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A method for performing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) guided core biopsies is tendered more accurate and efficient by precisely positioning a disengaged probe assembly with respect to a localization fixture attached to a breast coil platform. The precise position is defined by MRI stereotopic location of suspicious tissue with respect to a fiducial marker on the localization fixture. With the probe inserted, dual lumens in the probe assembly are used for drainage or insertion of fluids as well as inserting diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Core biopsies are performed by engaging a biopsy instrument handle containing a cutter, with the localization fixture providing support and position to the handle. Repeated MRI scans are facilitated by the ability to disengage the handle without risk of displacing the probe assembly from the biopsy site.
1. A method of performing a biopsy of tissue located at coordinates in a first, second, and third dimension, the method comprising:
(a) localizing a patient's breast in a localization fixture, wherein the localization fixture comprises:
(i) a probe assembly comprising:
a proximal end, a distal end, a lumen, an opening in communication with the lumen, wherein the opening is positioned proximate to the distal end, and
an insertion tool operable to selectively block the opening,
(ii) a probe assembly guide coupled to the probe assembly, and
(iii) a compression plate operable to stabilize the patient's breast, wherein the compression plate comprises:
elongate slots extending along the first dimension, wherein the slots are spaced apart along the second dimension,
wherein the act of localizing the patient's breast comprises compressing at least a portion of the breast with the compression plate;
(b) locating suspicious tissue with an MRI scan;
(c) defining coordinates in the first, second, and third dimensions that correspond to the location of the suspicious tissue;
(d) inserting the probe assembly into the patient's breast guided by the probe assembly guide, wherein the probe assembly is inserted along the third dimension, wherein the probe assembly is inserted through one of the elongate slots of the compression plate;
(e) performing a selected one of a diagnostic procedure, surgical procedure and a therapeutic procedure with the probe assembly inserted into tissue and detached from a biopsy instrument;
(e) engaging a handle of the biopsy instrument to the proximal end of the probe assembly, wherein the biopsy instrument comprises a cutter sized to translate in the lumen of the probe assembly, wherein the cutter is retracted in the handle at the initiation of the act of coupling the handle to the probe assembly; and
(f) advancing the cutter through the lumen in the probe assembly to the tissue.
2. The method of
with the biopsy instrument engaged to the probe assembly, applying vacuum through the biopsy instrument and through the lumens of the probe assembly.
3. The method of
sealing the cutter lumen with an obturator stylet that allows fluid communication between the vacuum lumen and the cutter opening.
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
with the probe assembly inserted into the tissue and the biopsy instrument disengaged, positioning the patient within a closed MRI machine bore and performing an MRI scan.
7. The method of
coupling a fiducial marker to the localization fixture.
8. The method of
attaching a tip protector onto the probe assembly, the tip protector including a fiducial marker;
attaching the probe assembly to the probe assembly guide; and
positioning the probe assembly guide for a desired spatial coordinate.
9. The method of
locating the probe assembly guide to a desired insertion point on the localization fixture; and
using the probe assembly guide to insert the probe to a desired biopsy site at a constrained angle.
10. The method of
11. A method of a diagnostic imaging guided minimally invasive procedure, comprising:
(a) localizing a human breast in a localization fixture;
(b) stabilizing the human breast using a compression plate including a series of apertures, wherein the act of stabilizing comprises compressing at least a portion of the breast with the compression plate;
(c) diagnostic imaging the human breast to locate a tissue location;
(d) attaching a probe assembly to a probe guide assembly coupled to the localization fixture;
(e) positioning the probe guide assembly to a lateral spatial location on the human breast;
(f) guiding the probe guide assembly along horizontal and vertical directions parallel to the lateral spatial location on the human breast to an insertion angle to position the probe assembly at the tissue location;
(g) inserting the probe assembly into the human breast guided by the probe guide assembly toward a medial side of the human breast, wherein the act of inserting the probe assembly further comprises inserting the probe assembly through one of the apertures of the compression plate;
(h) engaging a handle including a cutter to the probe assembly to obtain a core biopsy sample through the probe assembly, wherein the cutter is fully retracted within the handle when the handle is initially engaged to the probe assembly, such that the cutter does not protrude from the handle when the handle is initially engaged to the probe assembly; and
(i) advancing the cutter relative to the handle and into the probe assembly to sever a tissue sample.
12. The method of
using a depth adjustment mechanism to gain mechanical advantage.
13. The method of
14. The method of
adjusting the probe guide assembly to a desired horizontal position; and
adjusting the probe guide assembly to a desired vertical position.
15. The method of
16. The method of
inserting the cutter through the cutter lumen for severing a tissue sample; and
drawing a vacuum through the vacuum lumen to assist in drawing in the tissue sample into the cutter lumen.
17. The method of
transferring a fluid through the vacuum lumen to perform a therapeutic treatment to the tissue location.
18. A method for performing a biopsy, the method comprising:
(a) localizing a body portion in a localization fixture, wherein the localization fixture comprises:
(i) a probe assembly comprising:
a proximal end,
a distal end,
a cutter lumen, and
an opening in communication with the cutter lumen, wherein the opening is positioned proximate to the distal end,
(ii) a probe assembly guide coupled to the probe assembly, and
(iii) a compression plate operable to stabilize the body portion, wherein the compression plate comprises apertures arranged along first and second dimensions,
wherein the act of localizing comprises compressing at least a portion of the body portion with the compression plate;
(b) imaging the body portion to determine a tissue location relative to the localization fixture;
(c) determining the tissue location relative to the localization fixture with respect to first, second, and third dimensions;
(d) positioning the probe assembly at the tissue location relative to the first and second dimensions guided by the probe assembly guide;
(e) inserting the probe assembly along the third dimension to place the opening of the probe assembly proximate to the tissue location, wherein the act of inserting comprises inserting the probe assembly through one of the apertures of the compression plate;
(f) imaging the body portion to determine the tissue location relative to the inserted probe assembly;
(g) coupling a handle of a biopsy instrument to the probe assembly, wherein the biopsy instrument comprises a cutter configured to translate through the cutter lumen of the probe assembly, wherein the biopsy instrument is configured to selectively engage with the probe assembly, wherein the cutter is retracted within the handle at the initiation of the act of coupling the handle to the probe assembly;
(h) advancing the cutter of the biopsy instrument through the cutter lumen of the probe assembly; and
(i) severing a portion of tissue at the tissue location with the cutter, wherein the portion of tissue is severed adjacent the opening of the probe assembly.
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
23. The method of
The present application hereby claims the benefit of the provisional patent application of the same title, Ser. No. 60/374,807 filed on Apr. 23, 2002. The present application is related to co-pending and commonly-owned applications filed on even date herewith entitled �LOCALIZATION MECHANISM FOR AN MRI COMPATIBLE BIOPSY DEVICE� to Hibner et al. and �AN MRI COMPATIBLE BIOPSY DEVICE WITH DETACHABLE PROBE� to Hibner et al., the disclosure of both is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The present invention relates, in general to a method of imaging assisted tissue sampling and, more particularly, to an improved method for positioning a biopsy probe with respect to a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) breast coil for acquiring subcutaneous biopsies and for removing lesions.
The diagnosis and treatment of patients with cancerous tumors, pre-malignant conditions, and other disorders has long been an area of intense investigation. Non-invasive methods for examining tissue are palpation, Thermography, PET, SPECT, Nuclear imaging, X-ray, MRI, CT. and ultrasound imaging. When the physician suspects that tissue may contain cancerous cells, a biopsy may be done either in an open procedure or in a percutaneous procedure. For an open procedure, a scalpel is used by the surgeon to create a large incision in the tissue in order to provide direct viewing and access to the tissue mass of interest. Removal of the entire mass (excisional biopsy) or a part of the mass (incisional biopsy) is done. For a percutaneous biopsy, a needle-like instrument is used through a very small incision to access the tissue mass of interest and to obtain a tissue sample for a later examination and analysis. The advantages of the percutaneous method as compared to the open method are significant: less recovery time for the patient, less pain, less surgical time, lower cost, less risk of injury to adjacent bodily tissues such as nerves, and less disfigurement of the patient's anatomy. Use of the percutaneous method in combination with artificial imaging devices such as X-ray and ultrasound has resulted in highly reliable diagnoses and treatments.
Generally there are two ways to percutaneously obtain a portion of tissue from within the body, by aspiration or by core sampling. Aspiration of the tissue through a fine needle requires the tissue to be fragmented into small enough pieces to be withdrawn in a fluid medium. The method is less intrusive than other known sampling techniques, but one can only examine cells in the liquid (cytology) and not the cells and structure (pathology). In core sampling, a core or fragment of tissue is obtained for histologic examination, genetic tests, which may be done via a frozen or paraffin section. The type of biopsy used depends mainly on various factors present in the patient, and no single procedure is ideal for all cases. However, core biopsies seem to be more widely used by physicians.
Recently, core biopsy devices have been combined with imaging technology to better target the lesion. A number of these devices have been commercialized. One such commercially available product is marketed under the trademark name MAMMOTOME�, Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. An embodiment of such a device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,526,822 issued to Burbank, et al., on Jun. 18, 1996, and is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
As seen from that reference, the instrument is a type of image-guided, percutaneous, coring, breast biopsy instrument. It is vacuum-assisted, and some of the steps for retrieving the tissue samples have been automated. The physician uses this device to capture �actively� (using the vacuum) the tissue prior to severing it from the body. This allows the sampling of tissues of varying hardness. The device can also be used to collect multiple samples in numerous positions about its longitudinal axis, and without removing the device from the body. These features allow for substantial sampling of large lesions and complete removal of small ones.
Co-pending application Ser. No. 09/825,899filed on Apr. 2, 1997, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, described other features and potential improvements to the device including a molded tissue cassette housing permitting the handling and viewing of multiple tissue samples without physical contact by the instrument operator. Another described therein is the interconnection of the housing to the piercing needle using a thumbwheel, to permit the needle to rotate relative to the housing, while preventing the vacuum tube from wrapping about the housing. During use, the thumbwheel is rotated so that the device rotates within the lesion, and samples can be taken at different points within the lesion.
In actual clinical use for breast biopsy the instrument (probe and driver assembly) is mounted to the three axis-positioning head of an x-ray imaging machine. The three axis-positioning head is located in the area between the x-ray source and the image plate. The x-ray machines are outfitted with a computerized system which requires two x-ray images of the breast be taken with the x-ray source at two different positions in order for the computer to calculate x, y and z axis location of the suspect abnormality. In order to take the stereo x-ray images the x-ray source must be conveniently movable. The x-ray source therefore is typically mounted to an arm which, at the end opposite the x-ray source, is pivotally mounted to the frame of the machine in the region of the image plate.
Recently, there has been a need for a hand held core sampling biopsy device. This need has been fulfilled by Ethicon-Endo Surgery in U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,544 issued on Jul. 11, 2000, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. This aforementioned patent discloses a hand-held MAMMOTOME� that may be held approximately parallel to the chest wall of the patient for obtaining tissue portions close to the chest wall and may be manipulated by the operator's hand. Thus, the operator may steer the tip of the handpiece on the MAMMOTOME� with great freedom towards the tissue mass of interest. The surgeon has tactile feedback while doing so and can thus ascertains to a significant degree, the density and hardness of the tissue being encountered. In addition, a hand-held MAMMOTOME� is desirable because the handpiece on the MAMMOTOME� may be held approximately parallel to the chest wall of the patient for obtaining tissue portions closer to the chest wall than may be obtained when using an instrument that is mounted to an electromechanical arm.
Recently, there has been a desire to use the above described biopsy devices with MRI imaging devices instead of x-ray imaging devices. However, existing medical biopsy sampling devices use small, multi-lumen probes extensively fabricated mostly if not entirely from metal. However, the ability to provide accurate minimally invasive diagnosis of suspicious breast lesions hinges on the size of the sample obtained and accuracy in placement of the sampling device.
The metallic nature of these probes has many drawbacks. Typically these metal probes are electrically conductive and often magnetically weak, which interferes with their use under MRI guidance. The electrically conductive and magnetically weak nature of metal probes often work to create field distortions, called artifacts, on the image. The image of the lesion will show the metal probe, and this is problematic because the image of the probe can obscure the image of the lesion.
The small sample size of conventional biopsy needles also presents a significant limitation due to the increase in the duration of the procedure. Due to the tendency for contrast agent to �wash out� of suspicious lesions, and the progressive increase in enhancement of surrounding non-malignant breast parenchyma, suspicious lesions may become indistinguishable to the breast parenchyma within a few minutes. This limits the number of samples that can be retrieved using conventional spring-loaded core biopsy needles under direct imaging guidance.
A further problem not infrequently encountered during core needle biopsy is the development of a hematoma at the biopsy site during the procedure. An accumulating hematoma can be problematic during MRI-guided biopsy because residual contrast agent circulating in the hematoma can mimic enhancement in a suspicious lesion. In addition, the accumulation of air at the biopsy site can cause susceptibility artifacts that can potentially interfere with the fat-suppression MRI techniques at the biopsy site cavity.
These limitations of conventional biopsy needles have led several authors to conclude that lesions should be at least 1 cm in diameter before imaging could confirm that the MRI-guided biopsy device was definitely within (as opposed to adjacent to) the suspicious target. However, the demand for minimally invasive MRI-guided core biopsy is greatest for small lesions because they are more common, more difficult to characterize on MRI grounds alone, and have the best prognosis if they are found to be malignant.
Therefore, there has been a desire to have generally non-metallic (especially non-ferromagnetic) biopsy probe of the type described above to eliminate artifacts. These needs have been filled by co-pending and commonly-owned application Ser. No. 10/021,680, �AN MRI COMPATIBLE SURGICAL BIOPSY DEVICE� to Huitema et al filed on Dec. 12, 2001, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The lack of undesirable artifacts for the disclosed hand-held biopsy device allows the accurate placement of the probe. Moreover, disclosed vacuum assist allows visualization of the lesion entering a bowl of the probe to confirm accurate placement, as well as avoiding problems associated with a hematoma or an air cavity. Moreover, the volume and ability to rapidly rotate the open cutting bowl of the probe allows for multiple samples in succession without removal of the probe. Thereby, the duration of the procedure is reduced.
However, elimination of the artifact created by the metal probe entirely is also problematic because physicians rely extensively on some type of artifact to notify them as to where the tip of the probe is relative to the lesion. These needs have been filled by co-pending and commonly-owned application Ser. No. 10/021,407, entitled �AN MRI COMPATIBLE BIOPSY DEVICE HAVING A TIP WHICH LEAVES AN ARTIFACT� to Rhad et al., filed on Dec. 12, 2001, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Having a target in the cutter at the distal end of the probe helps avoid advancing the probe through the chest cavity as well as accurately placing the bowl of the probe adjacent to the suspicious tissue for drawing into the cutting bowl.
While the aforementioned hand-held MRI compatible biopsy devices provide many advantages, opportunities exist for improvements and additional clinical functionality. For instance, the hand-held biopsy device presents a long, external handle that is inappropriate for closed magnet MRI machines. Furthermore, while the hand-held biopsy device allows great freedom in lateral and angular orientation, in some instances it is preferable to specifically position the biopsy probe. The MRI machine may provide very accurate stereotactic placement information that is only partially utilized in inserting the probe. In particular, the hand-held biopsy device is inserted through an opening in a compression plate, so some two-dimensional alignment is provided. However, the angle and depth of insertion the probe tends to vary, especially without continual reimaging of the probe during insertion, which is particularly inappropriate for closed MRI magnets.
Furthermore, the vacuum assist reduces occurrence of a hematoma and draws in tissue to increase the sample size without repositioning the probe; however, current clinical procedures often require additional invasive procedures to the biopsy site to administer anesthesia or to perform additional diagnostic or treatment procedures.
Consequently, a significant need exists for a method of performing MRI-guided biopsy that is applicable to both open and closed MRI machines, especially a method that allows a range of diagnostic and therapeutic operations at the biopsy site with a minimum of invasive procedures.
The invention overcomes the above-noted and other deficiencies of the prior art by providing a method whereby a core biopsy is accurately and efficiently performed even with only intermittent Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans. The stereotopically derived coordinates of the suspicious tissue are used by a surgeon to position alignment positioning guides on a localization mechanism that guide a core biopsy tool. Thereby, even closed MRI machines may be used since constant monitoring of the position of the core biopsy tool during insertion by MRI guidance is not required.
In one aspect of the invention, a method of MRI guided core biopsy of suspicious breast tissue of a patient's breast includes localizing the patient's breast in the localization fixture, attaching a probe assembly to the probe assembly guide, positioning the probe assembly guide for a desired spatial coordinate, inserting the probe assembly using the probe assembly guide to a desired biopsy site, and engaging a biopsy instrument handle to the probe assembly. The biopsy instrument handle includes a cutter that translates within the probe assembly to perform the core biopsy.
In another aspect of the invention, a method of MRI guided core biopsy of suspicious breast tissue is enhanced with a fiducial marker that is coupled to the localization mechanism. Thereby, stereotopic coordinates for suspicious tissue are readily and accurately made with respect to the localization mechanism. Since the localization mechanism also positions and guides the core biopsy tool, increased accuracy is achievable.
In yet another aspect of the invention, a method of diagnostic imaging guided biopsy includes positioning a probe at a specified spatial coordinate on a compression plate of a localization fixture, thereby accurately specifying the insertion point for the probe. Thereafter constraining movement of the probe along an insertion angle for a specified distance to the desired biopsy location. Maintaining the insertion angle avoids the need to active image the probe during insertion to avoid an error due to the angle of insertion of under or over travel during insertion.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention shall be made apparent from the accompanying drawings and the description thereof.
With reference to
The biopsy tool 14 includes a biopsy handle 36 that is attachable to a probe assembly 38. The localization fixture 16 accurately positions the probe assembly 38 for stereotactic mammography biopsy procedures for a specific biopsy site location for a distal tip 40 of the probe assembly 38. This location is identified by an X-axis coordinate that is horizontal and longitudinal with respect to the patient (up and down in
The mounting device 150 includes alignment positioning guides (described in more detail below) to orient the probe housing 46, and hence the probe assembly 38, to the desired X-Y-Z coordinate. For instance, a depth slide 48 allows mounting of the probe assembly 38 with the distal tip 40 extending outside of the opening 30 and lateral compression plate 42. Thereafter, the probe assembly 38 is guided along the Y-axis by the depth slide 48 while maintaining the selected X-Z-axes coordinates. In addition, the mounting device 150 advantageously supports the biopsy handle 36 when attached to the probe assembly 38 as depicted in
Alternatively or in addition, a depth adjustment mechanism may be incorporated into the localization fixture 16 to provide mechanical advantage, thereby achieving a controlled and deliberate insertion of the probe assembly 38. Moreover, the depth adjustment mechanism may incorporate a frictional, ratcheting or locking feature to prevent inadvertent movement of the probe assembly 38 after placement at the desired biopsy location. Examples of such depth adjustment include but are not limited to a thumb wheel in geared communication between the probe assembly mounting device 150 and the localizer support frame 126.
Referring back to
Annular rings 66 about the cylindrical mating portion 52 grip and seal to an interior of a female cylindrical mating portion 68 on the probe housing 46. Between annular rings 66, a proximal vacuum port (not shown in
The probe housing 46 includes laterally presented attachment prongs 72 for mounting to the localization fixture 16. In addition, the probe housing 46 presents a proximally directed cuboidal engagement member 74 with longitudinally aligned vertical and horizontal grooves 76 for flanges 78 from the biopsy handle 36. Referring to
In some applications, a single rotary power source may be used as an alternative to two independent rotating mechanical power sources. A transmission mechanism at the biopsy handle 36 may convert the single rotary power source into the two motions, translation and rotation. As yet another alternative, the single rotary power source may directly supply both a translation and rotary motion. Such a translating and rotating power cable would be coupled to the cutter 90 to directly control its movement.
The cutter 90 is an elongate tube with a sharpened distal end for cutting tissue presented within the distal end of the cutter lumen 56. The proximal end of the cutter 90 includes a cutter gear 108 that is exposed through a gear window 110 of the carriage 106 to mesh with the axial screw 104 for axial rotation of the cutter 90. A tissue remover 111 is a tube that is fixedly aligned with the longitudinal axis to enter the proximal end of the cutter 90. The tissue remover 111 extends up to the sample window 88 and has a vacuum selectably applied to it by the control module. Thus, when the cutter 90 is retracted, vacuum from the tissue remover 111 draws the sample to the distal end of the cutter 90 for retraction to the sample window 88, whereupon the sample encounters the tissue remover 111 and is dislodged for exiting the biopsy tool 14.
The carriage 106 includes distally projected guides 112, 114 that advantageously take-out slack between biopsy handle 36 and the probe housing 46, as well as providing indicia to the surgeon as to the depth of translation of the cutter 90. Taking out slack between the assembled parts of the handle 36 and housing 46 advantageously minimizes the deadzone length of the distal end of the needle 58. The cutter 90 should completely translate past the sample port 60 in order to reliably cut a sample. To ensure a full cut, the cutter 90 should translate the maximum distance expected for the assembly. If variation exists in manufacturing tolerances between the engagement components, then a further distance has to be included in the cutter lumen 56 distal to the sample port 60 to accommodate the over-travel. Thereby, the needle tip 62 must be advanced farther than desirable in some instances, preventing placement of the sample port 60 near critical body tissues. At or near full travel, the guides 112, 114 contact the probe housing 46, causing movement of the housing 46 to its maximum, distal position. Thus, critical dimensioning to minimize tolerance build-up is simplified.
The desired biopsy site location is stereotopically determined during an MRI scan with reference to a fiducial marker 140 that presents a small artifact. The fiducial marker 140 is contained within a fiducial marker holder 142 that may be placed at a convenient location on the compression plate 42, accurately placed with reference to indents spaced along the slots 138. Alternatively, the fiducial marker may be embedded or affixed to the compression plate 42.
The localizer support frame 126 defines and provides the guide for positioning the probe assembly 38. The X-Y-Z axes are defined with regard to the slots 138 and compression plate 42. In particular, the vertical dimension, or Z-axis, and horizontal dimension, or X-axis, are defined by the surface of the compression plate 42. The depth dimension, or Y-axis, is defined as distance away from the plane of the compression plate 42. The horizontal slide plate 128 includes laterally aligned front and back rails 144, 146 for setting the X-axis coordinate. Horizontal indicia 148 along the front rail 144 give the surgeon an accurate measurement of the position of a probe assembly mounting device 150.
A first version of the mounting device 150 is depicted that uses a single vertical pedestal 152 to position and support the probe assembly 38. In addition, the biopsy handle 36 is supported by a brace 116, which is connected to the proximal underside of the handle 36 and to a handle support rod 156 that is slid through a rod hole 158 at the corresponding side of the vertical pedestal 152. The appropriate height for the brace 116 is determined by selecting one of a range of slots arrayed along the underside of the handle, thereby pivoting the brace 116 about a brace arm 118 whose first end slidably pivots within a slot 162 in the middle of the brace 116 and second end attaches to the distal end of the handle 36.
With the handle 36 detached from the probe assembly 38 as depicted in
A slide 166 includes a grooved underside to horizontally slide on rails 144, 146 of the slide plate 128. The slide 166 also includes a central channel 168 oriented in the Y-axis depth dimension to guide the pedestal 152 as it slides in the Y-axis direction. Sufficient range of motion in depth is achieved with a pivoting depth slide 170, aligned and pivotally attached to the slide 166. With the pivoting depth slide 170 in its lowest, horizontal position, the pedestal 152 may be slid outward sufficiently for the probe assembly 38 to be out of the compression plate 42. With the pedestal 152 distally slid onto the slide 166, the pivoting depth slide 170 may be pivoted upward or otherwise removed. Depth indicia 172 along the central channel 168 give the surgeon an indication of the insertion depth of the probe assembly 38.
A vertical slide 174 slides on the pedestal 152 for vertical positioning along the Z-axis, with a measurement provided by vertical indicia 176 on the pedestal 152. Holes 178 on each lateral side of the vertical slide 174 allow mounting of the probe housing 46 on either side by insertion of attachment probes 72.
Prior to performing a clinical breast biopsy, the equipment is initialized to ensure proper function. Thus, in block 202, the probe that comprises a needle, thumb wheel and housing is assembled with the handle. The assembled biopsy tool is connected via a power cord to a control module and the system is powered up, initiating power up logic in the control module (block 204). Parameters for rotation speed and translation distances are loaded. If the control module determines that the system has not been powered up recently, such as 60 minutes, then initialization logic is performed. Thus, translational drivetrain initialization is performed (block 206); rotational drivetrain initialization is performed (block 208); and vacuum system initialization is performed (block 210). If initialization is not required, then blocks 206-210 are bypassed.
Then, the patient's breast is immobilized in the localization mechanism (block 212) and the patient is moved into the MRI magnet bore (block 214). An MRI scan is performed to stereotopically locate suspicious tissue with reference to a movable fiducial marker on the localization mechanism (block 216). For a closed MRI magnet bore, the patient is then removed (block 218), which is not necessary for an open bore. Anesthesia is administered prior to the minimally invasive vacuum assisted core biopsy procedure (block 220). Using the X-Y-Z positioning capabilities of the localization mechanism, the positioning guides on the localization mechanism are positioned for insertion to the predetermined biopsy site (block 222).
Optionally, insertion may be enhanced by use of an insertion tool installed through the probe assembly 38 (block 224). For instance, an ultrasonic cutting tip, extender, and outer tube assembly may be inserted through the probe assembly 38 through a slot in the needle tip 62, or exiting from the sample port 60 to be snapped onto the needle tip 62. This could be accomplished with a housing on the ultrasonic device that is configured to snap onto the needle 58, similarly to how a trocar obturator snaps onto the trocar cannula. Then, the ultrasonic tip is energized prior to insertion into the patient.
The probe assembly is mounted on the localization mechanism (block 226) at the designated X-Z coordinate and with the mounting device withdrawn along the depth axis. The cutter lumen is sealed with an obturator stylet (block 228), if not otherwise sealed by a tool in block 224. The vacuum lumen may be similarly sealed (e.g., stopcock attached to vacuum lumen access conduit 50) or be used to aspirate fluid and tissue during insertion. Then the probe is advanced along the Y-axis, guided by the localization mechanism to avoid misalignment (block 230). Once in place, if an insertion enhancement tool was installed in block 224, then this tool is withdrawn through the cutter lumen of the probe assembly (block 232).
With the probe in place, various fluid transfers may advantageously take place through the probe assembly (block 234). For example, vacuum may be applied through the vacuum lumen with the sample port exposed to drain any hematoma or air bubble formed at the biopsy site. Treatment fluids may be inserted directly to the biopsy site, such as anesthesia or MRI contrast agent. If the patient is to be scanned in a closed magnet bore, then the patient is moved back into the bore for scanning (block 236). In addition, vacuum may optionally be applied to the biopsy site to draw in suspicious tissue into the bowl of the sample port for confirmation prior to cutting the sample (block 238). Then, the MRI scan is performed to confirm placement of tissue in the bowl of the probe assembly, and adjustment of the probe assembly placement and re-scans are performed as required (block 240).
Sample mode is selected through the control module to perform the sequence of steps to translate and rotate the cutter according to predetermined settings, with vacuum assist to draw in the sample and to retract the sample along with the cutter to the sample window (block 244). If more samples at this biopsy site are required for diagnostic or for treatment purposes (block 246), then the thumb wheel is rotated to reorient the sample port to another angle (block 248), and sample mode is performed again by returning to block 244.
After the core biopsy is performed, the probe assembly provides an excellent opportunity for other minimally invasive diagnostic procedures and treatments without the necessity for another insertion. If the biopsy handle is installed, such as in an open MRI magnet bore, the handle is removed so that the detachable probe assembly may be accessed (block 250). Examples of tools that may be inserted through the probe assembly include: (1) gamma detectors; (2) energized tunneling tips to reduce tunneling forces; (3) inserts to aid in reconstruction of removed tissue (e.g., one or two sided shaver inserts); (4) spectroscopy imaging devices; (5) general tissue characterization sensors {e.g., (a) mammography; (b) ultrasound, sonography, contrast agents, power Doppler; (c) PET and FDG ([Flourine-18]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-glucose); (d) MRI or NMR, breast coil; (e) mechanical impedance or elastic modulus; (f) electrical impedance; (g) optical spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy, phase, polarization, wavelength/frequency, reflectance; (h) laser-induced fluorescence or auto-fluorescence; (i) radiation emission/detection, radioactive seed implantation; (j) flow cytometry; (k) genomics, PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-brca1, brca2; (l) proteomics, protein pathway}; (6) tissue marker sensing device; (7) inserts or devices for MRI enhancement; (8) biochips on-a-stick; (9) endoscope; (10) diagnostic pharmaceutical agents delivery devices; (11) therapeutic anti-cancer pharmaceutical agents delivery devices; (12) radiation therapy delivery devices, radiation seeds; (13) anti-seeding agents for therapeutic biopsies to block the release of growth factors and/or cytokines (e.g., chlorpheniramine (CPA) is a protein that has been found to reduce proliferation of seeded cancer sells by 75% in cell cultures.); (14) fluorescent tagged antibodies, and a couple fiber optics to stimulate fluorescence from a laser source and to detect fluorescence signals for detecting remaining cancer cells; (15) positive pressure source to supply fluid to the cavity to aid with ultrasound visualization or to inflate the cavity to under the shape or to reduce bleeding; (16) biological tagging delivery devices (e.g., (a) functional imaging of cellular proliferation, neovacularity, mitochondrial density, glucose metabolism; (b) immunohistochemistry of estrogen receptor, her2neu; (c) genomics, PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-brca1, brca2; (d) proteomics, protein pathway); and (17) marking clips.
Then, a tissue marker is inserted through the probe assembly so that subsequent ultrasonic, X-ray, or MRI scans will identify the location of the previous biopsy (block 252) and the probe is removed (block 254).
With a novel fiducial marker integrated into the tip protector 260, there is potentially one less step in the localization process for operators that prefer to position fiducial marker at the closest insertion point to a suspected lesion prior to insertion. Procedurally, with the tip protector 260 in place, the operator would attach the probe assembly 38 onto the pedestal 152 and move the probe assembly 38 up against the breast tissue in the vicinity of where they believe the suspicious tissue to be, based on an earlier diagnostic image. Next, when the distance from this fiducial marker to the lesion is calculated, the �delta� distances are based on where the probe is currently positioned. There is a fixed offset along the Y axis to account for the distance from the fiducial to the middle of the bowl. The attachment member 262 accurately locates the hemispheric disk 264 so that this Y-axis offset is predictable. This would be more intuitive because the delta positions are from where the probe is currently located.
While the present invention has been illustrated by description of several embodiments and while the illustrative embodiments have been described in considerable detail, it is not the intention of the applicant to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications may readily appear to those skilled in the art. For example, although the detachable probe assembly provided numerous benefits, it will be appreciated aspects of the present invention may be directed to a single piece biopsy tool. For example, access to the cutter lumen for diagnostic and therapeutic tools may be incorporated through the cutter or similar openings.
For another example, although a localization mechanism 16 is depicted that laterally compresses a downward hanging patient's breast, aspects of the present invention are applicable to other orientations of localization and imaging.
As an additional example, although MRI is discussed herein as the imaging modality for stereotopically guiding the core biopsy, aspects of the present invention apply to other imaging modalities.
As yet a further example, although a Cartesian X-Y-Z positioning approach is disclosed herein, it will be appreciated that a polar or spherical positioning approach may be implemented in whole or in part so that the detachable probe assembly enters at a predefined angle.
As yet an additional example, although a prone breast compression device is depicted, application of the present invention may be used in medical compression devices oriented in other manners, to include standing, lying on one side, or supine. In addition, aspects of the present invention may be applicable to positioning a biopsy probe through a medial compression plate, or a top and bottom compression plate pair, instead of a lateral compression plate. Furthermore, aspects of the present invention are applicable to other diagnostic imaging modalities currently used or that become available in the future. In addition, aspects of the present invention would have application to diagnostic guided biopsy procedures on other portions of the body, as well as to positioning a probe for utilizing other diagnostic and treatment devices in a minimally invasive manner.
As yet a further example, an elongate needle may be formed without a structural, longitudinal barrier between the vacuum chamber lumen and the cutter lumen. Instead, the advancing cutter 90 may define a cutter lumen having a circular cross section within a noncircular cross section (e.g., oval) of the internal cavity of the elongate needle. Moreover, a noncircular liner may be used to prevent adhesive entering the undifferentiated internal cavity.
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Swisher Announces Appointment Of William M. Pierce As New President And Chief Executive Officer
CHARLOTTE, N.C., Sept. 16, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Swisher Hygiene Inc. ("Swisher") (Nasdaq:SWSH) (TSX:SWI), a leading provider of essential hygiene and sanitizing products and services, today announced that its Board of Directors has appointed current director William M. Pierce as Swisher's new President and Chief Executive Officer, effective immediately. Thomas C. Byrne will be returning to his prior position of Executive Vice President.
"The Board is pleased that Bill has accepted the position of President and Chief Executive Officer of Swisher," said Richard L. Handley, Chairman of the Board for Swisher. "As we mentioned at our Shareholders meeting in June, this year will be focused on improving operations, strengthening our customer service, and simplifying our business model. With the addition of Bill's leadership to the management team, and with his 40 years of operating experience, we can further accelerate these initiatives."
"Over the past year, Tom has helped define this future direction of Swisher; under his leadership, we were able to complete a difficult review and restatement process and return to a current filing status with the SEC," continued Mr. Handley. "Further, we put in place a cost rationalization program from which we are beginning to see significant benefits, and we are starting to see a return to sequential quarterly revenue growth. The Board of Directors thanks him for his able stewardship, and we know he will continue to make valuable contributions to the Company."Mr. Pierce has served as a director of Swisher and a member of the Company's Audit and Compensation Committees since June 2013. In his new position as President and CEO, he will resign from these Committee positions as required by NASDAQ listing requirements. Mr. Pierce has held the position of Senior Vice President at Huizenga Holdings, Inc. since 1990, where he has also served as chief operating officer, chief financial officer and as an officer and director of numerous private and public portfolio companies. Mr. Pierce's positions have included President of Frederica Hospitality Group, LLC, five years as Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President of Dolphins Enterprises where he was responsible for all non-football business operations of the Miami Dolphins and Sun Life Stadium, and Chief Operating Officer of two route-based businesses, Sparkle, Inc. and Blue Ribbon Water Company. Previously, Mr. Pierce spent five years as the Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Boca Resorts Inc., a NYSE-traded company until its sale in 2004, where he was primarily responsible for the day-to-day oversight and the growth of the company, as well as raising equity and debt in the public markets. Prior to Huizenga Holdings, Mr. Pierce spent 11 years as a senior operating executive of Sky Chefs, a wholly owned subsidiary of American Airlines and seven years in senior management positions in the food and beverage industry. He received his B.S. in Accounting from the University of Texas at El Paso.
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Dynamo Reach Playoffs Again With 2-1 Win
After reaching the last two MLS Cup Finals, the Houston Dynamo are back in the playoffs. That might be bad news for the rest of the league.
Houston Dynamo's Brian Ching To Retire
HOUSTON – (CBS Houston): The face of the Houston Dynamo franchise since their inception in 2006, former captain Brian Ching will retire at the end of the season. The Houston Chronicle is reporting that the […]
Oscar De La Hoya Admits Himself To Rehab
Oscar De La Hoya has admitted himself to a treatment facility as he continues to fight his substance abuse.
ATT Uverse dragging on CSN Houston deal because they're Cowboys' fans?
By John P. Lopez At first blush, it seems ludicrous to think something as basic and petty as team- or city-allegiance could affect a multi-million dollar deal involving sports fans in Houston. There simply CANNOT […]
Houston Dynamo Claim Latest Victory Over Columbus
The Houston Dynamo seem to be on a fast track to soccer success as they stake their claim in the race for the Eastern Conference playoffs.
A Couple Of 'First-Times' This Weekend
That headline got your mind worked up a little bit didn't it?
Astros try to repair image … and, yeah, it goes about how you'd expect. Plus The General
600- Texans sign an RB, and ill be honest, on this particular team, 3rd strong RB is actually quite important… Allow us to explain 615- HEADLINES 630- TOP 3… 645- NBA Playoffs 700- This is […]
Houston Dynamo Defeat Galaxy; First Win In L.A.Since 2007
In an amazing soccer match-up over the weekend, the Houston Dynamo defeated the Los Angeles Galaxy; it was the first win against for Houston, against L.A. since 2007.
Houston Dynamo To Host 'Soccer Night Out'!
Soccer fans and Dynamo fans will have an opportunity to take part in the Houston Dynamo's "Soccer Night Out" this week.
Texans poised to trade 1st-round pick? Rockets' effort embarrassing. And when Andre speaks … Texans front-office listens?
600- Andre wants a WR in the 1st round http://blog.chron.com/ultimatetexans/2013/04/andre-johnson-wants-texans-to-take-wide-receiver-in-draft/#more-36492 … And it's hard to blame him… Should Andre's wishes have ANY effect on what the Texans do? Has he earned that? 615- HEADLINES… NBA […]
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NBA Team Recap – March 11, 2013
It's tough to keep up with all the action in the NBA. Here's your recap for the week ending March 11, 2013.


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Set of 6 Bridesmaid Personalized Red Rose Small Wooden Jewelry Keepsake Gift Box
Product Info
Set of 6 Bridesmaid Personalized Red Rose Small Wooden Jewelry Keepsake Gift Box
Bought some gifts for your bridesmaid? Why not compliment them with these lovely boxes. Each box is adorned with red roses images using decoupage technique and then personalized to bridesmaid's Initial & your wedding date. Perfect for cottage chic or outdoor weddings! Can be used as a bridal party keepsake or bridesmaid gift box can also easily hold small favors or bridal party gifts such as jewelry, key chains, money clips & even cuff links!
Measurement of each box is appx. 5.5cm(H) x 9cm (W). While the inner space is measuring at appx. 4.5cm (H) x 7.5cm (W).
Please leave note for personalization at checkout.
e.g. Initials : A, B, C, D, E, F
Date : 11.2.14
** If there is no note left, your box will arrive as pictured with no personalization. **
Need less than 6? Kindly proceed to the link below https://www.etsy.com/listing/129646067/red-rose-wooden-box-ring-bearer-gift-box
Item will send via International Air Parcel service.
Estimated Delivery Time (WORKING DAYS) - Subject to custom clearance
Zone 1 : Singapore, Brunei = 4 - 6 days
Zone 2 : Hong Kong, China = 4 - 7 days
Zone 3 : Taiwan, Vietnam = 5 - 7 days
Zone 4 : Australia, Japan, UAE = 5 - 9 days
Zone 5 : Austria, Czech, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Vatican City = 6 - 10 days
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Zone 7 : United Kingdom, United States and others = 8 - 15 days
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By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
2/24/2013 (1 year ago)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
The dinosaurs known as sauropods were the largest animals to ever walk the earth. These leafy green eaters had by far the longest necks of any known animal, reaching up to 50 feet in length, six times longer than that that of the modern giraffe. How did the sauropods evolve necks longer than any other known creature on earth? Scientists say this was largely due to the creatures' mostly hollow neck bones.
LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - "They were really stupidly, absurdly oversized," researcher Michael Taylor, a vertebrate paleontologist at the University of Bristol in England says. "In our feeble, modern world, we're used to thinking of elephants as big, but sauropods reached 10 times the size elephants do. They were the size of walking whales."
In order to discover why the sauropods' necks were so long, scientists analyzed other long-necked creatures and compared sauropod anatomy with that of the dinosaurs' nearest living relatives -- birds and crocodilians.
"Extinct animals - and living animals, too, for that matter - are much more amazing than we realize," Taylor told LiveScience. "Time and again, people have proposed limits to possible animal sizes, like the five-meter (16-foot) wingspan that was supposed to be the limit for flying animals.
"And time and again, they've been blown away. We now know of flying pterosaurs with 10-meter (33-foot) wingspans. And these extremes are achieved by a startling array of anatomical innovations."
Adult bull giraffes currently have the longest necks, capable of reaching about eight feet long. No other living creature exceeds half this length. For instance, ostriches typically have necks only about three feet long.
The largest land-living mammal of all time, inclusive of extinct breeds was the rhino-like creature Paraceratherium, which had a neck maybe 8.2 feet long. The flying reptiles known as pterosaurs could also have surprisingly long necks, such as Arambourgiania, whose neck may have exceeded 10 feet.
The necks of the Loch Ness Monster-like marine reptiles known as plesiosaurs could reach an impressive 23 feet.
Taylor and his colleagues in their research found that the neck bones of sauropods possessed a number of traits that supported such long necks. Air often made up 60 percent of these animals' necks, with some as light as birds' bones, making it easier to support long chains of the bones. The muscles, tendons and ligaments were also positioned around these vertebrae in a way that helped maximize leverage, making neck movements more efficient.
Sauropods also had extensive neck vertebrae, up to 19. In contrast, nearly all mammals have no more than seven, from mice to whales to giraffes, limiting how long their necks can get.
"Sauropod heads are essentially all mouth. The jaw joint is at the very back of the skull, and they didn't have cheeks, so they came pretty close to having Pac Man-Cookie Monster flip-top heads," researcher Mathew Wedel at the Western University of Health Sciences says,
"It's natural to wonder if the lack of chewing didn't, well, come back to bite them, in terms of digestive efficiency. But some recent work on digestion in large animals has shown that after about three days, animals have gotten all the nutrition they can from their food, regardless of particle size.
"And sauropods were so big that the food would have spent that long going through them anyway," Wedel said. "They could stop chewing entirely, with no loss of digestive efficiency."
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By Matt Waterson (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
At more than 1,600 feet long, Prelude is set to be the largest oceangoing vessel in the world. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - The ship is under construction for energy giant Shell, and is being built in Korean shipyards. The brilliant red ship is longer than both ... continue reading
By Marshall Connolly, Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
People lie, numbers don't. The numbers are revealing an alarming trend in the Arctic. While global temperature increases have moderated across the globe (they are still rising, just slower) the Arctic continues to trap more heat which is melting ice and impacting ... continue reading
By Troy Dredge, Catholic Online
A grim report as published in "Nature" magazine warns that the planet Earth's many animal species are irrevocably headed towards extinction. Forty-one percent of all the world's amphibians are set "to go the way of the dodo" bird unless the governments of the world ... continue reading
By Troy Dredge, Catholic Online
As part of its goal to put more lower-emission vehicles on the road, the Ford Motor Company has struck a deal with the California-based electric bicycle company Pedego: a battery-powered mountain bike. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - The Ford-branded beach ... continue reading
By Matt Waterson (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
A new study out of Japan may bring hope to the millions of people around the world who struggle with hair loss, baldness and thinning hair. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - Propolis, a resin-like material taken from honeybee hives, has helped speed up the growth ... continue reading
By Matt Waterson (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
For decades, the international scientific communities have known-and warned-about the growing amount of plastic trash in the world's oceans. Since the 1990s it has been known that masses of plastic can clump up in the ocean and form islands of debris. LOS ... continue reading
By Marshall Connolly, Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Government scientists have weighed in on the California drought, challenging the popular conclusion that the drought has been caused by global warming. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - After three years of crippling drought, Californians have asked the question if ... continue reading
By Abigail James (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Swimming in November, sweating in December; according to the National Climatic Data Center, California is experiencing its warmest year in 120 years of weather records. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - The historic drought scorching up and down California is not as ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Unless immediate steps are taken to redress the issue, the African giraffe could well be on the way to extinction. The giraffe population has already fallen by 40 percent in the last 15 years, according to the Giraffe Conservation Foundation. LOS ANGELES, CA ... continue reading
By Marshall Connolly, Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Another study has been published, concluding that warmer ocean waters are melting Antarctic glaciers and contributing to sea level rise. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet has enough land ice to raise sea level by 16 feet alone. Meanwhile, 2014 is making the record books as ... continue reading


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Playtime Swing Sets AA928-2 Belted Toddler Swing
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Belted Toddler Swing
This popular swing set accessory provides extra support for children who have outgrown an infant swing but aren't quite ready for the "regular size" sling swing. The wrap around design gives the required security for the toddler as he or she is taught how to kick with their legs to propel the swing
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Originally written on Online Sports Guys | Last updated 11/18/14
((HT: KHQ-TV Spokane)) Now, we may know why Washington State WR Marquess Wilson was suspended/dismissed/walked out on the Cougars program... Head coach Mike Leach initially said that Wilson has suspended for a failure to complete a conditioning session after the loss to Utah... Now, Wilson is saying he's just leaving, thanks... Both sides released prepared statements on what happened... But, first... Here's the Head Pirate and the Wazzu QB on the matter when it first broke... KHQ Right Now - News and Weather for Spokane and North Idaho | Now, the statements... First, Wilson: "Dear Cougar Nation: "It is with a heavy heart that I announce my decision to forgo playing football for Washington State University. I realize the school is saying that I am suspended for violating team policies and may return next week, but this is a lie. This is an attempt by the athletic department to cover up what is really happening in that locker room. "It is been a privileg...
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|By PR Newswire
Article Rating:
|April 1, 2012 12:01 AM EDT
WASHINGTON, April 1, 2012 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Following is the daily "Profile America" feature from the U.S. Census Bureau:
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20110428/DC91889LOGO)
Profile America — Sunday, April 1st. Now that spring is here, people are taking trips to enjoy the natural beauty of some of the nation's premier parks and gardens. A half million of them will come to Muskogee, Oklahoma for the annual Azalea Festival at Honor Heights Park this month. There, they will find 625 different varieties of azaleas, sharing more than 130 acres with redbuds, dogwoods and other blooming plants. Many will take home ideas for their own gardens. Across the U.S., more than two-thirds of households take part in lawn and garden activities. Just under a third grow flowers, and a quarter plan their own landscaping. One-in- four have vegetable gardens, and 12 percent have a decorative water garden. You can find these and more facts about America from the U.S. Census Bureau, online at www.census.gov.
Sources: Chase's Calendar of Events 2012, p. 194
Statistical Abstract of the United States 2012, t. 1242
Profile America is produced by the Public Information Office of the U.S. Census Bureau. These daily features are available as produced segments, ready to air, on a monthly CD or on the Internet at http://www.census.gov (look for "Multimedia Gallery" by the "Newsroom" button).
SOURCE U.S. Census Bureau
In high-production environments where release cycles are measured in hours or minutes — not days or weeks — there's little room for mistakes and no room for confusion. Everyone has to understand what's happening, in real time, and have the means to do whatever is necessary to keep applications up and running optimally. DevOps is a high-stakes world, but done well, it delivers the agility and performance to significantly impact business competitiveness.
Dec. 21, 2014 07:00 PM EST Reads: 906
"Our premise is Docker is not enough. That's not a bad thing - we actually love Docker. At ActiveState all our products are based on open source technology and Docker is an up-and-coming piece of open source technology," explained Bart Copeland, President & CEO of ActiveState Software, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at DevOps Summit at Cloud Expo®, held Nov 4-6, 2014, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA.
Dec. 21, 2014 06:00 PM EST Reads: 2,037
ScriptRock makes GuardRail, a DevOps-ready platform for configuration monitoring. Realizing we were spending way too much time digging up, cataloguing, and tracking machine configurations, we began writing our own scripts and tools to handle what is normally an enormous chore. Then we took the concept a step further, giving it a beautiful interface and making it simple enough for our bosses to understand. We named it GuardRail after its function - to allow businesses to move fast and stay sa...
Dec. 21, 2014 02:30 PM EST Reads: 902
The Internet of Things is not new. Historically, smart businesses have used its basic concept of leveraging data to drive better decision making and have capitalized on those insights to realize additional revenue opportunities. So, what has changed to make the Internet of Things one of the hottest topics in tech? In his session at @ThingsExpo, Chris Gray, Director, Embedded and Internet of Things, discussed the underlying factors that are driving the economics of intelligent systems. Discover ...
Dec. 21, 2014 02:00 PM EST Reads: 2,381
"BSQUARE is in the business of selling software solutions for smart connected devices. It's obvious that IoT has moved from being a technology to being a fundamental part of business, and in the last 18 months people have said let's figure out how to do it and let's put some focus on it, " explained Dave Wagstaff, VP & Chief Architect, at BSQUARE Corporation, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at @ThingsExpo, held Nov 4-6, 2014, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA.
Dec. 21, 2014 01:00 PM EST Reads: 2,008
SYS-CON Media announced today that Sematext launched a popular blog feed on DevOps Journal with over 6,000 story reads over the weekend. DevOps Journal is focused on this critical enterprise IT topic in the world of cloud computing. DevOps Journal brings valuable information to DevOps professionals who are transforming the way enterprise IT is done. Sematext is a globally distributed organization that builds innovative Cloud and On Premises solutions for performance monitoring, alerting an...
Dec. 21, 2014 01:00 PM EST Reads: 861
The major cloud platforms defy a simple, side-by-side analysis. Each of the major IaaS public-cloud platforms offers their own unique strengths and functionality. Options for on-site private cloud are diverse as well, and must be designed and deployed while taking existing legacy architecture and infrastructure into account. Then the reality is that most enterprises are embarking on a hybrid cloud strategy and programs. In this Power Panel at 15th Cloud Expo (http://www.CloudComputingExpo.com...
Dec. 21, 2014 11:30 AM EST Reads: 2,424
Verizon Enterprise Solutions is simplifying the cloud-purchasing experience for its clients, with the launch of Verizon Cloud Marketplace, a key foundational component of the company's robust ecosystem of enterprise-class technologies. The online storefront will initially feature pre-built cloud-based services from AppDynamics, Hitachi Data Systems, Juniper Networks, PfSense and Tervela. Available globally to enterprises using Verizon Cloud, Verizon Cloud Marketplace provides a one-stop shop fo...
Dec. 21, 2014 11:00 AM EST Reads: 2,013
Leysin American School is an exclusive, private boarding school located in Leysin, Switzerland. Leysin selected an OpenStack-powered, private cloud as a service to manage multiple applications and provide development environments for students across the institution. Seeking to meet rigid data sovereignty and data integrity requirements while offering flexible, on-demand cloud resources to users, Leysin identified OpenStack as the clear choice to round out the school's cloud strategy. Additional...
Dec. 21, 2014 11:00 AM EST Reads: 1,988
SYS-CON Events announced today that IDenticard will exhibit at SYS-CON's 16th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY. IDenticard™ is the security division of Brady Corp (NYSE: BRC), a $1.5 billion manufacturer of identification products. We have small-company values with the strength and stability of a major corporation. IDenticard offers local sales, support and service to our customers across the United States and Canada...
Dec. 21, 2014 10:00 AM EST Reads: 2,162
SYS-CON Media announced today that Aruna Ravichandran, VP of Marketing, Application Performance Management and DevOps at CA Technologies, has joined DevOps Journal's authors. DevOps Journal is focused on this critical enterprise IT topic in the world of cloud computing. DevOps Journal brings valuable information to DevOps professionals who are transforming the way enterprise IT is done. Aruna's inaugural article "Four Essential Cultural Hacks for DevOps Newbies" discusses how to demonstrate the...
Dec. 21, 2014 10:00 AM EST Reads: 1,807
The move in recent years to cloud computing services and architectures has added significant pace to the application development and deployment environment. When enterprise IT can spin up large computing instances in just minutes, developers can also design and deploy in small time frames that were unimaginable a few years ago. The consequent move toward lean, agile, and fast development leads to the need for the development and operations sides to work very closely together. Thus, DevOps become...
Dec. 21, 2014 10:00 AM EST Reads: 2,062
SYS-CON Events announced today that Windstream, a leading provider of advanced network and cloud communications, has been named "Silver Sponsor" of SYS-CON's 16th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 9–11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York, NY. Windstream (Nasdaq: WIN), a FORTUNE 500 and S&P 500 company, is a leading provider of advanced network communications, including cloud computing and managed services, to businesses nationwide. The company also offers broadband, p...
Dec. 21, 2014 08:30 AM EST Reads: 2,294
SYS-CON Events announced today that AIC, a leading provider of OEM/ODM server and storage solutions, will exhibit at SYS-CON's 16th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY. AIC is a leading provider of both standard OTS, off-the-shelf, and OEM/ODM server and storage solutions. With expert in-house design capabilities, validation, manufacturing and production, AIC's broad selection of products are highly flexible and are conf...
Dec. 21, 2014 06:30 AM EST Reads: 2,002
ARMONK, N.Y., Nov. 20, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- IBM (NYSE: IBM) today announced that it is bringing a greater level of control, security and flexibility to cloud-based application development and delivery with a single-tenant version of Bluemix, IBM's


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What does WWQA stand for?
What does WWQA mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: WWQA.
We've found a total of 5 definitions for WWQA:
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Washington Wine Quality Alliance
Washington Wine Quality Alliance
Watershed Water Quality Assessment
Watershed Water Quality Assessment
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"WWQA." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 20 Dec. 2014. <http://www.abbreviations.com/WWQA>.


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The hit Spanish-language telenovela "Camelia la Texana" will premiere exclusively on Netflix. Based on Los Tigres del Norte's song "Contrabando y Traición," the 70s-set drama follows a young, scorned woman from San Antonio (played by Mexican actress Sara Maldonado) who becomes the first queen of the drug cartels. The show was developed by Campanario Entertainment... Read moreRead More
Alas, Alaska. Also Arkansas. It's a terrible time to be living in the deep South or outside the Lower 48 if you're a web developer. At least that's what Tom Heppard over at BroadView Networks is demonstrating with this handy map. With this picture (click to see a bigger version), you can see exactly what's going on in your state. You can also take a look at a text ranking, best to worst, here .Read More
Leaders and latecomers jostle for position ahead of Netflix's expected arrival 'Down Under'Read More
Netflix executives practically had party hats on during their earnings call on Monday. The reason? The company topped 50 million subscribers for the first time. Comcast, meanwhile, was similarly pleased to report that it had expanded, but not by convincing new subscribers to sign on—by moving forward with its deal to acquire Time Warner Cable. Domestically, consolidation is the name of the game for traditional TV subscription services. But while techies are quick to pit hated cable companies against beloved digital video pioneers, Netflix's sub gainsRead More
The abundance of quality programming and expanding number of options has created a logjam for the nighttime Emmy Awards, where the celebration over which shows earned nomination will inevitably give way to plenty of second-guessing about those that were overlooked. Despite the onslaught of competition from sources such as Netflix, HBO – with its multifaceted... Read moreRead More
Nielsen Media Research has declared itself "open for business" in terms of tracking TV viewing on smartphones, tablets and other electronic gadgets. But don't expect those numbers, which will be available for the first time with the new fall broadcast season, to be impressive, statistically speaking. "It will start small and build gradually," Cheryl Idell, Nielsen's evp of U.S. media, said at the semi-annual Television Critics Association conference kickoff in Beverly Hills. "We won't see dramatic changes in ratings with this data added in." That may not be the big splash the advertising community has been hoping for. Claire Browne, vp, director of media research at ad agency RPA in Los Angeles, described Nielsen as "behind the curve" and "playing catch-up" on measuring mobile viewing, a project that's been in the works for years. "They have to do this to remain relevant," she said. "Consumer behavior is running so far ahead of the research." Nielsen first announced the long-gestating service last fall, promising TV networks a better cross-platform gauge of total viewers so they can set their ad rates accordingly. Advertisers are also clamoring for the data so they can strike the best media buying deals and keep up with the on-the-go consumer who's increasingly turning to mobile devices for entertainment.Read More
Media and technology moguls are jetting to Sun Valley, Idaho this week for mountainside pressing of the flesh and potentially some deal-making. The exclusive confab, sponsored by investment bank Allen & Co., gets started Tuesday behind closed doors, allowing the captains of industry to trade in their power suits for casual wear and engage in... Read moreRead More
If you live in the U.K. or Ireland, you could get paid to watch Netflix for a living. The streaming service put up a job listing seeking a qualified candidate to help out with its recommendations system by watching movies and television shows, The Huffington Post reports . According to Netflix's offical job listing for a tagger, "applicants will be responsible for watching and analyzing films and TV programmes that will be streaming on Netflix in the future. The tagger will deconstruct the films and programmes and describe them using objective tags." The listing goes on to specify that the role will offer flexible hours and would be ideal for those with a background in film or film history, or those with filmmaking experience. Taggers are also among the first to see Netflix original series, such as House of Cards and Orange is the New Black . While there are currently around 40 Taggers worldwide, this is the first time Netflix is recruiting for the position in the U.K. and Ireland, reports The Independent . According to that publication, current taggers include "a mum who speaks fluent Hindi and has worked on several procedural crime shows, a French native and former keyboard player in Stereolab now living in New York who tags French-language content and a film director working on his third feature starring Tim Roth who lives in Mexico City and tags Spanish-language content." "We see ourselves as a match making service, which means that we get to know our members and how they interact with our service,"Read More
When Breaking Bad scored three Emmy wins last fall, its showrunner, Vince Gilligan , credited Netflix for his show's longevity and for heightening its popularity. Similarly, program execs in general have been thrilled with how streaming video services have made up for lost DVD revenue. But a little bloom is off the rose. Frustration with Netflix has set in as programmers renegotiate contract renewals (to the tune of more than $7 billion, according to some estimates). "The biggest concerns are about getting sufficient metrics about how their product is being consumed," said Bruce Lazarus, CEO of Media Audits International (MAI), which helps programmers validate the subscriber information they receive from distribution platforms. "When you want to sell your content to the platforms, what's the proper pricing model?" "We get a little information about which of our products are being watched on Netflix, but we get no data about who exactly is watching our shows," noted John Kampfe, CFO of Turner Broadcasting System. Netflix declined to speak with Adweek for this story. "Oftentimes data is limited to stream starts and/or unique users, and neither provide meaningful insight into the value of a programmer's content," said Richard Taub, svp of broadcast and digital services at MAI. There's no standard definition of stream starts; it could mean someone merely hit "play" and watched for either two seconds or two hours.Read More
Netflix has released the first image of guest star Joan Allen in the upcoming season of "The Killing." Allen plays Colonel Margaret Rayne, the headmaster of an all boys' military academy. In the fourth season, Detective Linden (Mireille Enos) and Detective Holder (Joel Kinnaman) are assigned a new case: a picture-perfect family is murdered, survived... Read moreRead More


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It's ba-ack! Health-care plan redoubles 'marriage penalty'Submitted by northstar on Thu, 02/11/2010 - 03:10
Bills pending in Congress that would nationalize health care by setting up mandatory insurance purchases and fines for not complying could penalize married couples $10,000 annually and are a direct attack on marriage, families and the church because of their discriminatory provisions, according to a congressional candidate.
"This is as awful, I will say evil ... this is as evil as it gets," Allen Quist, who is running to unseat Democrat Tim Walz in Minnesota's 1st congressional district, told WND.
Quist said the fine print of provisions still alive in both the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives deliberately create enormous pressure for couples to live together without marriage – or even get divorced – by charging married couples thousands of dollars more in premiums and fees.
"And it's deliberate," Quist added, "This is clearly not accidental."
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"fast pace job for anyone "
I have been working at GameStop full-time (more than 10 years)
meeting customers and helping other people
micro manage and give more hours
give more hours
1434 Other Employee Reviews for GameStop (View Most Recent)Sort: Rating Date
"It could have been better. "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I worked at GameStop as a contractor (less than an year)Pros
4-star dining cafeteria restaurant. Simple yet satisfying work.Cons
Bad managment, hire for short time and fire everyone to hire more.Advice to ManagementAdvice
Learn how to speak with your employees if you want them to respect them.Doesn't RecommendNeutral OutlookApproves of CEO
"Some days are great, some days are not great "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at GameStop full-time (more than 3 years)Pros
Great company, great support from corporate, insider info about gaming industry, easy to move up through the company, great local support network, fun events to plan, the CEO of the company is great (he sends us video and phone messages to keep us motivated and is very enthusiastic and supportive of the store personnel)Cons
Micro-managed, intense pressure to achieve goals, frequently hires people outside of company to fill higher positions, has a change your people or change your people mentalityAdvice to ManagementAdvice
Know how to play the politics in your favor, keep your nose clean, stay on the radar and below it simultaneouslyRecommendsPositive OutlookApproves of CEO


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Hand Painted cake advice
Cake Central Top Picks
- Fondarific Sculpting/Modeling Chocolate, WhiteNo reviews yet.
- 5,006 Posts. Joined 12/2011
- Location: Arizona
- Select All Posts By This User
Hey! thank you for your reply.
The client want the cake to resemble Japanese tattoos, so its going to be a mix of strong lines and slight shading, I'm thinking of using greyscale and then splashes of colour, which need to have a shading effect/graduated colour effect
I want to keep it as classy as possible as I'm still building up my portfolio however need to deliver what the customer wants. I don't want it to look garish and so the painting needs to be elegant
any advice would be very gratefully received!
- 1,141 Posts. Joined 12/2010
- Location: Little ol' Northern Ireland
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So there are a lot of way to paint: airbrushing, take some gel color and add so vodka or lemon extract to make a water color affect, or take a plate and some gel coloring and some piping gel and slowly and the color to the gel and then paint it on the cake it will act a more like paint that way, you can sponge paint using a fake sponge NO really sponges, or can use some color dust and put it on the cake, But that is just some that I know of I hope this helps
here is some videos :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEWANQg4_SA Example of different ways to pant
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1QJmt1C78w Example for the piping gel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7oktxNC5ZQ Example of the water paint look
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tODUwbEJRA Example of how to airbrush a cake
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1w2e3tfQrg Example of sponge painting
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CFI3Sz1s-c Example of color dust and about it
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FO7oiwx2_ws Example of the dust into paint
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMhgos5tHJY A way to correct mistake from painting
- 2,667 Posts. Joined 8/2010
- Location: Looking for my cake recipe?...
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Check out the Hand Painted Cake on Craftsy too. Erin is awesome.


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Author Archives: Phil Bundy
On the GOTP threats of impeachment
There has been a lot of bantering, pontificating and general bloviating on the right since the mid-term elections, and chief among the spewing of words has been the word "impeachment." Every Tea Partier is foaming at the mouth, rabidly wanting to see the President removed from office in disgrace.
Sorry to break it to you, but it is never going to happen.
First, in order to remove the President of the United States through impeachment he or she must have committed an act of "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors," as clearly outlined in Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution of the United States – a document the talking heads and politicians on the right would be well served to read from time-to-time. There are no provisions for removing the President because you do not like his policies, his party affiliation or the color of his skin.
Black's Law Dictionary defines "Treason" as, "attempting to overthrow the government of the state to which the offender owes allegiance; or of betraying the state into the hands of a foreign power." The President has not attempted to overthrow the government, nor has he betrayed the country into the hands of a foreign power.
Bribery is defined as, "The receiving or offering any undue reward by or to any person whomsoever, whose ordinary profession or business relates to the administration of public justice, in order to influence his behavior, and to incline him to act contrary to his duty and the known rules of honesty and integrity." Gee, once again, the President has not committed any such offense.
Black's further defines "High crimes and misdemeanors" as being "such immoral and unlawful acts as are nearly allied and equal in guilt to felony, yet, owing to some technical circumstance, do not fall within that definition." As much as the likes of Hannity, Limbaugh, etc., would like to claim, think and propose, the President has yet to commit any such crimes.
So, besides the fact there is no "cause" for Republican Tea Party (GOTP) controlled Congress to attempt to remove the President, that will not stop them from trying to do so. There is just one small problem, while the House can "impeach" the President with a simple majority vote, Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution is very clear as to how many votes are needed to convict.
"The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present."
Dream on Tea Partiers, your long sought for victory over President Obama will never come to pass because you and your minions lack the 2/3s majority needed to convict him of whatever trumped up charge the House deems to throw at him. In order to convict the President the GOTP would need 67 votes, meaning at least 14 Democrats would need to side with them, which is never going to happen.
In short, do not waste the time and energy to try to impeach the President, you will be wasting millions of dollars and in the end, you will look incredibly stupid.
Putz to introduce constitutional amendment
Republican Tea Party (GOTP) favorite, Ted Cruz has decided he's going to answer the recent Supreme Court decision to not hear five cases regarding same sex marriage – effectively establishing it as the law of the land within the near future – by introducing a constitutional amendment barring the Federal Government and courts from overturning state marriage laws.
So, let's review how this would happen.
First, the Senator from Canada – oops Texas – would introduce his amendment.
Next, he would need to get a two-thirds (supermajority) from both Houses of Congress. That would be 67 votes in the Senate (meaning at least 22 Democrats would have to vote in support) and he needs 290 votes in the House (meaning at least 48 Democrats would need to side with him). Neither of which would ever happen, however, let's suppose he does manage it.
Next, the distinguished Senator from Cuba – oh sorry, Texas – would have to persuade three-fourths of the states, or 38 state legislatures to go along with his scheme. Well, there are about 14 states which are solid Republican (Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Montana, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina) leaving him at least 24 states short straight out of the gate.
Cruz is doing this to play to his homophobic base and nothing more; he's proving once again he's nothing but a showboating putz.
Just a thought…
If you believe – as I do – that the Constitution and Bill of Rights were inspired, then you must believe – as I do – that God inspired the Separation of Church and State. What we do in whatever house of worship we attend, or do not attend, is between the individual and God.
God never wanted to be in the White House, or the Congress or the School. Man wants his version of God in those places. If God inspired the Constitution and Bill of Rights there is no other way to believe. You cannot have it both ways.
You cannot believe God inspired the First Amendment only to keep Congress out of Churches, and is OK with forcing religion on everyone else, whether through worship or through laws. You see, Shariah Law is Shariah Law whether administered by radical Islam or radical Christianity, it is the same.
If your opposition, or favor, of any secular law is "Because God says so" then you are in opposition to the very principles God established when He inspired the Founding Fathers.
God does not want forced worship or devotion, that is not His plan, but it is someone else's.


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Zaira Nara
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Biography: Zaira Nara, aged 23 is an Argentine model and TV host Zaira Nara was engaged to Diego Forlan before their engagement fell through.
The press in her home country have claimed that Nara took advantage of the gossip in order to gain fame for herself.
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text: Sort Posts by: List View Grid View Tweet 0 Class of 2014 Steps into their Future Editor May 29, 2014 Special Leila Dycus staff writer Every Morgan County child dreams of the day that they will gather on the field, walk across the stage receive their diploma and turn their tassel. Last Friday, May 23, this year's Class of 2014 embraced their inner child, focused on high school Tweet 0 MCMS Band Graces Town Park Stage Editor May 29, 2014 Featured Leila Dycus Staff Writer There's a first time for everything- this year's MCMS Spring Band Concert graced the Town Park stage last week. On Thursday May 15 members of the Morgan County Middle School band came together to play their spring concert in Town Park. Band members Tweet 0 MCPS Reading Program Editor May 29, 2014 Featured By Tia Lynn Lecorchick The Morgan County Primary School is introducing a new summer reading program for students. Each primary school student received five books last Thursday during school assemblies that they have chosen to read over this coming summer. This program was funded through the Morgan Tweet 0 Madison Chamber Music Festival receives the NEA Challenge America Grant Editor May 29, 2014 Featured Special to the Citizen The Madison Chamber Music Festival, presented by the Madison-Morgan Cultural Center, is a recipient of the National Endowment for the Arts Challenge America grant in the amount of $10,000 for the 2014 season. The Madison Chamber Music Festival has garnered much attention and Tweet 0 Morgan County 4H program "very active" Editor May 29, 2014 Featured Special to the Citizen: One of Janet Woodard's biggest regrets from her childhood is not being involved in the county's 4-H program in her hometown of Ocilla. In her role as Morgan County's 4-H leader, Woodard makes sure local children don't experience the same void. "If I Tweet 0 June Programs at Hard Labor Creek State Park Editor May 29, 2014 Featured Special to the Citizen: June is a great time to come out and explore Hard Labor Creek State Park. For more information on Hard Labor Creek State Park, or other Georgia Parks, visit www.gastateparks.org/Hard Labor Creek "Home School Wednesdays"— Wednesday, June 4, 1-2:30 P.M. – Join a Tweet 0 Gas Authority of Georgia Honors the City of Madison Editor May 29, 2014 Featured Special to the Citizen: The Municipal Gas Authority of Georgia honored the City of Madison at its Annual Membership Meeting last week as runner-up for the 2013 Project of the Year Award for Northern Georgia for the Stanton Springs Project. The Cities of Covington and Social Circle Tweet 0 "Click it or Ticket" Editor May 29, 2014 Featured Special to the Citizen: To highlight the importance of safe driving and safe boating as the unofficial start of summer draws near, the Governor's Office of Highway Safety is once again partnering with the Department of Natural Resources and Georgia State Patrol to add an impaired driving Tweet 0 Mary Alice Cicero Editor May 29, 2014 Obituaries Mary Alice Cicero, 98 of Rutledge, died May 23, 2014. She was born in Brooklyn, New York on February 12, 1916 to Frank and Judith Carisrto. She was married to the late Henry Cicero. Mrs. Cicero moved to Rutledge in 2000. She loved the Morgan County Senior Tweet 0 Dorothy Louise Knipfer Editor May 29, 2014 Obituaries Dorothy Louise Knipfer died May 26, 2014. She was 97. She was born and grew up in Columbus, Ohio, lived in Atlanta for 42 years and in Athens for 12 years. She was preceded in death by her husband Clyde Knipfer, beloved granddaughter Susan Louise Banaszak, brother Sheldon « First‹ Previous68697071727374Next ›Last »


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Summary: "How to Raise Your Children With the Fear and Adoration of the Lord" is a much needed compilation of revelation and instruction needed in this present day culture. This timeless piece of "how to's" is an insightful tool that will empower parents from all backgrounds to successfully manage the various issues that our youth are facing today. This book will help parents address issues such as: promiscuity, drugs usage, youth rebellion, communication barriers, and strained parent/child ...show morerelationships. "How to Raise Your Children With The Fear And Adoration of the Lord", will serve as a trusted go to reference for years to come and is sure to get much use from your library collection. ...show lessCover: Paperback
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I think wiimote is an irresistibly cute word.
now i LOVE how that sounds .... *wink*
i just love to say it...and hold it..and ...stuff.
hahahaha xD
"wii" .... that's my new phrase. <3
wii. *nod*
I want one so bad ... :/ but parents hate any kind of video/computer games....
good thing they can't stop me from playing the comp games >:3
"i've hw to do!!" tehee
Well tell your parents no need to worry, they do sell this kind of stuff for video game consoles.
I wish I had this.
Last edited by flash; 12-04-2006 at 10:33 PM.
and that's gonna help ME in what way????
Cut the useless chit chat.
it is going to help you convincing your parents to own any video game console you want.


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Do you have memories that feel more real than your life today? British painter J. M. W. Turner did, and they are the subject of this painting. The year is 1839. Turner, now in his 60s, has not set foot… More»
This milky pink boomed into popularity because of a marketing ploy, a mistress, and its ambiguous origins.
In an effort to compete with the renowned Meissen porcelain factory, the French Sèvres manufactory recruited the glamorous Madame de Pompadour (mistress to King Louis XV). Like a smart sponsorship deal, Sèvres gave her all the porcelain she requested.
Introduced in 1757, this rich pink exploded on the scene thanks to favoritism by Madame Pompadour herself.
The glaze itself had a weird history. To the Europeans it looked Chinese, and to the Chinese it was European. It was made based on a secret 17th-century glassmaker's technique, involving mixing glass with flecks of gold.
For more on colors and their often surprising histories, check out The Brilliant History of Color in Art.


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Sergio Garcia ended the year in Thailand with an exhibition on the back nine of the Amata Spring course in Bangkok. He shot 29 on the backnine, the best of the week on this stretch, and finished inside the top ten of the Thailand Golf Championship, six strokes behind the winner Lee Westwood.
Sergio Garcia has played again under par in Thailand despite the tough wind conditions that remained at the course of Amata Spring in Bangkok.
Sergio Garcia carded 75 shots in the second round of the Thailand Golf Championship and is placed in the twenty-first spot with an aggregate of 146 shots.