text:
Kristin Perry, et al v. Arnold Schwarzenegger, et al
Filing 51
Submitted (ECF) Amicus brief for review. Submitted by The Hausvater Project. Date of service: 09/24/2010. [7486577]--[COURT UPDATE: Corrected docket text to reflect content of submission. 09/24/2010 by RY] (DM)
Kristin Perry, et al v. Arnold Schwarzenegger, et al Doc. 51 No. 10-16696 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT KRISTIN PERRY, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER, et al. Defendants, and DENNIS HOLLINGSWORTH, et al., Defendant-Intervenors-Appellants. On Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW (Honorable Vaughn R. Walker) BRIEF AMICUS CURIAE FOR THE HAUSVATER PROJECT IN SUPPORT OF DEFENDANT-INTERVENORS-APPELLANTS FOR REVERSAL OF THE DISTRICT COURT'S RULING DONALD W. MacPHERSON, Esq. THE MacPHERSON GROUP 3039 W. Peoria Ave., #102-620 Phoenix, Arizona 85029 (623) 209-2003; fax 2008 Attorney for Amicus Curiae The Hausvater Project Dockets.Justia.com AUTHORITY TO FILE The Hausvater Project has authority to file this brief amicus curiae pursuant to Fed. R. App. P., Rule 29(a), in view of the fact that all parties have consented to receive all briefs from all amici: 1. Defendant-Intervenor-Appellants' Notice of Consent to the Filing of Amicus Curiae Briefs, submitted by Brian W. Raum, counsel for Defendant-Intervenor-Appellants (Sept. 9, 2010). 2. Plaintiff-Appellees' Notice of Consent to the Filing of Amicus Curiae Briefs, submitted by Theodore B. Olson, et al., counsel for PlaintffAppellees (Sept. 13, 2010). 3. Appellees City and County of San Francisco Notice of Consent to the Filing of Amicus Curiae Briefs, submitted by Dennis J. Herrerra, et al., counsel for Appellees (Sept. 13, 2010). CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT The Hausvater Project is a Minnesota nonprofit corporation registered as a public charity under 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(3). It has no parent corporation, subsidiary, nor affiliate, nor any 10% or greater owner corporation, as defined in Fed. R. App. P., Rule 26.1(a). Page i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986) .............................................................25 Christian Legal Society v. Martinez, 561 U.S. __, slip op. (2010) .........................18 Doe v. California Lutheran High School, 170 Cal. App. 8th 828 (2009) ..............17 Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965) ......................................................6,7 In re Marriage Cases, 183 P.3d 384 (Cal. 2008) ...............................13,14,16,17,19 In re Rachel L., 160 Cal. App. 4th 624 (Feb. 28, 2008), superseded by rehearing, 165 Cal. App. 4th 1074 (Aug. 8, 2008) .................................................19 Jonathan L. v. Superior Court (Los Angeles County Dept. of Children and Family Services), 165 Cal. App. 4th 1074 (2008) ...................................................19 Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003) .............................................................6,25 Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967) .................................................................. A-2 Lockyer v. City of San Francisco, 95 P3d 459 (Cal. 2004) ....................................13 Meyer v. State of Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923) ..................................................... 3 Moore v. East Cleveland, 431 U.S. 494 (1977).........................................................4 Osterkamp v. Stiles, nos. S-13297, S-13317, Sup. Ct. Alaska (June 25, 2010) .....25 Parham v. J. R., 442 U.S. 584 (1979)........................................................................4 Parker v. Hurley, 514 F.3d 87 (1st Cir. 2008) ..............................................10,14,21 Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510 (1925) ...................................................... 4 Planned Parenthood of Southwestern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992) ...........6,7 Page ii Rideout v. Riendeau, 761 A.2d 291 (2000) .............................................................25 Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) ............................................................................6 Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982) ................................................................. 4 Smith v. Organization of Foster Families, 431 U.S. 816 (1977)...............................5 Tatum v. Laird, 408 U.S. 1 (1972) ..........................................................................20 Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000) ............................................................4,5,26 Washington v. Glucksburg, 521 U.S. 702 (1997) ...................................................... 3 Weinstein v. Weinstein, no. 17425, 280 Conn. Sup. 15 (Jan. 2, 2007) ...................25 United States Constitution First Amendment ......................................................................................16,18,20,21 Fourteenth Amendment .................................................................................. passim California Constitution Cal. Const., art. I, § 7.5 (Prop. 8) .............................................................. 15, passim California Statutes Cal. Education Code, § 51930(b)(2) .............................................................. 14, A-3 Cal. Education Code, § 51933(a) ................................................................... 14, A-3 Cal. Education Code, § 51933(b)(7) .............................................................. 14, A-3 Cal. Family Code, § 308.5 .......................................................................................13 Page iii Miscellaneous Allen Quist, America's Schools: The Battleground for Freedom (2005) ..........11,12 Amanda Alquist, "The Migration of Same-Sex Marriage from Canada to the United States: An Incremental Approach," 30 University of La Verne Law Review 200 (2008) ..................................................................................................23 American Law Institute, Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution (2002) ................................................................................................................ 23-25 Bob Unruh, "California `Mom,' `Dad' Ban Garners International Scorn: World Congress of Families Condemns Promotion of `Polymorphous Perversion,'" World News Daily, Oct. 17, 2007, http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=44064 (accessed Sept. 17, 2010) ........................................................................................13 California Dept. of Education, Frequently Asked Questions, www.cde.ca.gov/ls/hese/faq.asp (last retrieved Sept. 13, 2010) ........................14,15 Kristin Kloberdanz, "Criminalizing Homeschoolers," Time, Mar. 7, 2008, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1720697,00.html (last accessed Sept. 22, 2010) .........................................................................................................18 Marsha Garrison, "Marriage Matters: What's Wrong with the ALI's Domestic Partnership Proposal," in Robin Fretwell Wilson, ed., Reconceiving the Family: Critiques on the American Law Institute's Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution 305, 328 (2006) ...................................................................................24 Mary Anne Case, "Feminist Fundamentalism on the Frontier between Government and Family Responsibility for Children," 2 Utah Law Review 381 (2009), 11 Journal of Law and Family Studies 332 (2009) .............................. 22-23 Mary Coombs, "Insiders and Outsiders: What the American Law Institute Has Done for Gay and Lesbian Families," 8 Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy 87 (2001).......................................................................................................24 The Political Writings of Thomas Jefferson (ed. Merril D. Peterson 1993) .............6 Robert Kunzman, Write These Laws on Your Children: Inside the World of Conservative Christian Homeschooling (2009) ................................................12,21 Page iv Robin Fretwell Wilson, "Undeserved Trust: Reflections on the ALI's Treatment of De Facto Parents," in Robin Fretwell Wilson, ed., Reconceiving the Family: Critiques on the American Law Institute's Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution 90 (2006) ..............................................................................................24 Seanna Sugrue, "Soft Despotism and Same-Sex Marriage," in Robert P. George and Jean Bethke Elshtain, eds., The Meaning of Marriage: Family, State, Market, and Morals, 172 (2006) .............................................................................27 Page v TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHORITY TO FILE ............................................................................................i CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT .........................................................i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................................................................... ii INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE ...........................................................................1 STANDARD OF REVIEW ......................................................................................2 SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENTS .....................................................................2 ARGUMENTS I. THE SUPREME COURT HAS REPEATEDLY RECOGNIZED PARENTS' FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT TO DIRECT THEIR CHILDREN'S EDUCATION. .......................................................................3 A. Nine Decades Of Case Law Bear Strong Witness To Parents' Fundamental Right To Direct Their Children's Education. .................3 Parents' Fundamental Right To Direct Their Children's Education Has A More Enduring Constitutional Foundation Than The Purported Right Of Prop. 8 Opponents To Attain Same-Sex Marriage. ..............................................................................................5 B. II. THE CAMPAIGN FOR PROP. 8 APPEALED TO PARENTS SEEKING TO PRESERVE THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO DIRECT THEIR CHILDREN'S EDUCATION. ...........................................7 A. The District Court Acknowledged That The Campaign For Prop. 8 Appealed To Parents Seeking To Preserve Their Constitutional Right To Direct Their Children's Education. .......................................7 The District Court Quoted Selectively From The Record To Construe The Campaign For Prop. 8 As A Disingenuous Attempt To Misinform And Frighten Voters Into Supporting Prop. 8. .............8 B. Page vi III. VOTERS SUPPORTING PROP. 8 HAD GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE THAT PROP. 8 WOULD SAFEGUARD THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO DIRECT THEIR CHILDREN'S EDUCATION. ..............................................................................................11 A. Controversies Abound Nationwide Concerning Public School Curricula Pertaining To Matters Of Sexuality And Marriage. ..........11 Recent California Education Code Reform Has Heightened The Concerns Of Parents Seeking To Direct Their Children's Education. ...........................................................................................13 Marriage Cases Substantially Changed California's Curriculum Mandate Concerning The Value Of Marriage, Which Change Prop. 8 Sought To Remedy ..........................................................................13 The District Court Erred In Claiming That Prop. 8 Supporters Had No Legitimate State Interest In Mind. ................................................15 B. C. D. IV. PROP. 8 PROPONENTS HAVE GOOD REASON TO FEAR THAT A JUDICIAL NULLIFICATION OF PROP. 8 WILL FOSTER LIMITATIONS UPON CONSTITUTIONAL LIBERTIES, DESPITE ASSURANCE TO THE CONTRARY IN MARRIAGE CASES. ................16 A. Marriage Cases Reasoned That State Recognition of Same-Sex Marriage Would Not Constrain Religious Liberties, But Was Silent With Respect To Other Constitutional Protections. ...........................16 Recent Case Law Developments Suggest That The Marriage Cases Doctrine That Preserves Religious Free Association Is Likely To Be Challenged. ..................................................................17 The Judicial Repeal Of Prop. 8 Would Have A "Chilling Effect" On Religious Liberty And Other First Amendment Rights. ..............20 B. C. V. SUBSTANTIAL OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE IDENTIFIES INCREMENTAL STRATEGIES CONNECTING STATE RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX MARRIAGE TO CONSTRAINTS OF PARENTS' RIGHT TO DIRECT THEIR CHILDREN'S EDUCATION. ..................................22 Page vii A. Openly Acknowledged Incremental Strategies Seek To Effect Radical Changes In The Relationship Between Family, Society, And Government, Thereby Displacing Parental Rights. ....................22 Judicial Nullification Of Prop. 8 Contributes To A Redefinition Not Only Of Marriage But Also Of Parenthood And Hence Of Parental Rights. ..................................................................................25 B. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................28 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ......................................................................29 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ...............................................................................30 APPENDIX: Vision Statement of The Hausvater Project .............................................. A-1 Trial Transcript (Excerpt)........................................................................... A-2 Cal. Education Code (SB 71, signed Oct. 1, 2003) .................................... A-3 Page viii INTEREST OF AMICUS1 The Hausvater Project ("Hausvater"2), a Minnesota nonprofit corporation registered as a public charity under 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(3), files this brief to show that Proposition 8 ("Prop. 8") serves to safeguard the Fourteenth Amendment right of parents to determine their children's education--a state interest that Hausvater exists to promote, Vision Statement, in Appendix at A-1, infra. Hausvater has a nationwide constituency consisting of clergy and laity who are affiliated with a variety of religious denominations. These denominations include the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod ("LCMS"), which operates one of the nation's largest parochial school systems. The district court specifically labeled LCMS as a religious organization fostering bigotry against homosexual persons, ER138, and based its injunction against Prop. 8, in part, on the claim that Prop. 8 lacks a legitimate state interest and instead serves primarily to promote bigotry, ER167. Hausvater maintains that Prop. 8 does not reflect bigotry and in fact safeguards parents' fundamental rights--a most legitimate state interest. Credit for authorship of this brief is principally due Ryan C. MacPherson, Ph.D. (History and Philosophy of Science, University of Notre Dame, 2003), founding president of The Hausvater Project (www.hausvater.org). 2 A German word for "head of household," pronounced HAUS-fah-ter. Page 1 1 STANDARD OF REVIEW Amicus Hausvater adopts and herein incorporates defendant-intervenorsappellants' Standard of Review. See Opening Brief at 18. In any event, the scholarly sources herein cited present facts worthy of judicial notice under any standard of review. SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENTS Parents have a fundamental right to determine their children's education, protected under the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process clause. California citizens voting in favor of Prop. 8 ("Prop. 8 Supporters") had, and on their behalf the defendant-intervenors-appellants ("Prop. 8 Proponents") in this case continue to have, good reason to regard Prop. 8 as a safeguard of that fundamental constitutional right. Since the safeguarding of a constitutional right properly serves the state's interest, the district court erred in concluding that Prop. 8 serves no legitimate or compelling state interest. Moreover, parents' fundamental right to determine their children's education should take priority over the competing claims of plaintiffs-appellees Kristin Perry et al./same-sex couples ("Prop. 8 Opponents") who plea for Equal Protection and Due Process rights to same-sex marriage. Therefore, the district court's decision should be reversed and the injunction against Prop. 8 should be lifted. Page 2 ARGUMENTS I. THE SUPREME COURT HAS REPEATEDLY RECOGNIZED PARENTS' FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT TO DIRECT THEIR CHILDREN'S EDUCATION. A. Nine Decades Of Case Law Bear Strong Witness To Parents' Fundamental Right To Direct Their Children's Education. The Supreme Court has long recognized and recently reaffirmed parents' rights to determine their children's education: In a long line of cases, we have held that, in addition to the specific freedoms protected by the Bill of Rights, the `liberty' specially protected by the Due Process Clause includes the rights ... to direct the education and upbringing of one's children. ... The Fourteenth Amendment "forbids the government to infringe ... `fundamental' liberty interests at all, no matter what process is provided, unless the infringement is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling state interest." Washington v. Glucksburg, 521 U.S. 702, 720, 721 (1997) (internal citations omitted; emphasis original). The Court's recognition of this fundamental right dates at least as far back as the 1920s. In Meyer v. State of Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 399 (1923), the Court acknowledged that "it is the natural duty of the parent to give his children education suitable to their station in life" and sustained the right of immigrant parents desiring to have their children instructed in the language of their ancestral homeland. Two years later, the Court reinforced the parental rights doctrine: The fundamental theory of liberty upon which all governments in this Union repose excludes any general power of the State to standardize its children by forcing them to accept instruction from public teachers only. The child is not Page 3 the mere creature of the State; those who nurture him and direct his destiny have the right, coupled with the high duty, to recognize and prepare him for additional obligations. Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, 535 (1925). In recent decades, too, the Court has re-affirmed the primacy of parental rights: Our decisions establish that the Constitution protects the sanctity of the family precisely because the institution of the family is deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition. It is through the family that we inculcate and pass down many of our most cherished values, moral and cultural. Moore v. East Cleveland, 431 U.S. 494, 503 (1977) (internal citations omitted). Indeed, the Court has identified "the interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children" as "perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court." Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000). The Court accordingly has called for strict scrutiny before permitting state interposition into parents' custodial rights over children. See also Parham v. J. R., 442 U.S. 584, 602, 603 (1979) ("The statist notion that governmental power should supersede parental authority in all cases because some parents abuse and neglect children is repugnant to American tradition."); Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753 (1982) ("the fundamental liberty interest of natural parents in the care, custody, and management of their child does not evaporate simply because they have not been model parents or have lost temporary custody of their child to the State"). # # Page 4 B. Parents' Fundamental Right To Direct Their Children's Education Has A More Enduring Constitutional Foundation Than The Purported Right Of Prop. 8 Opponents To Attain Same-Sex Marriage. The case law supportive of parents' right to determine their children's education has not established a new entitlement, but rather has testified to a primordial right intrinsic to human nature and embodied naturally in the parentchild relationship. "The liberty interest in family privacy has its source, and its contours are ordinarily to be sought, not in state law, but in intrinsic human rights, as they have been understood in `this Nation's history and tradition.'" Smith v. Organization of Foster Families, 431 U.S. 816, 845 (1977) (internal citation omitted). Supreme Court precendents testify unambiguously that parents' rights receive Fourteenth Amendment protection. "[I]t cannot now be doubted that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects the fundamental right of parents to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of their children." Troxel, at 66; cf. at 91-93 (Scalia, J., dissenting) (identifying "a right of parents to direct the upbringing of their children" as "among the `inalienable Rights' with which the Declaration of Independence proclaims `all men ... are endowed by their Creator,'" and affirming that the people through the legislative process have authority to delineate and protect such natural rights, even more so than judges). Page 5 As a safeguard of the natural rights of humankind, the application of the Due Process clause to parental rights has the character Thomas Jefferson identified for the Virginia statute he authored in protection of a closely related fundamental right, liberty of conscience: "[T]he rights hereby asserted are of the natural rights of mankind, and ... if any act shall be hereafter passed to repeal the present or to narrow its operation, such act will be an infringement of natural right." A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, §3, in Merril D. Peterson, ed., The Political Writings of Thomas Jefferson 42, 44 (1993). The same cannot, however, be said for the claim of Prop. 8 Opponents that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marriage. Despite the shared acknowledgment by the district judge and Opponents' counsel during closing argument3 that the Griswold-Roe-Casey-Lawrence4 lineage would make for an unstable foundation upon which to construct a right to same-sex marriage, the judge nonetheless stood atop that foundation to issue an injunction against Prop. 8. ER43, 96, 145-47, 149, 155, 163, 168. But in Lawrence, at 578, 585, the Supreme Court made clear that its holding did not extend to a right to same-sex marriage. Therefore, the district court lacked authority to extract from the Fourteenth Amendment a right to same-sex marriage. Transcript, in Appendix, at A-2, infra. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965); Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973); Planned Parenthood of Southwestern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992) ("Casey"); Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003). 4 3 Page 6 An asserted right to same-sex marriage cannot compete legitimately with, much less pre-empt, the fundamental right of parents to direct their children's education, given the enduring basis upon which the Court has for so long recognized that natural right. In practice, however, experiments with same-sex marriage in this nation already have manifestly resulted in the curtailment of parental rights. See sections II.B, III.C, and IV.C, infra. Here, too, the district court's sanctioning of same-sex marriage, resting as it does upon the expansion of a privacy right constructed in Griswold, ironically perpetuates a "jurisprudence of doubt," Casey, at 844. Prop. 8 Supporters justly demand a more stable foundation for family law. II. THE CAMPAIGN FOR PROP. 8 APPEALED TO PARENTS SEEKING TO PRESERVE THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO DIRECT THEIR CHILDREN'S EDUCATION. A. The District Court Acknowledged That The Campaign For Prop. 8 Appealed To Parents Seeking To Preserve Their Constitutional Right To Direct Their Children's Education. The district court's ruling refers to at least eight distinct plantiff trial exhibits ("PX") as evidence that the campaign for Prop. 8 warned voters that without that proposition parents' rights to direct their children's education would be compromised: 1. PX0011, California Voter Information Guide, California General Election, Tuesday, November 4, 2008, ER41-42; Page 7 2. PX0557, Frank Schubert and Jeff Flint, "Passing Prop 8," Politics 45 (Feb. 2009) ("Shubert-Flint"), discussed infra; 3. 4. 5. 6. PX0015, Video, Finally the Truth, ER141; PX0016, Video, Have You Thought About It?, ER141; PX0091, Video, Everything to Do With Schools, ER141; PX0391, Video, Ron Prentice Addressing Supporters of Prop. 8, Part II, ER142; 7. PX0008, Memorandum, Protect Marriage, New YouTube Video Clarifies Yes on 8 Proponents' Concerns: Education and Protection of Children is [sic] at Risk (Oct. 31, 2008), ER144, 8. PX1565, News Release, Protect Marriage, First Graders Taken to San Francisco City Hall for Gay Wedding (Oct 11, 2008), ER144. B. The District Court Quoted Selectively From The Record To Construe The Campaign For Prop. 8 As A Disingenuous Attempt To Misinform And Frighten Voters Into Supporting Prop. 8. One clear example suffices to demonstrate the district court's misconstrual of the record. The judge painted a picture of a marketing ploy fabricating a scenario that without Prop. 8 children would be indoctrinated to accept the homosexual lifestyle. The judge did so by quoting quite selectively from the lead strategists' self-reflective account, Shubert-Flint: "We strongly believed that a campaign in favor of traditional marriage would not be enough to prevail." "We probed long and hard in countless Page 8 focus groups and surveys to explore reactions to a variety of consequences our issue experts identified" and they decided to create campaign messaging focusing on "how this new `fundamental right' would be inculcated in young children through public schools." ER141, excerpting from Shubert-Flint, 45-47. The elided text, however, suggests a different account. The campaign strategists recognized that the elevation of a "gay couple" to "`protected class' legal status" would lead to same-sex couples' rights prevailing over other rights. We settled on three broad areas where this conflict of rights was most likely to occur ... religious freedom ... freedom of expression ... and in how this new `fundamental right' would be inculcated in young children through the public schools. And we made sure that we had very concrete examples we could share with voters of things that had actually occurred. Shubert-Flint, at 45, emphasis added. The district court cited expert testimony from the trial in support of the claim that Prop. 8 Supporters "relied on stereotypes to show that same-sex relationships are inferior," including this extended quotation from historian George Chauncey: The most striking image is of the little girl who comes in to tell her mom that she learned that a princess can marry a princess, which strongly echoes the idea that mere exposure to gay people and their relationships is going to lead a generation of young people to become gay, which voters are to understand as undesirable. Quoted in ER143. The pertinent trial exhibit, however, offers a far different perspective: We ran an ad featuring a young Hispanic girl coming home from school, explaining how she had learned in class that a prince could marry another prince, and she could marry a princess! This ad was based on the actual Page 9 experience in Massachusetts, the only state in the nation where gay marriage had been legalized long enough to see how it would be handled by the public school system. ... What they [disfavorable editorialists] never did do, because they couldn't do, was contest the accuracy of what had happened in Massachusetts. Shubert-Flint, at 46, 47, emphasis added. Indeed, Shubert-Flint relied on two litigated situations in Massachusetts: Parker v. Hurley, 514 F.3d 87 (1st Cir. 2008) (involving one family's child exposed to the kindergarten story about a prince marrying the prince, and another family's child exposed to material favoring samesex marriage in second grade). Clearly, then, the Prop. 8 campaign did not parade speculations to incite unreasonable fear, but offered a rational argument from analogy. Fortuitously for Prop. 8 Supporters, a San Francisco public school confirmed that analogy by taking first graders on a field trip to "witness the wedding of their lesbian teacher ... Now we not only had an example of something that had happened in California (as opposed to might happen), we had video footage to prove it." Shubert-Flint, at 47, emphasis added. If that was not enough to alarm parents desiring to direct their children's education in keeping, if the parents so prefer, with the time-honored definition of marriage, a Hayward, California, school "celebrated `coming out week' while urging kindergartners to sign pledge cards promising to be an ally of gay students," Shubert-Flint, at 47. Page 10 One would be narrow-minded to conclude that parents who do not wish their kindergartners to becoming card-carrying gay rights activists necessarily desire them to be five-year-old bigots instead. Many middle roads of tolerant accommodation can be traveled by those wishing to raise their children in the codes of civility, which, let us trust, is true of most parents regardless of their politics or religion. Prop. 8 Supporters reasonably worried that their government might not long continue to permit them to seek those middle paths, hence their desire for a state constitutional amendment in defense of the natural law of marriage. III. VOTERS SUPPORTING PROP. 8 HAD GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE THAT PROP. 8 WOULD SAFEGUARD THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO DIRECT THEIR CHILDREN'S EDUCATION. A. Controversies Abound Nationwide Concerning School Curricula Pertaining To Matters Of Sexuality And Marriage. Few American parents today can claim to be unaware of the intense debates surrounding public school curricula with respect to matters of sexuality and marriage. See, for example, Allen Quist, America's Schools: The Battleground for Freedom (2005), at 147 ("Quist") (contrasting progressive elementary school curricula in which "two-parent families are rarely included" and "[d]ifferences between males and females are viewed as being the result of conditioning only"-- versus traditional education in which "[t]he complementary nature of gender roles Page 11 is recognized" and "[m]arriage is viewed as being the oneness of a man and a woman ... forming the ideal basis for the family."). Debate focuses not only on public school curricula, but also on the curricula of parochial schools and homeschools, Quist, chap. 15. The scrutiny placed upon religiously conservative homeschool families does not, however, necessarily indicate the unreasoning animus asserted by the expert witnesses for Prop. 8 Opponents, ER34-171 (passim), concerning Prop. 8 Supporters. A more balanced sociological analysis suggests that significant critical thinking is involved, by both parents and their children, in cultivating even the most conservative of values within their private homes. Robert Kunzman, Write These Laws on Your Children: Inside the World of Conservative Christian Homeschooling, at 36 (2009) ("Kunzman") ("While [homeschooled child] Carly hasn't thought through all the details of these complicated questions, I'm [i.e., researcher Kunzman] encouraged to see that even though she holds some strong conservative opinions (for example, abortion and homosexuality are wrong), she is nonetheless willing to consider other perspectives and the need to make room for them in our pluralistic society."). But regardless of who is open-minded and who is not, controversy rages on, an important contextual clue for properly evaluating the constitutional merits of Prop. 8. # Page 12 B. Recent California Education Code Reform Has Heightened The Concerns Of Parents Seeking To Direct Their Children's Education. Californians engaged in significant debate during the 2007 legislative session, when Senate Bill 777 was enacted to reform the state's Education Code by mandating curricula that forbids gender-specific language that might be construed as a bias against homosexuality.5 Following the heels of this education reform, In re Marriage Cases, 183 P.3d 384 (Cal. 2008) ("Marriage Cases"), legalized samesex marriage. The response of California voters in enacting Prop. 8 should, therefore, be understood within this context. C. Marriage Cases Substantially Changed California's Curriculum Mandate Concerning The Value Of Marriage, Which Change Prop. 8 Sought To Remedy. Prior to the May 2008 Marriage Cases ruling, California had always defined marriage as the union between a man and a woman. Marriage Cases, at 407. Proposition 22 (adopted Nov. 2000) solidified this common law consensus by enacting Cal. Family Code, § 308.5 ("Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."). Aside from a short-lived and unlawful issuing of marriage licenses to same-sex couples in San Francisco, which licenses were later revoked, Lockyer v. City of San Francisco, 95 P3d 459 (Cal. 2004), the Bob Unruh, "California `Mom,' `Dad' Ban Garners International Scorn: World Congress of Families Condemns Promotion of `Polymorphous Perversion,'" World News Daily, Oct. 17, 2007, http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=44064 (accessed Sept. 17, 2010). Page 13 5 "a man and a woman" definition remained until Marriage Cases. It was during the pre-Marriage Cases era that California's legislature amended its education code to include mandatory instruction regarding the value of marriage. Enacted in 2003, Cal. Education Code, § 51930(b)(2), requires that teachers "encourage a pupil to develop healthy attitudes concerning ... marriage," and § 51933(b)(7) requires that "Instruction and materials shall teach respect for marriage and committed relationships." See Appendix, at A-3, infra. Despite the law's allowance for schools to opt out of the curriculum mandate, the California Department of Education reports that 96% of the state's public schools participate6, creating a de facto universal curriculum. Prior to Marriage Cases, the value of marriage between a man and a woman would be taught. After Marriage Cases, with "marriage" now being redefined by court order, schools would be required to instill identical attitudes concerning same-sex marriage and opposite-sex marriage, as early as "kindergarten," § 51933(a). The First Circuit has so ruled in an analogous circumstance, Parker, at 16 ("Given that Massachusetts has recognized gay marriage under its state constitution, it is entirely rational for its schools to educate their students regarding that recognition."). California Dept. of Education, Frequently Asked Questions, www.cde.ca.gov/ls/hese/faq.asp (last retrieved Sept. 13, 2010) ("Dept. of Educ. FAQs"). Page 14 6 True, parents have the opportunity to withhold active or passive consent, Dept. of Educ. FAQs, but such a safeguard, while it may satisfy de minimis parental rights requirements, does not ensure optimal protection. Prop. 8, in restoring marriage as "[o]nly ... between a man and a woman," Cal. Const., art. I, § 7.5, serves parents' interests in directing their children's education in a manner consistent with that definition of marriage. It is not unreasonable to assume that Prop. 8 Supporters included a substantial number of parents desiring to exercise their right to direct their children's education concerning marriage. D. The District Court Erred In Claiming That Prop. 8 Supporters Had No Legitimate State Interest In Mind. Obviously, the safeguarding of a constitutional right that the Supreme Court repeatedly has identified as fundamental, section I.A, supra, is a state interest under the Fourteenth Amendment. Indeed, were the nation's, or California's, founding fathers to suddenly awake in this brave new world, like Rip Van Winkel after sleeping for twenty years, they surely would be shocked that it is not marriage remaining intact unless and until a competing interest can be shown to be compelling, narrowly tailored, and least obstructive (a strict scrutiny test), but rather marriage must be re-defined beyond recognition and the people of the State of California may not be permitted to restore it unless and until they provide a compelling state interest, narrowly tailored, and least obstructive, to disallow same-sex couples from claiming themselves to be married. Page 15 Even if Prop. 8 Supporters must be on the defensive, they can readily identify a legitimate state interest in the protection of parents' Fourteenth Amendment right to determine their children's education--a right which is itself fundamental and deserving of further scrutiny before this court permits its incremental displacement to continue one more step. The district court therefore erred in claiming Prop. 8 serves no legitimate or compelling state interest. IV. PROP. 8 PROPONENTS HAVE GOOD REASON TO FEAR THAT A JUDICIAL NULLIFICATION OF PROP. 8 WILL FOSTER LIMITATIONS UPON CONSTITUTIONAL LIBERTIES, DESPITE ASSURANCE TO THE CONTRARY IN MARRIAGE CASES. A. Marriage Cases Reasoned That State Recognition of Same-Sex Marriage Would Not Constrain Religious Liberties, But Was Silent With Respect To Other Constitutional Protections. The district court asserted, "Prop. 8 does not affect any First Amendment right or responsibility of parents to educate their children," ER164. The court here relied upon Marriage Cases, at 451-452 ("[A]ffording same-sex couples the opportunity to obtain the designation of marriage will not impinge upon the religious freedom of any religious organization, official, or any other person; no religion will be required to change its religious policies or practices with regard to same-sex couples, and no religious officiant will be required to solemnize a marriage in contravention of his or her religious beliefs."). Marriage Cases did not, however, specifically mention parents' right to determine their children's education, nor did it address other fundamental rights, Page 16 such as Free Association or Free Speech, beyond religious contexts. It is doubtful that the Marriage Cases doctrine will suffice to protect the full range of the First and Fourteenth Amendment rights of Prop. 8 Supporters and other parties. Troubling implications for Free Association will be discussed in section B, infra; for Free Speech, in section C, infra. B. Recent Case Law Developments Suggest That The Marriage Cases Doctrine That Preserves Religious Free Association Is Likely To Be Challenged. California Lutheran High School, a parochial school affiliated with a church body that identifies homosexuality as a sin, recently endured a lawsuit for expelling two students on charges of lesbian behavior. A California appellate court ruled in favor of the school, but on narrow statutory grounds, not addressing the tension between the students' statutory anti-discrimination claims and the school's constitutional Expressive Association claim. The court also declined to address parents' right to determine their children's education through expressive association. Doe v. California Lutheran High School, 170 Cal. App. 8th 828 (2009). The constitutional arguments that future defendants in California Lutheran's situation might wish to raise would apparently be weakened in view of the present district court's insistence, at ER165, that nothing short of religiously motivated bigotry against a protected class could motivate opposition to same-sex marriages. Page 17 The Supreme Court held quite recently that a public university's commitment to a "viewpoint neutral" policy justifies its withholding of official recognition from a student organization that seeks to limit its membership to those who adhere to an organizational mission statement, including, in that case, a biblical prohibition of homosexual as well as heterosexual fornication. Christian Legal Society v. Martinez, 561 U.S. __, slip op., at 29 (2010) ("CLS"). The Court rejected the student organization's First Amendment pleas for Free Speech and Expressive Association. The nation has thus been launched on a trajectory in which "viewpoint neutral" means that groups desiring to establish a recognized organization committed to a particular viewpoint, in both word and deed, in a freely competing marketplace of ideas among other groups, sponsoring other ideas, may not do so. If the district court's ruling stands, more families from among Prop. 8 Supporters likely will retreat into the privacy of their home to educate their children. But homeschoolers, too, were under fire in California during the Prop. 8 campaign, noted not merely in local but national news.7 What began as allegations of child abuse in one particular family mushroomed into a ruling that implicated the families of some 200,000 home-schooled children in California. In addressing Kristin Kloberdanz, "Criminalizing Homeschoolers," Time, Mar. 7, 2008, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1720697,00.html (last accessed Sept. 22, 2010). Page 18 7 the charges of abuse, the court concluded in a February 28, 2008, ruling that California case law forbids homeschooling, except by parents who have teaching licenses. In re Rachel L., 160 Cal. App. 4th 624 (2008). The court superseded this finding by a grant of rehearing; in an August 8 ruling, the court reversed in part, concluding that California parents generally may homeschool without a license by registering as a private school. Jonathan L. v. Superior Court (Los Angeles County Dept. of Children and Family Services), 165 Cal. App. 4th 1074 (2008). During the months between the In re Rachel L. and Jonathan L. rulings, some Prop. 8 Supporters no doubt worried that their rights to direct their children's education would be squished into oblivion: Marriage Cases meant that public school curricula would teach the "value" of same-sex marriage, whereas In re Rachel L. apparently had foreclosed the option of homeschooling. Some "breathing room" was restored as parents reasonably foresaw, in Prop. 8, a reversal of the curriculum reform entailed by Marriage Cases, and when Jonathan L. re-asserted parents' rights to homeschool in California. Nevertheless, Prop. 8 Supporters continue to have reason to fear curtailment of their rights, whether by a "chilling effect" upon Free Speech (section C, infra) or by an incremental strategy involving many subtle factors (Part V, infra). # # Page 19 C. The Judicial Repeal Of Prop. 8 Would Have A "Chilling Effect" On Religious Liberty And Other First Amendment Rights. The district court insinuated that Prop. 8 Supporters acted merely or primarily out of "bigotry" or "animus." The judge frequently quoted expert witnesses' references to "stigma," (passim). "prejudice," Beyond doubt, "stereotypes," some and "discrimination." ER34-171 homosexual individuals and couples have been targeted with hatred, and beyond doubt, hatred toward them is wrong. The remedy the district court provided, however, cannot forge a lasting peace. Rather, it alienates Prop. 8 Supporters from the public square. The district court failed to exhibit a capacity to contemplate a moderate middle ground in which a person may have reasonable objections to homosexuality while still desiring to act compassionately toward gays and lesbians. Instead, the judge labeled the convictions of Prop. 8 Supporters as categorically unacceptable to the social sciences, to the law, and to civic respectability. If such dicta vindictiva do not deter Free Speech, then it never snows in Minnesota. The Supreme Court "has found in a number of cases that constitutional violations may arise from the deterrent, or `chilling,' effect of governmental regulations that fall short of a direct prohibition against the exercise of First Amendment rights," Tatum v. Laird, 408 U.S. 1, 11 (1972). A judicial mandate that same-sex marriages be performed by state officials--coupled with legislation requiring the state's teachers to instill a corresponding transformation of family Page 20 values into children's minds--contributes to an abridgement of parents' substantive right to direct their children's education, particularly in view of the First Circuit's recent ruling, Parker, at 16, that parents who object to same-sex marriage lack any constitutional claim to parental consent safeguards once the state legalizes such marriages. If the district court's caricature of Prop. 8 Supporters were to be sustained in this court's ruling, then it would seem to follow that parochial schools maintaining the Prop. 8 definition of marriage thereby endanger the children whom parents have entrusted to their care. Far from furthering a state interest, such religious organizations would be in opposition to a state interest, at least insofar as one accepts the district court's own identifications of the state's interest and the religious groups' motivations. This is not small potatoes. The targeted groups include church bodies that operate substantial networks of parochial schools-- notably the Roman Catholic Church and the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod. ER137-38. Moreover, many families choose to homeschool precisely to preserve for the next generation a set of values including, inter alia, both the identification of homosexual acts as sinful and an emphasis upon God's forgiveness in Christ for this and any other sin. Kunzman, at 36 and passim. The animus in the district court's ruling, if this court fails to check it, not only would have a chilling effect upon the First Amendment liberties of those schools and homes, but also would set Page 21 in motion an incremental logic, the terminus of which can stop nothing short of the abolition of parochial schools and homeschooling. Nor does such an extrapolation introduce any new ideas; as the next section demonstrates, advocates for same-sex marriage already have rehearsed these plans most deliberatively. V. SUBSTANTIAL OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE IDENTIFIES INCREMENTAL STRATEGIES CONNECTING STATE RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX MARRIAGE TO CONSTRAINTS OF PARENTS' RIGHT TO DIRECT THEIR CHILDREN'S EDUCATION. A. Openly Acknowledged Incremental Strategies Seek To Effect Radical Changes In The Relationship Between Family, Society, And Government, Thereby Displacing Parental Rights. One need not be a social scientist to recognize the manifest contraction of parental rights occasioned by incremental strategies to legalize same-sex marriage. In an article simultaneously published by two prominent law journals, University of Chicago Law Professor Mary Anne Case has suggested constitutional arguments that would curtail parents' rights to determine their children's education in order to ensure that American boys and girls grow up believing that biological sex is entirely irrelevant to civic, social, and family life. Professor Case openly advocates "feminist fundamentalism," which she defines as "an uncompromising commitment to the equality [identity?] of the sexes." She proposes that public and private schools, as well as homeschooling parents, be forbidden from providing instruction in distinctive gender roles; each of these Page 22 educational spheres should instead be required to "challenge sex stereotypes," ensure androgynous role outcomes, and celebrate lesbian parenting as more conducive than heterosexual couples to instilling androgynous values. Mary Anne Case, "Feminist Fundamentalism on the Frontier between Government and Family Responsibility for Children," 2 Utah Law Review 381, 382, 393, 398 (2009), 11 Journal of Law and Family Studies 332, 333, 345, 350 (2009). Another incremental strategy already has begun to run its course in California. This strategy begins with discrimination reform, progresses through adoption and tax reform, then recognizes the "rights and obligations of same-sex couples who form[] common-law marriages," and finally culminates in same-sex marriage. Such was the course traveled by Canada. Amanda Alquist, "The Migration of Same-Sex Marriage from Canada to the United States: An Incremental Approach," 30 University of La Verne Law Review 200, 213 (2008). To accommodate the ascendancy of same-sex households, replete with nonbiological ties to children, the American Law Institute ("ALI") has proposed conflating biological and legally adoptive parents, on the one hand, with de facto parents and "parents by estoppel," on the other hand.8 The movement toward samesex marriage, both before and upon the state creation of such an institution, has thus occasioned sweeping transformations in family law that involve a shift of 8 ALI, Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution, chap. 2 (2002). Page 23 authority from natural parents toward, for example, same-sex ex-partners who desire custody or visitation rights, or authority to determine a child's religious training or medical treatment.9 The resulting expansion of state-recognized family forms (de facto domestic partnerships, de facto parenthood, etc.) leads not to less, but to more, government "intru[sion] into relational privacy. It dramatically expands state control over private life. Despite the liberal rhetoric that cloaks its illiberal character, the ALI proposal offers nothing more--or less--than a dramatic expansion of state paternalism and coercion."10 Now the plea of same-sex-couples to receive marriage recognition in California has come before this appellate court, which sets precedent for several states beyond California, all of which have, like California, acted to preserve marriage as the union of a man and a woman. Alaska, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, and Oregon have each adopted constitutional amendments substantially identical to Prop. 8, while Washington and Hawaii have done so by statute.11 For sample scenarios, see Mary Coombs, "Insiders and Outsiders: What the American Law Institute Has Done for Gay and Lesbian Families," 8 Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy 87 (2001); Robin Fretwell Wilson, "Undeserved Trust: Reflections on the ALI's Treatment of De Facto Parents," in Robin Fretwell Wilson, ed., Reconceiving the Family: Critiques on the American Law Institute's Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution 90 (2006). 10 Marsha Garrison, "Marriage Matters: What's Wrong with the ALI's Domestic Partnership Proposal," in Robin Fretwell Wilson, ed., Reconceiving the Family 305, 328 (2006). 11 Defendant-Intervenors-Appellants Opening Brief, at 67n23-68n24 [ECF] (Sept. 17, 2010). Page 24 9 Nor are such measures superfluous. ALI recommendations frequently serve as surrogates in the absence of relevant statutory or case law.12 ALI's authority has even been invoked against both statutory and case law, most notably in Lawrence, at 572 (overturning Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986) and striking down state anti-sodomy statutes in favor of a 1955 draft of ALI's Model Penal Code); cf. at 598 (Scalia, J., dissenting) (alarmed both that ALI could trump the vast array of state legislatures who maintained anti-sodomy laws and that the deployment of ALI's model as "an emerging awareness" somehow could satisfy the "deeply rooted" criterion for a fundamental right). Prop. 8, like the similar measures adopted by all other states in this circuit plus most other states throughout the nation, sends a clear signal that ALI should not have the last word in re-defining family law. B. Judicial Nullification Of Prop. 8 Contributes To A Redefinition Not Only Of Marriage But Also Of Parenthood And Hence Of Parental Rights. A ruling from this court against Prop. 8 may greatly accelerate the displacement of legal parents from their children in other states as well as forestall efforts in California to restore parents' rights to determine their children's education. On the other hand, a ruling from this court to uphold Prop. 8, For example, Rideout v. Riendeau, 761 A.2d 291, 307 (2000); Weinstein v. Weinstein, no. 17425, 280 Conn. Sup. 15 (Jan. 2, 2007); Osterkamp v. Stiles, nos. S-13297, S-13317, Sup. Ct. Alaska (June 25, 2010). Page 25 12 particularly if such a ruling were to include a declaration of parental rights consistent with pre-Troxel case law and reflective of the natural law of the family, would, of course, send a more encouraging message to the nation's biological and legally adoptive parents. It also would permit both the people and their locally representative assemblies in the various states to continue to seek the common good of men, women, and children, through the reform and refinement of family law. In holding the line where California voters have drawn it with Prop. 8, this court also would be protecting the interests of naturally procreative parents in other jurisdictions who do not wish to surrender their rights to a new post-family order in which de facto parents and "parents by estoppel" compete with, and at times preempt, their fundamental rights to direct their children's education or otherwise act as what nature has made them: parents. When a water pipe leaks, the prudent homeowner does not wait until the entire basement floods before calling a plumber. Prop. 8 represents a timely--or perhaps belated, but not irrationally presumptive--response to an incremental displacement of parental rights. The nation's debate over same-sex marriage encompasses more than the two people desiring to make public their private commitment to one another; it also impacts the children of other families, since it requires a legal redefinition of all families in order to make room for innumerable new possibilities. "Being entirely a Page 26 creation of the state, [same-sex marriage] is an institution that needs to be coddled, and which demands cocooning to protect it. ... The need for same-sex unions to be culturally coddled also increases the likelihood that the state will use public education for this end." Seanna Sugrue, "Soft Despotism and Same-Sex Marriage," in Robert P. George and Jean Bethke Elshtain, eds., The Meaning of Marriage: Family, State, Market, and Morals, 172, 190 (2006). Rather than dealing with exceptional cases as exceptions, as adoption and custody law formerly did, the same-sex marriage revolution forges new rules that marginalize the old standard beyond the pale of normativity. Whether intended by the plaintiffs or not, the case for Prop. 8 Opponents necessarily remains incomplete and unstable until this incremental strategy runs its full course. A tremendous burden falls now to this court as to whether those asserting the freedom to chose a spouse of the same sex can secure that socially constructed status apart from denying, with increasing tenacity, the fundamental right of a man and a woman to direct the education of the children whom nature calls their own. The social engineers of incremental strategies favoring same-sex marriage have themselves answered the question in the negative. Whatever disappointment a reversal of the district court's decision may bring to the particular homosexual couples who originated the complaint, at least they will be liberated from serving Page 27 as pawns in a larger scheme that ultimately would constrain not only their neighbors' liberties, but also their own. CONCLUSION For the reasons stated above, the district court's order deeply imperils parents' long-recognized natural liberties. The decision should be reversed and the injunction against Prop. 8 should be lifted; the order is a most pernicious attack upon English liberties. DATED: September 24, 2010. By /s/ Donald W. MacPherson The MacPherson Group 3031 W. Peoria Ave., #102-620 Phoenix, AZ 85029 (623) 209-2003; fax 2008 Counsel for Amicus Curiae The Hausvater Project Page 28 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE This brief complies with the type-volume limitations of Fed. R. App. P. 32(a)(7)(B) because it contains 6,099 words, excluding the parts of the brief exempted by Fed. R. App. P. 32(a)(7)(B)(iii). This brief complies with the typeface requirements of Fed. R. App. P. 32(a)(5) and type style requirements of Fed. R. App. P. 32(a)(6) because this brief has been prepared in a proportionately spaced typeface using Microsoft Word 2007 word processing software in 14-point Times New Roman font. DATED: September 24, 2010. /s/ Ryan C. MacPherson Legal Assistant The MacPherson Group 3039 W. Peoria Ave., #102-620 Phoenix, AZ 85029 Page 29 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that on September 24, 2010, pursuant to Fed. R. App. P., Rule 25(a)(2)(B): 1. I electronically filed the foregoing opening brief with the Clerk of the Court for the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit by using the appellate CM/ECF system. Participants in the case who are registered CM/ECF users will be served by the appellate CM/ECF system. 2. DATED: September 24, 2010. /s/ Ryan C. MacPherson Legal Assistant The MacPherson Group 3039 W. Peoria Ave., #102-620 Phoenix, AZ 85029 Page 30 APPENDIX INDEX: Vision Statement of The Hausvater Project .............................................. A-1 Trial Transcript (Excerpt)........................................................................... A-2 Cal. Education Code (SB 71, signed Oct. 1, 2003) .................................... A-3 Vision Statement of The Hausvater Project ... that the natural family be recognized to consist of one man and one woman united in marriage for life--and their children, whether begotten or adopted ... that parents take active and primary roles in the Christian upbringing and general education of their children ... that society be recognized to originate from natural families serving one another (society does not create and cannot redefine the natural family) ... that civil governments promote peace and justice--protecting citizens' rights to life, property, and liberty (especially religious liberty) ... that civil governments' promotion of the common good serve as a supplement to, not a replacement for, similar work performed by families, and ultimately aim to strengthen the ability of families to perform such tasks on their own. www.huasvater.org/about (2008). Page A-1 Trial Transcript (Excerpt) The Court: [I]sn't the danger, perhaps not to you and perhaps not to your clients, but the danger to the position that you are taking is not that you're going to lose this case, either here or at the Court of Appeals or at the Supreme Court, but that you might win it? And, as in other areas where the Supreme Court has ultimately constitutionalized something that touches upon highly-senstitive social issues, and taken that issue out of the political realm, that all that has happened is that the forces, the political forces that otherwise have been frustrated, have been generated and built up this pressure, and have, as in a subject matter that I'm sure you're familiar with, plagued our politics for 30 years, isn't the same danger here with this issue? Mr. Olson [Counsel for Prop. 8 Opponents]: I think the case that you're referring to has to do with abortion. The Court: It does, indeed. Mr. Olson: And the cases upon which we rely, in which the courts have responded to the needs of the civil rights of our citizens, have been entirely different cases [whereupon Mr. Olson turned to Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967)]. Closing Rebuttal, Tr. 3095. Page A-2 Cal. Education Code (SB 71, signed Oct. 1, 2003) 51930. (a) This chapter shall be known and may be cited as the California Comprehensive Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Prevention Education Act. (b) The purposes of this chapter are as follows: (1) To provide a pupil with the knowledge and skills necessary to protect his or her sexual and reproductive health from unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. (2) To encourage a pupil to develop healthy attitudes concerning adolescent growth and development, body image, gender roles, sexual orientation, dating, marriage, and family. ... 51933. (a) School districts may provide comprehensive sexual health education, consisting of age-appropriate instruction, in any kindergarten to grade 12, inclusive, using instructors trained in the appropriate courses. (b) A school district that elects to offer comprehensive sexual health education pursuant to subdivision (a), whether taught by school district personnel or outside consultants, shall satisfy all of the following criteria: (1) Instruction and materials shall be age appropriate. (2) All factual information presented shall be medically accurate and objective. (3) Instruction shall be made available on an equal basis to a pupil who is an English learner, consistent with the existing curriculum and alternative options for an English learner pupil as otherwise provided in this code. (4) Instruction and materials shall be appropriate for use with pupils of all races, genders, sexual orientations, ethnic and cultural backgrounds, and pupils with disabilities. (5) Instruction and materials shall be accessible to pupils with disabilities, including, but not limited to, the provision of a modified curriculum, materials and instruction in alternative formats, and auxiliary aids. (6) Instruction and materials shall encourage a pupil to communicate with his or her parents or guardians about human sexuality. (7) Instruction and materials shall teach respect for marriage and committed relationships. ... California Legislature Statutory Record, 1999-2008, http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/statutory-recordhtml/StatutoryRecord19992008.html#edc (last accessed Sept. 17, 2010). Page A-3


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ManpowerGroup Confirms French Competition Authority Investigation
MILWAUKEE, July 11, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- ManpowerGroup has been informed that the French competition authority has commenced an investigation into the company and a number of its competitors in France. ManpowerGroup is unable to comment further at this stage and is cooperating with the French competition authority.
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About ManpowerGroup
ManpowerGroup™ (NYSE: MAN) is the world leader in innovative workforce solutions that ensure the talent sustainability of the world's workforce for the good of companies, communities, countries, and individuals themselves. Specializing in solutions that help organizations achieve business agility and workforce flexibility, ManpowerGroup leverages its 65 years of world of work expertise to create the work models, design the people practices and access the talent sources its clients need for the future. From staffing, recruitment, workforce consulting, outsourcing and career management to assessment, training and development, ManpowerGroup delivers the talent to drive the innovation and productivity of organizations in a world where talentism is the dominant economic system. Every day, ManpowerGroup connects more than 630,000 people to work and builds their experience and employability through its relationships with 400,000 clients across 80 countries and territories. ManpowerGroup's suite of solutions is offered through ManpowerGroup™ Solutions, Manpower®, Experis™ and Right Management®. ManpowerGroup was named one of the World's Most Ethical Companies for the third consecutive year in 2013, confirming our position as the most trusted brand in the industry. See how ManpowerGroup makes powering the world of work humanly possible at www.manpowergroup.com. Follow ManpowerGroup Chairman and CEO Jeff Joerres on Twitter: Twitter.com/manpowergroupjj.SOURCE ManpowerGroup
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What is etodolac?
- Q: What is etodolac?
- A: Etodolac (Lodine) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which is used for the treatment of pain and inflammation. Etodolac is approved, by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Some of the most common side effects associated with treatment with etodolac include upset stomach, nausea, heartburn, headache, dizziness, diarrhea, constipation, and weakness. Only take etodolac for the condition for which it was prescribed. Etodolac should be taken with food to prevent stomach upset. Patients, being treated with etodolac, should avoid over-the-counter pain medications other than acetaminophen (Tylenol) and should avoid alcohol use. Be sure to inform your doctor and pharmacist of all the medications you take, including over-the-counter medications, vitamins, and herbal supplements, so they can monitor for drug interactions. It is also important to discuss any side effects you experience from medications with your doctor. For more specific information, consult with your doctor or pharmacist for guidance based on your health status and current medications, particularly before taking any action. Laura Cable, PharmD
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Philosophy & Religion
Tao Te Ching
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Master of the Three Ways
Reflections of a Chinese Sage on Living a Satisfying LifeAt once profound, spiritual, and witty, Master of the Three Ways is a remarkable work about human nature, the essence of life, and how to live simply and with awareness. In three hundred and fifty-seven verses, the author, Hung Ying-ming—a seventeenth-century Chinese sage—explores good and evil, honesty and deception, wisdom and foolishness, and heaven and hell. He draws from the wisdom of the "Three Creeds"—Taoism, Confucianism, and Zen Buddhism—to… Read More
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Discovering Your Life EnergyChi is the invisible energy of life that flows in and around us throughout the universe. Used skillfully, it can have a remarkable effect on health and vitality—to the degree that you'd be tempted to call it magical, if it weren't so completely natural. Here is a perfect introduction to chi that explains in a direct and simple way what it is and why it is essential to a healthy… Read More
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The Art of War
Translation, Essays, and Commentary by the Denma Translation GroupConflict is an inevitable part of life, according to this ancient Chinese classic of strategy, but everything necessary to respond to conflict wisely, thoroughly, and victoriously is right before us at all times. The key to skillful action in any situation is in knowing those things that make up the environment and then seeing the patterns they form so that their power becomes available to us. It is not necessary… Read More
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Vitality, Energy, Spirit
A Taoist Sourcebook
The "three treasures" of human life—vitality, energy, and spirit—are envisioned in Taoist thought as the source of creativity, capability, and intelligence. This comprehensive anthology traces the teachings on these three treasures through the long history of Taoism, highlighting the quintessential works on their practical application for mental and physical well-being. Along with brief selections from the classic sources of Taoism by Lao Tzu and Chang-tzu, the book presents a rich… Read More
- edited by
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Alchemists, Mediums, and Magicians
Stories of Taoist Mystics
Here is an introduction to the magical and mystical realm of Taoism through biographical and historical sketches of Taoist adepts over two thousand years. This panoramic view of the many faces of Taoism and its intimate connection with Chinese culture and society includes intriguing accounts of the Taoist secret societies that carried out mystical exercises and powerful consciousness-altering techniques, including sensory deprivation, incantation, visualization, and concentration.This collection of sketches, compiled… Read More
- edited by
- Thomas Cleary
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Tales of the Dancing Dragon
Stories of the TaoHere, Taoist practitioner Eva Wong offers a colorful treatment of the history and evolution of Taoism, told through traditional teaching tales. These tales, which Wong first heard as a child growing up in Hong Kong, are gleaned from the local storytellers and the uncensored chronicles known as yeshi—the wild history of China, not monitored by the official imperial scholars and historians. The stories are by turns mysterious and intriguing, passionate… Read More
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Dr. A.H. Swain, 94 of Ringgold, Georgia passed away on Sunday, October 26, 2013 in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Janyce A Walsh Butler, age 64, of Malvern, AR departed this earthly life Thursday, October 24, in the Hot Spring County Medical Center Malvern, AR.
Dennis James Collie, 56, of Antioch passed away October 28, 2013.
James H. "Jay" Overturf, age 85, of Malvern died Friday, October 25, 2013 at HSC Medical Center.
Jesse L. Pumphrey, age 73, of Booneville, formerly of El Dorado passed away Thursday, October 24, 2013 at St. Edwards Mercy Hospital in Fort Smith.
Janyce Butler age 64 of Malvern, Arkansas died Thursday, October 24, 2013 in the Hot Spring Count Medical Center.
James "Pete" Canada, age 69, of Gifford passed away Thursday, October 24, 2013 at National Park Medical Center.
James Canada, age 69, of Malvern, passed away Oct. 24, 2013 at National Park Medical Center.
Funeral arrangements will be announced by Regency Funeral Home.
William Michael May, 56, of Benton, passed away October 24, 2013.
Memorial services for Tara Latreece Henson Ross will be held Saturday, October 26, 2013 at 11:00 am at the Mike Bradley Auditorium in Princeton, Arkansas with Brother Gary Cone officiating.


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Who Should Be Phillies' Starting Third Baseman?
by Michael Pizzutillo
The Philadelphia Phillies have a tough decision when it comes to third base. Will the team build from within or test the free market? And no—the team will not trade for a third baseman... Read More »
What Kevin Frandsen's Contract Means for Phillies
by Jason Amareld
Coming off his best stint in the major leagues, the Philadelphia Phillies ' Kevin Frandsen has recently agreed to a one-year contract worth $850,000, a source confirmed according to CSNPhilly... Read More »
Will Kevin Frandsen Be the Phillies 3B Next Season?
by Jason Amareld
Who will be the Phillies next third baseman? At this point, all the Phillies fanbase can do is speculate... Read More »
How Will Phillies' Late-Bloomers Impact This Season?
by Rob Shaeffer
On July 31 st , the Philadelphia Phillies sold rather than bought at the trade deadline for the first time since 2006. Ruben Amaro essentially raised the white flag on the 2012 season... Read More »
Phillies Prospects That Could Steal a Job in 2013
by Jason Amareld
Big changes are on the horizon for the Philadelphia Phillies . The last month of the season will serve as a tryout for players looking to earn a more substantial role in 2013... Read More »


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by Ryan_W on Thu Aug 16, 2007 10:10 am
by Guest on Tue Aug 14, 2007 3:24 pm
by Ryan_W on Tue Aug 14, 2007 3:05 pm
by Guest on Tue Aug 14, 2007 8:10 am
by Ryan_W on Mon Aug 13, 2007 5:28 pm
by seattlite on Mon Aug 13, 2007 12:28 pm
Ryan_W wrote:Hi,Just spoke with the EOTech rep. The EOTech 557 with 4X Magnifier needs 5.5 inches of rail to mount together. The PS90 tri-rail has exactly 5.5 inches of rail. This combo will fit, but just barely.
by Ryan_W on Thu Aug 09, 2007 9:06 am
by Guest on Wed Aug 08, 2007 8:00 am
Ryan_W wrote:Hi,The EOTech 557 unit is 5.7" long and the EOTech 4x Magnifier is 4.6" long, making the total EOTech 557 Package a length of 10.3 inches. You can mount this on an AR15 carry handle uning the EOTech 9-ARMS-2EXT Mount. The nose of the EOTech will hang over the edge of the rail, and your cheek will not rest on the stock to look through the unit. Best mounting for this in on a Flat Top with a Quad Rail or at least a rail that extends to the front sight mount of the rifle.
by Ryan_W on Tue Aug 07, 2007 6:47 pm
by seattlite on Tue Aug 07, 2007 5:14 pm
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Apr 24, 2014
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News Bureau
SHEET Week
of Dec. 6, 2004
Current topics of interest in higher education in western Wisconsin
Story Idea
The first group of UW-Eau Claire education students included under the new state of Wisconsin PI 34 legislation in education will graduate this December. Katherine Rhoades, dean of the College of Education and Human Sciences, can talk about the legislation and its impact on the university's teacher education program. She also can help you connect with graduating education students. You can reach her at (715) 836-3671 or email@example.com.
Story/Photo Idea
The entryway to Schneider Hall has been re-modeled and is now the S&C Bank Information Lounge. The area, which had not been redone since the building was constructed in 1967, is an inviting space where people can access data on their laptops, wait for appointments, talk with friends or study. It features an electronic ticker that broadcasts the latest campus, financial and world news. Schneider Hall, located on lower campus, houses the College of Business. For details about the project, contact Gretchen Hutterli, assistant dean for external affairs in the College of Business at (715) 836-5930 or email@example.com.
Story Idea
UW-Eau Claire's Jumpstart Eau Claire program received $100,000 from the U.S. House Appropriations. The program trains students to work with early childhood programs in low-income areas to give one-to-one attention to children struggling in preschool. During the 2002-03 school year, 40 students provided 36 children individual Jumpstart sessions and assisted 260 kids. Nationally, at the end of the year, the Jumpstart children made a 17 percent greater gain in language and literacy skills than children not enrolled in the program. The $100,000 will help expand the program to serve more children, serve new parts of Wisconsin, train parents in pre-literacy methods, and recruit/prepare Jumpstart members to become Head Start teachers. For details, contact Jumpstart Eau Claire Site Manager Donna Lehmkuhl at (715) 836-6011 or email@example.com.
Photo Idea
UW-Eau Claire's annual Lobby Concert featuring traditional carols of the season performed by UW-Eau Claire music ensembles will begin at noon Friday, Dec. 10, in the lobby of the Haas Fine Arts Center. The free concert attracts a large crowd of campus and Eau Claire community members.
Photo Idea
Lorie Line & Her Pops Chamber Orchestra will perform their annual holiday concert, "The Most Wonderful Time of the Year," on Thursday at 7:30 p.m. in Zorn Arena.
UW-Eau Claire's Experts Directory
Judy Berthiaume, Director
UW-Eau Claire News Bureau
Schofield 201
(715) 836-4741
Updated: December 3, 2004


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Le Gosier, Guadeloupe
Pointe de la Verdure, 97190 Le Gosier, Guadeloupe – Show map
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20 properties in Le Gosier
Including hotels, apartments, villas and more.
176 verified reviews
We verify all reviews from guests who have stayed at Canella Beach Hotel. Find out more.
They speak your language!
Canella Beach Hotel's staff speaks: French, English
Booking is safe
When you book with us your details are protected by a secure connection.
Outdoor Pool (all year), Grounds, Terrace
Ping-Pong, Canoeing, Diving, Snorkeling, Massage, Hot Tub, Private Beach Area
Food & Drink
Bar, Restaurant with Dining Menu, Snack Bar
WiFi is available in all areas and is free of charge.
Free public parking is available on site (reservation is not needed).
Vending Machine (drinks), Car Rental, 24-Hour Front Desk, Express Check-in/Check-out, Currency Exchange, Babysitting/Child Services, Laundry, Dry Cleaning, Meeting/Banquet Facilities, Business Center, Fax/Photocopying, Souvenir/Gift Shop, Honeymoon Suite
Newspapers, Safe, Shops (on site), Facilities for Disabled Guests, Family Rooms, Elevator, All Spaces Non-Smoking (public and private), Air Conditioning
French, English
From 2:00 PM
Until 12:00 PM
Cancellation and prepayment policies vary according to room type. Please enter the dates of your stay and check what conditions apply to your preferred room.
Children and Extra Beds
All children are welcome.
Up to two children from 2 to 12 year stay free of charge when using existing beds.
One child under 2 years stays free of charge in a crib.
Up to two older children or adults are charged 100 % of the room stay per night per person for extra beds.
The maximum number of cribs in a room is 1.
The maximum number of extra beds in a room is 2.
Additional fees are not calculated automatically in the total cost and will have to be paid for separately during your stay.
Pets are allowed. Charges may apply.
Cards accepted at this property
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Conveniently located by the beach, Village Caraibes features an outdoor swimming pool and scenic sea views in Saint-Félix. Free WiFi access is available in this holiday park.
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Offering an extensive garden with children's playground, a sun terrace, swimming pool and free Wi-Fi, Karibea Beach Resort Clipper is located beach front and 7 km from Point-a-Pitre City.
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Pierre & Vacances Village Club Sainte AnneLocated on the beachfront in Sainte Anne, Pierre & Vacances Village Club Sainte Anne is a tropical apartment complex with a spa, swimming pools, tennis courts and lush gardens.
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|Offering an outdoor pool and hot tub, La Palmeraie Doree is located in Saint-Fracois only 20 minutes' walk from Raisins Clairs. A full kitchen features in each bungalow. Free WiFi is included.
Reception manager fabulous lively welcome
Breakfast buffet No many birds
Location Full breakfast included Professional and friendly staff
Seaweed in beach Dozens of blackbirds in beachfront restaurant Limited wifi
Every thing was good except for swimming gears for persons who can't swim, especially for the kids
The very friendly nature of the hotel staff. The beach view was excellent. The restaurant was super.
Price reception staff helpful
cockroaches in room cockroaches on stairs cockroaches on buffet tables birds in restaurant on tables room furnishings very old Noisy in afternoon/early evenings
Welcoming, and nice and quiet out of season. In season it would probably be VERY noisy ;)
The hotel complex is dated and well worn. But I guess that matters less the more time is spend outdoors. Local transportation a problem out of season but some nice small restaurants nearby, apart from the one on the beach of the hotel itself. Having a 'rain shower' is no fun when the knobs ard missing and it cannot be used...
Location beach wise is ok, restaurants near by, but car almost necessary
The hotel shows its age and wear
The view from the room was lovely. The swimming pool area was renewed and very nice. The small beach was quite ok.
The breakfast each morning was composed of the same food, no variation at all. One night, there was a private party on the beach and in the restaurant, the noise was awful and the music extremely loud until after 2 a.m. We could not sleep and were upset. The shower did not work correctly and the room needed some repairs.
Excellent room with sea view. Clean and tidy room. The possibility of later check-out until 18:00 for just 35 EUR. Good breakfast at beach restaurant.
The view, breakfast
Wake-up call failed to materialise. Equipment missing in kitchen -- a corkscrew this time, frying pan previously. Birds were a real nuisance on the balcony but we would not want them eliminated either!
Bad service, smell Bad and my room did not have the phone services and 2 clients tried to called me twice and the reason of the reception was I ring but you dont be there and that was not correct and when I tried to call back they told that you should pay, I was very very upset. Really dont have good service at the restaurant. The rooms are big but is so expensive price - service.
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