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Title 13: Crimes and Criminal Procedure
Chapter 75: TREASON AND OTHER OFFENSES AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT
Sub-Chapter 02: Sabotage Prevention Act
13 V.S.A. § 3431. Definitions
§ 3431. Definitions
As used in this subchapter:
(1) "Highway" includes any private or public street, way or other place used for travel to or from property.
(2) "Road commissioner" means any individual, board or other body having authority under then existing law to discontinue the use of the highway which it is desired to restrict or close to public use and travel. The power to discontinue highways or the use thereof vested in any town may, for the purpose of this subchapter, be exercised by the selectboard members thereof.
(3) "Public utility" includes any pipe line, gas, electric, heat, water, oil, sewer, telephone, telegraph, radio, railway, railroad, airplane, transportation, communication or other system, by whomsoever owned or operated for public use. (Amended 2013, No. 161 (Adj. Sess.), § 72.)

subset: commoncrawl


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Health Encyclopedia - Test
Euglobulin lysis time
Euglobulin lysis time (ELT) is a blood test that looks at how fast clots break down in the blood.
Alternative Names
Euglobulin clot lysis; Fibrinolysis/euglobulin lysis; ELT
How the Test is Performed
How to Prepare for the Test
How the Test will Feel
Why the Test is Performed
This is one of the best tests to tell the difference between primary fibrinolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
The test can also be used to monitor patients who are on streptokinase or urokinase therapy for acute MI (heart attack).
Normal Results
A normal value will range from 90 minutes to 6 hours. Euglobulin clot lysis is normally complete within 2 to 4 hours.
Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.
What Abnormal Results Mean
A longer-than-normal ELT time may be due to:
A shorter-than-normal ELT time may be due to:
- Blood vessel injury or surgery
- Cancer of the prostate
- Cirrhosis
- Fibrinogen deficiency
- Leukemia
- Pregnancy complications (for example, antepartum hemorrhage, hydatidiform mole, amniotic embolism)
- Shock
- Thrombocytopenia purpura
The test may also be done to diagnose or rule out:
- Spontaneous abortion
- Primary thrombocythemia
- Excessive bleeding
- Fainting or feeling light-headed
- Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
- Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
Lijnen HR, Collen D. Molecular and cellular basis of fibrinolysis. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr., Shattil SJ, et al, eds. Hoffman Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2008:chap 119.
Schafer A. Hemorrhagic disorders: Disseminated intravascular coagulation, liver failure, and vitamin K deficiency. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 181.
Reviewed By: Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Black, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang.


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Senior Bowl
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Re: Senior Bowl
I liked Sion Moore and Ansah looked like a stud. Also, Kenjon Barner looked pretty good too as a scat-back type Running Back for us. Mike Gillislee looked shifty and elusive and showed he had some potential. Alford looked pretty good too if we don't want Brown returning kicks.
Stepfan Taylor looked good too, averaging 5.8 YPC and two catches out of the backfield. He'd be a guy to pick up in the middle rounds as a potential starting RB for us next year.
One of the guys that is going to shock a lot of people and turn a lot of heads was Michael Williams out of 'Bama. People are looking for a Tight End to take on Miller's role when he's out? Well, this kid might be a potential candidate for us. He showed his catching ability and athleticism when catching for Manuel.
Okafor looked solid. Quiet, but solid. He's a guy to keep an eye on as our potential first round pick.
If I wasn't keen on going defense before this game, I would be now. This is the year to reload our defense and get our aging guys out of there and have an infusion of youth going. Man, the defense looked good today.
No receivers really separated themselves today, but keep an eye on Keenan Allen and Cordarrelle Patterson as potential first rounders for us if we decide to go WR in the first round.
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Contact: Western Washington University's Huxley College of the Environment at (360) 650-3520.
BELLINGHAM – Whatcom County Councilwoman Kathy Kershner and political strategist Riley Sweeney will present "Environmental Concerns and the Political Process" as part of Western Washington University's Huxley College of the Environment Speaker Series at 3 p.m. on Friday, Oct. 5 in CF 125 on the Western campus.
The presentation is free and open to the public.
Kershner and Sweeney will highlight challenges in addressing environmental concerns in the political process — an especially timely topic in this election year. How can advocates, scientists, and community organizers work to enact sustaining change through the political system? Further, how can the challenges of prioritizing needs and understanding trade-offs be communicated well, and in such a way that truly involves the electorate?
Kershner is a retired lieutenant in the U.S. Navy with a longtime social service background and record; she was elected to the council in 2010.
An Olympia native, Sweeney graduated from Western in 2008 with a degree in Communication. Since then, he has worked as an organizer for a cross-section of political campaigns in the last four years before finally transitioning to a role of consultant and citizen journalist. Now he investigates the "why" of political change in Whatcom County from his blog "The Political Junkie."
Anyone interested in this topic is encouraged to come and participate; the presentation will include a question-and-answer period. The speaker series is held by Western's Huxley College of the Environment to bring together the environmentally minded community and other interested members of the WWU and Bellingham communities. Speakers address topics of contemporary environmental concern in the region and the world.
For more information, please contact the main office of Huxley College of the Environment, at (360) 650-3520.
Western's Huxley College of the Environment is one of the oldest environmental colleges in the nation and a recognized national leader in producing the next generation of environmental stewards. The College's academic programs reflect a broad view of the physical, biological, social and cultural world. This innovative and interdisciplinary approach makes Huxley unique. The College has earned international recognition for the quality of its programs.


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It's a Wonderful Life
Still enjoy watching it and not just at Christmas time.
I love it!
Classic! Jimmy Stewart is awesome!!!
It's great!
I haven't seen it but it sounds interesting.
this is a Great movie even though its an oldie somtimes thats good.
(Please do not use your real name)
Type your comment:


text:
Patt Morrison for February 8, 2011
It's not the electronics & it's not in your head… so what did cause Toyota's unintended sudden acceleration?
Justin Sullivan/Getty Images
The 2010 Toyota Prius was on the recall list "to update software in the vehicle's antilock brake system"
The incidents captured the attention of a nation that lives & dies with its cars—several popular models made by Toyota, which at the time was the world's biggest automaker, were involved in scary incidents of unintended sudden acceleration, leading to several crashes, a few deaths and hundreds of thousands of recalls. Critics of Toyota wondered about a bigger, more insidious problem behind the accelerations involving the cars' electronic and computer-controlled systems, while Toyota blamed faulty floor mats—and some blame was put on the drivers themselves, who might be imagining or embellishing that their cars suddenly took off on their own. After a 10-month study by the Transportation Department, aided by engineers from NASA, government investigators have concluded that no electronic flaws account for unintentional acceleration, and the only known cause are mechanical defects that have been addressed by previous recalls. So if it wasn't the electronic systems and it wasn't in your head—and you don't trust Toyota that it was the floor mats—then what exactly was responsible for sending your car hurling out of control?
Sean Kane, founder & president of Safety Research & Strategies; testified before the House Energy & Commerce Oversight & Investigations Subcommittee hearing on the "Response by Toyota and NHTSA to Incidents of Sudden Unintended Acceleration" on February 23, 2010
Mike Allen, senior automotive editor at Popular Mechanics; written about Toyota's problems over the past year and about the mechanics of modern automotive computing systems


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Greetings friends! It has been a long and eventful summer- so much has transpired and the dialogue about a "Bold New Peace Corps" has been fast and furious.¬Ý We've got a new director (finally) and an RPCV to boot (although I must say- I had the distinct honor of working for Peace Corps administration when Mark Gearan - not an RPCV- was the Director and he was fantastic).
So, as a new era is about to dawn I have decided to emancipate myself from "blogging detention" and get us all caught up on some of the great inquiries and questions I've received. Here we go….
First up- DISCLOSE! DISCLOSE! DISCLOSE???
Dear Concetta,
I'm nominated for Sept 2009, and I've heard this advice ("disclose, disclose, disclose") before.
Okay, I admit, I'm a worrier. As an older volunteer, I have a long past. I'm worrying that there might be something I'm forgetting to disclose.
Is there a list somewhere of things that it's important to disclose? Better still, is there a list of things that can get you in trouble (disqualify you)? Such a list might help nominees be SURE that they've disclosed all relevant stuff from their past.
I know there are medical things, but even this can be problematic. I've tried to disclose everything, but with 50+ years of medical history, worry there might still be something. If I knew more about what they might be looking for, it would help me be sure I've disclosed. I've never been arrested (fortunately), but are there other things besides criminal records that can get a nominee disqualified?
Kate L
Dear Kate,
First apologies for the tardy reply. I know that you are leaving in the near future and I'm sure that all turned out well for you.¬Ý Okay, so worrying about your Peace Corps application and the process is a bit of a rite of passage for all the hearty souls who decide to join Peace Corps.¬Ý The most important thing to remember is that your recruiter is actually there to help you navigate the process.¬Ý When in doubt, it shouldn't hurt to start with your recruiter and they can give you guidance.¬Ý Remember that this whole blog started by discussing peeing in public- how much worse could it be?
As far as I know there is no exhaustive disqualification list- situations are really and truly decided on a case by case basis… a good thing in my opinion since it means that Peace Corps is evaluating the individual and not some goofy action or affiliation from many years ago.
With regard to medical information, while it can feel like a final exam- the truth is that your medical information is not a test.¬Ý Peace Corps requires such exhaustive information to make sure that we don't send an applicant who is deathly allergic to bees to volunteer in a bee keeping program.¬Ý It is meant to keep you safe and not to double check your knowledge of when you had your silver fillings replaced.
Hope this helps and Good Luck overseas!


text: DIGITAL TREASURES : Browse home : browse : advanced search : preferences : my favorites : about : help Browsing item(s) in Amherst Collection\nAthol Collection\nBaystate Medical Center Collection\nBlackstone Collection\nBuckland Collection\nChicopee Collection\nClark University Collection\nEast Longmeadow Collection\nElms College Collection\nErving Collection\nGreenfield Collection\nHolyoke Collection\nHopedale Collection\nHopkinton Collection\nHudson Collection\nLancaster Collection\nLudlow Collection\nMt. Wachusett Community College Collection\nNational Guard Museum Collection\nNichols College Collection\nNorth Brookfield Collection\nNorthampton Collection\nOrange Collection\nOxford Collection\nPalmer Collection\nPrinceton Collection\nShrewsbury Collection\nSouth Hadley Collection\nSouthbridge Collection\nSpencer Collection\nSpringfield College Collection\nState Library of Massachusetts Collection\nSturbridge Collection\nUxbridge Collection\nWebster Collection\nWest Boylston Collection\nWestborough Collection\nWestfield Collection\nWilbraham Collection\nWilliamsburg Collection\nWorcester Collection\nWPI Collection\n results 41-47 of 47 item(s) page 3 of 3 : ( << 1 2 3 >> ) :: previous : next select all : clear all : add to favorites Image: Title: Subject: Description: 41. Workers cutting and weighing processed rubber Tire industry – Massachusetts – Chicopee; Rubber industry and trade – Massachusetts – Chicopee; Fisk Tire Company; Chicopee (Mass.) – Industries; Tires Two workers with large knives are cutting bundled sheets of rubber. On the left the worker is carefully looking at his scale in order to determine the weight of his cut. 42. Workers placing tires onto a conveyer belt Tire industry – Massachusetts – Chicopee; Rubber industry and trade – Massachusetts – Chicopee; Fisk Tire Company; Chicopee (Mass.) – Industries; Tires Two workers on each side of a conveyer belt are removing unfinished tires from hooks attached to an overhead track. Each unfinished tire was then placed on the conveyer belt where it traveled to the mold... 43. Main mill building of the Fisk Tire Company Tire industry -- Massachusetts -- Chicopee; Rubber industry and trade -- Massachusetts-- Chicopee; Fisk Tire Company; Chicopee (Mass.) -- Industries; Tires This five-story building was the main production facility of the tire company. Founded in 1896, as one building and known as the Spalding & Pepper Rubber Company, it grew to be one of the nation's largest... 44. Gasless Sunday in Market Square World War, 1914-1918 -- Economic aspects -- United States; Market Square (Chicopee, Mass.); City Hall (Chicopee, Mass.); A.G. Spalding & Bros.; Chicopee (Mass.) -- Buildings, structures, etc. Pedestrians on left street corner gaze on a nearly empty square during World War I. City Hall is on the right and A.G. Spalding is in the background. During World War I the federal government proclaimed... 45. Crowd at the Fisk Rubber Co. contributing funds World War, 1914-1918 -- War work -- Salvation Army; Salvation Army -- History; Fisk Rubber Co.; Tires; Rubber industry and trade Crowd gathered at the Fisk Rubber Co. in Chicopee Falls making donations to the Salvation Army. Large plant buildings in background and to the right. 46. Soliciting funds at Fisk Rubber Co. World War, 1914-1918 -- War work -- Salvation Army; Salvation Army --History; Fisk Rubber Co.; Rubber industry and trade; Tires Captain Ludden holding an ornate kettle at the Salvation Army fund drive on the grounds of the Fisk Rubber Co. The plant located in Chicopee Falls manufactured rubber tires during World War I. 47. Salvation Army drive World War, 1914-1918 -- War work -- Salvation Army; Salvation Army -- History; Ludden, Charles A. Captain Charles A. Ludden of the Salvation Army stands with his workers alongside their truck. Employees are William Davidson, C.M. Stebbins, Alice Chapin, Ruth Hanifin, Mary Nelligan, Bess Burgess, Mabel... select all : clear all : add to favorites results 41-47 of 47 item(s) page 3 of 3 : ( << 1 2 3 >> ) :: previous : next powered by CONTENTdm ® | Contact: June Stokoe ~ Digital Initiatives ~ C/W MARS ^ to top ^


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No two democratic organizations are alike. However, our research shows that democratic organizations often exhibit the following characteristics:
- Relationships are adult-to-adult, not parent-to-child.
- Leadership happens at every level of the organization, not just at the top.
- You're paid for the value you bring to the organization, not your job title.
- Everyone knows to whom and for what they're accountable.
- Transparency isn't considered scary.
- Formality and polices are avoided in favor of informality and principles.
- Humor and having fun is actually encouraged.
- You can access real-time financial information about your organization's performance anytime you want.
- Change = life, not death.
- The employee manual can be summed up in one sentence: "Use common sense!"
- You look forward to meetings where you can collaborate and share ideas.
- There's a spirit of ownership in every project in which you're involved.
- You either helped create or strongly share in the organization's purpose and vision statements.
- Incentives aren't used to motivate employees - meaningful work is.
- You never have to ask to go to the bathroom.
- Your life outside of work is as valued as your life at work.
- You receive real-time, ongoing constructive feedback from your co-workers, and you're often publicly acknowledged for excellent work.
- Failure is seen as a right-of-passage to success.
- Thinking differently and challenging assumptions is encouraged.
- Alignment comes from a shared sense of purpose, not automatic agreement.
- Your job is one of your favorite places to be.
Sound utopian? Hardly. Organizational democracy is more than a management or leadership style. It's both a mind-set and a system of principles practiced at all levels of a company as a coherent organizational system.
We're not talking about a bunch of job perks here. We're talking about creating an environment and culture any organization must develop in order to survive in a fast-paced, decentralized, and globalized world.
We're the people who design these kinds of organizations. Welcome to our world.


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May 25, 2007
This Is Not About Dinosaurs
With Ken Ham's creation museum opening May 28, in Petersburg, Kentucky, I thought it might be abnormally interesting to look at some of the claims concerning the Hebrew Bible and dinosaurs. In this post, I will limit myself to two Hebrew words that, according to some Young Earth Creationists, may refer to dinosaurs: תַנִּין (tannîn) and תַנִּים (tannîm). It is not my intention to be completely exhaustive, but rather to give you enough evidence to support my conclusion. While I will only touch lightly on Leviathan and not at all on Behemoth, I must say at the top of this post that one needs to have a very strong prior belief that the Hebrew Bible might mention dinosaurs to see them anywhere. And that includes Leviathan, Behemoth and any other of the words or phrases that have been suggested. There is absolutely no reason, based on internal evidence to associate dinosaurs with any word or entity mentioned the Bible. Nothing in the larger corpus of Near Eastern literature would lead one to such a conclusion either.
In part because it is particularly weird to think that תַנִּים (tannîm) has anything to do with dinosaurs, let's start with it. The folks at Accuracy in Genesis, for example, want us to hold out the possibility that this word may refer to dinosaur(s). Here is Accuracy in Genesis' conclusion.
Conclusion: The hebrew (sic) word "tanniym" is broad enough in scope to cover all types of wild beasts, including those that are extinct, including the dinosaurs! The pleiosaur (sic), basking shark, giant shelled sea turtle, or oarfish can all be classified as "tanniym". The author proposes that future translations would be better served by translating it as "wild beast" and not cloud the interpretation by using the name of an animal that is currently living. That the words of the Genesis passages can be interpreted to include all types of animals, known living species and extinct species! (sic)
I find this plea for open mindedness ironic. It seems that these folks are upset that while the King James Version of the Bible translated tannîm in several passages "dragon(s)" or "whales," "modern" translations translated the same word "jackals" or the like. To start, there seems to be some confusion on the part of certain creationists and perhaps on the part of the King James translators between the Hebrew words תַנִּין (tannîn) and תַנִּים (tannîm). I will show below that some such confusion occurred in antiquity also. While these words may or may not have the same Semitic root (tnn), the first one has meanings that range from a snake to mythological sea monsters and the second means "jackal" or some related kind of howling animal.
Tannîm howl (Isaiah 13:22, Micah 1:8); they live in the desert (Mallachi 1:3); they make their home in lairs (Jeremiah 9:11, 10:22, 49:33, 51: 37). They are among the "beasts of the field" (Isaiah 43:20) and are associated with other crying animals (Hyenas[?], Isaiah 13:22). Tannîm's etymology is very uncertain. Albright's, 44, attempt to associate it with Egyptian Anubis by way of Proto-Sinaitic inscription 353 column 2 does not appear to withstand critical examination (see Bass 23f). One might reasonably question if the animal is specifically canis aureus. What is clear is that we are dealing with a word whose possible meanings are quite tightly clustered and no doubt in every case refer to the same thing and to an animal known to the authors of these texts. In addition, there is no context, where the word can be read without question (see below), in which there is the slightest indication that it means anything like dragon or serpent. Therefore, it is extremely credulous to imagine that it refers in any way or in any case to dinosaurs.
Things become a little more interesting when we turn to the Hebrew word תַנִּין (tannîn). While תַנִּים (tannîm) is in the plural, תַנִּין (tannîn) most often occurs in the singular. Its plural is תַּנִּינִם or תַנִּינִים. Based primarily on its form, most scholars think תַנִּין (tannîn) is a loanword from Aramaic into Hebrew. As will be seen, the word or name(?) also occurs in Ugaritic. With תַנִּין (tannîn) we face a range of meanings. Sometimes the word means nothing more than a venomous snake. In some of these cases, it is in parallel with or identified with the word for "asp," פֶתֶן (Deuteronomy 32:33, Psalm 91:13). It appears to me that a meaning in the neighborhood of "venomous snake" or just plain "snake" is reasonable for contexts like Exodus 7:9,10, 12 as well.
But there are passages in the Hebrew Bible where something much different is at work. Before we get too deeply into the biblical evidence, this may be a good place to look to the texts from Ugarit for background. The Ugaritic equivalent of Hebrew תַנִּין (tannîn) is tnn. We know from the polyglot vocabulary text that it was pronounced tunnanu. We also know from the same source that it was roughly equivalent to Sumerian MUŠ and Akkadian şiru. Both the Sumerian and Akkadian mean "snake." But the word has a very strong mythological connotation at Ugarit. KTU 1.3 III:37-42 relates tnn to the sea monster ym. While there is some controversy on details, I think the most obvious interpretation of this passage involves Ym (the Sea) and Tnn (the Sea Monster) as enemies that Ba'al and Anat have subdued. We might debate whether Ym and Tnn are identical. This passage also tells us that Ym or Tnn (or both if they are the same) have seven heads. KTU 1.83:8 may indicate that the monster, Tnn, has two tails. Independently of how we understand the details, it is undeniable that we are dealing with a mythological figure.
Now let's get back to the Hebrew Bible. Job 7:12 reads in part, הֲיָם-אָנִי אִם-תַּנִּין. Loren Fisher translates this "I am Yamm or Tannin." The New Revised Standard Version translates it, "I am the Sea or the Dragon." However one translates these few words, it is clear that the god Yamm, as in the Ugarit text discussed above, is being associated with תַנִּין (tannîn). Both symbolize chaos, the breakdown of creation. Both are mythological beings not flesh and blood animals. Yamm is unquestionably a god whether later readers of Job understood him as such or not. Here Yahweh replaces Ba'al and Anat from the Ugaritic texts. On this see Psalm 74:13-14 which is very similar to Job 7:12, as is Psalm 89:9-10 (Hebrew 89:10-11). Psalm 89 will come up again in the next paragraph. There are no friendly dinosaurs in these passages, only Yahweh's enemies.
How about Isaiah 51:9? It reads, הֲלוֹא אַתְּ-הִיא הַמַּחְצֶבֶת רַהַב מְחוֹלֶלֶת תַּנִּין, "Was it not you who cut Rahab, who pierced Tannin?" Well, well, here we find תַנִּין (tannîn) associated with Rahab. Just as promised, I return to Psalm 89. In Psalm 89:10, we see Rahab as something Yahweh crushes as part of his creative activity. Rahab stands in parallel to Yamm in verse 9. The exact origin of Rahad is not known but it is likely related to Akkadian ra'abu(m), "tremble." See van der Toorn, et al, 683f, for a more complete discussion of Rahab. Again, we see תַנִּין (tannîn) associated with the mythological forces Yahweh has overcome in creation. No dinosaurs.
Now let's look at Isaiah 27:1, "On that day, using his cruel and great sword, Yahweh will punish Leviathan the fleeing serpent, Leviathan the twisted serpent, and he will kill the Tannin that is in the sea." The word twice translated "serpent" in this passage is נָחָשׁ, "viper" or "serpent." But that's another story. Here תַנִּין (tannîn) is associated with Leviathan. Does Tannin equal Leviathan? I've never been quite sure. But here again we are looking at a mythological substratum in this text. Leviathan is the same character that is called Ltn (Lotan) at Ugarit (see for example, KTU 1.5 I:1). In both the Ugaritic texts and at Ugarit it is always a proper name. Uehlinger in van der Toorn, et al, 512, tells us, "The concept of Leviathan is closely related to Rahab, insofar as the latter seems to be a late exilic adaptation of the former, possibly supplemented from Babylonian Marduk theology." See van der Toorn, et al, 513ff for a more complete discussion of Leviathan. What I want to point out here is that Leviathan and by association Tannin are also mythological figures in Isaiah 27:1. Psalm 74:13 reads תַנִּינִים עַל-הַמָּיִם, "tannîns upon the waters" and mentions Leviathan in the next verse. Again, we are dealing with mythological images. There are no dinosaurs in this neighborhood.
Somewhere between those passages that are clearly about snakes and those that clearly refer to mythological figures are passages like Genesis 1:21 that use תַנִּין (tannîn) to mean (large?) things that live in the sea and Jeremiah 51:34 that uses the word to mean some kind of a monster. And here again there is absolutely no reason to see "dinosaurs." Jeremiah's usage is as a metaphor for Nebuchadnezzar.
There are several other passages that have their own abnormal interest but should be understood in the light of the foregoing. I'll try to be brief. If you want, you can skip this and scroll down to my conclusions.
You may have noticed that תַנִּין (tannîn) and תַנִּים (tannîm) look somewhat alike and sound somewhat alike. Indeed, they were sometimes confused in late antiquity. Most manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible read כַּתַּנִּים בַּיַּמִּים at Ezekiel 32:2 but two manuscripts read כַּתַּנִּין בַּיַּמִּים which is surely the preferred reading. Like the Ezekiel passage, most manuscripts of Psalm 44:20 read בִּמְקוֹם תַּנִּים but a few read בִּמְקוֹם תַּנִּין. I'm not sure which is the best choice here. To illustrate possible confusion in the other direction consider Lamentations 4:3. The kativ ("what is written") reads תַּנִּין (tannîn) but the qere ("what is read") says תַּנִּים (tannîm) and the context strongly favors tannîm. Analogy between the Hebrew תַּנִּין (tannîn) and the Aramaic plural of may account for some of these confusions. If you don't know what this means, don't worry. Regardless of how one understands such confusions, there is nothing in any of these passages that would allow an understanding of either word so that "dinosaur" was the intended or even a possible meaning.
Simply put, one must already be strongly predisposed to reading "dinosaur" in the Hebrew Text to see even a hint of it in either תַנִּין (tannîn) or תַנִּים (tannîm). It just isn't there.
I want to thank Christopher O'Brien of Northstate Science for suggesting I write a post on the Hebrew words for Jackals and Dragons and submit it to PZ Myers' Creation Museum Carnival.
Fixed the location of the Museum and a few typos.
Bass, Benjamin, The Genesis of the Alphabet and its Development in the Second Millennium B., Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1988
Cooper, Allan, "Devine Names and Epithets in the Ugaritic Texts," Rummel, Stan, ed., Ras Shamra Parallels, the Texts from Ugarit and the Hebrew Bible, Volume III, Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1981, 336-689
Fisher, Loren, Who Hears the Cries of the Innocent: Old Job, Willits, California: Fisher Publications, 2002
Gordon, (1965): Gordon, Cyrus, Ugaritic Textbook, Analecta Orientallia, 38, Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1965
Huehnergard (1987): Huehnergard, John, Ugaritic Vocabulary in Syllabic Transcription, Harvard Semitic Studies 32, Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987
van der Toorn, Karel, et al, eds, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, 1999
Posted by Duane Smith at May 25, 2007 3:29 PM | Read more on Hebrew Bible |
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Nice post!
A proposed etymology that I heard for תנין was the Aramaic תננ (Hebrew שן), "tooth". I agree with you that the equation between either the תנינן or the תנינם with the dinosaurs is absurd, but proponents of the notion that both תנין and תנים are the same may find it fun to note that God tells Moses to cast down his staff and create a נחש (snake; Ex 4:3) but when Moses does so (Ex 7:10) it turns into a תנין. Does this mean that תנין is likely a generic term - perhaps "reptile"? That would certainly make Genesis 1:21 interesting - תנינם גדולים ("giant reptiles").
Oh, and you speak a lot about Rabah in your ninth paragraph. I'm assuming that's a typo for Rahab?
Posted by: Simon Holloway at May 25, 2007 5:32 PM
Thanks for your comments. I was aware of that proposed etymology but a complete discussion was a little beyond the scope of the post. I see nothing wrong with tannîn being a generic term for reptile in those cases where it is not a mythological being. As to "Rabah," Ug! I fixed it.
Posted by: Duane at May 25, 2007 5:50 PM
Why do you mention "Ken Ham's creation museum" & then quote from an obscure, unprofessional-in-appearance website (Accuracy in Genesis) with 3 typos regarding the interpretation of these Hebrew words?
The Creation Museum was built by the Answers in Genesis ministry, which has a very professional-in-appearance website, with content provided by numerous scientists, scholars, & teachers/educators. See how many "sic" typos you can find on this page, which contains 84 footnotes:
"What happened to the dinosaurs?"
Pay particular attention to the "Does the Bible mention dinosaurs" section, which discusses "tan, tannin, tannim, tannoth".
By the way, before you consider the splinter in the eye of obscure websites, you might want to consider looking into a mirror & discovering a few of your own:
1) "words or phrases that has been suggested" s/b "have".
2) "jackels" & "jackel" s/b "jackals" & "jackal", though you did get it right on your 3rd attempt at the very end of your article.
3) "meanings that ranging from a snake" s/b "range".
4) "liars" s/b "lairs".
5) "Uehlinger in van der Toorn, et al, 514 tells us" s/b "512" according to the 1999 edition available on Amazon.
6 & 7) "possibly from Babylonian Markuk theology" s/b "possibly supplemented from Babylonian Marduk theology".
8) "forgoing" s/b "foregoing".
9) "Lamenations" s/b "Lamentations".
Regardless of how one reads your typos, there is nothing in your blog that would disallow an understanding of Genesis 1:24-31 & Exodus 20:8-11 as meaning that God created humans & dinosaurs on the same day about 6,000 years ago.
G.M. Grena (proud contributing supporter & charter member of the Creation Museum, opening 2007-5-28 in front of God & everyone)
P.S. Not that you're a liar or anything, but "Rabah" has still not been fixed, unless of course you originally made the same mistake twice.
Posted by: G.M. Grena at May 26, 2007 11:33 AM
Thank you for your observations. I hope I have corrected the typos you indicated. I do need to fire my proofreader! I used the Accuracy in Genesis site because it has a good starting list of passages to look at. The professionalism of a site has nothing to do with the validity of the points they are trying to make.
You said,
Regardless of how one reads your typos, there is nothing in your blog that would disallow an understanding of Genesis 1:24-31 & Exodus 20:8-11 as meaning that God created humans & dinosaurs on the same day about 6,000 years ago.
At one level, this is true. But what is there to make one think that dinosaurs are mentioned there or anyplace else in the Bible? They simply aren't mentioned. Ken Ham's nonsense doesn't make it so.
Posted by: Duane at May 26, 2007 2:10 PM
Let me see if I understand Grena's commments: the entire strength of the Answers In Genesis website for "proving" Genesis is its "professional looking appearance" and your nine "typos" are the sum total of the evidence that "there is nothing to disallow the bible referring to dinosaurs"? Wow...I'm blown away by such intellectual strength...
Posted by: Christopher O'Brien at May 26, 2007 3:31 PM
Duane, I agree with you that, "The professionalism of a site has nothing to do with the validity of the points they are trying to make." National Geographic, Natural History, & CNN are excellent examples! Thank you so much for admitting that "at one level" my statement is true. That is refreshing to hear in any discussion. And I apologize for not thanking you for your interesting discussion of the TNYx words. I was just perplexed at your opening statement referencing Ken Ham & the Creation Museum, then jumping to a different website littered with typos.
Prof. O'Brien, I'm glad you began your remark with, "Let me see if I understand Grena's commments" [sic; extra "m"], because you obviously don't.
First, where do you see me say anything remotely related to "the entire strength"? Since you raised the issue, though, I'll address it. Professionalism is very important, but I believe the "the entire strength" of any God-centered person or organization is God. I don't know very many people at AiG personally, but based on the short time I spent with them last September I have no doubt that every single person on their staff would agree with me on this point.
Second, where do you see me say anything remotely related to "the sum total of the evidence" for equating any Hebrew words with dinosaurs?
Are these 2 examples typical of your teaching tactics at CSU? Not exactly commendable from an academic/scholarly perspective.
I would also like to address the other issue you raised, which is directly related to Duane's post, & a concept which Duane clearly understands (based on his recent remark above); namely, the importance of distinguishing between "proving Genesis" vs. demonstrating that the atheistic model of origins/beginnings is not the only possible model. As I've said elsewhere, & which AiG would also agree with me on, if your starting point (i.e., "worldview") is atheistic, then a history spanning billions of years makes sense based on available evidence. If your starting point is theistic (esp. Biblical), then a history spanning ~6k years makes sense based on available evidence. Neither of these are the only possible interpretations, but each is valid & sensible given one's particular bias.
Posted by: G.M. Grena at May 27, 2007 8:38 AM
D. Nicely done. As always, I learned something. gh
Posted by: Gary Hurd at May 27, 2007 1:06 PM
Excellent post. The creationist obsession with dinosaurs is rather strange. You avoid here -- and for good reasons -- to mention Leviathan and Behemoth from the Book of Job. But just for the record, while creationists interpret them as dinosaurs, they are most likely symbolic for Egypt and Syria in that book. It's an odd thing about creationists: that they can't handle symbolism, though I have yet to read any creationist interpretations of the animals in Daniel.
G.M. Grena writes:
I would also like to address the other issue you raised, which is directly related to Duane's post, & a concept which Duane clearly understands (based on his recent remark above); namely, the importance of distinguishing between "proving Genesis" vs. demonstrating that the atheistic model of origins/beginnings is not the only possible model. As I've said elsewhere, & which AiG would also agree with me on, if your starting point (i.e., "worldview") is atheistic, then a history spanning billions of years makes sense based on available evidence. If your starting point is theistic (esp. Biblical), then a history spanning ~6k years makes sense based on available evidence. Neither of these are the only possible interpretations, but each is valid & sensible given one's particular bias.
Yes, quite true -- anything can be made to make sense, if you can find enough people that agree on the game. However, the problem for AiG's creation museum appears to be that they don't even follow the Bible.
Posted by: pwe at May 29, 2007 4:38 AM
Dear "pwe", thanks for admitting "they are most likely symbolic" instead of "they are absolutely-like-Earth-is-round-and-not-flat symbolic"!
If those 2 animals are Egypt & Syria, which nations are being symbolized by the lions, goats, donkey, ox, ostrich, stork, horse, locust, hawk, & eagle of the 2 preceding chapters (bearing in mind that there were "most likely" no chapter divisions in the original text).
And could you please give 1 tangible example in support of your curious remark, "they don't even follow the Bible"? That's if you'd like to be taken seriously. If you're just venting your frustration over the success of the Creation Museum's grand opening (4,000 guests on Day 1), I understand.
Posted by: G.M. Grena at May 29, 2007 9:24 PM
Haha... I guess there wasn't any room on the ark for dinosaurs.
Posted by: Loving it at June 15, 2007 11:30 PM
My motivation for visiting the site was research into dragons, which are not only mentioned in the bible, but appear in the art, artifacts and folklore of most ancient civilizations.
It seems I'm not the only one with Abnormal Interests!
Love the site.
Posted by: CTTutt at November 17, 2007 10:18 AM
What is your view on Job 40 and 41?
Specifically the Behemoth and Leviathan.
Posted by: Pierce Malmquist at January 8, 2008 9:47 PM
They are totally fucking dinosaurs. Dude,
15. Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee; he eateth grass as an ox.
16. Lo now, his strength is in his loins, and his force is in the navel of his belly.
17. He moveth his tail like a cedar: the sinews of his stones are wrapped together.
18. His bones are as strong pieces of brass; his bones are like bars of iron.
20. Surely the mountains bring him forth food, where all the beasts of the field play.
22. The shady trees cover him with their shadow; the willows of the brook compass him about.
23Behold, he drinketh up a river, and hasteth not: he trusteth that he can draw up Jordan into his mouth.
= Dinosaurz
Posted by: Aaron Mashburn at March 26, 2008 10:08 AM
Sorry, comments are closed for this post.
Send me an email if it is important.


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On the same overlay / pop up, there should be a meta instruction in order to verify your ownership – you need to place this in your sites header area. Once you have done that – click on check domain.
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Options for procedural pain in newborn infants
- Neonatal Unit, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Wing, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London NW1 2BU, UK; Judith.meek{at}uclh.nhs.uk
- Received 17 June 2011
- Accepted 3 October 2011
- Published Online First 28 October 2011
Neonatologists often feel helpless in the management of procedural pain. While we acknowledge that our patients are more frequently and chronically exposed to tissue damaging procedures than any other hospital population, and that they are more vulnerable both in the short and long term, it is not certain that we have any techniques that are proven to be effective. Although we have developed numerous guidelines1 2 they are not reliably applied in clinical practice.3
It is widely recognised that newborns undergoing intensive care are necessarily subjected to numerous painful procedures.4 Despite the availability of clinical guidelines the majority of painful procedures on neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are still carried out without any form of analgesia. Even outside the NICU term neonates are subjected to multiple procedures such as blood tests and insertion of nasogastric tubes. Surgical procedures such as circumcision, tendonotomy and division of tongue tie are routinely carried out without analgesia because they are 'quick'. The extra vulnerability of newborns to repeated noxious stimulation, arising from both their clinical instability and their developmental immaturity, makes this a situation that needs urgent solutions. This review will explore the options for managing procedural pain, and the limitations of the clinical evidence for their effectiveness.
Clinical aspects of minimising the frequency and impact of painful procedures
Controlling chronic pain
The newborn may experience both acute procedural pain and chronic pain. It is recognised in adults that uncontrolled chronic pain increases the intensity of additional acute painful experiences. Therefore the first step towards managing procedural pain is to minimise chronic pain, which may be due to intensive care support apparatus, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease or tissue damage. Although the evidence base for treating these conditions is weak, careful observation and developmental care should also be used to enhance comfort and stability.
Reducing the number of painful procedures
Avoiding painful procedures is an obvious goal. For example, blood sampling can be rationalised in the following ways:
By using transcutaneous or end tidal PCO2 monitoring instead of capillary blood gas sampling (especially during 'minimal handling' after extubation).
By reviewing the necessity for a 'daily' blood sample on the evening ward round.
By using rational guidelines and validated techniques for blood glucose monitoring. This would prevent the use of routine blood tests for well babies who are large or small for dates.
By using transcutaneous bilirubinometers.
By enforcing a rule that procedures should only be attempted twice by junior staff before deferring to somebody more experienced.
Using venesection rather than heel lance
Venesection is preferable to heel lance in term infants; for every three venepunctures performed instead of heel lances, one extra heel lance is avoided.5 Mechanical lances are preferable to manual lances, which are still used despite evidence that they are more traumatic and lead to repeated punctures to obtain adequate samples of blood. Repeated tissue damaging events lead to hypersensitivity and hyperalgesia. Areas of pre-existing tissue damage or inflammation should be avoided, particularly for premature infants who have a wide receptive field for sensory stimulation.6
Pain assessment
The major obstacle in developing a rational approach to managing procedural pain has been the lack of an outcome measure. For adults and children the effectiveness of analgesics can be assessed by subjective reporting. These reports can be quantified into linear pain scales. A variety of similar scales, based on observations, have been developed for infants and neonates, and these have formed the basis of 'measuring' the experience of pain in babies who cannot speak. Until recently the entire body of work in the field of neonatal pain research has used these scores, which are usually composites of measured behavioural, physiological and stress responses.7 8 However there is no 'gold standard' score, and the only validation studies have been internal comparisons between different scales. They are invaluable clinical tools, ensuring that babies are regularly observed for signs of pain or discomfort, but they have limitations as research tools. Even in children, behavioural observational pain scoring scales may underestimate the severity of persistent pain compared with self report.9
Observational pain scoring is less accurate for preterm infants
Pain scoring is less reliable when used for extremely premature infants, and adjustments for gestational age and sleep state are included in composite scales such as the PIPP (Premature Infant Pain Profile).10 11
Preterm infants have a longer latency for facial responses
Slater et al12 have demonstrated that preterm infants have a delayed facial response up to 25 s after a heel lance, and scales which measure changes over a 30 s period after a procedure may significantly underestimate the size of a preterm infant's response.
PIPP correlates with cortical response, but facial changes are not always present
Observational pain scoring is based on physiological and behavioural changes that can arise from activation of subcortical and autonomic pathways, and may not be reliably linked to central sensory or emotional processing in the brain. Recent studies using near infrared spectroscopy,13 14 and evoked potentials15 have demonstrated that distinct activation resulting from touch and noxius stimulation can be detected in the newborn sensory cortex. In a study comparing the contralateral haemodynamic cortical response to a single heel lance, with the simultaneously recorded PIPP score, Slater et al16 demonstrated a positive correlation which was largely accounted for by the facial component of the PIPP score (figure 1), with only a weak contribution from the physiological variables. The correlation was weaker when the weighting factors for sleep state and gestational age were included. This was because the youngest and sleeping infants tended to have the smallest cortical responses, but these are the infants whose scores were weighted most heavily. However on 13 of the 33 test occasions there was no change in facial expression and the PIPP score was zero. On 10 of these occasions the infants still mounted a normal cortical response. This response of 'tuning out' when stressed is widely recognised in developmental care practice.
The relation of a sensory cortical response to the overall experience of pain is not known for babies, but a sensory response is a prerequisite for more complex cortical processing. This study implies that behavioural pain scoring techniques may underestimate responses to procedural pain. These concerns add to the difficulty in using pain scores as an end point for studying analgesic interventions. They also imply that we should be clincially vigilent, and should not assume that a quiet, expressionless baby is pain free.
Sucrose is widely used to decrease the observed responses to procedural pain in neonates and is recommended as the method of choice by international guidelines. A recent Cochrane review17 included 44 randomised controlled trials and demonstrated a significant decrease in pain scores when sucrose is used. Sucrose is the only agent that has been subjected to a randomised controlled trial using a directly measured cerebral response as an outcome measure. In a trial randomising term infants to 24% sucrose or water, electrophysiological responses were measured as well as the PIPP score.18 Pain specific cortical activity was assessed using event related EEG, and spinal withdrawal activity was measured as electromyogram activity over the ipsilateral biceps femoris. The nociceptive specific brain activity did not differ significantly between the infants who received sucrose and those who received water. There was also no difference in the spinal reflex withdrawal activity, or its latency. The PIPP score, however, as expected, was significantly lower in the sucrose treated group.
The finding that sucrose does not change neural activity suggests that it may not alter underlying nociceptive activity. Its mechanism of action is uncertain, there is evidence both for and against the induction of rapid opiate production.19 It may act as a distraction, which is a valid technique used for painful procedures in the paediatric population. Functional MRI (fMRI) in adult subjects shows that distraction from a painful procedure results in retention of the sensory cortical response, but reduction of activity in other regions of the brain.20 Other techniques that could provide distraction are breastfeeding and sucking a pacifier. This is consistent with observation that sucrose has a similar effect to breastfeeding in term infants.21 Therefore it should be used as an adjunct to other behaviour modifying techniques. The statement that we are no longer in equipoise over the use of sucrose22 may be premature, and sucrose should not replace good nursing care.
Designing clinical trials to test the effects of morphine is challenging. It is a commonly used sedative and analgesic in the intensive care setting. All opiates can cause ventilatory depression, hypotension, urinary retention and decreased intestinal motility leading to delayed establishment of enteral feeding.23 Opiate therapy is usually prescribed as a loading dose followed by an infusion. As tolerance develops, the infusion rate may need to be increased. A bolus may be given prior to a procedure. By ethical necessity most studies have observed the effects of infusions of morphine, which provide smaller doses than boluses effective for skin breaking procedures. A meta-analysis of 13 studies of ventilated infants receiving morphine showed a reduction in PIPP scores, but concluded that there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine use of opioids, because of the wide heterogeneity of PIPP scores.23 Carbajal et al24 demonstrated no difference in pain scores after heel lances in 42 babies randomised to receive morphine or dextrose infusions. They did not demonstrate any correlation between serum morphine levels and pain scores. However the range of scores was wide in both groups, ranging from 0 to 10. Several infants had PIPP scores of zero, in both morphine and control groups, reflecting the observations of Slater et al.16 Morphine infusions have been shown to decrease plasma epinephrine levels in ventilated preterm babies,25 but to date there are no studies measuring changes in cortical responses to painful procedures using a pre-emptive bolus of morphine.
Fentanyl provides intense analgesia, with a fast onset and offset. Chest wall rigidity is a common side effect. Remifentanil is cleared rapidly and predictably thereby making it an attractive drug for short neonatal surgery when rapid recovery is needed. These are widely used with suxamethonium for tracheal intubation.
The NEOPAIN trial26 was designed to test whether opiates improved outcome (severe intraventricular haemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia or death within 28 days of birth) in 898 ventilated preterm neonates. Babies assigned to the morphine group received a loading dose and then a continuous infusion. No improvement in outcome was seen, but there was an association of morphine use with hypotension. On more detailed analysis morphine was shown to worsen pre-existing hypotension, and should be used with caution for hypotensive infants.
Paracetamol is a widely accepted treatment for moderate pain in neonates and can be given orally, rectally or intravenously. It is safe and efficacious for short term use in the newborn. It has additive effects when combined with opioids thereby allowing lower doses and subsequently lower incidence of side effects. Intravenous paracetamol can be used for alleviating pain due to daily medical care (such as endotracheal tube suctioning), but pharmacokinetics are variable in neonates, with clearance depending on weight. Safety data is limited, particularly for infants less than 32 weeks' post menstrual age.27
Ketamine is a centrally acting NMDA receptor antagonist and potent analgesic. It can be given intravenously, rectally, intramuscularly and via the neuro-axial route, but there is evidence that it is directly neurotoxic when given intrathecally to newborn rats at therapeutic doses.28 This raises concerns about its use in babies, and makes a study of neurodevelopmental follow-up imperative.
Adjuvent sedation
Pure sedative drugs may have an adjuvant role in the treatment of neonatal pain. In combination with analgesics, they may reduce anxiety and stress, and promote sleep. Morphine, chloral hydrate and benzodiazepines are used as sedatives. However in the preterm developing nervous system midazolam has a paradoxical effect, and there is a large body of experimental work in preterm animals demonstrating potentiation of nociception. A Cochrane review of intravenous midazolam has quoted an increase in adverse neurological effects, and raises concerns about its safety.29
Local anaesthetics
Local anaesthetics can block nociceptive transmission at various sites; topically and by local infiltration to the skin, regionally by nerve blocks or neuro-axially via the caudal, lumbar or thoracic epidural route. Single shot administration can provide up to 12 h of analgesia or indwelling catheters can be used for local anaesthetic infusions or repeat bolus. Eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA) and Amethocaine are topical anaesthetics that are widely used for older infants. There is evidence that these are safe and effective in neonates as young as 27 weeks.30 31 They are effective 40–60 min after application, for 4–6 h. Neither EMLA nor Amethocaine have been found to be effective for heel lancing pain.
Developmental care
Developmental care is an umbrella term for a range of approaches to handling preterm infants. By modifying both the physical environment, and care-giving practices, developmental care enables the infant to adapt to the extra-uterine sensory environment. These approaches are used by care givers and family to reduce the dual stresses of separation from the mother and frequent painful procedures. Firstly, by reducing arousal and discomfort from the environment, responses to procedures can be improved. Secondly, specific support can be offered by staff and parents during cares and procedures. Sleep should be protected, and infants should be given time to recover between procedures.32 Developmental support can be used to stabilise babies during procedures such as retinal examinations, and is often the only option other than opiates for the extremely preterm group.
Newborn Individualised Developmental Care and Assessment Program is a more formal and structured approach to assessing a baby's individual needs and responses, and provides a personalised guide to supporting each baby through the painful procedures they experience.
Kangaroo mother care
Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is widely used to support ventilated and non-ventilated premature newborns. The technique can be used for ventilated or non-ventilated babies. While only wearing a nappy the baby is nursed vertically between the mother's breasts with head and trunk aligned and limbs flexed. Kangaroo care has been shown to be effective in reducing the PIPP score by 2 points after heel lance in babies of 32–36 weeks gestation.33 For babies between 28 and 32 weeks gestation the PIPP score was not significantly reduced until 90 s after the lance, and then by a score of less than 2. Recovery time was also more rapid in the KMC group.34 Clearly many procedures cannot be performed during KMC, but whenever possible it is recommended, for example during blood sampling or passing nasogastric tubes.
Developmental outcome associated with pain reducing strategies
The long term developmental and sensory deficits associated with exposure to procedural pain in the neonatal period are of enormous concern. In the absence of a gold standard test for the effectiveness of analgesics, developmental outcomes may be the most relevant indicators of the balance between pain relief and side effects. Very few randomised controlled trials include long term outcomes as end points. The NEOPAIN trial26 did not demonstrate an increase in early adverse neurological outcomes in the group randomised to morphine, but intermittent boluses of open label morphine were associated with worse outcomes. The babies who received extra morphine boluses may have already been more unwell.
Johnston et al35 randomised 281 preterm infants to receive sucrose or water every time they underwent a painful procedure. There was no difference in neurobehavioural outcomes at 2 weeks' postnatal age between the sucrose and placebo group. However higher numbers of doses of sucrose predicted a poorer outcome. The more unwell, higher risk babies, were subjected to more procedures, and therefore more sucrose. However this study indicates the importance of careful developmental follow-up, and raises awareness of the potential for giving a neonate up to 125 doses of sucrose per week.
Both developmental care and KMC are associated with improved developmental outcomes, but these have not been investigated specifically in the context of managing procedural pain. A Cochrane review of developmental care did not demonstrate a generalised positive effect on developmental outcomes, but acknowledged the difficulty of blinding randomised controlled trials.36
Therefore we do not have a validated method of measuring the pain experience of newborn babies. All our pain management guidelines are based on pain scoring scales, but these have limitations, especially for the most preterm babies, in whom responses to analgesics are the most unpredictable, and exposure to pain is often protracted over months. There is a paucity of long term outcome data to indicate the safety and effectiveness of different agents. However there is a large body of clinical research which leads to some clear guidelines (see table 1), and urgent questions for further work.
The comfort and wellbeing of infants at all times should be ensured, so that their response to painful procedures is reduced, and their recovery is promoted. Developmental care has an important role in decreasing the impact of repeated procedures by enabling parents and staff to provide containment and stability. An increased awareness of the infant as another human being, whether or not a numerical pain scale is used, should lead to a rationalisation of painful procedures and greater care in their conduct. If pain scoring scales are used in clinical practice it should be recognised that expressionless babies may still be in pain.
The effectiveness of analgesic agents is an area that requires further research. Although there is evidence that morphine infusions (albeit at relatively small doses) do not affect pain scores, there is still a consensus that morphine should not be withheld if a baby is distressed. Combinations of drugs such as opiates and paracetamol are recommended. Local anaesthetic creams are safe and should be more widely used. However, none of these agents has yet been tested using cortical responses or long term outcomes as end points. Sucrose, widely considered to be a potent analgesic, does not appear to affect the cortical response. This has generated uncertainty about its mode of action, and demonstrated the complexity of testing pain relieving techniques in preverbal, rapidly developing neonates. Further work using cortical responses to measure the effectiveness of analgesics is necessary, although challenging. In conclusion, we should promote good nursing and developmental comfort care as an adjunct to validated analgesics to prevent long term damage due to untreated pain.
The work of Slater et al has been funded by The Medical Research Council, the Wellcome Trust and Sparks (the Children's Medical Research Charity). Dr Meek is a member of the UCL/UCLH biomedical research centre.
Competing interests None.
Provenance and peer review Commissioned; externally peer reviewed.


text: Last week we put a deposit on a stray cat at the humane society, pending she was not claimed. Yesterday I picked her up and we're head over heels for her. She's super sweet, smart, and cuddly. Now we just need to agree on a name for her. 8 months ago


text:
William Nieves
William Nieves was sentenced to death in 1994 and exonerated in 2000
William Nieves was sentenced to death for the murder of a man with whom he allegedly was involved in drug distribution in Philadlephia.
A police officer saw a bearded Hispanic man driving away in a Cadillac. The officer interviewed witnesses at the scene, but none identified the killer or offered a detailed description.
Some time later, however, one of the witnesses the officer had interviewed came forward and claimed she had seen Nieves step out of a Cadillac and shoot the victim.
The conviction rested on her testimony, corroborated by the police officer's sighting of a Cadillac at the scene.
On direct appeal, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court vacated Nieves's death sentence and ordered a new trial based on ineffective assistance of counsel. In further discovery, Nieves's new counsel discovered police documents disclosing the existence of a credible eyewitness who indicated the crime was committed by someone else.
Nieves was acquitted. Nieves is Hispanic, the victim Caucasian.


text:
Be a part of Innovation PAC
A Political Action Committee for SBIR Innovators
Money talks in politics and there's no way around it. With the fate of SBIR-reauthorization, angel investor tax credits, increased SBIR funding and grant sizes, and so many other legislative priorities in the hands of professional politicians, it is vital that our community be able to support our allies in Congress and ensure our voice is heard. If we don't stand up and speak for our community – no one else will! By supporting Innovation PAC & Our 2012 Innovation Agenda, you are building a permanent advocacy presence for the SBIR community around THREE CORE GOALS:
Effective Funding: When federal research budgets increase, so do SBIR dollars.
- We join our allies in academia calling for increased Federal R&D funding.
- We will continue to educate Congress on the importance of larger and faster increases to the SBIR as being key to economic recovery & long-term growth.
- We will call for increased support for pro-innovation programs like Faster Cures, Phase III pilots, and others.
Investor Incentives: Innovation requires funding, and private investors are often critical to traversing the Valley of Death.
- We support proven policies like Angel Investor tax credits, state tax credits, and state "matching" grants.
- Bringing private Capital to mature companies from the SBIR to the marketplace.
- Increasing individual and aggregate limits in pending legislation – and fighting for even higher limits for "Verified Investment Entities", such as SBIR grant recipients and Federal contractors, can make crowd-funding work for capital-intensive innovation.
- Decreasing regulatory burdens on SBIR entrepreneurs will put more resources into creating innovation, not agency paperwork.
How can we achieve this ambitious agenda? ONLY with YOUR SUPPORT. Money is the mothers' milk of politics. We need your financial support to engage our allies, challenge our foes, and remind Congress that our community has the resources to fight for SBIR.


text:
Kane County Sheriff
Bomb Threats Shut Down Three Kane County Courthouses
A series of bomb threats have forced the evacuation of three Kane County courthouses.
Kane County Officer Kills Man Who Pointed Gun At Cops
A west suburban man died Monday after being shot by a Kane County Sheriff's sergeant when he pointed a gun at deputies, authorities said.
Texas Woman Gets 20 Years For Herion Trafficking In Kane County
A Texas woman who pleaded guilty to trafficking a large amount of heroin for a Mexican cartel was sentenced to 20 years in prison Wednesday.
Pilot, 69, Dies In Plane Crash Near Elgin
Frank Kehoe, a northwest suburban resident, died when his single-engine experimental plane crashed near the Olson Airport.
Cops: Man Held Family At Gunpoint
A 53-year-old man is being held on $500,000 bond after allegedly holding his family at gunpoint before surrendering to police.


text:
I am open to ideas for my number 3 brew. I am exclusively wanting an extract brew due to my equipment. I want an IPA or a stout. And outside of that I'm open for whatever. Please help with a solid recipe
Krane... Totaly off subject but were you in St Louis when the Fleet Week was going on? I was crew on the osprey out there. Fun Town!
I like IPAs alot- they are my favorite beer style. They are pretty easy to make, and ready to drink pretty quickly. If you want a kit, I really like the kits at northernbrewer.com and austinhomebrew.com.
If you want a recipe, we have lots and lots in our recipe forum here. India Pale Ale
Most are easily converted (we can help) to extract recipes, although there are a number of recipes posted that area already extract.
Thanks... I actually was thinking your dfh 60 min clone! Just gotta find the hops. Any sugestions for online retailers? My lhbs is all out
My first ever batches was a brewer best milk stout kit. I loved it!
You're tellin me I can't find em anywhere. When is the prime time to find em?


text:
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or Call (636) 926-0448


text:
the recent rash of criminal trials of sports stars accused of everything
from assault with a hockey stick to contracting for murder, it is
refreshing to see a famous athlete doing something decent. David
Deiteman wrote a recent article at LewRockwell.com
about the charitable initiatives of Jerome Bettis, running back
for the Pittsburgh Steelers. What is not as well known outside Pittsburgh
is that another Steeler running back, Franco Harris, who celebrated
his 51st birthday last week, engages in off-the-field
activities that free-market proponents might find interesting.
Harris is founder, owner, and CEO of Super
Bakery, Inc. (website under construction), a maker of high quality
pastries distributed nationwide. Super Bakery can accomplish national
distribution of fresh pastries because they contract out virtually
everything except bookkeeping and recipe development. After nearly
20 years, the business is doing just fine,
thanks. And of course Harris has help – he knew enough to hire good
managers. The virtual-corporation model is not the only reason for
the bakery's success: Recipes continue to be developed
at Penn State University's research kitchen, and a recent new product,
the "Super
Muffin", is loaded with calcium, protein, and vitamins
and minerals, and is intended to be enjoyed by children. Nor does
Franco stop there. Super Bakery has provided scholarships
to minority students majoring in food science.
1996, Harris bought a sausage business
that was on the verge of closing
its doors; the business is still alive and doing well.
Harris had the sense to buy a business with some name recognition – Parks
Sausages – and a location (Baltimore) fairly close to his core fan
base. In so doing, he revived some childhood memories for a lot
of hot-dog-loving east-coast baseball fans.
aside the obvious feelgood humanitarian aspects of giving scholarships
and doing other direct charity work (and whether corporations even
should do such things is a contentious issue among business and
legal scholars), there is a host of ways in which Franco Harris
is a great capitalist role model. Consider some of what he's done:
He's grown a successful bakery business that employs workers and
provides value to customers. The value provided to customers is
manifold, in that the company attempts to provide both a convincing
taste treat (a new recipe may be taste tested through 100 modifications)
and high nutritional value at a competitive price. The business
model developed by Super Bakery is an exemplar of specialization:
All production processes aside from developing recipes and coordinating
contracts are bid out to firms that do one thing well. This is an
excellent business model for low-cost production at any target level
of quality – transportation costs are minimized, startup infrastructure
development for Super Bakery was near zero (at least compared to
what it could have been), and every type of flexibility is maximized.
the sausage business, Harris has rescued jobs from the brink, and
generated new jobs. It happens that Park Sausage was the first black-owned
company in the United States to be publically traded, and was located
in a depressed neighborhood in Baltimore. Harris knew none of this
when his interest in the company was piqued; he just knew that with
his management team, he could turn it around. He was right not to
focus on historical triviata. Creating value was at the top of his
list. But it is encouraging that those who do know the history may
feel a sentimental urge to patronize the business, because I want
to see this business succeed. I want to see whether Franco and his
associates are as clever with sausage as they are with baked goods.
Harris has done, most fundamentally, is compete. Concerted use of
research and development, risk taking, and bold ventures in corporate
design have replaced weightlifting and conditioning drills, but
Harris competes in business as he did in football. A hundred years
from now, Franco Harris the Steeler will be the answer to a sports
trivia question, perhaps as Francis Ouimet is today. It is entirely
plausible, however, to say that a century hence we could see Franco
Harris the entrepreneur discussed in business textbooks.
economy full of businesses that are as innovative as Super Bakery
is an economy I want to live in; this sort of competition makes
life much better for everyone – whatever you want to buy gets
better and/or less expensive all the time. The example Mr. Harris
sets is to be emulated.
13, 2001
Edmonds, Doctor of Musical Arts, is a banker in Alabama.


text: (insert witty intro here)anyway, today was pretty good. I'm still trying to get the friends page and all that crap set up, so bear with me. i think the funniest thing today was blizzy's version of senior tshirts...funny stuff, and now he's can't be accused of not having any skool spirit. la la la. in chem we found out the mr. redden's a pyro. its funny, but kool. thatd b a fun job, playing with fire and making stuff blow up for a living. Ah yes, danielle nichole shaver, i request the return of my belt...NOW! i know you like the checkers and whatnot..but it's my belt!!! haha i got libby in troubel yesterday...unintentionally, but she was in some meeting, and i txted her, causing her fone to go off. so she got yelled at, and i felt kind of bad, but she should have had it on silent. english was aggravating. i hate it when people complain about thier lives, but they don't do anything to fix it. bitching about something isn't going to help. that may be kind of a hypocracy, BUT i don't care, i just needed to vent that. i still havn't gotten a confirmation for this, so if this is gone in a week...you'll know why.


text:
|25 Mar 2010
"Flie open" window doesn't display correctly
Hi there,
I have a problem running Patran 2007 in Windows 7, the program seems to run fine, and I am able to open data bases and work on them. The problem comes in when I want to either save the database, open a new database or just open a current database. For each of these functions a new smaller window pops up so I can navigate to the correct file or path to click on it or whatever.
Initially the window opens as I would expect, but as soon as I move the mouse or try to use the keyboard to navigate, the window goes blank and I can do nothing with it. Strangely, using the compatibility setting to open the program in a 640x480 display, they do seem to work fine, but because of the small resolution, I cannot actually see the part of the window where the files are - so that also doesn't help me.
It seems as though there is something between Patran and Windows that one of them don't like, but it baffles me that everything else works fine. If any one else has had the same problem, maybe with a different program even, let me know what you did to resolve it. Otherwise any advise would be useful.
|My System Specs
|25 Mar 2010
Windows 7 Professional x64
First, how long has this been going on? Did it start right from the time you installed it?
You may try uninstalling and then reinstalling Patran. If that does not help, try running it in compatibility mode for Vista or XP.
|My System Specs
|25 Mar 2010
Windows 7 x64 pro/ Windows 7 x86 Pro/ XP SP3 x86
Crowthorne, try these one by one.
1) Run Patran in compatibility mode. Then right click on your desktop, Click 'Graphic Options' then 'Panel Fit' and choose 'Full Screen (No Border)'.
2)Run in compatibility mode. Next, under Start -> Run, type MSCONFIG -> Enter
Boot Tab -> Boot options -> CHECK Base Video, Apply.
Restart your PC.
|My System Specs
|26 Mar 2010
Hi Johnathan_king,
Unfortunately it has been happening right from the word go, and I have reinstalled multiple times, and tried running it in about every possible setting in compatibility mode and seem to get the same problem every time. just no luck with doing the basics.
|My System Specs
|26 Mar 2010
Hi Bill2,
I don't seem to be able to find the option you are referring to in your first option, if I right click on the desktop I only get the Nvidia control panel or alternatively the screen resolution/customise your desktop options. Is there another way to find the "Panel fit" setting? Is this not maybe a vista setting rather than a windows 7 setting?
As for the second option, what happens then is the screen resolution is set to 800x600, and as I posted above when that happens, although the "open file" window seems to be working, I cannot access the area of the window where the files are listed to select any of them.
I am in the process of checking graphics drivers to see if there is a latest driver that might improve the situation.
|My System Specs
|26 Mar 2010
Windows 7
Just curious, what happens if you turn Aero Peek and transparency off?
|My System Specs
|30 Mar 2010
Unfortunately not
Nope, tried disabling all the fancy animations and even went back to classic desktop settings, didn't work. Also tried stopping the themes process under "services.msc" - unfortunately does not help. Thanks for the suggestion though.
What I have found though is that the functionality of the "file open" window is still working. I can use tab and the arrow keys to navigate, and then select a file to open - which it does - unfortunately I cannot see which file I am selecting! Frustrating...
Thanks for the suggestions so far, if any one does have a bright idea, let me know, but otherwise it feels as though I must either go back to XP , or else just live with it as is.
|My System Specs
|29 Jan 2011
Windows 95
I get the same problem with Patran 2010, there used to be a fix in the internet but I can't find it now, anyways the best solution for now is to say goodbye to the fancy skinned mode in patran, if there is one. In the shortcut to the program just delete -skin at the end an only leave ....patran.exe this will make the patran more dull but hey, at least it works.
|My System Specs
|06 Feb 2011
Windows 7 64-bit
where can I get the fix for Window 7 and Patran 2010? Thanks
|My System Specs
|24 Feb 2012
windows 7 home 64
Its not a fix but a work around for Patran 2006/7:
The file > new/open/save window not fully displaying can be overcome by repositioning the "file new" window dragging it top left of screen, escape and reopen.
It should then display enough to work with.
Hope this helps
|My System Specs
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text:
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Built in Detroit, sold new in Manitoba Canada to Owner #1 in 1979. He passed in 1981 and the car remained with his family until... More
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