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The World's #1 Tripwire Alternative
Tripwire has been used by most organizations at one time or another and has benefitted from years of development to make it a competent and comprehensive management tool.
However, as with many mature software products, what was originally intended to be a comprehensive product has actually ended up being extremely complex, expensive and often difficult to use.
Then there is the never-ending disruption to the company and workforce, caused first by VC acquisition of the company, followed by the acquisition of nCircle and the efforts to try and integrate two major organizations and product lines, all now compounded by the purchase of Tripwire by Belden. Continuity of support and loss of experienced personnel is a big driver for Tripwire users to go back to the market and assess their options.
Here we will explore some of the typical complaints levied towards Tripwire and why now could be a great time to consider an alternative.
Typical Tripwire customer complaints include:
- "It's way too expensive!"
- "The product is extremely complex and dated"
- "Very difficult to use"
- "They've lost too many of the good people"
- "Too many 'False Positives'"
- "Support is unreliable"
It's expensive to buy, implement, maintain and upgrade
Everything is going to cost! Additional devices to be monitored? Use of agents rather than agentless? The role or function of the device? Database System or simple file change detection? Security Policy Compliance audit or simple daily FIM reports? You will even need to pay an additional fee for the Management Console!
All these factors contribute to what is a complex and expensive pricing structure. Customers who have purchased Tripwire warn that, even if the initial deal looks like good value for money, watch out for a sting in the tail should you wish to expand your license in the future.
The alternative to Tripwire: NNT Licensing is simple and affordable – tell us how many devices you need to cover, decide if you want to use agents or not, and whether you want database systems included and we will give you a no 'ifs and buts' pricing structure.
There is no separate charge for the console and we will even build in a guaranteed pricing tariff so you know exactly how much your future expansion will cost if you need to do so in the future. NNT pricing is typically a 3rd of the cost making it highly attractive compared to Tripwire pricing.
I find it difficult to set up properly, with a complex maze of Tasks, Actions, Rules and Policies
If you are a hardcore techy who enjoys writing your own scripts and working out regular expression formulae then you will love Tripwire. Managing Tasks, adjusting Actions, modifying Rules and editing Policy provides the fine-grain monitoring that FIM often needs, but doing so is far from easy and very time-consuming. Be warned – Tripwire is very complex and you will likely be asked to spend money on additional services and questionable support to enable your use of the solution within your environment!
An overly complex architecture makes it very difficult to contain 'false positives'. Dealing with too many alerts from a Tripwire Enterprise system defeats the object of having it in place. Alert overload inevitably leads to the system being ignored and a genuine security incident could be missed.
The alternative to Tripwire: Faced with the choice of paying for consultancy services or breaking the cycle of expensive support, consultancy and upgrades, many now turn to NNT for a simpler, easier to use and affordable Tripwire competitor. For further evidence of this, please review our many customer testimonies on this page.
Tripwire support can be tricky in terms of getting to the right people
When you need support, you want it fast and from a knowledgeable and experienced engineer. It is sometimes inevitable that as a company grows and becomes a complex multi-national machine, the personal touch is lost. First-line supports becomes nothing more than a details-gathering exercise and getting direct support via WebEx is moved further out of reach. And paying for consultancy is going to be expensive.
The alternative to Tripwire: NNT time to fix stats show that over 90% of support calls received are resolved within the first 45 minutes. Support is handled directly by our Support Engineers, so you will usually deal with the same team who installed your NNT Change Tracker system to begin with.
Best of all, direct remote support via WebEx is always on offer and included within all our support contracts – no limits – no additional charge!.
NNT replaces a major Tripwire deployment somewhere in the world on average once every month.Ask us for pricing, a demonstration or trial today and find out why all of these customers below either chose NNT in preference to Tripwire, or replaced an existing Tripwire Enterprise deployment with NNT
Tripwire Alternative Case Studies
- LiveTV migrated from Tripwire Enterprise to NNT Change Tracker
- Universal Studios Orlando successfully migrated from Tripwire Enterprise and Tripwire Log Center to NNT Change Tracker and NNT Log Tracker
- Europe's favourite low fares airline trialled both Tripwire and NNT solutions for FIM and SIEM
Tripwire Alternative Articles
- File Integrity Monitoring is crucial for spotting potential security breaches
- File Integrity Monitoring – FIM and Why Change Management is the Best Security Measure You Can Implement
- NNT Configuration Assessment For Continuous Compliance
Tripwire Alternative Press
"Few experts would argue against the importance of real-time file integrity monitoring (FIM) in an era of fast changing and sophisticated security threats. It is literally impossible to second guess the method of a breach and therefore the 'last line of defense' detection offered by FIM has never been more critical"
Read how File Integrity Monitoring has changed for the better and how there is now a real alternative to Tripwire that isn't complex, difficult to use or expensive to buy and manage.
"Having looked for a Tripwire alternative product I stumbled across NNT via Google. I was pleasantly surprised by their quotation compared to Tripwire…"


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My stay at Costalunga for four nights was very pleasant and I would stay there again. The staff is very helpful and accommodating. The rooms were clean comfortable and it is very close to Duarte Street where all the action is. I would recommend it for a nice short stay in Boca Chica.
- Also Known As:
- Costalunga Residence Club Dominican Republic/Boca Chica

subset: commoncrawl


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Guy Mitchell
Pop Singer
Born Feb 27, 1927 Hometown Detroit, Michigan
Died Jul 1, 1999 Death Place Billboard Hot 100
Other Names Cernik, Albert Ge...
Guy Mitchell, born Albert George Cernik was an American pop singer, successful in his homeland, the U.K. and Australia. As an international recording star of the 1950s he achieved record sales in excess of 44 million units and this included six million… Read More
Check out the latest love interests for Guy Mitchell.
News + Updates
Browse recent news and stories about Guy Mitchell.
Video: San Diego County Residents Mourn Seau'S DeathCarlsbad Patch - May 03, 2012
Burn Cricketers Beat Leaders Stockton To Lift Guy Mitchell Cup The Press, YorkGoogle News - Aug 26, 2011
Bob Merrill: The Music That Made Him Playbill.ComGoogle News - Aug 25, 2011
Re Live The 1950s On Heritage Weekend Wokingham TimesGoogle News - Aug 22, 2011
Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Guy Mitchell.
1927 Birth Born on February 27, 1927.
1947 20 Years Old He served in the United States Navy for two years, and after leaving the service became a singer with Carmen Cavallaro's big band. In 1947 he made recordings for Decca with Cavallaro's band, but had to leave due to food poisoning. … Read More
1949 22 Years Old He won on the radio show Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts in 1949 as a soloist.
1950 23 Years Old Mitch Miller, who was in charge of talent at Columbia Records, noticed Cernik in 1950, and he joined Columbia and got his new stage name at Miller's urging: Miller is supposed to have said, "my name is 'Mitchell' and you seem a nice 'guy', so we'll call you Guy Mitchell". … Read More
1956 29 Years Old Though he is a pre-rock pop singer, many of his songs have a decided rock beat to them, including "Heartaches by the Number", "Rock-a-Billy", "The Same Old Me" and his biggest hit, "Singing the Blues", which was number one for 10 weeks in 1956. … Read More
1999 72 Years Old He died on July 1, 1999, aged 72, of complications from cancer surgery. … Read More
Original Authors of this text are noted on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Mitchell.
Text is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
Not the person you were looking for? Search Guy Mitchell
Text is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
Not the person you were looking for? Search Guy Mitchell


text: http://androidforums.com – I have a Samsung galaxy s2 that I titanium backup pro. I moved my apps to the external sd card I had in the phone. I then put the sd card in my new rooted Samsung galaxy s3 which also has titanium backup pro installed. I can't see or figure out how to put apps on s3. Anyone know how? Thanks (General)


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Meeting budgets have been slashed and you are stuck trying to provide a Dom Perignon experience on a Schlitz budget.
I will be the first to admit that, in economic terms, this has been a tough time in America. How tough was it, you may ask? The economy was so tough that people were taking jury duty for the money (rim shot). It was so tough that the Mafia was laying off judges (rim shot). Motel Six turned the light off to save money (cymbal crash). It was bad but it is getting better, and I think the time has come for the planning of meetings, and as usual, I have some great ideas. I think we may have ...
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Yankees sign Kosuke Fukudome to a minor league deal
The Yankees have signed former Cubs outfielder Kosuke Fukudome to a minor league contract and will have him report to their Triple-A team, according to Marc Carig of the Star Ledger. Fukudome, 35, signed a one-year deal worth $1 million to play for the Chicago White Sox this season, but he was released in June after ...
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- Published: New York : St. Martin's Press, 2007.
- Year Published: 2007
- Edition: 1st ed.
- Description: 283 p.
- Language: English
- Format: Book
ISBN/Standard Number
- 9780312358013 (alk. paper)
- 0312358016 (alk. paper)
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by Hodgkins, Elizabeth M.
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Wood Table Lamp
- $1,300.00Hand-painted base of terra cotta and wood. Courtly Check?? polyester-silk dupioni shade with glass-bead fringe. Brass hardware. Uses one 100-watt bulb. Lamps may vary due to handcrafting. 15.25"Dia. x 31"T. Handcrafted in the USA.
- $325.00Made from wood composite with a multi-layered finish, aged mirror insets, laser-cut circle-patterned overlays, and golden capiz shell. Aged mirror is handcrafted; each will have different "spots" on it. No two lamps are exactly alike. Silk rounded-c...
- $950.00From the John-Richard Collection. Handcrafted of ceramic, glass, and wood. White silk shade surrounded by outer organza shade. Switch on socket; uses one 150-watt bulb. 20"Dia. x 30.5"T. Imported.


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Staff Reporter
CHENNAI: Vasan Eye Care Hospital has tied up with city-based Prem's Eye Clinic to set up a hospital in Chennai soon.
The multi-specialty hospital, will come up at Prem's Eye Clinic's Saidapet facility. Its chairman A.M Arun said on Thursday that the facility will be branded as `Vasan Eye Care Hospitals - Associate: Prem's Eye Clinic' with infrastructure being put in by the Vasan Group. The services will include, advanced cataract and refractive surgery, vitreo retinal surgery, glaucoma and neuro-ophthalmology and paediatric ophthalmology. The eye care hospital is also planning to set up seven more surgical centres at Adyar, Tambaram, Purasawalkkam, Nungambakkam, Porur, Tondiarpet and Avadi by the end of 2007.
More In: TAMIL NADU | NATIONAL


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Mens Leather Trousers
[281 results priced between £10 – £250]
281 mens leather trousers £10 £250 /l/mens-leather-trousers
Racer Vodoo 12564 Men's Leather Motorbike Trousers Short EU 54 / UK 44 BlackRacer Vodoo 12564 Men's Leather Motorbike Trousers Short EU 54 / UK 44 Black£147.87
Furygan Mens Leather Trousers£259.99bykebitz.co.uk
SPADA MENS WESTERN LEATHER TROUSERS£169.95raceleathers.co.uk
Mens BLACK MOCK LEATHER SKINNY FIT TROUSERS, BlackMake a statement with these black mock leather skinny trousers. This garment is tight across the hip and thighs with legs that taper into a skinny, but not too skinny hem.Model is 6 foot 1 and wears a 32R100% viscoseMachine washable read more Hide£60.00
Cowhide Leather Men's Soft Supple TrousersCowhide leather made. 34" inside leg ( cut the length if needed ..no professional skills required, we will suggest to use your best fit trousers and measure the right length before cutting ). Please check attached pics for more detials. fully lined. Butter soft leather.softest leather of its kind. Black colour. leather loops. 3 front pockets. 2 back pockets. arse patch. read more Hide£135.00
Mens Elite 2 Plain Classic Leather TrousersTo make use of our free shortening service, just state the inside leg length that you require in the comments box at checkout.£129.00bikersparadise.co.uk
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CARPE DIEM LEATHERWEAR Leather trousers MEN on YOOX.COMSolid colour Button closing Multipockets Front closure No appliqués Mid Rise Trousers No zip not made of fur£461.00
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White Trouser Braces with White Leather EndsWhite Trouser Braces with White Leather Ends. A high class pair of men's button fastening vintage style trouser braces. Add a smart finishing touch with these comfortable stylish adjustable braces. These Y-style braces are woven from 3.5cm-wide elasticated fabric, with white leather fasteners and plain chrome-coloured adjustment bars. Min length without stretching: 84cm - 33" Max length without stretching: 122cm - 47". read more Hide£19.99
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Belstaff GSR Men's Pagham Denim Trousers - Racing Trench - 21100013Belstaff GSR Men's Pagham Denim Trousers - Racing Trench - 21100013Pagham is a local town near Goodwood which is where these low rise cord trousers get their title. They are a classic 5 pocket style jean with a slim yet adaptable fit. The GSR logo is found on the waistband in leather to give a wonderful finishing detail- 98% Cotton, 2% Elastane read more Hide£148.95
Combats - leather trousers for menAs there is so much confusion with sizing nowadays, we will also ask for the following measurements to be taken for every order received. This will ensure a perfect fit: read more Hide£295.00theultimateleather.co.uk
Plain Leather Trousers, Unisex Biker Gear - SkintanPlain Fronted unisex Leather Jeans in gorgeous top-grain quality genuine hide. These jeans look great on both men and women. The single panel front means there is no unsightly seam going across the front of the knee. read more Hide£79.99tpc2.co.uk
Orvis Leather-Trimmed Stretch-Twill TrousersExtra-soft brushed twill looks as luxurious as it feels, enhanced with rich leather pull tabs on the zip besom pockets. Sleek styling flatters every figure with zip-fly front, double belt loops, and rear darts for exceptional fit. Twill trousers for men in sand dune, stone. 98% cotton/2% elastane. Washable.US sizes: 10, 12; 31½" inseam. read more Hide£29.00
Classic Fitted Biker Motorcycle & Men's Leather TrouserClassic Fitted Biker Motorcycle & Men's Leather Trouser £85.00 Quantity: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 in stock Size: 283032343638404244464850 add to cart Classic fitted, lined all the way to the knee, five pocket jean style leather pants. One piece straight cut front panel (very hard to find). Great classic look and feel of high quality Top Grade cow hide leather. Perfect for riding. Exclusive style and design at Charlie LONDON. read more Hide£85.00charlielondon.co.uk
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Genuine Leather Men's Soft Supple Nappa Dress Trousers32" inside leg. Butter soft nappa leather .9mm .softest leather of its kind. Black colour. leather loops. 2 front pockets. loose fitting.£99.00
Spyke LF Man Leather Pant - 58£252.90
Men's Jaeger Classic chino trousersA sartorial staple, our classic chinos exude easy elegance. This pair is cut to a classic Berwick fit from soft brushed cotton for a lightweight and supremely comfortable feel. It will work with everything in your wardrobe try adding leather sneakers for a contemporary twist. , Chinos , 100% Cotton , Wash with similar colours read more Hide£85.00
Menswear | Longer length men's braces for trousers with buttons | Leather end bracesProduct Description 35mm (1½") wide braces for big or tall men. These extra long leather end button-on braces are 52" in length as oppose to the traditional 42" length braces that standard clothes shops sell and require brace buttons to be fitted to the waistband of your trousers. Our braces are perfect for the larger man. read more Hide£16.50largeandtall.co.uk
Men's Fashion Faux Leather Slim Fit Trousers PantsOccasion:Casual; Pattern:Pure; Pant Style:Jeans; Fabric:Others; Color:Black; Look After Me:Wash seperately,Wash inside out; Size:XL,M,L,XXL; Clothing Length (cm):M:103,L:106,XL:109,XXL:11 0; Clothing Waist (cm):M:72,L:77,XL:80,XXL:86; Clothing Hips (cm):M:88,L:95,XL:100,XXL:102; Clothing Thigh (cm):M:59,L:52,XL:56,XXL:58; Details:Belt Not Included read more Hide£17.68
Crew Clothing Men's Vintage Chino TrousersVintage wash classic fit chinos Button fly; branded trim and leather tab£45.50
Red Trouser Braces with Brown Leather EndsRed Trouser Braces with Brown Leather Ends. A high class pair of men's button fastening vintage style trouser braces. Add a smart finishing touch with these comfortable stylish adjustable braces. These Y-style braces are woven from 3.5cm-wide elasticated fabric, with tan leather fasteners and plain brass-coloured adjustment bars. Min length without stretching: 84cm - 33" Max length without stretching: 122cm - 47". read more Hide£19.99
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Multiple Personalites #7: Vogue Editor-In-Chief
Thanks TANYA80 for inviting me and sorry I'm late.
Using two shades of eye pencil is a professional technique and easy makeup tip for creating intense and smoldering eyes. Vincent Longo's smudge-resistant and long-wearing complementary shades encourage maximum creativity and remove the guess work for fast-and-easy application. The creamy texture and rich pigment glide on and blend easily to define and shape eyes without tugging on delicate eye tissue. Suitable for eyes of all ages, it's a must have for every makeup bag. By Vincent Longo.
Vincent Longo Duo Eye Pencil 21,16 €
Supple, smooth leather two-way zip bag with gusseted body and two large slip pockets at front and back.Pale gold-tone chain link straps can be worn at the shoulder or tucked away to carry as a clutch. Fabric lined interior features two large slip pockets and two smaller organizational pockets. 8.5" height x 12.5" width x 3.5" depth 16" strap drop Available in Beige Satine
Chloé Medium Lucy Bag Épuisé
Barbara Bui Épuisé
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preppy beyond amazing
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Natural-Born-Styler gorgeous!!
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NEW YORK — Actor Shia LaBeouf (SHY'-uh luh-BUF') is complying with treatment ordered as part of a plea deal stemming from a bizarre episode during the Broadway show "Cabaret."
The 28-year-old "Transformers" star appeared in a Manhattan court Tuesday to show proof that he's been at the Hills Treatment Center in Los Angeles.
Attorney G. Robert Gage says his client has done a "terrific job" complying.
LaBeouf is due back in court March 20.
While attending the June 24 performance, LaBeouf smoked cigarettes, yelled at the actors, swore at security guards and hollered as he was escorted out.
If he stays in treatment for at least three months and out of trouble for six months, he'll be allowed to withdraw the guilty plea and the case will be dismissed.
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Technip Awarded Contract For The Development Of The Umm Lulu Field In Abu Dhabi
Regulatory News :
Technip (Paris:TEC) (ISIN:FR0000131708) (ADR:TKPPY), in a consortium led by National Petroleum Construction Company (NPCC), has been awarded by Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company (ADMA-OPCO) the contract for the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) work of Umm Lulu Full Field Development project – Package 2 (Process Facilities).
The contract, with an approximate value of US dollars 1.69 billion (Technip share: about 35%), was awarded at the conclusion of a competitive bidding process in which a number of EPC contractors participated.
The contract's scope of work consists of the detailed engineering, procurement, fabrication, offshore installation, commissioning and start-up of a large offshore super complex comprising of six bridge linked platforms including gathering, separation, gas treatment and water disposal facilities, utilities and accommodation modules, totaling over 66,000 metric tons (with associated jackets, flares, bridges and subsea composite cables). The platforms will be installed by the floatover method developed by Technip, which allows a high proportion of the hook-up and pre-commissioning work to be completed onshore prior to load-out, and thereby significantly reduces both the duration and cost of the offshore commissioning phase.Technip will be responsible for the engineering of the project and will share the procurement and commissioning works with NPCC. NPCC will be responsible for the fabrication and installation of the facilities. The project is scheduled to be completed in the first half of 2018. Vaseem Khan, Senior Vice President of Technip in the Middle East, declared: " This award confirms our world leading position in offshore engineering as well as floatover operations and strengthens our continuous involvement in major offshore projects in the UAE, where we have been present for more than 30 years. We are proud to contribute to ADMA-OPCO's offshore complex as it will be the largest in the region." ° ° ° Technip is a world leader in project management, engineering and construction for the energy industry.From the deepest Subsea oil & gas developments to the largest and most complex Offshore and Onshore infrastructures, our 38,000 people are constantly offering the best solutions and most innovative technologies to meet the world's energy challenges.Present in 48 countries, Technip has state-of-the-art industrial assets on all continents and operates a fleet of specialized vessels for pipeline installation and subsea construction.Technip shares are listed on the NYSE Euronext Paris exchange and traded in the USA on the OTCQX marketplace (OTCQX: TKPPY).
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Ebola Awareness for the Workplace
As a public service announcement to provide an overview of Ebola infection control, PEC Safety in partnership with SafeLandUSA, AESC, National STEPS Network, and IADC have created this infographic. Please share and distribute this infographic for personal and workplace use. For additional information and updates visit the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for [...]
Southeastern Track & Field Team to Donate 1,000 Pairs of Shoes to S4S
Southeastern Louisiana University (SLU) located in Hammond, Louisiana, recently sent out the below email to students regarding SLU's Track and Field Teams' participation with PEC Safety and Soles4Souls. PEC Safety is very appreciative that the Track and Field team has made a goal to donate 1,000 pairs of shoes to our cause. Read more about [...]
PEC Safety Sponsors The American Cancer Society's Gleux Run for the Cure
PEC Safety is excited to be a presenting sponsor for The American Cancer Society's event Gleux Run for the Cure. This 5K & 1M walk/run will be held Friday, August 15, 2014 at The Pavilion at Lakeshore Drive in Mandeville, Louisiana along the Lakefront. Participants are encouraged to dress up their running gear with lights, [...]
ATTENTION ANYONE WITH A CLOSET: Those shoes you no longer want are desperately needed to fight the human tragedy of global poverty. That's the message being delivered by PEC Safety, which has launched a drive to collect 10,000 shoes to help the poor. Used and new shoes can be dropped off at 233 General Patton Avenue, Mandeville, [...]
Battlefields to Oilfields Speaks to Congress
PEC Safety's President Wes Carr recently gave testimony before the Subcommittee on Economic Opportunity about Battlefields to Oilfields, a training and job placement assistance program for veterans. Click here to view the questions and testimony discussed before the Subcommittee. For more information about Battlefields to Oilfields please click here.
PEC Safety and Allen Hancock College Partnership
PEC Safety and Allen Hancock College have partnered to bring PEC's Basic and Core Compliance to Lompoc, CA and the surrounding area. Read more about this new and exciting partnership here.
PEC Safety Featured in the Houston Chronicle
PEC Safety was recently featured in the Houston Chronicle on the importance of safety and the jobs created by safety in the Oil & Gas Industry. To view the article in the Houston Chronicle, please click here.
PEC Safety Developing Pipeline Orientation Module
PEC Safety is proud to announce the creation of an orientation module that can be used to enhance PEC Basic/SafeLandUSA. It is customized for workers in the Midstream/Pipeline segment of the Oil and Gas industry. PEC Safety will offer this module as an instructor led course as well as a Computer Based Training (CBT) module. [...]
PEC Safety to Host 2014 OSHA Recordkeeping Seminar
PEC Safety will be conducting OSHA recordkeeping seminars to assist companies in the Oil and Gas Industry with how to properly complete their OSHA Form 300. Errors in a company's OSHA Form 300 are one of the most common mistakes we see at PEC Safety and can affect how your customers view your company. These [...]
PEC Safety Received National STEPS Leadership Award
PEC Safety Joins Industry Roundtable for National Stand Down & Receives National STEPS Network Leadership Award for 2013 During the November 14, 2013 voluntary National Stand Down in Humble, TX, PEC Safety was honored to join the Oil and Gas E&P Industry Roundtable alongside AESC, API, & IADC.Elizabeth Haley represented PEC Safety and was presented [...]keep looking »


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OP Senior Member
Velika Gorica
Thanks Meter: 111
687 posts
Join Date:Joined: Aug 2011
I'm on stock XXAMG4 rooted rom. Root works but I can't change CPU freq. I tried SETCpu and NoFrills but neither works. Only thing I can change is governor. I don't want to overclock my device, I want to set min. 400 mhz and max. 800 mhz but when I select those freqvency nothing happens.
Any tip?
Any tip?


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YORBA LINDA – Gen. Effi Eitam, a former commander of Israel's anti-terrorist unit and a former member of the Israeli parliament, will talk about combating the threat of terrorism around the world at 9 a.m. on Sunday at the North County Chabad Center.
In addition to regular spiritual services, the synagogue regularly brings speakers to Yorba Linda to discuss important topics with the community, Naomi Blesofsky of the North County Chabad Center said about the center's Sunday events series.
The Chabad Center is at 19045 Yorba Linda Blvd. Tickets are $10, and include breakfast. Information: 714-693-0770.
Contact the writer: 714-704-3719 firstname.lastname@example.com
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Keep it civil and stay on topic. No profanity, vulgarity, racial slurs or personal attacks. People who harass others or joke about tragedies will be blocked. By posting your comment, you agree to allow Orange County Register Communications, Inc. the right to republish your name and comment in additional Register publications without any notification or payment.


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Bangladesh factory collapse: Morium Bibi, the widow
Bangladeshi wife found husband job in doomed Rana Plaza factory. When cracks developed, she told him he was worried. His body was never found
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Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, Rana Plaza, garment factory, collapse
Morium Bibi, 20, lost her husband, Raja Mir, 25, a material cutter for Phantom Apparel on the fourth floor of the Rana Plaza. Bibi has received no compensation.
Morium Bibi didn't mind her arranged marriage.
She was only 16 when her father announced she would wed 21-year-old Raja Mir, but Bibi thought her fiancé was more handsome than most and that he seemed kind.
"He really liked me," Bibi says.
It didn't hurt that she had a well-paying job at the Rana Plaza.
At the age of 13, after leaving school, Bibi found a job at the Blue Star Factory in Savar, working as a dyeing helper. She was making about $16 a month.
Four years later, in 2010, she found a better job as a finisher for Phantom Apparel, a factory on Rana Plaza's fourth floor, making as much as $90 with overtime each month.
Bibi soon helped her husband find work as a material cutter in the same factory.
"He didn't try talking very much during work," Bibi says. "He was by my work station, but was respectful of our managing director. He thought when we were working, we should not talk."
A day before the Rana Plaza collapse, word spread that cracks had been discovered in its load-bearing walls. That evening, as she fed their 9-month-old daughter Rani, Bibi told Mir she was worried about going to work.
"He never really said anything," Bibi says. "He never said whether he would go to work the next day or not."
That morning, Bibi made four breads for breakfast.
"He usually took two when I made them, but on that day Raja just took one," Bibi says. "He wanted to be sure there was enough for me so I could (breastfeed) our daughter. He was holding her and then passed her to me and said he thought she was wet and needed to be changed. That was the last thing he said to me."
When the calls came about the Rana collapse, Bibi joined the thousands waiting to learn if their family members had been spared. But she never got his body back.
Bibi now lives in her father-in-law's two-room hovel.
"She will get another job," says Raja's father, Sadal Hussain. "Another factory maybe."
Bibi mutters quietly to a visitor that she has spent her last day in a garment factory.
"Hopefully, I can get money for a sewing machine or something."
Rick Westhead
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Find a Conversation
|Thu, 03-27-2003 - 11:07am
Hey! Ijust wanted to say that it's not so much that I hate the new board. (Although I really don't like the new format) Ultimately I could get used to it. It's more that I like the other board better. It has better features. I'm really torn right now. I really want to stay with my friends but I also really like the other board and think it has more to offer. Even if PP was to change the boards back I think I'd like the other one better. You can change the fonts, and font colors, the icons are better. . .blah blah blah. LOL Maybe I'll just have to go back and forth so I can still see everyone here but also be at the other one where many people are planning on staying.
|Thu, 03-27-2003 - 11:23am
Thanks for posting to me Sharon!
I know there's not much I can do to keep everyone posting here...I just think it's a shame that because of a little change everyone is leaving!
I know there's not much I can do to keep everyone posting here...I just think it's a shame that because of a little change everyone is leaving!
|Thu, 03-27-2003 - 11:31am
This is not just a little change. I know it's your job to try and make everyone all happy about this and to try and get people to accept the change. The fact is the other board is alot better. The friends I've made I won't lose just because I've changed boards. If I do then they weren't true friends anyway. It is only the first day here but not the first day that I have been looking at and figuring out what they have done. It was a bad move on their part. That's just my opinion.


text: 2008 年高考江南十校第二次模拟考试 英语试题 (考试时间:150 分钟 满分:150 分) 考生请勿填写下表 题号 第一部分 第二部分 第三部分 第四部分 总分 第一节 第二节 第一节 第二节 A B C D E 第一节 第二节 得分 第Ⅰ卷(三部分,选择题 共 115 分) 将第一部分各题的答案填写在下表中的答案位置。 题号 第一节 第二节 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 答案 得分 评巻人 第一部分 听力(共两节,满分 30 分) 做题时,先将答案标在试卷上,录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂 到答题卡上。 第一节(共 5 小题;每小题 1.5 分,满分 7.5 分) 听下面 5 段对话。 每段对话后有一个小题, B、 从题中所给的 A、 C 三个选项中选出最佳选项, 并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后,你都有 10 秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下 一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 1.Which tablecloth does the woman prefer? A.The white tablecloth. B.The orange tablecloth. C.Neither. 2.How old will Mary be next year? A.17. B.21. C.18. 3.What is the man? A.A shop assistant. B.A company manager. C.A customer. 4.Where does the conversation most probably take place? A.In class. B.In an office. C.In a restaurant. 5.Why can't the woman tell the time? A.Because the watch is covered by one hand. B.Because there is something wrong with her watch. C.Because she has no watch. 第二节 (共 15 小题;每小题 1.5 分,满分 22.5 分) 听下面 5 段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中 选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题, 每小题 5 秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出 5 秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第 6 段材料,回答第 6、7 题。 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 1 共 15 页第 1 页 6.What kind of room is booked by the man? A.A single room with a bathroom and TV. B.A single room without a bathroom or TV. C.A single room without a bathroom but with TV. 7.How many nights will the man stay in the hotel? A.2. B.3. C.4. 听第 7 段材料,回答第 8、9 题。 8.What's wrong with the man? A.He's suffered from a fever and a stomachache. B.He's got a headache and a stomachache. C.He's got some collection. 9.What is the man afraid to do? A.To take some medicine. B.To take a few days off school. C.To have an injection. 听第 8 段材料,回答第 10 至 12 题。 10.Where does the man want to go? A.East Washing Centre. B.East Shopping Centre. C.Smith Road. 11.How can the man reach his destination? A.He should first turn around. B.He should first turn right. C.He should first turn left. 12.What can the man see when he turns right? A.A hospital. B.A bank. C.A cinema. 听第 9 段材料,回答第 13 至 16 题。 13.What is Rose? A.A high school English teacher. B.A guest professor. C.A university freshman. 14.How long has she been working in China? A.More than 10 years. B.15 years. C.20 years. 15.What was the problem with Chinese students in speaking in English? A.They spoke long sentences. B.They only spoke in public. C.They were afraid of making oral mistakes. 16.How many pieces of advice does Rose give? A.1. B.2. C.3. 听第 10 段材料,回答第 17 至 20 题。 17.Where are men's buttons? A.On the right side. B.On the left side. C.On the upper side. 18.How many explanations for the buttoning style are mentioned in the passage? A.1. B.2. C.3. 19.Where was a man's sword hung in the Middle Ages? A.Outside their garments. B.On the right side of his body. C.On the left side of his body. 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 2 共 15 页第 2 页 20.Why did the women's buttoning style exist according to the fairly reasonable explanation? A.Because women were left-handed. B.Because women usually carried their children on their left breasts. C.Because it was convenient for their maids to button. 将第二部分第一节各题的答案填写在下表中的答案位置。 题号 第二部分第一节 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 答案 得分 评巻人 第二部分 英语知识运用(共两节,满分 45 分) 第一节 单项填空(共 15 小题;每小题 1 分,满分 15 分) 从 A、B、C、D 四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 21. The sixth and _____ last girl got frightened when she was patted on _____ shoulder by someone from behind. A.the; a B./; the C.the; the D./; her 22. —Did you make sense of what the monitor said just now? —No. His meaning didn't _____. If only he had spoken more slowly and clearly! A.get through B.get over C.get across D.get in 23.Finish painting the doors that he _____ the day before yesterday, and you'll find the house is pleasant to _____. A.painted; see B.would paint; be seen C.had painted; look D.was painting; look at 24.The rescue soldiers made their way forward in the snowstorm until they reached a farm _____ stood many snowdrifts. A.where B.which C.what D.on it 25.—Did you buy the digital camera? —No.I had planned to, but I was 248 yuan _____. A.less B.short C.lack D.fewer 26.Why _____ you keep making loud noise while I'm telephoning? A.should B.can C.may D.must 27.As the safety rules show, if you _____ a gas leak, don't strike a match or even turn on an electric light. A.suspect B.doubt C.aren't sure D.sceptical 28.—You should say sorry to Jeff. —Me to say sorry to him, who hit me first? _____. A.It's out of question B.No way C.Very impossible D.No problem 29. Bob, who was often late for school, arrived at the classroom far earlier than _____ this morning, which surprised all his classmates. A.expecting B.expected C.to be expected D.being expected 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 3 共 15 页第 3 页 30.The pupil was more than happy to have got two yuan's _____ of cold drinks from the shop. A.worth B.worthy C.wealth D.welfare 31.The mountain climber suddenly stopped, as if _____ something strange under his feet. A.to feel B.feeling C.felt D.feel 32.I have been told _____ in the remote school and _____ makes teachers more worried is that the parents don't attach importance to their children's study. A.what hard life is; that B.how hard life is; it C.what life is hard; what D.how hard life is; that what 33.—Why didn't you help your cousin? —Please excuse me. I _____, but I was really too busy. A.would have B.did help C.was going to have D.had helped 34.The successful launch of Chang'eⅠmust have immediately excited the Chinese, _____ it? A.needn't B.didn't C.hasn't D.mustn't 35.East of the hill _____ the chemical works, which are highly productive. A.is B.lie C. lays D.locate 将第二部分第二节各题的答案填写在下表中的答案位置。 题号 第二部分第二节 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 答案 得分 评巻人 第二节 完形填空(共 20 小题;每小题 1.5 分,满分 30 分) 阅读下面短文,从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C 和 D)中,选出可以填入空白处 的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Dad's passing away brought about great changes to my family. After a terrible mistake 36 Dad his life, the only source of my family income was Mum's odd jobs. I, a daughter always 37 of Mum, 38 leaving my brother continuing his schooling. In the twinkling of an eye, three years passed. Into my mind came the idea of driving something, 39 , a taxi, to which Mum didn't 40 . So I took a one-month training 41 to become a driver. Hard 42 I practised, I wasn't sure whether I could pass the driving test at the first attempt. However, I grew up and I was already prepared to deal with 43 . I still remember when Mum woke me that morning, her voice wasn't as 44 as usual. She had been up for an hour making sure my brother got off to school and worrying about me every 45 moment. Lying in bed, I was unwilling to leave its 46 and face the problem that I'd let myself forget for the past days. Finally, I 47 myself out of bed. On the table, Mum had got ready the breakfast, from which I chose a fairly small amount. But it was still too 48 for my nerves. 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 4 共 15 页第 4 页 I kept telling myself to settle down, but it didn't 49 . When I was 50 as to what to do, Mum suggested us starting beforehand so that I could practise parking. I 51 when the wheel hit the pavement, with which gone was the little bit of 52 I had. After twenty minutes of waiting 53 at the test site, finally came my 54 . Now, I just wanted to get it over feeling sure I had to come back next time. The first thing I had to do was parking, which turned out to be satisfactory. The confidence coming with it got me to do the rest of the test 55 well. I passed the driving test unexpectedly! Mum, whose worry was gone, smiled her happiness. My friends, don't take it for granted that you will fail when you come across obstacles on the way to success. Miracles can happen! 36.A.cost B.spent C.paid D.took 37.A.considering B.considerate C.considerable D.consideration 38.A.dropped in B.dropped on C.dropped out D.dropped off 39.A.speak B.say C.talk D.tell 40.A.listen B.care C.agree D.object 41.A.course B.cause C.curse D.advice 42.A.because B.although C.while D.as 43.A.failure B.thing C.housework D.success 44.A.lower B.screaming C.gentle D.strange 45.A.busy B.happy C.spare D.alone 46.A.convenience B.friendship C.uneasiness D.warmth 47.A.dragged B.pulled C.drew D.supported 48.A.big B.small C.many D.little 49.A.rest B.do C.work D.stop 50.A.at a loss B.in the need C.on account D.in possession 51.A.began B.cried C.failed D.succeeded 52.A.disappointment B.confidence C.pride D.sadness 53.A.nervously B.patiently C.pleasantly D.comfortably 54.A.return B.training C.lecture D.turn 55.A.exceptionally B.less C.possible D.more 将第三部分各题的答案填写在下表中的答案位置。 题号 A B C D E 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 答案 得分 评巻人 第三部分 阅读理解(共 20 小题;每小题 2 分,满分 40 分) 阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C 和 D)中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上 将该项涂黑。 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 5 共 15 页第 5 页 A Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and get answers. In the light of these he put further questions, and so on. For most of the time this "conversation" goes on below the level of consciousness. At times, however, we become aware of it. This is usually when we are running into difficulties, when mismatch is occurring between expectations and meaning. When successful matching is being experienced our questioning of the text continues at the unconscious level. Different people converse with the text differently. Some stay very close to the words on the page; others take off imaginatively from words, interpreting, criticizing, analyzing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehension that is written in the text, while the latter represents higher levels of comprehension. The balance between these is important, especially for advanced readers. There is another conversation that from our point of view is important, and that has not to do with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a "process" conversation as opposed to a "content" conversation. It is concerned not with meaning but with the strategies we employ in reading. If we are skilled readers, our ability to hold a content conversation with a text is usually pretty well developed. Not so our ability to hold a process conversation. It is just this kind of conversation that is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level. 56.Reading as a kind of conversation between the reader and the text becomes conscious only when ______. A.the reader's expectation agree with what is said in the text B.the reader asks questions and gets answers C.the reader has trouble understanding what the author says D.successful matching is occurring 57.At a lower level of comprehension, readers tend to ______. A.read a text slowly B.read without thinking hard C.interpret a text in their own way D.concentrate on the meaning of words only 58.A "process" conversation has to do with ______. A.the development of our ability to check the details B.determining the main idea of a text C.what reading material is read D.the application of reading strategies 59. From the passage we know ______. A.it's important for readers to have conscious and unconscious levels of comprehension B.readers should take a critical attitude towards the author's ideas C.readers should learn to use different approaches in reading different texts D.readers should pay more attention to the content of a text 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 6 共 15 页第 6 页 B Speak Chinese In Just 2 Months! Call now!!! Small groups(5-10people). Professional teachers. Modern methods. New groups start every month. Mornings, afternoons, evernings, weekends, by arrangement. The Bridge School www.bridge school china.com ·Xi Yuan Hotel, B#5, Rm 5516 Tel:(86-10)8836 3974 ·Guang Ming Hotel, Rm 1308 Tel:(86-10)6468 0290 ·COFCO Plaza,Tower B, Rm 622 Tel:(86-10)6526 0818 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Cargo Service Beijing/Dandong/Pyongyang/Nampo EAST INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION LTD Andy Chao Trans Service CO.LTD Air Express, Ocean Freight, Domestic Add:99 Nongzhanguan Nanlu, Chaoyang Transportation, Trucking, Logistics(物流) and District, Beijing 100026 Exhibition. Tel:(86-10)6592 9973, 6592 9974, 6591 Head Office:21 Xiaoyun Road, Dongsanhuan Beilu, 3456 Beijing, 100027, China Fax:(86-10)6594 3562 Tel:(86-10)6461 8899 E-mail:email@example.com COSCO INTERNATIONAL AIR FREIGHT CO LTD East Euro-Asia Shipping And Trading GmbH International air express and cargo Beijing Office sales, sea-and-air co-ordinated Shipping and forwarding agency transport information and consulting consultancy and contact for trading services. business. Add:1/F, Light Building A4,9th block, Add:Room C403-C405, 5, Sanlihe Road, Hepingli, Beijing 100013, China Haidian District, Beijing 100044, China Tel:(86-10)6424 2071 Tel: (86-10)6849 4453/6849 4485/6849 4455 Fax:(86-10)6420 4225/6 Fax:(86-10)6849 4455 Mr Ren Haili 60.You can most probably read the above passage in ______. A.a storybook B.a textbook C.a masterpiece D.a newspaper 61.Which of the following is TRUE about the Bridge School? A.The teachers there know anything but teaching. B.The students there are taught in large groups. C.It's possible for new students to start learning English there every month. D.It's good at training students to speak Chinese. 62.If you want to send cargo rapidly, you can contact ______. A.(86-10)6594 3562 B.(86-10)6461 8899 C.(86-10)6526 0818 D.(86-10)6849 4453 63.From the passage we know ______. A.people can send information by fax to all the destinations mentioned in the ads 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 7 共 15 页第 7 页 B.email and telephone are the means of communication used in each ad C.all the agencies you are expected to telephone are located in Beijing D.there are classes only on weekdays in the Bridge School C Visitors to Britain may find the best place to experience local culture is in a traditional pub. But these friendly pubs can be minefields of potential gaffes(失 礼)for the inexperienced. An anthropologist and a team of researchers have discovered some of the mysterious rituals of British pubs — starting with the difficulty of getting a drink. Most pubs have no waiters — you have to go to the bar to buy drinks. A group of Italian youths waited 45 minutes before they realized they would have to fetch their own. This may sound inconvenient, but there is a hidden purpose. Pub culture is designed to promote sociability(合群;友好)in a society known for its reserve. Standing at the bar for service allows you to chat with others waiting to be served. The bar counter is possibly the only place in the British Isles in which friendly conversation with strangers is considered entirely proper and really quite normal behavior. "If you haven't been to a pub, you haven't been to Britain." This tip can be found in a booklet, Passport to the Pub: The Tourists'Guide to Pub Etiquette, a customers'code(行为规范) of conduct for those wanting to experience "a central part of British life and culture". The trouble is that if you do not follow the local rules, the experience may fall flat. For example, if you are in a big group, it is best if only one or two people go to buy the drinks. Nothing irritates(使 烦恼) the regular customers and bar staff more than a group of strangers blocking all access to the bar while they chat and hesitate about what to order. 64.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in Paragraph 1? A.A traditional pub exhibits local culture in Britain. B.Pubs provide drinks but not good services. C.Inexperienced visitors may easily make social mistakes in British pubs. D.Tourists feel different services in British pubs. 65.Why is the pub experience of a group of Italian youths mentioned? A.To tell readers it is difficult to get a drink in British pubs. B.To explain how inconvenient the service in the pub is. C.To show most British pubs have their own ways of providing services. D.To make it clear that waiters and waitresses are hidden in British pubs. 66."If you haven't been to a pub, you haven't been to Britain." It means ____. A.a pub is not a bit important in Britain B.tourists can meet all kinds of local people in a pub C.you feel British cultures in a pub D.you can experience local culture in a traditional pub 67.The underlined phrase "fall flat"refers to ____. A.fail completely B.become smooth C.lie on the ground D.turn uninterested 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 8 共 15 页第 8 页 D I spotted him at the checkout counter, bagging at No.14. His arms shook violently as he placed a carton of eggs into a plastic bag. He wore a yellow plastic name tag on which he had written"Jerry"in kindergarten penmanship( 书 法 ). He looked middle-aged but his mental age must have been about 12. Ever since I smiled at him the first time he bagged my groceries at my local supermarket, Jerry has followed me around like an adoring fan. His lack of boundaries makes me uncomfortable. I don't know how to avoid being noticed by him. I don't want to speak to the manager — my complaint could get him fired. So I start avoiding him. There are other grocery stores, but I choose this one because it employs people with disabilities, from which my brothers have also suffered. Last Wednesday after I finished choosing what I wanted, I turned around and drove my cart to Checkout No.3, hoping Jerry would not notice me and stay at No.14. "Paper or plastic, ma'am?" Jerry's soft voice surprised me from behind. "Paper, please." I noticed that the checkout stand created plenty of space between Jerry and the clerk. In this situation, he knew where to stand. The clerk said to me:"$27.30, please." I handed my own cart, signed my receipt and stepped around the counter, where Jerry was holding my last packet of biscuits. He came towards me, stopping an inch from me. He was too close. I wanted to dash out of the store and leave behind the packet. Instead, I stood with my hand frozen on the cart. His eyes looked lonely — I knew they would follow me after I left the store. I wanted to apologize for my coldness. "I'm …I'm sorry." A tiny voice inside me said. I tapped my head with my hand as if I had forgotten something. "Forgive me. I'm from New York City. I'm not used to people being so helpful." He laughed. I laughed. His eyes brightened. "It's my job, ma'am. I like it,"he said. When he offered to push my cart, I didn't care but nodded deeply. 68.The author feels uncomfortable because ____. A.Jerry is like an adoring fan to her B.Jerry is mentally younger C.Jerry's handwriting is terrible D.Jerry is too close to her without proper distance 69.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean? A.The grocery store was not crowded at the time. B.Jerry and the clerk were not familiar with each other at all. C.Jerry knew the social significance of distance. D.Jerry was not close to me this time. 70.From the passage we can infer that ____. A.Jerry liked his job B.the author was afraid of Jerry C.the author's brothers were disabled D.Jerry saw the author as his close friend 71.What would be the best title for this passage? A.Too Close for Comfortable B.Don't Look Down upon the Disabled 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 9 共 15 页第 9 页 C.How to Keep a Good Relation D.Don't Smile at Strangers E The snow storms that battered many parts of China at the end of 2007 were China's worst in five decades. Prolonged low temperatures, icy rain and heavy snow covered much of southern China. Twenty-one provincial-level areas were affected, with Hunan, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang, Sichuan and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region being the worst hit. The weather has claimed 107 lives and caused 15.4 billion U.S. dollars in direct economic losses. The following can easily be recalled even now. Power cuts plunged huge cities into darkness, with parts of Chenzhou, a city of 1.2 million in Hunan, without power for eight days. The only lights were those of trucks on the street. Fire trucks were distributing water to residents because pumps stopped working. Hundreds of thousands of migrant workers eager to get home for the Chinese New Year were stuck in the cold under a sea of umbrellas outside the train stations of Guangzhou. China lost about one tenth of its forest resources to the snow storms regarded as the most severe in half a century. A total of 17,3-million hectares of forest have been damaged across China as the result the savage winter weather. More than half the country's provinces have been affected, and in the worst-hit regions, nearly 90% of forests have been destroyed, according to the paper. However, under the correct leadership of the CPC, life in snowstorm-hit areas in south and east China provinces is gradually returning to normal as disrupted transport and power supply being resumed and living conditions improved day by day. Rail and highway transportation are quite normal throughout the country, except a few counties in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guizhou Province, where there are traffic control measures on some low-grade roads due to freezing surface. All airports in the country are open and operate normally by Saturday afternoon. Prices of living necessities in disaster-stricken areas have remained steady, with that of meat and eggs dropped slightly. 300,000 person times of military troops, 325,000 person times of armed police and 1.85 million person times of paramilitary members have been mobilized to participate in the disaster relief efforts. 72.How many items does the author mention as the recalling source of the damage? A.2. B.3. C.4. D.5. 73.The last paragraph shows ____. A.the great damage done in snow-hit areas B.life in snowstorm-hit areas is being normalized C.big problems existing in snowstorm-stricken areas D.the disaster relief work will begin 74.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT WRONG? A.The snow storms ranked first in China's recent 50 years'history. B.Only 7 provinces and 1 autonomous region suffered from the snow storms. C.Guangzhou went through a power failure for eight days. D.90% of China's forests were destroyed in the snow storms. 75.The main purpose of the passage is to ____. A.give advice B.make an explanation C.present opinions D.provide informatiom 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 10 共 15 页第 10 页 第Ⅱ卷 注意事项: 请用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题卡上书写作答,在试卷上书写作答无效。 第四部分写作(共两节,满分 35 分) 题号 评巻人 第一节 短文改错(共 10 小题;每小题 1 分,满分 10 分) 此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行作出 得分 判断:如无错误,在该行右边横线上画一个勾(√); 如有错误(每 行只有一个错误) ,则按下列情况改正: 此行多一个词:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉,在该行右边横线上写出该词,并也用斜 线划掉。 此行缺一个词:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧ ) ,在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。 此行错一个词:在错的词下划一横线,在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。 注意:原行没有错的不要改。 It was one Sunday, when the sky was dotted with 76.____ dark clouds. I, altogether with my husband, was carrying 77.____ something heavy from our old house to the new one. It's about 20 minutes'walk between them. With three fourth 78.____ of the distance to be covered, we decided to take a taxi. Just then a red car looking like a taxi run in our direction, 79.____ so I signed it to stop. The driver stopped but was seemed 80.____ unwilling to carry us. I explained him it would take him only 81.____ a few minutes, so he agreed. While we arrived at our destination, 82.____ I handed him 5 yuan for driving us, but, much to my surprise, 83.____ he refused to accept it, saying that I was not a taxi driver. 84.____ Having another look at the number plate, I found it was a local car of Shanghai, that is far away from our city! 85.____ 第二节 书面表达(满分 25 分) 题号 评巻人 假设你是李华,校学生会主席。将于你校学习的澳大利亚交 流学生想了解当前你校日常教学的有关情况。请你根据下列内容 得分 写篇发言稿。 ﹡大班教学。班级人均数约65人。 ﹡简要说明大班额产生的背景。 ﹡简要介绍每天课程安排。 ﹡教师注重在小组活动中培养学生的个人成就感和合作精神。 注意:1.词数 110 左右。 2.发言稿的开头和结尾已为你写好,不计入总数。 3.适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。 4.参考词汇:合作精神—spirit of cooperation 晚辅导—evening tutoring 培养—cultivate ﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡ Dear friends, I'm very glad to tell you something about the daily teaching and learning in 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 11 共 15 页第 11 页 our school. My name is Li Hua, chairman of the Students'Union.________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ That's all. Thank you! 2008 年高考江南十校第二次模拟考试 英语参考答案及评分标准 参考答案 第一部分 1-5 BCCCB 6-10 ABACB 11-15 ABBBC 16-20 BABCC 第二部分 第一节 21-25 BCDAB 26-30 DABBA 31-35 BDABB 21.B 考查冠词用法。 pat "the sixth and last girl"指的是一个女孩; sb. on the shoulder 是固定短语。 22.C 考查动词短语。get across(被理解)。 23.D 考查动词时态和非谓语动词的主动式的用法。 "was painting"表示"未完成性" ;系 表结构后常用不定式的主动式表示被动意义。 24.A 考查定语从句的引导词。 25.B 考查形容词的用法。be 248 yuan short(缺少 248 元)。 26.D 考查情态动词的用法。"must"表示"偏偏"。 27.A 考查近义结构的区别。suspect 怀疑,尤指坏事可能发生或属实;doubt 怀疑,指不确 定;be not sure of sth.;be sceptical of sth.。 28.B 考查日常交际用语。根据题意回答应是否定的。A、D 项表肯定;C 项中 very 不能修饰 impossible。 29.B 考查状语从句中的省略现象。 "than expected"是"than he had been expected"的 省略。 30.A 考查名词 worth(价值)的用法。two yuan's worth of…(价值两元的……)。 31.B 考查结构 as if doing sth.(好像正在干某事) 。 32.D 考查名词性从句的用法。 33.A 考查虚拟语气和省略现象。 34.B 考查反意疑问句。谓语部分指过去的动作。 35.B 考查主谓一致和倒装现象。 第二节 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 12 共 15 页第 12 页 36-40 ABCBD 41-45 ADABC 46-50 DAACA 51-55 CBADA 36.A 考查短语 cost sb. his life(使某人失去生命)。 37.B 考查 consider 的同根词。 considerate 与 considerable 都是形容词, 前者表示 "体 贴的",后者表示 "相当大的"。 38.C 考查同源短语的选择。drop out(辍学)。 39.B 考查常用词的特殊意思,say 表示 "比方说"。 40.D 考查对上下文的理解。空处应表示"反对" 。 41.A 考查名词的选择。 "training course"表示"培训课程" 。 42.D 考查连词的选择。空处应表示"虽然" 。 43.A 考查名词的选择。根据上下文空处应表示"失败" 。 44.B 考查形容词的选择。根据心理学知识,妈妈在我参加驾驶考试的这个特殊的日子里不 会象往常一样"大叫" 。 45.C 考查形容词的选择。根据心理学知识,人会因为"忙"而暂时忘却"担忧" ,但一闲下 来,担忧会重现。 46.D 考查名词的选择。常识告诉我们起床时的感受。 47.A 考查动词的选择。"drag"指"使……缓慢而费力地移动"。 48.A 考查形容词的选择。心理学和常识告诉我们人们紧张时食欲不振。 49.C 考查动词的选择。"work"表示"起作用" 。 50.A 考查介词短语的选择。at a loss as to what to do(不知要干某事)。 51.C 考查动词的选择。从上文的"practise parking"和下文的"the wheel hit the pavement"可知我"失败"了。 52.B 考查名词的选择。根据上下文可知随着"失败"而失去的是"信心" 。 53.A 考查副词的选择。常识告诉我们:没有把握的考试之前的等待是紧张的。 54.D 考查名词的选择。"turn"指"(依此轮到的)机会"。 55.A 考查状语的选择。exceptionally(特别地) 。 第三部分 56-60 CDDCD 61-65 DBCBC 66-70 DADCD 71-75 ACBAD 56.C 考查对材料细节的把握:C 信息来自第 2 段第 2、3 句。 57.D 考查对材料细节的把握:D 信息来自第 3 段第 2、3 句。 58.D 考查对材料细节的把握:D 信息来自第 4 段第 1、3 句。 59.C 考查逻辑推理能力。C 信息从第 4 段可推理出。 60.D 考查逻辑推理能力。由文章展示的是广告可知。 61.D 考查对材料细节的把握:D 信息来自第一则广告。 62.B 考查对材料细节的把握: 信息来自广告 B "EAST INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION LTD"。 63.C 考查对材料细节的把握。该题可使用排除法或从城市国际长途代码(北京市的国际长 途代码为 10)入手直选。 64.B 考查对材料细节的把握:B 信息在第 1 段中没提到。 65.C 考查逻辑推理能力。C 信息从第 2 段可推理出。 66.D 考查逻辑推理能力。D 信息从第 1 段第 1 句和第 4 段中"a central part of British life and culture"(英国文化生活的核心部分)可推理出。 A 67.A 考查根据上下文推测短语意思的能力。 信息从第 4 段第 3 句和其后的事例可推理出。 68.D 考查对材料细节的把握:D 信息来自第 2 段。 69.C 考查逻辑推理能力。"我"的微笑使残疾人 Jerry 在提供热情服务的同时却忘了保持 基本的社交距离以致于"我"认为他不知道距离对人们产生的社交意义。 但注意到他与超市 另一 clerk 之间保持着较大的距离时"我"才知道真相。 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 13 共 15 页第 13 页 从 70.D 考查逻辑推理能力。 Jerry 与 the author 和另一 clerk 之间保持的距离的差异可推 理出。A、C 信息是文中阐明的。 71.A 考查概括主旨大意的能力。文章围绕"太近的距离让人不舒服"展开一个美好的故事。 作者第一次在超市买东西时见到一位和自己兄弟一样残疾的服务生便友好地对他微笑。 善意 的微笑竟使服务生在提供热情服务的同时却忘了保持基本的社交距离。 这亲近而陌生的距离 让作者极力躲避他。故事弥漫着温馨感人的情愫并蕴涵着心理学和社会学知识。 72.C 考查对材料细节的把握:C 信息包括 power, water, transport 和 forest resources 等方面。 73.B 考查主旨归纳能力。该题可从段落的主题句入手得知讲述的是雪灾后的修复情况。 74.A 考查对材料细节的把握:A 信息来自第 1 段第 1 句。 75.D 考查主旨归纳能力。该篇文章讲的是我国 07 年底所遇到的 50 年来罕见的雪灾所带来 的影响以及灾后的修复情况。 第四部分 第一节 76.one 改为 a 77.altogether 改为 together 78.fourth 改为 fourths 79.run 改为 ran 80.去掉 was 81.在 explained 后加 to 82. While 改为 When 83.√ 84. I 改为 he 85.that 改为 which 第二节 One Possible Version Dear friends, I'm very glad to tell you something about the daily teaching and learning in our school. My name is Li Hua, chairman of the Students'Union. Teaching and learning activities are held in large classes. The average student number in each class is about 65. The large class size undoubtedly results from a shortage of teachers, which is caused by large population and weak economy. In addition to morning reading and evening tutoring, there are 7 classes a day, 4 in the morning and 3 in the afternoon, with a break of 2.5 hours at noon. To make students of different levels benefit as much as possible from large-class teaching, our teachers encourage us to do group work in and out of class so that our sense of achievement and spirit of cooperation are well cultivated in cooperative groups. That's all. Thank you! 作文评分原则 一、本题总分为 25 分,按 5 个档次给分。 二、评分时,先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量。 三、词数少于 90 的,从所属档次拟给分数中减去 2 分。 四、评分时应注意的主要内容为: 内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性及上下文 的连贯性。 五、拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。 英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接收。 六、如书写较差以至影响交际,将降低一个档次。 各档次的给分范围和要求 第五档 完成了试题规定的任务。 21~25 分 1、覆盖所有内容要点。 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 14 共 15 页第 14 页 2、应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。 3、语法结构和词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词 汇所致;具备较强的语言运用能力。 4、有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。 完全达到了预期的写作目的。 完成了试题规定的任务。 1、 虽漏掉一两个次重点,但覆盖所有主要内容。 第四档 2、 应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。 16~20 分 3、 语法结构和词汇方面应用基本准确,些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂语 法结构或词汇所致。 4、 应用简单的语句间连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。 达到了预期的写作目的。 基本完成了试题规定的任务。 1、虽漏掉一些内容,但覆盖所有主要内容。 第三档 2、应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。 11~15 分 3、有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,但不影响理解。 4、应用简单的语句间连接成分,使全文内容连贯。 整体而言,基本达到了预期的写作目的。 未恰当完成试题规定的任务。 1、 漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容,写了一些无关内容。 第二档 2、 语法结构简单,词汇项目有限。 6~10 分 3、 有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响了对写作内容的理解。 信息未能清楚地传达给读者。 未完成试题规定的任务。 1、明显遗漏主要内容,写了一些无关内容,原因可能是未理解试题要求。 第一档 2、语法结构简单,词汇项目有限。 1~5 分 3、较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响对写作内容的理解。 4、缺乏语句间的连接成分,内容不连贯。 信息未能传达给读者。 未能传达给读者任何信息;内容太少,无法评判;写的内容与要求的内容 0分 无关或所写内容无法看清。 命题:贵池中学 审题:铜陵一中 制巻:志诚名师网校 15 共 15 页第 15 页


text:
An overlay is provided for the cathode ray tube screen of an ultrasonic pulse echo flaw detector having a swept gain control. The swept gain control, sometimes called a time-corrected gain control or a distance amplitude-correction gain control, provides for increasing the gain of the receiver system the later flaw echoes are received. By adjusting this gain properly, echoes from flaws of the same size will produce spikes of identical amplitude on the cathode ray tube screen irrespective of flaw depth. The overlay of the invention bears a plot of amplitude versus distance of echoes received from a known echo-producing interface common to a plurality of parts to be tested when the swept gain control is properly adjusted. The common echo-producing interfaces disclosed and preferably used are an interface perpendicular to the path of the ultrasonic waves in the part having a cross sectional area much greater than the cross sectional area of the ultrasonic beam in the part, a large right angle corner, and a cylindrical test hole of known diameter.
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
(i i A United States Niklas [54] METHOD FOR ADJUSTING SWEPT GAIN ON ULTRASONIC PULSE-ECHO INSTRUMENTS FOR UNIFGRM SENSITIVITY, IRRESPECTIVE 0F FLAW DEPTH Ludwig Niklas, 5023 Lovenich at Koln, Dachsweg 13, Germany [22] Filed: Dec. 1, 1970 [21] Appl. No.: 94,005
[76] Inventor:
[30] Foreign Application Priority Data Dec. 2, 1969 Germany ..P 19 60 458.1
[52] U.S.Cl. ..73/67.8 [51] Int. Cl. .L ..G01ln 29/04 [58] Field of Search ..73/67.7, 67.8, 67.9, 1 R
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,427,867 2/1969 Nute et al ..73/67.9 3,033,029 5/1962 Weighart ..73/67.8
Primary Examiner-James J. Gill Attorney-Mattern, Ware and Davis [57] ABSTRACT An overlay is provided for the cathode ray tube screen of an ultrasonic pulse echo flaw detector having a swept gain control. The swept gain control, sometimes called a time-corrected gain control or a distance amplitude-correction gain control, provides for increasing the gain of the receiver system the later flaw echoes are received. By adjusting this gain properly, echoes from flaws of the same size will produce spikes of identical amplitude on the cathode ray tube screen 1] Apr.3,1973
irrespective of flaw depth. The overlay of the invention bears a plot of amplitude versus distance of echoes received from a known echo-producing interface common to a plurality of parts to be tested when the swept gain control is properly adjusted. The common echo-producing interfaces disclosed and preferably used are an interface perpendicular to the path of the ultrasonic waves in the part having a cross sectional area much greater than the cross sectional area of the ultrasonic beam in the part, a large right angle corner, and a cylindrical test hole of known diameter.
One method of the invention comprises-ng the overlay of the invention on the face of the cathode ray tube display, placing the transducer of the system such that multiple echoes are reflected back and forth between opposing parallel faces of the work piece and adjusting the swept gain until the peaks of the displayed multiple echoes correspond to a plot of the peaks of such echoes on the overlay when the swept gain is properly adjusted. When the plates are to be inspected by an angle beam technique, a Y cut crystal is substituted for the normal X cut crystal to provide the ultrasonic beam perpendicular to the opposed surfaces of the plate. In a second technique disclosed, the angle beam transducer is placed at integral multiples of the half skip distance from the edge of a rectangular work piece whereby the ultrasonic echoes are reflected from the right angle corners thereof and the swept gain is adjusted until the peaks of the spikes of these echoes coincide with a plot on the overlay of the peaks of such echoes at multiples of the half skip distance when the swept gain is properly adjusted. A third method according to the invention comprises placing the angle beam transducer at integral multiples of the half skip distance from a cylindrical hole in the work piece of known diameter and again the swept gain is adjusted until the peaks of the echo pulses received at these half skip intervals correspond to a predetermined curve on the overlay, which indicates the height of the echo spikes as seen on the cathode ray tube when the swept gain is properly adjusted.
13 Claims, 6 Drawing Figures PATENTEUAPM ms 3,724,262
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o m wwao/wzw wiawfl 2 6 INVQITOR. LUDWIG NIKLAS MATTERN WARE AND DAVIS ATTORNEYS PATENTEUAPR 3 I975 SHEET 3 [IF 3 clock pulser METHOD FOR ADJUSTING SWEPT GAIN ON ULTRASONIC PULSE-ECHO INSTRUMENTS FOR UNIFORM SENSITIVITY, IRRESPECTIVE OF FLAW DEPTH SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the art of ultrasonic testing of materials by the pulse echo technique. More particularly, it relates to a method for adjusting swept gain on ultrasonic pulse-echo instruments for uniform sensitivity, irrespective of flaw depth. The DGS (distance-gainsize) graph is known in the art of material testing with ultrasound, for the assessment of flaw size, as disclosed in US. patent application Ser. No. 766,796, filed Oct. 11, 1968 titled Ultrasonic Pulse Echo Flaw Detector Employing a Spatial Scale Arrangement on the Screen of an Oscilloscope, now US. Pat. No. 3,608,361 which application is incorporated herein by reference. Curves on this graph plot the echo amplitudes for specific flaw sizes versus transit time in the specimen. If the peak echo amplitudes for a given size of reflector, at various distances from the probe, are connected by a line, as the transit time in the specimen increases because of divergence of the sound beam and acoustic attenuation, the amplitude of the received echoes decreases. Thus, in automatic testing, the detection of all defects of a given size at different distances from the probe by employing gating means, will present difficulties. As known per se, the automatic detection of flaws of a given size employs a threshold-value amplifier that can be pre-set to echoes of a given amplitude. If in practice the gain of this amplifier is set low to detect flaws in the vicinity of the probe, flaws of the same size at a greater distance will not be detected. Conversely, if the gain is set high to detect flaws a long distance from the probe, smaller defects close to the probe will also be detected.
A known means of remedying this is by automatic control of gain in relation to acoustic transit time. This method is referred to as swept gain, time-corrected gain, or distance amplitude-correction. (See Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, by J. and H. Krautkramer, published by Springer Verlag). However, this swept gain must be re-calibrated for each type of probe, in relation to the diameter and frequency of the probe and for each material to be tested. For this purpose test blocks with reflectors at various distances from the probe are required. Such test blocks, provided with suitable reflectors of known size, must be available in every material to be examined. The costs thereof are very considerable and the calibration is time-consummg.
The method taught by this invention obviates this disadvantage by using a train of back-wall echoes, which can be produced, for example, by directing a sound beam vertically into a plane-parallel portion of the specimen. The resulting train of back echoes falls away with distance according to a law differing from that for small reflectors. The mathematically or empirically plotted back echo curve is inscribed on the calibrated scale of the display screen of the ultrasonic test device as an adjusting aid. The invention also provides a three-dimensional scale arrangement.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION It is thereforeamong the objects of the present invention to improve the art of ultrasonic pulse echo testing, to increase the use of the swept gain technique, to reduce the amount of time and effort required in order to adjust the swept gain prior to testing a work piece, and to facilitate automatic testing.
Other objects of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part appear hereinafter.
An embodiment of the method taught by the invention is illustrated in the drawings and is hereinafter described in detail.
The invention accordingly comprises the several steps and the relation of one or more of such steps with respect to each of the others thereof, which will be exemplified in the method hereinafter disclosed; the features of construction, combination of elements, and arrangement of parts which will exemplified in the construction hereinafter set forth; and an article of manufacture possessing the features, properties, and the relation of elements which will be exemplified in the article hereinafter described. The scope of .the invention will be indicated in the claims.
THE DRAWINGS For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a graph on a calibrated scale, of echo heights plotted against distance from the probe forming a family of curves, each of said curves relating to a reflector of a different size;
FIG. 2 is a graph on a calibrated scale of the same family of curves plotted subsequent to application of swept gain; i
FIG. 3 is a front view of a calibrated scale arrangement, overlayed on a test instrument display screen, with the trace of a train of back-wall multiple echoes seen as series of peaks, and the back echo curve printed on the overlayed scale;
FIGS. 4 and 5 are diagrams of the path of sound in a SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION Ultrasonic pulse echo inspection apparatus for use in the invention is shown schematically in FIG. 6. A pulser 51 supplies probe 26 with a high voltage pulse, which is converted into an ultrasonic pulse in the probe 26. The Y ultrasonic pulse returned by a reflector (a flaw 24a in work piece 25a) to the probe- 26 is converted into an electrical pulse. The pulse is amplified in a receiver S2 and further amplified in a video amplifier 53 and a monitor 56. Thence, the amplified pulse is fed via leads a 22 and 32 to the deflection plates 29'and 26a, of a cathode ray tube 23 to vertically deflect the electron beam of the CRT 23. A clock or trigger 54 triggers the pulser 51 for generating the high voltage .pulses at preselected time intervals, and synchronously starts a sweep delay 55, which is connected to horizontal deflection plates 27 and 33 through cables 21 and '28. The sweep delay 55 generates a saw tooth voltage for deflecting the electron beam horizontally. The deflection delay corresponds to the transit time of the sound beam in the specimen 25a. The CRT screen presents the demonstrated display. The initial pulse, which arrives at the receiver on a direct path from pulser 51, appears at the left as spike 25 where the zero point of the time base 31 is set by adjusting the sweep delay. A flaw echo 24 appears at a distance from spike 25 proportional to the sound path from the probe to the flaw 24a and back via a reflection at the rear side of the piece 25a, provided the time base calibration is accurate.
The ultrasonic inspection apparatus used in the invention may, for example, be a Krautkramer Ultrasonic Flaw Detector, Model USIP W, available from Krautkramer Ultrasonics, Inc., in Stratford, Connecticut. As is known in the art, this apparatus provides an amplifier gain control 60 and swept gain circuitry 62 responsive to a signal from the sweep delay 55 to increase the gain at the right hand side of the cathode ray screen 23 for greater depths and to reduce the gain at the left hand side of the screen for smaller depths, the relative degree of swept gain correction being controlled by a swept gain control 64. The apparatus further provides an alarm output on line 66 from the monitor or threshold amplifier 56. The threshold or gate of monitor 56 is controlled by a threshold control 68 for automatic detection of flaws of a given size after the swept gain has been properly adjusted.
An example of the relation of the heights of echoes in dB of different size reflectors to distance on a logarithmic scale starting in millimeters with no swept gain correction is illustrated in FIG. 1. Curve 1 relates to reflectors of infinite size or larger than the cross-sectional area of the sound beam. In practice, such reflectors are constituted by the back wall of a flat specimen. Curves 2 through 7 plot the height of echoes received from cylindrical test holes of different sizes, in this example of relative diameters from 0.5 mm. to mm. It will be clearly seen that the loss of height with distance is much greater for echoes reflected from cylindrical test holes than, for example, from a flat, level back wall, as depicted in curve 1.
FIG. 2 shows the height of echoes obtained in the same conditions, from the same small cylindrical test holes, which after correct adjustment of the swept gain are no longer related to distance. Curves 10 through 14 corresponding to curves 3 through 7 plot the height of echoes from the small test holes. Curve 9, which corresponds to curve 2 in FIG. 1, shows the relationship of a cylindrical test hole of the same diameter (e.g. 20 mm.) as the probe. Note that curve 8, corresponding to curve 1 in FIG. 1, for reflectors of infinite size or larger than the cross-sectional area of the sound beam, rises steeply with distance when the swept gain is adjusted correctly.
If the probe employed is next placed on the specimen at a point plane-parallel to the back wall, the trace displayed will take the form of a series of peaks, as shown at 16 in FIG. 3, because the back echo is reflected back and forth several times. (Multiple-echo train). If by means of the gain 60 and swept gain 64 controls of the ultrasonic flaw detector (FIG. 6) the peaks of the successive bottom echoes are rendered coincidental with curve 15, corresponding to curve 8 in FIG. 2, it will be automatically ensured that the flaw detector is correctly adjusted for small reflectors, that is to say, the echo traces displayed will not be related to distance. Note that the horizontal scale of FIG. 3 is linear rather than logarithmic and that the vertical scale is expanded, changing the shape of curve 8 of FIG. 2 into curve 15 of FIG. 3.
Should it be desired to detect very small defects in a workpiece, difficulties will be experienced with a calibrated scale, as shown in FIG. 2, because the peaks of the echoes displayed will extend only slightly above the lower edge of the screen.
This drawback can be overcome with the aid of the calibrated scale depicted in FIG. 3. This scale distinguishes from the scale shown in FIG. 2 in that the back echo curve is lowered, by 20 dB (decibels), for example, in the case of curve 8 in FIG. 2. To calibrate the flaw detector the peaks of the successive back wall echoes are first brought into line with the back echo curve 15. However, before the testing can proceed, the overall gain of the flaw detector must then be increased by 20 dB.
If angle probes-are to be employed, as is usual for weld examination, for example, the specimen 25 will generally have no suitable back wall at right-angles to the beam axis. Inthis case a transducer with a Y-cut crystal, having the same frequency as the angle probe, is placed on the specimen to set the swept gain. Like the angle probe, said transducer transmits transverse waves, but in the vertical direction. For the correct calibration of the swept gain, the peaks of the resulting sequence of back echoes displayed on the ultrasonic flaw, detectors screen are brought into line with the back echo curve, bearing reference numeral 15 in FIG. 3. Generally, it cannot be assured that with the same pulse voltage the Y-probe will produce the same acoustic pressure as the angle probe, as a result of which this method may entail a loss in the relationship of the back echo curve 15 in FIG. 3 and the flaw echo curves 18, i9 and 20. Therefore, prior to the examination procedure, the overall gain of the flaw detector must be re-calibrated with the aid of the angle probe. Several methods for doing this are known in the art and are widely used, their choice depending on the application. For example, calibration can be to the echo received from a half-moon-shaped workpiece or from a hole in a test block conforming to German test Standard DIN 54120 ofJuly 1963.
If the afore-described method for calibrating the swept gain with the aid of a special Y-probe is too expensive, an alternative procedure can be employed if the specimen has a straight smooth edge forming a right angle comer or a machined hole. To use the echoes reflected by an edge for setting the swept gain, the angle probe, as shown in FIG. 4, should be placed at intervals of a half, once, once and a half, and twice the skip distance from edge 21, corresponding to alternate reflections from right angle corners 21a and 21b. (See US. application Ser. No. 766,796). This corresponds to positions I, II, III and IV of the probe 26 in FIG. 4. The gain and swept gain of the flaw detector should then be re-adjusted so that the peaks of the echoes displayed coincide with curve 15 in FIG. 3.
Similarly, calibration can be effected with the echo from a test hole 22, as shown in FIG. 5. But another curve correspondingto curve 15 in FIG. 3 would have to be re-plotted, either mathematically or empirically, for the respective probe and the particular test hole.
All of the afore-described embodiments of the invention have an advantage in common; calibration of swept gain takes account not only of loss of echo height with distance as a result of sound beam divergence, as is usual, but also the effect of ultrasonic attenuation in the workpiece. The method can also be employed for longitudinal waves.
A feature of the invention is the three-dimensional calibrated scale arrangement on the screen of a cathode-ray oscilloscope for performing one of the afore-stated procedures. Thus, a calibrated scale 24 is attached or pressed on to a backing member or a flat mount 23, FIG. 3. The aforesaid new method calls for the use of scale marks of special arrangement, not disclosed by US. application Ser. No. 766,796, for example. The calibrated scale or overlay 24, which is likewise flat or can be slightly arcuate, is preferably of a.
transparent material and is provided with horizontal lines in the form of elevations or depressions 17, 18, 19, 20. The lines can be applied by pressure forming, printing or spraying, and may be black or of some other color and represent the levels of the peaks of echoes from reflectors of a given size, that is to say, from cylindrical test holes of known diameter. For example, line is for an 0.5 mm. dia. hole, line 19 refers to a 1 mm. dia. hole, and lines 18 and 17 to cylindrical test holes 2 mm. and 4 mm. in diameter, respectively. In addition to curve 15 of back wall echoes, above lines 18, 19 and 20, there is preferably another line, in the form of an elevation or depression, constituting a curve substantially of the same shape as curve 15, which for the sake of clarity has been omitted. Said curve plots the envelope of predetermined, theoretical peak amplitudes of the echoes reflected by the right angle corners of edge 21 or of the surface hole interface of hole 22 in the specimen 25a, when the probe 26 is placed in the half skip positions I, II, III and IV, shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. The backing member or positioning mount 23 can be of contoured shape, as indicated in broken outline. In most practical applications, the lower section of curve 15 intersects horizontal lines 18 to 20.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in carrying out the above method or in the above construction or article without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described, and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.
Having described may invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:
1. A method of adjusting the swept gain of an ultrasonic pulse echo flaw detector instrument to uniform sensitivity comprising the steps of:
A. charting the envelope of the variation of peak amplitude of echoes which are detected when the swept gain of the instrument is. correctly adjusted in a test piece having at least-one predetermined multiple echo producing interface; and
B. later adjusting the swept gain of the instrument to produce a display of echoes having the same variation of peak amplitude produced in a work piece having another predetermined multiple echo 5 producing interface producing echoes having the 10 of the ultrasonic pulses produced by the instrument.
3. The method defined in claim 2 wherein the predetermined multiple echo producing interface in the work piece is also a wall at right angles to the path of propagation of the ultrasonic pulses produced by the 15 instrument.
4. The method defined in claim 2 wherein said work piece comprises parallel faces and the predetermined multiple echo producing interface in said work piece is an end wall at right angles to said parallel faces in the work piece and said adjusting step is performed by placing an angle beam transducer connected to said instrument at multiples of the half skip'distance between the transducer and the right angle end wall.
5. The method defined in claim 1 wherein said 25 predetermined multiple echo producing interface in the test piece is a hole of predetermined diameter and said echoes are produced therefrom by an angle beam technique with the angle beam transducer positioned at multiples of the half skip distance from said hole and the predetermined multiple echo producing interface in the work piece is a hole of the same diameter as the hole in the test piece.
6. The method defined in claim 1 and the additionalstep of:
C. thereafter adjusting the overall gain of the instrument to produce a known amplitude echo from a predetermined known echo producing test piece.
7. The method defined in claim 6 wherein said swept gain adjusting step is performed using a Y cut crystal transducer, and said overall gain adjusting step is performed using an X cut crystal transducer.
8. The method defined in claim 1 wherein said flaw detector instrument provides an A-scan display and said charting and adjusting steps are accomplished by overlaying the chart produced by said charting step on the display produced by the instrument during said adjusting step.
9. The method defined in claim 8 and the further steps of:
C. charting lines corresponding to the amplitude o echoes produced from flaws of known size on said chart when the overall gain of the instrument is correctly adjusted; and
D. thereafter, when said chart is overlayed on the display produced by the pulse echo instrument and after said first adjusting step, adjusting the overall gain of the instrument to produce a known amplitude echo from a predetermined known echo 6o producing test piece by adjusting the peak amplitude of the echo produced thereby to coincide with one of the lines on said chart.
10. An overlay for use inadjusting the swept gain of an ultrasonic pulse echo flaw detector to uniform sensitivity, said detector having a pulse echo display com prising:.
A. a transparent support adapted to be overlaid on said pulse echo display; and
B. indicia on said support indicating the variation in C. at least one additional indicia on said display inamplitude of echoes produced on the display when dicating at least one constant amplitude produced the swept gain is correctly adjust d b pulse by a known discontinuity irrespective of distance echoes received from any piece having at least one when the Swept g and the O erall gain of said multiple echo producing interface of a predeter- 5 detector is P p adjusted- 13. The overlay defined in claim 12 wherein said first indicia is a continuous curve of increasing amplitude at large distances and said second indicia are one or more straight lines.
mined geometry.
11. The overlay defined in claim wherein the pulse echo display is of the deflection type and said indicia takes the form of a plot of echo amplitude.
12. The overlay defined in claim l0,and 10
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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