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By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
5/9/2014 (7 months ago)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
Where there a bright side to the Black Death? That's what some researchers have concluded. While the Black Death devastated Europe in the 14th Century and untold millions of people died, the devastation led the survivors to adapt better living conditions.
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
5/9/2014 (7 months ago)
Published in Health
Keywords: Black Death, health conditions, survivors, plague
LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - An analysis of skeletons in London cemeteries has shown those who survived the Black Death lived longer and had better health than ever before.
It took an enormously heavy toll on the world, but the improvements in health only occurred because of the death of huge numbers of people.
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Dr. Sharon DeWitte of South Carolina University says that this is evidence of how infectious disease has the power to shape patterns of health in populations, said.
"Even in the face of major threats to health, such as repeated plague outbreaks, several generations of people who lived after the Black Death were healthier in general than people who lived before the epidemic," DeWitte says.
Killing 30-to-50 percent of the European population in the 14th Century, victims of the Black Death broke out in lumps and black spots and died within days. The elderly and the sick were most at risk of catching the bacterial infection, which was probably spread through sneezes and coughs, according to the latest theory.
Villages then faced starvation, with no workers left to plough the fields or bring in the harvest.
Little is known about the general health and death rates of the population, before and after the disease struck. DeWitte investigated how the deaths of frail people during the Black Death affected the population in London after the epidemic.
She analyzed nearly 600 skeletons buried in London cemeteries to estimate age ranges, birth rates and causes of death for medieval Londoners living before and after the epidemic.
Survival and general health improved dramatically by the 16th Century, with people living much longer than before the epidemic broke out.
"It really does emphasize how dramatically the Black Death shaped the population," she says. "The period I'm looking at after the Black Death, from about 200 hundred years after the epidemic. What I'm seeing in that time period is very clear positive changes in demography and health."
DeWitte admits that the aftermath of the epidemic would have been "horrifying and devastating" for those who survived. "Those improvements in health only occurred because of the death of huge numbers of people."
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There is no mention about US lost decade 2000-2010. America's also faces another lost decade ahead 2010-2020. It is my belief that It will be more painful than that of Japan's.
Every society has its faults, but Japan is such a pleasant place to live in compared with many other places (and this applies to people on low incomes too).
Japan has done a remarkable job of maintaining a good standard of living and order in a well-functioning society based on the rule of law and democracy. The urban streets are generally clean and safe; people are remarkably well-behaved, helpful and polite (no chippy attitude or threatening behaviour from youngsters), well-educated and law-abiding; they eat very well, are not generally obese, live longer than any other race, have fun despite the hardships they face, and have access to all the best technology, international cuisine, fashions and means of travel at reasonable prices. The train system is a wonder of the modern world built and run entirely by Japanese people.
Thanks to low immigration, there are virtually no religious or ethnic tensions and there are fewer misunderstandings (lower agency costs) as everyone is a native speaker of Japanese.
The Japanese are patient and resourceful. They are already working on raising the food self-sufficiency ratio and are weaning themselves off imported energy dependence and GDP-ism. Only conventionally-trained economists, diversity fascists and monolingual, short-termist expat fundies are frustrated with Japan.
What's wrong with declining GDP anyway? Most of the money Japan made when GDP was high (Japan was never obliged to generate high GDP!) was spent on concreting over Japan's precious landscape and shoreline, trashing the few remaining scenic sites, forests and rivers and burning imported gas and rubber anyway. Quality of life can improve even when GDP is declining by focusing on more enjoyable, healthy, low-cost activities such as walking and cycling, making music, spending more time with the family, eating less but better, community activities...most of the best things about Japan were created before GDP and the pork-barrel "construction state" became an obsession.
The future of Japan lies in the depopulated countryside. As the manufacturing and construction jobs shrink and white-collar workers are laid off they can go back to the villages from which their parents emigrated postwar (there's plenty of room and rural land is dirt cheap) to become factory fodder and create new communities but without the isolation and inbred, insular outlook of the old countryside (the electronics revolution and modern comms will ensure that this doesn't happen). Work patterns can shift from pouring concrete to changing wrinklies' diapers (I'd rather pour concrete but you have to take what you can get!).
For most of the first half of the 20th century economists were complaining about Japan's surplus population - now they're complaining about a declining population. Economists will always have a gripe agenda. Japan is fine with about 50 million people - it could be completely self-sufficient in food and energy if its uses its technology and collective intellect - it's the West that has to sort itself out, not Japan.
Take the UK. Weak manufacturing base, poorly educated subliterate work-shy "work"force, frighteningly large underclass, scared middle-class demoralised by over-zealous PC and abandoned by growing plutocrat class and corrupt venal elite, poor and limited diet, dangerous streets, frequent breakdowns of public services, devastated financial services, err, "industry", high dependence on imports of food and energy, overcrowded and polluted, sink estates, ethnic and racial powder-keg...Japan's problems are much more manageable!
The financial statistics point to catastrophic decline, yet people continue to lead fruitful lives, the country remains in the top 10 by HDI, Tokyo continues to dominate the ratings of the world's most livable cities, universities and businesses to lead in innovation, performance and brand value, the CAB values strongly positive...
Perhaps no one is rioting not because the Japanese are too timid and deferential to authority, but because the financial statistics (and the investors that influence them) are not worth the paper they are published on? Could humanity prosper in ways other than by unceasing, debt-driven bubble growth?
Macumazan is completely correct. It is amazing to me how rarely I've seen anyone actually look at the trade imbalance between the US and China and declare it anything except a disaster for the US. But the Chinese, like the Japanese before them, have trapped themselves with their merchantilist policies. For China, the situation is currently even worse, since they refuse to allow their currency to float to its current fair market price -- they are thereby stuck holding dollars and complaining about US fiscal policy when in actuality, the problem is completely of their own making. As was said by a prescient few 20 years ago about Japan, so it should be said today about China: the trade and currency inbalance is not a problem for America; it is a problem for the Chinese.
Having lived in Japan for 20 of the last 30 years, I have many times failed to recognise the country from its economic statistics and comparisons of these with other OECD countries. Japan is still in so many ways semi-detached from the rest of the developed world that academic comparisons often seem to confuse as much as enlighten. Whatever the economists may tell us, I see Japan as rich in money but poor in personal well-being. It is still overwhelmingly a producer economy, not a consumer economy. As the country has got richer a disproportinately small part of that extra wealth seems to have gone to the people at large. The idea of the family holiday hardly exists, access to leisure activities is generally limited and expensive (except shopping - the main 'hobby' of millions of Japanese), inefficient and over-protected agriculture means people still spend a disproportionate part of their income on food, and in spite of 30 years of deregulation importers of technology-based consumer goods continue to struggle to get their products into the shops. But the real disaster waiting to happen is all the people who over the last 20 years have been unable to get 'regular' jobs on graduation and have been condemned by the system to live for ever in the world of 'part time' and contract work, with in practice no job security, no social safety net, no health insurance and no pension provision, and in many cases only paid about half as much as the 'regular' employee working alongside them. No wonder so many of these young people can not afford to get married, buy (or even rent) a decent home and have a family. What will all these people do when they get older and, in the Japanese system, unemployable?
People are making "suggestions" on the Japanese economy. They are speaking as if by applying their methods, things will turn around. But they seldom consider one has to pay for the wrongs done (the housing bubble) in a possible long long period. I do not mind people proposing ideas but please do not be so arrogant by citing some buzzwords like Keynesian or free trade and then saying you will be OK. Things are far more complexed than many of you think.
Are Japanese so idiotic and uneducated that they have never considered your options?
Are the readers/authors subject to any political pressure from different stakeholders?
Yes Japan is in bad shape. But as @ghaliban wrote, things are not that ugly. I do not think the Western countries are doing any better these days. And I am afraid if (some) readers here are powerful Japanese politicians, Japan would be far worse.
Captain Nanimo
Japan is not starting from scratch. When you have a country packed with debt up to its neck, more GDP growth makes perfect sense. Let alone when the population is expected to shrink increasing the debt per capita ratio. For a start, the country should fix its fertility rate. Even 1.8-1.9 will do, but not 1.4. Fix the fertility rate so we can get the idea at what point the demographic implosion will stop. Until then we can't even see the bottom of it.
@Captain Nanimo -- very great points, especially about the harmony inherent in monoculturalism. America used to be a melting pot and as such had much calmer tensions. But now, it's become a mixing bowl -- everyone attempting to stay their home culture instead of assimilating into the American culture, that, while isn't as old as other cultures, still has a distinct flavor and characteristics. "As American as apple pie," goes the saying. Now to say such a thing would offend all of the self-balkanized minority groups. Mass immigration is good when there is a lot of space and a lot of resources (like America in the 19th and early 20th centuries) but in a place like Japan, it would be a disaster. Could you imagine a large Algerian (or other culture extremely different from the Japanese) community moving into Japan? There would be rioting, car burnings and mayhem (kind of like the Paris suburbs..)
Much of Japan's problems seem to have come from zombie banks that lied about being insolvent, America has the same problem. Japan has worked to solve the problem using a long term "time heals all wounds" recipe.
America is taking the same approach. As we print money and dump it into the system the only question is if we will fall into a state of inflation or deflation.
Anjin-San wrote:
"NB12" makes a very valid point on demography, but the solution can be found on the immediately following comment by "From OZ"; raising the retirement age to 70.
I am not sure that all people can work on reaching 70. Another thing is that it's obvious that productivity is low at this age, never mind ability to learn new things or adopt new technologies. You can't extend the retirement age all the way into the people's graves.
Another thing is that happyfish is making a valid point (for a change). When you are saddled with such huge mountains of debt, population decline exacerbates this problem even if the debt does not grow. And I say that it's not even the population decline that's the problem, but the shrinking of the workforce which is driven by the aging and is outstripping the population decline by a wide margin. You can't really grow your way out of your debt if what you got is a shrinking workforce increasingly dominated by pensioners who were refused retirement just because some people decided that the old age is not a problem.
In purely technical terms, the solution is obvious. No one says that people should be paid for making the third or fourth child, but child subsidies can be concentrated in the range of the first two and occasionally three children to ensure that fertility always remain at the replacement level. In the case of countries such as Japan, which cannot afford any pro natalist policies as these will make them bankrupt, people who fail to contribute their share for keeping the demography stable should be made pay fines, discriminated in pension funds and so. It's China's one child policy in reverse. If the Japanese government can't find funds for pro natalist policies, it can use negative stimulus to achieve exactly the same result.
For the 20-30 years the demographic situation is preset, as today's children won't get to the labor market within the next 20 years. Immigration is the only solution. But in the long run, if Japan fails to stabilize its demographics, the debt problem will escalate as the workforce and even the population as a whole keep shrinking.
Would you expect your favorite football or basketball team fo continue winning for twenty years? Why are people continuously surprised by the fluctuations in a nation's economy? yes Japan and Germany have declined in the past 20 years, but are still strong vibrant countries. Many young Japanese have turned their backs on the "worker ant" mentality. I once saw some great graffiti in Tokyo: "Give me a community. Not just an economy"
Germany has established itself to be the Japan of Europe as Germany;s Credit Crunch begins in 2010. Too many factors are the same as Japan's and not just their mutual history. High labor costs, export-only driven economies, high social welfare costs, low promotion rate because employees stay at their jobs for 10 years or more, aging population, weak immigration inflows and mainly stagflation or deflationary factors. Germany and Japan are cut from the same skin.
The prolonged economic turmoil in Japan will radically transform its economic structure. It is already happening. The government's agencies used to plan and protect its economy, but now their roles are gradually but steadily diminished. The service sector has become much larger, and inefficient manufacturing sectors are hard hit. The longer the crisis lasts, the more willing the people will be to accept an even more radical change. The less efficient sectors will increasingly vanish or be transferred to other countries. If the Bank of Japan (BoJ)'s inaction is aimed at accomplishing this goal despite record-high rates of unemployment, depression and suicides, its determination is something to be admired. Interestinlgy, the BoJ has revitalized economy and even created bubbles(i.e. create more money and force banks to lend them) in the past, but now pretends not to know what to do. If the BoJ prolongs the current crisis, a consensus might be formed among the Japanese people to accept the ongoing economic transformation and more. No politician would be able to even propose such a painful transformation. With the 1997 revision of the BoJ Act that gave them greater independence, the BoJ is legally capable of accomplishing this goal. What remains is the fundamental way Japan controls its economy; what changes is who does it, the government agencies or the BoJ.
If China were proven to be a paper tiger and goes bust it would be a game changer. The theory of a China collapse is based on its rapid growth being built on a unproven foundation seeded by corruption and greed. Such a collapse would give the western world breathing room, and more time to repair their systems without feeling they are being overrun.
This might allow for better decisions concerning and allowing for higher interest rates. Higher interest rates make the money already in circulation more valuable, it is then better allocated personally, in business and by government. This results in better quality decisions. While this can slow an economy it produces far less waste and better utilization of resources. This trend might be a good change for world seeking balance and direction.
I wonder why Japanese government doesn't do this just to make the rest of the World sit up and take notice.
I think it's obvious why. You can't wipe people's savings that easily in particular if you have so many pensioners who have no chance to recover their savings again. You know people live only once and even if they do it twice it's hard to convince the bank to allow access to your current account for your next reincarnation. I don't know how much such a controlled inflation makes sense economically, but you should not think that it's going to be painless. Money does not grow on trees and the fact that you can still print it only means that somebody else will pay for it, or maybe it will be you, it's just that you will do it later.
In fact, as fas as I can get Japan is packed with bad debt from top to bottom. It's not just the government, the banks and insurance companies too. You should stop dreaming. Leave this environmentalism and harmonious development to others. Japan is not in the position right now to start experimenting with creating Utopias.
The graph showing the fall of stock markets and simultanous rise of ten year govwernment bond over the period from 1989 to 2007 and present is a telling story.It is also said that the japan has world class exports even today but there is simultanous fall in wages, profits and investments and added to it fall in prices and demand leading to deflation. It is also said that there is reduction of percentages of full time contract workers and increase in percentage of irregular parttime contract work force.
How one can explain this economic phenomena?
It is due to contracting global markets due to stiff competetion from other countries,incresing unit cost prices of japanese goods and services produced by its firms vis a vis its rivals,protctionsit policies from its own government and other governments preventing its penetration of other markets,disorder of its existing division of labor and technical supremacy in mass production lines are among other things that can be counted.
These are all indexes of It's inability to retain the global supremacy in terms productivity differentials and its effect on its falling global market share of its goods and services and which inturn increases its unit cost prices and reduces its profit margins or even losses, disrupting its existing prodution capacities and ordered division of labor resulting in incresing the irregular contract labot over its regular full time contract labor, falling wages, incomes and investments.
The falling prices and deflation is to be explained by contraction of global markets to its products while its mass producing manufacuring units have dumped the domestic markets which has no demand from its citizens.This is over production syndrome and such over production could not have been met with any governmental keynes ideas.
over production syndrome of japan charactersistic,is correlated to fallng rate of profits and even losses and its reflection on its consistent stock markts fall and simultanous increase in government bond market and overseas investments in interest earning stocks or bonds.
The present global financial and ecoomic imbalances may further aggravate the protectionsist trends from developed world which inturn may aggravate the agony of Japan in its economic outlook.
One of the reasons for the declining of the prowess of japan as well as other developed world visavia more emerging coutries is their protectionsit policies against immigration of labor and landed asset markets.This is to be seen in tumbling of its commercial land prices, and inflexible higher labor costs while its technology is stagnating.
Therefore the japan as well as developed world to work for global liberalisation of immigration and landed properties markets and work for global legal regulatory mechanisms against protectionsist trends and for global free trade and employments.and such a course of action may increase the global division of labor, global markets to absorb the japanese mass production to get out of the deflationary mess.
Maybe you can just let go of it? For a person who threw something into a rubbish bin, you seem to be rather totally obsessed with it.
Great article.
I have a little hope that US will learn from Japan to correct the current economy situation.
You are welcome, Anjin-San
Anjin-San wrote:
I agree that not everyone can work till they are 70, but majority of those nearing 65 who are currently working have both the ability and the willingness to continue working till then.
Maybe majority have, maybe not. How are you going to determine it? But at any rate, the productivity of these people is not the same. Never mind that old people tend to be conservative and resistant to change which means that as the age composition of workplaces changes, this will have adverse effect on innovation and adaptability. Under many circumstances you would prefer these people to stay at home and have smaller teams of younger people than bigger teams dominated by the older generation.
Anyway, I think that everybody agrees that the demographic situation requires urgent correction and I guess that there is some sort of agreement on this thread that the government should come up with a comprehensive policy of demographic stabilization. My only comment on this would be that the government should consider in serious using negative stimulus against people who miss the target of two children per family (or per woman and per man as a provider) because pro natalist policies relying on subsidies and such stuff are usually prohibitively expensive.
I agree about immigration and mono ethnicity. Japan's monoculturalism is its strong side and it's worth of trying to preserve (if it's possible of course). I also agree with Captain's characterization of the UK. It's a pretty accurate description.
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text: The curator was so very friendly and informative, it was like chatting with an old friend. Even if you're not an aviation buff/expert, you'll enjoy the museum and hall of fame because all exhibits are clearly displayed and described. Most, if not all, of the aircraft at the museum are flyable and the fly-ins held at various times throughout the... More


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|Blog Posts
Related Recipes: Cinnamon Raisin English Muffin Bread with Cinnamon Sugar Butter – Make your own English muffins in this foolproof, no-knead, easy yeast bread that's great for beginners and first-time breadmakers. You'll never go back to storebought English muffins and the worst that can happen is you use the leftovers for French toast Cinnamon Sugar Crust Cream Cheese and Jelly Danish Squares – If you like breakfast pastries, this tastes like an Entenmann's danish, with a crispy and crunchy cinnamon-sugar coating, and it's filled with smooth cream cheese and sweet jelly. The squares use a shortcut and are a snap to make Pumpkin Banana Bread with Browned Butter Cream Cheese Frosting – A moist, easy, banana bread, laced with the warming flavors of pumpkin and molasses and the frosting takes the bread into another realm Cinnamon Bun Pie – Best cinnamon rolls I've ever made (to date) and they're ready from start to finish in less than 30 minutes. I'm working on yeast-based cinnamon rolls Strawberry Jelly Rolls – These start out as white dinner rolls that I doctored up and baked, and in less than 15 minutes I was eating a warm jelly roll, perfect when you're short on time but want to make something hot, and you can keep the batch size as small, or large, as necessary Baked Cinnamon Bun Donuts with Vanilla Cream Cheese Glaze – A cross between a Krispy Kreme donut and a Cinnabon cinnamon roll. Yeast-free and easy and although I haven't tried it in muffin tins, if you don't have a donut pan, try them as muffins Pumpkin Spice Peanut Butter and Chocolate Chip Granola (vegan, GF) – Between the maple syrup, pumpkin, peanut butter, cranberries, and spices, the scent that emanates from the oven while this bake is extraordinary. Granola is so easy and inexpensive to make at home that I never buy it Do you have a favorite French Toast recipe? Or monkey bread or pull-apart bread recipe?
Feel free to link up your favorites. I'm not much of a pancake maker because my last pancake recipe (vegan, GF) was almost 3 years ago but I am feeling so inspired on all things bread-making. Thanks for the entries in the two giveaways and have a great week! Trader Joe's Cookbook Giveaway LeCreuset Enamaled Cast Iron Skillet Giveaway
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Find out more about your Council and the services it provides for local residents, business and visitors to the borough.
Find details of Councillors and the decision making arrangements within the Council's Democracy section.
Find out more about 'Your Council' and the services it provides for local residents, business and visitors to the borough.
Have your say in how we can improve our services to you, as well as complete one or more of our online consultation exercises.
If you are 18 or over and have registered, voting in local and general Elections is the most important way to make your voice heard.
Up-to-date Council job vacancies as well as the latest Stockport teaching vacancies (the vacancies link opens an external website).
Information on Council Tax Bands, methods of payments, and reductions.
After viewing articles, jobs or search results, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in.


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Time Out Stuffed Spuds
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When a timeout is called, it's a great time to take a break from the action and sink your teeth into everybody's favorite finger food - potato skins! This batch is stuffed with a delicious hot chicken salad that makes it as good as a three-point play!
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If you'd like, go ahead and load these up with additional toppings like sour cream or bacon bits just before serving.
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This is How to Seduce a Lady with 3 Spoons of Sugar
A number of guys will end up spending thousands of dollars this holiday season to try to impress the loves of their lives...when all they really needed was 3 smalls scoops of sugar...
A number of guys will end up spending thousands of dollars this holiday season to try to impress the loves of their lives...when all they really needed was 3 smalls scoops of sugar...
Here's another fun and cute way to waste time at the office...er, I mean, another great way to experience a cool online feature.
Perth Western Australia evidently has a pretty serious cat problem. Well, I guess it's only a problem it it's your car they insist on using as a litter box.
Ask any public school educated Texan that question and the answer would probably be "yes".
Holiday party season is here and if it's your goal to stand out without the drunken foolishness or regretful blackouts, I can help.
It's a simple question really. How predictable are you? Here is a little video/game to find out.
As we prepare to head out and "shop till we drop", here is something to keep in mind.
Little 3-year-old Dillan Warden was recently playing in his front yard when he felt nature call. The toddler is being potty trained and, since he wasn't close to a bathroom, he did what any young boy in the situation would do —- he unzipped and let it fly. Instead of being rewarded for keeping his big boy pants dry, he found himself slapped with a $2,500 fine for public urination.
Youth football is big in many parts of the country. Today, most youth leagues will allow girls who want to play "give it a try". Well boys, be careful what you ask for.
Epic trampoline trick mixes 2 boys with danger and crashing automobiles. They sure don't look worried!
At Kicks105.com we try and keep you up to date on the latest and coolest viral videos. If you don't pay close attention, you could miss something spectacular.
As reported this morning on KICKS 105's Tabloid News with Danny Merrell, here it is, THE BABY MOP!
Now, as your baby is learning to crawl, he/she can always be cleaning the floors.


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Bad boy candy.
Driving a piece of history
Can muscle and refinement coexist?
The 2015 Volkswagen Golf GTI is more powerful and efficient, we get behind the wheel.
The 2015 Volkswagen Golf has been an icon for 40 years, we turn to key and drive into the next chapter.
A true muscle car for modern times.
Still a magnet for your silver-haired friends, just a much better sports car for everyone else
No, it's not a Chevy Malibu. It's the insanely powerful 2014 Chevrolet SS.
Not all IS models are created equal.
The British Bulldog is back with even more bite.
The 2014 BMW 435i Convertible replaces the 3 Series Convertible, but changes go beyond the badges.
The 2014 BMW M235i Arrives to Confuse and Delight
The 2014 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Z51 delivers excellent performance at a price that you can live with.
The WRX…with a CVT. Whaat?
Not perfect. But close enough.


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Ike made land fall in Galveston Bay late last night and it was rough. I haven't heard much about damage & flooding this morning. Ike hit Houston about 3:00am and it is still packing CAT 2 winds at 110MPH. We are in Ike's cross-hairs scheduled somewhere around 2:00pm. We are hoping it will be down-graded to a Tropical Storm by the time it arrives... not likely though. The really good news is, Ike is traveling North East so we won't get a head-on impact. Probably nothing more than 4" an hour rains and winds to 50MPH. I'm OK with that.
Man...and gas prices rose nearly 40 cents a gallon just over night. Paid 3.33 in NRH just two days ago. It went up 10 cents a gallon between this morning and noon. Shisters.
All's well, that ends well. At least for us anyway.
My parents and brother rode it out in NW Houston. No power but no real damage there. We did not even get any much needed rain in Austin, but we did inherit about 25,000 evacuees. As of Monday night we were closing most shelters and consolidating evacs into 2 long term shelters. Hopefully they will turn out to be a better class of evacuees than we got from Katrina. That turned out to be a real real boon to the criminal justice industry.
Seems FEMA is fashionably late again with supplies according to some Officials in the Metro area. Signs all over Austin "Do not drive to Houston. No fuel."
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text: The Tannarak wiki last edited by Manhunter2070 on 08/12/14 01:08PM View full history OriginTannarak was born over a century ago. Born in England, but living from an early age in Egypt, he and his childhood friend Dianna once stole fruity from a market stall. The fruit dealer caught up with the boy and as a punishment made him look upon the body of a corpse. From that moment onward. Tannarak was obsessed with death, and sought any means to avoid his own demise.CreationTannarak was the creation of Gerry Conway and Jim Aparo, first appearing in The Phantom Stranger #10 - Death ... Call Not My Name!" dated December 1970. Major Story ArcsThe Phantom StrangerTannarak's search led him to master the art of the ancient science of alchemy. He used his alchemic powers to remove the aging factor from his body and imprison it in a nearby statue. However, in order to survive, he had to steal the life essences of other people. Thus Tannarak lived on and on - a century after his beloved Dianna had died.Tannarak became certain that Dianna had been reincarnated in the body of a young woman named Michelle, and so he sought to make her immortal by arcane means. He encountered and fought the Phantom Stranger and in the ensuing battle it appeared that Tannarak was killed by the statue containing the aging factor, which fell on top of him.However, Tannarak's life was saved by strange beings who desired him to found a society based on evil. Since that time, Tannarak has sought power and immortality by various sinister means, but has been consistently foiled by the Phantom Stranger. For a time, Tannarak joined the organisation known as the Dark Circle, an organisation of evil mystics working for the mysterious Tala. Tannarak teamed up with the Phantom Stranger to overcome Tala when she released the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse on the Earth.During this battle it appeared that both Tannarak and Tala were killed, but Tannarak has since resurfaced and remains an opponent of the Phantom Stranger.Zatanna: Everyday MagicTannarak makes a brief appearance in San Francisco at Club Bewitched on Haight St. Tannarak welcomes John Constantine to the club and after taunting Constantine on his failed relationship with Zatanna, Tannarak introduces Constantine to Nimue Ravensong.Superboy: Rise of the Hollow MenWhen Atlantis was still above sea level, Tannarak tried storm the kingdom with an army of Tannarak clones but these "Hollow Men" were weak drones according to the Phantom Stranger and Arion. Tannarak's forces were easily outmatched but that didn't stop Tannarak from mounting another assault against John the Viking Prince. Tannarak wanted to capture the prince because John would be a stronger candidate for the cloning process plus his abilities would serve as the prime template for Tannarak's army. However, Tannarak was met with defeat once again and his Hollow Men were burnt to ashes.In 1871, Tannarak made his way to Smallville, Kansas which is about the same time Nate Kent and Albert Valentine became sheriff and deputy of Smallville. Tannarak saw an opportunity to build himself a new army with the help of the recently distraught town surgeon. Ebenezer Took did all he could to save his newly born son but his surgical skills were not enough. Tannarak interrupts the Tooks during their moment of grief and offers them the chance to resurrect their son. Ebenezer accepts Tannarak's proposal but Took's efforts to resurrect his son with dark ceremonies turned out to be disastrous. Tannarak comforted Took by explaining to him that pain can be overcome by the strength of familial numbers rather than the bonds between one another.Took fell for Tannarak's silver tongue and agreed to build a clan that was mainly composed of the Took family who have long been dead. As for Ebenezer, Tannarak gave Took a goblet of his blood and Took became Tannarak's dark acolyte. When the body of a missing boy turns up with Ancient Atlantean runes carved into his skin, both Kent and Valentine take on the case immediately, Kent theorizes the possibility of a purported occultist that has come into town and Valentine doesn't disagree except for one thing: their culprit isn't an outsider. Valentine analyzed the body thoroughly and found stitching which resembled Took's pattern. Kent decides to lead a posse to the Took farm.The mob killed several members of the Took family (both living and dead) and Valentine burnt the Took estate to ground. At the same time, Kent finds Ebenezer Took inside a broken wheat silo along with Tannarak. They were performing a ritual on a stone tablet but before they could complete it, Kent reacted quickly by throwing a lit lantern at them. The silo goes up in flames but Kent did not stay long enough to see if Took and Tannarak died in the fire. Took and Tannarak did indeed survive the mob's fiery retribution. Tannarak told Took to remain underground and continue his experimentations on the human body through necromancy until the dark mage returned.In time, the Luthors purchased the Took estate but when Lex Luthor left Smallville, he gave up the deed to his niece's family. Eventually the Phantom Stranger comes to Smallville to warn to Superboy of the impending doom that is beneath Smallville. The Phantom Stranger takes possession of old man Lynch when he confronts Conner and Simon Valentine. At first, Conner doesn't believe the Phantom Stranger but Valentine confirms the Stranger's warning. Simon tells Conner about that night they stopped Poison Ivy. It turns out, Simon stumbled across a stone with strange markings on it but before he could analyze it any further, he was scared off by a group of bizarre looking farmers.New 52ConstantineTannarak, Mister E, and Sargon the Sorceress are members of the Cold Flame. His appearance was changed drastically to that of a tattooed, white haired man.


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Short Communication
Tether-Free Immobilized Bifunctional Squaramide Organocatalysts for Batch and Flow Reactions
Article first published online: 17 JUN 2013
DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300626
Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
European Journal of Organic Chemistry
Volume 2013, Issue 21, pages 4490–4494, July 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
Kardos, G. and Soós, T. (2013), Tether-Free Immobilized Bifunctional Squaramide Organocatalysts for Batch and Flow Reactions. Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2013: 4490–4494. doi: 10.1002/ejoc.201300626
Publication History
- Issue published online: 10 JUL 2013
- Article first published online: 17 JUN 2013
- Manuscript Received: 30 APR 2013
- Organocatalysis;
- Immobilization;
- Supported catalysts;
- Michael addition;
- Flow chemistry
This paper describes the preparation of highly efficient, easily accessible, and robust immobilized bifunctional organocatalysts. There was no need to employ any tether to secure high enantio- and diastereoselectivities in various Michael addition reactions. The synthetically useful Michael adducts were obtained within reasonable reaction times with the advantage of easy product isolation and the possibility of automation by using a flow chemistry apparatus.


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Legs Of Steel presents the first installment of a 5 part webisode series. Watch as the LOS crew heads to St. Moritz Switzerland on their first shoot of the 2010/2011 season and takes a journey to Vars France for the Red Bull Linecatcher.
A Co-production between Legs Of Steel and Red Bull Media House
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Other projects made by HoneynSacrameno:
Offer some kudos...
Join the conversation...
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|Here are some details about my project:
|Earrings, Accessory
|Holiday, Traditional, Whimsical, Retro / Vintage, Cute, Casual, Funky, Classic
What was your source for this jewelry project?
Online Photo or Website
Name of website or photo Christmas Tree
What materials did you use? Swarovski Crystals and pattern from Firemountaingems.com. Go to their Gallery of designs tab and type in christmas tree to see a variety of options. I used my own color combinations.


text: Intel Case-Mod CompetitionPosted on Mar 1st, 2004by TeamVRCPU Coolers and Fans The first ever Intel case modding competition took place in Singapore on February 21st at Sim Lim Square and has attracted much attention from the public for a close up view on fine work by the case mod finalists. VR-Zone too has participated in this competition with our Guitar PC. SCAN THIS QR CODE WITH YOUR PHONE Close


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Namwons Llabfulf
Junior Member
Greetings! I'll start off by saying that I am quite the forum lurker, and I have no idea if I'm posting this in the right section, we'll see! This is a painting for a skin idea I had, aka "Ghostly Teemo". I submitted it to the summoner showcase, hoping it gets in! He could have little ectoplasm bombs, shoot little bone darts, and naturally disappear when he holds still like any ghost Teemo should! Feel free to check it out and point out the little issues I'm praying to Mordekaiser you won't notice! Cheers!
Senior Member
Love this idea, it'd be cool if instead of feet he had little whisp trails and when he stands still, he doesn't totally disappear but slightly wisps out and shimmers like an illusion (like heat on a hot road).
Nice picture, still unsure whether the ghost theme fits Teemo. I guess ectoplasm bombs sounds alright.
Me likey
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Publications (300)633.44 Total impact
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ABSTRACT: A new mode of improved energy confinement, for which the confinement time is not worse or is sometimes even better than that for the well known H-mode and the density of which is in a quasi-stationary state, has been obtained in neutral beam heating experiments on JFT-2M. The new mode is different from the H-mode in many respects. The central electron temperature is higher in the new mode than in the H-mode. Radiation loss and density are reduced in the peripheral region but not in the central region. Therefore, the density and radiation profiles are highly peaked in the new mode, in contrast to the broad profiles in the H-mode. Particle confinement in the peripheral region seems to be worse in the new mode than in the H-mode. The new mode can be obtained in both divertor configurations and limiter discharges in JFT-2M.Nuclear Fusion 01/2011; 28(10):1892. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The characteristics of the edge localized model (ELM), also referred to as edge relaxation phenomenon, were investigated in H-mode plasmas of JFT-2M. It was found that the ELM is mainly a density fluctuation phenomenon at the edge and that the electron temperature at the edge, except near the separatrix, is not very strongly perturbed. Some experimental conditions controlling the ELM intensity are plasma density, plasma ion species, heating power and plasma current ramping. ELMs found in low density deuterium discharges are suppressed by raising the density. ELMs are more strongly pronounced in hydrogen plasmas than in deuterium plasmas. ELMs seen in hydrogen plasmas or in near marginal H-mode conditions are suppressed by increasing the heating power. ELMs are found to be suppressed by plasma current ramp-down whereas they are enhanced by current ramp-up. The MHD aspects of the ELM were investigated. Although no consistent MHD features of the ELMs were found, they sometimes trigger bursts of the m = 2 mode. The enhanced broadband magnetic fluctuation suggests a temporary return to the L-mode during the ELM event.Nuclear Fusion 01/2011; 31(1):93. · 2.73 Impact Factor
Article: Coupling of fast waves launched into the JFT-2M tokamak by a phased four-loop antenna array[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The coupling characteristics of the fast wave excited by a phased four-loop antenna array are described. Fast waves in the lower hybrid frequency range have the potential of generating plasma current in hot and dense plasmas. Fast waves are excited at the plasma edge by an oscillating magnetic field parallel to the toroidal direction. The parallel wavenumber of the excited fast waves is determined by the relative phase of the RF current on each antenna. The loading resistance of the antenna increases with density, but at densities above 2 × 1019 m−3 it starts to decrease with density, because of the steepening of the density gradient. The loading resistance is strongly dependent on the antenna phasing. The maximum loading due to surface wave excitation is obtained at Δ = 0 and the minimum at Δ = π. Substantial absorption of the excited fast waves is observed at the plasma centre when the antenna phasing is Δ = π. The absorption efficiency rises with decreasing phase velocity of the excited waves. The experimental results obtained in the coupling experiment are consistent with theoretical predictions.Nuclear Fusion 01/2011; 30(2):297. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The radiation loss in DIVA is measured quantitatively by a pyroelectric detector calibrated by heavily contaminated resistive discharges. The results are: (1) radiation loss power due to low-Z impurities does not play an important role; (2) radiation loss power due to the pseudo-continuum from high-Z impurities affects the power balance of the confined plasma; (3) the time dependence of energy loss channels is clarified in the gross power balance, a fact which attests to the reliability of the radiation measurements carried out by the pyroelectric detector.Nuclear Fusion 01/2011; 18(10):1337. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The absorption characteristics of fast waves excited by a phased four-loop antenna array have been investigated experimentally in JFT-2M. The frequency of the fast waves is 200 MHz, which corresponds to approximately the tenth harmonic of the ion cyclotron frequency of hydrogen. The fast wave power is absorbed mainly by the bulk thermal electrons. It is shown that the absorption efficiency of the excited fast waves is improved with increasing density and temperature, and with decreasing phase velocity of the fast wave. The results are consistent with the theoretical predictions obtained from ray-tracing calculations. The power deposition profile is obtained through synchronous detection of the electron cyclotron emission modulated by a periodic heat source. In this modulation experiment with a limiter plasma on JFT-2M the electron thermal diffusivity is 2-3 m2s−1 and the convection velocity is 20-40 ms−1 at e = 2 × 1019 m−3 and Ip = 230 kA. The resultant power deposition profile has a peak at the plasma centre and agrees well with that calculated with the ray-tracing code. The absorption efficiency calculated from the power deposition profile is 0.3-0.4 at e = 2 × 1019 m−3 and Te0 = 0.7 keV, which agrees roughly with that estimated from the initial rise of the plasma stored energy. The electron heating efficiency estimated from the absorption efficiency is (4–5) × 1019 eVm−3kW−1 and the incremental confinement time is 8-10 ms, which is slightly longer than that in L-mode plasmas heated by neutral beam injection and/or ion cyclotron heating in JFT-2M.Nuclear Fusion 01/2011; 30(5):831. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: ICRF heating of impurity-free tokamak plasmas is studied in DIVA. The frequency is fixed at 25 MHz, which is a second-harmonic cyclotron frequency of deuteron with a toroidal magnetic field of 16.4 kG. The toroidal field BT and the ratio of proton-to-deuteron density p are varied over ranges of 12 ≤ BT ≤ 19 kG and 2 p 40%, respectively. The most favourable ion heating is obtained at BT = 18 kG and p = 5 ~ 10%. Ion temperature increases from 200 to 300 eV were measured by charge-exchange neutral analysis and also by spectroscopy, where 100 kW RF net power were applied. The results are consistent with mode-conversion theory.Nuclear Fusion 01/2011; 19(11):1499. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Experimental studies on the origin of metal impurities in DIVA are described. Three processes of metal impurity release, i.e. ion sputtering, evaporation and arcing, have been identified. Among these processes, ion sputtering is the dominant process in the quiet phase of the discharge, which is characterized by the lack of spikes in the loop voltage as well as by the fact that no heat flux concentration towards a specific part of the first wall takes place. Moreover, it is demonstrated that a honeycomb structure can decrease the metal impurity release.Nuclear Fusion 01/2011; 18(6):872. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A pulse of methane gas and a short burst of aluminium have been injected into DIVA plasma at the point farthest from the divertor. For the same amount of injected impurity, the accumulation of injected impurity in the main plasma is reduced by a factor of 2 to 4 by the action of the divertor. The impurity shielded by the scrape-off plasma is rapidly guided into the burial chamber. The time needed for the poloidal excursion of the injected impurity ions in the scrape-off layer is roughly equal to that of the scrape-off plasma. Sweeping-out of the impurity ions diffusing from the main plasma into the burial chamber is also observed.Nuclear Fusion 01/2011; 18(10):1347. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Heat flux to the material surfaces in the scrape-off layer of a tokamak plasma is investigated experimentally. The time response of heat flux measurement has been improved to 0.2 ms by the recently developed thin-film thermometer. The result shows that the heat flux is calculated from a simple sheath model including secondary electron emission effects even if epithermal electrons are present.Nuclear Fusion 01/2011; 18(9):1195. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Superthermal electrons are observed in the scrape-off layer of DIVA. The superthermal electrons discussed in this paper are divided into two groups, high-energy electrons (10 keV – 100 keV) and epithermal electrons (150 eV – 500 eV). The epithermal electrons are studied quantitatively and their loss is shown to be explained by the destruction of magnetic surfaces near the separatrix owing to non-axisymmetric perturbations. The two-dimensional path of the high-energy electrons is studied, and the effects of nonaxisymmetric perturbations on the drift surface are discussed.Nuclear Fusion 01/2011; 18(2):205. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A pulse of methane gas is injected into the DIVA tokamak. The major portion of the injected impurity is shielded by the outer edge plasma, i.e. only 20% of the injected carbon are introduced into the discharge. After radial penetration of the injected carbon has been accomplished, accumulation doubles and a new steady state is sustained over the period of proton confinement. The transient radial diffusion process of the carbon is compared with calculations using an impurity transport code. The behaviour of the carbon impurity in the whole minor radius is well described by assuming perfect re-cycling at the gold-plated shell surface and using neoclassical diffusion superposed by anomalous diffusion of protons. It is shown that spreading caused by anomalous diffusion is important. The calculated result indicates that the carbon ions are lost dominantly in a He-like state.Nuclear Fusion 01/2011; 18(9):1217. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Re-cycling of self-sputtered impurities from a limiter or a divertor neutralizer plate is investigated numerically. An upper limit for the boundary plasma temperature is determined from the condition that wall material impurity ions do not increase. This temperature is shown to be very low in a conventional tokamak but not limited in a divertor tokamak with a molybdenum neutralizer plate.Nuclear Fusion 01/2011; 19(10):1327. · 2.73 Impact Factor
Article: Transition from the L-mode to the H-mode by electron cyclotron heating of a tokamak edge plasma[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Transitions of L-mode plasmas to the H-mode have been induced by an electron cyclotron heating (ECH) pulse. The transitions occur when ECH is applied to plasmas preheated either by a neutral beam or by waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequency with power levels well below their own threshold power for the H-mode transition. The position of the electron cyclotron resonance layer has been scanned and it has been shown that edge heating rather than central heating is effective in inducing the transition to the H-mode.Nuclear Fusion 01/2011; 28(2):301. · 2.73 Impact Factor
Article: Paravertebral arteriovenous malformation with venous connection to left iliac vein. Report of a case.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: An unusual systemic arteriovenous malformation arising from the left 9th intercostal artery, taking a caudal course through the left paravertebral veins, eventually drained into the left ascending lumbar vein, as illustrated at computed tomography and angiography. An embryologic maldevelopment of the azygos venous system is not the only possible explanation for venous drainage in the caudal direction. We believe that predominant venous drainage can take place in either direction because of the potentially bidirectional flow in the vertebral venous systems.Acta Radiologica 01/2010; 30(5):487-9. · 1.33 Impact Factor
Article: Enhancement of Texture and Critical Current Density in Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 Superconducting Tapes Through Magnetic Field Processing[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Ag-sheathed Bi-2212 tapes with varying core thickness were heat treated in flowing O2 in magnetic fields up to 15 T. A uniform, high-degree of texture is achieved throughout the thickness of the tapes when heat treated in a magnetic field, whereas a large portion of non-textured region exists without magnetic field. The critical current density Jc of the tapes increases with increasing field strength due to enhancement in texture. The self field critical current Ic > 1000 A is achieved for tapes with a core thickness of 180 mum. For tapes with larger core thicknesses, however, Ic decreases due to inhomogeneous melting. The magnetic field is more effective in enhancing texture in the early stages of crystal growth.01/2005;
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ABSTRACT: Materials synthesis processes in high magnetic fields are investigated for high-Tc superconductors at the High Field Laboratory for Superconducting Materials, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University. On a melt growth process of YBa2Cu3O7 bulk in magnetic fields, it was found that the crystallinity is improved. These results are due to not only the magnetic field orientation but also the decrease of the crystal growth rate by the magnetic field, which is suggested from a differential temperature analysis measurement in magnetic fields. On a chemical vapor deposition process of YBa2Cu3O7 films deposited on the polycrystalline Ag substrates in high magnetic fields, the microstructure changes drastically from the rectangular large grains with 10 μm in size to the small complex shaped grains. The spiral growth mode is observed for the samples prepared at 0 T but it changes into the island growth mode for that prepared in the presence of a magnetic filed. On a partial-melt process of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 tapes in magnetic fields, the homogeneous texture is obtained and it results in the increase of the critical current density.Current Applied Physics 10/2003; 3(5):391-395. · 2.03 Impact Factor
Article: Critical current density and microstructures of thick monocore Bi2212 tapes grown in high magnetic fields[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Ag-sheathed Bi2212 monocore tapes with core thickness between 80 and 700 μm were heat-treated in flowing O2 in magnetic fields up to 15 T. A uniform high-degree of texture is achieved throughout the thickness of the tapes when heat-treated in a magnetic field (Ha) whereas a large portion of nontextured region exists without magnetic field. The critical current density Jc of the tapes increases with increasing Ha due to enhancement in texture. The self field critical Ic>1000 A was achieved for tapes with a core thickness of 180 μm. However, for tapes with larger core thicknesses, Ic decreases due to inhomogeneous melting. The magnetic field is more effective in enhancing texture in the early stages of crystal growth.IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 07/2003; · 1.20 Impact Factor
Article: Effect of magnetic field strength in melt-processing on texture development and critical current density of Bi-oxide superconductors[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Vertical magnetic fields up to 15 T were applied to the magnetic melt-processing (MMP) of Bi2212 bulks and Ag-sheathed tapes with a core thickness above 80 μm, which were set horizontally. Texture with the c-axis along the direction of magnetic field applied during MMP is developed due to the anisotropy in magnetic susceptibility of Bi2212. The degree of texture and the anisotropy factor in magnetization increase almost linearly as the magnetic field strength Ha during MMP is increased. The anisotropy factor in magnetization reaches 6.5 at a Ha of 13 T for Ag-doped Bi2212 bulks, whereas for Bi(Pb)2212 in which Pb partially substitutes for Bi the factor is suppressed to a half of that of Ag-doped Bi2212. The transport critical current Ic and the critical current density Jc of Bi2212 tapes also increase with increasing Ha due to the texture development and Ic reaches above 1000 A in self-filed for the tapes with a core thickness of 180 μm. However, for further thicker tapes, Ic decreases. The suppressions in the Ic for the tapes and in the anisotropy factor in magnetization for Bi(Pb)2212 bulks are due to inhomogeneous melting, and inhomogeneous nucleation and growth of crystals during MMP. When crystal growth is restricted, crystal alignment is suppressed.Physica C Superconductivity 01/2003; · 0.72 Impact Factor
Article: Fluid velocity and electromagnetic forces measured by a rotating Langmuir probe in the scrape-off layer of JFT-2M[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Measurements obtained by the novel technique of an assembly of planar Langmuir probes rotating in the scrape-off layer of JFT-2M are described. The probes scan the radial direction and rotate 360 degrees so measuring the direction of the magnetic field and the density of current in the magnetic surfaces. Experiments carried out with and without divertor biasing lead to the following main results: (1) The direction of the ion flow has been measured. (b) It has been found that j*B not=0 with the resulting force always directed towards the magnetic axis. (c) By applying a negative divertor bias a narrow layer appears where the current flows in a direction opposite to the main plasma currentNuclear Fusion 10/2002; 34(11):1453. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A Langmuir probe is used to study the plasma behaviour in the scrape-off layer of JFT-2a, (a Tokamak with an axisymmetric divertor). The measurements reveal particle fluxes to the divertor and the wall as well as cross-field profiles of density and potential in the scrape-off layer. On the basis of these measurements, the cross-field diffusion coefficient in the scrape-off layer and the divertor efficiency are estimated. The existence of the magnetic limiter is also verified by the method.Plasma Physics 10/2002; 20(8):749.
Top Journals
Japan Atomic Energy AgencyMuramatsu, Niigata, Japan
Nagasaki University HospitalNagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
Florida State University
Tallahassee, FL, United States
- Center for Advanced Power Systems (CAPS)
National High Magnetic Field LaboratoryTallahassee, Florida, United States
Kitami Institute of TechnologyNotsukeushi, Hokkaidō, Japan
Tohoku University
Sendai-shi, Miyagi-ken, Japan
- Institute for Materials Research
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Tokyo, Tokyo-to, Japan
- Department of Energy Sciences
Fujita Health University
Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- • Department of Radiology
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The University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Tokyo-to, Japan
- • Faculty & Graduate School of Medicine
- • Division of Internal Medicine
Universiteit Twente
Enschede, Provincie Overijssel, Netherlands
- Faculty of Science and Technology (TNW)
Saitama Medical University
Saitama, Saitama, Japan
- Saitama Medical Center
Tsukuba Research InstituteEdo, Tōkyō, Japan
Toshiba CorporationEdo, Tōkyō, Japan
Okano Cable Co., Ltd.Зама, Kanagawa, Japan
University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, Illinois, United States
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
Edo, Tōkyō, Japan
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering
Tokyo Medical University
Edo, Tōkyō, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine III
Leiden University Medical Centre
Leyden, South Holland, Netherlands
- Department of Immunhematology and Blood Transfusion
University of TsukubaTsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan


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Germans to America (Series II), July 1843-December 1845: Lists of Passengers Arriving at US Ports - Germans to America 2 (Hardback)
by Ira A. Glazier, William P. Filby
|Hardback 128 pages
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Germans to America provides both genealogists and researchers of family history with the first extensive, indexed source of German surname immigrants. This entire project was planned to span the years 1850 through 1893, but now the series has been extended. The series reproduces information from the original passenger lists filed by all vessels entering U.S. ports from abroad. Ships that departed from German ports or carried passengers who declared themselves to be of German origin are included, with first and last names, age, sex, occupation, and province and village of origin (whenever available) provided for each emigrant. A complete index of names is included at the end of every volume. Germans to America may be ordered by individual volume. Standing orders, which receive a 10% discount, are also welcomed.
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