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Viz Media
Publisher Viz
Genre Horror
Age Rating Older Teen
Price $9.99
Kurôzu-cho, a small fogbound town on the coast of Japan, is cursed. According to Shuichi Saito, the withdrawn boyfriend of teenager Kirie Goshima, their town is haunted not by a person or being but by a pattern: uzumaki, the spiral, the hypnotic secret shape of the world. It manifests itself in everything from seashells and whirlpools in water to the spiral marks on people's bodies, the insane obsessions of Shuichi's father and the voice from the cochlea in our inner ear. As the madness spreads, the inhabitants of Kurôzu-cho are pulled ever deeper into a whirlpool from which there is no return!
What's impressive with Uzumaki isn't simply that Ito tells us a horrifying tale or depicts terrifying art but he manages to do both by combining both elements--the perfect synthesis of sequential art and text. Without one element, the other simply won't work. In this manga, Ito starts with a simple shape, a spiral, and transforms it into something gruesome and scary. However, we also have a long story that grounds us in an interconnected narrative although that isn't apparent yet in this particular volume. There are six chapters in this manga, each one a short story on its own, yet the first chapter begins the conspiracy of Uzumaki.
While Uzumaki isn't a new release per se, Viz re-released it a few months ago and re-packaged it in a smaller but cheaper format, as well as keeping the right-to-left reading format. Moreover, it now comes with a sleek black cover with the illustration of the female character embossed on it--an improvement in my opinion over the old cover art (which was too colorful). The sound effects in this manga has been translated into English and probably makes a lot more sense to non-Japanese readers. As for the art, Ito is quite detailed and this is easily his best work as he emphasizes the spirals that is the source of the horror in this particular title. The story is gripping and ensnares you into its ludicrousness, which I think wouldn't have been possible without the illustrations to back it up.
The first volume ends on a good note, giving one enough closure but at the same time leaves room for expansion. I already owned the previous version of Uzumaki yet I bought this copy anyway and I feel it was worth it. Astute readers will be rewarded for it is here that the seeds of the epic finale is planted. Nonetheless, you don't need to read its sequels to enjoy this particular volume. Highly recommended unless you're prone to fits of terror and vertigo.
Easily the best horror manga available.
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A cadmium and zinc hyperaccumulating subspecies from Thlaspi caerulescense and methods for removing or recovering cadmium and zinc from soils by cultivating the Thlaspi caerulescense subspecies on soils containing cadmium and zinc.
1. A method of recovering cadmium and/or zinc from arable soil containing cadmium and/or zinc, comprising:
(a) cultivating in said arable soil at least one Thlaspi caerulescens plant that accumulates from about 1000 to about 2600 mg cadmium/kg in above-ground tissues on dry weight basis and/or from about 15,000 to about 26,000 mg zinc/kg in above�ground tissues on dry weight basis under conditions sufficient to permit said at least one Thlaspi caerulescens plant to accumulate such amounts of cadmium and/or zinc; and
(b) recovering the accumulated cadmium and/or zinc; wherein said at least one Thlaspi caerulescens plant is Thlaspi caerulescens genotype G15, seed of which have been deposited under ATCC Accession No: 203439.
2. An isolated Thlaspi caerulescens plant cultivated on arable soil containing cadmium and/or zinc, said plant accumulates in above-ground tissues cadmium at a concentration of from about 100 mg/kg to about 6000 mg/kg dry weight of said tissues and/or zinc at a concentration of from about 5000 mg/kg to about 30,000 mg/kg dry weight of said tissues, wherein said plant is Thlaspi caerulescens genotype G15, seed of which have been deposited under ATCC Accession No: 203439.
3. A Thlaspi caerulescens G15 seed as deposited with the ATCC having Accession No: 203439.
4. Cultivated Thlaspi caerulescens genotype G15, seed of which have been deposited under ATCC Accession No: 203439.
This application is a 371 of PCT/US99/27731 filed Nov. 23, 1999, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/109,427, filed Nov. 23, 1998.
Part of the work performed during development of this invention utilized U.S. Government funds. The U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to plants that hyperaccumulate cadmium and zinc and the use thereof to recover cadmium and zinc from soil.
2. Related Art
Industrial practices such as mining, smelting, and disposing of manufacturing wastes have increased the concentration of toxic metals in the environment. For example, at many zinc mining and smelting sites, levels of zinc and cadmium in soil have become so high that few plants survive, resulting in severe disruption of local ecosystems. Once zinc and cadmium enter the soil, their removal is difficult since they are relatively immobile, and do not degrade into less toxic substances. The size of areas affected by smelter and mine wastes are usually so large that engineering methods of soil remediation, such as soil removal and replacement, are too expensive to be practical (Cunningham et al., Trends Biotechnol. 13:393�397 (1995)).
The ability of certain plant species to grow in metal-contaminated soil, and to actively accumulate heavy metals in their tissues, has created an interest in using such plants to extract metals from soil to recover the metals and/or to decontaminate the soil. For example, hyperaccumulators can be used to reduce the level of cadmium in rice paddies deposited from mine wastes. Prolonged consumption of rice grain produced on contaminated fields can harm human and animal health even if the cadmium concentration is low. A concentration as low as about 1.0 ppm Cd can cause harm if the rice is grown on soil with little ability to adsorb Cd. In addition, high levels of soil metals deposited by, for example, an industrial accident, can be removed using hyperaccumulators. Such removal would be economically feasible.
Growing plants, including crops, on contaminated soil to extract contaminants is referred to as phytoextraction. This method is particularly effective in arable contaminated soils because it causes little disruption or dispersal, while preserving soil fertility and landscapes.
It has long been known that certain types of soil and geological materials, including serpentine, lateritic serpentine, ultramafic and meteor-impacted soils are rich in nickel and cobalt and other metals. These soils can be conventionally mined or cultivated with metal-accumulating plants. Using plants to extract metals from such mineralized (geogenic) soils is referred to as phytomining.
Thlaspi caerulescens (alpine pennycress), a non-crop member of the Brassicaccae family, is zinc- and cadmium-tolerant and can accumulate exceptionally high levels of both metals in its shoot tissue. However, the usefulness of T. caerulescens for soil remediation is thought to be limited by its small size (about 15 cm high), slow growth rate and rosette growth habit which would make mechanical harvesting difficult. Dry weight yield over a 6-month growing season has been estimated at 5 t ha−1 (Chaney et al., Current Opinion in Biotech. 8: 279�284 (1997)). Based on the results of preliminary greenhouse and field studies, the time required for phytoremediation of zinc-contaminated soils using T. caerulescens has been estimated to be between 13 and 28 years.
Brown et al., Environ. Sci. Technol 29:1581�1585 (1995), performed a 2-year field study in which T. caerulescens, Silene vulgaris (bladder campion, a zinc-tolerant non-hyperaccumulator) and lettuce were grown to maturity or for 2.5 to 4.5 months on plots which had received three different biosolids treatments at least 13 years previously. The pH of each plot was adjusted to two levels (about pH 5.0 and about pH 6.5) such that full plots existed in the field for lower and higher soil pH. Three replications of each plot were cropped for the study. The metal contents of the bio solids-treated soils were 119, 144 and 181 mg/kg Zn and 1.0, 3.0 and 5.5 mg/kg Cd, respectively. Shoot zinc concentration was highest in T. caerulescens with a maximum of 4440 mg/kg. The cadmium concentration of T. caerulescens, which reached a maximum of 28 mg/kg on the soil with the highest metal concentration and the lowest pH, was not significantly different from that of lettuce, but was higher than that of S. vulgaris (18 mg/kg Cd). However, the authors suggested that S. vulgaris may be the better choice for phytoremediation of cadmium because, although it accumulated a lower concentration of cadmium in its shoot tissue than T. caerulescens, the more vigorous growth of S. vulgaris would make it easier to establish and harvest.
Baker et al., �In situ Decontamination of Heavy Metal Polluted Soils Using Crops of Metal-accumulating Plants�A Feasibility Study,� in In Situ Bioreclamation: Applications and Investigations for Hydrocarbon and Contaminated Site Remediation, R. F. Hinchee and R. F. Olfenbuttel (eds.), Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, Mass., pp. 600�605 (1991), conducted a greenhouse study in which three hyperaccumulators (Thlaspi caerulescens, Alyssum lesbiacum and Alyssum murale) and three non-hyperaccumulators (Brassica oleracea (cabbage), raphanus sativus (radish) and Arabidopsis thaliana) were grown for 5 weeks on soil to which high-metal sewage sludge had been applied from 1942 to 1961, resulting in a metal content of 380 mg/kg Zn and 11 mg/kg Cd, both in excess of European (EEC) regulatory levels, i.e., 300 mg/kg Zn and 3.0 mg/kg Cd. However, the hyperaccumulator plants did not accumulate economically useful levels of metals from the contaminated soil. For example, the zinc content in T. caerulescens leaves was about 2000 mg/kg dry weight and the cadmium content was about 20 mg/kg dry weight.
In a field study, Baker et al., Resources, Conservation and Recycling 11:41�49 (1994), grew six hyperaccumulator species, including two populations of T. caerulescens, and three non-accumulator species, including Brassica napus (rapeseed) and radish, for 5�6 months on sludge-polluted soil containing 444 mg/kg Zn and 13.6 mg/kg Cd, pH 6.6. The maximum zinc concentration in the above-ground biomass of T. caerulescens was 6500 mg/kg. T. caerulescens had the highest rate of zinc removal from the soil extracting 30 kg/ha zinc.
In view of the results obtained with known zinc and cadmium hyperaccumulating plants, it would be desirable to have larger and/or more vigorous hyperaccumulator plants that could remove more metals from soil more efficiently for phytoextraction for value and for soil decontamination wherein metal recovery from the plants is not cost effective, but the process effectively removes soil contaminants. Generally, for phytoremediation and/or phytoextraction, the soil contains greater than about 1.0 ppm to about 10,000 ppm Cd and/or greater than about 300 ppm to about 100,000�150,000 ppm Zn.
Accordingly, this invention relates to zinc and cadmium hyperaccumulating plants and systems for recovering metals such as zinc and cadmium using phytoextracting techniques.
A preferred method of recovering cadmium and/or zinc from soil containing cadmium and/or zinc comprises cultivating at least one T. caerulescens plant that accumulates cadmium and zinc in above-ground tissues and optionally recovering the cadmium and/or zinc produced.
In a preferred embodiment, the at least one T. caerulescens plant accumulates from about 0.01% (100 mg/kg) to about 0.6% (6000 mg/kg) cadmium in above-ground tissues on a dry weight basis and/or from about 0.5% (5000 mg/kg) to about 3.0% (30,000 mg/kg) zinc in above-ground tissues on a dry weight basis.
In more preferred embodiment, the at least one Thlaspi caerulescens plant accumulates from about 1000 to about 6000 mg cadmium/kg above-ground tissues on a dry weight basis and/or from about 15,000 to about 30,000 mg zinc/kg above-ground tissues on a dry weight basis.
In one embodiment, the at least one T. caerulescens plant is harvested as biomass material after accumulation of the metals and the metals are recovered from the biomass material.
In another embodiment, the metals are recovered by drying and combusting the harvested biomass material to oxidize and vaporize organic material present.
In another embodiment, the metals are recovered from the harvested biomass material by incineration and reduction to ash with energy recovery to produce a cadmium- and/or zinc-containing ore.
In another embodiment, the soil is acidified or at least one chloride salt is added to the soil prior to the cultivation of the at least one T. caerulescens plant.
The invention further relates to a method of decontaminating soil containing cadmium and/or zinc, comprising cultivating at least one Thlaspi caerulescens plant that accumulates from about 100 to about 6000 mg cadmium/kg above-ground tissues on a dry weight basis and/or from about 5000 to about 30,000 mg zinc/kg above-ground tissues on a dry weight basis under conditions sufficient to permit the at least one Thlaspi caerulescens plant to accumulate such amounts of cadmium and/or zinc.
The invention further relates to an isolated Thlaspi caerulescens plant cultivated on cadmium- and/or zinc-containing soil that accumulates cadmium in above-ground tissue at a concentration of from about 100 mg/kg dry weight of the tissue to about 6000 mg/kg dry weight of the tissue and/or accumulates zinc in above-ground tissue at concentration of from about 5000 mg/kg dry weight of the tissue to about 30,000 mg/kg dry weight of the tissue.
The invention further relates to pollen of the Thlaspi caerulescens plant.
The invention further relates to plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the Thlaspi caerulescens plant.
The invention further relates to propagation material of the Thlaspi caerulescens plant.
In preferred embodiment, the isolated Thlaspi caerulescens plant is T. caerulescens G15.
The invention further relates to cultivated Thlaspi caerulescens G15, the seeds of which have been deposited under ATCC Accession No. 203439.
In the present invention, it was discovered that certain metals can be selectively recovered from metal-rich soil using phytoextracting techniques employing plants classified as metal-hyperaccumulators. By cultivating selected plants on metal-rich soil, a high concentration of the metals absorbed by the roots is translocated to above-ground tissues, such as the stems, leaves, flowers and other leaf and stem tissues. This facilitates recovery of the metal extracted from the soil such that land contaminated with the metals can be reclaimed and the metals optionally harvested.
In one embodiment, cadmium and/or zinc are recovered from soil containing cadmium and/or zinc by cultivating at least one T. caerulescens plant that accumulates cadmium and/or zinc in above-ground tissues and recovering the cadmium and/or zinc produced.
In a preferred embodiment for soil remediation, the at least one T. caerulescens plant accumulates from about 0.01% (about 100 mg/kg) to about 0.6% (6000 mg/kg) cadmium in above-ground tissues on a dry weight basis and/or from about 0.5% (5000 mg/kg) to about 3.0% (30,000 mg/kg) zinc in above-ground tissues on a dry weight basis.
In preferred embodiment for metal recovery, the at least one T. caerulescens plant accumulates from about 0.1% (1000 mg/kg) to about 0.6% (6000 mg/kg) cadmium in above-ground tissues on a dry weight basis, and/or from about 1.5% (about 15,000 mg/kg) to about 3.0% (30,000 mg/kg) zinc in above-ground tissues on a dry weight basis.
In a more preferred embodiment, the hyperaccumulator is T. caerulescens G15, a subspecies of T. caerulescens, which accumulates much more cadmium than other zinc-accumulators or other T. caerulescens subspecies (
After cultivation, the hyperaccumulator plant may be harvested in a conventional fashion, i.e., by cutting the plant at soil level. The harvested materials may then be left to dry in much the same fashion that alfalfa is dried, so as to remove most of the water present in the plant tissue. After drying, the plant tissue may be collected from the field by normal agricultural practices of hay-making, incinerated and reduced to an ash with or without energy recovery. Alternatively, the dried plant material may be hydrolyzed with concentrated acid to produce sugars and the metals recovered according to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,407,817, 5,571,703 and 5,779,164. The sugars may then be fermented to produce ethanol.
As an alternative, the temperature of the off gas from the incinerator could be monitored such that Cd and Zn metals in gaseous form are condensed from the hot gasses separately from the bulk of the ash components which would condense at a higher temperature or lower temperature in a manner similar to distilling liquids and recovering different fractions at different temperatures. With normal ores, this is not possible in the first processing step at a smelter. But with phytoextraction plant incineration, the distillation would most likely be effective during the burning and power production.
As another alternative, the resulting dried plant material may be further treated by known roasting, sintering or smelting methods which allow the metals in the ash or ore to be recovered according to conventional metal refining methods such as acid dissolution and electrowinning.
Conventional smelting, roasting and sintering temperatures from about 260� C. to about 1000� C. are sufficient to combust the dried plant material to oxidize and vaporize the organic material present. This leaves a residue of the accumulated metal with few contaminants known to interfere with metal refining. Further, it is expected that the concentration of other components in the ash, such as lead, will be lower than with conventional mined ore concentrates.
In a preferred embodiment, the plant tissue is collected, incinerated and reduced to ash with energy recovery. The elements in the ash of T. caerulescens cause little interference with the recovery of Zn and Cd from the ash. The result is plant ash of a high grade ore.
In an evaluation of the utility of T. caerulescens in phytoextracting zinc and cadmium, an initial lab study was conducted wherein twenty genotypes of T. caerulescens were collected from different contaminated sites. For twelve weeks, the collected plants were evaluated in a nutrient solution system treated with high concentrations of zinc and cadmium (2000 mM Zn, 40 mM Cd) and low concentrations of zinc and cadmium (3.16 mM Zn, 0.063 mM Cd). The nutrient solution system was half-strength Hoagland Solution which contains a selective ferric chelating agent to keep the Fe soluble in the presence of the Zn and Cd. Significant differences were found among the twenty genotypes tested for shoot zinc and cadmium concentrations, plant Cd:Zn ratio and shoot biomass, i.e., shoot yield. Several genotypes tested had a low tolerance for the high concentrations of zinc and cadmium. It was found that zinc and cadmium accumulation in shoots varied widely, ranging from about 20,600 to about 44,700 mg/kg Zn dry shoots, and about 625 to about 5510 mg/kg Cd dry shoots. The shoot Cd:Zn ratio (division of the Cd concentration by the Zn concentration on a mass basis) among the genotypes varied from about 3.0 to about 22%.
Several of the genotypes of T. caerulescens were subsequently tested at a zinc smelting site in Palmerton, Pa., where zinc smelting has occurred for eighty years causing extensive contamination of soils in the community adjacent to the smelter. This study of the selected T. caerulescens genotype group confirmed a wide range of zinc tolerance and a wide range of Cd:Zn ratios in shoots obtained from different T. caerulescens genotypes. As can be seen from
In general, when soils contain both Cd and Zn, soil Cd will be about 0.5 to about 2.0% of soil Zn. For example, soils with about 150,000 ppm (about 15%) Zn will often not contain more than about 3000 ppm (about 0.3%) Cd. Thus, if the shoot yield is about 2.5% Zn, then the highest Cd one could hope to recover with genotypes used in most research in Thlaspi would be about 0.025%, provided the soil has typical Cd and Zn levels. However, G15 can reach 0.6% mg/kg Cd without plant injury since Genotype G15 has the ability to accumulate additional Cd per unit Zn. Seeds of T. caerulescens G15 were deposited on Nov. 6, 1998, under the provisions of the Budapest treaty at the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, and assigned ATCC Accession No. 203439.
The study supports the fact that metal-accumulators with Cd:Zn ratios of greater than 0.05, i.e., about 5.0%, recover cadmium from soil faster than accumulators with ratios of less than 0.05. The higher cadmium-accumulating genotypes are useful for rapid phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated soil which causes adverse health effects in subsistence consumers of rice or tobacco grown on contaminated soils as described above.
Although T. caerulescens G15 is capable of hyperaccumulating zinc and cadmium in its above-ground plant tissues, fertilizer for growth and/or weed control, particularly in polluted soil, can be used to increase hyperaccumulation because, inter alia, the ability of T. caerulescens to grow well increases when plant competition is limited by weed control. Preferred fertilizers are ammonium-containing or ammonium-generating fertilizers. The use of fertilizers per se is well-known, and acceptable fertilizers and protocols can be readily determined with no more than routine experimentation, by those of ordinary skill in the art. Normal soil test values for P (required for the growth of all plants), K, Ca and Mg used in farming and gardening will allow the skilled artisan to obtain the needed information regarding fertilization for growing T. caerulescens plants.
In addition to using fertilizers, soil acidification can increase uptake of zinc and cadmium as indicated above. When soil contains at or near regulatory Zn and Cd limits, the pH can be reduced to about 4.5 to about 6.5 to maximize metal uptake. At very acidic pHs, the Al and Mn present in the soil become soluble which in turn reduces plant yield. When the soil is particularly high in Zn and Cd, then the pH must be raised to insure plant survival. The soil pH can be raised to as high as about 9.0. Thus, the preferred soil pH ranges from about 4.5 to about 9.0.
To acidify the soil, acids such as organic and inorganic acids can be used. Examples of such organic and inorganic acids include acetic acid, aqueous hydrogen chloride, aqueous sulfuric acid and the like. In a preferred embodiment, inorganic sulfur is used to reduce the soil pH. Inorganic sulfur is oxidized by soil microbes to generate sulfuric acid within the soil. If the soil pH is too low, then bases such as limestone or dolomitic limestone, lime or dolomitic lime, hydrated lime or dolomitic hydrated lime or byproducts thereof that contain a calcium carbonate equivalent or mixtures thereof could be used to raise the soil pH. The concentration of acid or base to add to the soil will depend upon the initial soil pH, the desired final soil pH and the soil properties. One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to readily determine the appropriate concentration of acid or base necessary using common soil analysis methods well-known in the art.
Table 1 shows the effect of fertilizer and acidification treatments on zinc, cadmium and lead accumulation in T. caerulescens and in a 1993 crop of lettuce. The initial condition of the soil was highly calcareous with 25 mg/kg Cd, 475 mg/kg Zn and 155 mg/kg Pb. The soil at the test field had become metal enriched by application of ash from a sewage sludge incinerator during a period when the sludge from St. Paul, Minn., was highly contaminated with cadmium from a Cd�Ni battery manufacturer. Lime was used to dewater the sludge, however, it prevented the sulfur treatment from acidifying the soil as much as had been expected. The very low concentration of lead in the plants confirmed the experience of most researchers that lead hyperaccumulation is not likely to be possible when adequate phosphorus is provided. Phosphorus inhibits lead translocation from roots to shoots and thus, lead uptake. This inhibition is caused by insoluble lead-phosphates that form in the soil or in the root cells. Further, the manipulation of phosphorus is unlikely to affect Zn or Cd phytoextraction.
Table 1. Effect of Sulfur (S) and Nitrogen Fertilizer (N) Treatments on Metal Accumulation in Shoots of Thlaspi caerulescens and Lettuce on Revival Field, St. Paul, Minn.
Normal fertilizer levels of nitrogen were added to the soil in two chemical forms because the pH near the roots is lowered by the addition of ammonium-N and raised by the addition of nitrate-N. Sulfur was added because the soil contained a lot of free limestone equivalent. The amount of sulfur added was sufficient to significantly lower the pH without killing the plants with Zn, Cd, Mn or Al toxicity. Specifically, 14.5 t/ha of sulfur were added.
Another possible additive for contaminated soil is a metal chelating agent. Metal chelates are commonly used in agriculture and occur naturally in living cells. The addition of chelating agents, such as nitrolotriacetic acid (NTA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethyleneglycol-bis-(p-aminoethylether-N, N-tetraacetic acid) or any of a variety of amino-acetic acids known to those of ordinary skill in the art as chelating agents, to the soil improves the movement of soil metals to root surfaces for uptake and translocation into above-ground tissues. Preferred chelating agents are NTA or EDTA. Typically, chelating agents are added at a concentration ranging from about 50 kg/ha to about 3000 kg/ha after the plants are established. As with the use of fertilizers, the optimum concentration of chelating agents can be readily determined with no more than routine experimentation. For example, if EDTA is preferably 10 millimoles/kg soil, then the amount added would be 2.92 kg EDTA/t or 2.92 t EDTA/ha since EDTA acid is 292 mg/millimole and one would need to add 2.92 g EDTA/kg soil to achieve 10 millimoles EDTA/kg soil.
An alternative which improves Cd uptake, but has little effect on Zn uptake, is the addition of a chloride salt that liberates free chloride ion in soil. However, NaCl repeatedly added to soil may harm the soil. Chloride forms a complex with Cd (inorganic monochloro-Cd and dichloro-Cd�Cd at levels of chloride tolerated by plants) which increases the rate of diffusion of Cd to the root and causes Cd to leak into the root. Preferred concentrations of chloride result in a soil solution containing about 10 to about 200 millimoles of chloride per liter (about 10 to about 200 mM). At the high end, chloride will be toxic to even Thlaspi plants, but Cd removal will increase.
This invention has been described in specific detail with regard to plants and methods for increasing cadmium and zinc uptake via phytoextraction. Except where necessary for operability, no limitation to these specific materials is intended nor should such a limitation be imposed on the claims appended hereto.
From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions without undue experimentation. All patents, patent applications and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
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- News tagged "broadwell"
Tuesday, 11 Nov 2014
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Friday, 5 Sep 2014
Intel announces 5th generation Intel 'Broadwell' processors
Intel has decided to launch its 5th generation Intel 'Broadwell' processors by introducing the Intel Core M processor. This family of mobile processors are targeted to power convertible 2-in-1 PCs that offer richer computing experiences than tablets.
Thursday, 20 Mar 2014
Unlocked 5th Generation Intel Core "Broadwell" CPUs to Feature Iris Pro Graphics
Intel has revealed the new 5th generation of unlocked Intel Core "Broadwell" processors will feature the Iris Pro graphics that was previously exclusively to mobile SKUS of the previous generation Intel Core CPUs. In addition, the Broadwell chips will be based on the new 14nm fabrication process.
Tuesday, 25 Feb 2014
Leaked: Roadmaps Reveal Intel Broadwell-Based NUCs to be Launched in Q4 2014
According to leaked Intel roadmaps, the company's NUCs (Next Unit of Computing) will be refreshed with Broadwell processors, as early as the fourth quarter of this year.
Thursday, 16 Jan 2014
Intel Preparing to Refresh Haswell Lineup in Q2 2014
There are alleged plans by Intel to refresh its current Intel Core Haswell processors with a slew of new SKUs in May. In addition, the chip maker will also ship the new Z97 and H97 chipsets to board manufacturers in preparation for the next generation Broadwell processors.
Wednesday, 11 Sep 2013
IDF13: Intel Demonstrated Next Generation LTE-A and 14nm Broadwell
At Intel Developer Forum today, Intel's new CEO Brian Krzanich demonstrated its next generation modem for mobiles and also unveiled a working prototype of Intel's upcoming 14nm Broadwell processor.


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Publications (29)109.72 Total impact
Article: Regulation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the role of regulatory T-cells and Th17 cells.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is an inflammatory disorder of the airways, which is associated with irreversible airway obstruction. The pathological hallmarks of COPD are destruction of the lung parenchyma (pulmonary emphysema), inflammation of the central airways (chronic bronchitis) and inflammation of the peripheral airways (respiratory bronchiolitis). Tobacco smoking is established as the main aetiological factor for COPD. A maladaptive modulation of inflammatory responses to inhalation of noxious particles and gases is generally accepted as being a key central pathogenic process; however, the precise regulatory mechanisms of the disease are poorly understood. Two cell types are known to be important in immune regulation, namely regulatory T-cells and the newly identified Th17 (T-helper 17) cells. Both types of cells are subsets of CD4 T-lymphocytes and modulate the immune response through secretion of cytokines, for example IL (interleukin)-10 and IL-17 respectively. The present review will begin by describing the current understanding of inflammatory cell involvement in the disease process, and then focus on the possible role of subsets of regulatory and helper T-cells in COPD.Clinical Science 07/2010; 119(2):75-86. · 4.86 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Th17 cells are thought to contribute to the immunopathology of allergic and autoimmune conditions. Their role in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology remains to be fully elucidated. To assess peripheral blood Th17 responses in patients with MS compared to controls. We isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 41 MS patients and 23 healthy controls, which were then stimulated using phorbol ester and ionomycin, labelled for CD3, CD8, CD154, IL-17 and IFN-gamma and analysed using flow cytometry. Minimal IL-17 was detectable in unstimulated cells. Following stimulation with phorbol ester and ionomycin, PBMCs taken from MS patients in relapse developed a more inflammatory profile than those taken from controls or non-relapse patients, with greater expression of CD154, IL-17 and dual expression of IL-17/IFN-gamma. We suggest a greater tendency to Th17 and Th1/Th17 response to non-specific stimulation in MS patients in relapse compared to controls and non-relapse patients.Cytokine 04/2010; 50(1):19-23. · 2.52 Impact Factor
Article: Expression of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein in the immune system: possible functions and relevance to multiple sclerosis.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Activity-dependent neuroprotector (ADNP) is a neuroprotective molecule containing an 8-amino acid peptide, NAPVSIPQ (NAP), that is sufficient for its neuroprotective effects. To assess the expression of ADNP in the human immune system in normal subjects and multiple sclerosis patients. MaterialsandMethods: ADNP expression was assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using staining with anti-ADNP (NAP) antibodies and markers for T cells, B cells, monocytes and natural killer cells. ADNP mRNA was determined in peripheral blood from MS patients (n = 24) and matched controls (n = 21). Expression of activation markers CD69 and CD154 and of IFN-gamma was assessed by flow cytometry in stimulated PBMCs. Effects of NAP on immune cell proliferation was assessed by tritiated thymidine incorporation. Monocytes, B cells and T cells, but not regulatory (CD4+CD25+) T cells expressed ADNP. NAP peptide decreased the expression of CD69, CD154 and IFN-gamma in PBMC and caused suppressed anti-CD3-/anti-CD28-stimulated PBMC proliferation. ADNP mRNA was reduced in MS compared to control peripheral blood. ADNP is expressed in many immune system cells. ADNP mRNA is reduced in PBMCs in MS. The peptide NAP, which plays an important role in neuroprotection, has potential immunomodulatory properties.NeuroImmunoModulation 11/2009; 17(2):120-5. · 1.84 Impact Factor
Conference Paper: T Regs and Th17 Cells in COPD.American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California; 04/2009
Article: Glucocorticoids increase CD4CD25 cell percentage and Foxp3 expression in patients with multiple sclerosis.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To determine whether percentages of CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells (a group of regulatory T cells, Treg) differ in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in relapse vs remission after glucocorticoid treatment and whether treatment for relapses changes Treg population and the expression of Foxp3, a key Treg-associated molecule. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from 20 patients with MS during relapse, just before and 2 days after starting steroid treatment (i.v. methylprednisolone 1 g/day for 3 days) and then 6 weeks after treatment. CD4(+)CD25(hi) cells were analysed by using flow cytometry. Cytokines were measured by using an ELISA and Foxp3, CD3 and CD25 expression by using quantitative real-time PCR. The percentage of CD4(+)CD25(hi) cells, plasma IL-10 and Foxp3/CD3 ratio increased 48 h after methylprednisolone initiation and returned to baseline values by 6 weeks post-treatment. Results suggest that glucocorticoids increase Treg cell functional molecules and percentages. This may be a mechanism whereby steroids expedite recovery from MS relapses.Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 10/2008; 119(4):239-45. · 2.47 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: As indicated in Chapter 33, flow cytometry has developed rapidly to provide a powerful means of characterizing complex cell populations, both in terms of quantitative analysis of functional cell-associated molecules, and, as is considered here in more detail, the simultaneous analysis of combinations of markers that can be used to identify functional subpopulations of cells. Many of the considerations discussed in the previous chapter are relevant, but issues particularly pertinent to this type of analysis relate to the independence of the markers used, both at the level of the labeling process and at the level of cytometric analysis.03/2008: pages 337-346;
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ABSTRACT: Analysis of cell surface antigen density and, thus, the distribution of cell surface molecules among individual members of complex cell populations can be achieved rapidly and accurately by flow cytometry. This approach has been revolutionized over the last 20 yr by the codevelopment of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to an ever-wider selection of cell-associated molecules, novel fluorochromes, and flow cytometric technology backed by increasingly powerful computers. This combination of technologies allows the simultaneous measurement of independent fluorochrome markers as well as light scatter parameters of individual cells as they pass through an intense focused light source. The multiple analysis of individual cells enabled by flow cytometry has facilitated the definition of functional subpopulations of many cell types, and some aspects of this approach are discussed in Chapter 34. In this article, the potential of flow cytometric analysis for quantitative purposes is considered, exemplified by discussion of factors important for the measurement of antigen density by quantitation of antibody binding.02/2008: pages 319-336;
Article: Reciprocal effects of IFN-beta and IL-12 on STAT4 activation and cytokine induction in T cells.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: IL-12 is an immunoregulatory cytokine, which promotes Th1 cell differentiation and is a major inducer of IFN-gamma. IFN-beta, a Type I IFN used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, has been shown to significantly increase the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, a major suppressor of Th1 cytokines. The beneficial immunomodulatory effects of IFN-beta may in part be a result of its ability to suppress IL-12. However, IL-12 and IFN-beta signal via the STAT4 pathway. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between IL-12 and IFN-beta by observing the effect of prior exposure to IL-12 or IFN-beta on the ability of T cells to subsequently respond to the other cytokine. We report that IFN-beta increases IL-12-induced STAT4 phosphorylation and up-regulates IL-12 receptor beta1 and beta2 expression. However, despite this up-regulation, IFN-beta suppressed IL-12-induced IFN-gamma expression. Our results suggest that this may be a result of the parallel induction of IL-10 by IFN-beta.Journal of Leukocyte Biology 07/2007; 81(6):1562-7. · 4.57 Impact Factor
Article: Curcumin modulation of IFN-beta and IL-12 signalling and cytokine induction in human T cells.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Curcumin is a polyphenol derived from the dietary spice turmeric. It possesses diverse anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Curcumin has been shown to exhibit an inhibitory effect on the production of inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes and has inhibited the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in association with a decrease in interleukin 12 (IL-12) production and signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) activation. The type I interferon (IFN) IFN-has the ability to suppress IL-12. Both IL-12 and IFN-alpha/beta signal through the activation by phosphorylation of STAT4. Our aim was to investigate the effects of curcumin on the ability of T cells to respond to IL-12 or IFN-alpha/beta. We report that curcumin decreases IL-12-induced STAT4 phosphorylation, IFN-gamma production, and IL-12 Rbeta1 and beta2 expression. IFN-beta-induced STAT4 phosphorylation, IL-10 production and IFN receptor (IFNAR) subunits 1 and 2 expression were enhanced by curcumin. Curcumin increased IFN-alpha-induced IL-10 and IFNAR1 expression. Prior exposure to curcumin decreased IFN-alpha-induced IFNAR2 expression and did not modify the level of IFN-alpha-induced pSTAT4 generation. Thus, the effect of curcumin on STAT4 activation in T cells is dependent upon the stimulus to which the T cells have been exposed.Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 01/2007; 11(5):1129-37. · 4.75 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Glucocorticoids affect the immune system by a number of mechanisms, including modulation of cytokine production in lymphocytes. Glucocorticoids suppress T helper cell type 1 immune responses by decreasing the ability of T cells to respond to interleukin (IL)-12, a major inducer of interferon (IFN)-gamma. IFN-beta increases the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and suppresses IL-12. Signaling pathways through IFN-beta and the IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) involve activation by phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4). Our aim was to investigate the effects of dexamethasone on STAT4 activation by IFN-beta and IL-12 in human T cell blasts. We report that dexamethasone decreases IL-12-induced STAT4 phosphorylation and IFN-gamma production and enhances IFN-beta-induced STAT4 activation and IL-10 production. These effects are associated with a down-regulation of IL-12Rbeta1 expression but an up-regulation of IFN-betaR. These results indicate that the effect of glucocorticoids on the STAT4 signaling pathway depends on the stimulus activating that pathway.Journal of Leukocyte Biology 08/2006; 80(1):133-44. · 4.57 Impact Factor
Article: Systemic cytokine levels and the effects of etanercept in TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) involving a C33Y mutation in TNFRSF1A.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To investigate the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12p70 in the plasma of patients with TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) in relation to CRP levels and treatment with etanercept. Cytokine concentrations were measured in sequential plasma samples obtained from eight patients with a C33Y mutation in TNFRSF1A and diagnosed with TRAPS, using cytokine bead array. The TRAPS samples were compared with samples from normal controls and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Levels of IL-6 were significantly elevated in C33Y TRAPS patients and these correlated with CRP levels in some of the patients. IL-8 levels were also significantly elevated in the TRAPS patients. However, neither TNF-alpha nor IL-1beta demonstrated a similar increase. This differed from the patients with rheumatoid arthritis, for whom levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-10 were significantly elevated. The levels of detectable TNF-alpha in the TRAPS patients' plasma were elevated during etanercept treatment. The cytokine profile of C33Y TRAPS differs from that of a typical autoimmune inflammatory condition such as rheumatoid arthritis, as only IL-6 and IL-8 were elevated in C33Y TRAPS patients, as distinct from a generalized elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, only some of the C33Y patients tested showed a relationship between elevated IL-6 and CRP. This is consistent with clinical observations that there is marked heterogeneity between individuals with TRAPS, including those in the same family cohort. Although etanercept has a therapeutic effect in some TRAPS patients, it induces increased plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha, possibly by increasing TNF-alpha stability.Rheumatology 02/2006; 45(1):31-7. · 4.21 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Isolates with a tropism for the coreceptor CCR5 are the predominant viral strain transmitted following heterosexual transmission. We have investigated coreceptor expression levels within male and female genital epithelia to assess whether selective transmission can be explained by elevated CCR5 expression within the genital epithelia per se. Individuals attending a local genitourinary medicine unit were recruited, and samples of genital epithelia obtained using either a cytobrush (females) or urethral swab (males). Expression of coreceptor and cell marker mRNAs was then determined by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. RNA was recovered from the epithelial cell samples then used as templates in competitive quantitative RT-PCR to measure mRNA expression of key chemokines, coreceptors and cell-type markers in the epithelial cell samples. Cell-surface coreceptor expression was also assessed in a sample of patients using fluorescent cell staining. CXCR4 and CCR3 coreceptors were expressed at significantly higher levels than CCR5 within the female endo- and ectocervix and distal end of the male urethra. Increased levels of cell surface expressed CXCR4 compared to CCR5 was confirmed in samples obtained from the female genital tract by FACS analysis. The selective transmission of CCR5-tropic viral variants is unlikely to result simply from differential coreceptor abundance at the genital epithelia.AIDS 09/2005; 19(12):1257-65. · 6.41 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To determine the prevalence of autoantibodies in sera of Saudi diabetic patients including Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Apart from data on the prevalence of islet-cell antibodies in patients in Ryhadh (Al-Attas et al. Frequency of islet cell antibodies in adult newly diagnosed diabetic patients. Ann Saudi Med 1990; 10: 369-373) immunological markers of autoimmune diabetes have not been explored in Saudi Arabians. Autoantibodies to GAD65 (GADA) and IA-2 (IA-2A) were determined using radio-immunoprecipitation assays. In Type 1 DM patients, 54% were GADA+ and 27% were IA-2A+. A greater negative effect of disease duration was noted for IA-2A than for GADA positivity. Autoantibodies were more prevalent with younger age of onset. GADA were slightly more common in female Type 1 DM patients. In Type 2 DM, 8/99 patients were GADA+, and three of these patients with shorter disease duration were also IA-2A+. GADA, and particularly IA-2A, were associated with a younger age of onset of Type 2 DM and all the autoantibody-positive Type 2 DM patients were insulin-treated. GADA were detected in 2.2% of GDM patients, but none of these patients possessed IA-2A. The prevalence and associations of autoantibodies in Saudi diabetic patients are very similar to those reported for diabetic patients in other ethnic groups.Diabetic Medicine 05/2005; 22(4):448-52. · 3.24 Impact Factor
Article: Endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II): a novel inducer of lymphocyte apoptosis.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The novel, proinflammatory cytokine endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II) was first found in tumor cell supernatants. EMAP-II is closely related or identical to the p43 auxiliary protein of the multisynthase complex, which is involved in protein synthesis. In vitro, EMAP-II induces procoagulant activity, increased expression of E- and P-selectins and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1, and ultimately, programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cultured endothelial cells. EMAP-II is also chemotactic for monocytes and neutrophils. However, the role of the p43/EMAP-II cytokine form in tumors is not understood. We hypothesized an immune-regulatory role within neoplastic tissues and investigated its effects on lymphocytes. EMAP-II causes a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis in Jurkat T cells and mitogen-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Coculture with DLD-1 colorectal cancer cells or media conditioned by these cells induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells, which is partially reversed by antibodies against EMAP-II. Our data suggest that EMAP-II constitutes a component of a novel, immunosuppressive pathway in solid tumors, which is not normally expressed outside the cell but in tumors, may be subject to abnormal processing and released from tumor cells.Journal of Leukocyte Biology 06/2004; 75(5):772-6. · 4.57 Impact Factor
Article: Colorectal cancer cells induce lymphocyte apoptosis by an endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II-dependent mechanism.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II) was first isolated from cell growth medium conditioned by tumor cells, and is closely related or identical with the p43 component of the mammalian multisynthase complex. In its secreted form, EMAP-II has multiple cytokine-like activities in vitro, inducing procoagulant activity on the surface of endothelial cells, increasing expression of E- and P-selectins and TNF-R1, and directing migration of monocytes and neutrophils. EMAP-II has also been shown to induce apoptosis in endothelial cells, leading to the suggestion that it is a proinflammatory polypeptide with antiangiogenic activity. The role of secreted EMAP-II in tumors remains poorly understood, and we hypothesized that EMAP-II may play a role in immune evasion by tumor cells. We investigated its effects on lymphocytes, using recombinant protein, or colorectal cancer cell lines, as a source of native EMAP-II. Recombinant EMAP-II inhibits DNA synthesis and cell division, and induces apoptosis in mitogen-activated lymphocytes in PBMC preparations, and in Jurkat T cells. Native EMAP-II, released by or expressed on the surface of colorectal carcinoma cells, also induces activation of caspase 8 and apoptosis of PBLs and Jurkat cells, which are partially blocked by addition of Abs against EMAP-II. Thus, activated lymphocytes, along with proliferating endothelial cells, are targets for the cytotoxic activity of EMAP-II. Membrane-bound and soluble EMAP-II appear to play multiple roles in the tumor microenvironment, one of which is to assist in immune evasion.The Journal of Immunology 02/2004; 172(1):274-81. · 5.52 Impact Factor
Article: Cell cycle- and age-dependent activation of Sod1p drives the formation of stress resistant cell subpopulations within clonal yeast cultures.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Phenotypic heterogeneity describes non-genetic variation that exists between individual cells within isogenic populations. The basis for such heterogeneity is not well understood, but it is evident in a wide range of cellular functions and phenotypes and may be fundamental to the fitness of microorganisms. Here we use a suite of novel assays applied to yeast, to provide an explanation for the classic example of heterogeneous resistance to stress (copper). Cell cycle stage and replicative cell age, but not mitochondrial content, were found to be principal parameters underpinning differential Cu resistance: cell cycle-synchronized cells had relatively uniform Cu resistances, and replicative cell-age profiles differed markedly in sorted Cu-resistant and Cu-sensitive subpopulations. From a range of potential Cu-sensitive mutants, cup1Delta cells lacking Cu-metallothionein, and particularly sod1Delta cells lacking Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase, exhibited diminished heterogeneity. Furthermore, age-dependent Cu resistance was largely abolished in cup1Delta and sod1Delta cells, whereas cell cycle-dependent Cu resistance was suppressed in sod1Delta cells. Sod1p activity oscillated approximately fivefold during the cell cycle, with peak activity coinciding with peak Cu-resistance. Thus, phenotypic heterogeneity in copper resistance is not stochastic but is driven by the progression of individual cells through the cell cycle and ageing, and is primarily dependent on only Sod1p, out of several gene products that can influence the averaged phenotype. We propose that such heterogeneity provides an important insurance mechanism for organisms; creating subpopulations that are pre-equipped for varied activities as needs may arise (e.g. when faced with stress), but without the permanent metabolic costs of constitutive expression.Molecular Microbiology 12/2003; 50(3):857-70. · 5.03 Impact Factor
Article: International conference: progress in vaccination against cancer (PIVAC) 2002, Nottingham, UK.Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy 07/2003; 52(6):403-7. · 3.64 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a re-activation infection associated with severely impaired T cell-mediated immunity. We describe a patient with long-standing Crohn's disease and thymoma who developed severe CMV retinitis. While thymoma can be associated with impaired humoral immunity and a quantitative CD4+ T helper cell deficiency, these were not evident in our patient. However, more detailed investigation of anti-CMV responses showed absence of specific T cell responses to CMV antigen. Normal CMV seropositive controls have detectable proliferation and interferon-gamma production by T cells in response to stimulation with CMV antigen, but this was absent in this patient both during the acute infection and in convalescence. Other measures of T cell function were normal. Since CMV retinitis is due to reactivation of latent CMV infection, it appears that selective loss of CMV-specific immunity had occurred, perhaps secondary to a thymoma. The causes of thymoma-associated immune impairment are not understood, but this case demonstrates that selective defects can occur in the absence of global T cell impairment. Opportunistic infections should therefore be suspected in patients with thymoma even in the absence of quantitative immune deficiencies.Clinical & Experimental Immunology 09/2002; 129(2):297-301. · 3.41 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Effector T cell activation is particularly important in the initiation of autoimmune uveitis. This pilot study seeks to demonstrate activation of human peripheral effector T cells in response to the uveitis candidate autoantigen, retinal S antigen (SAg), using cytokine flow cytometry (CFC). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) suspensions from uveitis patients and controls were stimulated with bovine SAg. Activation responses were detected by CFC. Electronic gating enabled analysis of CD69+, IFN-gamma+ CD4+ lymphocytes. An SAg specific response was detectable in four of 13 patients and four of eight controls. SAg specific, peripheral, effector T cell activation can be detected by CFC. Similar levels of responsiveness were seen in patient and control groups. More detailed cytokine profiling may demonstrate functional differences between the groups.British Journal of Ophthalmology 06/2002; 86(5):517-20. · 2.73 Impact Factor
Article: Direct ex vivo comparison of the breadth and specificity of the T cells in the liver and peripheral blood of patients with chronic HCV infection.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The role of intrahepatic lymphocytes in the control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the pathology associated with it is not understood; most studies of the immunology of this infection use peripheral blood lymphocyte populations. To address this further, we examined in detail the IHL from HCV-infected patients and controls, focusing on the antigen-specific CD8(+) T lymphocyte component. Individual T cells from needle liver biopsies and peripheral blood were isolated from patients with chronic HCV infection and examined directly ex vivo. We used RT-PCR spectratyping to compare the breadth of the T cell receptor usage in the liver in comparison with the peripheral blood, and applied MHC class I tetramer technology to investigate the numbers of HCV-specific CD8(+) cells in the two compartments. T cell receptor usage in the liver of HCV-infected patients was broad, comparable with that in the peripheral blood of the same patients. A much higher proportion of liver CD8(+) cells expressed receptors specific for HCV antigens compared with paired peripheral blood CD8(+) cells. A greater proportion of the liver tetramer-positive cells expressed the activation marker CD69, compared with those in the periphery or other CD8(+) cells in the liver. In the course of chronic HCV infection, HCV-specific CD8 cells, which have been recently activated, appear to accumulate specifically in the livers of infected patients but are present in much lower numbers in the peripheral circulation. Further studies are needed to determine the function of these cells and their role in protection and immunopathology.European Journal of Immunology 09/2001; 31(8):2388-94. · 4.97 Impact Factor
Top Journals
University of Nottingham
Nottingham, ENG, United Kingdom
- • School of Clinical Sciences
- • Division of Clinical Neurology
- • Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre
- • Centre for Sports Medicine
- • Division of Pre-Clinical Oncology
- • School of Molecular Medical Sciences
The Queen's Medical CenterHonolulu, Hawaii, United States


text: Jack Nicklaus, also known as "The Golden Bear" was continuously ranked as the world's number one golfer on McCormack's World Golf Rankings from its inception in 1968 to 1977. He has 73 PGA Tour Wins. This is a Jack Nicklaus unsigned 8x10 photo from the 2000 US Open- 18th Hole. Custom Framed and Matted as shown.


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About Ray Flowers
The co-host of The Drive on SiriusXM Fantasy Sports Radio (Sirius 210, XM 87: Mon-Thurs 7 PM, Fri. 9 PM EDT), Ray also hosts a show Sunday night (7-10 PM EDT). Ray has spent years squirreled away studying the inner workings of the fantasy game to the detriment of his personal life. Specializing in baseball, football and hockey, some consider him an expert in all three.
- David Lee will play 10-15 minutes
- Jeff Teague will not play Monday
- James Johnson will start Monday
- Emmanual Sanders is active
- Tony Parker will play Monday
- Zach Randolph will not play Monday
- LaMarcus Aldridge will not play Monday
- Al Jefferson (groin) will play Monday
- Ty Lawson will play Monday
- Rose (illness) will play against the Raptors


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65 Years of Celebrating Student Achievement Here at Roswell High School - Go Hornets!
Schedule Change/Hardship Request Form
Please use the schedule change/hardship request form to add or drop classes for the spring semester 2015. Note that all forms must be signed and submitted by January 15th. Also, note that submitting a request does not guarantee approval; continue to attend and work in your currently scheduled courses!
Georgia's Hour of Code Day!
Georgia teachers, students, individuals, and companies are strongly encouraged to participate in the Hour of Code through Code.org this year onDecember 10, 2014. Hour of Code is an introduction to computer science designed to show that anyone can learn the basics of coding. Code.org provides hour-long tutorials featuring Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates, Angry Birds, and more. These tutorials are equipped for computers, tablets, smartphones, or no computer at all." Read more about Governor Deal's Hour of Code for Georgia
Final Exam Schedule
Wednesday 12/178:20 – 10:20 – 5th period exam10:20 – 10:30 – Break10:30 – 12:30 – 6th period examSchool dismisses at 12:30 Thursday 12/188:20 – 10:20 – 1st period exam10:20 – 10:30 – Break10:30 – 12:30 – 2nd period examSchool dismisses at 12:30 Friday 12/19 8:20 – 10:20 – 3rd period exam10:20 – 10:30 – Break10:30 – 12:30 – 4th period examSchool dismisses at 12:30
Pardon Our Dust
With SPLOST funding, Roswell High School is receiving an update and a facelift to the front entrance! Unfortunately, the front entrance construction will continue until winter break. Please be patient with the new drop-off path if you deliver your child to school by car in the morning. Alternatively, student carpools or taking the bus will greatly help us reduce morning dropoff congestion and delays. Thank you very much!
Redistricting Meetings
Please click on the following link to learn more information regarding the redistricting meetings set for new elementary schools and middle achool additions.
SAT Prep at Roswell High School
LAST CHANCE TO PREP FOR THE DECEMBER 2014 SAT! As part of our partnership with the Fulton County Board of Education, The Princeton Review is offering an SAT prep class at Roswell High School to prepare for the December SAT. The prep class will run from October 18th- December 4th. All Fulton County Schools students are eligible to register for $125 (a discount of almost 80% off of the normal $599 price), and will receive 18 hours of classroom instruction, three in-class proctored practice exams, access to online drills, and a booklet of 11 additional practice tests! Register online today to provide your student with the skills needed to excel on the SAT!
To enroll, go to www.princetonreview.com, enter "SAT" and your zip code and click "Find course" under "Find a Prep Course Near You." Then click "enroll" next to your desired course. Make sure to enter promo code "ATLFCSPSHIP" and click "Apply" to access the discounted price! Fulton County BOE has a limited number of scholarships available if you receive free or reduced lunch. Please e-mail email@example.com to learn more.
Although the 1st meeting date is Homecoming, please don't let that stop you from enrolling in the class if you are interested. Students who want to take the class but can't do the test on 10/18 can make it up on another date. Students can always take it at home and bring it back to their instructor, who will get it to Princeton Review for grading!
RHS School Governance Council Meetings We are excited about this constructive work that will benefit all of the students at Roswell High School. Please read our detailed Governance Council Agenda and Report to learn more!
Roswell High School Renovation for 2014-2015Parents we are very excited about the renovation that will take place this summer. I will give more information about the office's summer whereabouts as soon we confirm our location. Read more about the renovation plans.
Students may order yearbooks online at www.roswellyearbook.com. The price is currently $80. If any student would like to pay with cash or check, he or she may use the order form in the link below until Oct. 12. After that, the price increases by $5. They may drop off order forms and payment at room D111. Thanks!
Click this link to open the yearbook order form.
Construction TechnologyOne of our newest courses here at Roswell High School is the Construction Technology program that began last year. This is one of the fastest growing programs at the school and is offered as an elective through the Career Tech department. Check out their new website to see all of the great things that our students are doing. www.roswellhighconstruction.org
Lady Hornets Take it to the Court
Congratulations Lady Hornets for making it to the state playoffs! The RHS Lady Hornets fought their way through a total of 12 games in 4 matches to take 2nd place in the 6A Area 5 regional reserve championship on Saturday. The competition was tough, but the Lady Hornets were tougher beating Pope (2-1), Woodstock (2-1), and Lassiter (2-0) before losing to Walton (3-1) to finish second. Equally exciting, their second place finish qualifies them for state playoffs that begin on Thursday, October 16th. The Lady Hornets have secured home court advantage and will play West Forsyth in our gym starting at 6:00 pm. Grab your pom poms and friends and help us cheer the Lady Hornets on to another victory!
To CELEBRATE, the first 15 RHS students to attend will receive one of Roswell Volleyball's Sponsor T-Shirts from Hedgehog Lacrosse for FREE! So come cheer, show your "Roswell Spirit", and support the Varsity Girls Volleyball Team Thursday at 6pm in our gym for first round of State Playoffs! GO LADY HORNETS!
We're off to the playoffs……HOW SWEET IT IS!
RHS Students Chosen for All-National Honor EnsembleThe world's largest arts education association, the National Association for Music Education or NAfME is 130,000 members strong. Formed in Iowa in 1907, their mission is to promote excellence in music education from the preschool level through graduate school.Each year, a select number of students are brought together to perform in the NAfME All-National Honor Ensemble Program. Students from all 50 states audition for a chance to participate in this prestigious event. This year, Roswell High School's Caroline Wu and Andrew Lukman were the only two string students that were chosen from the state of Georgia. Congratulations Caroline and Andrew! RHS is so very proud of you!
The Roswell Lady Hornets opened their 2014 volleyball season winning 5 of 5 matches. The Varsity team beat Hill Grove, Creekview, Kennesaw Mountain, Riverwood, and Centennial. Congratulations to the following Lady Hornets, from top left, Coach Eddie Moore, Margaret Schad, Alex Mills, Mathilde Carpet, Sarah Hall, Clare Trively, Coach George Miller. In the bottom row are Camryn Bossinas, Jayd Hampton, Morgan Jones, Caitlynn Brooks, and Lindsey Jobe. Come cheer on the Lady Hornets at their home games on September 9th vs Cherokee and Lassiter, and September 30th vs Wheeler and Woodstock. GO LADY HORNETS!
RHS Girls JV Volleyball
Congratulations to the Roswell JV Lady Hornets for finishing 2nd in the Sequoyah Volleyball Tournament last weekend. The Lady Hornets are from top left, Coach Snyder, Hailey Hudson, Kayla Kennedy, Delaney Gallagher, Brea Roudabaugh, Grace Anello, Coach Scheer. From bottom left is Cynthia Roby, Caitlin Ouellette, Kennedy Guidry, Ashley Nolan, Caroline Copenhaver, and Megan Hallahan. Come cheer for the JV Lady Hornets at their next home game on Wednesday, September 3rd, September 10th and October 1st. GO LADY HORNETS!!
Are You Interested in Taking Cool Electives to Balance Out Your Schedule?
Check out the 2014 Career Technology Pathways Video for Roswell High School on YouTube!
65th Year Anniversary Mural
Roswell High School's 65 year anniversary was last year! In celebration for this Travis Carr's Ceramics 3 class made a beautiful mural that is located next to the Media Center in the front hallway of the school. Shoutout to the following students who contributed to this artwork: Natalie Baird, Lauren Boltz, Sophie Fredrich, Caitlyn Geiss, Nadia Hadid, Jaime Haines, Katie Hammaker, Ellie Lyden Matt Mewborne and Gabby Tookes.
Computer Usage Policy per Fulton County GuidelinesAttention students and staff. There are specific rules regarding the use of digital technology within Fulton County. Please reference District Policy as well as District Procedures to better understand the regulations that you "accept every time you log on" to the Fulton Schools Network!
RHS Online Spirit WearOrder your favorite Roswell Hornet spirit wear online! The money goes directly to our school!
Internship Testimonial VideoWatch a testimonial video about the TAG internship program at Roswell High.
Senior Parent Info LetterRead the Roswell High School Class of 2013 parent info letter.
Graduation Ceremony Video Order FormOrder DVDs of the Graduation Ceremony.
Daily Announcements
View morning announcements
Helpful Documents
Summer Reading and AP Assignments
Explore your Online Learning Options
This Year's High School Test Dates
EOC guidance for testing out EOC Principal's opt out letter info EOC opt out registration form
Events at a Glance
Current Yearbook Price: $85
Finals begin Dec 17Wed - 5th, 6th periodsThurs - 1st, 2ndFri - 3rd, 4th
Check out the Morning Buzz on YouTube for Roswell's Friday Morning Announcements


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They're not all racist quitters! Here are some real, live, vaguely admirable Frenchies to raise your rosé to. Happy Bastille Day, everyone! View List ›
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text: Previous Events MedTech Annual Conference, in Albany, NY. September 15 & 16, 2014 "Redefining Innovation in the Face of Healthcare Reform" is the theme of this year's MEDTECH 2014 annual conference. RIT Event: "The Organizational Challenge for Energy Technology Innovation" February 6, 2012 William B. Bonvillian is Director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Washington, D.C. Office. On February 6, 2012, he presented, "The Organizational Challenge for Energy Technology Innovation" at the Rochester Institute of Technology. This talk detailed attempts to access evolving energy technology policy, focusing on the organizational challenges particularly at the federal government level. Process of Discovery Course: Dr. David Valle (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine) Campus Visit January 31, 2012 David Valle, MD, PhD, is the Director of the McKusick,-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He presented a lecture entitled, "The Quest to Find and Solve All Human Mendelian Disorders: Genomics Meets Genetics," as part of the Process of Discovery course on Tuesday, January 31st. Process of Discovery Course: Dr. William Gahl (NIH) Campus Visit January 30, 2012 William Gahl, MD, PhD, is the Clinical Director of the National Human Genome Research Institute at the National Institutes of Health. He presented a lecture entitled, "The National Institutes of Health - Undiagnosed Diseases Program," as part of the Process of Discovery course on Monday, January 30th, 2012. Dr. Kurt Schilling (Johnson & Johnson) Seminar on Leading Edge Trends in Medical Devices and Diagnostics January 17, 2012 Kurt Schilling, PhD, is currently VP, Assay R&D at Ortho Clinical Diagnostics (OCD) at Johnson & Johnson, where he leads teams in Rochester, NY and Raritan, NJ involved in the development of medical diagnostic assays and platforms. He gave a seminar entitled, "Leading Edge Trends in Medical Devices and Diagnostics: Innovation at Johnson & Johnson Ortho Clinical Diagnostics" on Tuesday, January 17, 2012. This event was sponsored by the Biomedical Engineering Department, the Center for Emerging and Innovative Sciences, and the Office of Research Alliances. Dr. Ira Shoulson (Georgetown University) Campus Visit October 27, 2011 Ira Shoulson, M.D., Professor of Neurology, Pharmacology and Human Science, and Director of the Program for Regulatory Science and Medicine at Georgetown University, gave a presentation entitled, "Regulatory Science and Medicine: It's About Time!" on Thursday, October 27, 2011. The event was co-hosted by the Clinical and Translational Science Institute and the Office of Research Alliances. Dr. Allan Goldberg (Merck & Co.) Campus Visit October 7, 2011 Dr. Allan Goldberg, Executive Director of Academic and Professional Affairs at Merck & Co., gave a presentation entitled, "Preclinical Drug Discovery and Development" on Friday, October 7, 2011. The event was co-hosted by the University Committee for Interdisciplinary Studies in Drug Discovery and the Office of Research Alliances. For more information, click here. An Overview of Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) September 13, 2011 Dr. Lisa Porter, Director of the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), gave a presentation entitled, "An Overview of IARPA" on Tuesday, September 13th at Rush Rhees Library.


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PC - Windows
WWI: The Great War Cheats for PC - WindowsHome / PC - Windows /
This page contains Cheats for WWI: The Great War organized by sections for PC - Windows. WWI: The Great War is a Strategy Real-Time Historic game, made by Lesta Studio, released on Feb 6, 2004 and published by Encore Software, Inc.. If you can't find a hint or secret in our list, then please check this page periodically for the latest updates.
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WWI: The Great War PC - Windows CheatsLesta Studio
- Publisher: Encore Software, Inc.
- Genre: Strategy Real-Time Historic
- Release Date: Feb 6, 2004
- ESRB: Teen
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OAKLAND -- Steve Kerr on Wednesday drew another line through a tendency the Warriors employed under former coach Mark Jackson.
LOS ANGELES – The early play was more choppy than impressive. But once the teams settled into a rhythm and simply played basketball, a glimpse of the new Warriors began to emerge.
Programming note: For all the day's sports news, tune in to SportsNet Central tonight at 10:30 p.m. and midnight on Comcast SportsNet Bay Area
Editor's note: This article is part of a continuing series in which Insider Monte Poole highlights a different Warriors player every day leading up to the 2014-15 season


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The US has a long history of allowing police to walk free after vicious racist violence.
The easiest way to ensure that your gifts were ethically produced is to buy locally.
Robin Marty is a freelance writer and editor from Minneapolis, Minnesota. Formerly, she worked as the Director of Special Projects for the Center for Independent Media.


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Sleuthing and SpoilersA site for fans of The Bachelor & Bachelorette who enjoy sleuthing and discussing spoilers for this show. Join our site for updates on past contestants. Discuss a variety of ot
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AK Steel Provides Update To Fourth Quarter 2012 Outlook
WEST CHESTER, Ohio, Nov. 13, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- AK Steel (NYSE: AKS) today provided an update to its outlook for the fourth quarter of 2012 contained in its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the third quarter 2012 ("Third Quarter 2012 Form 10-Q"), including preliminary guidance on its fourth quarter financial results.
AK Steel said today that it now expects shipments of approximately 1,375,000 to 1,400,000 tons in the fourth quarter of 2012 compared to shipments of 1,363,500 tons in the third quarter of 2012. The company said it expects that its average selling price for all products for the fourth quarter of 2012 will decline by approximately 5% from its average selling price of $1,073 per ton for the third quarter of 2012. This reduction in average selling price is largely the result of two factors: lower average spot market prices for carbon steel products compared to the third quarter, due primarily to a decline in global economic and business conditions; and reduced raw material surcharges, due to lower raw material costs.
AK Steel said that it also has begun to experience lower costs for raw materials, but it does not expect the lower average selling prices it projects for the fourth quarter will be fully offset by reduced raw material costs, principally due to the lag between the time period used to determine the price of certain key raw materials, in particular iron ore, and when those raw materials are actually purchased.
AK Steel said that, similar to the pattern of the last couple of years, the company has seen a strong increase in its order book in the month of October compared to the preceding September. The company has also seen an increase in pricing for carbon flat rolled steel products. The company has announced two carbon flat rolled steel price increases so far in the fourth quarter, a $40 per ton increase announced on October 17, 2012 and a $50 per ton increase announced on November 5, 2012. These carbon steel price increases were driven in large part by increases in carbon scrap prices in both October and November. The company cautioned, however that the majority of the benefits associated with these price increases will not be realized until the first quarter of 2013, principally because a significant portion of the carbon steel products it will ship in the fourth quarter was sold prior to the price increases and because of a lag between when a price increase occurs and the time it takes for purchased product to work its way through inventory to being shipped. In addition, scrap cost increases are expected to result in a reduction in the company's LIFO credit in the fourth quarter compared to the third quarter.AK Steel also said that, despite a projected pre-tax loss, it expects to record income tax expense for the fourth quarter of 2012. Included below in its projected net loss for the fourth quarter is a non-cash income tax charge of approximately $35.0 million, or $0.33 per share, as a result of an expected change in a tax valuation allowance on the company's deferred tax assets. For a further explanation of the impact of the valuation adjustment on the company's tax position, see Note 3 to the company's Third Quarter 2012 Form 10-Q, a copy of which is available in the "Investors" section of the company's website at www.aksteel.com. As a result of all of these factors, AK Steel said it expects to incur a net loss of between $0.67 and $0.72 per diluted share of common stock for the fourth quarter of 2012, which includes approximately $0.33 per share related to the non-cash income tax charge discussed above. This estimate excludes a probable non-cash pension corridor charge addressed in the Third Quarter 2012 Form 10-Q and contemplates the company's current capital structure. Safe Harbor Statement Actual results for the quarter could differ from the expectations set forth above, based upon changes in the economic conditions and industry environment (including demand and pricing, as well as raw material pricing). Investors should not place undue reliance on AK Steel's expectations. The statements in this release with respect to future results reflect management's estimates and beliefs and are intended to be, and hereby are identified as "forward-looking statements" for purposes of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as "expects," "anticipates," "believes," "intends," "plans," "estimates" and other similar references to future periods typically identify such forward-looking statements. The company cautions readers that such forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those currently expected by management, including those risks and uncertainties discussed in the company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, as updated in our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as required by law, the company disclaims any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect future developments or events. AK Steel AK Steel produces flat-rolled carbon, stainless and electrical steels, primarily for automotive, infrastructure and manufacturing, construction and electrical power generation and distribution markets. The company employs about 6,200 men and women in Middletown, Mansfield, Coshocton and Zanesville, Ohio; Butler, Pennsylvania; Ashland, Kentucky; Rockport, Indiana; and its corporate headquarters in West Chester, Ohio. Additional information about AK Steel is available on the company's web site at www.aksteel.com. AK Tube LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of AK Steel, employs about 300 men and women in plants in Walbridge, Ohio and Columbus, Indiana. AK Tube produces carbon and stainless electric resistance welded (ERW) tubular steel products for truck, automotive and other markets. Additional information about AK Tube LLC is available on its web site at www.aktube.com. AK Coal Resources, Inc., another wholly-owned subsidiary of AK Steel, controls and is developing metallurgical coal reserves in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. AK Steel also owns 49.9% of Magnetation LLC, a joint venture headquartered in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, which produces iron ore concentrate from previously-mined ore reserves. SOURCE AK Steel
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Kinzler: Alles ist an Gottes Segen + Von Gott wi
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Kinzler: Alles ist an Gottes Segen + Von Gott wi composed by Burkhard Kinzler. Contemporary choral music. German title: Alles ist an Gottes Segen + Von Gott wi. Sacred, Motets; Contemporary Choral music. Full score. 4 pages. Published by Carus Verlag (CA.970210).
- Von Gott will ich nicht lassen - Dorisch/Dorian Performed by Burkhard Kinzler
- Alles ist an Gottes Segen (All things hang on our possessing) - a-Moll/A minor Performed by Burkhard Kinzler / Johann Lohner
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Kinzler: Alles ist an Gottes Segen + Von Gott wi
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Jeff Risdon, DLD Editor
The Lions face many decisions on many players this offseason, with more than half the projected starters on defense hitting free agency. One of those is safety Louis Delmas, and the decision of what to do with Delmas is the easiest; use the franchise tag.
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Louis Delmas and the Franchise Tag: A Match Made in Heaven
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Written on: 31/07/2013 by JohnClawson (1 review written)
Ordering online was a joy, great reviews to consider, guides that were spot on and comparisons of products to look at if you were not sure of which brand to buy. Each product had a delivery-time guide so you were informed.
After ordering, delivery was insanely fast. I ordered on a Sunday night and the products-every one I had ordered- were delivered on Wednesday, just after lunch. I had to call the shop on the Monday and the person I spoke to, Mark, was brilliant. It honestly was like talking to a mate, he was helpful and called me back with info he didn't have to hand.
All in all, by far and away the best company I have ever had dealings with and it was amazingly refreshing to deal with a company that made you feel like you are valued. I cannot recommend this company enough.
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" Great order well handled " Read More
" Spada Enforcer - Not waterproof but strong and comfortable. " Read More
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" 8 months, 1 leaking boot " Read More
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