text:
Development of a source emission model for atmospheric pollutants in the Barcelona area
ABSTRACT We describe the EMITEMA-EIM atmospheric emission model, and how it has been used along with CORINAIR emission factors to estimate the annual emissions in the Barcelona area in 1990. The study area is a 39 x 39 km2 square with a high population density and important industrial activities. The space and time resolution of the emissions is, respectively, 1 km2 and 1 h. The pollutants considered were NOx, CO, SO2, particles, methane and several VOCs (alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and aldehydes). The emission sources studied were road traffic, air traffic, industrial activities, gas stations, domestic heating and biogenic emission from forests. Methodologies for each of these sources are described in this paper. Finally, we present and analyse the results.
- SourceAvailable from: Josep Calbo[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We have derived a parameterization consisting of a set of analytical expressions that approximate the predictions by the California Institute of Technology-Carnegie-Mellon University (CIT) Urban Airshed Model for the net export to the environment (i.e., effective emissions) of several chemical species, as functions of 14 input parameters. For each species, effective emissions are a function of actual urban emissions of this and other species and of other urban domain properties such as meteorology. Effective emissions may be ``aged'' emissions of primary pollutants or actual production of secondary pollutants. To develop the parameterization we have applied the probabilistic collocation method, which uses the probability density functions of the inputs to generate a set of orthogonal polynomials. These polynomials are then used as the basis for a polynomial chaos expansion that approximates the actual response of the CIT model to its inputs. We assume that seasonal variations can be represented by sinusoidal functions. The parameterization provides a computationally very efficient simulation of the actual model behavior. We have compared the outputs of the parameterization with the outputs of the CIT model, and we conclude that it gives a quite good approximation for effective emissions, at least in the regions of highest probability of the input parameters. This parameterization is applicable to detailed uncertainty and sensitivity analyses and enables computationally efficient inclusion of urban-scale processes as subgrid scale phenomena in global-scale models.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 01/1998; 103:3437-3452. · 3.44 Impact Factor
Article: Development and evaluation of emission disaggregation models for the spatial distribution of non-industrial combustion atmospheric pollutants[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The aim of the present work is to define top-down approaches to allocate atmospheric emissions from non-industrial combustion plants (residential, institutional and commercial sectors) to a detailed grid system of 100 × 100 m2. The conceptual model adopted permits the use of suitable proxy variables for the scaling down of atmospheric emissions from a provincial to a local scale. 'Resident population', 'building volume' and a statistical combination of both have been used as proxy variables for realizing three emission disaggregation models. The choice of the proxy variables was influenced by both data availability and relevance. The results of the emission disaggregation models have been compared with emission values resulting from a bottom-up approach starting from local data. The selected case study was located in the Emilia-Romagna Region (NE Italy), and NOx was the reference pollutant.Atmospheric Environment 11/2013; · 3.11 Impact Factor
Article: Air Quality Management Strategies in Large Cities: Effects of Changing the Vehicle Fleet Composition in Barcelona and Madrid Greater Areas (Spain) by Introducing Natural Gas Vehicles[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Air quality modelling involves a strategy to manage air pollution in large cities, where air quality problems presently are mainly related to on-road traffic. Nowadays, one of the strategies to reduce emissions is based on the substitution of vehicles by introducing new technologies (e.g. cleaner fuels, hybrid vehicles, fuel cells, etc.). This work assesses the variation on air quality due to the substitution of specific vehicle fleets by natural gas vehicles in the two largest cities of Spain: Barcelona and Madrid. Six different scenarios are studied, focusing on the total or partial modification of public transportation vehicles (buses, taxis), freight vehicles and private vehicles. One scenario involving a combination of all of them is also studied. Under this perspective, the WRF/HERMES/CMAQ modelling system has been implemented and validated with a high resolution (1 km and 1 hour) in the area thanks to the calculation power of the MareNostrum super-computer of the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (94.21 TFlops peak). Daily average concentrations of NO2, SO2 and PM, both PM10 and PM2.5, and 8-hour average concentration for O3 and 1-hour maximum concentrations for these species are estimated both in Barcelona and Madrid Greater Areas. All the scenarios studied involve a reduction in NO2, SO2 and PM concentrations. Most important changes in air quality are registered when the combined scenario is implemented. Ozone concentrations remain approximately in the same levels as in the base case scenario, except for some VOC-limited areas where the reduction of NOx involves a slight O3 increase (under the 10%). A large reduction in PM concentration is observed for both cities when the 50% of commercial light vehicles is transformed. Results of the simulations for the combined scenario indicate that it is particularly effective in reducing PM10 (up to −43% in maximum hourly concentration at some points) and PM2.5 (up to −36%).
Page 1
Atmospheric Environment VoL 30, No. 2, pp. 309-318, 1996
Copyright © 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd
Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved
1352-2310/96 $9.50 + 0.00
1352-2310(95) 00221-9
MONTSERRAT COSTA and JOSI~ M. BALDASANO
Institut de Tecnologia i Modelitzaci6 Ambiental (ITEMA), Universitat Politrcnica de Catalunya (UPC),
Apartat de Correus 508, 08220 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
(First received 4 November 1994 and in final form 24 May 1995)
Abstract--We describe the EMITEMA-EIM atmospheric emission model, and how it has been used along
with CORINAIR emission factors to estimate the annual emissions in the Barcelona area in 1990. The
study area is a 39 x 39 km 2 square with a high population density and important industrial activities. The
space and time resolution of the emissions is, respectively, 1 km 2 and 1 h. The pollutants considered were
NO x, CO, SO2, particles, methane and several VOCs (alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and aldehydes). The
emission sources studied were road traffic, air traffic, industrial activities, gas stations, domestic heating and
biogenic emission from forests. Methodologies for each of these sources are described in this paper. Finally,
we present and analyse the results.
Key word index: Emission inventories, emission factors, road traffic emissions, air traffic emissions,
domestic heating.
Dispersion models for atmospheric pollutants are
useful decision support systems for air pollution man-
agement. They are an ideal complement to air quality
control networks, allowing the study of the impact of
pollution sources, and, in short, they enhance the
understanding of the dynamics (emission, transport,
transformation) of air pollution as a system (Calb6 et
al., 1994).
Atmospheric emission models supply one of the
most important pieces of data required by dispersion
models for reactive pollutants: the amount of pollut-
ants emitted in each point in space at a given moment,
i.e. the emission inventory. Emission models are also
essential to estimate the emissions of atmospheric
pollutants in a given area: their type, origin, amount
emitted and distribution in time and space. The
elaboration of emission inventories on a regional or
local basis is a necessary step when setting up plans to
control the levels of pollutants, especially in areas
with a high formation of photochemical oxidants. The
emission inventory is a key component of any air
pollution control program.
Emission models are computer programs with
built-in methodologies to compute the emissions of
every kind of source. Each cff these methodologies
requires the input of specific parameters and data, e.g.
the flow and types of vehicles driving along a road,
fuel consumption, etc.
During the last few years, an increasing number of
efforts have been directed towards the study of air
pollutants emissions in given areas. We want to point
out the work of Liibkert and Zierock (1989), which
sums up previous inventories and proposes guidelines
for future emission studies; Joumard (1989) focused on
the study of which factors are relevant to quantify
road traffic emissions; other studies like Almbauer et
al. (1991) and Samaras and Zachariadis (1992) pro-
pose a traffic-specific model; another class of studies,
like Liibkert and Tilly (1989), Lara (1991), Passant et
al. (1993) and Loibl et al. (1993), makes a more or less
complete emission inventory; Economopoulos (1993)
updates the 1982 emission factors.
This paper aims to describe the methodologies used
in the EMITEMA-EIM atmospheric emission model
in order to know the annual emissions in the Bar-
celona area during the reference year of 1990. Despite
its high traffic density and industrial activity, few
attempts have been made to describe and quantify its
emission sources. Among these attempts we want to
point out the reports of the Barcelona City Hall and
Baldasano et al. (1993).
Before elaborating an emission inventory several
parameters must be defined. These parameters are:
area under study, sources to be considered, pollutants
emitted, size of the grid and time scale. The resolution
of the grid will depend mainly on the size of the study
area, while the time scale depends on the length of the
Page 2
310 M. COSTA and J. M. BALDASANO
period of study. The usual choice is 1 h for daily
cycles, and 1 d for monthly or annual cycles.
Pollutant emissions have to be estimated for every
cell in the grid. Usually, emissions will be expressed as
amount emitted per cell and time unit. Two methodo-
logies are possible to describe the emissions within
each of those cells (Loibl et al., 1993):
(a) The bottom-up approach consists of finding out,
for each cell, all the parameters needed to compute
this cells contribution to the total emissions. Detailed
information for every cell is essential: number of
cars, types of vehicles, fuel consumption, type of
land use, population density, etc. Although this
approach results in very accurate geographical distri-
butions, it is seldom adopted due to lack of data. This
approach is also unsuitable for very large study areas,
because of the greater effort involved to compute each
(b) The top-down approach, as an alternative, com-
putes the total emissions of some region (or some
administrative unit) for which the relevant data re-
quired to estimate the emissions are reliable and read-
ily available. Then, these emissions are distributed
among the cells according to their densities of traffic,
population, industry, etc. The advantages of this
approach is that it yields a very accurate global
It is very important for the inventory to locate and
include the main emission sources, as well as the time
pattern of their emissions. The main anthropogenic
sources are mobile sources (road traffic, railway traf-
fic, maritime traffic and air traffic), industrial pro-
cesses (iron and steel industry, petroleum industry,
etc.), stationary combustion sources (industrial power
plants, domestic boilers, etc.) and solvent evaporation
(gas stations, domestic paint application, dry cleaning,
etc.), while the main biogenic sources are the hy-
drocarbon emissions from forests, vegetation and
agriculture activities.
Usually, the urban air pollutants studied are nitro-
gen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic com-
pounds (NMVOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), methane
(CH4), sulphur dioxide (SO2), particles as well as any
other pollutant which is known to have a significant
relevance in the study area. One of the key points in
emission inventories, which has been of growing con-
cern during these last years, is not only the global
quantification of VOCs emitted, but also the percent-
age of each compound found in the emission, i.e. the
emission profile (Eggleston, 1993).
Due to insufficient direct emission measurements,
emission rates are usually estimated from mass bal-
ance calculations. This knowledge is translated into
an emission factor. In Europe, CORINAIR's emission
factors (CORINE, 1986; Veldt and Bakkum, 1988;
Eggleston et al., 1989, basically) are usually applied,
while those from the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA, 1985) which, for certain sources, pro-
vide greater detail, are commonly used in America.
100 km
v 100 km ,~
.-r" ~
Fig. I.
2.1. EMITEMA-EIM model
The study area is a
(39 x 39 km2), although around 500 km 2 are in the
sea. The area under study is the Barcelona area which
is one of the major urban conglomerations in the
Mediterranean (3,600,000 inhabitants and about
2 million vehicles). The territory can be divided into
three units, more or less parallel to the coast line: the
coastal plain, the coastal mountain range and the
pre-coastal depression. Figure 1 shows the study area
square of 1521km 2
Page 3
Source emission model 311
with its road network. The A-2 highway follows the
Llobregat valley, while the A-17 and A-18 run along
the Bes6s valley. Both these valleys contribute to
canalize the wind.
The inventory has been as complete as possible.
Anthropogenic as well as biogenic emissions have
been taken into account. The anthropogenic sources
considered were road traffic (hot emissions, cold start
emissions and evaporative emissions), industrial ac-
tivities, air traffic, gas stations and domestic heating
emissions, while the biogenic sources considered were
the hydrocarbon emissions from forests.
For operating purposes, the work area was divided
into 1 km 2 cells and we followed the bottom-up ap-
proach as well as the top-down approach (this last
only for the domestic heating source). For each of the
cells we have determined the emissions of CO, SO2,
NO, NO2, CH,, particles as well as VOC (alkanes,
alkenes, aromatics and aldehydes) using CORINAIR
emission factors. The time scale of emission is user-
selectable, with possible choices of annual, monthly,
daily (weekday or holiday) and hourly. The inventory
records the different heights at which pollutants
are emitted, to make it suitable as an input to a
photochemical model. Thirty-five emission levels
have been defined, with 5000 m being the maximum
emission height (to account for air traffic emissions).
The grid spacing in the vertical direction is not
Concerning methodology, naming conventions and
emission factors were those described in the project
CORINAIR (Eggleston et al., 1989), our aim being to
make European inventories more homogeneous,
more explicit in the calculation procedure, and, in
short, more comparable. For the hydrocarbon distri-
bution, we have followed Veldt and Bakkum (1988)
and Obermeier et al. (1991).
Because of the large volume of data involved, a
computer program was necessary to process data in
order to get easily understandable results. So, an
emission model (EMITEMA-EIM) was developed to
compute and display the emissions interactively.
A geographical information system (GIS) environ-
ment was adopted. This system includes, apart
from emission data, additional information like
digitized maps of land uses, population density and
other data like population census from 1970 to 1991
and the road, highway and street networks. The
methodologies used to estimate emissions from the
major sources in the Barcelona area are described
In urban areas, the major anthropogenic pollution
source is road transport. To estimate the emissions of
road traffic we should consider all types of roads
(streets, roads and highways). However, data are not
available for each and every street, and this constrains
the methodology. In EMITEMA-EIM we have se-
lected the streets, roads and highways whose annual
average daily traffic (AADT) exceeds 30,000 vehicles/
day (Fig. 1). AADT represents traffic over a seven-day
There are three kinds of emissions from road
traffic. Hot emissions are the emissions from vehicles
after they have warmed up and their engines are
thermally stabilized (water temperature over 70°C).
Cold start emissions take place while vehicles are
warming up. Evaporative emissions account for the
evaporation of gasoline both from the fuel tank
and the carburettor (there are only VOC evaporative
3.1. Hot emissions
To compute the hot emissions of pollutant i in
a stretch of a roadway r of type p (street, road or
highway) (E~ hot) and length L, per area and time units
(k, t), we sum the products of the number of vehicles
of each category j (N j,) that drive along that stretch
during the time span by the length and by the corres-
ponding emission factor t~'~h°t~"
~ Jp !.
Fi hot
Ei, h°t (k, t) =
Nit(k, t) L,(k) _jp .
CORINAIR's emission factors (Eggleston et al.,
1989) have been used to estimate those emissions. The
emission factors are a function of the type of pollutant
(NOx, VOC, CO and particles), the driving mode
(streets, roads, highways), and of ten different vehicle
categories, our division being mopeds, motorcycles
(2- and 4-stroke), gasoline cars <3.5t,
cars <3.5 t and heavy duty diesel vehicles 3.5-16 t.
Gasoline cars <3.5 t are the only category where
instead of simple emission factors for one, two or three
road types (driving modes), the emission factors are
presented in a fully speed-dependent form and where
the production year of the vehicles has been taken
into account. So, we have used the six periods of legal
conformity with pre-ECE state and periods of ap-
plication of ECE 15/00, 15/01, 15/02, 15/03 and 15/04.
It is practically impossible to assess the composition
of the fleet for each street, road or highway with
regard to age and cylinder capacity. So, we have used
the composition of the Barcelona provincial fleet ac-
cording to "Boletin Informativo Anuario Estadistico
Anual 1990", which we have adapted to every type of
road, given the obvious restrictions, e.g. it is illegal to
ride mopeds in highways. The composition of the light
vehicle fleet in the province of Barcelona is shown in
Table 1.
Average speeds have been determined m each case
by means of real data. For streets, the average speed is
32 km h- 1, 63 km h- 1 for roads, and 108 km h- 1 for
highways. Table 2 shows the speeds for several Euro-
pean countries (Eggleston et al., 1989), for comparison
Page 4
312 M. COSTA and J. M. BALDASANO
Table 1. Composition of the light vehicle fleet (%) in the province of Barcelona in 1990
Vehicles Cylinder capacity Highways Roads Streets
Motorcycle 2-stroke
Motorcycle 4-stroke
Diesel < 3.5 t
< 1.4
> 2
< 1.4
> 2
< 1.4
> 2
< 1.4
> 2
< 1.4
> 2
Table 2. Vehicle speeds (in km h- 1) considered as represen-
tative for the characterization of the driving behaviour of
gasoline vehicles < 3.5 t on different road classes
Country Streets Roads Highways
Barcelona area
3.2. Cold start emissions
Following the methodology proposed by Eggleston
et al. (1989), cold emissions take place in all three
driving modes and for all vehicle categories, but since
they seem to be most likely for urban driving condi-
tions and for gasoline cars, the methodology covers
only this category and driving mode, so we assume
p = street and j = gasoline cars.
To estimate the cold start emissions of pollutant i in
a stretch r of a street (E~ cold) of length L, per area and
time units (k, t), we multiply the number of gasoline
cars that drive along the stretch during the time span
(N,) by the fraction of mileage driven with cold en-
gines (fl) by the total annual mileage of the gasoline
cars (M) by the corresponding "hot" emission factor
(F ~ hot) and by the ratio of emission factors of cold to
hot engines ( F i c°ld / Fi hot).
/F i cold
E~ co~d (k, t) = N, (k, t) fl M F' hot~ _ 1 . (2)
Parameter fl depends on ambient temperature and the
average trip length. The ratio F ~ e°ld/Fi hot also depends
on ambient temperature and on the pollutant con-
sidered. Depending on the ambient temperature in the
study zone, cold emissions may be more or less im-
portant. Andrias et al. (1993) estimate that cold emis-
sions in Greece account for around 12% of the VOC
emissions from traffic.
3.3. Evaporative emissions
These emissions are caused by the evaporation of
gasoline. They come from four main sources: running
losses, hot soak losses, diurnal losses and refueling
losses (these last ones are described later as they are
emitted at gas stations). Eggleston et al. (1989) provide
some guidance but there are not enough data avail-
able to follow their methodology. According to Veldt
and Bakkum (1988), non-refueling evaporative emis-
sions mainly occur during parking (we have assumed
they only take place in urban areas). If no data are
available, they suggest a factor of 23 g of VOC per
vehicle per day (this factor is based on an annual mean
European ambient temperature). Multiplying this
factor (F / cvap) by the total number of gasoline cars
that drive through all the streets (NT), we estimate the
total VOC evaporative emissions, We then distribute
these emissions to each stretch depending on the num-
ber of cars (N,) and the length of the stretch (Lr):
E~ evap (k, t) = F i evap NT(k ' t) LrNr
3.4. Assessment of fluctuations around AADT
Because AADT is a yearly average, it does not
account for summer-to-winter or working-day-to-
holiday variations (monthly and daily fluctuations,
respectively) in traffic intensity. From the real data
collected for some of the roads (15 control points),
it was feasible to infer the fluctuation around AADT
for each stretch, taking into account factors like
geographical proximity and type of roadway. These
Page 5
Source emission model 313
F- -x- Working day
o/J - ,\o
_ x
- ~x-...X~x__x/Ix
5 7
Time (h)
Fig. 2.
correction factors were found to be between 51
and 160%.
3.5. Establishin# the daily cycle
Since all the data available on number of vehicles
were daily totals, we had to establish a daily cycle of
traffic intensities in order to know the amount of
vehicles on the road for each hour of the day. High-
way companies and administrative institutions fur-
nished hourly information about the number of
vehicles passing through 15 control points (toll
booths, etc.). Each of these control points presented
a particular cycle shape. We then assigned a cycle
shape to each stretch depending on the proximity to
each of the 15 control points and the kind of roadway
involved, averaging several of these cycles if necessary.
Two different daily cycles have been established: for
working days and holidays. Figure 2 provides an
example of the hourly evolution in one of the 15
control points: the streets of Barcelona.
The overall behaviour of the characteristic holiday
cycles is a gradual decrease of traffic from 1 a.m. to
5 a.m. After 5 a.m. there is an increase reaching its
maximum around noon, with another peak at around
8 p.m. On a working day, the first peak has moved
slightly to the left, 7-8 a.m.
3.6. Calculatin9 the road traffic emissions
To compute the total traffic emissions of pollutant
i in a stretch of a roadway r of type p of length L, per
km 2 per hour, we sum the hot emissions (equation (1)),
the cold start emissions (equation(2)) and the evapor-
ative emissions (equation (3)) (daily annual emissions)
and, then, we multiply by the monthly fluctuation (m),
by the daily fluctuation (working day or holiday) (d)
and by the hourly variation (h):
g ~ _ (E~ hot ]~'~i cold i evap)
×(kmg--~d) mdh.
Air traffic is usually neglected as a pollution source,
but it may be important in some study areas. Previous
studies are not very extensive, although we may point
out the work of Viellard et al. (1989).
The Barcelona airport has two runways that can be
used in both directions. The monthly average of
movements during 1990 was 10,115. The least busy
month was February (8507), and July was the one
with the most traffic (11,197). As for the daily cycle, it
has been observed that the peaks occur at 8, 14 and
18, approximately. To compute the emissions we ap-
plied CORINAIR's emission factors for a Boeing-727
airplane. The emission factors are expressed in grams
of pollutant per landing/take-off (LTO) cycle. An
LTO incorporates all the normal flight and ground
operation modes, including descent/approach from
approximately 915 m above ground level, touchdown,
landing run, taxi in, idle and shutdown, startup and
idle, checkout, taxi out, take-off and climbout to
915 m. In our case, knowing the degrees of landing
and take-off of planes (3 and 7.1 °, respectively), we
have computed the LTO length (28 km). This has
allowed us to express emission factors in terms of
grams per km flown, thus enabling us to extrapolate
the emissions over 915 m.
Eight trajectories have been considered, because
each of the two runways can be used in both direc-
tions, and for take-off or landing. In every case, we
have approximated the plane trajectory to a
straight line, although we know that, in many cases,
planes start to turn while they are climbing up.
Then we have computed, for each trajectory, which
cells it crosses, and the distance travelled within each
Finally, to estimate the hourly emission of pollutant
i in cell l (E~), we multiply the yearly number of flights
(N~), by the corresponding emission factors (Fi), by
the distance travelled by the planes in that cell (d~), by
Page 6
314 M. COSTA and J. M. BALDASANO
the monthly fluctuation (m), by the hourly fluctuation
(h), and by the percentage of use of each runway (p):
El (k, t) = Nt(k, t) F i d~ m h p.
There are two sources of evaporative hydrocarbon
emissions. The first one is the filling of underground
gasoline storage tanks. The second source is vehicle
refueling operations.
After locating all the gas stations in the study area
(150), a database was associated to the inventory, with
data like position (UTM), capacity, number of tanks,
volume of sales, etc. Because the data on sales were
annual, the monthly, daily and hourly fluctuations
have been estimated from the traffic flow. To compute
hydrocarbon emissions from evaporation, one simply
multiplies the daily cycle of the amount of gasoline
sold by the emission factor (2.83 kg VOC per tons of
gasoline sold). For the VOC distribution, we have
followed Veldt and Bakkum (1988).
The VOC emissions from forests account for a rela-
tively important percentage of the total emissions.
On regional scales, biogenic emissions may be several
times higher than anthropogenic emissions; in Spain
a factor of six has been estimated for summertime
values (Steinbrecher, 1993). These emissions corres-
pond mainly, according to Steinbrecher (1993), to
isoprene and monoterpenes. However, the author in-
dicates there is an extreme diversity of volatile organic
compounds that may be emitted by the vegetation.
We would like to point out the lack of emission
factors for biogenic emissions in Europe. However,
this source has been extensively studied in North
America recently (Pierce et al., 1990; Pierce and Wal-
druff, 1991; Pierce et al., 1993; Geron et al., 1994). For
that reason, the Commission of the European Com-
munities (1993) considers studies on VOC bio-
genie emissions a priority field of research. Recent
results have been obtained by Simson (1994).
The map of land uses built into EMITEMA-EIM
shows that there are 267 km 2 of forests, which is
17.5% of the study area. Due to the lack of data of
CORINAIR emission factors, we have applied those
in Liibkert and SchiSpp (1989). The emissions depend
on the time of day, the type of forest (deciduous or
evergreen) and the air surface temperature.
The emissions of domestic origin are due basically
to heating, air conditioning appliances and boilers;
emissions from cookers are of small significance. Gen-
erally, this set of small point sources is treated as
a superficial source due to the unfeasibility of consid-
ering every one of them individually. The emission
factors for this source are expressed as amount of
pollutant emitted per fuel consumed, and they are
given for several common fuels (natural gas, LPG,
etc.). To estimate the emission of pollutant i from
sector s (where s can be domestic or services) (E~) per
area and time units (k, t), we sum the products of
consumption of each type of fuelj (Cs~), with the given
resolutions k and t, by the corresponding emission
factor (F~):
E~ (k, t) = ~ C,j(k, t)F~.
The consumption of each type of fuel per sector has
been obtained for small administrative units that
comprise several municipalities. Then, the distribu-
tion in 1 x 1 km 2 cells has been done according to
population density.
As for monthly and daily fluctuations, we have
used information about natural gas consumption,
which represents 56% of the total consumption in
Catalonia. The monthly variation of gas consumption
shows that months with greater consumption corres-
pond to the coldest months (November to March),
while the month with the lowest consumption is
After some fieldwork, we have located the 83 main
industries in the study area. A database was asso-
ciated to the inventory, with the following structure:
municipality, description of the industrial process,
type of industry, production, consumption, type of
fuel, height and diameter of the stack and UTM
coordinates. The Barcelona area is a very industrial
zone (two power plants, several concrete and glass
factories, two urban waste incinerators, chemical
and pharmaceutical industries, and food industries,
To estimate the emissions of pollutant i from indus-
try d (E~) per area and time units (k, t), we sum the
emissions from combustion processes (E~ c) and the
emissions from industrial processes (E~e):
E~aT(k, t) = E~ c (k, t) + E~ e (k, t).
Emissions are then estimated by applying the corres-
ponding CORINAIR's and EPA's emission factors:
EiaT(k, t) = ~, C,(k, t) F~ + ~, Pk(k, t)F~
where E~ x is the total emission of pollutant i from
industry d, Cj is the consumption of fuel j, F~ is the
emission factor of pollutant i for fuel j, Pk is the
production of industrial process k and F~, is the emis-
sion factor of pollutant i for industrial process k.
Page 7
Source emission model
Table 3. Total amount of pollutants emitted by each source in the Barcelona
area during 1990 (tyr- 1)
(tyr-1) Source
Road traffÉc
Gas stations
Domestic heating
Storage tanks
Maritime traffic
Air traffic
25,349 128,831
34,220 130,762 11,408 17,049
643 1181
1058 10,249 15,866
Tanks, maritime & air traffic (0.4%)
Gas stations
Industries (31.9%
Traffic (55.9%)
Domestic heating
Fig. 3.
Table 4. Amount of pollutants emitted by road traffic in the Barcelona area
during 1990 (t yr- 1)
Source VOC
(tyr -1)
(tyr -1)
(tyr -1)
(tyr -1)
(tyr -t)
Hot emissions
Cold start emissions
Evaporative emissions
24,141 101,337
25,349 128,831
643 1144
37 27,494 5
0 0 0
648 1181
The main source of emissions is road traffic (see
Table 3). Globally, in the whole study area during
1990, it represents about 182,207 t yr -1, i.e. about
76% of the total amount of pollutants emitted;
70.71% of the total emissions correspond to CO,
13.91% to NO~, 14.38% to VOC, 0.65% to particles
and 0.36% to SO2.
Figure 3 shows the percentage of VOC emissions
for each of the sources considered. Air traffic, mari-
time traffic, storage tanks and domestic beating are of
small significance (0.07, 0.11, 0.05 and 1.1%, respect-
ively). Biogenic emissions are not negligible at all,
since we have estimated that they represent about
7.81% of the total emissions of VOC. However, these
percentages are annual averages, and remarkable
seasonal deviations can be observed. The heaviest
contributor to VOC pollution are emissions from
road traffic (55.92%) and industrial emissions
(31.89%). A more detailed analysis of the emissions
from road traffic (see Table 4) shows that hot emis-
sions represent 71.94%, evaporative emissions ac-
count for 15.80%, and cold emissions contribute the
remaining 12.26%. It is important to point out that,
while traffic is the main emission source of VOC, NOx
and CO (55.92, 74.08 and 98.52%, respectively), indus-
tries are the main source of the other pollutants, i.e.
SO2 and particles (89.84 and 93.06%, respectively),
which is very much in line with inventories elsewhere.
The geographical distribution of NOx and VOC
annual emissions from road traffic is shown in Fig. 4a
Page 8
316 M. COSTA and J. M. BALDASANO
t~ NOx
kg/km2/yea r
[] 0-60000
g 60000-120000
• 120000-180000
• 180000-240000
• 240000-360000
0- 150000
Fig. 4. Geographical distribution of NOx and VOC annual emissions from light vehicles (4a and 4b,
respectively) kg km- 2 yr- 1 (1990).
and b, respectively. It can be observed that the
most important VOC emissions (500 t km-2 yr- 1) are
found in the city centre where driving speeds are
relatively low (32 km h-1, according to Baldasano et
al. (1993)). On the other hand, the highest NOx emis-
sions (300tkm-2yr -1) are distributed along fast
roads and highways (see Fig. 4).
Figure 5a represents CO emissions from domestic
heating. The highest values of CO emissions (about
10 t km -2 yr-1) are concentrated around places with
a very high population density. Figure 5b shows the
VOC emissions from industries.
As an additional conclusion we can state the im-
portance of the ground transportation infrastructure
in the spatial distribution of emissions. This distribu-
tion is conditioned by geographical elements, and
it usually follows valleys, where wind canalization
processes take place. Furthermore, it can be clearly
observed that the distribution of emissions is hetero-
geneous, which restricts the usage and application of
Page 9
Source emission model 317
Fig. 5. (a) Geographical distribution of CO annual emissions from domestic heating (kg km- 2 yr- 1) (1990),
(b) geographical distribution of VOC annual emissions from industries (kg km- 2 yr-1) (1990).
emission inventories where emissions are homogene-
ously distributed over the study area.
Acknowledgements-- The authors would like to express their
sincere thanks to the members of the Servei de Control del
Medi de l'Area Metropolitana de Barcelona for their support
and cooperation, highway companies and administrative
institutions for providing all the data used in this stud~, as
well as to Joan Creus for assistance in translating. Finally the
financial support of the Comisi6n Interministerial de Ciencia
y Tecnologia (CICYT) (Grant No. NAT91-0987), ,~u'ea Metro°
politana de Barcelona (AMB) and Direcci6 General d'Univer-
sitats de la Generalitat de Catalunya is gratefully acknow-
Almbauer R., Pucher K. and Sturm P. J (1991) A computer
program for determining traffic emissions. In Computer
Techniques in Environmental Studies III (edited by Zan-
netti P.), pp. 229-239, Proc. ENVIROSOFT 90, Montreal,
Canada. Computational Mechanics Publications and
Andrias A., Samaras Z., Zachariadis Th. and Ziarwik K. M.
(1993) Assessment of random and systematic errors asso-
ciated with the CORINAIR/COPERT methodology for
estimating VOCs emitted from road traffic. In Proc.
TNO/EURASAP Workshop on the Reliability of VOC
Emission Databases (edited by Baars et al.), Delft, The
Page 10
318 M. COSTA and J. M. BALDASANO
Baldasano J. M., Costa M., Cremades L., Flassak Th., Par-
dina L. and Wortmann M. (1993) Inventory of gaseous
emissions in the Barcelona geographical area during the
Olympic Games. In Air Pollution (edited by Zannetti et
al.), pp. 587-598, Monterrey, Mexico. Computational
Mechanics Publications and Elsevier.
Boletin Informativo. Anuario Estadistico General (1990) Di-
recci6n General de Trfifico, Ministerio del Interior, Madrid.
Bouscaren R., Veldt C. and Zierock K. H. (1986) CORINE
Emission Inventory Project. Final Report, Contract No.
6614(85) 02, CITEPA, Paris, France.
Calb6 J., Costa M., Cremades L. and Baldasano J. M. (1994)
Dispersirn de contaminantes atmosf+ricos: modelos me-
teorol6gicos. Mundo Cientifico 149, 724-733.
Commission of the European Communities (1993) Chem-
istry in the atmosphere. A strategy for European research
into global environmental issue. Directorate-General XII
for Science, Research and Development, Report No. EUR
Economopoulos A. (1993) Assessment of sources of air,
water and land pollution. A guide to rapid inventory
techniques and use in formulating environmental control
strategies. Environmental Technologies Series. World
Health Organization, Geneva.
Eggleston H. S. (1993) Uncertainties in the estimates of
emissions of VOCs from motor cars. In Proc. TNO/EUR-
ASAP Workshop on the Reliability of VOC Emission
Databases (edited by Baars et al.), Delft, The Netherlands.
Eggleston H. S., GoriBen N., Jourmard R., Rijkeboer R. C.,
Samaras Z. and Zierock K.-H. (1989) CORINAIR Work-
ing Group on Emission Factors for Calculating 1985
Emissions from Road Traffic. Vol. 1: methodology and
emission factors. Report No. EUR 12260 EN, Luxem-
EPA (1985) Compilation of air pollutant emission factors.
Vol. 1: stationary point and area sources. U.S. Envir-
onmental Protection Agency, AP-42 4th Edn, North
Carolina, U.S.A.
Geron C., Guenther A. and Pierce Th. (1994) An improved
model for estimating emissions of volatile organic com-
pounds from forest in the eastern United States. J. 9eo-
phys. Res. 99, 12,773-12,791.
Jourmard R. (1989) Quels polluants? Contribution des trans-
ports. Pollution Atmosph&ique 121, 5-8.
Lara J. (1991) Contaminacibn atmosfrrica en Bilbao: ayer,
hoy y mafiana. Revista Tbcnica de Medio Ambiente 24,
Loibl W., Orthofer R. and Winiwarter W. (1993) Spatially dis-
aggregated emission inventory for anthropogenic NMVOC
in Austria. Atmospheric Environment 27A, 2575-2590.
Liibkert B. and Sch/~pp W. (1989) A model to calculate
natural VOC emissions from forests in Europe. Working
paper 89-082, IIASA, Luxemburg/Wien.
Liibkert B. and de Tilly S. (1989) The OECD-map emission
inventory for SO 2, NO x and VOC in the Western Europe.
Atmospheric Environment 23, 3-15.
Liibkert B. and Zierock K.-H. (1989) European emission
inventories. A proposal of international worksharing.
Atmospheric Environment 23, 37-48
Obcrmeier A., Friedrich R., John C. and VoB A. (1991)
Zeitlicher Verlauf und r~iumliche Verteilung der Emis-
sionen yon fliichtigen organischen Verbindungcn und
Kohlenmonoxid in Baden-Wiirttemberg. Kernforschun-
gszentrum Karlsruhe. Report No. KfK-PEF 78, Karls-
Passant N. R., Richardson J., Swannell R. P. J., Gibson N.,
Woodfield M. J., Van der Lugt J. P., Wolsink J. H. and
Hesselink P. G. M. (1993) Emissions of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) from the food and drink industries of
the European community. Atmospheric Environment 27A,
Pierce Th. and Waldruff P. (1991) PC-BEIS: a personal
computer version of the biogenic emissions inventory sys-
tem. J. Air Waste Man. Ass. 41,937-941.
Pierce Th., Lamb B. and Van Meter A. (1990) Development
of a biogenic emissions inventory system for regional
scale air pollution models. Air and Waste Management
Association, for presentation at the 83rd Annual
Meeting and Exhibition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 24-29,
Pierce Th., Coventry D., Van Mater A. and Geron C. (1993)
Refined estimates of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions
for Atlanta. Presented at Air Waste Management Associ-
ation International Conference on Regional Photo-
chemical Measurement and Modeling Studies, La Jolla,
Samaras Z. and Zachariadis T. (1992) Forecasting emissions
from road traffic scenario settings and associated prob-
lems. Proc. 2nd GENEMIS (EUROTRAC) Workshop,
Stuttgart, Germany.
Simson D. (1994) Biogenic VOC emissions in Europe. Part I:
emissions and uncertainties. EMEP Co-operative Pro-
gramme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long
Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe, MSC-W
Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West, the Norwegian
Meteorological Institute, Norway.
Steinbrecber R. (1993) Uncertainties of biogenic VOC-emis-
sion data-basis. Proc. TNO/EURASAP Workshop on the
Reliability of VOC Emission Databases (edited by Baars et
al.), Delft, The Netherlands.
Veldt C. and Bakkum A. (1988) DG XI CORINAIR Emis-
sion Factors. Report No. 88-355/R.22/CAP. TNO, The
Viellard H., Donati J. and Thibaut G. (1989) La pollution
atmosph~rique aux abords des a~roports. Pollution At-
mosph~rique 121, 73 80.


text:
Rite Aid and CVS Block Apple Pay and Google Wallet
I'm waiting to see who gets compromised first. (558 comments)
Let's face it. With the exception of cash, there isn't an easy way to pay where you cannot become compromised. It seems like every week another retailer has their databases compromised. Do I really believe even for a moment that letting google, apple, or someone else manage my cards for me will stop that? Can you imagine a situation where one of these companies is compromised and not just one but maybe all of your accounts become compromised with it?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Counsel Commentary
Obviousness type double patenting and the Hatch-Waxman Act
Last April the Federal Circuit took a different and surprising approach to ODP in Gilead Sciences, Inc. v. Natco Pharma Ltd.
9 famous figures whom you might not have known were attorneys
While it is hardly shocking to learn that someone in government was formerly an attorney, it may come as a surprise to learn that the each of the following well-known individuals also practiced law.
Contracting for enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementation success
While the success or failure of an ERP implementation project lies primarily with the operational, technical and business teams, a well-crafted, well-managed contract can dramatically increase the opportunity for success.
Admitting corporate records under the Business Records Exception to the Hearsay Rule: Lessons from Florida
The Business Records Exception is a valuable evidentiary tool, but the party who seeks to utilize it must come to trial with a witness who is competent and prepared to lay an appropriate foundation which satisfied the statutory requirements
JV agreements and the dispute resolution clause: 5 useful points to consider
A favorable dispute resolution clause could drastically affect the outcome of a dispute that may arise between the JV parties.
You win…legal action! Keeping yourself safe with promotional games (Part 3)
Although it is not necessary to charge a fee or require a product purchase for entry to a skill, a contest provides you with a lawful means to do so in most states.
Knowledge and consistency — The 5 definitions to know in the ADA
The employment provisions of the ADA prohibit employers from discriminating against applicants or employees because of a physical or mental disability. This sounds simple enough, but it really isn't.
Good faith defense in TCPA class actions makes good business sense
A business, acting in good faith, should not be held hostage to the risk of potentially ruinous penalties for something no company can reasonably prevent.
HR strategies for same-sex secondments (Part 2)
To overcome jurisdictional challenges for seconded employees, the implementation of these best practices will benefit both the global organization and the employees.
A rose by any other name? Not McSweet.
Once the Board summarily concluded that McDonald's had standing and priority, it turned to the main question: whether McDonald's could prove McSweet's use of the name McSweet was likely to cause confusion.


text:
Denial of service detected on Network Printers
|Created: 2010-09-06
|Updated: 2014-10-20
|Article URL http://www.symantec.com/docs/TECH139213
When Symantec Endpoint Protection (SEP) clients with Intrusion Prevention (IPS) installed try to print using a network printer, they receive an error message that indicates a Denial of Service attack.
A pop-up will appear indicating the traffic has been blocked on the client.
"The traffic from IP xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx was blocked. The Denial of Service was registered."
In addition, the logs will show the following:
Denial of Service "UDP Flood Attack" attack detected. Description: An excessive number of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets are being generated on this computer causing 100% CPU utilization.
Active Response Traffic from IP address x.x.x.x is blocked from 2/13/2011 8:25:49 PM to 2/13/2011 8:35:49 PM.
Some printer communications are over UDP using raw mode. If the printer sends too many UDP packets within a set time period, the UDP Flood Attack detection is triggered.
Check the Security Logs under Client Management for Denial of Service Detections for the printer's IP address to confirm the issue.
To resolve the issue you will need to disable Denial of Service detection within your Intrusion Prevention policy or you will need to add the printer's IP address in "Excluded Hosts."
To add the printer to "Excluded Hosts":
- Open your SEPM's Intrusion Prevention Policy.
- Choose to Settings on the left.
- Check the box for Enable excluded hosts and then click the Excluded Hosts... button.
- Add the IP address of your printer and choose Okay.
Upgrading to the latest available release of SEP 11, or to SEP 12.1, will also minimize the number of DoS False Positive incidents.
Article URL http://www.symantec.com/docs/TECH139213
Terms of use for this information are found in Legal Notices


text:
No availability found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
Travelers also recommend:
Travel Blogs from Perugia
... We join the throng filing around the tomb. It is a simple stone sarcophagus set in on open column with a simple iron grate above and below it set on a modest pile of concreted rocks. There is a simple altar in front of and below the sarcophagus. It looks like this simple, humble man's life has been respected and honoured in his death. You walk around the column in which tomb is kept. It has iron grates keeping the stone safe. People are ...
Orvieto, revisited!
... whites, cashmere and their stunning Cathedral.
Although we arrived in plenty of time to shop before the 1-4pm lunch closure, we were too late for a visit inside the Cathedral, and had to satisfy ourselves with just being over awed by the beauty of the exterior. It is stunning!
We stopped into a ceramic gallery/workshop and were met by this charming women, working her ceramic piece. The kiln was open and partially filled ...
Today began early with a 5am wake up call. We were packed, boarded, and on the road by 6:30 headed to Assisi. A three hour nap later we arrived in the beautifully peaceful city. Late morning we had tours of St. Francis church ending at his tomb. After we spent some time there we headed to the hotel to check in and get lunch. Italians eat a lot of carbs, which don't fill you up for very long, so by the time we say down to lunch I was starving. I had some ...
Panicale remembers!
... Apart from my "grazie", after her gestures, like, capping up, indicating waiting time with her fingers, gesturing me to the wash area and back again, the blow dry, oh, and she did indicate by holding up the scissors and shaking her head, negatively, that no cut is needed, not a word!
So, this left me wondering. My wonderful hairdresser, Lauren, engages in conversation from the moment I walk in until I walk out....minimum 3 hours.
Mara, in ...
Umbria - The Final Frontier
... in and quick dinner - and early to bed. Well, such are the plans of mice and men.....several bottles of Umbrian red later (well....we had to say goodbye!), ALL the left overs of which there was enough for the entire village...and several hours of going through the photos and blog and laughing ourselves hoarse...we ended up with about three hours sleep to begin our 35 plus hours of return travel.
But as they say in the Classics.....you only live once.


text:
Michael Angiulo is the Corporate Vice Presi of Microsoft Corporation .
Microsoft Corporation filed as a Statement & Designation By Foreign Corporation in the State of California filed on Friday, October 29, 1993. This corporation is approximately twenty-one years old according to documents filed with California Secretary of State. Microsoft Corporation also lists George H. Zinn as Treasurer.
Michael Angiulo is connected to other officers through these corporate roles. One of the top connections is George H. Zinn .
Key roles for Michael Angiulo
Microsoft Corporation
Corporate Vice Presi


text:
Recently while driving to work in my 2009 aveo5 it began to run rough and the engine light came o...
Chevrolet Q&AAsk Your Question
All 2009 Chevrolet Aveo5 questions
How do I fix a rough idle associated with a cylinder 2 misfire code?
2009 Chevrolet Aveo5, 1.6L 4 Cylinder, Bilt, Fort Worth, TX, May 31, 2014, 16:52
1 Answer
Link to Question
My daughter had the Hold light blinking on 3, and the AC not cooling.
2009 Chevrolet Aveo5, 1.6L 4 Cylinder, jsardinia, Boca Raton, FL, October 21, 2011, 15:31
My question is the car is under warranty, but they said that because need a maintanance of cleani...
1 Answer
Link to Question
Answer Ranks
This week's top 10
|1 pushrod
|2 CharlesAutomotive
|7 Leopsa
|3 ziptie12
|8 Randico
|4 globalhelper
|9 wrayauto
|5 stevieray1
|10 Prestige Auto Works


text:
You're in Pens
See Matches in:
Narrow Search Results
Price Range
By Seller
By Product Group
By Product Line
By Features
By Pen Type
By Ink Color
Additional Options
By Keyword
Related Searches
Our Best Selling promotional pen! The Contour Pen features a jumbo barrel and soft rubber comfort grip. You'll love the outstanding advertising value as your personalized imprint is viewed day after day on our dazzling full color designs. Order your... more
FREE shippinggo to store
Avery Marks-A-Lot Pen Style Markers with Eraser and Cleaner Set - Assorted, 4 Pk
Write notes in dynamic strokes and easily start over with a clean slate with this Marks-A-Lot Pen Style Dry Erase Marker Kit. Four dry erase markers in black, red, blue and green help you bring ideas to life with vibrant color. The low-odor, nontoxic,... more
|compare prices
Printed Illumini Click Pen (100)
(100 count) Let your customers know you're thinking about them by sending them custom imprinted promotional Pens. Click action pen! Metal ballpoint click action pen features silver accents and knurling diamond grip. Available colors: Aquamarine,... more
|go to store
Personalized Pen Set - Inspiring Message
Our finely crafted Inspiring Message Personalized Pen Set is the perfect, personalized gift for any person on your list.We skillfully laser engrave any 2-line personalization above any name and an optional year onto the black case, making it a handsome... more
|go to store
Personalized Double Pen Set in Burlwood Box
Personalized Gift: Double Pen Set in Burlwood Box. Classic Gift Set Includes Two Finely Crafted Writing Instruments That The New Grad Will Be Proud To Use. They're Housed In A Handsome Burlwood Box That Will Add A Touch Of Sophistication To His Desktop. more
|go to store
Personalized Reflections Premier Gunmetal and Silver Rollerball Pen
This personalized rollerball pen is the perfect business gift or every day gift. In a world that's overcome with technology, sometimes the gift of the written word speaks volumes. That's especially true with this handsome and substantial writing... more
$35.00 $19.99go to store
Sakura of America Permanent Marker
Permanent Marker, Fade-resistant, 3/PK, Black more
|compare prices
Sakura of America Magna-Comic Pro Drawing Set
When accuracy, minute details, and preservation count, the unparalleled archival quality of pigma micron pens makes them everyone's first choice. more
|compare prices
Manuscript #1155 Calligraphy Pen Set 6-NIB DELUXE
Manuscript Deluxe calligraphy set contains a high-quality calligraphy pen with medium gilt nib and band, 5 additional gilt nibs, fine, broad, 2B, 3B, and 4B, 4 black ink cartridges. Includes ink converter for bottled ink, instruction leaflet, and... more
$26.00 $18.99go to store
Sakura PIGMA MICRON 01 0.25mm-8pk Assort COLOR Pen Set
When accuracy, minute details and preservation count, the unparalleled archival quality of pigma micron pens makes them everyone's first choice. more
|compare prices
Personalized Payday Piggy Bank
Saving is fun with this payday piggy bank. Features a removable nose for easy coin retrieval. more
FREE shippinggo to store
Pilot G2 Retractable Gel Ink Pens; Fine Point, Black, 36/Pack
The Pilot G2 bulk tub with lid is perfect for offices, medical personnel, restaurants, supply closets, or anywhere that you need plenty of pens on hand. Retractable and refillable for continued use with Pilot G2 gel ink refills sold separately more
FREE shippinggo to store
Min Qty 100 Ballpoint Pens, Terrific Timber 7 Click Action
Show off your class with good looking Personalized Wooden Ballpoint Pens. The Terrific Timber features click-action mechanism a rosewood barrel with rubber grip and shiny chrome accents. more
|go to store
This security pen has a holder to mount to any flat surface, such as a ballot box or desktop. The writing utensil is sold as a set of 50 units. This security pen has an extendable, telephone-style plastic coil to keep it connected, preventing theft.... more
|go to store
Pilot Dr. Grip Gel Rollerball Pen - Black Ink, Mauve Barrel
Fine Point more
|compare prices
Pilot G2 Retractable Rollerball Pen - Assorted, 4/Pack
Smear-proof Ink Rubber Grip No Assorted 31034 Gel Pen G2 Retractable Gel Ink Pen Water Resistant G2 Yes 4 / Pack Pilot Corporation Yes Pilot G2 Retractable Gel Ink Rollerball Pen features water resistant, smearproof gel ink for... more
|compare prices
Smooth-flowing ballpoint ink provides neat accurate lines. Medium point. Translucent barrel allows you to view ink supply. more
|go to store
Sakura 0.45 mm 6 Piece Pigma Micron Pen Set - Spia
0.45 mm. Sepia, royal blue, burgundy, hunter green, blue/black, fresh green more
|compare prices
Crayola Dry Erase Light-Up Board
This Dry Erase Light-Up Board lets kids create colorful designs on a lighted, dual-sided board. They can use bright dry erase crayons on the black side to make images pop! On the white side of the Crayola Dry Erase board children can create and erase... more
$19.97 $15.99go to store
Pilot Ball Frixion Pens, Gel, Erasable, Fine/Black, 0.7 mm, 3 pens
Write, delete, repeat! Remove by friction. Rewriteable - erase and rewrite repeatedly without damaging documents. No wear or tear! Thermo-sensitive gel ink formula disappears with erasing friction. Smooth writing gel ink. Made in Japan. more
$7.89 $7.10go to store
Sharpie Extra Fine Oil Base Paint Marker (SAN35533)
Valve-action paint marker delivers an opaque and glossy effect on light or dark surfaces. Permanent oil-based opaque paint marks on virtually any surface including metal pottery wood rubber glass plastic stone and more. more
|compare prices
Crayola Dry Erase Chisel Tip Marker, Red
The quality of Crayola in a dry erase marker! Bright color, low odor, and complete erasability all in one great marker. Big chisel tip marks both broad and fine lines. Marker Type: Dry Erase; Assortment: N/A; Color(s): Red; Tip Type: Chisel. more
|compare prices
Parker Pen Company Ballpoint Pen with Refill - Stainless Steel
Pen offers a sleek, streamlined simplicity contoured from stainless steel. Ball pen comes with a black medium point refill. Refillable. more
|compare prices
Pilot 31332: G2 Retractable Gel Ink Roller Ball Pen
Pilot 31332 [ PIL31332 ]: G2 Pink Ribbon Roller Ball Retractable Gel Pen, Black Ink, Fine, 1 Dozen. Dynamic gel ink formula provides smooth, smear-proof writing. Soft cushion grip for supreme writing comfort. Special Ink Type: Gel; Pen Style:... more
|compare prices
Parker Pen Jotter Fine Writing Ballpoint Pen
Medium Point more
|compare prices
STRIKER Black DURA LEAD refills
DURA LEAD BLACK Refill Pack - Contains 5 pieces of BLACK Dura Lead. more
|go to store
SwissPen X-1 Multi-Function Pen
SwissPen X-1 Multi-Function Executive Pen more
|go to store
Pilot G2 Gel Red Ink Rollerball Pen
Bold Point - Retractable more
|compare prices
ALL WEATHER 61072G Livestock Marker ALL WEATHER, Pink, PK12
Paint Crayon, Tip Size 1 In., Fluorescent Pink, Temp. Range 50 Degrees to 150 Degrees F, Tip Style Round, Dry Time 5 to 7 min., Package Quantity 12 more
|go to store
Crayola CYO985200 Dry Erase Crayons, Washable, Assorted Colors, 8 Per Pack
Crayola 985200 Dry Erase Crayons, Washable, Assorted Colors, 8 Per Pack Wipe off dry erase surfaces. No odor and no caps. Bold, opaque colors. Washes off skin and fabrics. Includes washable E-Z Erase Mitt and built-in sharpener. - Crayons and Paints more
|compare prices
Sharpie Permanent Marker - Black Ink
Fine Tip more
|compare prices
Drimark DRI351BCL Smart-Money Counterfeit Bill Detector Pen with Coil & Clip
Drimark 351BCL Smart-Money Counterfeit Bill Detector Pen with Coil & Clip Counterfeit bill detector pen for use with U.S. currency.Simply make a small mark on U.S. currency.Chemically sensitive ink works instantly.Amber mark passes the test, while a dark more
|compare prices
Essltexrn Ezlaminator Cold Seal Manual Laminator, 9"" Wide Maximum Document Size
Make laminating a quick and easy process. This 9 lamination machine comes with a 5-ft., two-sided lamination cartridge. Hand crank design means it produces no heat and no batteries or electricity are required! Maximum Document Size: 9 Wide; Maximum... more
|compare prices
Anthracite and pearl-chrome, metal parts chrome plated Black ink. Uses Giant Parker refills, available everywhere! Imprint size: 1 1/4"" x 1/4"" Imprint available in 6 colors! Black, Blue, Red, Green, Purple and UV (Ultra Violet) more
FREE shippinggo to store
Pilot G2 Gel Assorted Rollerball Pen
Retractable - Fine Point - 8 Pk more
|compare prices
Vera Bradley Gel Pens in Winter 2014
Our set of four pens includes one for each Signature color. Write on! more
|go to store
Levenger LTech Plus Fountain Pen with Stylus - Medium ? BLACK
CLOSEOUTS . A finely made instrument for tasks on paper and screen, Levenger's LTech Plus fountain pen and stylus is designed with a classic fountain pen at one end and rubber-tipped stylus at the other. Available Colors: BLACK. more
$89.00 $41.96go to store
Crayola CYO588201 Non-Washable Markers Classpack, Conical Tip, 16 Colors, 256 Per Box
Crayola 588201 Non-Washable Markers Classpack, Conical Tip, 16 Colors, 256 Per Box Broad line 256-count Classpack washable markers with water-base, nontoxic ink. Budget-conscious assortment makes it economical to provide students with all the markers... more
|compare prices
Ads related to Pens


text:
Shell India to challenge tax claim on share funding
MUMBAI (Reuters) - Anglo-Dutch oil major Royal Dutch Shell's (RDSa.L) Indian unit will challenge a claim by the local tax authorities that a share sale to its overseas parent in 2009 was undervalued by $2.7 billion, the latest tax conflict involving a foreign company in India.
Shell India said on Monday that as part of its investment in the country Shell India Markets Pvt Ltd issued 87 million shares to parent Shell Gas BV at 10 rupees apiece in 2009.
Tax authorities have valued those at 183 rupees a share, proposing an adjustment in the value of the deal of 152 billion rupees, Shell said.
India has stepped up enforcement of tax collections as it looks to raise revenue to help plug its fiscal deficit.
But the Shell case comes at a time when India is still trying to settle a long-running $2 billion tax dispute with British mobile phone firm Vodafone (VOD.L) that has dented foreign investors' confidence in the country.
Vodafone, the largest corporate investor in India, has repeatedly clashed with Indian authorities over taxes since it bought Hutchison Whampoa's (0013.HK) local mobile business in 2007. While India's Supreme Court backed Vodafone's position that it does not owe tax on the acquisition, a subsequent law change enabled India to impose such taxes on mergers retrospectively.
Shell said on Monday the transfer pricing order by the tax authorities was based on an "incorrect interpretation" of tax rules and was "bad in law" as the amount is a capital receipt on which income tax cannot be levied.
"Taxing the money received by Shell India is, in effect, a tax on foreign direct investment, which is contrary not only to law but also to the spirit of the recent global trip by the finance minister," Shell India Chairman Yasmine Hilton said.
Finance Minister P. Chidambaram last month met with investors in Hong Kong, Singapore, Frankfurt and London in a push to attract investment to India as he looks to shore up the country's finances and stave off a credit rating downgrade.
An official in the Indian tax office with direct knowledge of the matter said the Shell case was a result of a "difference of opinion" on the valution of shares and that Shell had a right to contest it before a dispute resolution panel of the department.
If the difference in the share valuation is established then the company can be asked to pay taxes on the interest earned on $2.7 billion, said the official, who did not want to be named as he was not authorised to speak to the media.
He did not specify what the tax liability would be.
"There doesn't appear to be a mala fide intention here, but difference of opinion," he said.
News of the tax dispute with Shell came ahead of a visit to India later this month by British Prime Minister David Cameron. An Indian foreign office spokesman confirmed the trip on Monday.
India expects to raise $70 billion from corporate tax and $37 billion from individual tax payers in the current fiscal year that ends in March, according to finance ministry estimates. Net corporate tax collections for the first nine months were up 10.6 percent, compared with a 15 percent target.
(Additional reporting by Devidutta Tripathy, Manoj Kumar in New Delhi and Andrew Callus in London; Editing by Tony Munroe and Greg Mahlich)
- Tweet this
- Link this
- Share this
- Digg this
- Reprints
Trending On Reuters
Protests over conversions set back reform agenda
Prime Minister Narendra Modi's reform agenda suffered a setback on Monday as protests erupted in parliament and in the streets over a campaign by Hindu hardliners linked to his party to convert Muslims and Christians to Hinduism. Full Article
2015: India Outlook
India in 2014: A dream run for markets Full Article
Funding Woes
Co-founder of SpiceJet seeks time to finalise rescue Full Article
Regulating Airfares
India considers temporary cap on airfares - government official Full Article
Flying Back on Course
The inside story of the new Airbus A350 jet Full Article
Oil Price Forecast
Oil prices likely to rebound in second half of 2015: poll Full Article
Cyber Attacks
China condemns cyberattacks, but says no proof N.Korea hacked Sony Full Article
Connecting Markets
China stock connect scheme scorecard throws up surprises Full Article
Reuters India Mobile
Get the latest news on the go. Visit Reuters India on your mobile device Full Coverage


text:
By Sport
- Selected:
College Basketball
- All Sports
- Selected:
By Columnist
By Insider
- Selected:
Insider Only
- All Insiders
- Selected:
By Team
105 results for "stanford cardinal"
Five teams that will be Arizona Wildcats' biggest competition in ...John Gasaway
John Gasaway looks at five teams that could keep up with the Arizona Wildcats in the Pac-12 race if things break right.Story | Conversation | November 27, 2014
2015 Pac-12 basketball recruiting class gradesJeff Borzello
RecruitingNation's Jeff Borzello grades the 2015 basketball recruiting classes in the Pac-12.Story | Conversation | November 09, 2014
2014-15 Pac-12 coaches poll, preview - College BasketballJeff Goodman
Jeff Goodman polls coaches from around the Pac-12 to get their preseason take on the league order, player of the year, most talented team and more heading into the 2014-15 campaign.Story | Conversation | October 08, 2014
2014-15 College Basketball Preview - Pac-12 ConferenceKevin Pelton
Kevin Pelton previews the 2014-15 season in the Pac-12 Conference. Arizona is the favorite this season, but UCLA, Stanford and Utah could make some noise.Story | Conversation | October 07, 2014
2014-15 College Basketball Preview - Stanford CardinalKevin Pelton
Kevin Pelton previews the 2014-15 season for the Stanford Cardinal.Story | Conversation | October 07, 2014
Players poised to step into star rolesFran Fraschilla
Role definition is always crucial to a team's success. A coach must explain what he needs out of each player in order for a program to reach its peak. But equally important are players who accept and understand their roles for the good of the team. ...Blog | August 01, 2014
Indiana Hoosiers recruit James Blackmon Jr. leads nation's most i...Paul Biancardi
Some of the best recruits may be bound for the blue-bloods, but the fortunes of a few teams in the 2014-15 season may ride on the performance of a top incoming freshman, starting with the Indiana Hoosiers.Story | Conversation | May 30, 2014
Pac-12 basketball recruiting class gradesJoel Francisco
RecruitingNation's Joel Francisco grades the 2014 basketball recruiting classes in the Pac-12 after the late signing period.Story | Conversation | May 14, 2014
The Goodman Fab 50 - Projecting the 50 best college basketball te...Jeff Goodman
Jeff Goodman projects and previews his top 50 teams heading into the 2014-15 season, gauging both losses to the NBA draft and incoming recruits. Kentucky leads the way.Story | Conversation | April 25, 2014
Best coaching jobs of the tourneyFran Fraschilla
The No. 1 job description of a college basketball coach is "crisis management coordinator," no matter what their record is. They are paid big money at this time of the season to handle the adversity that inevitably comes with the territory. Every...Blog | March 27, 2014
Florida Gators are best bet to win national championship - Colleg...John Gasaway
John Gasaway takes a look at where each Sweet 16 team stands, and the title chances for each.Story | Conversation | March 25, 2014
Among long shots, Tennessee Volunteers have best chance of reachi...John Gasaway
One of the double-digit-seed teams -- Tennessee, Dayton and Stanford -- has a decent shot to reach the Final Four, John Gasaway writes.Story | Conversation | March 24, 2014
Can Kentucky upset Wichita State?Peter Keating and Jordan Brenner
Just typing the words feels strange. Wichita State will face Kentucky in a No. 1 verus No. 8 matchup Sunday. And Wichita State is the Giant. Kentucky is the Killer. When we started forecasting upsets in 2006 using our statistical model, the purpo...Blog | March 22, 2014
Wichita State Shockers among teams to avoid in the NCAA tournamen...John Gasaway
John Gasaway breaks down 10 teams, groups or trends to stay away from this postseason. He does not like Wichita State, undefeated all season, to reach the Final Four.Story | Conversation | March 16, 2014
2014 NCAA Tournament Bracket projections -- Stanford CardinalCharlie Creme
Joe Lunardi and his team of Bracketologists examine the 2014 NCAA tournament outlook for the Stanford Cardinal. Can Stanford's experienced squad make a run?Story | Conversation | March 14, 2014
College coaches on the hot seatJeff Goodman
The postseason is fast approaching, the time of year when coaches receive their pink slips. In the past, they would get five or six seasons to prove to fans and administrators they were the right man for the job. Nowadays it has become increasingly c...Blog | February 19, 2014


text:
NBA Feet: Christmas Day 2014 Recap by Patrick Johnson 13 Comments
Melo m9 is getting better
March 4, 2013 BY John Kim / 8
Filed under: Adidas Air Jordans Basketball Celebrity Feet Dwyane Wade Kevin Durant Kobe LeBron PE Reebok
Tags: NBA Feet
Melo m9 is getting better
It seems a lot of NBA players are really loving the KD V
Brooke Lopez is revolutionizing balling with 1/2 sneaker!!!
Monta in those spi'ikes. Definitely hot... and derozen in those ID kobes are dope... those carmex brons look good on da court but I like da kicks he wore in da 2nd half of da Knicks game
klenard rockin the cement 88! nice..the raptors love the kobe8..damn!
montae ellis got the best shoe game in the nba hands down
Those Air Jordan 13 "He Got Game" are DOPE!
Nate Robinson got some of the sickest retros collection
NBA Feet: Christmas Day 2014 Recap by Patrick Johnson 13 Comments
NBA Feet: Around The League – 12/22 – 12/23 by Patrick Johnson 1 Comments
NBA Feet: Weekend Recap – 12/19 – 12/21 by Patrick Johnson 1 Comments
NBA Feet: Around The League – 12/17 – 12/18 by Patrick Johnson 6 Comments


text:
Grey's Anatomy Review: Cold Feet, Warm Heartby Sean McKenna at . Comments
Maybe it's me, but I've noticed more recently that winter finales have become bigger and more pivotal in their dramatic turns, much like season finales. There's always something major in store, except luckily, we don't have to wait as long for the return with the consequences and aftermath.
Which is a good thing, because while "Run, Baby, Run" had a lot of buildup, its final moments packed a solid punch of WOW.
Neve Campbell was fantastic as Derek's sister Lizzie and that's not because she's a Scream queen or a Wild Thing. She possesses a lot of charisma without being over the top, and her sisterly determination makes her feel less pushy and more sensitive.
I was glad that she was willing to tell Derek that it didn't matter if the procedure worked, it was trying it that counted. Similarly, I was pleased she told Meredith that she wanted to be more like sisters with her.
Sure, Meredith did seem extremely hesitant and uncomfortable, but it was great that in the end, she opened up to Lizzie about the pregnancy and family. That's a huge step in their relationship, but also in the sense that Meredith was willing to share something that she hasn't been the most optimistic about.
And it was a little weird that both Cristina and Meredith didn't tell each other their big news. Does that really mean that things are changing for them or is that just a bump in the "BFF" road?
If anything, it looks like things are headed in a positive direction for these two girlfriends, which is a good thing after so much tragedy has fallen on them. But can you believe Owen and Cristina jumping each other?
These two characters have always had great chemistry, and even when they were fighting, you could feel the passion and sentiment between them. They've always felt like a real couple.
Yes, the will they/won't they relationship has been going for a while, but it's been obvious that Owen still holds a flame for his sharp-tongued love.
Getting a divorce to help the settlement, while feeling the heavy heavy burden of being the one that chose the crashed plane, is a lot for the guy to handle.
So, in the end, I am happy that these two are willing to give it a second try. Should they? Can it actually work? I'm hesitant to shout "happy endings," but it was a nice surprise that they've fallen into each other's arms again.
Which makes me wonder about the intern Jo and Alex. Is the show trying to push them together romantically?
I don't know if I like that direction, and I certainly couldn't believe she told on Alex because she thought she was going to get fired. I get the "deep end" feeling, but going behind his back is definitely a way to burn those bridges.
Although, I get the sneaking suspicion that these two are only just getting started.
But the big shocker of the night came down to Adele's emergency and Miranda skipping out on her own wedding to help her friend.
It makes me wonder what the outcome for these two will be when we come back. Will Adele survive? Will Miranda's relationship?
I know that she had cold feet and feelings of doubt, but it would be unfortunate that it all ends under the circumstances. It's not like Miranda actually turned into a runaway bride. She was simply helping Richard. I just hope that she and Ben can work it out and not have him calling off the wedding and their marriage.
But holy awesomeness to how well all the doctors looked out of their scrubs! Sexy dresses for the ladies and sharp suits for the guys is a look they should try more often.
I'll admit the beginning got off to a slow start, and I kept waiting for something bad to happen after Meredith's voiceover about stresses and running. And I'm still not a huge fan of the interns (but maybe that's because we've had so much time to get to know the main Grey's Anatomy cast.)
Ultimately, though, the ending threw so many good moments to leave fans wanting more over the holidays that it's got me wondering about the fate of all the characters and where everything will go from here.
That's a great way to send off a winter finale, Grey's Anatomy. Well done.
Sean McKenna is a TV Fanatic Staff Writer. Follow him on Twitter.Tags: Grey's Anatomy, Reviews
I did like this episode, it really showed us why this is such an amazing ensemble cast. Everyone shared the spotlight and it was truly one of the best mid season finales. I wish Neve Campbell could move to Seattle with her children because it was just so amazing to have her there.
Mer was a little selfish tho, I mean I get that she didn't have a normal family but Lexie would have done anything for her and that is the bottom line. Maybe if Shonda gave more attention to Mer and Lexie as sisters then it would have been easier for Mer to understand Lizzie. I'm happy that Mer showed Lizzie the ultrasound. I hope Shonda allows the baby to be born.
Jackson and that new intern?! What the...
This episode was spectaclar. From the beggining to the end. I like how Balily was being all bitchy before her wedding and Callie giving her the prep talk. The Calzona scenes fantastic. Callie fianly snaping at her. I dont like Lizzie. She is annoyning and she souldent had stressed out Meretith. Your brother was shot and in a plane crash why didnt you go and see him. Anyone else thinks Adele is not gonna make it? Why was she vomiting blood. Does she have another illness.
Before the ceremony, there was a big tension between Jackson and April but then when he saw how Stephanie was dressed he had a strange amazed look and while they were seated, it looked like they were having a good conversation so my question is: could those two become a couple?? I'd like to see that ;-) I hope Miranda goes on with the wedding. And really, while She and Richard were in the hospital, a nurse or someone else could have phoned someone at the wedding!!
They have been trailing a death of a favourite character for a while now and the suggestion is Adele.
I was really happy with Cristina and Owen's scenes. I hope that Bailey's relationship doesn't fall to ruin because of this mess. And also, why have Arizona and Callie been left out of the review completely? I thought the scene where Callie told Arizona to get over her leg was really great and i can't understand why they've been excluded.
Now we have a lot of hope that Derek's surgery worked and he will get back into surgery where he belongs. Meredith bonded with Lizzie so that is going well. He actually looks quite hunky in a hospital gown! I don't think Miranda wants to get married. Her first love is her son and her second is surgery. Can't change that. Christina and Owen should stay together. They are meant for each other. I think Alex and J will end up together somehow. It also looks like our dear Adele is near the end. She is one gutsy woman. Enjoyed the episode from beginning to end.
i have watched the owen cristinas end scene thrice already. n i have cried thrice already.
owen cristina belong together. they are meant to be.


text:
soft rockSyllabification: soft rock
Definition of soft rock in English:
Rock music with a less persistent beat and more emphasis on lyrics and melody than hard rock has.
Example sentences
- So we have some jangly guitar songs with a dance floor four four beat, some incongruous soft rock and then some straightforward house.
- Combine all that talent and irreverence with classic soft rock and it's pure music alchemy.
- And Easum is probably correct that much of the soft rock or pop music that he advocates for worship has become a kind of generic musical product, with no set of specifically worldly associations that would prevent its use in worship.
Definition of soft rock in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
Get more from Oxford Dictionaries
Subscribe to remove ads and access premium resources
Most popular
Most popular in the US
Most popular in the UK
Most popular in Canada
Most popular in Australia
Most popular in Spain
Most popular in Malaysia
Most popular in Pakistan
= trending
Most popular inAustralia Canada India Malaysia Pakistan Spain United Kingdom United States All
Word of the day resilient
Pronunciation: rəˈzilyənt
able to recoil or spring back into shape…


text:
- Your file is being downloaded. It will remain available for download from the "My Files" section of your member area for 72 hours.
Recycling Sign Tins and Cans© Barry Barnes - See portfolio
|Size (?)
|Pixel / Inches
|Add to cart
|Direct Download
|Standard XS
|291 x 412 (0.1 MP)4.0 '' x 5.7 '' (72 dpi)
|1 credit
|Standard S
|583 x 824 (0.5 MP)8.1 '' x 11.4 '' (72 dpi)
|3 credits
|Standard M
|1159 x 1639 (1.9 MP)3.9 '' x 5.5 '' (300 dpi)
|6 credits
|Standard L
|1617 x 2288 (3.7 MP)5.4 '' x 7.6 '' (300 dpi)
|8 credits
|Standard XL
|2348 x 3321 (7.8 MP)7.8 '' x 11.1 '' (300 dpi)
|10 credits
|Standard XXL
|3257 x 4606 (15.0 MP)10.9 '' x 15.4 '' (300 dpi)
|12 credits
|Vector V
|Fits any dimensionFits any dimension
|6 credits
|Extended XV
|Fits any dimensionFits any dimension
|40 credits
|Barry BarnesSee portfolio
|Image reference
|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|Descriptive Category
|Abstract Sign/Symbol
|Social Issues Environment Climate
["beverage","biodegradable","biodiversity","can","climate","conservation","container","denied","drink","eco","ecological","ecology","ecosystem","environment","environmental","environmentalism","finite","food","foodstuff","garbage","global","green","landfill","metal","notice","preserving","reclaim","recover","recyclable","recycling","resource","reuse","reusing","rubbish","salvage","signage","signs","sustain","sustainability","sustainable","tin","trash","waste"]beverage biodegradable biodiversity can climate conservation container denied drink eco ecological ecology ecosystem environment environmental environmentalism finite food foodstuff garbage global green landfill metal notice preserving reclaim recover recyclable recycling resource reuse reusing rubbish salvage signage signs sustain sustainability sustainable tin trash waste See all keywords
The vector illustration "Recycling Sign Tins and Cans" from Barry Barnes is available on Fotolia under a Royalty Free license from 1 credit (Credit from $0.74).
Available in AI/EPS and JPEG formats, this vector file may be downloaded for all kinds of professional uses. The V and XV files are delivered in AI/EPS. To modify this file, vector editing software such as Adobe Illustrator, Freehand, or CorelDRAW is required. JPEG files are available in different resolutions (up to 3,257 x 4,606 pixels in 300 DPI).
The author of this picture, Barry Barnes also has 50 images in the same series.
To download this vector file, you can buy Fotolia credits or purchase a subscription plan and benefit from the amazing price of $0.19 per image.
The V and XV licenses are vector files (AI, EPS).
To modify this file, vector editing software such as Adobe Illustrator, Freehand, or CorelDRAW is required. All other licenses are JPEG files.


text:
Everton boss Roberto Martinez insists the club have absolutely no intentions of selling Ross Barkley.
The 20-year old midfielder is having a breakout season with the fifth-placed Toffees and is being backed to make Roy Hodgson's England squad for next year's World Cup.
From a club perspective, Everton are expecting a number of bid for Barkley during the January transfer window but Martinez has made it vehemently clear that even an offer of around £86million, which Real Madrid paid for Gareth Bale, could not pry him away from Goodison Park.
"Even if we got a Gareth Bale-size valuation we would never even consider it in January," Martinez said firmly.
"Ross is an icon for us. He represents everything we are trying to do this season, so even if a stupid offer arrived in January it would never, never affect us.
"It is important for us as a football club to show we are making the right football decisions. There is no question mark over Ross' future, he is in the best moment of his time and is everything we want a player to represent at Everton.
"There is not even a question mark against whether he is going to be here in February or not."
The Spaniard added: "Ross is in a moment of his career where first, he knows that he needs to carry on developing and this is the perfect place to do that. Second, he is a mad Evertonian and enjoying every single second.
"Third, we are in the middle of a season where we would never, ever consider disrupting what we have got in our squad now. It is not the right time for the player or the club to consider anything."
For breaking stories and all the great banter like us on Facebook: facebook.com/tribalfootball


text:
If for some reason you are not completely satisfied with your purchase this holiday season, choose our FREE pre-paid shipping label and we'll cover your return! This offer is only good on eligible orders placed between November 1, 2014 and December 24, 2014. We've extended our normal return period to January 15, 2015 or 30 days after your order is received - whichever comes later. Learn more about our return policy.
Enjoy free shipping this holiday season! Shop now and get Free Value Shipping on most orders over $29.95 to contiguous 48 states, DC and to all U.S. Military APO/FPO/DPO addresses.
Always be certain this page is your 1st stop for all things Cotton Buds . You can search through our Cotton Buds choices in a number of ways. We always try to expand the number of items we stock, so you'll no doubt appreciate the sorting options available . One of the best ways is through pages like Cotton Buds Camping Gear, Cotton Buds Hygiene and Sanitation, which presents you a subsection of the items you see below. Since price is one of the most important things to think about when making a purchase, you can also sort these Cotton Buds Products by price. In addition, you can check out our Best Reviewed Pages to see which products have the most positive reviews. If you have any questions, please contact us so we can help you navigate our selection by Cotton Buds.
Connect with OpticsPlanet
Become our fan, follow us, & subscribe for the latest updates and deals
Subscribe to our email list
Sign up and receive $5 Off and get exclusive access to promotions, sales
events, pre-order sales & more!
Contact Information
Toll-Free: 800-504-5897
Intl.: 847-513-6201
Fax: 847-919-3003
Email: email@example.com
Hours of Operation
7AM-8PM CST Mon-Fri9AM-5PM CST Sat-Sun
Our Guarantees


text:
Did you watch the State of the Union address last night? What do you the top concerns are for America right now?
Public Opinion: Super Tuesday
Who are you hoping will win the GOP Nomination?
State of the Union
I didn't watch the State of the Union address. I have zero interest in hearing President Obama blather on and on. Did you watch it?
Bin Laden, buried at sea
Do you think it was proper that Osama Bin Laden was buried at sea?


text:
1870s, Walnut Lincoln styled bed, original finish but does need some touch up which we will do before delivery. It would not hurt to do a proper restoration but removing all the original coating is not recommended. Cleaning, touch up and recoating is the better option. This a very nice double size bed which can be adapted by a skilled restoration expert to a queen bed if needed.
Nicely done raised oval panels and pierced work over the top. These beds are made to disassemble easily.
A well done and tastefully executed bed of this form and style.
From a Virginia estate.
dimensions posts are 72 inches tall footboard height 31 inches tall in center
Item ID: rk185
4 other shoppers have this item in their Cart or Wish List.
American Antique Furniture, Woodworking Tools, Quilts, all at fair prices
American Antiques
|Freight (cost to be determined)
Price for shipping to USA change location


text:
Added Apr 16, 2012
by vintagegal
South Bend, Indi...
Derby style hat. I used a vintage crazy quilt piece, and accented it with a Victorian jet bead applique, and vintage veiling. The pattern was from Lynn McMasters, for the riding derby; I changed it a little bit.
Vintage quilt of silks and velvets; veiling; beadwork; feathers
May 17, 2013, 07.44 PMby freaky-philomeen
whow whow whow…stunning project!!
Apr 21, 2012, 01.49 AMby notdeadredhead
Brilliant! Truly brilliant! :^D I will have to give this a try once the semester's over! :^D
Apr 19, 2012, 07.19 PMby tboneslimluv
This is My type of hat!! great job!!
Apr 19, 2012, 08.31 PMby vintagegal
Thank you!
Apr 16, 2012, 10.36 PMby barmaglot
That is cool!!! Whose portrait is it on the hat?
Apr 17, 2012, 12.10 PMby vintagegal
I don't know! It is part of a museum collection of photos; I loved it because it is rare to see a woman dressed manishly from that time period….I imagine she was very progressive!
Apr 16, 2012, 07.31 PMby max
Love the hat. Great idea!
Apr 19, 2012, 08.30 PMby vintagegal
Thank you! I am really happy with how it turned out…no fun putting the lining in though!
Add to Favorites 19 people added it
Fashion & Trends
Sparkle in any outfit with these great styling tips
Fashion & Trends
Save 50% On 27 Stunning Dress Patterns with the code NYE2014!
See our celebrity style inspiration
Editor's Pick
Save 40% on some of our most stylish patterns with the code BOXING2014- 12/26/2014 Only!
Backstage Report
Sew in the new year with patterns that were 'the' patterns 2014! (we are also putting them on sale)
Read more, and get the coupon code...
Member Project of the Week
She modified this coat wonderfully by adding length and changing the pockets and collar
You must allow our "request for permission" request to login to Burdastyle with Facebook.


text:
Continue Shopping
salt Options
CHEFS Alderwood Smoked Sea Salt, Coarse Finishing Salt, 4.4-ounce
Price: $9.95
CHEFS Himalayan Pink Salt, 5.4-ounces
CHEFS English Flake Sea Salt, Finishing Salt, 2.3-ounce
Price: $12.95
Peugeot Onyx Electric Salt and Pepper Mills
Price: $59.95
View More
Peppercorns Options
CHEFS Tellicherry Black Peppercorns, Whole, 2.6-ounce
CHEFS Organic Black Peppercorns, Whole, 2.2-ounce
Stainless Steel Electric Salt & Pepper Mills with LED Light
Price: $49.95
PepperMate Mills
Price: $39.95
nutmeg Options
Peugeot Tidore Nutmeg Grinder/Shaver
Price: $34.95
Cole & Mason Nutmeg Grinder
Price: $24.95
CHEFS Organic Nutmeg, Ground, 2.15-ounce
Price: $14.95
Microplane Premium Zester/Grater
chefs spice Options
CHEFS Organic Parsley, Dried, 0.35-ounce
CHEFS Savory Spice Set, 10-piece
Price: $69.95
Microplane Herb Mill
Price: $19.95
Preheat the oven to 350 F. In a food processor with a metal blade add onion. Switch to the shredder and shred sweet potatoes and apple. Cook 4 slices of bacon over high heat until crisp and drain all but 1 tablespoon of the fat cut the bacon into pieces and set aside for now. Next rub 4 pork chops with lemon juice and brown them in the bacon fat. Remove them from the pan and set aside. Drain all the fat except for one tablespoon and deglaze with bourbon if you like. Next add the sweet potato, apples and onions. Cook for 5 minutes, stirring. Now add salt, pepper, nutmeg and chervil and mix well. Place the vegetable mixture in a greased oven pan and then arrange the pork chops on top of the mixture. Sprinkle with the pieces of bacon and chopped parsley. Cover with foil and bake at 350 F for 50 to 60 minutes until pork chops are tender.
CHEFS Size-Marked Pastry Board
OXO Serrated Swivel Peeler
Price: $8.99
All-Clad Stainless Steel Kitchen Utensil Set, 6 pc.
Price: $99.95
Zwilling JA Henckels TWIN Pro-S Chef's Knife
Price: $109.95
CHEFS Stainless-Steel Mixing Bowls
Price: $35.00
Shop with Confidence. You're 100% covered with CHEFS Good Measure Guarantee.
Contact Us | 1-800-338-3232 | © 2014 CHEFS®
Good Measure Guarantee
About Us
CHEFS CO Outlet
Affiliate Program
Privacy Policy
Partner Site:
Customer Service
Shipping Info
About Free Shipping
Order Tracking
Easy Returns
Product Recalls
My Account
Contact Us
Catalog Request
International Ordering
Gift Cards
Gift Ideas
Site Map
Brand Index
In Season
Product Reviews
Customer Stories
CHEFS Wine Store
Share Our Strength
CHEFS Mix Blog
Get Email Exclusives


text:
"Hard to stop listening to!"
I was captivated by the information and presentation in this book. There was so much useful information on almost everything to do with the mind. I gave me an overview and now I can choose which areas I would like to study more. However I am not a student of Psychology, I just love literature on it.
I recommend this to anyone that is even slightly interested in the way the mind works, how the human race developed with explorations of the mind or just to improve life by understanding our race.
The presenter was also fantastic. I will be looking for more of her readings.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.