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In the present method of drying iron ore pellets, e.g., magnetite pellets, moisture-containing iron ore pellets are formed into a bed comprising a multiplicity of the pellets. A current of drying gas is forced upwardly through the bed of pellets to at least partially dry some of the pellets. A plurality of pipes, each having an opening such as an elongated slot provides counter-current jets of a drying gas above the bed. The drying gas jets are directed downwardly so as to impinge on the upper surface of the bed through which the current of drying gas rises. The bed of pellets is thus dried with the current of drying gas flowing through the bed from below as well as the jets of drying gas impinging onto the upper surface of the bed. In a preferred form of the invention, in a second stage downwardly directed jets of drying gas are used together with a downward current of drying gas to further dry the pellets before they are fired.
1. A method of drying iron ore pellets comprising the steps of,
forming moisture-containing pellets into a bed comprising a multiplicity of the pellets, said bed having an upper and a lower surface,
forcing a current of drying gas upwardly through the lower surface of the bed of pellets,
providing at least one counter-current jet of a drying gas above the bed, said jet being directed downwardly so as to impinge on the upper surface of the bed, and
drying the pellet bed with both the current of drying gas from below the pellets as well as the jet of drying gas impinging on the upper surface of the bed.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein a plurality of said jets are provided and each of the jets is elongated so that each comprises a sheet-like jet of drying gas directed downwardly and impinging on the upper surface of the bed.
3. The method of claim 2 including,
supporting the bed on a conveyor and
conveying the pellets in the bed beneath the jets one after another by means of the conveyor.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the bed of pellets is thereafter exposed to a downward current of drying air and at least one jet of drying gas is provided above the bed within the downward current of drying air so as to impinge on the upper surface of the bed while the bed is exposed to the downward current of drying gas.
5. The method of claim 4 herein a plurality of said jets are provided within the downward current of drying air, each of the jets is elongated so that each jet comprises a sheet-like jet of drying gas directed downwardly and impinging upon the upper surface of the bed while the bed is exposed to said downward current of drying air.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the ore is magnetite.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the ore is hematite.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the ore is limonite.
9. The method of claim 1 including, providing a second zone having a drying gas current flowing in a direction in the reverse of said current of drying gas,
providing at least one jet of drying gas above the bed in the second zone such that the jet of drying gas in the second zone flows in the same direction as said drying gas current in said second zone.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein a plurality of said jets are provided in each of said zones and each of the jets is elongated so that each comprises a sheet-like jet of drying gas directed downwardly to impinge on the upper surface of the bed in both of the zones.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the pellets initially contain magnetite and,
the pellets are heated after the pellets have been thus dried to convert the magnetite through oxidation thereof to Fe2 O3,
such that the presence of magnetite cores in the center of the pellets is reduced or eliminated.
12. An apparatus for drying iron ore pellets comprising,
means forming moisture-containing pellets into a bed comprising a multiplicity of the pellets, said bed having an upper and a lower surface,
means forcing a current of drying gas upwardly through the lower surface of the bed of pellets,
a gas supply having at least one opening to provide at least one jet of a drying gas above the bed, said jet being directed downwardly so as to impinge on the upper surface of the bed,
such that the pellet bed is dried with both the current of drying gas from below the pellets as well as the jet of drying gas impinging on the upper surface of the bed.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein a plurality of said openings are provided to form a plurality of jets and each of the jets is elongated so that each jet comprises a sheet-like jet of drying gas directed downwardly and impinging on the upper surface of the bed.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 including a conveyor supporting the bed of pellets for conveying the pellets in the bed beneath each of said jets.
15. The apparatus of claim 12 including a downdraft drying zone for thereafter exposing the pellets to a downward current of drying air and including at least one jet opening for forcing a jet of drying gas within the downward current of drying air downwardly so as to impinge on the upper surface of the bed while the bed is exposed to the downward current of drying gas.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein a plurality of said openings are provided within the downward current of drying air, each of the openings is an elongated slot to provide a plurality of sheet-like jets of drying gas directed downwardly and impinging upon the upper surface of the bed while the bed is exposed to said downward current of drying air.
17. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the gas supply comprises a plurality of horizontally disposed, parallel, spaced apart, slotted distribution pipes and a supply duct is connected to each end of each distribution pipe.
18. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the gas supply comprises a plurality of horizontally disposed, parallel, spaced apart, slotted distribution pipes and a first supply duct is connected to one end of some of the pipes and a second supply duct is connected to an opposite end of the remaining pipes.
This invention relates to drying processes, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for drying iron ore pellets.
Several processes have been in use over the years for drying green, i.e., moist, iron ore pellets, e.g., hematite, magnetite or limonite. The objective of these processes is to remove residual moisture so as to produce a strong fired pellet having maximum abrasion and breakage resistance as adjudged by crushing tests, optimum porosity and, where stored in cooler climates, good resistance to repeated freezing and thawing. In treating certain ores the process should also provide optimal oxygenation, since poor strength may otherwise result in the case of magnetite pellets where oxidation to Fe2 O3 is not complete, leaving magnetite cores in the center of the pellets.
Prior methods employed in drying iron ore pellets will now be described briefly by way of example in connection with the drying of magnetite pellets obtained from taconite. It should be understood, however, that although the present invention is described in connection with a particular ore, it is not limited to specific apparatus or processes described.
For the last 45 years the beneficiation of magnetite-containing rock has consisted of crushing, grinding and milling the ore. The specific operation consists of separating the desired material from the gangue (waste) material through hydraulic separation, magnetic separation, and by chemically treating the ore to further enhance the separation of the ore from the waste rock.
The material separated from the waste material is called concentrate. The total iron may range from 65% to 69% or other economically practical value. The concentrate is generally described as a powder with the general size that can pass through a screen of a selected size. The screen usually used is a U.S. Standard Tyler Screen of 325 and 500 mesh to the inch. The 500 mesh screen has openings about 27 microns in diameter.
Some of the general size descriptions might be 85% minus 325 mesh and 75% minus 500 mesh as an example. The percentage values correspond to the amount of grinding necessary to liberate the desired product from the waste product. The grinding, milling and treatment of the ore generally occur in a section of the plant called the concentrator, hence the name concentrate.
The concentrate is generally piped in an aqueous slurry of 60% solids to a vacuum filter. The vacuum filter removes most of the water from the slurry. The resulting product is called a filter cake with generally less than 10% water. The amount of water is controlled by the efficiency of the filtering operation and also by the size of the particles in the concentrate. The concentrate (filter cake) is generally conveyed to storage bins before being fed into a disk or drum balling device.
The concentrates have additives to improve the balling, firing or chemical composition of the product once it has been fired. Some of the common additives are bentonite clay, limestone in the form of calcium hydroxide if fluxed pellets are produced, and sometimes an organic binder.
The balling of concentrate is accomplished in a process in which the material is rolled in stages that increase the size of the pellet by applying a layer of concentrate upon a smaller pellet until the pellet reaches the desired size. The product from a balling drum is screened to selectively size the product. The undersized material is circulated back into the balling drum. The circulated material is called seed pellets. The balling action applies the concentrate to minimize interstitial spaces, hence smaller particles are forced between larger particles. The mixture of particle sizes makes a pellet of maximum density. The additives also fill the interstitial spaces and often provide a pathway for the gradual removal of water from the inside of the pellet. Pathways are also provided for oxygen to enter the inside of the pellet during the firing of the pellet. Knowledge of the removal of water from the inside of pellets is necessary to appreciate the contributions that the present invention provides towards the firing of magnetite pellets. An adequate preliminary description of the equipment and the mineral beneficiation process has been provided. It is also necessary to describe the physical and chemical changes in each section of a pelletizing machine.
The prior drying process and some of the limitations of that system which negatively impact on the next stage of the pelletizing process (the firing of the pellets) will now be described. It should be noted, however, that even a detailed explanation of the physical changes of the product is an oversimplification of a complex process.
The finished pellets are screened and placed on conveyor pallets each having grate bars at its bottom that holds the pellets as they travel through the furnace. The pellets are placed gently on the pallet grate bars to form a level bed of pellets at a depth that has been established through practical experience. The depth is usually about 15 inches or more in thickness. Quite frequently, a layer of recently fired pellets is first placed upon the grate bars to form a layer of fired pellets about 3 inches thick. The fired pellet layer is called a hearth layer. Each pallet is part of an endless track conveyor about 300 feet long and often 8 to 12 feet wide. One common conveyor is called a traveling grate machine. The conveyor is part of and contained for the most part within the drying, firing,magnetite conversion and cooling zones of a furnace.
There are zones or sections of the furnace named to describe the process that occurs in each zone of the furnace. Generally, the first zone of a travelling grate furnace is the updraft drying zone. The present invention is used in this section of the furnace, as well as the next zone called the Downdraft Drying Zone (DDZ).
As an example, consider that a hearth layer of fired pellets 3 inches deep is placed upon the pallet grate bars. A layer of finished pellets 15 inches deep is then placed upon the hearth layer, making a total depth of 18 inches. The hearth layer is dry and the pellets in the finished pellet layer contain 10% water. The grate bars are aligned on the pallet to provide openings about 1/4 inch wide to permit hot air to flow through the openings.
The updraft drying zone of the furnace consist of windboxes beneath the travelling grates. Each windbox is designed to provide a reasonably airtight seal to force air under pressure up through the bed of pellets that is on the travelling grate. A large quantity of air is directed up through both the hearth layer and the layer of finished pellets. The air temperature is generally 600� F. to 850� F. This description applies to a continuously travelling grate machine that is in equilibrium for temperature and airflow. As an example, consider an 8 ft. wide by 8 ft. long windbox. Assuming the grates travel 96 inches a minute, any pellets are above a windbox for one minute. During drying, hot air is forced up through the pellet bed by a forced draft fan. Sufficient upward velocity and static pressure is maintained to establish an upward airflow. The hot air blowing by the finished pellets evaporates surface water while water inside the pellets slowly evaporates. Some of the heat energy warms the pellets, but most of the heat is used to evaporate water on and within the pellets. The heating and evaporation proceeds from the bottom up through the pellet bed. The transfer of heat travels slowly up through the pellet bed. The evaporation of water cools the air by an amount of energy called the heat of vaporization. The heat transferred to solid masses such as the pallet frames, the hearth layer, the pellets and heat conducted to pellet water is called sensible heat transfer.
It is necessary to understand some of these physical changes to evaluate the potential attributes of my invention. Moist air travelling up through a bed of cold pellets is eventually cooled to the dewpoint temperature so that water vapor condenses on the cool pellets, thereby increasing the water content of the pellets. Air travelling up through the pellet bed also carries moisture entirely through the pellet bed. The amount of water removed is consistent with the moisture carrying capacity of the air. The amount of water vapor present is the 100% relative humidity value for the temperature that the air leaves the pellet bed. Water vapor removed in this manner is the primary way that water is removed from the pellet bed. Some of the water evaporated from the lower half of the pellet bed is, however, merely transferred by the condensing action to the cooler pellets in the upper portion of the pellet bed. The pellets on the top of the pellet bed increase in water content by the condensing of water vapor upon their surface so that pellets that originally had less than 10%, now will contain over 12% water, mainly on the surface of each pellet.
The volume of water removed in the updraft drying zone (UDZ) of the furnace probably exceeds 40 gallons of water per minute. The water removed passes through the top of the pellet bed as water vapor. Forty gallons per minute corresponds to 50% of the water contained in pellets entering the drying zone at a rate of 200 tons per hour.
The cooler pellets near the top of the pellet bed are at or below the dewpoint temperature. These pellets help control and establish the dewpoint of the moist air travelling upward through the bed of pellets. Essentially the 40 gallons of water removed as water vapor came from the lower section of the pellet bed.
At the end of the UDZ, the pellets at the bottom of the pellet bed are at the temperature and water content correct for the next stage of the firing process prior to the actual firing process. However, in the sequence being described they will not be fired until the end of the firing sequence. At the end of the UDZ the pellets in the top 4 inches of the pellet bed still are wet (over 10% water) and these are the pellets that are to be fired in the firing zone, the downdraft firing zone (DFZ) because the DFZ fires the top of the pellet bed first. Following the UDZ is the downdraft drying zone (DDZ) in which the air direction is down onto the pellet bed. The top pellets entering this zone are wet with a water content exceeding 10%. For a depth of 5 or 6 inches the pellets are wetter than when they were initially placed on the pallets. The thrust of air directed upon the pellet bed and the suction of a waste gas fan in the DDZ provide energy to draw air down through the bed of pellets. The pellets are in the downdraft drying zone of the furnace for only about 2 minutes.
Very little drying takes place in the DDZ of the furnace. This becomes clear when one considers how hard it is to suck air downwardly through 15 inches of pellets, especially when the top 6 inches are wet. Any water that is evaporated expands to steam and artificially increases the volume of gas travelling through the bed of pellets. This is an important factor upon which the present invention is based. The present invention will effectively minimize the problem caused by inadequate drying that occurs in both the updraft and downdraft drying zones of pelletizing furnaces.
Following the DDZ, the pellets enter the downdraft firing zone (DFZ) with no delay. The temperature in the DFZ is typically 1600� F. to 1800� F. The waste gas fan draws the heated air and combustion gasses through the pellet bed. Pellets that are wet to a depth of about 6 inches from the top of the bed with about 10% water are exposed to hot air (1800� F.) which flows downwardly through that mass of pellets.
The balling drum additives such as bentonite clay, organic binder, limestone or a similar basic oxide present in the pellets, provide pathways for water vapor to escape. The limestone is added when fluxed pellets are desired. While probably providing pathways for water vapor removal, it is likely that the limestone will maintain a higher moisture level than what would be present without the limestone. If adequate amounts of additives are not present to provide a pathway for steam to escape the pellets' interior, the pellets may explode and break off part of the outside of the pellet. This unfavorable characteristic is called spalling. With an adequate amount of additive present, however, the water in the pellet is escaping at the time that it would be desirable for oxygen to penetrate to the center of the pellet and begin the conversion of magnetite to hematite reaction. If complete conversion does not take place, a magnetite core results. Magnetite cores can be caused by introducing pellets with too much water into the firing zone of the furnace. The outer layers of the pellets are often sealed through grain growth, thus eliminating the possibility of oxygen reaching the center of the pellet. This is another way that magnetite cores can be produced. The magnetite cores contribute to breakage problems in transportation or inhibit proper blast furnace conversion.
In view of these and other deficiencies, there exists an important need for an improved ore pellet drying process that is not subject to the aforementioned problems and shortcomings.
It is therefore one objective of the present invention to provide an improved ore drying process suited for drying pellets of magnetite, hematite, limonite or other ores in which the pellets have improved strength, abrasion and breakage resistance.
Another object of the invention is to provide fired pellets with the aforesaid advantages which also have optimum moisture content, porosity and resistance to repeated freezing and thawing when fired pellets are produced.
A further object of the invention is to provide an improved ore drying process for hematite, magnetite or limonite wherein a more uniform drying is accomplished throughout all portions of the bed of pellets being dried due to the elimination or reduction of a moisture gradient between the top and bottom surfaces of the pellet bed and to eliminate or reduce the presence of magnetite cores in fired magnetite pellets.
These and other more detailed and specific objects of the present invention will be better understood by reference to the following figures and detailed description which illustrate by way of example of but a few of the various forms of the invention within the scope of the appended claims.
In the present method of drying iron ore pellets, moisture-containing iron ore pellets are formed into a bed comprising a multiplicity of the pellets. A current of drying gas is forced upwardly through the bed of pellets to at least partially dry some of the pellets. At least one counter-current jet of a drying gas is provided above the bed. The jet of drying gas is directed downwardly so as to impinge on the upper surface of the bed through which the current of gas rises. The bed of pellets is thus dried with the current of drying gas flowing through the bed from below as well as the jet of drying gas impinging on the upper surface of the bed. The term "jet" herein refers to a relatively high speed stream or sheet of gas that is restricted to a specific area. A preferred form of the invention includes a second stage in which a downwardly directed jet of drying gas is used together with a downward current of drying gas. The present invention also contemplates the possibility of reversing upward and downward flow directions so, for example, in the first stage the current of drying gas could flow downwardly with the counter-current jet being directed upwardly onto the lower surface of the bed. Thus the terms "up" or "down" or "upwardly" or "downwardly" herein indicate directions relative to one another rather than to the earth.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic vertical longitudinal sectional view of an apparatus embodying the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic perspective view showing pipes for providing counter-current drying gas jets in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic longitudinal vertical cross-sectional view showing successive drying stages in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a portion of FIG. 3 on a larger scale.
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic longitudinal sectional view on a larger scale showing the flow of gas during the first stage of drying.
FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 5 showing the flow of drying gas in a subsequent stage of drying.
FIG. 7 is a diagram depicting the moisture content of the pellets without the downdraft jets of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a diagram similar to FIG. 7 but depicting the moisture content of the pellets with the downdraft jets of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic depiction of the temperature of the pellets with and without the invention at different levels in the bed.
FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic plan view partly in section showing how air is piped to the air jets in accordance with one form of the invention.
FIG. 11 is a view similar to FIG. 10 showing how air can be piped to the jets in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
The present invention functions to improve drying at the top of the pellet bed by blowing at least one counter-current jet of hot air downwardly into the pellet bed. The downwardly directed jet impinging against the top of the pellet bed in the updraft drying zone (UDZ) of the furnace has a higher flow velocity than the upward current of air. The jet will thus overcome for an instant the upward movement of air in the air current, but because the upward movement of air is continuous, the downward jetting of air will not interfere with, i.e., stop, the upward movement of air. Each jet of air emerges from a slot typically about 3 inches above the pellet bed. The impingement of the air jet against the pellets has a very noticeable effect compared to the current of air that is drawn or forced upwardly through a bed of pellets as will be understood by those skilled in the art. For one thing, it removes the boundary layer of gas at the surfaces of the pellets in the upper layers of the bed.
The following description focuses on the removal of water from the top portion of a pellet bed. The invention is described by way of example, beginning with the first phase of a standard travelling grate furnace in solving some problems that occur in the updraft drying zone (UDZ) of a pelletizing furnace. It will be assumed that the conveyorized furnace has 8-foot wide conveyor pallets and five windboxes 8 feet by 8 feet in the UDZ, for a total drying zone 40 feet long. The pellets are assumed to have a mean diameter of 3/8 inch and a water content of 10%.
The jet action is provided by a series of slotted supply pipes or other type ducting installed across the top of the pellet bed. Above the first windbox, the supply pipes are spaced as close to each other as practical, e.g., three pipes per foot. Each pipe or duct has a 3/8" to 1/2" wide slot or jet opening extending its entire length. Each slot is on the bottom to enable hot air to be directed downwardly onto the pellet bed. Each pipe is typically about 3 inches above the top of the pellet bed. The distance of the pipe or duct above the pellet bed should not interfere with the conveyor operation.
While the air jets can be directed vertically, in some cases the air is blown downwardly at a slight angle, either into or with the direction of travel of the conveyor in the traveling grate machine. The hot air should travel about 2.5 inches into the bed of pellets with significant force. At about 4 inches into the bed, the jet will have a reduced force or velocity.
At the 4 inch depth it is necessary to warm the surface of a given pellet only a few degrees warmer than it would be without the jet. Warming the surface of a pellet only a few degrees warmer than the upward current of air is, however, highly effective since this is all that is needed to prevent condensation. It should be understood that the upflow of air is controlled by the temperature of the pellets in the area that the air is passing through. However, conductive heat transfer also has a small warming effect on the pellets at the 4-inch depth.
The jet above windbox WB1 blows hot air down into the first 2 or 3 inches of the pellet bed. The pellets contacted by the hot air jet are then warmed well above the dewpoint temperature. The top pellets then begin to be dried, significantly drier as they become heated on the outside. Water evaporates from the outside and some evaporation begins on the inside of the pellet.
The warming and drying of the top pellets will continue through the entire updraft drying zone because the counter-current jet will continue to penetrate into the pellet bed. The spacing between the jet supply pipes can be reduced so that they are spaced on about one foot centers or so for the rest of the 40 foot DDZ.
The pellets are warmed by the hot air jets, but cooling of the pellets also occurs when the relatively cool saturated air current flows by the pellets in an upward direction. The consequent cooling of the pellets does not cool them below the dewpoint temperature, but physical water transfer may cause some of the pellets near the bottom (say, the bottom 4-inch layer) to get wet sporadically.
It is assumed that the furnace has adequate hood exhaust fan capacity to handle a significant upward current of air. Each furnace must be evaluated to determine the volume of jetted air needed to dry the top of the pellet bed. Furnaces with lower excess air capacity will use smaller jets and their spacing will be increased. As described more fully below, proper design will permit one to use as much hot jetted air as required. A greater benefit will result from using more air. In a system with higher air volume, the top 2.5 inches of pellets may be dried to 5% water. In the less aggressive system, the pellets may be dried to about 7% water. In either case the pellets leaving the updraft drying zone of the furnace will be significantly drier than what presently exist without the downward jetting of hot air.
In equipment employing the present invention, the resistance to airflow will be reduced for updraft drying. The lower resistance will provide the possibility of increasing the general air current so as to achieve better drying for the pellets below the top 4 inches of the pellet bed. This extra drying will improve the furnace operation.
Better drying of the pellets in the top 4 inches of the pellet bed that is achieved with the present invention will make the final product better because the drier pellets will not have the course rough surface that is caused by being wet due to condensation on the pellets surface. The course rough surface is one of the leading causes of dust in the finished pellets.
The next zone of the furnace is the downdraft drying zone (DDZ). To improve drying in this zone of the furnace, a current of hot air is blown down into the top of the pellet bed. The slots for the jets are very close to the top of the pellet bed, e.g, 1.5 to 2 inches away. Energy to create the downward velocity of each jet is provided by the static pressure developed by a fan. The volume of air jetted down onto the top of the pellet bed is designed to balance the amount of air exhausted by the waste gas fan connected to the windboxes in the DDZ. The waste gas fan provides negative suction to assist in drawing the jetted air through the pellet bed. All the air is travelling from the top of the pellet bed and down to the bottom of the pellet bed. For this reason the volume of air that is jetted down onto the bed will be adjusted to slightly exceed the volume of air in the current entering the hood over the DDZ.
Most of the surface water was removed in the updraft drying zone of the furnace by using counter-current downward jetting of hot air. However, in the downdraft drying section of the furnace most of the benefit will be in heating the pellets in the top 4 inches of the pellet bed. The removal of water is achieved by raising the temperature of the top 4 inches significantly above the boiling temperature of water. Additionally, water of hydration is also removed at temperature above 212� F. Additional drying is accomplished on the pellets below the 4-inch depth because the air is hot when it first penetrates to that depth.
A plurality of narrow slots preferably provide the downwardly directed air jets. Some or all of the slots can direct air jets at a slight angle into the movement of the travelling grate machine, and some can be used to direct the air with the movement of the travelling grate machine. However most of the slots will direct the air jets vertically into the pellet bed. The slots are typically about one-quarter to three-eighths inch wide. The jet velocity is about 2000 feet per minute to 3000 feet per minute at a temperature of about 800� F. The slot width and air velocity can, however, be changed depending upon the design specifications encountered.
Prior to final installation of the jet supply pipes, the volume of air exhausted by the hood exhaust fan and the waste gas fan is measured. Airflow of specific ductwork should also be measured to engineer the proper air balance.
The benefit of drying the top of the pellet bed can be appreciated when it is recognized that the prior system in use introduced pellets into the firing zone of the furnace with a water content of nearly 10% for the top 4 inches of the pellet bed. When the invention is used in the first two drying zones, the top 4 inches of the pellet bed entering the downdraft firing zone will have a water content as low as 4% which results in a significant improvement in the quality of the pellets produced. Increased furnace capacity in tons per hour is another important benefit.
A firebrick wall a few feet thick usually separates the downdraft drying zone (DDZ) from the downdraft firing zone (DFZ). Hot air jets according to the present invention are also provided in the area below the brickwork. This additional jetting is directed into the travelling movement of the pallets, i.e., by directing the jets slightly upstream. This will dry the pellets slightly more before they enter the firing zone.
Refer now to the drawings which illustrate by way of example a preferred mode of practicing the present invention, for example in drying magnetite pellets.
As shown in FIG. 1, green, freshly-formed pellets 10 are carried downwardly from left to right on a roller feeder screen indicated diagrammatically at 12 to a drying bed 14 which is typically about 15-18 inches thick. Fines 16 fall from the feeder screen 12 onto a conveyor 18 and are carried back to the pelletizer for reprocessing. Positioned over the bed 14 is a drying hood 20 having an outlet duct 22 that is connected to an exhaust fan 23 for drawing gas upwardly as indicated by arrows. The bed 14 of pellets 10 is typically supported on an endless conveyor screen, e.g., a pallet-style conveyor 24 that is connected to supporting rollers 26 which ride on longitudinally extending rails 28 so as to carry the bed 14 from left to right in the figures at a slow rate, e.g., eight feet per minute. Below the bed 14 and communicating with the bed 14 through the supporting conveyor 24 are a plurality of transversely extending, longitudinally distributed windboxes 30 beginning with number 1 in FIG. 3 proceeding from left to right, to which drying air is supplied to a duct 32 which communicates with a blower 34 for forcing the air into the windboxes 30 so as to blow a current of heated drying air upwardly through windboxes 1-5, thence through the portion of the bed 14 above each successive windbox 30 to at least partially dry the pellets 10 in the bed 14. Moisture-containing drying air is removed from the hood 20 through the exhaust outlet 22. Such a furnace is referred to as a "traveling grate furnace." In such a furnace, iron ore pellets are distributed across the width of grate pallets which make up the conveyor 24. The trip through the dryer usually lasts about five minutes. Previous to the present invention, the top of the pellet bed 14 had about six inches of wet pellets.
Refer now to FIG. 2. Positioned above the bed 14 and spaced apart from the bed a short distance, typically from about two to four inches, are a plurality of laterally extending, horizontally disposed drying gas supply pipes or ducts 36, each of which is closed on each end by means of end walls 38. Each pipe 36 is provided with a downwardly opening slot 40, typically from about one-quarter inch to about one and one-half inches in width. The slot is typically about one-half inch wide for a supply pipe 36 that is about five to eight inches in diameter. Each slot produces a downwardly directed sheet-like jet of drying gas 42 (FIG. 2) that impinges on the upper surface of the bed 14 of pellets 10. Drying air heated to about 800� F. is supplied to the pipes 36 via a supply pipe 44 from a blower 52.
As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, typically a plurality of windboxes, e.g five, (WB1-WB5) are provided in a hooded exhaust updraft drying section 50. While the width of the drying bed can vary, it is typically about eight feet wide and consequently the drying pipes 36 are each about eight feet long. The drying air passing through pipe 44 (FIG. 2) is supplied at a rate sufficient to produce a slot velocity of about, say, 3000 feet per minute in the jet 42 as it leaves the slot 40. Typically each eight-foot drying air supply pipe 36 will discharge about 1000 cubic feet per minute of hot drying air. The slot width, the discharge velocity and the cross-sectional shape of the pipes 36 can be changed as desired. The pipes 36 can be round, rectangular, oval or of other shapes best suited to the requirements of the fabricator.
After the bed 14 has passed the last windbox WB5 of the exhaust hood section 50, it enters a downdraft unfired drying zone, i.e., the DDZ 52 (FIG. 3) which is supplied with heated air via duct 54 at a temperature of, say, 800� F. traveling downwardly through the bed 14 thence through windboxes WB6 and WB7 and out through exhaust duct 56 to further dry the pellets 10 in the bed 14.
In FIG. 4 is shown a typical windbox which may be about eight feet wide and about eight feet long as seen in plan view. As shown in FIG. 4, four individual pallets comprising portions of a conveyor cover one windbox. The rate of travel of the conveyor is usually about eight feet per minute, thus any individual pellet is above a windbox for about one minute.
Refer now to FIG. 5 which illustrates diagrammatically the drying in the bed 14 during the initial drying stages above one of the windboxes WB1-WB5 which carry air upwardly through the bed 14. As shown in FIG. 5, a current of heated air 60 flows upwardly through the bed 14 around and between the pellets 10 and is exhausted from between the pellets 10 in the bed 14 as shown at 62. Simultaneously, the jets 42 of hot counter-current drying gas are forced downwardly from the supply pipes 36 and impinge on the upper surface of the bed 14. The downwardly directed jets 42 are effective in further drying the upper layer of pellets 10, particularly the first two to three inches from the top surface of the bed 14 since the upwardly traveling current of air 40 is heavily laden with moisture. While no dramatic increase of pellet temperature is achieved by any particular downwardly directed jet 42, each one-half inch wide jet or sheet of air at 800� F. will have pellets exposed to it and under its influence for about one second. After about one second of heating by the jets, the pellets thus heated will be exposed to cooler air 62 from the upward current of drying air 40 for about 15 seconds, thereby removing some of the heat from each of the pellets heated by the jet 42. Thus, while no particular jet 42 by itself produces a dramatic increase in pellet temperature, it is important to recognize that the jets 42 keep the top layer, say, the top two or three inches of pellets, above the dewpoint temperature of the surrounding drying gas. Thus, the hot air jets in the updraft section 50 minimize condensation that would otherwise occur on the pellets 10 without the jets.
Refer now to FIG. 6 which illustrates the benefits that are achieved when the pellets 10 enter the unfired downdraft drying zone 52 of FIG. 3. In this section, suction provided by a waste gas fan 57 (FIG. 3) draws waste gas at a temperature of, say, 800� F. downwardly through the bed 14 from the inlet 54. Inlet 54 supplies hot air under pressure to drying zone 52. The hot air supply pipes 36a in the downdraft drying section 52 provide momentum to each air jet, forcing air more effectively through the top two or three inches of the pellet bed 14. Significant added drying therefore occurs. The pellets 10 are in the downdraft drying section 52 typically for about two minutes. The very uppermost layer of pellets, say the top one inch of pellets 10 in the bed 14, are usually dried to about 3% by weight water which is located mainly in the center portion of each pellet 10.
Refer now to FIGS. 7 and 8 which illustrate moisture content of the pellets 10 above various windboxes without the downdraft jetting (FIG. 7) and with downdraft jetting (FIG. 8). In windbox WB1, after about one minute with an 800� F. upward current of air, the bottom pellet is dried on the surface while the inside is still wet. The estimated water content is about 8% for about 1-3 inches from the bottom of the bed 14, while the water content at the 4-9 inch level is even greater at about 11% to 12% on average. In FIG. 8 showing the invention, the moisture content of the pellets 10 in WB1 will be about the same as in FIG. 7.
In windbox WB2, without the invention (FIG. 7) the estimated water content will be about 5%, but in the invention (FIG. 8) some water has been removed in the 1--3 inch level. In FIG. 8 at the 4-6 inch level, the water content will be about 8%; at the 7-13 inch level it will be about 12%, and the top inch of pellets may have about a 9% water content. Pellets in the top three inches will be warmed above the dewpoint of the drying air.
In windbox WB3, without the invention (FIG. 7) the estimated water content will vary from about 2% in the 1-3 inch levels and about 12% in the 13-15 inch levels. WB3 in FIG. 8 using the invention will be about the same, with the top layer of pellets back to their original 10% moisture content. The added water does not come from condensation but from physical movement of the water.
In windbox WB4, after four minutes of treatment, the bottom zone is nearly dry in FIG. 7 and at successively higher levels varies from 3% to 11%. In windbox WB4 of the invention (FIG. 8) moisture contents are the same except for the top zone which is only 9%, thus showing the benefit of the present invention.
After five minutes without the invention, the 1-3 inch levels are dry in windbox WB5 and moisture increases up to the 13-15 inch level which is about 10%. By contrast, with the invention in windbox WB5 the top 15-inch level is only about 7% to 8% water and therefore appears dry.
Without the invention (FIG. 7), after one minute of downdraft in windbox WB6, the bottom levels remain the same. At the 13-15 inch level, moisture content is about 8% and in the 10-12 inch level the moisture content is 7%. In the invention by contrast (FIG. 8), the moisture content at the 13-15 inch level is only 6% and that drops to 4% in windbox WB7 and to a very low level, about 3% or below in windbox WB8. By contrast, in windbox WB7 after two minutes without the invention (FIG. 7), the 13-15 inch level is 7% and at 10-12 inches is about 6% moisture.
Assume that the bed 14 travels into the downdraft firing zone WB8-WB12 without the invention. In windbox WB8 after one minute exposure to a downdraft at about 1600� F., the 13-15 inch level would still be at about 6% moisture, too wet for good firing.
Refer now to FIG. 9 which illustrates the temperature of the pellets 10 at various bed thickness levels in the different windbox areas. It will be noted that the temperature achieved with the invention (shown at the top of each pellet) is generally higher than that of the prior art (shown at the bottom of each pellet), particularly in the upper levels, e.g. zones 4 and 5 of the bed 14. It will also be noted that the invention achieves a pellet temperature of 250� F. in zone 5 of WB5. By contrast, a temperature of only 205� F. is achieved in zone 5 without the jets 42. In zone 4, the invention achieves a temperature of 195� F. compared with 165� F. without the downwardly directed jets 42. The pellet temperatures of the invention in zones 3 and 2 in the last windbox WB8 is also higher than without the invention. Thus, the average temperature of the pellets 10 in most zones of the pellet bed 14 is higher using the invention. While the temperature increases due to the hot air jets 42 in accordance with the invention are not dramatic, the invention provides a critical advantage by keeping the top few inches of the pellet bed 14 above the dewpoint while in the updraft drying zone 50. An important temperature improvement is also achieved by the present invention in the downdraft drying zone 52 of the furnace.
Refer now to FIGS. 10 and 11 wherein the same numerals refer to corresponding parts already described. In FIG. 10, the heated drying air supplied to the pipes 36 is provided by means of a pair of supply ducts 44a and 44b connected to opposite ends of the pipes 36 to assure equal distribution of hot air that is forced downwardly through the slots 40 to provide the downwardly directed sheet-like currents of air 42 (FIG. 2). The ducts 44a and 44b can be used to assure that an equal air supply is provided to each end of the distribution pipes 36. In the alternative, a single supply duct 44a can be provided with equal distribution achieved through dampers or blast gates (not shown) within the distribution pipes 36.
In FIG. 11, hot air is supplied to four distribution pipes 36 at the top of the figure by the supply duct 44a at the left and to the remaining distribution pipes 36 are supplied by the supply duct 44b at the right. Thus, in this case, the hot air which may be supplied from a suitable furnace location via a blower (not shown) is introduced to opposite ends of different ones of the distribution pipes 36 so that any differences at opposite ends of a given pipe, as well as different temperatures in the duct 44a versus duct 44b will cancel out after all of the pellets have passed the distribution pipes 36. Any one side of the furnace should not be supplied by significantly more air (say, more than 25%) than the other side. Balancing in FIG. 11 can also be assisted by the use of dampers such as dampers 49 and 51.
In the updraft drying zone, water is first removed from the surface of the pellet and from a thin layer of the concentrate on the outside of the pellet. This drying occurs before the hot air is saturated with water vapor. The evaporation of water, however, lowers the temperature of the air consistent with the heat of vaporization of water. The air temperature is also lowered slightly due to sensible heat transfer.
When the saturated air comes in contact with cold pellets above those that were being dried, water condenses on the colder pellets. The condensing action warms the pellets significantly, but because in the beginning there is an abundance of cold pellets, most of the water is condensed before the air reaches the top of the pellet bed. This is particularly true if one considers the progression through the drying zone as occurring in one-minute increments as described in the earlier drawings.
The evaporation and condensing occur for the entire five-minute drying zone. Some of the less obvious characteristics of pellets should be understood to appreciate the advantages achieved during the drying of pellets. Some of the mechanisms of pellet drying will therefore be explained in more detail.
The surfaces of pellets are initially moist so that when hot air is forced up and around a pellet, the surface water and some of the water in a thin layer of pellet material is evaporated. When this occurs, some heat is transferred by water into the center of the pellet because water conducts heat fairly well. The water in the center of the pellet is warmed to a temperature below the boiling point of water, but probably near 150� F. in some instances. After the surface water leaves the pellet, there is significantly lower transfer of heat into the center of the pellet because the finely ground particles do not transfer heat efficiently due to little surface-to-surface particle contact. This may first appear to be a problem, but careful consideration will show that it provides advantages in drying taconite pellets. Updraft drying is actually improved because most of the bottom pellets have the surface water removed from the bottom of the pellet bed, then very little heat transfer takes place at that level and the hot air contacts the next upper layer of pellets. The same mechanism takes place on subsequent upper layers of pellets. The pellets near the top of the bed are not adequately dried due to furnace tonnage requirements, but the top pellets are warmed to about 180� F. for most operations.
The hot air jets 42 warm the surface of the top two inches of the pellet bed above the dewpoint temperature. The combination of the warm updraft drying air plus the hot air jets 42 result in a dry surface on the pellet including a thin layer of dried concentrate on the surface of the pellet. The pellets that leave the updraft drying zone that were also heated by the hot air jets 42 enter the downdraft drying zone of the furnace hot and dry enough to benefit from the hot air jets in that section of the furnace.
The top few inches of pellets entering the downdraft drying zone are heated continually for the next two minutes with the hot air jets forcing air down into the bed of pellets. The normal furnace drafting will continue to draw the hot air through the pellet bed. The top few inches of pellets are dried much better because of the hot air jets. The slow transfer of heat described earlier still exists, but water is removed from the center pellet faster with the addition of the hot air jets. The pellets leaving the downdraft drying zone are thus heated well above the boiling temperature of water. While some water may still be bound hydroscopically to the binders or other additives, most the water will be removed.
In the downdraft firing zone of the furnace, the air temperature is high enough, e.g., 1800� F., to start oxidizing the top pellets. The oxidation will be slow because of the slow transfer of heat described earlier (due to small irregularly shaped particles) and also because of the low oxygen content of the air. Slow oxidation may prove to be a benefit because there is a minute or two available to permit the heat from oxidation to remove all the water from the center of the pellet, which is an important advantage since water in the center of pellets retards oxidation and results in the magnetite core in the center of pellets. This dissimilar material is the main reason that pellets have a lower than desired compression test.
With no hot air jets, some pellets leave the updraft drying zone 50 saturated with water. When the pellets reach the downdraft drying zone, the hot air does not penetrate the layers of wet pellets. The hot downdraft drying air evaporates the surface moisture is cooled by the heat of vaporization. Further drying is slowed and, as a result, when the pellets leave the downdraft drying zone they have a center that has about 5% water. The hot gases in the downdraft firing zone begin the oxidation of the magnetite pellet. The oxidation is severely retarded by the water in the center of the pellet. The water that is evaporated prevents heat transfer and oxygen transfer. The result will be pellets with magnetite cores and a low compression test rating. The present invention drastically reduces or eliminates all of these problems.
The invention will thus heat and dry the pellets more effectively and more uniformly than the prior art. It can be seen that an important advantage of the invention derives from heating the pellets on the top two or three inches of the pellet bed 14, since those are the pellets that have the poorest quality. The fact that the top pellets stay wet is one of the factors that produces pellets of lower quality. Another factor is that pellets were heretofore fired in a low oxygen atmosphere because oxygen is consumed in raising the air temperature to about 1800� F. and later to about 2400� F. in the firing zone (windboxes WB8 and above). Preliminary calculations indicate that the distribution pipes 36, while they can be of various sizes, should have a diameter of about eight inches for a one-half inch slot 40. However, with a smaller distribution pipe of, say, four to five inches in diameter, dampers and baffles can be installed as will be apparent to those skilled in the art to achieve an approximate equal volume of air blowing out through all of the slots 40. It should be understood that the distribution of air does not have to balanced perfectly and, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, balancing can be accomplished by feeding air to opposite ends of the distribution pipes 36 rather than to the center (FIG. 4).
An important advantage of the present invention is its adaptability for use in existing pellet drying equipment, that is, as an after-market unit to be installed in equipment now in use. Other benefits of the present invention will be better understood when one considers that for each 200 tons of product produced with 10% water, there is an input of 220 tons of material. Because of the spherical shape of the pellets and the water present, the density of the pellets is about two or slightly less. Therefore, a cubic foot of pellets weighs about 100 pounds. Two hundred twenty tons per hour is 3.7 tons per minute, or 7,330 pounds per minute, i.e., 73 cubic feet per minute. On a machine eight feet wide with a bed 15 inches deep, the machine would have to move 7.3 feet, or about 90 inches a minute to maintain a steady operating production rate. This volume of material shows that even a small reduction in moisture has far-reaching benefits.
It has been observed that moisture condenses inside the exhaust hood in some prior art installations. Moisture can and does also condense on cold pellets. The present invention reduces both of these conditions and in that way improves the final product.
Thus, the present invention enhances drying by using the downward jets 42 of hot air impinging on the top layer of the pellets to heat the top layer of pellets above their dewpoint temperature so the pellets are dryer on the top of the pellet bed 14 from the drying in the updraft zone 50. The downward jets in the downdraft drying zone will dry the pellets in the downdraft zone 52 at least three or four inches deep into the pellet bed 14. The pellets 10 typically pass through this zone of the furnace in two minutes and are much drier leaving the downdraft zone 52 than they would be without the present invention. In the next zone of the furnace, the downdraft drying fired zone (windbox WB8 and higher) the pellets are heated to about 1800� F. Because of the improved drying made possible by the present invention in zones 50 and 52, improved firing can be achieved without damaging the pellets.
Many variations of the present invention within the scope of the appended claims will be apparent to those skilled in the art once the principles described herein are understood.
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Seems like everyone is going to have to make some type of modification to the KAB 4 or 6.
Some it will be the height of the burner (4.25"). Some it will be the size of the cooking surface. Yet others will have both problems. So im going to try and fix what I can and shed some light for anyone who wants it
I have a banjo burner from NB that is being used in another system
This burner worked great at 4" from the burner with a flat bottom pot. The brackets are to make the cook surface bigger. Once we switched over to the keggle the flame was not as effective. Since the keggle has a domed bottom there was too much heat loss. (I hear others have a height problem too!) Our solution was to turn one of the brackets around to allow the lip of the keggle to sit into the void. Now the bottom the the keggle is about 2" from the burner. Heat then runs up the rounded bottom and raises temp. much faster. Ive never timed it but we have never had to wait on boiling water.
First Mod: Raise the burner. The Four legs are 1/2" round stock bent in a rectangle, welded to the thick wind screen in three places, The top and bottom are on one side, the middle is on the other. I used a dremel with a flexible handle attachment. (used two big metal cutting blades to cut four legs) An angle grinder should work too.
Using u-bolts and a few drilled holes I re-attached the legs to the wind screen.
A Few things I noticed: There are nubs on the burner that could get in the way of the u bolt. I got lucky and was able to squeeze mine in.
Also remember the bottom of the keg is not always going to be level, or your base, so you may have to play with your leg heights if ya got a wobble.
According to bayou classic: The re-engineering of this burner was to optimize the burner with a flat bottom pot. The rounded bottom of a keg is not optimal.
Next I did a test on temp. times and fuel usage.
Ok so now that my kegs are cut open I did a quick comparison. Filled each keg with 9 gallons of 87 degree water.
First up the KAB4 with no modification:104degrees@9mins117*@15mins142*@25mins160*@33mins
Now for the modified KAB4:117*@8mins142*@13mins160*@16minsAbout half the time and half the fuel!!!
My next mod it to weld the angle iron to the top and expand the cooking surface. Hopefully this week... check back soon
What size are those u-bolts? Where did you get them?
Nice work mate.
Thanks. Shipping is a higher price than the u-bolts.
These parts are difficult for me to source, locally. Any help would be appreciated.
Bucks/Montgomery county, PA

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Number Theoretic Transforms (NTT's), unlike the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), are defined in finite rings and fields rather than in the field of complex numbers. Some NTT's have a transform structure like the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and can be used for fast digital signal processing. The computational effort and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance of linear filtering in finite rings and fields are investigated. In particular, the effect of limited word lengths, i.e.,


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A place to save all my favorite pictures.
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Budget Conference Spending Cuts: Start with Amtrak Subsidies
A good place for budget conferees to start cutting federal spending would be at Amtrak, the federally subsidized passenger rail service, with its $72 million… Read More
A good place for budget conferees to start cutting federal spending would be at Amtrak, the federally subsidized passenger rail service, with its $72 million… Read More
Senator Mike Lee (R–UT) and Representative Tom Graves (R–GA) have introduced twin bills (S. 1702 and H.R. 3486) called the Transportation Empowerment Act (TEA), which… Read More
In typical Washington fashion, lawmakers shoved an authorization for the Olmsted Lock and Dam Project—which, in this context looks a lot like an earmark—into the… Read More
Congress is in the midst of debating spending levels in a fiscal year (FY) 2014 continuing resolution. It's no surprise that the two chambers disagree… Read More
In yet another summer speech on the economy yesterday, President Obama trotted out familiar tax-and-spend ideas, this time pairing his latest call for a tax… Read More
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Added Nov 4, 2011
by nell
Melbourne, Austr...
I was inspired to create this dress after seeing the details of the September sew-along to make the halter neck dress. I thought that project was really cute, but I wanted to make a few amendments and then found this Vogue pattern (V8184) and fabric in my stash so this is what I ended up using.
I did find the sew-along instructions really useful when it came to putting in the boning as it was my first time doing that.
I'm really proud about how this turned out. My seams line up almost perfectly and I took the time to finish the seams on the inside so it is really neat.
Now I just need the weather to warm up so I can wear it!
Dec 13, 2011, 09.17 AMby JulietSews
Definitely a project to be proud of! Looks gorgeous!
Nov 10, 2011, 04.06 AMby LaraGa
This is a cute dress! Nice work!
Nov 6, 2011, 08.23 PMby ritsel
that's a nice dress, hope you can wear it a lot!
Nov 7, 2011, 08.44 AMby nell
Haha thanks! It was perfect weather on Saturday so I got to wear this. Someone told me I looked like summer!
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She modified this coat wonderfully by adding length and changing the pockets and collar
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Flaunt your sewing skills as well as your fab fashion sense in these modern, head-turning designs
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The oversized shape has a cool bell shaped silhouette with a wide body and fitted sleeves
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Every Tuesday, Landon Palmer brings you Culture Warrior: an analysis of film as an art form and an examination of its role within larger trends in culture and society. Integrating media scholarship and film history with a critical eye on popular and contemporary cinema, Culture Warrior combines ongoing conversations in the worlds of academia and online film criticism. Whether looking at big studio franchises or arthouse indies, changing industry practices or new distribution models, every week Culture Warrior brings what you're seeing in the theater or at home into a whole new light.
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Recycling the Reagan Era: Remakes and Hollywood's Eternal '80sCulture Warrior By Landon Palmer on February 18, 2014 | Be the First To Comment
Few years in the history of recent Hollywood have gone by without a sizable pile of '80s remakes. Typically, those remakes are at least somewhat spread out. But this Valentine's Day weekend greeted us with a grand total of three remakes, all bearing (with the exception of a conspicuously absent ellipsis) the titles of their predecessors: RoboCop (original: 1987), About Last Night (original: 1986), and Endless Love (original: 1981). So many '80s clones haven't opened wide the same weekend in two and a half years, when Footloose 2.0 battled the prequel to re-re-make of The Thing. Recycling the '80s is hardly exclusive to cinema. Indie and mainstream pop have been revisiting the era of New Wave and post-punk for years. Sometimes this results in uncanny synergy, like two singles from the past few months referencing the opening sequence of The Hunger. And, of course, in the political sphere the '80s are ever present, as the exponential concentration of wealth to the very rich have forced a public conversation rethinking Reaganism and neoliberal economics. Few films used popular culture as a platform for exploring this political climate quite like RoboCop and About Last Night. So rather than taking to task whether these remakes are "worthy" or "necessary" or not (is any?), I'd rather mine how the subtle differences between these revisitations and their originals betray our complicated relationship to the era of "Just Say No" and "Where's the Beef?". Perhaps we keep recycling the '80s because that decade in particular, invited […]
Why I Miss the Gritty Amateur Beauty of Early Digital FilmmakingCulture Warrior By Landon Palmer on February 11, 2014 | Be the First To Comment
When grassroots production company InDigEnt (Independent Digital Entertainment) quietly shut down in 2006, it marked the end of an era that never really got going. There was a lot of talk about digital filmmaking around the turn of the last century, but this was more from the point of skepticism directed at a burgeoning new means of shooting, not an embrace of new cinematic possibilities. Inexpensive and boundary-pushing indies, then, were the only projects decisively making use of the new portable technologies out of a mix of economic necessity and aesthetic choice. As a result, for a few years at the end of the '90s and the very beginning of the 2000s, a few movies were made that truly look like nothing we've seen before or since. InDigEnt was founded in 1999 under the inspiration of the Dogme 95 and the guerrilla, no-budget pioneering of John Cassavetes. That the name of the company's pseudo-acronym also means "poor" seems self-deprecatingly apt, and not without some frank truth knowing the company's fate. But they produced several films (e.g., Tadpole, Pieces of April, Starting Out in the Evening) that flirted with the boundary between indie and mainstream, perhaps suggesting some potential accessibility of this nascent shooting format. Yet early digital filmmaking was conspicuously marked as something other than what our eyes were used to when entering the movie theater, and therein lied both its promise and its problems.
How 'Capote' Changed the Direction of Philip Seymour Hoffman's CareerCulture Warrior By Landon Palmer on February 3, 2014 | Be the First To Comment
There's a unique double-take aspect to Philip Seymour Hoffman's magnetism that defined many of the diverse roles he inhabited. Hoffman was a chameleon, able to lend even the smallest part a distinct impression that he knew the character's entire history. But Hoffman's chameleonic skills were internal, not external; he "looked" relatively the same across much of his work. More specifically, Hoffman looked like a man we could pass by on a crowded city street without ever noticing, and that's partly why his roles could take us by surprise. As Hoffman carefully unfolded his characters, we began to realize he was rarely as "normal" as first impressions made it seem; his characters were often weighed down by some burdensome personal history, a phantom force that they continue to reckon with daily. Hoffman's charisma was subtle and patient, captivating an audience that eventually began to associate him with the best of late '90s and early 21st century American movies. Hoffman, in effect, became a signature of quality, a sign that legitimated a project as thoughtful, worthwhile filmmaking. By the time he won the award for Best Actor for 2005's Capote, it was for fans of P.T. Anderson and Todd Solondz a belated recognition of a committed and unorthodox talent; for the rest of Hollywood and those who had not yet fallen under his spell, this was an introduction an unlikely leading man.
A Brief History of Brad Pitt Casting Himself as a SaviorCulture Warrior By Landon Palmer on January 28, 2014 | Comments (3)
After the first Sunday of March, movie star Brad Pitt might be an Academy Award winner — not for his acting, but for his role as producer. His production company, Plan B, has been deployed since 2006 as a platform for making films (many that star or co-star Pitt, and a few that don't) largely outside of the franchise and sequel mentality that a name brand like Pitt would otherwise be subject to. Pitt is hardly the first example of an actor who exchanges celebrity capital for some industrial and artistic autonomy – examples of powerful actors who have used the capacity of producer to buck the studio system go as far back as Humphrey Bogart – but Plan B is unique particularly because it's been utilized as a means for Pitt to rather self-consciously define himself against any conventional understanding of his movie star image. Rather than use the production arm as a means for gritty, challenging, Hollywood-unfriendly lead roles (as Bogart did with In a Lonely Place), Pitt is casting himself conspicuously on the margins of his own work, often in supporting roles that have in common characters who somehow omnisciently perceive a bigger picture than what's available to the foregrounded characters around him. These are characters that exist inside and outside the narratives of their films simultaneously.
What the McConaissance Teaches Us About the Oscars' LimititationsCulture Warrior By Landon Palmer on January 21, 2014 | Comments (2)
As I'm sure you're aware, Matthew McConaughey is currently experiencing His Moment. Seemingly resurrected from the depths of bankable but critically ill-regarded romantic comedies, McConaughey is now headlining a gritty new HBO series, briefly stealing a scene in a Scorsese movie from fellow Best Actor nominee Leo DiCaprio, taking the lead in a characteristically ambitious and mysterious new Christopher Nolan movie, and, of course, cementing it all with an Oscar nomination and plenty of momentum to take home the statue in March. The fascinating turn of events that have occurred in the former Sahara star's career since 2011, aka "The McConaissance," is catnip for people who enjoy treating Hollywood seriously: it represents a tacit recognition by the star of the inherent limitations of Hollywood, and an attempt to transcend them; it evinces a star aware of his own public persona, who is seeking out roles that play with, and even subvert, that persona; and this particular star's devotion to truly off-beat roles has made for something far more interesting than conventional career "comebacks" a la your Travolta, Rourke, or Downey, Jr. An Oscar for McConaughey would likely represent the apotheosis of the actor's decisive shift in creative effort, a reward for his calculated and compelling career "redemption." But McConaughey's recognition for Dallas Buyers Club shows how even the most surprising of career moves are recognized for their most conventional and least surprising moments.
For 50 Years, Films Have Largely Failed to Fight The War on PovertyCulture Warrior By Landon Palmer on January 14, 2014 | Comments (9)
A repeated critique leveled at Martin Scorsese's The Wolf of Wall Street is that it doesn't show the consequences of Jordan Belfort's actions – we don't see, in other words, the direct repercussions of Belfort's lies to and manipulations of ordinary people. In contrast to the director's otherwise very similar Goodfellas and Casino, it's easier (cinematically speaking) to show somebody getting beaten to a pulp than panicking about their house payments. However, Wolf does have one interesting moment in its final minutes that stands distinctly from the miasma of excess coating its other three hours – when Kyle Chandler's Agent Denham takes a subway ride home, surrounded by an anonymous underclass whose lives and identities never breach Belfort's bubble of expensive distractions. Had The Wolf of Wall Street spent significant time representing those directly affected by Belfort's actions beyond the class seclusion suggested by this brief moment, it would have illustrated a type of everyday financial struggle rarely addressed in detail in American cinema. Class differences and conflicts have been an ever-present topic in American movies, especially in Romeo and Juliet renditions like Titanic and Love Story, but there are have existed few narrative traditions for representing in detail particular class struggles, specifically those pertaining to poverty.
Why You Can Make Your Own 'Sherlock' But Can't Make Your Own '3:10 to Yuma'Culture Warrior By Landon Palmer on January 7, 2014 | Be the First To Comment
The beginning of a calendar year is an active time for the serious movie-watcher. Besides providing the most accelerated moment of awards pre-season and a profusion of top 10 lists, the new year also portends surprises from the influx of films annually chosen for preservation by the NFPB and the new streaming contracts that motivate some heavy updates on your Netflix queue. But the Duke School of Law has also annually contributed another litany of films to these annual aggregations: films (and other creative works) that, as of January 1st of each year, they argue should be, but aren't, added to the public domain. According to the Center for the Study of the Public Domain, if the Copyright Act of 1976 (which went into effect in 1978) had never been passed, as of last week many works from 1957 would go into public domain in the United States, including classic films like David Lean's Bridge on the River Kwai, Federico Fellini's Nights of Cabiria, Ingmar Bergman's The Seventh Seal, the great Elvis flick Jailhouse Rock, the original 3:10 to Yuma, Sidney Lumet's 12 Angry Men, and so on. Some of these works have gone into public domain in Canada and Western Europe as a result of more lax copyright laws abroad.
Year in Review: How Movies in 2013 Were About Becoming Somebody ElseCulture Warrior By Landon Palmer on December 31, 2013 | Comments (2)
When Roger Ebert passed away in April of this year, one quote that made significant rounds was his assertion that, "I believe empathy is the most essential quality of civilization." It would be easy to extract this quote as a solitary, general observation on the value of empathy, bereft of its cinematically specific context. Some liked to see Ebert's overt progressive politics as separate from his evaluation of films, but in fact the two were inextricably linked. The source of this quote, in fact, came from Ebert's overview of Cannes in 2010, in which he discussed what a diverse array of art films like Lee-Chang Dong's Poetry and Mike Leigh's Another Year collectively offered despite their evident differences. The full quote reads as follows: These aren't all masterpieces, although some are, but they're all Real Movies. None follows a familiar story arc. All involve intense involvement with their characters. All do something that is perhaps the most important thing a movie can do: They take us outside our personal box of time and space, and invite us to empathize with those of other times, places, races, creeds, classes and prospects. I believe empathy is the most essential quality of civilization. If empathy is the most essential quality of a civilization, as Ebert makes the case for, then movies which invite the viewer to have an empathetic experience become far more than "just movies," but "Real Movies" – that is, devices that shape a compassionate worldview which acknowledges the unique experience […]
Saving Mr. Disney: The Conflicting Arts of Adaptation and Brand ManagementCulture Warrior By Landon Palmer on December 24, 2013 | Comments (7)
There's a scene late in John Lee Hancock's Saving Mr. Banks in which author P.L. Travers (Emma Thompson) barges into Walt Disney's (Tom Hanks) office, livid about the fact that the company's proposed adaptation of her intellectual property "Mary Poppins" may contain a moment of animation integrated into live action, which Disney promised her would not occur. Travers catches Disney putting a cigarette out into an ashtray, blindsided that she caught him in this uncouth moment. Disney says something out loud about not wanting to be seen with a cigarette in his hand, and the scene moves on. We never see the cigarette touch Disney's lips. There is no still image that exists of Hanks-as-Disney smoking. Yet the Disney-produced film acknowledges that Disney himself smoked and hid that fact from the public eye during the 1960s. Saving Mr. Banks admits openly that there is a distance between the man and the myth, the everyday Walt Disney and his heavily regulated public image. The film makes a gesture of transparency in this direction, yet not enough to actually show the contradiction between the myth and the man. We never see that cigarette hit his mouth. This moment isn't really all that important on its own, but it is in terms of what it represents: that Saving Mr. Banks is a film which acknowledges the negotiations and compromises that go into making and reinforcing the image of "Disney," while also exercising careful maintenance of the identity of the Disney brand.
Why Doesn't Judge Reinhold Suffer an Existential Crisis at the End of 'The Santa Clause'?Culture Warrior By Landon Palmer on December 17, 2013 | Be the First To Comment
For many, finding out the truth about Santa Claus is an important first step of a ritual entry into adulthood. The experience differs from person to person, but for me it happened gradually and without incident. Around 7 years old, I reasoned that it was impossible for a character as absurd as the Easter Bunny to exist. A year later, I came to the same conclusion about the big jolly guy. I didn't see my parents as deceptive, or myself as naïve – this exit from childhood fantasy was more like an induction, or the first of many doors opened into rational adult living. I preserved the fantasy as best as I could for my younger brother, and played along with my parents whenever Kris Kringle's name came up. My experience must not be unusual, as many children's Christmas films deal directly with a similarly gradual onset of Santa skepticism – that moment where one's imagination is put in conflict with the dawning truth that the world operates on particular rules that are impossible to break. Gravity, time, matter. In this way, such films imbue an adult and a child's view of Christmas simultaneously by investing in the illusion while also showing its manufacture. But these films (as children's Christmas films will unsurprisingly do) ultimately demonstrate the impossible fantasy to be undeniably true, to the dismay and shock of enlightened skeptics like James Caan's Walter Hobbs in Elf or Judge Reinhold's Dr. Neal Miller in The Santa Clause. And Reinhold's […]
How 'Out of the Furnace' and 'Killing Them Softly' Make Sense of 2008's American DreamCulture Warrior By Landon Palmer on December 10, 2013 | Be the First To Comment
"There are now two Americas. My country is a horror show." The above summary is of an an impromptu speech The Wire showrunner David Simon delivered at "The Festival of Dangerous Ideas" in Sydney this week. Simon's work as producer has been characterized by a distinct effort to represent the "great horror show" America he mentions – the America without social mobility, the America where people are left to survive in the marginal social position they've inherited, the America without special interest groups to make a perpetual underclass visible in the media and worth pandering to for politicians' votes. The Wire, as Simon attests directly, sought to represent the conditions and lives of people who are "economically worthless," a series that lent a rare lens to ordinary people's endurance in the face of total invisibility in the public sphere. Mainstream contemporary movies and television shows have, perhaps until very recently, almost exclusively surveyed the lives of those with considerable economic worth: audiences with expendable income that can be advertised to during commercial breaks or be expected to buy most movie tickets. But Out of the Furnace and Killing Them Softly – both of which take place in 2008 and were released almost exactly a year apart – offer an incisive lens into a hermetically sealed, economically deprived, and otherwise underrepresented American underclass.
Did 'Anchorman 2' Invent a Prototype for Reverse Product Placement?Culture Warrior By Landon Palmer on December 3, 2013 | Comments (3)
"Black Friday" sales have spilled over into Thanksgiving Day. Amazon just announced that it wants to set the stage for the robot war by piloting commodity-delivery drones to your home. The holiday shopping season has literally become a deadly event. Consumer culture is out of control and omnipresent, rampantly breaking through boundaries of common sense, private space, and basic human decency. Yet on the everyday, experiential scale, consumer culture seems, more than ever before, like no big deal. Perhaps we have, for better or worse, collectively accepted it as an inevitable part of living. We expressed shock that the NSA was data-mining its citizens without any evidence of consistent legal parameters, yet only the occasional TED speaker is concerned that similar practices persist on behalf of marketers who feed from the social media we volunteer our lives to. Public schools are looking to private sponsors to fill in the funding gaps left by austerity. Bookshelves are stocked with arguments that our purchases – not our civic engagement, social awareness, or self-determination – have become the major constitutive factor in developing our individual sense of self. To these, we don't really seem to mind. However, one place that blatant product-hawking is held accountable, in which peddling is met with a rattle of dismissal and rejection rather than tacit acceptance, is decent movies. Until now.
How The New Beat Cinema Narrows the Mythology of Kerouac and FriendsCulture Warrior By Landon Palmer on November 26, 2013 | Be the First To Comment
Perhaps the most misleading aspect of the new crop of Beat movies that have surfaced during the past few years is that they obscure the fact that there was once an older crop of Beat movies. If your only exposure is Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman's Howl, Walter Salles' On the Road, John Krokidas' Kill Your Darlings, and Michael Polish's Big Sur, you might assume that the Beats participated in an artistic movement reserved exclusively for the written word. Yet Allen Ginsberg was front-and-center of experimental film projects like 1959's Pull My Daisy (narrated by Kerouac) and 1966's Chappaqua, while William S. Burroughs spent most of his career after the 1970s in independent films (alongside producing spoken word albums). Even Jack Kerouac, the most novelistic of the best-known Beats, showed his media literacy by recording improvisatory experiments in audio technology before he published "On the Road." The literary Beats not only inspired later independent filmmakers, musicians, and artists, but they participated in multimedia productions themselves, seeking to realize a revolutionary new aesthetic across a variety of platforms of expression, often concurrently with their most famous published work. There is nothing inherently wrong with focusing only on these authors' best-known works in adapting them to screen, but the resulting films do reinforce a rather common image of the Beats as forever-young literary outsiders, when they were in fact heavily involved in the social and artistic movements their work cultivated and helped inspire throughout their lives. But this raises a question: Do […]
Battling Our Debris: The Real Struggles of 'Gravity,' 'Captain Phillips' and 'All is Lost'Culture Warrior By Landon Palmer on November 19, 2013 | Comments (2)
Captivity/survivor narratives are hardly unfamiliar to our movie screens, and such films tend to come in bunches. Three years ago, for instance, both Buried and 127 Hours boasted solo or near-solo performances from two rising Hollywood stars who spent the duration of their films as the solitary face we see. But last month brought a prominent and concentrated group of such films, all met with overwhelmingly good reviews, promising major performances from their leading survivor types, and coasting on significant awards buzz. While each film explores near misses, false moments of possible redemption, the necessary instance of despair, and ultimately an incredible optimism in the possibility for human beings to survive a conflagration of elements that work overwhelmingly against them, each of these films go about this differently. Yet the major factor connecting J.C. Chandor's All is Lost, Paul Greengrass' Captain Phillips, and Alfonso Cuarón's Gravity is that they all stage humans' fraught relationship to nature through the problems and failures of human commerce and its attendant production of waste. Their respective fights with or on the landscape of nature, in other words, are inaugurated by the failure of humans to wield their own devices.
Could 1979's 'The Visitor' Be the Best Film of 2013?Culture Warrior By Landon Palmer on November 12, 2013 | Comments (1)
Last week, Rob Hunter was so befuddled and inspired by Drafthouse Films's newest resurrection project The Visitor that he coined a term to make sense of it: "WTF Cinema." Says FSR's resident critic Lorde Mayor, "Basically, these are movies that consistently challenge expectations (both visual and narrative) to the point that viewers have literally no idea what to expect. This has nothing to do with plot twists, reveals, or shock endings, and instead has everything to do with leaving an audience in a frequent state of head-scratching awe as the unexpected appears onscreen again and again." Hunter's coinage is a useful idiom to describe (or express one's total failure to describe) a certain type of movie that defies easy comprehension or simple justification for its existence. But I think there's another aspect of The Visitor worth focusing on that tells us a lot about why it's taken on this wonderful WTF currency: The Visitor, despite not having been re-edited since its initial theatrical run, is in no way the same film it was when originally released. The Visitor is a film of 2013 more than it ever was a film of 1979.
'District 9′ and the Legacy of Highbrow Sci-FiCulture Warrior By Landon Palmer on November 8, 2013 | Comments (8)
This week's Culture Warrior looks at District 9's place amongst the very best of smart science fiction.
What 'The Matrix: Revolutions' Teaches Us About Hollywood's Past Ten YearsCulture Warrior By Landon Palmer on November 5, 2013 | Comments (4)
Ten years ago today, The Matrix: Revolutions was released in theaters. This is, of course, no monumental cinematic anniversary. It's quite likely that nobody will ask you today, or any day for that matter, where you were the first time you saw the third Matrix film. At most, this revelation will be a reminder that you, like me, are getting older, and the space between decades ain't what it used to be. But much has changed in studio tentpole filmmaking in the past ten years – in practice, if not, well, "quality." On this rather unceremonious anniversary, the third Matrix film has a surprising lot to tell us about how studio franchises have developed since the early Bush era, and where they likely will and won't go moving forward. The Matrix, a film series initiated by a late-90s cyberpunk sleeper hit that arguably overshadowed the return of f*cking Star Wars, by its final chapter came to be treated by Hollywood as a failed prototype never to be repeated again.
Cordova, Atticus and Gadyukin: The Greatest Directors You've Never Heard OfCulture Warrior By Landon Palmer on October 29, 2013 | Be the First To Comment
Cinephilia can take the form of an insatiable hunger, an obsession that continually demands for more – films that cater to more exclusive and refined taste, more resurrected annals of long-forgotten film histories, and more works that pose ever-escalating challenges to the dominant language of cinema. It is no revelation to observe that the Internet has realized a newfound framework for such obsession, like a magic well that promises an endless depth of access to knowledge about obscure, lesser known, or forgotten works. The Internet is not a space where filmic knowledge is publicly available; it is a space where potential knowledge can be excavated and contested over. The game of happenstance is addictive precisely because it carries an eternal promise of more. It is this type of cinephilia that accompanies the recent emergence of several obscure auteurs in web, literary, and moving image culture. One is an Italian-American sicko visionary whose approach to giallo-style torture porn marries the snuff film with high cult art cinema. Another is a Russian émigré whose obsessive Kubrick-on-steroids brand of perfectionism arguably oversaw some of the greatest British films ever made. Yet another is Charles Manson meets Tobe Hooper, a schlocky and gore-obsessed B-auteur and countercultural burnout whose communal approach to filmmaking blurs the line between events behind and in front of the screen. But none of these filmmakers ever existed. All were invented to explore the myth of the genius auteur in the complete absence of an actual body of work to talk […]
The Post-Columbine 'Carrie'Culture Warrior By Landon Palmer on October 22, 2013 | Comments (7)
In contrast to Stephen King's famous tomes The Stand, The Shining, and It, the author's breakthrough novel – 1974's "Carrie" – is relatively fit for adaptation as a feature-length film due to its various publications rarely running over two hundred pages. That said, beyond the usual acts of restructuring typical of Hollywood treatments, the movie versions of Carrie White's story have stopped short of recreating the third section of King's novel, "Aftermath." Thus, they forego the subsequent history of a town that must physically and psychologically rebuild itself after an unfathomable tragedy. This section of King's novel surveys the systemic long-term reactions to the Carrie incident: the development of scientific research and social programs for telekinetics, the slow rebuilding of a small town, and, naturally, a nation's serious look in the mirror on the subject of high school bullying. While such a vast third act rarely takes shape in Carrie films, it's the act that we're collectively most familiar with when it comes to national news stories about young people, violence, and the ever-persistent phantom of bullying (still a term that resists a stable definition in school administrations), whether these real-life tragedies take the form of suicides or mass shootings.
'Captain Phillips' and Powerlessness as a Survival TechniqueCulture Warrior By Landon Palmer on October 15, 2013 | Comments (2)
A boat at sea is a pretty rich place to explore ideology. Bear with me here. The sea, by assumption, bears no visible national borders, no unified language, no tactile culture for human beings. Yet humans travel the sea, conquer it, capitalize on it. Our use of the sea is in no way apolitical, yet an endless horizon subject to the laws of nature conveys something essential, a visage that suggests a false, elusive neutrality. The sea simultaneously erases and amplifies the distinctions we've made between ourselves on land. Much has been already discussed about the ideological implications Paul Greengrass's Captain Phillips. What to make of a popular piece of entertainment that is, at least in part, about global inequality? Are the systemic factors that motivate Somali piracy ignored? If not, might audiences still interpret the film in a simplistic hero v. villain binary de rigueur of Hollywood entertainment? Is the film, as Dana Stevens observes, "a tragedy about the ruinous consequences of global capitalism" or is it, as Andrew O'Hehir argues, "a disturbing celebration of American military power"? Perhaps a film like Captain Phillips, by virtue of its setting and narrative, can be seen as a vessel of ideology that, at the same time, investigates the core processes by which our political identities and assumptions come into realization.
Neil Miller
Scott Beggs
Rob Hunter
Kate Erbland
Christopher Campbell


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From Alexa Chung to Theophilus London, an Exclusive Look at Chanel's Little Black Classic
French fashion designer Coco Chanel launched an eternal classic with the introduction of her black tweed jacket in 1954. Now, with black-and-white homage The Little Black Jacket: Chanel's Classic Revisited (Steidl) set to drop this fall, fashion designer and photographer Karl Lagerfeld and former Vogue Paris editor-in-chief Carine Roitfeld have reimagined Chanel's famous topper, using artists, models, and fashion-world luminaries as their coatracks. View an exclusive selection from the book:
Daphne Guinness, artist and muse.
Lauren Hutton, actress and model.
Georgia May Jagger, model.
Linda Evangelista, model.
Alexa Chung, designer and television presenter.
Clémence Poésy, actress.
Theophilus London, singer.


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A very caring down to earth kind of a person. Takes a sincere interest in his clients and their problems and helps them to come to helpful decisions. Some therapists seen seem distant and competent but disinterested. Dr. Giella is professional but pleasant, friendly and empathetic. Easy to be relaxed and open when talking with him.
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can't get key out of ignition nor gear shift from park.
View questions for:All Chrysler
2007 Chrysler 300
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2007 Chrysler 300 Question: can't get gear shift out of park
sweetee, 3.5L V6, Santee, SC, September 08, 2010, 05:40
2 Answers
Answer #1Johnny Mopar September 14, 2010, 15:56Master
Ignition Key Will Not Turn And/Or Cannot Be Removed
This involves performing one or any combination of the following procedures; cutting a new ignition key, and/or adjusting transmission shifter cable, and/or replacing the ignition lock cylinder and/or replacing the ignition lock housing and switch assembly.
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thomasjkenny October 20, 2010, 03:16Rookie
300c stuck in park
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Laza Morgan - Love Me 2
Artist: Laza Morgan
Producer: Julian Bunetta
Album: Be Forever Young
Avg Rating: 2.8 ( 5 votes )
As it pertains to love Jamaican-American crooner Laza Morgan won't let the naysayers come between what he has with his lady, a belief that he makes quite clear on Be Forever Young video single Love Me 2. Throughout the reggae-tinged record Morgan belts out his feelings, crooning, "I don't care if ya mama don't like the way I love you now/ I don't care if ya sister don't like the way I love you now." In the visuals for the Julian Bunetta-produced song, Morgan and his leading lady still manage to share a few intimate moments despite the drama surrounding them. Be on the lookout for Love Me 2 and a number of other reggae-inspired tunes when Morgan's forthcoming Be Forever Young project is released on November 10.
Laza Morgan Music VideosR&B/Pop
Written by Danielle H. on 09/11/12
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Great work
ahh…you're the first to comment on my masterpiece….thanks Cliff.
– Albert
Fascinating piece!
Obviously felt right at home, Albert !
What Kind of garden do you have Albert HeHe fabulous image well done love it lee
Thanks Lee. This was a photo of my garden but I distorted the image and came up with this funny image.
– Albert
Very cool artwork!
Thanks very much Roddy …..!
– Albert
What a creative piece, Albert! Sooo unique! Love this one!
Thanks Karen…..!!
– Albert
Organic gardening can create interesting results. Fantastic!
You can't get more organic thanks this Gena ….thanks !!
– Albert
Well….it looks friendly enough Albert!! ha….*-)
well, you'll never know what you get with cross-pollination Deb !
– Albert
I wouldn't say that you have a green thumb, Albert!
You're right….it's my wife garden….she's the one with a green thumb.
– Albert
intriguing piece. the title is perfect.
aah ha….. thanks Isabela.
– Albert