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In the pre-dawn hours of Tuesday, 6 June 1944, the Allied invasion of German-occupied France began. The pre-planned Luftwaffe response to the invasion included the transfer of 19 day-fighter Gruppen to airfields near the battle front. II. Gruppe/JG 1 received the coded message: "Einsatz West-Einsatzort Flers" (Operations West-Operational Base Flers), during the morning at their airfield near Störmede, Germany. At 1625 hours thirty-two Focke-Wulf Fw 190A-8s took off under the command of Oblt. Georg-Peter Eder, and headed for an intermediate fueling stopover at Montdidier, France.
II. Gruppe was a combat-proven day-fighter Gruppe and, until D-Day, had been assigned to the defense of Northern Germany. The Gruppe was previously known as I./JG 3 and had been in action since the war's inception, fighting over France, England and Russia. When it was transferred from the Eastern Front in September 1941, its pilots had already achieved 421 victories in the war. Its new assignment was the air defense of Holland which the Gruppe assumed on 13 December 1941 after fully re-equipping with the Messerschmitt Bf 109F-4. On 15 January 1942 I./JG 3 was redesignated as II./JG 1 and for the next two years defended Holland, France and Northern Germany against the incursions of the RAF and USAAF. In the spring of 1942, the Gruppe turned in its Bf 109F-4s and was fully operational with Fw 190A-2 and A-3 fighters by 12 May 1942.
By 1 January 1944, II. Gruppe was based at airfields in Northern Germany as a Reichsverteidigung (Defense of the Reich) unit under Kommandeur Hptm. Walter Höckner who had 62 Abschüsse (kills) as of that date. Its component Staffeln were 4., 5. and 6./JG 1. The first five months of 1944 were a time of great successes and equally great trials for II. Gruppe. This period saw the transfer of three noted Experten into the Gruppe. Major Heinz Bär was assigned to 6./JG 1 on 21 January (179 Abschüsse over all fronts as of that date). Bär had previously served as Staffelkapitän and Gruppenkommandeur, being awarded the Ritterkreuz mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern (Knight's Cross with Oakleaves and Swords), but his outspoken criticisms of the Luftwaffe's failings were not kindly received by Reichsmarschall Göring who transferred him to JG 1 as an ordinary pilot. Hptm. Höckner was transferred to JG 4 on 4 February and Hptm. Hermann Segatz (33 Abschüsse with JG 51, 26, and 5) took over as Kommandeur. Finally, on 15 March, Oblt. Georg-Peter Eder (33 Abschüsse by this date) was assigned as Staffelkapitän of 6./JG 1 after recovering from wounds suffered while serving with JG 2.
During the first five months of 1944 the Gruppe was led into combat by any one of four experienced formation commanders: Hptm. Segatz, Major Bär, Oblt. von Kirchmayr and Oblt. Eder. The unit suffered losses of 48 pilots killed, 23 wounded, and 158 aircraft destroyed in aerial combat while achieving 164 confirmed victories, 119 of which were USAAF four-engined bombers. Notable losses included its Kommandeur, Hptm. Segatz (KIA 8 March, 40 Abschüsse) and seven experienced Rottenführer and Schwarmführer: Uffz. Erich Negraszus (KIA 11 February, 3 Abschüsse), Fw. Heinz Fuchs (KIA 24 February, 11 Abschüsse), Uffz. Hans-Joachim Tünger (KIA 3 March, 4 Abschüsse), Fw. Heinz Kahl (KIA 12 May, 9 Abschüsse), Uffz. Helmut Stiegler (KIA 12 May, 6 Abschüsse), Uffz. Heinrich Weber (KIA 16 May, 3 Abschüsse), and Lt. Gunther Buchholz (KIA 31 May, 5 Abschüsse). The Gruppe's seven-hundreth victory, on 29 April 1944, was Oblt. von Kirchmayr's 15th Abschuss.
In the spring of 1944, the Reichsluftministerium (RLM) decided to reinforce the day-fighters engaged in the Reichsverteidigung with an additional Staffel transferred directly from Eastern Front units. 7./JG 51, a Bf 109G-6 equipped unit, was assigned to II. Gruppe in May from their airfield near Brest-Litovsk in Poland, with pilots arriving at Störmede after 29 May and hurriedly checking out in Focke-Wulfs. It was later renamed 8./JG 1 on 15 August 1944 when the four-Staffeln Gruppe became standard practice. 7./JG 51 was led by Ritterkreuzträger (Knight's Cross winner) Hptm. Karl-Heinz Weber with 136 confirmed Abschüsse in over 500 missions. Two other Experten were Lt. Friedrich Krakowitzer (23 Abschüsse by 1 June) and Ofhr. Günther Heckmann with 12 Abschüsse. Hptm. Weber was transferred to III./JG 1 on 3 June as Gruppenkommandeur, and Lt. Krakowitzer assumed command of the Staffel.
Major Bär had been reassigned as Kommodore of JG 3 on 21 May following 23 victories in his four months as a member of II. Gruppe. Bär had served as acting Kommandeur after the death of Hptm. Segatz and he was replaced by Oblt. Eder. By 1 June, in spite of the losses of Segatz, Bär and the previously listed pilots, II./JG 1's original three Staffeln still contained many combat-proven formation leaders (with their scores as of 1 June):
|Oblt. Georg-Peter Eder
|Oblt. Rüdiger von Kirchmayr
|Lt. Otto Bach
|Lt. Hubert Swoboda
|Lt. Fritz Wegner
|Oblt. Eberhard Burath
|Ofw. Leo Schuhmacher
|Ofw. Reinhard Flecks
|Ofw. Kurt Brodbeck
|Ofw. Kurt Niedereicholz
|Ofw. Haninger
|Ofw. Georg Hutter
The Gruppe also had many experienced noncom and enlisted pilots serving as small formation leaders (with their scores as of 1 June):
|Uffz. Fritz Wurl
|Fw. Alfred Bindseil
|Uffz. Friz Milde
|Uffz. Josef Gold
|Uffz. Otto Stuckenbrock
|Uffz. Zinkl
|Uffz. Schneider
|Fw. Brunner
|Fw. Schulz
|Flieger Georg Blech
|Uffz. Erwin Steeb
|Ofhr. Rudolf Kaltenhäuser
|Uffz. Christian Knoblauch
|Uffz. Mertens
|Fw. Rudolf Lehmann
|Gefr. Walter Gehr
|Uffz. Golinger
|Uffz. Strosetski
Up until the Allied landings, 1944 had seen great sacrifices by II. Gruppe's flying personnel that amounted to one hundred percent of their roster strength, but it was still well led and highly motivated. Over half of the unit's pilots had achieved victories while flying in defense of their homeland. The pilots winging their way to France the afternoon of 6 June were a confident lot who well understood the implications of the impending struggle.
By late afternoon of 6 June the unit's thirty-two Focke-Wulfs had all successfully landed, but refuelling took longer than anticipated and they were forced to remain overnight. After a dawn take-off the next morning they were informed that their intended airfield had been bombed and they were diverted to Le Mans, actually landing on the automobile race track there. During this flight the Staffeln flew independently and 7./JG 51 was attacked by Mustangs at 300 meters altitude in the area of Le Mans and was forced to form a defensive circle. Lt. Johann Brünnler left the circle and attacked the Allied formation, quickly being shot down and fatally crashing near Châteaudun. The chaotic landing grounds at Le Mans were milling with German fighters as both I./JG 1 and II./JG 53 had flown in previously, approximately 100 Fw 190s and Bf 109s being based there. II. Gruppe flew three sorties during the day, at 0500, 1300 and 1700 hours, with a total of thirty Focke-Wulfs patrolling the immediate vicinity. No enemy contact was made, but four aircraft were lost due to landing accidents or technical problems without any pilot injuries. 7./JG 51's previous Kapitän, Hptm. Karl-Heinz Weber, the new Kommandeur of III./JG 1, was shot down and killed by Mustangs on the morning of his first sortie in the West.
Le Mans airfield was an important Luftwaffe bomb dump stocked with quantities of 250 kg. bombs. Although neither I. nor II./JG 1 had received any training as fighter-bombers, both Gruppen were assigned the Jabo (Jagd-Bomber) role on June 8th. The pilots of the two air defense units were to read a text on Jabo tactics and were sent off on missions that same day. II. Gruppe started off on its first fighter-bomber mission at 1100 hours with twenty-five Focke-Wulfs against the Allied armada off the Normandy coast. They were not intercepted, and other than the many flak hits received from the defending ships, all aircraft returned safely. No hits were claimed. Bad weather on 9 June kept most German and Allied air units grounded, but II. Gruppe did manage one Jabo mission with twenty aircraft off the coast. Again, they weren't intercepted and suffered no losses. That night, at approximately 0100 hours, Le Mans airfield was attacked by RAF four-engined bombers. II. Gruppe lost seven aircraft and five more damaged, even though they were dispersed 500 meters east of the airfield. These losses plus numerous bomb craters kept it grounded for the next six days. On 12 June, Oblt. von Kirchmayr was released from the hospital in Störmede after a bout of infectious yellow jaundice and allowed to fly back to his unit, but was attacked by Spitfires over Flers. He shot down one of the Spitfires, but the victory was never confirmed due to the lack of a witness. On the 15th, the Gruppe lost two more Focke-Wulfs during a bombing attack on Le Mans.
Operations resumed on 16 June when the Gruppe began transferring to Essay airfield near Alençon. However a few sorties were mustered late on the 15th. The Gruppe's first confirmed victory in Normandy came when Uffz. Günther Henschel of 7./JG 51 destroyed a Mustang at 2142 hours on the 15th north of Caen for his first victory. One Focke-Wulf was destroyed in this combat, but the pilot was uninjured and returned to his unit. During the transfer 7./JG 51, flying independently, was bounced by approximately twenty P-51s, probably from the USAAF's 354th Fighter Group, near Alençon. Three pilots were killed, Uffz. Günther Henschel, Uffz. Franz Zechner, and Fw. Helmuth Heidemann and one mechanic, Uffz. Herbert Redlich who was riding as a passenger. Two of the attackers were shot down, one each by Lt. Friedrich Krakowitzer (his 24th Abschuss) and Ofhr. Günther Heckmann (his 13th Abschuss). Two other aircraft were also lost during the transfer, but their pilots were uninjured. That evening Essay was attacked by USAAF B-24 Liberator bombers that rendered the airfield unusuable although II. Gruppe lost no further aircraft or personnel.
On June 18th, the much diminished Gruppe transferred to Semallé, several kilometers south-west of bomb-cratered Essay. It was a very small landing strip surrounded by tall trees on all sides, creating good camouflage for the aircraft, but landing problems for the less experienced pilots. There were no hangers on the field and no habitable buildings nearby, so the airmen were housed under canvas in the local cemetery. The pilots of 7./JG 51 considered the living conditions to be worse than they had experienced in Russia, but the field had not yet been discovered by the Allied air forces and so for a while escaped the attentions of their fighters and bombers. That night a vicious storm with high winds blew in from the northwest that caused much damage to Allied ships and the Mulberry artificial harbors and restricted operations for several days. On 19 June the Geschwader Kommodore decided to transfer the remaining serviceable aircraft of II. Gruppe to Lonrai to join I./JG 1, allowing the two Gruppen to combine their modest strength and operate together. On this day, Ofhr. Günther Heckmann was credited with a Mustang, his fourteenth victory, in unknown circumstances.
The bad weather continued on Tuesday, 20 June, but the combined Gruppen launched a single freie Jagd (free hunt) mission with 14 aircraft at 0830 hours into the Cotentin Peninsula where they encountered P-38J Lightnings of the 9th Air Force's 370th Fighter Group near Flers a half hour later. A vicious combat ensued with II. Gruppe losing three aircraft and two pilots. Fw. Richard Henner of 7./JG 51 was shot down and captured by Allied troops; Uffz. Hans Hermann of the same unit was also shot down, but was uninjured and managed to return to base; and Ofw. Kurt Brodbeck of 6. Staffel was killed in action. Oberfeldwebel Brodbeck had been one of the more successful pilots with 4 victories. II. Gruppe achieved no victories during the engagement, but I. Gruppe did claim five Lightnings for the loss of two of their own aircraft (both pilots returning to their unit). The Americans claimed three long-nose Fw 190D-9s definitely destroyed, one probable and three damaged, while actually losing three P-38s. It is interesting to note that the first operational sorties with the Fw 190D-9 weren't flown until early December 1944 by I./JG 26. Two other joint missions were flown that day without contact.
On June 21st, a low cloud ceiling hindered operations over Normandy, but Oblt. Eder, acting Kommandeur of II. Gruppe, shot down a P-47 Thunderbolt near Le Mans for his fiftieth Abschuss. II. Gruppe suffered no losses that day and transferred back to Semallé, by now fully operational, in the evening. The weather cleared the next day and II. Gruppe flew several missions against Allied fighter-bombers in the St. Lô area, losing no aircraft while claiming two enemy machines. Uffz. Erich Rahner of 7./JG 51 shot down a Thunderbolt for his first victory and Oblt. von Kirchmayr of 4. Staffel claimed a Spitfire though it wasn't confirmed. One pilot was lost, however, when Fw. Hans Knabben of 6. Staffel was shot down and captured in the St. Lô area while flying the morning mission with I. Gruppe. Fw Knabben, along with three other pilots of 4. and 6. Staffeln, had been ordered to Villacoublay on 18 June to collect four repaired Fw 190A-8s for delivery to II. Gruppe. By 21 June only two of the aircraft were serviceable and it was decided that Knabben and another pilot would fly them to I. Gruppe at Lonrai. The next morning Knabben flew his last mission while on temporary loan to 2. Staffel.
Nothing is known of II. Gruppe's operations on 23 or 24 June, but no victories or losses were reported for those days. Oblt. Eder was awarded the Ritterkreuz on the 24th and sent on leave prior to his transfer to II./JG 26 as Kommandeur. Oblt. von Kirchmayr became acting Kommandeur of II. Gruppe. At 1300 hours on Sunday, 25 June, Semallé was devastated by a low-level attack by Mustangs that destroyed 15 Focke-Wulfs. The few aircraft that were left were assigned to the pilots of 7./JG 51 and some new pilots from the other three Staffeln. That evening twenty pilots of II. Gruppe left by bus for Villacoublay-Süd, from whence they flew by transport to Köln-Ostheim for re-equipment and replenishment. The unit was essentially out of action for the next ten days.
On 26 June the remaining aircraft were transferred to Lonrai to bolster the strength of I. Gruppe. The joint Verband flew several missions out of Lonrai on 27 June, two of which resulted in victories for II. Gruppe pilots. At 0955 hours one Schwarm intercepted some Auster artillery observation aircraft being escorted by Spitfires. Two Austers were shot down, one by Ofhr. Aloysius Kaatz of 5. Staffel for his first Abschuss. At 1653 hours nine Focke-Wulfs flew air cover for the Wehrmacht in the vicinity of Caen that resulted in combat with Mustangs and Typhoons. Ofhr. Heckmann of 7./JG 51 claimed one Typhoon for his fifteenth victory. On June 28th, the remnants of II. Gruppe flew three joint missions with I. Gruppe, the first of which resulted in no enemy contact. The second was flown off at 1652 hours with ten aircraft in the vicinity of Caen and promptly ran into Canadian Spitfires of the 2nd Tactical Air Force. The Germans lost no aircraft and claimed three victories, one by Uffz. Rahner of 7./JG 51 for his second Abschuss. For the final mission of the day, the joint Gruppen put up six aircraft at 2125 and flew to the area of Flers where they met 401 Squadron of the Royal Canadian Air Force. In the ensuing combat, three Spitfires were claimed destroyed by I. Gruppe pilots, but Ofhr. Aloysius Kaatz of 5. Staffel was killed only two days after his first victory. The small Luftwaffe formation also lost two other Focke-Wulfs. The two Gruppen could only muster five serviceable machines on 29 June and these flew one mission at 1315 hours in the vicinity of Flers. The flight lost two aircraft in a combat with twenty Thunderbolts, one of the Fw 190A-8s flown by Uffz. Walter Ruffing of 7./JG 51 who was killed. One victory was claimed by Uffz. Waliczek of the same Staffel, this being his first.
Pilots of 7./JG 51 played prominent roles in two of the four joint missions flown the next day from Lonrai. At 1215 hours six Focke-Wulfs flew to Caen and engaged 2 TAF Spitfires and Mustangs, pilots of 7./JG 51 being credited with two victories. Lt. Krakowitzer shot down a Spitfire at 1249 hours, his 25th Abschuss, and Uffz. Maier claimed a Mustang at 1251 hours for his first victory. At 1930 one Schwarm from 7./JG 51 flew a freie Jagd mission to Alençon. They attacked and shot down two P-51s, one to Ofhr. Heckmann at 1945 hours for his sixteenth victory, and the other unconfirmed to Gefr. May. However, by the end of the day II. Gruppe was a spent force with no serviceable aircraft and only eight operational pilots. The paper strength of a four-Staffeln Gruppe was 68 pilots and aircraft (16 aircraft in each Staffel plus 4 more in the Gruppe Stabschwarm).
No operations were flown on 1 July, but that evening brand-new Fw 190A-8s began the trip back to Semallé from Köln (Cologne). The Gruppe had been completely re-equipped and many new pilots fresh from Ergänzungsgruppen (training units) were assigned. July 2nd and 3rd were quiet with no combat missions being flown, although three aircraft were lost in training accidents on the 3rd. The Gruppe had completed its return to Semallé by 4 July. One pilot, Ogefr. Friedel Pallas of 5. Staffel was fatally injured in a landing accident following a training flight from Semallé. The 4th also saw the return to combat of I. Gruppe with attached pilots of II. Gruppe. Eleven Focke-Wulfs took off from Lonrai at 1345 hours to fly a freie Jagd in the Coutances area where they were bounced by Thunderbolts of the 404th Fighter Group. Four pilots and their aircraft were quickly lost, three being from II. Gruppe; Gefr. Karl-Friedrich Ernst of 4. Staffel, Lt. Helmut Weissbrodt of 7./JG 51 and Lt. Friedrich Krakowitzer, the Kapitän of 7./JG 51 were all killed. Ofhr. Günther Heckmann was appointed to lead the remnants of 7./JG 51 as Staffelführer.
The following two weeks saw little combat activity as Oblt. von Kirchmayr and the remaining experienced pilots sought to transform their replacement Nachwuchs (new boys) into competent flyers with at least a chance of survival in the aerial maelstrom of Normandy. Neither Lonrai nor Semallé had an early warning system other than the human ear, and even training flights had be launched quickly when the skies overhead had cleared of Allied fighter-bombers. All the new aircraft were hidden under trees and days passed when flights scheduled for take off at 0800 hours had to wait until 2000 hours for the skies to clear so that the Focke-Wulfs could be quickly hauled out from their camouflaged bowers. July 5th and 6th saw no combat missions, but three Fw 190s were lost on 5 July in training accidents. Limited strength missions resumed on Friday, 7 July, when seven aircraft of II. Gruppe took off with Focke-Wulfs of I. Gruppe from Lonrai at 0905 hours on a freie Jagd mission to the battlefront. The German formation met 16-20 Thunderbolts and attacked, suffering no losses while gaining two victories. Ofhr. Heckmann of 7./JG 51 claimed his 17th Abschuss while Lt. Fritz Wegner of 5. Staffel got his fifth. There were no missions flown the next three days, but one aircraft was lost to a technical malfunction on the 8th. By 10 July, II. Gruppe was completely based at Semallé and engaged in training the new pilots. The commanding officers were:
|II. Gruppe
|Oblt. von Kirchmayr
|4. Staffel
|Lt. Voight
|5. Staffel
|Lt. Fritz Wegner
|6. Staffel
|Ofw. Reinhard Flecks
|Fhjfw. Günther Heckmann
Little is known of any operations on 11 July, but one aircraft was lost in combat and another two to technical malfunctions on that day. No personnel were lost. The following day saw no enemy contact and no losses. July 13th was a cloudy day and II. Gruppe had only very limited enemy contact although one aircraft was lost with the pilot being uninjured in unknown circumstances. Also on that day the combat-ready elements of I. Gruppe were transferred to Semallé as Gruppenkommandeur Hptm. Hans Ehlers did not yet wish to commit his fledglings to combat.
The combined operational strength of the two Gruppen was low, but on the 14th JG 1's Gefechtsverband (combat formation) flew two freie Jagd missions from Semallé, one consisting of twelve aircraft at 1355 hours and another of six at 2021 hours. One of the experienced NCO pilots of 6. Staffel, Fw. Alfred Bindseil, claimed a victory on each of these missions, a Spitfire at 1440 hours near Caen and a Mustang at 2100 hours near Carentan for his 4th and 5th Abschüsse. II. Gruppe lost one Focke-Wulf although the pilot was uninjured. July 15th saw the combined Gruppen fly two missions with a total strength of only six aircraft without loss. The next day, there were three missions by the combined units from Semallé with a total strength of fourteen aircraft, losing two pilots and four aircraft with no victories claimed. The morning freie Jagd mission took off at 0740, engaged some American fighters and lost one pilot of I. Gruppe. Later in the afternoon, one Schwarm was scrambled at 2000 hours for airfield defense and engaged a formation of P-38s without success. At 2022 hours, another Schwarm flew as escort for a reconnaissance aircraft. This mission wasn't intercepted, but during one of the evening missions, Ofhr. Anton Iller from 6. Staffel crashed into the trees at Semallé while taking off and was killed. Two other Focke-Wulfs of II. Gruppe were lost during these missions, one due to enemy action and one from a technical malfunction, both pilots were uninjured. I. Gruppe stood down on 17 July for re-equipment in Germany, leaving II. Gruppe alone to fly missions from Semallé. The Gruppe flew only one freie Jagd mission on that day and gained one victory south-west of Caen. Ofhr. Kaltenhäuser of 6. Staffel shot down a P-47 at 1525 hours, his 2nd Abschuss. However two pilots were lost; Uffz. Rudolf Hoffmann of 5. Staffel was killed and Uffz. Josef Gold of 6. Staffel was wounded, but managed to parachute safely. Uffz. Gold was now out of the fighting and II. Gruppe had lost another experienced element leader with two confirmed victories.
Nothing is known of any activities on 18 and 19 July except that no victories or losses were recorded. On July 20th, the Gruppe was ordered to fly a full strength mission using all combat-ready aircraft. Approximately 30 Focke-Wulfs took off at 1230 hours led by Oblt. von Kirchmayr and climbed to 6000 meters (approx. 20,000 ft.) to patrol north-east of St. Lô. At 1300 hours the Gruppe was surprised from above by a mixed formation of Spitfires and Thunderbolts and decimated. Eight Fw 190s were shot down with five pilots killed and another captured. Several veteran pilots were among those lost. Lt. Helmut Proff, Uffz. Christian Knoblauch and Gefr. Walter Gehr of 4. Staffel were all killed. Lt. Christian Steven and Obfw. Alfred Bindseil of 6. Staffel were also killed and Uffz. Otto Stuckenbroch, also of 6. Staffel, was captured. When the P-47s attacked Stuckenbroch's "yellow 11" caught fire, but he was able to parachute over Allied lines seven kilometers northeast of St. Lô. Another two Focke-Wulfs were shot down, but their pilots escaped injury and returned to their unit. In exchange II. Gruppe was credited with three victories; Oblt. von Kirchmayr shot down two Spitfires, one at 1307 and another at 1335 for his 19th and 20th victories. Obfw Flecks of 6. Staffel shot down another Spitfire at 1305 for his 14th Abschuss. As the Gruppe flew back they were attacked again by a number of Spitfires. Ofhr. Rudolf Kaltenhäuser of 6. Staffel was shot down and severely injured in an emergency landing north of Alençon. He died of his wounds on 24 July. Finally, that evening, Gefr. Johannes Kamutzki of 7./JG 51 was shot down and killed while in combat with Spitfires during a transfer flight to Le Mans. July 20th was a black day for II. Gruppe with ten aircraft lost, seven pilots killed and another captured.
The following two days were stormy ones and no missions were flown. The stormy weather continued on 23 July, but II. Gruppe flew one evening mission west of St. Lô which resulted in another combat with Spitfires and Thunderbolts. This time no losses were suffered and two victories were gained. 4. Staffel's Lt. Swoboda shot down a P-47 at 2110 hours for his 10th Abschuss and Uffz. Gallbach shot down a Spitfire at 2125 hours for his first victory. On the return flight, Obfw. Schuhmacher observed that the aircraft flown by Uffz. Erich Rahner of 7./JG 51 was out of control at a low altitude. Schuhmacher radioed the the pilot to make a wheels-up emergency landing which resulted in the aircraft overturning. Schuhmacher immediately bellied-in alongside the severely injured Rahner and enlisted the aid of nearby soldiers and civilians to remove the canopy and save his comrade. Rahner was pulled from the Focke-Wulf and recovered after a three day coma in the hospital at Chartres. He had been rendered unconscious by fumes from a fuel leak. The storms abated on 24 July, but nothing is known of any operations on that date other than that no losses or victories were reported.
"Operation Cobra", the Allied break-out from the St. Lô area began on July 25th as the American First and Third Armies attacked towards the south. Elements of II. Gruppe flew one mission over the American assault, losing one pilot in combat with Mustangs. Gefr. Helmut Walter of 5. Staffel was killed near Chandai. There is no information on any operations on 26 July, except, as usual, no losses or victories occured. The 27th of July saw the loss of another experienced Rottenführer as Uffz. Fritz Milde of 5. Staffel fell during combat with Spitfires in the vicinity of Alençon. In the afternoon of the 28th II. Gruppe flew a single mission to the battlefront west of St. Lô, engaging an American fighter group and claimed one victory against no losses. Fw. Zinkl of 6. Staffel shot down a P-47 at 1720 hours for his fourth Abschuss. Bad weather hindered operations on the next day with II. Gruppe only flying one mission, a combined effort with I. Gruppe in the early evening. After taking off from Semallé, they were joined by 17 Fw 190s of I. Gruppe, its total strength, from Lonrai. The mixed Verband flew under the cloud deck in a northwesterly direction toward St. Lô and engaged some Thunderbolts. The Germans suffered no losses while destroying two American fighters, one of which was shot down by Obfw. Flecks of 6. Staffel at 1908 hours for his 15th Abschuss.
On 30 July the American spearheads reached the vicinity of Avranches, while in the air the Allied fighter-bombers flew unceasingly against German defensive positions. JG 1 was again tasked to attack the Allied Jabos and help relieve the pressure against the German 7th Army. At 1441 hours, ten to twelve Focke-Wulfs of II. Gruppe took off from Semallé and were joined by an equal number of aircraft from I. Gruppe at Lonrai. The Verband flew at 1000 meters (3300 ft.) in the direction of the front under the leadership of Lt. Gerhard Hanf of I. Gruppe. On this occasion, the German formation wasn't intercepted before reaching their own lines. They quickly spotted and bounced fifteeen to twenty Thunderbolts which were strafing ground targets. The combat lasted only a few minutes leaving the surviving Thunderbolts scattered and the Germans flying singly back to their own base. Six P-47s were confirmed destroyed, with three going to the pilots of II. Gruppe. Gefr. May of 7./JG 51 was credited with one at 1512 hours for his first Abschuss, while Obfw. Flecks of 6. Staffel shot down two, one at 1513 and another a minute later for his 16th and 17th victories. However the Germans did suffer the loss of two pilots, one being from II. Gruppe. Uffz. Wolfgang Boyé of 7./JG 51 was killed when he was shot down near Avranches. On 31 July a joint mission was again flown with I. Gruppe over the breakout, 16 machines of I. Gruppe taking off at 1217 hours and joining several aircraft of II. Gruppe. The German unit was intercepted almost immediately by a superior force of Thunderbolts. Three pilots were lost, all from I. Gruppe. Two victories were confirmed, one by II. Gruppe when Obfw. Flecks shot down a P-47 at 1235 hours for his 18th Abschuss. After the combat, parts of the German formation continued their mission, flying in a northeasterly direction from Alençon. A group of Spitfires was spotted and successfully attacked. Obfw. Flecks was credited with another victory, a Spitfire going down at 1255 hours for his 19th Abschuss, while Uffz. Fritz Wurl, also from 6. Staffel, claimed a Spitfire for his fourth Abschuss. Also on this date II. Gruppe finally received a new Kommandeur, Hptm. Hermann Staiger (58 Abschüsse to date), who was transferred from I./JG 26. Acting Kommandeur Oblt. von Kirchmayr was transferred to I./JG 11. He had 20 Abschüsse to his credit, all gained in two years operational flying with II./JG 1.
The first two days of August saw diminished activity that resulted in no claims, although the trees around Semallé claimed another pilot in a landing accident. Uffz. Fritz Wurl was killed the day after his fourth victory. By 3 August the Allies were getting dangerously close to Alençon and the Gruppen of JG 1 flew two joint armed reconnaissance missions to determine the extent of the Allied advance. No losses or victories were recorded, and that evening both Gruppen began transferring to Oysonville, just southwest of Paris. II. Gruppe did not mount any operations for the next three days as the ground crews struggled to reach Oysonville by road. During the night of August 6/7, 5. Panzerarmee attacked westward from Mortain with four panzer divisions in an effort to cut off the American Third Army from its supply base. All Jagdgruppen were ordered to fly air cover over the attacking German forces. The remnants of I. and II./JG 1 were to strafe American positions in the vicinity of Mortain while the Bf 109s of III./JG 1 were to provide top cover. Ground fog delayed this first Geschwader strength operation of the Normandy campaign until 1412 hours. After taking-off and forming up, the Geschwader headed towards Avranches. As they neared the French town, they were engaged by numerous Allied fighters and suffered the loss of six pilots killed and one wounded in exchange for no victories. II. Gruppe lost two pilots from 7./JG 51; Uffz. Friedrich Mai and Uffz. Hans Hermann were both shot down and killed in action by Spitfires near Mortain.
7./JG 51 had joined II. Gruppe with 15 pilots on strength at the end of May. During the first two months of the Normandy campaign twelve pilots had been killed, one captured and another severely wounded, leaving only Lt. Günther Heckmann still able to fly. The Staffel had given its all.
During the night of August 7/8th, the British and Canadians began a massive assault southwards from Caen to cut off and trap 5. Panzerarmee west of Falaise. The German high command called off their struggling counter-offensive at Mortain and began a withdrawal to the east. II. Gruppe flew no missions on either August 8th or 9th. The next day, it flew a limited strength mission over the area of Avranches led by the new Kommandeur, Hptm. Staiger. Spitfires were encountered, one of which fell to the guns of the Kommandeur for his 59th victory. Uffz. Wilhelm Wäschle of 4. Staffel was the only casualty. II. Gruppe then redeployed across the Seine some 130 kilometers east to Connantre on 11 August, losing three Focke-Wulfs to accidents in the process. The ground crews followed by road, but took two full days to arrive in the chaotic conditions.
The Staffeln were now at the end of their stength and flew no missions during the week they were at Connantre. On 15 August, the Allies invaded Southern France, and the Staffeln of II./JG were finally renumbered to conform to a four-Staffel Gruppe:
|5. Staffel remained 5./JG 1
|Lt. Hubert Swoboda
|6. Staffel remained 6./JG 1
|Lt. Fritz Wegner
|4. Staffel was renumbered 7./JG 1
|Lt. Otto Bach
|7./JG 51 was renumbered 8./JG 1
|Lt. Günther Heckmann
In summation, the four Staffeln of II./JG 1 spent ten weeks in Normandy and suffered the following losses:
|27 pilots killed (including 3 in accidents)
|3 pilots captured
|2 pilots seriously wounded
The Gruppe also lost 106 aircraft, including:
|41 in aerial combat
|31 on the ground to Allied attacks
|34 in accidents or through abandonment
|Stab II./JG 1
|4 Abschüsse
|no pilots lost
|2 Abschüsse
|5 pilots KIA
|1 Abschuss
|5 pilots KIA
|12 Abschüsse
|6 pilots KIA, 2 POW, and 1 wounded
|13 Abschüsse
|11 pilots KIA, 1 POW, and 1 wounded
An earlier version of this appeared in Luftwaffe Verband Journal 4, Oct. 95
Return to Axis Aerial Orders of Battle.


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Bash Process Substitution
In addition to the fairly common forms of input/output redirection the shell recognizes something called process substitution. Although not documented as a form of input/output redirection, its syntax and its effects are similar.
The syntax for process substitution is:
<(list) or >(list)where each list is a command or a pipeline of commands. The effect of process substitution is to make each list act like a file. This is done by giving the list a name in the file system and then substituting that name in the command line. The list is given a name either by connecting the list to named pipe or by using a file in /dev/fd (if supported by the O/S). By doing this, the command simply sees a file name and is unaware that its reading from or writing to a command pipeline.
To substitute a command pipeline for an input file the syntax is:
command ... <(list) ...To substitute a command pipeline for an output file the syntax is:
command ... >(list) ...
At first process substitution may seem rather pointless, for example you might imagine something simple like:
uniq <(sort a)to sort a file and then find the unique lines in it, but this is more commonly (and more conveniently) written as:
sort a | uniqThe power of process substitution comes when you have multiple command pipelines that you want to connect to a single command.
For example, given the two files:
# cat a e d c b a # cat b g f e d c bTo view the lines unique to each of these two unsorted files you might do something like this:
# sort a | uniq >tmp1 # sort b | uniq >tmp2 # comm -3 tmp1 tmp2 a f g # rm tmp1 tmp2With process substitution we can do all this with one line:
# comm -3 <(sort a | uniq) <(sort b | uniq) a f g
Depending on your shell settings you may get an error message similar to:
syntax error near unexpected token `('when you try to use process substitution, particularly if you try to use it within a shell script. Process substitution is not a POSIX compliant feature and so it may have to be enabled via:
set +o posixBe careful not to try something like:
if [[ $use_process_substitution -eq 1 ]]; then set +o posix comm -3 <(sort a | uniq) <(sort b | uniq) fiThe command set +o posix enables not only the execution of process substitution but the recognition of the syntax. So, in the example above the shell tries to parse the process substitution syntax before the "set" command is executed and therefore still sees the process substitution syntax as illegal.
Of course, note that all shells may not support process substitution, these examples will work with bash.
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The Norma Rae of Fashion Interns
Meet Diana Wang, the unpaid intern suing Harper's Bazaar.
Skip to content, or skip to search.
Skip to content, or skip to search.
Meet Diana Wang, the unpaid intern suing Harper's Bazaar.
Say unpaid coffee duty is widespread at the Fox Entertainment Group.
The studio has issued a response to last week's 'Black Swan' lawsuit.
McCarthy's new film will star Paul Giamatti and Amy Ryan.
Plus: Old people singing and robots!
The film only grossed $14,458 last weekend.
Plus: Jim Belushi! Gordon Ramsay! A Canadian kid!
Plus: Bret Easton Ellis! 'American Dad'! Reese Witherspoon!
Watch a clip from the movie!
Watch out for Gary Busey!
With ten Oscars on the line, Danny Boyle has released a statement rebutting charges of exploitation that appeared in Tuesday's 'Telegraph.'
Charges of child exploitation! Protests at Indian movie theaters! Dogs named after Danny Boyle!
Plus: They've found the perfect director for 'Voltron'! It's some dude who directed 'Queer Eye for the Straight Guy'!
Plus: Chris Noth is Renée Zellweger's 'One and Only,' and the MTV Movie Awards cut to the chase.
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Cedar Rapids Golf at the Jones Golf Course
Call the Jones Golf Course at (319) 286-5581
Assistant Superintendent: Chad Bildstein
EARLY BIRD SPECIAL: Thursdays before 10 am, $26.00 for 18 holes and power car rental.
Photos from the historic flood....hole #1, from patio of clubhouse toward #1 tee, from patio of clubhouse looking down #9, clubhouse from across the parking lot, silt on greens, Chad at #16.
Jones golf course has recovered from the historic flood of June 2008....and is now OPEN. At this Cedar Rapids golf course, we utilize 10 minute tee times which makes your average round at Jones now under 4 hours!
Jones Park Golf Course opened for play in 1959 as a 9-hole facility set on the southwest side of Cedar Rapids. This Cedar Rapids golf course course is close to the interstate and convenient to reach. The 9-hole facility continued until the spring of 2000, when the course was closed for the Master Plan Renovation. Lohmann Golf Design and The Bruce Company turned the course into an 18-hole Cedar Rapids golf course with 20 sand bunkers and 11 ponds. The 18-hole course was officially opened to the public May 24, 2001. It officially reopened from the historic flood of 2008 on May 22, 2009.
Jones Memorial Park in southwest Cedar Rapids was named after Richard C. Jones, a former Parks Commissioner.
Jones golf course restored May 24, 2009 and the clubhouse restored and opened November 19, 2009. Nearly 250 people attended the Grand Re-Opening and toured the renovated facility.
PRIVATE golf lessons by PGA professional, Dave Roe. Lessons will be focused on short game and conducted "on-course". Call 286-5581 or EMAIL.
Jones Golf Course Ratings
Blue: 69.7/121
White: 67.8/117
Gold (Men): 66.5/115
Gold (Women): 69.2/108
Red: 66.1/100
Jones Golf Course Scorecard
Jones Golf Course Layout
Jones Park Golf Course
2901 Fruitland Boulevard SW
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52404
Phone: (319) 286-5581


text:
Educating Our Students, Faculty and Staff
The Mount will begin its Fall 2011 semester on Monday, Aug. 22. All new students were required to attend a mandatory session on safe and respectful driving in the neighborhood during orientation in June. Additionally, continuing education classes and reminders are scheduled throughout the semester for our students to encourage their compliance.
Extra Security Patrols in Neighborhood for First Week of School
Mount St. Mary's campus security will have increased patrols in the neighborhood during the week of Aug. 22 to 26, in order to continue to educate our students on the importance of safe and respectful driving in the neighborhood. After the first week, the neighborhood patrol will return to its regular schedule.
Neighbors Invited to Film Series
Our Chalon neighbors are invited to attend a free film series at the Mount each month through November. The Women in Film Independent Film Series will show new films and shorts each month on Sept. 21, Oct. 19 and Nov. 16, with check-in at 6:30 p.m. and the films beginning at 7 p.m. For more information on the films being offered, check the Mount web page at www.msmc.la.edu, or call 310.954.4070.
Sept. 24 Public Service for Women Seminar Open to Public
Did you know the U.S. ranks 67th in the world in women's political representation? Mount St. Mary's College, the Center for American Women & Politics and California Women Lead will sponsor a seminar designed to educate women about becoming involved in the political process on Saturday, Sept. 24. The seminar, "Inspiration and Action," will run from 8:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. in the William H. Hannon Theater at the Chalon Campus. Hear from retired legislators and learn how the skills you already have can translate into effective public service. The cost for the day is $10, which includes parking and refreshments. For more information, contact MSMC Special Events at 213.477.2761.
Carondelet Center Opens Holiday Angel Boutique to Neighbors
The Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet will hold the annual Holiday Angel Boutique on Saturday and Sunday, Nov. 5 and 6, from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. at Carondelet Center, 11999 Chalon Rd. This is an opportunity to shop for handcrafted and vintage treasures, hostess gifts, stocking stuffers, jewelry and gourmet delights. Guests are welcome, and refreshments will be served. For more information, contact Carondelet Center at 310.472.5982.
New College President Named
Ann McElaney-Johnson, who took office on July 1, 2011, is the 12th president of Mount St. Mary's College. She previously was the vice president for academic and student affairs at Salem College in Winston-Salem, N.C.
McElaney-Johnson brings 23 years of service to small, residential liberal arts colleges, as a faculty member, associate dean and chief academic officer to her new role as president of Mount St. Mary's College. She is passionate about the importance of women's colleges, and a strong advocate for women's education and leadership issues. She is a champion of interdisciplinary teaching and learning, and brings spiritual perspective to the Mount as a Catholic.
From 1998 to 2011, she served in a variety of leadership positions at Salem College, founded in 1772, which is the nation's oldest continually operating institution for women in the United States. Prior to that, she served at Ripon College, Wisc. She earned her Ph.D. in French from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and holds degrees from Middlebury College, Vt., and College of the Holy Cross, Mass.
Mount Students Find Summer Employment with Author Lisa See
Four Mount students have turned a freshman English project chronicling the Los Angeles history found in famous novels into summer employment with well-known author Lisa See.
Just weeks after completing their first year at the Mount, Danielle Mumar, Kamirun Nesa, Nicole Nicolas and Gladys Santillan, all class of 2014, were sitting around the dining room table at See's home near the Chalon Campus, discussing their new employment with the author. Their journey began in April when English Professor Scott Bryson sent a link of the Web site they created in his class about See's "Shanghai Girls" to the author.
See hired the students in June to create a new Web site providing details about people and places in her latest release, "Dreams of Joy." When the students enthusiastically finished that project on time and with great attention to detail, See again hired the team to do the same treatment for her previous work, "Snow Flower and the Secret Fan," which is the basis for a film released this month. That project was due the first week of August, just before the students started their sophomore coursework.
"I can't tell you how impressed I am by all the things you've found," See wrote to the students after reviewing their "Dreams of Joy" project. "I love that it all looks so colorful and engaging. You all have done a fabulous job!"
"The students are thrilled out of their minds to be doing this," Bryson says. "'Shanghai Girls' was a favorite of all the students, and this group in particular went at it full force," he says. Bryson revamped his LA Literature Web site -- where his students' projects are archived -- this year with help from a $12,000 competitive teaching grant he applied for and received from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Bryson's Web site has gained its own national attention for providing a creative and engaging way for students to understand the importance of place and time in literature.
After Bryson reached out to See about his students' work, the author immediately posted a link to their Web site on her Facebook fan page and shared the site on Twitter.
Mount Charters New Honor Society for Nursing Excellence
The Mount established a chapter of the prestigious Honor Society of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau International, during a June ceremony with 122 nursing faculty and students inducted as charter members.
The new Phi Lambda Chapter was welcomed in a celebration at The Rose Hills Auditorium on the Doheny Campus led by Carol Huston, past president of Sigma Theta Tau International and chair of the International Leadership Succession Committee.
The honor society is a not-for-profit organization whose mission is to improve the health of people worldwide through leadership and scholarship in practice, education and research. Membership in the honor society is by invitation to baccalaureate and graduate nursing students who demonstrate excellence in scholarship, and to nurse leaders who demonstrate exceptional achievement in nursing. The honor society counts 463 chapters worldwide.
To become part of the honor society, a school of nursing must offer a minimum of a baccalaureate degree or the equivalent and be accredited by a recognized accrediting body.
Play by Mount Security Guard to Debut at Chalon in October
Mount security officer Felicia Jones takes her true passion of writing to a new level in October when she debuts her first play at the College.
Jones' work, "Street Love Monologues," comes to the William H. Hannon Theater on the Chalon Campus on at 6:30 p.m. on Oct. 2, 9, 16 and 23. The play, written, produced and directed by Jones, explores the emotions of two best friends who grew up in South Central Los Angeles, Nikki Patterson and Paris Smith, who secretly battle abuse and depression in their personal lives.
"There are so many women in these same situations, battling depression and abuse with no one to turn to," says Jones, of Long Beach. Jones says she suffered through domestic violence and hopes her writing will give others a voice to bring change to their lives. Jones' project is self-financed through her company, Felicia Nicole Productions.
General admission for the play is $20, or $10 with a military or school ID.
Mount St. Mary's College Mission
Mount St. Mary's College offers a dynamic learning experience in the liberal arts and sciences to a diverse student body. As a Catholic college primarily for women, we are dedicated to providing a superior education enhanced by an emphasis on building leadership skills and fostering a spirit to serve others. Our measure of success is graduates who are committed to using their knowledge and skills to better themselves, their environments, and the world.
Upcoming Chalon Campus Events
Monday, Aug. 22
Fall 2011 semester begins
Monday, Sept. 5
Labor Day holiday - college closed
Saturday, Sept. 10
9 a.m.-7 p.m.
Mount Orchestra Concerto Competition (100)
Saturday, Sept. 17
10 a.m.-6 p.m.
Wedding (200)
Wednesday, Sept. 21
6:30-10 p.m.
Women in Film series (100)
Saturday, Sept. 24
8 a.m.-4 p.m.
Inspiration & Action seminar; Women's Leadership Conference (200)
Saturday, Oct. 1
8 a.m.-6 p.m.
Heinle ESL Fall Institute (100)
Sunday, Oct. 2
6:30-10:30 p.m.
"Street Love Monologues" (100)
Saturday, Oct. 15
8 a.m.-10 p.m.
Homecoming, Reunions & Dinner (300)
Sunday, Oct. 16
6:30-10:30 p.m.
"Street Love Monologues" (100)
Wednesday, Oct. 19
6:30-10 p.m.
Women in Film series (100)
Friday, Oct. 21
5-10 p.m.
ASB Charity Ball (200)
Sunday, Oct. 23
6:30-10:30 p.m.
"Street Love Monologues" (100)
Sunday, Oct. 30
10 a.m.-9 p.m.
Afternoon at the Mount Student Open House (300)
Nov. 5-6
10 a.m.-3 p.m.
Carondelet Center: Holiday Angel Boutique
Wednesday, Nov. 16
6:30-10 p.m.
Women in Film series (100)
Saturday, Nov. 19
8 a.m.-7:30 p.m.
Student Government Conference (150)
Nov. 24-25
Thanksgiving holiday - college closed
Friday, Dec. 2
7-10 p.m.
Christmas Choral Concert (200)
Thursday, Dec. 8
Last day of classes
Dec. 24-25
Christmas holiday - college closed
Dec. 29-30
New Years holiday - college closed
This list is current as of the date of publication. To see all current college events, please visit our calendars, accessible from the College main web page: www.msmc.la.edu
For more information, to be added to the distribution list for the newsletter, or to suggest topics that you would like to see in the next newsletter, please contact:
Debbie Ream
Director, Public Relations
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 213.477.2505


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Difference Between Psychopath and Sociopath
Anti-social personality disorders can take on many variations. The two main delineations are sociopaths and psychopaths. For better or worse, there are few differences between psychopaths and sociopaths. Some medical dictionaries even consider them to be synonymous. Both disorders cause one to engage in extremely anti-social behavior that includes acts of extreme violence. While psychiatrists often class sociopaths and psychopaths together, criminologists differentiate between them based on their outward behavior.
Outward Behavior of a Sociopath
- Sociopaths tend to be extremely disorganized.
- They are unable to maintain normal relationships with family, friends, or co-workers.
- They are often unable to keep steady employment or housing.
- They often live literally at the fringes of society. In a study of the homeless people who live in the subway tunnels of New York City, a disproportionately large number of them were classed as sociopaths.
- Their outbreaks of violence are erratic and unplanned. Sociopaths are easier to identify and apprehend as they generally leave behind a large trail of clues.
Outward Behavior of a Psychopath
- Psychopaths can be almost obsessively organized.
- They can maintain normal social relationships. They may take care of aging parents or be married with children.
- Psychopaths will often be very successful in their careers. Their need for organization is coupled with an ability to make others like and trust them. Because they intellectually understand human emotions but are unable to experience them themselves, they are masters at emotional manipulation.
- They often live in a normal house or apartment, completely indistinguishable from healthy people.
- Psychopaths will take years to plan out acts of violence and revenge. They are very difficult to catch because they will carefully plan each step of the act to ensure they will commit their crime undetected.
There are some similarities between Psychopaths and Sociopaths: Both psychopaths are sociopaths have medical mental disorders that can be treated or alleviated through therapy and medication once properly diagnosed. Their symptoms begin to be outwardly established at approximately fifteen years of age and are initially manifested by excessive cruelty to animals. As the disease progresses the main symptoms include: a lack of what society normally deems a 'conscience,' lack of remorse or guilt for hurtful actions to others, an intellectual understanding of appropriate social behavior but no emotional response to the actions of others, an inability to form genuine relationships, and inappropriate or out of proportion responses to perceived slights.
1. Sociopaths and psychopaths are both classed as anti-social personality disorders.
2. Both types of person enjoy cruelty, feel lack normal human emotions of guilt, and are unable to form emotional bonds with others.
3. Sociopaths generally behave in a disorganized, erratic manner.
4. Psychopaths generally behave outwardly normal but will engage in elaborate plots to manipulate or harm those around them.
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16 Comments
the article states that "both … have medical mental disorders that can be treated or alleviated through therapy and medication once properly diagnosed". this is contrary to most psychotherapeutic experience. whom or what are you citing here?
marian c
To Marian c
We don't have to cite…*closes door*
There are a few mistakes in your article.
Sociopaths are obsessive and organized, while Psychopaths are disorganized.
Psychopathy is not recognized as an actual mental disorder, while Sociopathy is.
Good lord you're misinformed. Psycho and sociopaths are the same thing. Read some peer reviewed studies if you even know what they are.
@Gelgamark: Actually, I think Marcott is right. Can you please post links to the articles you are referring to? Because the studies I've read seem to more or less support Marcott's statement – at least in regard to the the organization description.
This whole article is a mess. Where on earth did you drum up this information from?
Obviously this author must be a sociopath…*closes door*
I find that most of the enlisted differences between a psychopath and sociopath is accurate..except for two of the enlisted outward behavior distinctions of the sociopath is "extremely"disorganized, leaving behind a large trail of clues, and being easily identified and apprehended. For instance, serial killer Ted Bundy fits under the outward behavior-based profile of a sociopath, but he was not exactly extremely disorganized and he hadn't quite left behind a large trail of clues that revealed his identity and apprehension. But to the exact, he was disorganized only to some degree. He was mostly organized, though his organized capacities had not reached to the level of being almost obsessive.
Plus I want to add, that a sociopath has an abnormal level of temperament. On the other hand, the psychopath has a normal level of temperament. For example, a sociopathic killer would only kill in a sense of anger and resentment. Therefore, the crime scene will indicate that the offender carried out his or her acts of violence in a sense of rage. And a psychopathic killer would kill in a sense of vindictiveness. A violent psychopath will keeping a cool head and would only express their anger and resentment while being alone. Then after releasing the emotion of anger and vindictiveness, the psychopath will in the next step start to think and come up with a calculating, methodical, and meticulous plan of how and when to inflict harm upon their victim. While committing the murder, the psychopath is consistently cool headed. Because of the fact his or her plan is going along as wanted and expected to the outcomes of it in either getting revenge or to get rid of the person who is in the way from getting what he/she wants.
I apologize for my spelling grammar mistakes in my previous reply above. I hope I didn't confuse anyone reading it. I was a bit excited to share what I have found in research on this subject.
Don't say, "I was a bit excited to share what I have found in research on this subject." you dirty Plebeian. The correct tense is, "I was a bit excited to share what I had found in researching this subject." Do you even english? Holy crap, buddy, someone got a 1200 on their SATs.
I must also add in correcting myself, the example I used to back up my point is not exactly accurate on what I had mentioned on Ted Bundy's outward behavior. The only accurate facts to this example in support of my point I'm trying to make is that Bundy, who fits mostly under the enlisted behaviors of the sociopath was not extremely disorganized in his acts of amoral and antisocial behavior, most of his outbursts of violence were a bit erratic but had been carefully planned before he acted it out, and also he left behind only some clues…not a lot of them. Several or more individuals who saw Ted Bundy did get a good look to provide a sketch of his face but the problem is he was also a chameleon. He changed his appearance at least a dozen times while he was evading law enforcement.
When one tries to define something one tends to leave out the fact the human beings, even sociopaths and psychopaths, can't be neatly fitted into molds! The author of this article using the standard webster's definition of sociopaths and psychopaths but fails to take into considerations various levels of each. Strictly speaking the author is mostly right but sociopaths can by organized and psyhcopaths can be disorganized. Human beings usually learn from their mistakes and they adjust accordingly if they get away with it. Most sociopaths and psychopaths are caught early in their morbid career the ones who are dangerous are the ones who get away or escape close calls. It's those folks, who learn from their mistakes, that go on to be the most prolific and dangerous serial killers. This applies to both sociopaths and pyschopaths in my opinion. Law Enforcement should always keep an open mind and never fully trust a profile. You can use it as a tool but never place an inordinate amount of faith in it. Good Day, Joe.
sorry about the spelling and run-0n sentences. They are really typos but I hope you get what I 'm meaning. Good Day.
Borderline personality disorder is one of those diagnoses that can at times mask ASPD. Psychopathy cannot be treated with medications. Antisocial Personality Disorder cannot be treated with medications. Not all sociopaths or psychopaths are killers, many walk among us and are in high-ranking corporate positions. They are the corporate bullies whose acts cause millions or more in employee turnover, sickness, etc. Who are so good at the game of manipulation that they make sure they are covered in case you decide to go against them. With very little evidence or little more than their word, they can convince a panel of people that it is YOU who is the miscreant. You can have loads of evidence, witnesses, etc. but to no avail. Once these people get into positions of power, your best bet is to quietly look for another job or if that's not possible, then try to not do anything to be noticed. Even mentioning that they are a sociopath or psychopath will make YOU look like the "crazy" one. They drive you crazy and then use your own inability to "deal" with the impossible against you. I work with and have unfortunate personal dealings with these people. It is not pleasant.
I am, unfortunately, finding out that I am not only the mother but also one of the victims of one or the other above mentioned individuals. I thought @ first my oldest daughter had lost her mind when she informed me of some of her sister's social ( illegal ) indiscretions. Needless to say the turmoil created by my youngest child and her collaboraters is still being dealt with through the legal system. If I hadn't seen the evidence for myself I still would not believe it. Unfortunately this also involves my grandchilren in state custody & on & on. It's true that you cannot stick all humans in the same mold. In fact, outside of an assembly line , I don't think there's much of anything, @ least organically speaking, that will fit in one mold. God bless & thanks, CAE,RN
Psychopaths and sociopaths can't be treated with medicine or counseling. The drugs might make them subdued for a while, but the psychopathy never goes away. Psychopaths can usually con therapists into believing that the treatments are wortking, but the psychopath merely uses this to his benefit. Obama is a good example of a psychopath, especially because of his lack of empathy, conscience, remorse, and his constant pathological lying. Very dangerous for the country.
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Take Two for November 26, 2012
California state officials question safety of energy drinks like Monster, 5-Hour Energy
KAREN BLEIER/AFP/Getty Images
This October 23, 2012 photo illustration shows a variety of Monster Energy drinks in Washington, DC. The US Food and Drug Administration is investigating five deaths and a heart attack for possible links to consumption of Monster Energy drinks, an agency spokeswoman said Tuesday.
More questions are being raised about the safety of energy drinks like Monster and 5-Hour Energy.
Those brands have exploded in popularity in recent years, but health officials warn they may be linked to as many as 13 deaths. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has been investigating the drinks, and now California state officials are looking into them as well.
Mina Kim reports.


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Hot Chocolate chef Mindy Segal and boyfriend Dan Tompkins share pozole and tacos at Arturo's, 2001 N. Western.
Article Extras
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If you envision chefs, at the ends of their shifts, lingering in the kitchen and searing slabs of foie gras while sipping champagne, then brace yourself for an imagination adjustment. Reality is much less romantic.
When Josh Adams, chef and owner of June in Peoria Heights, leaves work, he wants sugar. To be precise, he wants Jelly Bellies. He likes juicy pear, tangerine, all the fruit flavors.
He eats them in the car, on the way home, washing them down with a bottle of sparkling water. It's hardly organic, Adams admits, and not sustainable and "against most of my food philosophies. . . . I'm trying to quit. I got the Jelly Belly patch; we'll see how that works."
They spend their lives feeding people, but chefs have to eat, too. Spiaggia's Tony Mantuano cuts to the core of the problem: "When you've been cooking all day, who wants to cook, right- " Hence, the lure of the quick bite.
And where Adams yearns for sugar, Mantuano goes for salt: "Cape Cod potato chips - love 'em - but I eat them with thinly sliced Manchego cheese." Crispy, creamy, salty - what more could a man need- Mantuano rolls out a warm chuckle. "At midnight," he says, "not much more."
Sometimes, after 14 hours in a kitchen, Jeff Pikus of Gilt Bar doesn't even want to look at food. For him, "The goal is typically the procurement of alcohol in all of its forms." Don't imagine him ordering ornate cocktails. "High Life, a shot of Jameson. I like to keep it simple," he says.
Still, a chef does not live by booze alone. The 24-hour Korean barbecue joint, San Soo Gab San, at 5251 N. Western, serves "unpretentious food," Pikus says, and draws many a hungry chef in the wee hours.
That 24-hour detail is important. Chefs may start work at 10 a.m. and not leave until 1 or 2 in the morning. There's not much time between work and work.The homebodies
Not all chefs choose to go out for food. Take Laurent Gras of L20, 2300 N. Lincoln Park West.
"I stay home when I finish my shift," he says. "I usually eat fruit, yogurt."
Four days a week, Gras gets up at 5:30 a.m. to exercise; the nights before those mornings, he stokes up on carbs, but nothing complicated.
"When you work a lot," he says, "your routine is pretty simple."
Also a homebody: Phillip Foss of Lockwood in the Palmer House Hilton.
"Nineteen out of 20 nights," says Foss, "I'll be going home."
When he does go out, it's usually with fellow chefs, and he aims to try new food at such places as the Purple Pig and the Bristol.
"We end up being the last reservation, and usually we're the last people to leave," Foss says.
Closing restaurants, going out for drinks - how do chefs stay lean- Foss laughs. "Being on your feet and running around the kitchen without time to eat does not hurt that," he says.
In Carrie Nahabedian's kitchen at Naha, 500 N. Clark, her crew might gather for what is essentially a scraps sandwich - fragments of one dish and another, brilliantly composed into something that proves that the sandwich is greater than the sum of its parts, if only briefly.
That's not for every night, though. Most nights, Nahabedian's a member of the go-home-and-eat-simply school of chefs. Spam and family
Sunda chef Rodelio Aglibot stores Spam in his office. "I'm always craving Spam and eggs at midnight," he says.
He pan-fries the Spam, deglazes the pan with soy sauce and eats it in a bowl of steamed rice with two crisp, sunny-side-up eggs on top. Be warned: This stuff's habit-forming. Aglibot has merrily gotten sous chef after sous chef hooked on Spam and eggs.
His other craving: Top Ramen, shrimp flavor.
While Aglibot likes hot stuff, Sarah Stegner of Prairie Grass Cafe and Prairie Fire has a hard time keeping her hands out of the freezer and off Prairie Fire's booze-sicles.
"I've kind of been craving them," she admits. There's a selection: lemon and North Shore vodka, blueberry and vanilla cognac. The latter "has a little bit of yogurt in it," Stegner says, "so I can justify that it's healthy." A new version is coming - peaches and cream with rum. In the heat of summer, that's midnight seduction on a stick.
After Stegner's shift, she cooks scrambled eggs or an omelet "with lots of local vegetables. That's my all-time go-to right now."
Bill Kim, chef and owner of Urban Belly and Belly Shack, doesn't have to cook his at-home suppers: His mother-in-law, Lola Alicea, is a generous, old-school Puerto Rican cook. He loves her arroz con gandules (rice and beans), and after a 16-hour day, he's happy to eat at home with his wife.
So, too, does Boka's Giuseppe Tentori, a newlywed. "At the end of the week, my midnight temptation is a wonderful Scotch or rye whisky, when I go home," he says.
He likes Bruichladdich and Pappy Van Winkle, drunk neat - and he loves popcorn. He adds chili flakes for a little kick, fresh Parmesan and freshly ground pepper. His wife's portion gets truffle oil as well.
Curtis Duffy, chef de cuisine at Avenues in the Peninsula Chicago, keeps this rule: "Don't go out on a school night."
But on non-school nights, Duffy's another fan of the Purple Pig, 500 N. Michigan, which serves "great chef food." (Interpretation: the odder bits of beast.)
After spending a day in a hot kitchen at Rockit, James Gottwald wants salt - specifically,
"One of my absolute favorites is the handmade artisanal sopressata that's made by Phil [Stefani] and all of his chefs," he says.
Gottwald gets his fix from Phil Stefani's 437 Rush, and he feels no guilt. "I want to smell like an Italian deli when I wake up, no matter how many times I brush my teeth," he says.
Mindy Segal of Hot Chocolate is devoted to Arturo's, 2001 N. Western. She orders tacos lomo (ribeye tacos).
"They come with caramelized onions," she says. With giardiniera, "They are heaven."
Eating like a chef isn't expensive, after all. Keep a stash of Top Ramen or Jelly Bellies, grab some friends and go out for tacos. Time it right, and a chef you admire may be at the next table, digging into pigs' ears and tilting back a beer.
Seanan Forbes is a free-lance writer based in New York and London.


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10 Signs That He Wants to Marry You
Sometimes men can be hard to read, but some things that he does and say tell you all the things you want to know. Do you want to know if your boyfriend is ready to marry you? Here are some signs:
He says things like, "You're the only one who… (etc.)"
When he says things like "You're the only one who has done something like this for me" or "You're the only girl I have ever loved" or anything to that extent, he is serious about your relationship.
He wants you to meet his family
Remember this: men are not going to take just any woman home to meet his family. You have to be someone special for any man to do that. If he asks you to meet his mom or any other member of his family, then he is serious about your relationship and plans on being with you for a long time.
He wants to live together
Nothing shows commitment like a man who is ready to give up his bachelor pad. He loves you so much that he wants you to live with him. Most men are afraid to live with their girlfriends because they don't want a commitment. But if he brings it up without you pressuring him, he definitely ready to take the relationship further.
He considers you and him partners
If you have a man that consults you on everything, then you've got yourself a keeper. He doesn't only see you as his girlfriend, but as his equal. He considers you as someone who he can trust and confide in. Men look for things like that in a woman, and when they find it, they can't let go.
He cries in front of you
Men like to seem "macho". Even some men believe that crying is a sign of weakness. If your man can cry in front of you, then he sees you as a comfort system. That means that he is so comfortable around you that he feels that he can share his emotions with you and not expect you to judge. Congratulations, your man has just found the perfect woman!
He has friends who are married
It's sad to say that men are easily influenced by their friends. If he has groups of friends that are married already, then he may seem like the odd one out. This might actually get him start thinking about settling down himself.
He touches you in the sweetest way
Some men are not all into that touchy feeling and showing affection type thing. But the way he gazes into your eyes, touches your cheek, or kisses your forehead, is the perfet way of knowing if he is serious about you. You might be thinking about making you the Mrs.
He talks about the future
If he talks about his future and includes you in it, he definitely has marriage on the brain. He might talk about you two having kids together and might even have names picked out. He definitely wants a future with you.
He says you make him a better person
There's nothing better for a man than to have a woman who motivates him to do better. Of course, he loves himself the way he is, but when a good woman comes along, and she makes him an even better person, then best believe you're wifey material.
He has told his family and friends he wants marry you one day
Bingo! Your man has just admitted to his family and friends that he wants to settle down with you one day. Don't get too excited, he is still trying to plan things out and it might be a while. But he's definitely planning on something.


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Bayern offers Shaqiri to Juventus
David Amoyal
24/04/2014 - 13:12
di David Amoyal
Juve turned down an opportunity for an incoming transfer, at least at the moment. In the past few days, the bianconeri were offered Shaqiri, Bayern's talented winger. Xherdan Shaqiri is struggling to find playing time since there is strong competition at his position on Guardiola's roster. But at the moment Juventus doesn't consider Shaqiri a top choice for the role so they turned down the opportunity. Shaqiri's future doesn't appear to be in a black and white jersey.


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Some of you may have seen this before, but I just wanted to give my own testimonial since this is something I have wanted to cure for years.
Smelly Protein Shaker Bottles.
I would have 100 shaker bottles by now, but every time i leave one in my car, or leave one unwashed, it has to be trashed, because every time i use it after that, it smells horrid.
So I took my shaker bottle, which had been sitting in my trunk with a nice little 2 month old backwash of some whey protein, and opened it. I threw up in my mouth. Then I tried to dishwash it, no help; i feel like it even smelled up my dishwasher. Frustrated that I was about to throw out another shaker bottle, I turned to an old home remedy.
**Follow these steps to clean it out perfectly**
1. Bring a pot of water to a boil (just enough to cover the shaker bottle)
2. Dump in about a cup of vinegar, I used red wine vinegar, but thats just because its all I had.
3. Disassemble your shaker bottle and put all the parts into the boiling vinegar/water mixture.
4. Let it simmer for about an hour to an hour and a half. Preferably covered so that less evaporates (i.e. your apt. will smell less than it would uncovered)
5. At this time you will notice that not only does your whole dwelling smell of vinegar, but if you take the lid off of your pot, and smell the water, the water now smells like the nastiness that once was your shaker bottle. This means your in good shape, the smell has left the plastic, with help of the acetic acid (vinegar) and is now diluted in your water mixture.
6. Remove the bottle, and its parts, add dishwashing soap to it and rinse it out.
Voila! The smell is completely gone (and no residue of nasty vinegar smell either).
There couldn't be a simpler way of saving those nasty smelling shaker bottles.
Good Luck!
(Hopefully this doesn't hurt BB.com's revenue on shaker bottles )
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5 Top Tech Calls From Ashok Kumar
NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- Ashok Kumar, senior tech analyst at Rodman Renshaw, is a disarmingly peaceful man whose research work draws unusually passionate attacks.
In the latest example, Kumar noted Monday that Apple (AAPL) was preparing a follow up to the iPad early next year that would be smaller than the original and include front and back cameras.
|Apple's iPad
The assertion predictably irked some bloggers like Ed Oswald at Technologizer who scorned Kumar and "the media" that "keeps giving this guy a platform." Over at Daring Fireball, John Gruber picked apart Kumar's track record on research calls. Some notable misses, he noted, include the prediction that a Verizon (VZ) iPhone would arrive by summer.
Gruber concludes that Kumar is probably right once every 720 tries, according to the math of his analogy. "Betting on a 7-inch iPad based on a Kumar 'research note' is pretty much like betting on the time of day based on a stopped clock," Gruber wrote.Kumar, who lives on the West Coast and hospitably takes pre-dawn calls all-too-regularly from reporters on the East Coast, does not offer a defense of his record. "If I had all the answers, I'd probably be on a beach somewhere," said Kumar. Kumar grew up in India and earned engineering degrees there and in the U.S. as well as an additional MBA from Wharton. He worked at Intel (INTC) before taking his talents to Wall Street more than a decade ago. His specialty has been chips, including the PC sector and, increasingly, the mobile Internet hardware arena. Like many in his field, Kumar applies an investment viewpoint to the buzzing hive of activity among tech suppliers and manufacturers overseas and sorts out the important tidbits. But unlike many in his field, Kumar talks on the record with numerous reporters who are eager to hear his latest findings or get his take on an industry developments. Kumar and his critics point out that his track record isn't perfect. But he's modest. And he's also been right early and often. Read on for the top five calls Kumar has made in the past two years.
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We won't miss Michael Oren, an Israeli ambassador to the US so in thrall to the Israeli right he actually considers J Street anti-Israel. But the rumored replacement, Ron Dermer is even farther to the right. He is, at least, more forthright than Oren. I explore at LobeLog.
Posts Tagged 'Republicans'
Israel's Next Ambassador to the US: A Jewish Karl Rove
Posted in US-Israel Lobby, tagged Barack Obama, Benjamin Netanyahu, Democrats, diplomacy, Israel, Israel Lobby, J Street, Karl Rove, Michael Oren, Neoconservatives, New York Times, Republicans, Ron Dermer on July 5, 2013 | Leave a Comment »
AIPAC on the Defensive
Posted in US-Israel Lobby, tagged AIPAC, AIPAC Conference 2013, American support for Israel, Bill Maher, Chuck Hagel, Democrats, GOP, Hagel, Israel Lobby, J Street, Jewish Voice for Peace, Michael Kassen, MJ Rosenberg, Polls, Republicans, Saturday Night Live, sequester, SNL Hagel skit, The Israel Lobby on March 7, 2013 | Leave a Comment »
This article was originally published by LobeLog, an indispensable source for foreign policy news and analysis. Check it out.
The 2013 American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) Policy Conference wasn't quite the same show of arrogant power that it usually is. There seems to have been a note of unusual concern among the 13,000 or so assembled activists. And those concerns echo some of what AIPAC's detractors have been saying for some time.
The tone was set by AIPAC's president, Michael Kassen at the beginning of the conference. In what Ha'aretz reporter Chemi Shalev described as "… an uncharacteristic 'adapt or die' alarm to the American Jewish community," Kassen warned of "the growing allure of isolationism among our new leaders", which would include an aversion to difficult foreign policy issues…like Israel.
Kassen urged the AIPAC activists to expand the base from its overwhelmingly Jewish one, and highlighted the participation of representatives from the African-American and Latino communities in the conference. Yet, despite this outreach, The Forward's Natan Guttman reports that "…a look at the audience made clear that AIPAC is still largely an organization made up of white Jewish activists."
There's more here. Orthodox Jews are disproportionately represented at AIPAC. The Orthodox community represents around 15% of all US Jews. Support among non-orthodox Jews has been dwindling in a hurry, and despite intense efforts by AIPAC to reach out to younger Jews, the crowd is heavily skewed toward grey hair. Guttman also reports that an AIPAC official he spoke to rejected the idea that AIPAC had lost many liberal Jews to the more dovish pro-Israel group J Street by saying that "…if anything, liberal activists are turning away from the issue of Israel altogether and are not seeking a different kind of political approach."
What AIPAC seems to be facing is the fact that its base, while very active and willing to mobilize considerable wealth as well as time and energy to support the AIPAC agenda, is aging and increasingly out of touch with most Americans. This is something commentators like myself, MJ Rosenberg and groups like Jewish Voice for Peace have been contending for quite some time. And this is only the tip of the iceberg of AIPAC's problems. (more…)
Early Reaction: Winners and Losers in Israeli Elections
Posted in Elections, Israel, tagged Avigdor Lieberman, Barack Obama, Barak, Benjamin Netanyahu, democracy, Iran, Israel, Jewish State, Labor, Likud Beiteinu, Middle east, Naftali Bennett, Netanyahu, Obama, Occupation, Palestinians, Republicans, Shelly Yachimovich, Two-state solution, Tzipi Livni, Yair Lapid, Yesh Atid on January 23, 2013 | 1 Comment »
This article was published at LobeLog
Well, here it is, the day after. The Israeli elections are over, but the form of the next government is not at all clear. Most likely, Benjamin Netanyahu's Likud Beiteinu party
will form a government with Yair Lapid's Yesh Atid party being the main partner. This is by far the most likely scenario, though others possibilities exist, even a million-to-one long shot that Lapid could form a government. Labor is likely to be leading the opposition, unless Lapid surprises everyone and stays out of a Netanyahu-led government.
The new Knesset will be somewhat less tilted to the right than the last one, but this is not likely to make a big difference in terms of Israel's approach to the Palestinians. Indeed, in some ways, it might serve Netanyahu to have a friendlier face in Lapid to cover policies that might be slightly different rhetorically but essentially the same on the ground. More than anything else, the shift in government is going to be felt domestically, in terms of greater attention to civic and economic issues. Indeed, no Israeli election in my memory compares to this one for the dominance of domestic over security issues.
Given that there's still more to see before the full ramifications of the election are known, I'll engage here with a few winners and losers. (more…)
Last Chance for Peace
Posted in Arab Spring, Barack Obama, tagged Bahrain, Barack Obama, Benjamin Netanyahu, democracy, Democrats, Iran, Islam, Israel, John Boehner, Middle east, Mitch McConnell, Mitt Romney, Qatar, Religion, Republicans, Secularism, Sheikh Khalifa, United States on November 9, 2012 | Leave a Comment »
In my latest piece for Souciant, I look at what President Obama can do to create a more positive view of the United States in the Arab world, and how some steps that need to be taken in response to the Arab Spring can actually help move the politics around Israeli-Palestinian peace forward. In turn, that forward motion would also, obviously, help enhance the US' standing in the Arab world, a pleasant symbiosis that I highly doubt Obama will pursue.
Unseating the Israel Lobby
Posted in Democrats, US-Israel Lobby, tagged AIPAC, Antonio Villaraigosa, Avigdor Lieberman, Barack Obama, Benjamin Netanyahu, Debbie Wasserman-Shultz, Democrats, Golda Meir, Israel, Israel Lobby, J StreetPAC, Joe Biden, Lyndon Johnson, Mitt Romney, Palestine, Republicans, United States, West Bank, Yitzhak Rabin on November 2, 2012 | Leave a Comment »
In my latest piece for Souciant, I look at the opportunity for change that exists right now. In the attempt to change US Mideast policy, we get opportunities from time to time, though they are rarely great opportunities. This one isn't that dramatic, but it is the sort of starting point we have regularly bypassed. If we had taken one such years ago, we would be in a very different place today.
No Friend to Israel
Posted in Democrats, United States, US-Israel Lobby, tagged AIPAC, Barack Obama, Benghazi, Benjamin Netanyahu, Chris Stevens, Dan Shapiro, Dermocrats, Ehud Barak, Hillary Clinton, Israel, Israel Lobby, Jerusalem, Jews, Lyndon B. Johnson, Middle east, Mike Rogers, Mitt Romney, Palestine, Palestinians, Republicans, Sheldon Adelson, Shelly Yachimovich, United States on September 14, 2012 | Leave a Comment »
In my latest piece for Souciant, I look at the potential for change that Mitt Romney, Sheldon Adelson and Benjamin Netanyahu have created by trying to break the bipartisan consensus in the US on Israel. It will come to nothing if people don't take this and run with it from within the Democratic Party, but there is a chance, if time, energy and lots of money get to work on it, that there could be a sufficient change among Democrats toward a US policy that is more sensible.


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