Road Dental Practice (Surrey). Our team of Kingston Upon Thames dentists and dental staff would like to extend a warm welcome to you and your family.The surgeries... (Pediatric Dentistry Surrey)
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Papa's Complejo Turístico
Papa's Complejo Turístico information
There's all sorts of stuff going on here, from beer-swilling boatmen to warbling American Idol wannabes hogging the karaoke machine. The eating options are equally varied, with a posh Chinese place (with dress code) and an outdoor ranchón (rural restaurant). Good fun if there's enough people.


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A stackable layer and stacked multilayer module are disclosed. Individual integrated circuit die are tested and processed at the wafer level to create vertical area interconnect vias for the routing of electrical signals from the active surface of the die to the inactive surface. Vias are formed at predefined locations on each die on the wafer. The wafer is passivated and the vias are filled with a conductive material. The bond pads on the die are exposed and a metalization reroute from the user-selected bond pads and vias is applied. The inactive surface of the wafer may be back thinned if desired. The wafer is then segmented to form thin, stackable layers that can be stacked and vertically electrically interconnected using the conductive vias, forming high-density electronic modules which may, in turn, be further stacked and interconnected to form larger more complex stacks.
1. A stackable layer comprised of:
A substrate having an active surface and an inactive surface, said active surface having active circuitry formed thereon, said active circuitry including at least one bond pad; means for electrically connecting said bond pad to a predefined location on said inactive surface.
2. The stackable layer of
3. The stackable layer of
4. A stackable layer comprised of:
A substrate having a first surface and a second surface, said first surface having at least one electrical connection point formed thereon, means for electrically connecting said electrical connection point to a predefined location on said inactive surface.
5. The stackable layer of
6. The stackable layer of
7. A ministack comprised of:
A first substrate having an active surface and an inactive surface, said active surface having active circuitry formed thereon, said active circuitry including at least one bond pad; means for electrically connecting said bond pad to a predefined location on said inactive surface; a second substrate with an active surface with active circuitry formed thereon, said active circuitry of said second substrate including at least one electrical contact point; means for electrical interconnection of said predefined location on said first substrate with said at least one electrical contact point of said second substrate; said first substrate and said second substrate bonded together to form a stack.
8. The ministack of
9. The ministack of
10. The ministack of
11. The ministack of
12. A stacked electronic module comprised of:
at least two ministacks of
13. The stacked electronic module of
14. The stacked electronic module of
[0001] The disclosed invention relates generally to high-density, stacked electronic modules. Specifically, the invention relates to stacked integrated circuit die that are interconnected using vertical area vias.
[0002] Industry continues to seek devices that allow high-density electronic circuitry to occupy a very small space. Satellites, space applications, military weaponry and surveillance, and consumer electronics all require ever-smaller electronic circuitry. It has been determined that stacking layers of electronic circuitry and vertically interconnecting the layers provides a significant increase in circuit density per unit area. Examples of related three-dimensional stacking inventions are disclosed in patents issued to common assignee, Irvine Sensors Corp. U.S. Pat. No. 6,560,109, U.S. Pat. No. 4,525,921, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,646,128, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0003] High-speed electronic applications operating in the gigahertz range create unique circuit design concerns with respect to capacitance, inductance and �time of flight� for electron travel. Shorter lead lengths within a high-speed circuit help minimize these design concerns. It has been determined that stacking of individual, unpackaged, integrated circuit die allows for a very small form factor, while achieving ultra-high circuit density and minimal lead lengths. But stacking of individual circuit die undesirably includes yield problems when a stack includes a failed layer, as well as complications related to interfacing, wire bonding and/or side-bussing of stacked integrated circuit die. Additionally, wirebonding interface interconnects creates longer lead lengths with associated problems of cross talk and electron time of flight. Side-bus interconnects on stacked integrated circuits are difficult to produce and the entire stack cannot be used if a single layer in the stack fails or is damaged during the manufacturing process but before final assembly.
[0004] Therefore, a need exists in the art which allows for the efficient, scalable stacking of integrated circuit die which reduces yield problems, manufacturing concerns and problems associated with wire bonding, side bussing and unnecessary lead lengths.
[0005] The present invention includes layers of individual, pretested die that are unpackaged. One or more vertical interconnect vias are formed on individual integrated circuit die at the wafer level to allow the subsequent interconnect of the die when they are stacked.
[0006] The surface of the wafer is passivated with a suitable insulative material and the vias filled with a conductive material. The die's individual bond pads are exposed through the passivation layer at the wafer level. The desired electrically conductive traces between the exposed bond pads and/or interconnect vias are applied the wafer level using well-established processes. The inactive side of the wafer may be back thinned if desired using conventional thinning techniques.
[0007] The individual die or array of die are then cut from the wafers and are bonded together and electrically interconnected at the predetermined vias and bond pads so as to form �ministacks� comprising two to four layers. Solder reflow, if appropriate is performed to provide electrical connection of the solder at the via bond interface. Alternatively, a Z-conductive epoxy may be used to bond and interconnect the layers. The mini-stacks are tested and assembled into larger stacks which are ensured of containing functional layers. The inactive surface of the bottom-most die in the stack may have vias or ball bonds which can be interconnected to external circuitry.
[0008] In this manner, very small form factor, multilayer stacks of individual circuit die are achieved with minimal lead lengths and without the use of external side bus conductors which are prone to damaged assembly or use.
[0009] Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a stackable, integrated circuit die layer that is highly reliable and which may be interconnected to adjacent layers using vertical area vias. It is yet a further object of the invention to provide a multilayer module comprised of such layers that is low-cost, easy to test and assemble in high volume and which is not prone to damage due to lack of external conductive traces.
[0010]FIG. 1 is a plan view of a wafer with individual integrated circuit die formed thereon.
[0011]FIG. 2 shows an integrated circuit die of the present invention with active circuitry, bond pads and vias formed thereon.
[0012]FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-section of a die of the present invention after application of a dielectric layer and conductive via fill.
[0013]FIG. 4 is a cross-section of the die of FIG. 3 after exposure of the bond pad and electrical interconnection to the via.
[0014]FIG. 5 shows two of the layers of the present invention in an electrically interconnected ministack.
[0015] Turning now to the figures wherein like numerals designate like elements among the several views, FIG. 1 shows a substrate such as a semiconductor wafer 1 with individual integrated circuit die 5 formed thereon. FIG. 2 illustrates a more detailed view of individual die 5 of wafer 1, showing active circuitry 10 formed on die 5 and bonding pads 15 in electrical connection with active circuitry 10 for the routing of signals and power into and out of die 5.
[0016] In the invention's preferred embodiment, die 5 are tested at the wafer level to ensure the use of functional die within a stack and to identify functional die or sets of die (arrays) on the wafer. Additionally, because of the flexibility of the invention, both individual die or matching layers of equal sized die arrays on a wafer may be concurrently processed under the proposed invention.
[0017]FIG. 1 further illustrates one or more vias 20 formed in each die 5 on wafer 1, at predetermined locations using industry standard dry etch or laser drill techniques, depending on the substrate material. Vias 20 are preferably 1-10 microns in diameter, extending completely through the substrate and may be formed using any process capable of creating high aspect ratio vias through the substrate.
[0018] Wafer passivation across all die on the wafer is performed to insulate circuitry and vias and to provide control of via capacitance. FIG. 3 shows a cross-section of a portion of die 5 after the application of passivation layer 25 over via 20 and bond pad 15. In the preferred embodiment, atomic layer deposition (ALD) of a suitable dielectric layer such as silicon oxide or thermal oxide is used to ensure pinhole free coverage and because of ALD's ability to control dielectric thickness and related via capacitance.
[0019] As can be seen in FIG. 3, an electrically conductive material 30 is then deposited in the vias, using, for instance, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) applied tungsten material to create an electrically conductive path through die 5.
[0020] The unique ability to vary the via formation, dielectric application and conductive via fill processes to control via diameter, dielectric thickness and via conductor diameter also allow the formation of various in situ passive components such as capacitors and resistors at and within the via sites and layer.
[0021] Turning now to FIG. 4, predetermined vias 20 and bond pads 15 are exposed through passivation layer 25 on each die 5 on the wafer using conventional photolithographic techniques. Conductive metalization interconnects 35 are formed to interconnect desired filled vias and/or bond pads on the die using industry standard techniques
[0022] After wafer level via/bond pad interconnection, the inactive surface of the wafer optionally may be back-thinned (not shown) using mechanical or chemical techniques as are well known it the art such as grinding and/or remote atmospheric plasma etching.
[0023] Further testing to identify functional die or die arrays is preferably performed prior to segmenting of the wafer into individual die or die arrays.
[0024] Die 5 are segmented from wafer 1 prior to interconnection and stacking.
[0025] Turning to FIG. 5, segmented die, preferably two to four die, are bonded together with an adhesive 40 and are electrically interconnected at predetermined vias and/or bond pads. Alternative preferred embodiments include using a Z-conductive epoxy such as ZTP8090FP available from AI Tech or a solder reflow technique to interconnect top layer vias and bond pads to lower layer bond pads or vias to form �ministacks� of die. If solder is used for interconnection, a suitable epoxy such as Epotek 353 from Epoxy Technology, is used for the bonding of the layers and the stack is reflowed to form the electrical connections. The use of a Z conductive epoxy desirably provides both the necessary adhesive and electrical connections for the layers.
[0026] In an alternative embodiment, micro-heat pipes may be inserted into the stack where in-stack power dissipation or stack thermal management is a concern.
[0027] As can be seen, under the present invention, a user may selectively process heterogeneous or homogenous integrated circuit die to form modular, scalable, building blocks of circuits. In this manner, each layer may be designed to form a building block of a desired circuit (e.g. op amp, ADC) that, in turn will be assembled into a final circuit of desired complexity. Alternatively, the ministack formed at this step may result in the final, desired circuit.
[0028] A further alternative preferred embodiment includes circuit design and die layout specifically providing for efficient bond pad and via locations and for the design of partial circuit �unit cell� layers, that can be assembled as layers to form complete circuits where the vias provide all unit cell interconnections necessary to realize full circuit functionality.
[0029] To maximize final stack yield, testing of the ministacks is performed prior to further incorporation into further assemblies. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the ministacks can be bonded and electrically interconnected together to form a stacked electronic module of greater circuit density.
[0030] It is important to note that the design and layout with respect to via formation and filling, bond pad exposure, interconnection metalization, and layer interconnection scheme must consider the layer-to-layer bond pad and via registration to ensure accurate and reliable bond pad and via interconnections when the layers are assembled.
[0031] By progressively testing and stacking die or die arrays, i.e. die to ministacks to final stacks, yield is greatly improved since a single failed layer or failed ministack is identified early in the manufacturing cycle under the present invention does not result in the loss of a completed multilayer stack.
[0032] From the foregoing description, it will be apparent the apparatus and method disclosed in this application will provide the significant functional benefits summarized in the introductory portion of the specification.
[0033] The following claims are intended not only to cover the specific embodiments disclosed, but also to cover the inventive concepts explained herein with the maximum breadth and comprehensiveness permitted by the prior art.
[0034] Many alterations and modifications may be made by those having ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, it must be understood that the illustrated embodiment has been set forth only for the purposes of example and that it should not be taken as limiting the invention as defined by the following claims. For example, notwithstanding the fact the elements of a claim are set forth below in a certain combination, it must be expressly understood that the invention includes other combinations of fewer, more or different elements, which are disclosed above even though not claimed in such combinations.
[0035] The words used in this specification to describe the invention and its various embodiments are to be understood not only in the sense of their commonly defined meanings, but to include by special definition in this specification structure, material or acts beyond the scope of the commonly defined meanings. Thus, if an element can be understood in the context of this specification as including more than one meaning, then its use in a claim must be understood as being generic to all possible meanings supported by the specification and by the word itself.
[0036] The definitions of the words or elements of the following claims are, therefore, defined in this specification to include not only the combination of elements which are literally set forth, but all equivalent structure, material or acts for performing substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain substantially the same result. In this sense it is therefore contemplated that an equivalent substitution of two or more elements may be made for any one of the elements in the claims below or that a single element may be substituted for two or more elements in a claim. Although elements may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, it is to be expressly understood that one or more elements from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination and that the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.
[0037] Insubstantial changes from the claimed subject matter as viewed by a person with ordinary skill in the art, now known or later devised, are expressly contemplated as being equivalently within the scope of the claims. Therefore, obvious substitutions now or later known to one with ordinary skill in the art are defined to be within the scope of the defined elements.
[0038] The claims are thus to be understood to include what is specifically illustrated and described above, what is conceptually equivalent, what can be obviously substituted and also what essentially incorporates the essential idea of the invention.
Referenced by
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Last Chance To Voice Your Opinion On Proposed ET Rover Pipeline
Today (12/18) is the last day you can let the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) know whether or not a 42" high-pressure raw natural gas pipeline should cross southern Lapeer County en route to Canada. Comments can be filed electronically at ferc.gov. Almont, Attica, Hadley, Imlay and Lapeer Township officials have all adopted resolutions opposing routing the proposed ET Rover pipeline through their townships
A Vary Cool Christmas Light Display [Video]
I don't need to tell you that at this time of year the internet is saturated with video's of Christmas light displays in sync with a music track. This video is from California and the house has around 70,000 lights, a 17 foot guitar, the piano is 19 feet and the drums are standard.
Joan Jett to Open for the Who's 50th Anniversary Tour
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Paul Rodgers Is 65 Years Old Today [Video]
Paul Rodgers also known as The Voice, will sometime today be blowing out 65 candles on his birthday cake. Paul Bernard Rodgers was born in Middlesbrough, England December 17,1949. His career started in 1968, when became a member of the group Free. Two years later in 1970 with the release of All Right Now
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New Netflix Instant Releases: January 2015
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text:
Sorry, all wrong
Cookies are the one biscuit to rule them all. They even have their own monster. Followed by any form of Christmas biscuit (M&S / Foxes)
I'm sorry but you're all wrong. I've been on this planet for 45 years now and there is only one biscuit to rule them all - the garibaldi.
I've travelled all over the world and eaten some bizarre things described as biscuits, but it's always great to come home to a cup of Earl Grey, a garibaldi, and British telly.
Last edited by tech_guy; 27th December 2008 at 09:24 PM. Reason: A visiting friend made an unsuitable observation for me!
Biscuit Browns!
Chocolate Hobnobs!
[sulk]I still have't forgiven whoever nicked my last one from the staff room[/sulk]
Please ignore all the buscuit suggestions above - they are all clearly from trolls as the true best biscuit is the Ginger Nut.
No, I'm probably stretching things a bit too far with the British telly bit.
So moving on my favorite chocolate bar has to be WISPA
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


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Most Popular in:
Medical Esthetics
New in Medical Esthetics (page 2 of 25)
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text:
More on Good Bishop Weigand
A reader sez:
I think bishop Weigand's decision to deny Gray Davis access to the Eucharist is a very significant move. Joseph Graham 'Gray' Davis has a serious dilemma. Being a California Democrat, he can't afford to be anything but a pro-choice radical, on the other hand, he relies on his Catholic identity for the votes of blue-collar and Hispanic Catholics. So, he can't outright reject the Church, on the other hand, he won't get anywhere close to the Catholic position on abortion. My bet is that in the coming days Davis is going to try to strong-arm Weigand for some sort of 'understanding' or shop around for a more sympathetic bishop. As for the former case, I don't think he has a chance: Weigand realizes that this is not only the right course to follow in order to shepherd an errant member of his flock, but also an important teaching moment for the Church. God willing, the good bishop will not budge. This, I'm sure, will infuriate a governor who considers it a divine right to have his way. And, if the past has anything to teach us, he will seek some sort of retribution ("Gov. Davis announces that he will panel a committee to investigate the malfeasance of the bishops in the current child abuse scandal").
Here's my hope: that this courageous action will be mirrored by other bishops, for the lives of the unborn, the good of the country, and for the souls of those politicians who have gone astray, adopting the ways of the world and not of God.


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|Hotel Monte Blanco Neaño - Cabaña de Bergantinos, 15115 Neaño, Spain (4.5 miles from Campara)
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|Apartamentos Turísticos Playa de Osmo Rua A Serra, s/n, 15114 Corme-Puerto, Spain (4.8 miles from Campara)
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|Hotel Playa de Laxe Avenida Cesareo Pondal, 27, 15117 Laxe, Spain (8.3 miles from Campara)
Score from 128 reviews: WonderfulHotel Playa de Laxe has a great location next to the beach, on Galicia's beautiful Costa da Morte. It offers wonderful sea views and free Wi-Fi access. This modern hotel has large, comfortable rooms. More…
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|Pazo do Souto Torre, 1, 15106 Carballo, Spain (8.7 miles from Campara)
Score from 43 reviews: Very goodThis charming, rural mansion is set in beautiful gardens and comes with an outdoor swimming pool. It is located in the lush Galician countryside, near the town of Carballo, on the Costa de la Muerte. More…
" Excellent staff and food. Very confortable room. I would return with my family! "
|Casa da Sebe O Castro Barizo, 15113 Barizo, Spain (1.6 miles from Campara)
Score from 19 reviews: ExcellentCasa da Sebe features a seasonal outdoor pool and offers rooms set in a lovely country house, which can be rented as a whole and accommodates up to 16 guests. More…
" Nice old stone house with garden and pool. Very close to a small white beach. One hour drive to Santiago. Don't miss the delicious breakfast. "
|Casa da Vasca Barizo Puerto, 42, 15113 Malpica, Spain (2.7 miles from Campara)
Score from 31 reviews: ExcellentAll rooms at this guest house offer free Wi-Fi and some have views of the Atlantic Ocean. The Casa Vasca also has a restaurant-dining room with sea views. More…
" I've een here for the second time already. Just love the location of this guesthouse. "
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Tag: moveaddict
The best Mac applications I used in 2010
As the end of 2010 approaches, I started looking back over the Mac applications that I used this year to see which ones stood out. They weren't necessarily released this year (although many were), but they were apps that helped me get stuff done in 2010. I didn't try to come up with some specific n...
SafeSleep lets you use safe sleep on demand on your Mac
Editor's note: This app is no longer being developed or supported by the original developer. If you've ever wanted more control over Apple's "safe sleep" mode, the free SafeSleep.app from Side Tree Software is for you. If you've never heard of it before, you might be wondering what "safe sleep...
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'Gotham' Recap: Characters Collide in 'LoveCraft'
As Alfred gets his hands dirty and Ivy reemerges, the Fox drama brings its cast together for a fall finale that's thin on real development.
As Alfred gets his hands dirty and Ivy reemerges, the Fox drama brings its cast together for a fall finale that's thin on real development.
A strong debut from the future villain and a surprisingly fun police plot still can't shake the drama's two-faced nature.
Gotham bruises its knuckles hammering away at another predictable plot, but at least the brutal violence delivers exactly what it promises.
As it closes its first act, Gotham gets a slight lift from some confident flourishes before sliding back into its uneven pattern.
Harvey Bullock's backstory gets a workover as Gordon, Montoya and the Penguin collide in a more confident episode of the Fox drama.
A street drug plot involving a precursor to Bane's Venom brings out the camp from Gotham's criminals in a much-needed turn of events.
The Fox drama attempts to bring a menacing madhouse onto the stage of the Dark Knight's dark city, but it instead simply offers up a frustratingly simple episode.
Eagle-eyed viewers may have noticed Robin Lord Taylor reprising his Season 4 guest role as "Hippie Sam" in the opening minutes of last night's episode. Warning: Spoilers!
The first hints of Batman arrive with the thud of a dropping body as Jim Gordon and company continue to struggle against Gotham.
With its second episode, Fox's Batman prequel still struggles to find its voice as the guest stars upstage the likes of Jim Gordon and Harvey Bullock.
With a kitchen sink approach to characters and a reliance on an ultra-serious tone, Fox's Gotham walks a rough line but holds a few intriguing twists.
Geoff Johns defends DC Entertainment's wide approach, while Marvel doubles down on the connections to its film universe as superheroes prepare to do battle on the small screen.


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The Algae Curtain-a is living photosynthesising textile installation that was developed as part of the Energy Futures Project by studio Loop.pH in Lille, France. Commissioned by EDF and Lille3000 for the Festival Fantastic 2012, it forms part of the ongoing research by Loop.pH studio into living metabolic textiles. The design is made up of transparent tubes knotted into large architectural drapes suspended in sunny windows. Living algae is pumped through the textile soaking up the daytime sun and photosynthesizing to produce a bio-fuel that can be used locally. Microscopic algae grow ten times faster than trees and can produce huge amounts of oil through photosynthesis. The Algae Curtain-a provides a permanent support infrastructure for the "Future Fruits" (the harvest of the energy) and together form micro-ecologies networked with a tangle of living plastic. The capsules can be considered an evolution of the everyday battery, but grown from living matter to be harvested.
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Porto, Portugal
Rua do Almada 262, Santo Ildefonso, 4050-032 Porto, Portugal – Show map
Excellent location – rated 9.1/10! (score from 2319 reviews)
Rated by guests after their stay at Pao de Acucar Hotel.
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429 properties in Porto
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2320 verified reviews
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Pao de Acucar Hotel's staff speaks: Portuguese, French, Spanish, English
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Hiking, Bicycle Rental, Library
Food & Drink
Bar, Breakfast in the Room
WiFi is available in all areas and is free of charge.
Wired internet is available in the business center and charges apply.
Public parking is available at a location nearby (reservation is not needed) and costs EUR 12 per day.
Room Service, Vending Machine (drinks), Car Rental, 24-Hour Front Desk, Express Check-in/Check-out, Tour Desk, Baggage Storage, Shared Lounge/TV Area, Laundry, Ironing Service, Daily Housekeeping, Fax/Photocopying
Safe, Non-smoking Rooms, Family Rooms, Elevator, All Spaces Non-Smoking (public and private), Air Conditioning
Portuguese, French, Spanish, English
From 2:00 PM
Until 12:00 PM
Cancellation and prepayment policies vary according to room type. Please enter the dates of your stay and check what conditions apply to your preferred room.
Children and Extra Beds
All children are welcome.
All children under 2 years stay free of charge when using existing beds.
Up to two older children or adults are charged EUR 30 per person per night for extra beds.
Up to two children under 2 years are charged EUR 18 per person per night in a crib.
The maximum number of extra beds/cribs in a room is 2.
Any type of extra bed or crib is upon request and needs to be confirmed by management.
Additional fees are not calculated automatically in the total cost and will have to be paid for separately during your stay.
Pets are not allowed.
Cards accepted at this property
Hover over the cards for more info.
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Based on 2319 reviews
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Occupying a 19th-century building in historic central Porto, Hotel Internacional features traditional Portuguese décor and an award-winning restaurant serving local cuisine.
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Situated in the heart of Porto, Flores Village Hotel & Spa is set on an 18th century historical building offers a complete wellness centre with a sauna and an indoor pool.
Score from 9 reviews Wonderful
- very friendly and positive personnel - location
- the room was very cold and the air conditioner wasn't strong enough. - lack of light
Everything was really great, rooms, staff, location, and even the museum of vintage things.
- people in the reception were very helpfull.
-we had too much humidity in the bathroom.
Poor breakfast
Location is very good in the center in walking distance from most of places of interest. Friendly and helpful personnel. Room with terrase is nice for summer time. In general good hotel for small price.
Very very small room. Parking in public garage for additional price. Not big choice for breakfast.
The breakfast area seemed too small for the number of guests on that particular weekend.
Housekeeping Situation for visiting Porto Vintage appearance Room Space Servicing
Very good location and convenient public traffic! Btw terrific staff there!!!!
Maybe, can provide electronic kettle in the future...
Very old bed linen room with dust and bad small breakfast without fresh fruit No room serviçe No restaurante ou facilities to bye food
love the terrace view, good breakfast, very fine location
room could be cleaner, carpet and wooden floor not vacuumed and toilet blocked. reception not surprised when i reported the blocked toilet
Nice hotel, in city center. Breakfast in fine, price is great)
Well located for access to most everything walkable in OPorto. Friendly staff. Nice outdoor balcony for breakfast. Quirky décor.
Map provided was totally inadequate with no clear streets or directions. Very frustrating. Took an hour plus to find. Other negative-policy on hand washing of clothes in room (substantial financial penalty for doing so). Washing one's undies rather than paying many euros for hotel wash seems reasonable.
Excellent, very friendly personnel.
Little space for the bathroom. Window on the terrace where other people could sit and make noise.
Large and comfortable rooms,great location Отел очень понравился!
Meager breakfast Скудный завтрак
Very well situated in the Center of Porto. Near all the monuments. Comfortable room and cute terrace to have breakfast! I really liked the retro décor!!! I would have liked to stay one more night at least!!! Definitely would come back!!
Not warned no bar at this time of year
The bathroom was lovely and modern and the wifi strength was good. The vintage features were a great character feature and the hotel was in a good location for seeing different parts of Porto. Nice pastries at breakfast too!
The rooms were like being transported to the 1940s and it just wasn't comfortable. Dim lighting and no seating area to watch TV, etc. No facility to make a hot drink (unless you wanted to pay for one downstairs).
It was quiet. I liked the ambience & location. Breakfast was excellent & plentiful. Very good for a budget hotel. I would certainly return Loved the recommendation for Guaramy restaurant nearby. We went twice!
I just want Giselle to know that she erred when she told us that it was 18.5 euros for a taxi to the dock to board the ship for our cruise. We paid that not realizing that the meter showed 6-8 euros! We are experienced travelers, not amateurs. Please ascertain the correct amount for future travelers. Otherwise she was very helpful and charming & her English was excellent.
Excellent location
Very poor breakfast
Decor was interesting in being retro so not a boring Euro Hotel
Weather was wet, but suspect that was beyond the control of the Hotel!!!
Location + calm rooms
Old not so clean carpets. Breakfast buffet
The breakfast
Staff, location for city, quirky hotel with bumper cars in the lounge!
Average breakfast.
On arrival we were upgraded to king room with no extra charges a nice surprise. Coffee machine. Nice expresso.
The heavy rain.
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Larry Cunningham (13 February 1938 - 28 September 2012) was an Irish country music singer, who was one of the leading figures of the showband scene in the 1960s and 1970s. Regarded as a "trailblazer" and "legend" in the music industry, he accomplished a series of "firsts" during his career. In 1964, Cunningham broke into the British charts with "Tribute to Jim Reeves", the first time an Irish artist had done such a thing.
Tracks (10)Last Played on BBCThe Memory of An Old Christmas Card
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The Memory of An Old Christmas Card
The Memory of An Old Christmas Card
Tribute To Jim Reeves (feat. The Mighty Avengers)
Tribute to Jim Reeves
Tribute to Jim Reeves
Good Old Country Music
Good Old Country Music
Showband Memories
Showband Memories
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65 total reviews
show reviews by reviewer type:
- All (65)
- | Bride (41)
- | Guest (9)
- | Wedding Party (2)
- | Parent of the Bride/Groom (7)
- | Groom (6)
Wedding: 12/29/2013
Some of the best wedding planning advice I received was to go for a videographer.... And as it turned out, my husband and I feel the money spent to have Stepheny from Black Sheep film our wedding day, was money VERY well spent!! (Like, the best money we spent towards our entire wedding, the video is THAT good!) I feel so lucky to have had the chance find Black Sheep through our venue's preferred vendor list and even luckier to have been able to book them for our wedding day. Stepheny is as personable and fun as she is professional. If you have not seen Black Sheep Filmwork's vimeo channel, you MUST! The videos speak for themselves. Although, Black Sheep may be a bit more expensive than other videographers, it is well worth it. Honestly, I can't imagine having had our wedding without Stepheny and her team. The film that they produced is beyond anything I could have imagined. My wedding day was a dream come true and to be able to watch it over and over again (and I have!) is absolutely priceless.
I'm a well-established professional wedding photographer here in Tucson, and when it came time to get married myself, Black Sheep was one of the first vendors I chose. I've seen them in action for years, and love their work and their working style. They're fun, great to hang out with, and their videos are like little awesome indie films of your wedding day.
Even still, I was unprepared for how amazing and personal and heartfelt and gorgeous our film was. It really did make us laugh and cry with tears of joy, and is an incredible record of the day we had and the people we love. Worth it, without a doubt.
Wedding: 12/15/2012
Being a photo/video enthusiast, I was skeptical about finding a videographer that would be able to capture our special day. After finding Black Sheep and reviewing through their portfolio, I was surprised to find myself watching every video in full without skipping parts as I was intrigued for every scene, even though it was with people I didn't know, as if I was watching a film/show. Black Sheep is not just about capturing moments, or reliving a day, or about finding surprises that you didn't know about, it is a well told story and beautiful cinematic art.
We had multiple ceremonies in a single day that we wanted to film, so we chose the full length documentary style for the morning ceremony, and selected the Wedding Film option for the evening ceremony and reception. The Wedding Film turned out absolutely amazing, and I know how intensive the amount of work is to put that together. Stepheny was so great to work with throughout the whole process, she has a glowing personality and is easy to work with with an exceptional attitude. Stepheny and her crew was so well organized and prepared, and worked so well with photographers, and blended into the environment that we were not aware they were there filming. The filming used a lot of camera techniques and I am now convinced that it is worth much more then just a still photo.
The highlight video is a great way to share with everyone the ceremony, but the Wedding Film will be cherished by ourselves forever. It is very well worth the investment.
Wedding: 10/31/2015
Caitlin and Tyler, 6/7/14. Mother of the Bride here. Eighteen months before wedding, going over the To Do List compiled by the bride and groom . . . . Date - Check! Venue - Check! Florist - Check! Photographer - Check! Videographer - WHOA! (Sound of screeching tires!) Do we really need a videographer? Sitting here, almost 6 months after the wedding, I can whole-heartedly and enthusiastically say definitely yes and DEFINITELY YES to Black Sheep Filmworks! You will be so glad to possess such a priceless, professional and awesome memento of the special day.
Having helped plan the wedding, I knew what flowers, decor, music, etc. the bridal couple had chosen for their day. The day of the wedding went so fast with so many things happening at once that I did not see or hear half of what was going on. I am extremely glad and most definitely thankful that Black Sheep was there to capture it all and do so in such an unobtrusive, stealthy manner that you actually forget that they are even there.
Stepheny is very creative, so observant and has a keen eye for possibilities. She staged vignettes using the setting and decor to create shots that were meaningful to us. She noticed that the 2 bridesmaids (bride's sisters) were wearing identical necklaces. She intuitively got a closeup shot of the two sisters then zoomed in onto the necklaces (which were a gift from the bride). All this was done without anyone actually knowing it was happening. Pretty cool!
Stepheny's prep work with the bride and groom, prior to day of the wedding, is complete, informative and definitely an integral part of the final product.
Special to me is that my elderly parents, who were not able to attend their granddaughter's wedding, were able to enjoy and see the day on video. The bride posted the 3 minute video (included in the package that we purchased) online to share. Apparently, my mother cried tears of joy as she watched it. Can't wait to show her the complete video. Bring on the tissues!
Wedding: 6/14/2014
She was great. Very professional and accommodating to our requests. The final product looks great!
Wedding: 6/7/2014
I fell in love with Black Sheep Filmworks after watching a number of their wedding previews (how could you not, you've seen them, right?!) and knew we had to have Stepheny and her team for our wedding day.
The final product was unbelievable! Black Sheep captured details that (unfortunately) escaped our photographer. From the shots of the décor, to the wedding party getting ready, to the ceremony, to the reception—everything was so well represented and sewn together in this magical, heartfelt, amorous gift! Stepheny strived to incorporate any and all elements that were important to us (shots of my grandparents whose anniversary it was, DIY decorations made by family and friends, the Eegees we served pre-ceremony….I could go on and on). Your wedding day goes by so fast and you don't get to see or be a part of everything that's happening….that's why you need Black Sheep to be there…to allow you to look back on the day you've planned so meticulously and see how nervous/adorable your groom was getting ready, to see guests arriving and mingling, and everyone having a spectacular time on the dance floor and at the photo booth. Black Sheep will be your eyes, ears and creator of the greatest wedding gift you'll receive.
And though you may want to see your wedding film immediately after the wedding, be patient. It will all be worth the wait. In fact, I think it made everything sweeter… coming off of the wedding high and settling in to newlywed life…it was a perfect "3 month anniversary gift".
You'll put so much effort into planning your perfect day and it'll go by in the blink of an eye—Black Sheep Filmworks will preserve this perfect day forever like no other videographer could. Stepheny will make a video that so uniquely represents you and your partner that you'll wonder how long you've known her! She's incredibly talented, professional, and creative.
Don't hesitate, book now….like, yesterday!
Wedding: 6/14/2014
We are SO glad that Black Sheep Filmworks was a part of our wedding! Stepheny was so helpful throughout the process- communicating with us beforehand, helping us out on the actual big day, and then sending us the product when promised afterwards. We are amazed at the footage she was able to get, because for most of the wedding we really did not know that she and her crew were there. And we absolutely love our wedding preview! Stepheny is incredibly talented, and she was able to capture the mood of our wedding so well in such a short video. It tells such a beautiful story and it is unique to us. We highly recommend Stepheny for any wedding in Tucson!
Wedding: 4/12/2014
I never really thought having a videographer at my wedding was something I wanted to do. I didn't want someone with a videocamera in my guests faces or in the way asking stupid questions, and then I saw a video done by Black Sheep. It was amazing, beautiful and provided a wonderful way to remember such an important day. I knew I had to have Black Sheep at my wedding. I didn't even shop around for videographers because I knew that no one could do a better job.
Stepheny Keith is an invaluable member of any wedding team. She is so much fun to have around during your big day, and her talent is unmeasurable.
Without our wedding video from Black Sheep, I would have missed out on so many things that went on at my wedding. They captured so many things that were so special. I still watch my video on a daily basis and it takes me back to my wedding day like it was yesterday.
I know weddings are costly, but having Black Sheep Filmworks at your wedding is worth every penny and I guarantee you won't regret it. Stepheny's work gives you something to hold on to that even an amazing photographer can't.
Wedding: 5/31/2014
If you are debating the need of a wedding videographer, don't - Black Sheep Filmworks is an absolute must have! Our wedding film turned out amazing! Stepheny makes you feel very comfortable and the shots they get are something right out of a movie. We love our wedding photos but the video truly brings back all the feelings we had on our special day and captures all the love and joy. It made us cry and laugh all over again. It will be something I cherish forever. Out of all the money we spent on our wedding I feel like the Black Sheep Filmworks was by far the most worth it. My advice to my brides to be: don't go without a videographer even if you have to cut your budget elsewhere you wont regret it, I promise.
Wedding: 4/12/2014
Like most men, it comes as shock when they find out how much weddings cost. In my case, my (now) husband fought me on everything,"isn't there anywhere else that is less expensive?". Well of course, but the quality is what you are really looking for when planning your perfect day!!
Yes, he also fought me on having a videographer. He thought the investment was too much (it's really not in the grand scheme), we already had a photographer, and our memories were enough. I persisted and insisted on have Stepheny Keith be our videographer! Up until the wedding day he thought it was the dumbest thing I could have spent our money on, but I knew once we got our video back he'd be thanking me for being so insistent.
Well, we just got our wedding video back and can you guess, he thanked me for being insistent on having a videographer!!! My jaw dropped, but was happy he came to his sense!
Stepheny captured our day beautifully!!! She's truly an artist and WE are SOOOO HAPPY we invested a little money to have a video we can watch throughout the years as we grow old together. Thank you stepheny from the bottom of our hearts!!! We loved the video!! There are no words to describe how happy we are with the video!!!
Thank you, Nikola! I'm so happy you love the video AND I'm very happy that Sean "saw the light"! We need to spread the word that a wedding video isn't a luxury, it's a necessity. Your wedding day only happens once, and as you know, it goes by in a fl...
Wedding: 3/21/2014
Stepheny created the most beautiful, tear provoking, and memorable video for us. I was very hesitant on spending the money on a video but I am BEYOND THANKFUL that I chose her. It was worth every single penny and I would have paid double had I seen the final product when I signed the contract.
She is a true artist. She captured our day so perfectly and now we have her incredible work to cherish for the rest of our lives.
If you are debating whether or not to go with her or do a video at all. STOP debating now, you have found the best that there is.
Just hope she is available.
Here is the link to video she did for us:
Wedding: 4/11/2014
Stepheny Keith and her team from Black Sheep Filmworks did an amazing job! So many little 'events' build up to make your wedding day. From the 'Getting Ready' part to the Ceremony, Pictures, Reception and Cutting the Cake part and more. Stepheny and her team were able to take all these special parts and all these special people and work these into a fabulous video that captured the flavor and essence of our wedding day. They carefully recorded all of these precious moments into something that will last a life time and for generations. Professional, experienced, meticulous, none-obtrusive, creative, attention to detail, all these describe our experience with them. We highly recommend Black Sheep Filmworks.
Wedding: 3/7/2014
I was a little skeptical about hiring a videographer for my March 2014 wedding, but hiring Black Sheep was by far the best decision I made in the planning process. Stepheny was phenomenal! So easy to work with and our final product is outstanding!! The day goes by so quickly and it is so fun to be able to look back and relive the details and emotions. Her videos tell a story and the incorporation of our audio (vows, toasts, letters, etc) fits so well with the details she captured.
Stepheny was amazing and every bride should make some room in their budget for Black Sheep Filmworks! It was the best money we spent... aside from my dress ;)
Wedding: 4/14/2012
Video was never on my list of must haves, until I started investigating and ran across black sheep. After seeing the amazing previews of other brides weddings, I knew if I did video, it would be with Black Sheep, hands down!
Our wedding day was fantastic and Black Sheep captured every moment perfectly and even included extras that I wasn't expecting. The finished product was amazing and has been viewed many times by friends, family and of course by me and my husband. I would recommend Black Sheep, hands down and I was so happy to have worked with Stepheny and her crew. Thank you for everything!!
Wedding: 5/31/2008
Stepheny did an amazing job for my daughters wedding. If I had to choose between still photos and a video I would choose the video......it brings back everything....sight and sound!
Wedding: 4/7/2008
First I have to admit videography on our wedding day was not our top priority. Being professional photographers we expensed most of our budget to the venue and photography. A few months out we re-evaluated. We asked ourselves what was most important to us as a couple (and not our guests) and what would stand the test of time after such a special day. My husband Eric loves the art of film making and knows the emotional affect it creates. So we decided to research it further and that's when we found Black Sheep Filmworks (which I believe was referred to us by our venue). When meeting Stepheny for the first time we instantly knew that this was going to be a very important investment and the most rewarding. We were actually a bit embarrassed because we hadn't realized this, the value and longevity. After our first consult we walked away knowing we had made the right decision and re-arranged our budget to make it happen. Thankfully she was available on our wedding day (something that doesn't happen very often in the wedding industry - being so close to the date).
We couldn't have been happier with the results. Black Sheep + team achieved something that can never be replaced or replicated. We gained a new friend (we're still connecting with Stepheny), footage that we can show our children and memories that take us back to our day like it was yesterday. We also watch our video every year on our anniversary. Life takes over and we all get busy but this video reminds us why we fell in love!
Thank you again Stepheny. We loved having you there ... by the end you felt like part of our family.
Wedding: 3/24/2012
My husband and I hired Stepheny and Black Sheep to film our wedding last year and I can't even begin to express how grateful we are for our amazing video! The service and professionalism that you receive as a Black Sheep client really astounding; they do a fantastic job of accommodating just what you want and go above and beyond to make that happen. At first we weren't even sure if we really wanted a video, but after visiting the Black Sheep Vimeo site I was hooked!
Above all else, they were able to capture one of the happiest events of our lives and all of our friends and family that shared in that day with us. We now have something incredible to share with our children, and we have the best memento we could've ever asked for, all thanks to Stepheny and Black Sheep!! :)
Wedding: 3/26/2011
Black Sheep is amazing. We almost didn't do a video but are so thankful we did. It is so special too look back on the day in this way and they have done such a wonderful job!
Wedding: 3/28/2013
I couldn't be more happy with Stepheny and her team! They are all so friendly and worked great with my photographer. The video is so much more than I thought it would be and I cry every time I watch it! She captured every big moment and even things I didn't think she'd get because I thought no one was watching. I would absolutely recommend Black Sheep Filmworks to anyone looking to remember their wedding day for the rest of their lives!
Wedding: 9/27/2013
Arrived on Time and included all the little details that I would have never thought to be important but they were included and made for an amazing video. She interviewed myself as well as the groom and guests to make our video very special. I would recommend Black Sheep Filmworks to anyone. The price reflects the work and the work is absolutely amazing and gorgeous. Do not go cheap on a photographer or a videographer because they are the only memories you will have of your one special day with that special someone. I know I have all my beautiful memories and I watch my film over and over and over again. Absolutely amazing company to work with and to capture your day. You deserve the best on your wedding day so why not have Black Sheep Filmworks?!
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We believe that every wedding is an amazing event that should be captured unobtrusively and produced with your style. Owner Stepheny Keith and her wonderful staff document only one event a day, assuring you their undivided attention. This attention to detail makes Black Sheep Video "stand out from the flock!"
- Price Range: $$
awards and affiliations
- The Knot Best Of Weddings 2014
- The Knot Best Of Weddings 2013
- The Knot Best Of Weddings 2011