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Moral realism
Moral realism (also ethical realism) is the position that ethical sentences express propositions that refer to objective features of the world (that is, features independent of subjective opinion), some of which propositions may be true to the extent that they report those features accurately. This makes moral realism a non-nihilist form of ethical cognitivism with an ontological orientation, standing in opposition to all forms of moral anti-realism and moral skepticism, including ethical subjectivism (which denies that moral propositions refer to objective facts), error theory (which denies that any moral propositions are true); and non-cognitivism (which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all). Within moral realism, the two main subdivisions are ethical naturalism and ethical non-naturalism.
Many philosophers claim that moral realism may be dated back at least to Plato as a philosophical doctrine,[1] and that it is a fully defensible form of moral doctrine.[2] One study found that 56% of philosophers accept or lean towards moral realism (28%: anti-realism; 16%: other).[3] Some notable examples of robust moral realists include David Brink,[4] John McDowell, Peter Railton,[5] Geoffrey Sayre-McCord,[6] Michael Smith, Terence Cuneo,[7] Russ Shafer-Landau,[8] G.E. Moore,[9] John Finnis, Richard Boyd, Nicholas Sturgeon,[10] Thomas Nagel, Derek Parfit. Norman Geras has argued that Karl Marx was a moral realist.[11] Moral realism has been studied in the various philosophical and practical applications.[12]
Robust versus minimal moral realism[edit]
A delineation of moral realism into a minimal form, a moderate form, and robust form has been put forward in the literature.[10]
The robust model of moral realism commits moral realists to three theses:[13]
- The semantic thesis: The primary semantic role of moral predicates (such as "right" and "wrong") is to refer to moral properties (such as rightness and wrongness), so that moral statements (such as "honesty is good" and "slavery is unjust") purport to represent moral facts, and express propositions that are true or false (or approximately true, largely false, and so on).
- The alethic thesis: Some moral propositions are in fact true.
- The metaphysical thesis: Moral propositions are true when actions and other objects of moral assessment have the relevant moral properties (so that the relevant moral facts obtain), where these facts and properties are robust: their metaphysical status, whatever it is, is not relevantly different from that of (certain types of) ordinary non-moral facts and properties.
The minimal model, i.e. moral universalism, leaves off the metaphysical thesis, treating it as matter of contention among moral realists (as opposed to between moral realists and moral anti-realists). This dispute is not insignificant, as acceptance or rejection of the metaphysical thesis is taken by those employing the robust model as the key difference between moral realism and moral anti-realism. Indeed, the question of how to classify certain logically possible (if eccentric) views—such as the rejection of the semantic and alethic theses in conjunction with the acceptance of the metaphysical thesis—turns on which model we accept.[14] Someone employing the robust model might call such a view "realist non-cognitivism," while someone employing the minimal model might simply place such a view alongside other, more traditional, forms of non-cognitivism.
The robust model and the minimal model also disagree over how to classify moral subjectivism (roughly, the view that moral facts are not mind-independent in the relevant sense, but that moral statements may still be true). The historical association of subjectivism with moral anti-realism in large part explains why the robust model of moral realism has been dominant—even if only implicitly—both in the traditional and contemporary philosophical literature on metaethics.[14]
In the minimal sense of realism, R.M. Hare could be considered a realist in his later works, as he is committed to the objectivity of value judgments, even though he denies that moral statements express propositions with truth-values per se. Moral constructivists like John Rawls and Christine Korsgaard[15] may also be realists in this minimalist sense; the latter describes her own position as procedural realism. Some readings of evolutionary science such as those of Charles Darwin and James Mark Baldwin have suggested that in so far as an ethics may be associated with survival strategies and natural selection then such behavior may be associated with a moderate position of moral realism equivalent to an ethics of survival.
Science and moral realism[edit]
Cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker has argued that the game theoretic advantages of ethical behavior support the idea that morality is "out there" in a certain sense (as part of the evolutionary fitness landscape).[16] Journalist Robert Wright has similarly argued that natural selection moves sentient species closer to moral truth as time goes on.[17]
Writer Sam Harris has also argued that ethics could be objectively grounded in an understanding of neuroscience. He has admitted to being committed to some form of moral realism (viz. moral claims can really be true or false) and some form of consequentialism (viz. the rightness of an act depends on how it impacts the well-being of conscious creatures).[18]
Moral realism allows the ordinary rules of logic (modus ponens, etc.) to be applied straightforwardly to moral statements. We can say that a moral belief is false or unjustified or contradictory in the same way we would about a factual belief. This is a problem for expressivism, as shown by the Frege-Geach problem. Another advantage of moral realism is its capacity to resolve moral disagreements: If two moral beliefs contradict one another, realism says that they cannot both be right, and therefore everyone involved ought to be seeking out the right answer to resolve the disagreement. Contrary theories of meta-ethics have trouble even formulating the statement "this moral belief is wrong," and so they cannot resolve disagreements in this way.
Several criticisms have been raised against moral realism: The first is that, while realism can explain how to resolve moral conflicts, it does not explain how these conflicts arose in the first place.[19] Pointing to consistent patterns in evaluative diversity, some moral realists reply that moral conflicts evidence functioning mechanisms to discern objective moral truth collaboratively (like conflict in a courtroom).[20] Others appeal to basic human psychology, arguing that people possess various motivations that combine in complex ways, or else are simply mistaken about what is objectively right.
Others are critical of moral realism because it postulates the existence of a kind of "moral fact" which is nonmaterial and does not appear to be accessible to the scientific method.[21] Moral truths cannot be observed in the same way as material facts (which are objective), so it seems odd to count them in the same category.[22] However, such an argument could be applied to saying that the science of psychology also cannot be a science; or the acceptance of psychology as a cognitive science vitiates this argument (which would not be indicative of any weakness of the argument, as Feynman in the Cargo Cult Science made the same claim starting from different hypothesis). One emotivist counterargument[by whom?] (although emotivism is usually non-cognitivist) alleges that "wrong" actions produce measurable results in the form of negative emotional reactions, either within the individual transgressor, within the person or people most directly affected by the act, or within a (preferably wide) consensus of direct or indirect observers.[citation needed]
Another counterargument comes from moral realism's ethical naturalism.[specify]
See also[edit]
- ^ Plato's Moral Realism: The Discovery of the Presuppositions of Ethics, by John M. Rist (Jul 15, 2012)
- ^ Moral Realism as a Moral Doctrine, (New Directions in Ethics), by Matthew H. Kramer
- ^ PhilPapers survey, 2009, under the heading 'Meta-ethics'
- ^ Brink, David O., Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
- ^ Railton, Peter (1986). "Moral Realism". Philosophical Review, 95, pp. 163-207.
- ^ Sayre-McCord, Geoff (2005). "Moral Realism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2005 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). (link)
- ^ Cuneo, Terence (2007). "The Normative Web: An Argument for Moral Realism", Oxford.
- ^ Shafer-Landau, Russ (2003) "Moral Realism: A Defense", Oxford, ISBN 0-19-925975-5.
- ^ * Moore, G. E. (1903). Principia Ethica, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b Sturgeon, Nicholas (1985). "Moral Explanations", in Morality, Reason, and Truth, edited by David Copp and David Zimmerman, Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Allanheld, pp. 49-78.
- ^ Geras, Norman (1985). "The Controversy about Marx and Justice", New Left Review, 150, pp. 47-85.
- ^ Praise and Blame: Moral Realism and Its Applications, (New Forum Books), by Daniel N. Robinson (Jul 29, 2002).
- ^ Väyrynen, Pekka (2005). "Moral Realism", Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition, Donald M. Borchert (ed.). (link)
- ^ a b Joyce, Richard (2007), "Moral Anti-Realism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2007 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). (link)
- ^ Korsgaard, Christine (1996). The Sources of Normativity, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Science Saturday: Verbs and Violence, Bloggingheads.tv, accessed April 3rd, 2011
- ^ Wright, Robert. Non-Zero: The Logic of Human Destiny.
- ^ Harris, Sam (2010-10-05). The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values (Kindle Locations 1036-1038). Free Press. Kindle Edition.
- ^ Mackie, John, Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (Viking Press, 1977) part 1, chap. 1, section 8 : The argument from relativity: "The actual variations in the moral codes are more readily explained by the hypothesis that they reflect ways of life than by the hypothesis that they express perceptions, most of them seriously inadequate and badly distorted, of objective values"
- ^ Santos-Lang, Christopher (2014). "Our responsibility to manage evaluative diversity". ACM SIGCAS Computers & Society 44 (2): 16–19. doi:10.1145/2656870.2656874. ISSN 0095-2737.
- ^ Harman, Gilbert, The Nature of Morality : An Introduction to Ethics (Oxford,1977), I.1, "Ethics and observation"
- ^ Mackie, John, Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (Viking Press, 1977) part 1, chap. 1, section 9 : The argument from Queerness
Further reading[edit]
- Moral Realism - article from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Moral realism - article from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Hume, David (1739). Treatise Concerning Human Nature, edited by L.A. Selby-Bigge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1888.
- Kim, Shin (2006). "Moral Realism", The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fieser & Dowden (eds.).


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You really, really, really should consider filing your taxes online. Not only is it more convenient and not only do you get your refund faster, but the alternative might actually kill you. WNYC reports that there is a six percent increase in fatal car accidents on tax day. That means 13 more people die speeding over to H&R Block.
Now if you absolutely must get your taxes filed in person remember that there are places around the city where you can do it for free. But for god's sake get them done today.
photo via seniorliving.org

subset: commoncrawl


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Videos & Screenshots
Game Details
- Number of Players 16
- Online Enabled Yes
Game Description
The nine weapons of the Iron Phoenix were made from the iron in a falling star. The meteoric iron used to make the weapons gave them magical properties that made their wielders invincible. For millennia warlords have sought the arsenal of the Iron Phoenix. Now you will fight in the last epic battle for the artifacts. Team-based combat combined with martial arts, fantasy-style gameplay, makes Iron Phoenix a unique experience. Players can also engage in 16-player battles via Xbox Live or System Link. Run on walls, leap across huge chasms, and pulverize enemies with dazzling moves!
User Reviews
Average Member Rating: 4.6 out of 10
Utter Chaos. (2 out of 10)
posted by Gladman21 (WINSTON SALEM, NC) on Jun 6, 2008
Member since Jan 2008
2 out of 2 gamers (100%) found this review helpful
Member since Jan 2008
2 out of 2 gamers (100%) found this review helpful
Let me first say: the graphics were ok, the sound effects were ok, and the controls were fairly responsive. What else could be wrong? - Let me tell you! Although the game specs say story mode, there is none. When you first start this game, you will most likely try the training mode. This allows ...more
Specs & Requirements
Modes Deathmatch, MultiPlayer Co-Op, Story, Training, Full Mission Single-Player
Audio/Video In-Game Dolby Digital, Custom Soundtrack, HDTV 480p
Console Link System Link 2-16
Similar Games
- Grand Theft Auto IVRelease 4/28/2008
- Mercenaries: Playground of DestructionRelease 1/10/2005
- Gears of War 2Release 11/6/2008


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La Crosse school population up for first time in nearly 20 years
Published On: Dec 24 2013 09:17:39 AM CST
Updated On: Oct 07 2013 11:37:25 PM CDT
Updated On: Oct 07 2013 11:37:25 PM CDT
It's a first for the La Crosse School District in nearly two decades. The student population has gone up.
71 more students are attending La Crosse Schools this year than last.
Part of the increase is credited to more students coming to La Crosse through open enrollment.
The school's superintendent hopes this becomes a regular happening. "Assuming that we can have this be somewhat of a trend, it does allow us to bring in more state aid for the students, and that in turn has a positive impact on our taxpayers," said Superintendent Randy Nelson.
Nearly 6,800 students attend La Crosse Schools.
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Each day, less and less ice cover the Whitney Point Lake. Last Sunday there was just a crack across the middle of the lake and now most of the ice covering the lake has melted. A sure sign that spring is on the way!
Spring is Coming
By: timelessSubscribe Channel: Weather Location: Whitney Point, NY
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Model: 30201Item: IVR30201
Essential for high-definition transmission for any HD device. Engineered to transmit clear multi-channel and hi-def video and audio signals between digital devices. Engineered to isolate outside noise for excellent clarity of video and to transmit a stronger signal for better transmission. Cable Type: Video; Connector/Port/Interface: HDMI Male; For Device Type: Home Theater System; Connects Devices (From/To): Digital Display Devices to Digital Video Sources.
COM : puter Cables & Computer Adapters
Innovera® 83944 Remanufactured, 16194400 (Phaser 7700) Toner, 10000 Yield, Cyan
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Manila Diamond Hotel
Reviews - Manila Diamond Hotel
- Age Group:
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Read 235 additional reviews of Manila Diamond Hotel at TripAdvisor.
Want to see more hotels? View all hotels in Manila
Top Local Tips for Manila
For great bargains, always check the hotel's official website Hotels in Manila LOVE to give great deals, and you'll be surprised what kind of savings you can get if you visit the official website of a particular hotel. Google the name of your hotel and see what you can find!
Getting Around (for foreigners) If it will not be possible for you to travel with a filipino friend, here are some tips: 1) Taxis generally have Php 25.00 flag down rate and has increments of Php 2.50. 2.) Insist that they use the meter. For tipping, just round off to the highest Php 10. and watch out for unusually fast meters. 3.) Generally, you should not pay more than Php 300.00 from any two places in Metro Manila (Quezon city, caloocan, makati, mandaluyong cities or even the airport. 4. ) In cases of rush hours and most taxis insist on an illegal but usually common practice of setting a fixed price prior to boarding, haggle with several taxis first to get a general feel of how much is an acceptable rate before boarding. 5.) Buses and the jeepneys: - just call out "PARA" to stop anywhere you like. Filipinos are approachalbe and friendly to toursts and speak english so don't hesitate to ask.-just make sure those you ask look decent and educated enough.
Be careful ! People at Philippines are very poor. I think that Manila is not a touristic destination, with some problems of public safety. Use of Jeepneys as public transport seem not so safe for foreigners, as well as getting around especially in the night. Be very careful at all times !
- (hotels)
"A glamorous Manila hotel...." - A Travel Library User
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Hotels Near Manila Diamond Hotel
- Las Palmas Hotel Manila, Philippines Distance: 0.2 km / 0.1 mi
- Hyatt Hotel & Casino Manila Manila, Philippines Distance: 0.1 km / 0.1 mi
- Lotus Garden Hotel Manila Manila, Philippines Distance: 0.6 km / 0.4 mi
- Manila Pavilion Hotel Manila, Philippines Distance: 1 km / 0.6 mi
- The Manila Hotel Manila, Philippines Distance: 1.5 km / 0.9 mi
- Century Park Hotel Manila, Philippines Distance: 1.6 km / 1 mi
- Best Western Hotel La Corona Manila, Philippines Distance: 0.7 km / 0.4 mi
- Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila Hotel Manila, Philippines Distance: 2.2 km / 1.3 mi
- Heritage Hotel Manila Manila, Philippines Distance: 4.1 km / 2.6 mi
- Fraser Place Serviced Residences Forbes Tower Hotel Manila, Philippines Distance: 4.9 km / 3 mi
- The Peninsula Manila Hotel Makati City, Philippines Distance: 5 km / 3.1 mi
- Mandarin Oriental Manila 1 Hotel Makati City, Philippines Distance: 5.1 km / 3.1 mi
- Best Western Astor Hotel Makati Makati City, Philippines Distance: 5.1 km / 3.2 mi
- Oxford Suites Makati Hotel Makati City, Philippines Distance: 5.2 km / 3.2 mi


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Primary Navigation
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Home » Undergraduate College » Admission » English » Courses
This course information is derived from the Online Course Catalog, which is under development. The information may not be accurate and is provided only as a convenience. Please consult the print or PDF version of the Course Catalog for all official course information.
4 sem. hrs. Considers the development of the English novel, with emphasis on narrative technique and the cultural history of the novel in the 18th century. Novelists may include Behn, Haywood, Fielding, Burney, Austen, and Walpole.
This information was taken from the Simmons College Registrar. Please report any errors or corrections to email@example.com.


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Displaying items by tag: Avon
Sunday, 27 May 2012 08:19
Review: Hot for Fireman
"Hot for Fireman" by Jennifer Bernard (contemporary, Avon, June 2012, $5.99, 384pp)
Series: Bachelor Firemen of San Gabriel
Saturday, 26 May 2012 08:17
Review: Rescue Me
"Rescue Me" by Rachel Gibson (contemporary, Avon, June 2012, $7.99, 384pp)
Review: (This reviewer gives "Rescue Me" 3 of 5 stars)
Friday, 27 April 2012 19:14
Review: Lyon's Bride
"Lyon's Bride" by Cathy Maxwell (historical, Avon, May 2012, $7.99, 384pp)
Series: The Chattan Curse
They call him Lord Lyon, proud, determined— and cursed. He is in need of a bride, but if he falls in love, he dies. His fervent hope is that by marrying— and having a son—without love, perhaps he can break the curse's chains forever.
Enter beautiful Thea Martin—a duke's headstrong, errant daughter and society's most brilliant matchmaker. Years ago, she and Lyon were inseparable, until he disappeared from her life without a word. Now she is charged with finding Lyon's bride—a woman he cannot love for a man Thea could love too well.
Monday, 02 April 2012 13:43
Review: A Week to Be Wicked
"A Week to Be Wicked" by Tessa Dare (historical, Avon, April 2012, $7.99, 354pp)
Series: Spindle Cove
Thursday, 29 March 2012 17:49
Cathy Maxwell's When Dreams Come True
Cathy Maxwell's "When Dreams Come True" was re-released on March 27, 2012. Read on to learn more about this romance classic, to read an excerpt, to win a copy and to find out what is up next for Cathy Maxwell
Giveaway: Cathy Maxwell is giving away one copy of "When Dreams Come True" to one winner. To enter, simply comment on this post. Contest will be open until Tuesday, April 3, 2012 at Midnight EST. Contest is open to U.S. and Canadian residents. Winner will be chosen randomly.
Published in Contest
Thursday, 22 March 2012 19:59
Review: Confessions from an Arranged Marriage
"Confessions from an Arranged Marriage" by Miranda Neville (historical, Avon, April 2012, $7.99, 384)
Series: The Burgundy Club
Thursday, 01 March 2012 13:49
Review: The Husband Hunt
"The Husband Hunt" by Lynsay Sands (historical, Avon, March 2012, $7.99, 384pp)
Monday, 27 February 2012 15:15
Review: A Rogue by Any Other Name
"A Rogue by Any Other Name" by Sarah MacLean (historical, Avon, March 2012, $7.99, 400pp)
Monday, 13 February 2012 13:55
Review: The Capture of the Earl of Glencrae
"The Capture of the Earl of Glencrae" by Stephanie Laurens (historical, Avon, January 2012, $7.99, 496pp)
Series: The Cynster Sisters' Trilogy & 18th Cynster book
Thursday, 05 January 2012 11:56
Review: My Ruthless Prince
"My Ruthless Prince" by Gaelen Foley (historical, January 2012, Avon, $7.99, 384pp)
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AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Inc. To Present At The 31st Annual J.P. Morgan Healthcare Conference
AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: AMAG) today announced that William Heiden, AMAG's chief executive officer, will present at the 31 st Annual J.P. Morgan Healthcare Conference on Wednesday, January 9, 2013 at 8:30 am Pacific Time. The presentation will include a company overview and business update.
A live webcast of the presentation will be accessible through the Investors section of the company's website at www.amagpharma.com. Following the conference, the webcast will be archived on the AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Inc. website until February 9, 2013.
About AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a specialty pharmaceutical company that manufactures and markets Feraheme® (ferumoxytol) Injection for Intravenous (IV) use in the United States. Along with driving organic growth of its lead product, AMAG intends to expand its portfolio with additional commercial-stage specialty pharmaceuticals. The company is seeking complementary products that leverage the company's commercial footprint and focus on hematology and oncology centers and hospital infusion centers. For additional company information, please visit
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El Jardin Del Eden Hotel, Tamarindo
Reviews - El Jardin Del Eden Hotel
- Age Group: 31 - 40
- From: United States
- Traveller type: Adventurer
- Age Group: 31 - 40
- From: United States
- Traveller type: Young Couple
Upon reserving our rooms with this hotel via email and phone, we asked about potential construction which could effect the peace we were seeking. We were told all renovations were to be completed 10 days before our reserved dates. We reserved in late November for early January, and arrived to find what should be 6 more months of renovations in the works.
I have the Emial from the hotel telling us the construction was completed as proof of their intentional deception, and am contesting half of my room charges with American Express (and expect to recover).
The noise began at 6:45am just a few meters from our doorstep, and continued all day. Noise and dust permeated the entire property, effectively canceling out any peaceful environment you might guess exists from the hotel's web site.
Choose another hotel if you are traveling before June of 06.
Food was decent, but not extraordinary. Jacuzzi not operating.
Read 200 additional reviews of El Jardin Del Eden Hotel at TripAdvisor.
Want to see more hotels? View all hotels in Tamarindo
Top Local Tips for Tamarindo
sunset Be sure to walk down to the beach for the sunset.
Watch your stuff Apparently petty theft in Tamarindo can be bad, don't leave anything lying around without keeping a close eye on it. Although it seemed very safe, I was offered drugs and told many stories of items being stolen and cars broken into. Use common sense and be smart.
Liberia Airport to Tamarindo Use Tamarindo Shuttle - www.tamarindoshuttle.com. It's the cheapest shuttle I've found at $15 per person. They're timely and reliable, have great staff, and provide drinks on the ride!
- (hotels)
Other names for El Jardin Del Eden Hotel
- el jardin del eden hotel
- Address: On slope above Tamarindo Beach - Tamarindo - Costa Rica
"Robbery In Room" - Glenn
"Hotel reservationist mislead about construction." - Jean-Marc
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- Sugar Beach Hotel Santa Cruz, Costa Rica Distance: 57.8 km / 35.9 mi
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- Barcelo Langosta Beach Hotel Tamarindo, Costa Rica Distance: 66 km / 41 mi
- Barcelo Playa Langosta Resort Ca Hotel Tamarindo, Costa Rica Distance: 66 km / 41 mi
- La Mansion Inn Hotel San Jose, Costa Rica Distance: 69.4 km / 43.1 mi
- Barcelo Los Delfines Golf & Country Club Hotel Tambor, Costa Rica Distance: 82.5 km / 51.3 mi


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Cooler Master Silencio 650, Appear Elegant and Not Noisy
Cooler Master Silent series casing already has four types. One of them was Cooler Master Silencio 650. In the previous type, ie Cooler Master Silencio 550, this casing has a distinction that located on top top side of casing. If observed, Cooler Master Silencio 550 looks plain on top side of casing, whereas on Cooler Master Silencio 650 has ventilation which compatible for installed a fan 120 mm or 140 mm. Besides its appearance that looks classic, this casing has soundproof feature that makes you comfortable using it.
At the top side of front casing, there are I/O panel, among others USB 3.0 x2, USB 2.0 x2, Mic x1, Audio x1, SD card reader x1, reset button, and power button. On its surrounding there is fan controller switch which useful to set speed when the fan works. In addition, this casing has "DualBoot HDD Switch" that useful for choosing between two OS that installed in HDD without having to go into BIOS. On the front side, there were door which coated aluminum material. Behind those door were coated soundproof foam and the corner of this door casing coated with magnet that are useful to close this casing. Inside behind its doors has X-Dock Bay and the words "Cooler Master". To give an impression of elegance, color that released also only one, ie full midnight black.
This casing dimensions 207 x 479 x 525.6 mm and has seven storage slots with 3.5-inch form factor (two of which using tool-less system). On the storage 5.25-inch form factor like optical drive and X-Dock Bay slot, this casing provides three drive bays.
On its interior there were side casing that coated with soundproof foam. On the interior 3.5-inch form factor, there's small green PCB. If want install 3.5 inch HDD, you only need insert molex cable and SATA cable to those PCB thus hot-swap feature on DualBoot controller can be used.
(+) Has interior casing which soundproof
(+) Has DualBoot HDD feature for choosing OS
(+) Equipped with hot-swap on 3.5 inch HDD slot
Material : Steel, Synthetics, Alloy Aluminum
5,25 Inch Drive Bay : 3
3.5 Inch Drive Bay : 7 + 1 (for X-Dock Bay)
Expansion Slot : 7 + 1
Cooling System : Front 120 mm fan x2, 1200 RPM, 17 dBA/140mm fan x1 (optional), Top 120 mm or 140 mm fan x1 (optional), Rear 120 mm fan x1, 1200 RPM, 17 dBA, Bottom 120 mm fan x1 (optional), HDD cage 120 mm fan x1 (optional, on removable HDD cage)
Power Supply : Standard ATX PS2/EPS
Sales Package : Stand-off Mainboard, 2.5 inch HDD adapter for X-Dock, Cable Ties, Screw, Tool-Less HDD, Manual


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Capital Area Therapeutic Riding Association, Inc.
An All-Volunteer Program Serving Central PA Since 1985
CATRA is located just off I-81 at the Grantville exit (#80), 8/10 of a mile from Penn National Racecourse & Hollywood Casino in Grantville, Pennsylvania, USA.
Please join us at CATRA on December 20 from 1-5 pm for our annual Holiday Open House!
A note from the Chief
Ben Nolt, president
Happy Birthday to Judd. In lieu of gifts, please donate to "Help Judd's Kids."
The CATRA People
Our staff, and our angels... er, volunteers
The CATRA Menagerie
The fuzzy critters that make life worth living
The CATRA Wish List
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About Muslim Countries and Islamic Law
"No Muslim Country has True Sharia Law"
An argument often given by Western Muslims on TV is that no Muslim country implements Islamic-Sharia law the way it should:"No Muslim country has true Sharia law."They say it when people point to Saudi Arabia,Iran,Afghanistan under the Taliban,Sudan."That is not true Sharia law".
"Most Muslim countries do Not have Sharia law but Western Legal Systems"
That is another argument used.The implication is:if you have a Western legal system then you respect human rights.False,because:
1.Communist countries had a Western legal system:yet there was a massive violation of human rights.
2.Nazi Germany:the same thing.
3.Also Fascist Italy.
4.The many African and Latinamerican dictatorships have had Western legal systems.
The Case of the Soviet Union and Freedom of Religion
Not only the Soviet Union but China,Vietnam,Poland,ALbania,etc,had freedom of religion in their constitutions.Yet there was a massive repression and violation of religion.
History of the Declaration of Human Rights Documents
There are 2 great moments:
1.The Declaration of the Rights of Man by the French revolutionaries in 1789,a milestone,a landmark,a lighthouse.
2.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations in 1948.
But then we Have:
There is an organization composed of all the Muslim nations in the world,and even several where the majority are not Muslim(Uganda,Surinam,Guyana,Camerun,Ivory Coast,Mozambique,etc).It has now 57 members and is called the OIC (Organisation of the Islamic Conference).Here is their website:
And here are all their member states:
The 1990 Cairo Islamic Declaration of Human Rights
The Muslim nations were uncomfortable with the direct,simple 1948 UN document and had their own human rights document declared in 1990.
They say Islam is for Human Rights,but it is Conditional
We have, in the document:
a) Everyone shall have the right to express his opinion freely in such manner as would not be contrary to the principles of the Sharia.
b) Everyone shall have the right to advocate what is right, and propagate what is good, and warn against what is wrong and evil according to the norms of Islamic Sharia.
c) Information is a vital necessity to Society. It may not be exploited or misused in such a way as may violate sanctities and the dignity of Prophets, undermine moral and ethical values or disintegrate, corrupt or harm Society or weaken its faith.
d) It is not permitted to arouse nationalistic or doctrinal hatred or to do anything that may be an incitement to any form of racial discrimination.
Obvious Conclusion:
You can not criticize the Koran,Muhammad and Islam or else you get legally punished.
Human Rights are Conditional,they are subject to the Islamic Law-Sharia
All the rights and freedoms stipulated in this Declaration are subject to the Islamic Sharia.
The Islamic Sharia is the only source of reference for the explanation or clarification of any of the articles of this Declaration.
We all know Islamic law is discriminatory to non-Muslims and so is anti-human rights.
To Read the Entire 1990 Cairo Text:
Plus a good commentary on the Cairo declaration go to:
There is Sharia and there is Sharia
First we have the Sharia that essentially comes from Muhammad's time till the year 1924,were the Sultan of Istanbul was deposed.For practically the entirety it had:
2.The institution of non-Muslim women as sex slaves.
3.Discrimination of non-Muslims.
The New Sharias
We have the harsh legal systems of Saudi Arabia,Iran,Sudan,Afghanistan.There slavery is illegal,at last, but you have death for apostates.
The other Muslim countries are better but in all there is legal discrimination of non-Muslims and limited freedom of speech and religion for non-Muslims.
1.There are many Muslim countries that have Western legal systems yet they still violate the human rights of non-Muslims through legal discrimination.
2.Western Muslims who say no country practices true Islamic law have to condemn Muhammad's legal system since it was worse than even the worst Muslim country today.It had:
1.Legalized slavery.
2.Legalized sex slavery.
Will they ever do it?No,not at all.
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Category: News


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Chris Klein has landed a guest spot on an episode of Franklin & Bash's second season, Entertainment Weekly reports.Klein, best known for playing Oz in the hit comedy American Pie, will portray an old high school friend of Peter Bash (Mark-Paul Gosselaar). His character is described as a charming politician who wants to end his gubernatorial bid after a family scandal.Mega Buzz: A House tragedy, a Housewives baby-daddy and an SVU reunionLaw & Order's Paul Schulze will play his campaign manager who takes issue with Bash and Breckin Meyer's Franklin.Franklin & Bash will also welcome a slew of guest stars for the upcoming second season including Seth Green, Cybill Shepherd and Rick Fox.
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December 22, 2014
SAN PABLO, Calif. (AP) - Prosecutors say they will not charge a man accused by a Northern California city councilman of knocking him out and later dumping him at a horse racing track.
The Contra Costa Times reports (bit.ly/NT9DIj) that there was insufficient evidence to charge 55-year-old Albert Beal with battery.
Beal had given a different account of what happened in July when San Pablo City Councilman Paul Morris said a man punched him at a property he manages in nearby Richmond. Morris said he passed out and when he woke up later he found himself inside his car at Golden Gate Fields.
Beal said he rescued Morris from an attack by two men who chased him from a motel.
Morris has been a councilman in San Pablo since 2002.
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Re: Official 2009 NASCAR Thread
Oh my...I can envision the anger THIS article will arouse from some of the posters on this board...
On Sunday night, Jimmie Johnson clinched his fourth straight Sprint Cup championship, and in so doing cemented his place among the greats of the sport. But he's done more than that; he's now propelled himself above and beyond NASCAR. He's the most successful athlete currently competing right now, and it's not even close.
Were this Tiger Woods snagging his fourth straight Masters, or Kobe Bryant clinching his fourth straight ring, or Tom Brady capturing his fourth straight Super Bowl, you'd be getting their greatness rammed down your throat 24/7. But this is NASCAR; the sports fan public knows they can't throw a pass 50 yards or hit a golf ball 300, but they figure they know how to drive fast and turn left. How hard could it be for Johnson to win some of those little races, huh?
Answer: plenty. Put aside the physical demands -- the intense heat of the car's interior, the physical strength needed to wheel a car for 500 miles. Even running a race -- to say nothing of winning one, or winning an entire season -- requires the mental discipline, ultrafast-twitch reflexes and utter, stone-cold fearlessness that only the best athletes possess. (And don't even start the whole "the car's the star, not the driver" nonsense. Equipment is a key element of every sport. When's the last time you saw a baseball player succeed without a bat, or a football player succeed without pads?)
So, with the playing field leveled, let's break down why Johnson is the top athlete at work today. For starters, you could argue that the level of competition in every single sport right now is the highest it's ever been. Kids train practically from birth to play one sport; sophisticated training techniques make today's marginal athletes the equivalent of yesterday's All-Stars.
Even so, Johnson has established a four-year gap between himself and his nearest competitors that's greater than any other athlete in any other sport. Nobody in any league is a prohibitive favorite; even Tiger is vulnerable these days.
Plenty of people both inside and outside NASCAR are dismissing Johnson's accomplishments, and that's too bad. They're missing out on history here. Nobody else is riding as high these days, in any sport, anywhere. And anybody who thinks it's certain to end in 2010 ... well, didn't we think that coming into 2007, 2008 and 2009?
Bandwagoners, here's a heads-up: push aside your Yankees caps, Patriots jerseys and Cowboys jackets and make room for some of Jimmie Johnson's gear. (He's the 48.) If you're the type of person who wants to jump on board a proven winning train, you've got one right here waiting for you, ready to roll.
For everyone else, take a moment -- just a moment, that's all -- to applaud what Johnson's doing here. You're not going to see anything like this again anytime soon.
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Re: Official 2009 NASCAR Thread
Congratulations, Jimmie Johnson.
Rick Santorum 2012!
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Re: Official 2009 NASCAR Thread
We have become Jaimie McMurray
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Re: Official 2009 NASCAR Thread
NASCAR is gonna let 'em race a little this year! 1989 restrictor plates. Bump drafting. Rear spoiler replacing the wing. w00t!
NASCAR is relaxing some of its rules this season, and encouraging drivers to show more aggression and emotion, in large part to answer a growing fan sentiment that the sport had gone stale.
"There's an age old saying that NASCAR, 'If you ain't rubbing, you ain't racing,"' NASCAR president Mike Helton said Thursday. "I think that's what the NASCAR fan, the NASCAR stakeholders all bought into, and all expect."
The first change will be evident when the season opens next month at Daytona International Speedway, where restrictions on bump-drafting will be lifted and horsepower will be increased by the use of the largest restrictor plate since 1989.
NASCAR had been slowly tightening its tolerance on bumping at Daytona and Talladega—the two biggest and fastest tracks in the series, where the horsepower-sapping restrictor plates are used to control speeds—and it graduated into an outright ban issued the morning of the November race at Talladega. The edict sucked the drama out of what's typically one of the most exciting races of the year, and was the final straw for many race fans who had grown tired of watered-down racing.
Even some drivers publicly complained, criticism that is usually frowned upon in NASCAR.
"Let us RACE," Denny Hamlin tweeted after the Talladega drivers meeting, later adding, "We signed up to drive our cars. Not be told how to."
He's getting his wish.
"We will put it back in the hands of drivers, and we will say 'Boys, have at it and have a good time,"' vice president of competition Robin Pemberton said Thursday.
The yellow out-of-bounds line that circles the bottom of those two tracks will remain, and Pemberton said the majority of drivers did not want that removed.
Another change coming this year will be an eventual switch from the rear wing to a spoiler on the back of the car, a design change that should both positively affect downforce and the aesthetic look that race fans prefer.
Also on tap is an organizational restructuring. The most prominent shuffle is the promotion of longtime Sprint Cup Series director John Darby into an oversight position, and NASCAR is actively looking for his replacement in a role that is effectively the top cop of the garage.
Darby's successor could be in for a busy year, particularly if drivers answer NASCAR chairman Brian France's call "to mix it up a little bit differently" going forward.
As NASCAR exploded over the 1990s past its small Southern roots into a billion-dollar, corporate-fueled sport, its participants seemed to morph into robotic sponsor shills too frightened to make waves. NASCAR wasn't immune, either, and started policing on-track aggression and off-track emotion.
Intentional on-track retaliation was met with immediate punishment, while transgressions such as shoving a competitor or cursing in a television interview were met with monetary fines and/or points deductions.
Fans were incensed that the rough and tumble sport they once loved had been molded into boring, follow-the-leader racing, and their favorite drivers had become too vanilla. It wasn't until last fall—when Hamlin waged a monthslong feud with up-and-comer Brad Keselowski, and Tony Stewart and Juan Pablo Montoya intentionally wrecked each other in the season finale—that NASCAR finally saw the lift the emotions and personalities can deliver to the sport.
So France, who in the past has been accused of being out of touch with stock car racing's participants, began a series of offseason meetings with individual teams and drivers to poll opinion on how to re-energize the sport.
All the changes announced Thursday, as well as the promise by France that NASCAR will "loosen it up," came from those meetings.
Still, Helton cautioned it won't be the Wild West.
"It doesn't mean that you get a free pass-out-of-jail card," he said. "But it certainly means that what we are encouraging the competitors … for their character and their personality, within reason, to be unfolded."
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Re: Official 2009 NASCAR Thread
When ever we start the fantasy racing league up again give me a shout, as I would love to participate again. I am done with these board for awhile. Tired of all the mud slinging and commie rules and regs that are being applied lately. Of course I'll prolly get this post edited as well, but I won't be surprised.
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Re: Official 2009 NASCAR Thread
We will put it back in the hands of drivers, and we will say Boys, have at it and have a good time, vice president of competition Robin Pemberton said Thursday
now that is going to have to change as well ... hope they just go with the word drivers ..
as for the new rules opening up thats a good idea faster cars more bumping good old raceing . this new car holds up prity good .
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Re: Official 2009 NASCAR Thread
We need a 2010 nascar thread, this one is old.
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Ok so this is a long shot.
I need a badge for my new soccer team, our league is based upon places in the U.S.A and we are named F.C Hollywood.
None of us are any good with computers let alone photoshop so we are pretty stuck, if anyone could give this a go the whole team would be so greatful.
The colour scheme is Red, White and Blue, perhaps with the stars and stripes incorporated and the team name FC Hollywood included.
It is also to be no larger than 150px high and 125px wide.
Again thankyou in advance for anyone that will give it a go. :)


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Gear Review
Brain Bucket!
Caitlin Bumby
Member since
This helmet fits very true to the sizing chart. I like to wear a hat and goggles underneath my helmet, so I went a size up and it's a bit on the big side with all of the padding taken out. I have Anon figment goggles and there's no gaper gap when I have the helmet tilted forwards. Gotta get a thicker had to help keep the helmet in place. Protect your noggin!
Member since
What size helmet are you usually?
View More Details on Red Mutiny II Helmet


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Performance & Dimensions
|Empty weight
|1,290 lbs. (585 kg.)
|24.6 feet (7.5 meters)
|350hp Lycoming Thunderbolt IO-580
|Hartzell's "Claw" Composite 3-blade Propeller
|Carbon fiber wings and steel tube fuselage
|Top speed, 260 mph – stall speed, 60 mph
|Roll rate
|380 degrees per second
|G limits
Mike Goulian will perform in his Extra 330SC, the world's newest custom-built premiere aerobatic aircraft. Michael can tell you that "this is the best aerobatic airplane I have ever owned".
Produced by Extra Aircraft of Germany, the 330SC is lighter, faster and more maneuverable than any other aircraft of this type. The main difference between the 330SC and Mike's former air show aircraft, the 300SHP, is its wing design. The new wing and increased maneuverability gives Mike's aircraft an even faster roll rate and gives him the ability to take his air show performance to an even higher level of extreme aerobatics. The Extra tumbles and rotates at awe inspiring rates in almost any attitude, which gives world class pilot Mike Goulian the freedom to use his imagination to create a show to leave the fans wanting more!
Mike's Extra is equipped with a new Hartzell composite propeller. Nicknamed the "Claw", due to its pulling power, the Hartzell propeller is the prop of choice for many of the world's best aerobatic pilots.


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Green Papaya Salad
Green Papaya Salad, or Som Tam (sometimes written Som Tum), is a very common dish eaten throughout Thailand. It originates in Laos/Issan, but now the whole country enjoys it. This version does not add fermented crab or fermented fish paste (plaa-raa) which is common in Issan. Feel free to add that if you want! This dish is easily made vegetarian by omitting the dried shrimp, and substituting salt for the fish sauce.
- First prepare the papaya by peeling the dark green skin. Then, hold the papaya in your hand, and smack the fruit lengthwise with a good sized knife. You want to create 1/2″ or so deep cuts into the fruit. Do this over and over until you've created a good amount of cuts. Watch your fingers! Then, cut the papaya lengthwise to produce long strips. You can also buy tools which can create long shreds, or even use a cheese grater (the big holes). Thai people use the knife method though!
- In a ceramic mortar & pestle, add the whole garlic cloves and chilies. Pound with the pestle a few times to mash, then add the long beans.
- Pound a few more times, and add a pinch of papaya. This helps mix the garlic & chilies. Pound some more.
- Add the palm sugar, fish sauce or salt and pound more. Make sure everything is well mixed.
- Add the tomato, chopped into large pieces. Pound more, but not as hard. Add the lime juice, dried shrimp and the rest of the papaya. Pound about 10-15 times while mixing with a spoon. You want to evenly coat the papaya with the juices while pounding the flavor into the papaya, but don't pound so hard that the papaya disintegrates. Add the peanuts, mix and serve.
Don't pound the papaya too hard. You want to gently bruise the fruit, not smash it into bits or make it soggy. The papaya should be crunchy. You need to use a special ceramic mortar & pestle for making this dish. Using the stone variety will over-pound your papaya.
Ingredients: What You'll Need
- 1 teaspoon whole garlic cloves
- 2-10 small thai chilies, to taste
- 1 tablespoon palm sugar
- 1 tablespoon fish sauce, or 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1 long bean, broken into 1.5" pieces
- 1 tomato
- 2 teaspoons lime juice
- 1 cup shredded green papaya
- 3 tablespoons dry roasted peanuts
- 1 tablespoon dried shrimp
53 Responses to "Green Papaya Salad"
thank's for this, I was looking for a good way do make this recipe,
now it's fine
bon appetit !
Which is the best brand for fish sauce ? Palm sugar is very hard…how do I use it?
This was utterly delicious – the vegetarian version was fresh and complex, a lovely recipe, and I look forward to making it again.
What I would find really helpful is a display of how to cut the green papaya. Even though an explanation is given, I couldn't quite visualize it. I ended up using a cheese grater, which was perfectly adequate, but next time I would like to be as authentic as possible.
Shruti – I pounded up a big serve of the palm sugar in a mortar and pestle before I started cooking the 3 dishes I made in one go, and then it was ready to measure accurately for all the recipes. I have the leftover powder in a small, sealed container for next time.
Thanks very much for this vego-friendly website!
Preparing papaya as described is almost an art form and is the oriental version of Juliann (sp) slicing.
Hold the fruit in the palm of your hand facing lengthwise and perpendicular to your body. In the other hand holding a long kitchen knife and make repetitive chopping strokes on the fruit with sufficient force to create a quarter inch cut in the fruit.
After approximately 15 such cuts, you then turn the knife flat to the fruit and slice lengthwise creating Juliann slices.
When you've reached the end of the vertical cuts in the fruit, repeat the process as many times as necessary to exhaust either the fruit, your patience or both.
Gadget minded as I am, I purchased a hand held Juliann slicer to satisfy my appetite for this dish.
I don't get it, the website says REAL thai food and there you go substituting salt for fish sauce. There isn't a vegetarian option if you want to be REAL authentic. This is how flavors get washed out and traditional food mucked around with. Also what small thai chillis? be specific and say 'Bird's eye chillis' or the thai 'prik kee nee suan'
Still its great that everyone is getting addicted to chilli heat! Try a Lao Som Tam, if you can get hold of any 'pla raa'
Maddy to cut a green papaya see this video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVO6S7bYAkg
Yikes. What a douche you are.
this is actually more suitable and accurately goes into chopping the papaya. There is also now a 'julienne' peeler that makes uniform long slivers and is a lot safer, still authentic as it is used for green mangoes in thailand.
Hi, I'm a Thai living in Bangkok. In response to Luke, substituting salt for fish sauce is as authentic Thai. There is a good number of Buddhist vegetarian in Thailand who still enjoy Som Tum. They do use salt and/or soy sauce as substitution. As for small thai chillies, 'prik kee "noo" suan' (translates to "garden rat shit chilli") not 'prik kee "nee" suan' (translates to "run away garden chilli" in a coward kinda sense), come in various sizes depends on varieties. In my experience, the smallest chillis doesn't mean the spiciest although that's usually the case.
To cut papaya for Som Tum, I prefer the traditional way of doing it which is using a knife. "Julienne" is "western" style of cutting and is not quite authentic to Thai cooking technique. The Julienne tool is usually not sharp enough and tends to bruise the fruit. It also sometimes doesn't cut correctly and causes the cuts to come out in big sheets. If you like authentic Thai texture in Som Tum, I recommend sticking to the traditional way of cutting. It's fun and authentic!!!
To the site owner: Great job with the recipes! The site looks great and keep up with good work!
[…] and Laos version. (And yet all this while I only know it as Thai food..haha!) I found the recipe of Som Tam here at Real Thai […]
Ahhhhhhhhhh, now I get it.
And that is a mighty fine green papaya – mine was about 1/3 the size!
thanks cee, i made this salad, but i use shrimp paste instead of fish sauce, i don't know why i did this.
Fantastic recipe, and so easy! Thanks for posting this. I've been looking everywhere for a decent som tum recipe so that I can finally make it at home instead of trekking out to the one restaurant in town that serves it.
[…] Thai restaurants use regular broccoli in pad see ew…) and a delicate soy-based sauce. Their som tam (green papaya salad) is transcendent and will make you question the reason that you ever used […]
Yeah,you have got alot of good information thanks alot.I've been looking for some reicipe to send to my teacher.Thanks again.
And Hey "Cee" Shrimp paste is "klapi" not "pla raa"."Pla raa" is fermented fish isn't it.
i've made som tum all of my life and depends on my mood. i like to shred my the traditional way because it gives it a much more "crunch" and "texture" to it. i make my papaya salad in a different way such as sweet and sour spicy taste and add long beans to it as a mix ( you must pound the long bean first) along with a little crab/ pla ra taste (laos and Isan version) you can add dried salty shrimps, peanuts, small thai eggplants ( i prefer not to add the seeds of the eggplant, but the outer part of it) . the taste and what you want to add in your papaya salad depends on the preference of the individual. i hope you guys enjoy your papaya salad.
by the way, for vegetarians, this is the recipe i used to make for my veg friends(in my opinion): shred papaya, salt, thai chili peppers,palm sugar (or just sugar) , lemon, peanuts (if you want), and tomatoes.
you can make just long beans this way too. taste great!
by the way, i forgot to add.( this is not the veg recipe)from what i know, some lao version and issan do use shrimp paste , but just depends on the way you want it to taste. there are just different method on how to do your own papaya salad so play with it and find your taste niche for it. enjoy!
I have seen many a vendor in the North using a julienne tool, though I never thought to look closely. On my last visit I bought something at a market in Lampang — a kind of crude tool composed of 5 sharp-rimmed cylinders stuck into slots at the end of a stick that was then bound with a metal girdle. It made great som tam about five times but the cylinders are now coming out. I guess I'll try the knife method but I'm afraid I may end up in the emergency room.
one thing to keep in mind this dish is made without any measureing tools!!! this is and most thai/isaan food is a to taste affair no 2 thais will make it the same so once you get the basics down experiment have fun and dont forget a taster spoon !!
[…] julienned carrot, zucchini and mung bean sprouts instead. I found a fantastic recipe for the salad here although you can google it and they are all pretty much the same. I have to say, it was a delicious […]
Yum,yum! This has been delicious! I have left the prawns out and added a bit of Tamarind and it was just how I remembered it – can't believe I have waited so long trying for myself. The most difficult bit is finding green papaya in Britain – green mango might be easier, will try this next time. Oh, I feel myself getting addicted again…but have been too mean to splurge out £5+ in Thai restaurants in Britain! Thank you!
oh by the way my mum is a great thai chef prob one of the best overall compared to those in england. she is thai and said you can use shrimp paste in som dam along with fish source as well and it taste very nice to add an extra taste to it if you have not got brined crab or bla la if you dont want to make som tam in that style!. but appretaite your recipes for others to enjoy
It look really easy to make this recipe. I like thai food very much and I will try this at home. Thanks.
If you can't find green papaya may I recommend about 3/4 of an english cucumber (or a full american cucumber, seeded). I used a mandoline to shred them and they come out a perfect size. After slicing/shredding let them sit in a colander for a few minutes to drain any excess water, then pat dry with a paper towel.
I know, its not authentic, but its pretty darn close, tastes fantastic, and doesn't require a special trip to the asian market.
i use shredded/grated carrot instead of papaya and it works pretty well.
I'm a som tam addict & eat it about 3 times a week. I actually get cravings for it, which might be because it's so packed full of nutrients as well as being so tasty. The lady that I go to makes it vegetarian for me with light soy sauce instead of fish sauce & I've seen (Thai) locals ask for it vegetarian too. She knows now how many chillis to put in it for me.
Cee, can I ask what the strange weed-like vegetables are that she gives me to eat with it? I don't like them & usually say no thanks if I'm paying attention and just have the long beans & white cabbage that goes in the bag too.
Some people might find it useful to know that people often eat sticky rice (khao niaow) with som tam, which is good cos if you have a plate that's too spicy the rice will cool down your tongue. Also grilled barbecued meat or fish is usually served with it – so that could be a good dinner party menu…?
I have eaten this many times in English Thai restaurants and it never tastes the same as in Thailand, I understand the reasons for this, freshness of hrebs etc… but when I try to make it at home the papaya is always ripened and is difficult to cut. I have asked the Asian fppd store if they ever get unripened papaya, but it is costly. I have heard people say to use white cabbage, carrot, cucumber, suede. What is the best subsitute for unripe papaya.
Great site and some really helpful comments.
Kindest Regards
If I absolutely had to substitute papaya, which I can't imagine anyone wanting to do, I'd go with green mango or jicama or chayote.
If I absolutely had to substitute papaya, which I can't imagine anyone wanting to do, I'd go with green mango or jicama or chayote.
P.S. Details:
But aren't green beans slightly poisonous if you eat them raw (rather than cooking them)?
Some dried beans are slightly toxic if not cooked at a high enough temperature – kidney beans in particular can give you a miserable couple of hours. Maybe that's what you're thinking of?
Do you add the chilies in one piece, or chop them up first?
That is a wonderful recipe. I love Thai Papaya Salad!
I hate America. You can't find palm sugar and shrimp paste.
I live in the US a small Southern city and I can find both of those items. Granted there are other things I have to order off the internet, but the Korean and Chinese groceries here keep both of those items in stock. Palm sugar can also be found in our Indian grocery and our Caribbean grocery. You must live in the middle of nowhere. I thought where I live is the middle of nowhere, but you have proved me wrong. I feel for you. Buy what you need off the internet. Reserve your hate for something that makes some sort of sense.
I don't purchase food on the Internet, and neither should anyone else.
I finally managed to locate a Korean and Indian stores to buy shrimp paste and palm sugar, respectively. Having a luxury of browsing over 2 dozen types of shrimp paste bottles was a delight.
The chili garlic sauce I augmented to my Sum Tom made it extremely spicy to the point that my parents had to run to the restroom to wash their mouth. After a while of coating their mouth with yogurt and bread, they raised the white flags. Although I had to suck it up and finish the bowl of salad with my entire face going numb. After consumption, my entire digestive system feels very refreshed. I think my body just burnt 1,000 cal. to fight the chili.
I gotta pay more attention in selecting my Green Papaya. But now I know how to get the spiciness down a notch or 10. Other than that, my recipe, which does not follow the portion on this post, was almost perfect.
P.S. When I referred to "America", I meant American grocery stores; it's almost impossible to find anything other than what it is mass-produced by one of the top 5 food companies.
Just picked up about 15 green papayas in the yard here in Miami – the tree broke! So I'm looking very forward to making papaya salad – my son has a peanut allergy so I make most Asian dishes at home. I have a question – so may sites say green papaya must be cooked due to the latex content – I've eaten this salad in restaurants, and had no issues with the latex content myself. Can someone please explain what the issue is?
My friend makes somtum with shredded carrots. It is so awesome. It has been a great substitute for green papaya. So delicious!
Laos was where green papaya salad originated from. It did not originate in Isaan as this region was under Lao rule for hundreds of years and so naturally the people who live in Isaan Thailand incorporated many Lao dishes with green papaya salad being one of them. Thanks to Laos and the ingenuity of the Lao people for having created such a delicious salad, green papaya salad is now enjoyed throughout Southeast since several countries including Thailand and Vietnam have Laos as a common neighbor. Green papaya salad originated in Laos.
Many thanks! I'm a Vietnamese vegan and I used soya sauce instead of fish sauce. It turned out great!
I have had what you decribe in Donglane near Roiet. I was called,"Papaya Pok Pok". Said like Papa ya Pock Pock. It was very hot!!! It took me several small bites mixed with rice until I adjusted to the heat. (And, I like heat!!)
I hope you can find this enjoyable.


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Bastard!! Ankoku no Hakai Shin
Written by Administrator Tuesday, 16 March 2010 13:51
Title: Bastard!! Ankoku no Hakai Shin
Synonyms: Bastard! Destroyer of Darkness, バスタード!! 暗黒の破壊神, 暗黑破坏神
Type: OVA
Episodes: 6
Year: 25.08.1992 - 25.06.1993
Category: Action, Fantasy, Magic, Shounen, Super Power, Violence
Producers: Hagiwara Kazushi, AIC
The characters in BASTARD are having an old technology and have it exchanged for magic cards and occult arts. The story revolves around five magician who made to recover the world, because God is crazy and destroyed it, turning it into chaos. Led by their leader, Darko Shnaydar, Gara, Arshes Nei, Abigail and Kal Su set out to conquer kingdoms, hoping to turn them into utopias, and each of magicians has its own reason. However, unwise actions and frequent outbreaks of easy Shnaydar Darko often make him spoiled. He was imprisoned in the body of the boy from the clergy, leaving the Quartet without a leader.
Fifteen years later, the four still continue to pursue its goal, but now with other motives - despotic mastery of the world, and now everything depends on Darko Shnaydar to show them "errors of their way, which is released from pastoral in order to protect them from his former comrades. Shnaydar Darko now has the responsibility to win each of those of his former teammates and they scored again in the right way, but if Darko Shnaydar remained the same reckless and shameless man, or has changed in the last fifteen years in the body of the boy Luci Lin Lin.
- The Explosive Wizard
- Fire Elemental Efreet
- Ninja Master Gara
- The Immortal King Di-Amon
- Thunder Empress Arshes Nei
- The Revival of Dark Schneider


text: HomeTVThe Young and The RestlessJhoanna Flores' Adriana is "Bad News" for Noah on The Young and the Restless Luke Kerr January 7, 2013 The Young and The Restless 15 Comments Jhoanna Flores made her debut as Adriana Stone on The Young and the Restless on January 4. In an interview with CBS.com, the Greek grad teases the trouble she'll be causing Noah Newman (Robert Adamson). On playing Adriana Stone… She's just bad news. She's from Noah's past and she kind of comes back with some trouble under her sleeve. You don't really know what her true motives are. [She's] seductive, manipulative, and she's just after Noah. At first, you see trouble and manipulation towards Noah. They are in each other's past, and Noah is just so forgiving towards her. You definitely see those moments where she [realizes], "Wow, he really cares about me." You will see some of that throughout my character. At the beginning, I'm expecting for most girls who have huge crushes on Robert's character to hate me. I'm already waiting for it because I know [Y&R has] a huge fan base. And they are not going to like me at first. What did you think of Flores' debut as Adriana? Read the entire interview at CBS.com. Photo Credit: IMDB 15 Responses appleridge January 7, 2013 I dont care about this. Can Noah get some lovin from Detective Alex Log in to Reply The_Moustache January 7, 2013 what happened to making the character of Noah gay and in a relationship with Detective Alex?? Log in to Reply alstonboy4315 January 7, 2013 Watching her right now. This character is SUPER annoying. Super. Log in to Reply CarlyCfan January 7, 2013 [quote=The_Moustache]what happened to making the character of Noah gay and in a relationship with Detective Alex??[/quote] It was never happening? Just the usual wishful thinking. Log in to Reply Van January 7, 2013 Annoying character just as I expected. I don't see her lasting long since she's already been rejected by many. Noah deserved much better and much hotter: A-L-E-X! Log in to Reply yojoromo4469 January 8, 2013 [quote=alstonboy4315]Watching her right now. This character is SUPER annoying. Super.[/quote] I couldn't have said it better. Get rid of her in a hurry. Log in to Reply pferrando January 8, 2013 So to be fair I've only seen her on one episode for about 5 minutes, and there wasn't much to criticize so I'll wait to see what happens. I'm guessing she'll also be tied to Carmine, so if that's why Abby comes back it could make for some good story. Plus I do like Carmine. I have to smile at all the wishful pairings of Noah and my hot cop on here. So what I propose, since we know Noah isn't gay is make both the cop and Adrianna already tied to Rafe, who IS gay and likable. Maybe pair Rafe with Jack's assistant, OR maybe make the cop gay…We have options here. Log in to Reply Van January 8, 2013 Hey pferrando, don't smile too hard at wishful pairings or things that the audience has wanted to see happen on a show. Sometimes they actually materialize. Just sayin'. And forget about Rafe because I'm quite sure this current regime doesn't even know who he is. Log in to Reply bishbay January 8, 2013 The previous Noah filmed coming out scenes that were then scrapped. It's not just wishful thinking when it comes to Noah being gay. Log in to Reply angrierblackerman January 8, 2013 I told you guys, she is Y&R's version of Gabi Hernandez (Days of Our Lives). Log in to Reply yojoromo4469 January 10, 2013 I have only seen one day of ADRIANA, and already it has been too much. Looks like a real lack of talent there. Log in to Reply pferrando January 10, 2013 Van…smiling because I'm surprised that a lot of people want to see them together. I'm gay myself, but Noah hasn't been written as gay, and I don't think they've brought on the cop to be a member of the family either. I suggest Rafe because of the thoughtful way he was written in as gay. Did MAB actually do this right? He's attractive and believable as a gay man and for those that necessarily don't want to see any gay storylines, and I've read that a lot on here too, I think they could easily and slowly pair him with someone. I personally don't like it when shows have characters on for years, and then decide…let's make him gay. Y and R could have done this with Kevin when he was brought on, or Noah as well, but Noah's chance is done. The best bet now would be Jack's assistant, OR as I suggest have Rafe appear with someone and tie him to either Alex and this new girl. Log in to Reply yojoromo4469 January 10, 2013 I see ADRIANA was even WORSE on her second day on the show. How sad. Log in to Reply hey mon January 10, 2013 That's too bad. It would have been good to make Noah gay. Kevin S would have been very believable, and it would have been consistent. With Bob Adamson, it is boring with him being so infatuated with Adriana. Her 3 days of The Show have been anything but stellar. Prancing around town 'charging things up', stupid. The only good thing is that she is Latino. Like I have said, the Show already has a bi or gay man on it, Kevin Fisher. Do it, Josh G. Let him and Chloe have a real story-line about the impact of his bi 'coming out' would provide. Josh G doesn't have the guts. But for all of the MAB haters. MAB had the guts to make a major generational legacy character like Noah Newman a homosexual. I can imagine how Vic would have reacted! …and Nick! Oppositely, something tells me that Noah and Nikki would have been 'shopping buddies' by the end of the week. Log in to Reply pferrando January 11, 2013 Yeah, I agree that Adriana isn't burning up the screen with her acting ability. I do want to see where the story is going, and if she's connected to anyone else on the screen other than Noah. My guess would be yes, or at least that's how I'd write it. I for one have bitched about all the new faces, but I'd still also like to SLOWLY see them build out a Latino family. (And no, I'm not Latino, I'm Italian). I think it'd help with a neglected demo, and the soaps needs every viewer they can get. There's gotta be a Telenovella actor/actress with a following they can bring in to "head" a family. Oh well. Log in to Reply Leave a Reply Cancel Reply You must be logged in to post a comment.


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Brief Bio of Michael Lapinski:
Michael Lapinski was born, raised and now lives in Bayonne, New Jersey. For the last ten years, Michael lived in Brooklyn and worked as a digital designer and painter in the NYC animation industry on such notable programs as Disney's Doug, Blue's Clues and Team UmiZoomi for Nick Jr., and 4Kids' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Michael is currently a freelance illustrator and designer, whose first comic book, Feeding Ground is published by Archaia comics. Michael also helped to create the Batman Brawl online video game.
What was the first comic book you read?
I distinctly remember being drawn to comics because of the commercials that Hasbro aired advertising Marvel's G.I. Joe comics. I think G.I. Joe #2 was my first comic but the one that made the greatest impression on me as an early reader was Uncanny X-Men #162. The cover is so lurid in yellow and purple with a hairy, shirtless Wolverine being beset by a Brood alien. Inside, the issue features an internal and external struggle as Wolvie's healing factor fights off an implanted Brood egg and he battles the beasts of the Brood Homeworld. It jumped off the racks and I carried it with me everywhere.
What is your all time favorite comic book or series?
I have a lot of love for the comics of Los Bros. Hernandez and the world and characters they created in Love and Rockets. But, I would say the works I keep going back to and that have had the greatest impact on my art are the collaborations between Frank Miller and Dave Mazzuchelli on Batman: Year One and Daredevil: Born Again. They hit me at the right age in my readership in that I needed and appreciated the more mature content they brought to the material and, more so, how they both had matured as storytellers. With Born Again Mazzuchelli took the years of skilled draftsmanship he honed in the Marvel style and distilled it down to only the essential lines. Similarly, the pacing and staging work on multiple levels and, for me, revealed the potential for comic storytelling. I like much of their later work but these bring real heat and humanity to their respective myths.
What inspired you to become an artist?
My Aunt Fran likes to tell the story that she caught me as an infant drawing on the wall with my own poop. So, I guess it's always been in me. I did illustrate my first comic at age 5 or so (it was about a whale attacking a sub) and the encouragement of my parents continued to foster that interest over the years. I am a visual person and hard-wired to be awestruck by other works of art and design that continue to springboard inspiration. Eventually, it emerged as a huge part of my identity. Right now, more so than the art of drawing, Feeding Ground has inspired the storytelling part of my brain and the emotional math that goes into constructing a narrative.
Tell us about how you became involved in the animation industry
My entry into the world of animation was fueled by pure jealousy. I attended Rutgers College in New Jersey for a degree in Art but there wasn't an animation or cartooning course. So, I helped co-create a student publication for comic artists. Around my Junior year I had heard that a classmate scored an internship with the animation studio Jumbo Pictures in NYC. I was under the impression that she didn't even like cartoons! Once I realized that this was an option, she was cool enough to put me in touch with the studio and I soon started to photocopy production art for Disney's Doug. Led in part by the character of founder Jim Jinkins, this was one of the most creative and welcoming workplaces I've had the pleasure to be a part of. After graduating, I started cell painting for them and then when the studio went digital my education in Photoshop allowed me to transition into my next job and then, ultimately, a career.
What work in animation are you most proud of?
One thing I always appreciated about working in animation is how a number of the NYC studios do everything in-house and that the assembly line set-up, when everything is firing on all cylinders, results in a whole that is better than the sum of its parts. Friends and co-workers in each department build off the one before and feed the next. So, as part of the Design department I would receive amazing work from Writing and Storyboard and want to bring all my skills to fleshing it out before passing the baton to the Animation team down the hall. You know who you're handing off to and want to impress and assist them.
For me, that's how it was at Blue's Clues and I'm personally proud of the work a number of us did on a pilot for another Nick Jr. show "Chickiepoo & Fluff: Barnyard Detectives." I designed and art directed the show with a staff made up of many of the same artists from previous gigs. It happened to be a particularly difficult time in my life and I can't imagine it turning out as well as it did without that sort of team in place. And, it is friggin' adorable.
What was your role in creating the Batman Brawl online video game?
Given the state of the economy, I've noticed that a number of companies try to avoid hiring professional artists or designers and instead opt for creating contests to pull from a large pool of submissions and pay less than market rate for a final design. As much as I loathe the practice, I learned about and participated in the call for Batman: the Brave & the Bold Flash games during a period when I was on hiatus from a show and could not say no to the job prospect. I really enjoy the spirit and design of that Batman show and I wanted to pitch a game that wasn't a basic sidescroller, that would highlight a number of the eccentric characters, and that I would want to kill time playing. I struck upon a Mike Tyson's Punch-Out mash-up as inspiration, pitched it, was one of the winners of the pitch round, and then put it into development.
I'm not an animator or programmer so I assembled an A-Team of previous co-workers in Dayna Gonzalez and H. Stephen Mead to take on the project. We were all out of regular work so this was a good opportunity for us to train new skills on personally driven project. For me, it was also an eye-opener as a small scale production manager. So glad we did this and I'm still looking for the opportunity to work on more games or apps with Steve and Dayna in the future.
Editor's note- be sure to check out the Batman Brawl video game, totally free and totally fun!
How has your animation background and those years of experience helped you as a comic book illustrator?
Artistically, my years in animation design probably hurt my draftsmanship. Most of my jobs have been Photoshop-intensive working in a style that employs photo imagery like a digital collage. When we sold Feeding Ground, I needed to bone up on my drawing skills and as a result I feel like I've leaned a little too heavily on the use of photo ref for models and staging. I'm leaving the reference behind more with each issue and pulling on other tricks I've learned as a background painter. To be honest, I am more at ease as a colorist although I need to execute most of the art chores a comic requires. I'm my own assembly line. Before starting the book, I took a short course with the Marvel pro Klaus Janson at the Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art in NYC and those classes crystalized some of the basics of comic storytelling for me in a way that had an immediate and dramatic impact on what I self-taught and gleaned from years of reading comics.
Tell us about Feeding Ground and your collaboration with Swifty Lang on the book.
Feeding Ground was initially conceived by Swifty Lang with collaboration from Chris Mangun. Swift and I have been friends for years and I met Chris through Swift when he showed up at my house wearing a gorilla mask to attend The Mermaid Parade. They were developing the concept at the same time that I was on one of those hiatus periods between animation seasons. The idea was to tell a site-specific horror story, in this case the desert of the US/ Mexico Border, that dealt with issues of survival and transformation within a re-imagined werewolf myth. I was immediately intrigued and we worked to develop a pitch book in time for NY Comic Con. The pitch and the short story "Frozen Dark," that we contributed to the DON'T LOOK! horror anthology, were our first opportunity to transition from friends to a production team.
What I like about working with Swifty is that his stories feel vital and of-the-moment and are delivered in intriguing packages. He has a film background, so, he is a visual thinker and the look of Feeding Ground was primed by our shared interest in Mexican woodcuts and EC Comics. He is weaving a comic of poetic imagery while also driving plot and revealing character. Chris is both a writer and artist, a jack-of-all-trades who empowers both skills with dedication and insight. My favorite experience working on Feeding Ground has been the storystorming sessions with both guys as we arrive at answers to complex scenarios of our own creation.
What was the best advice you ever received or any recommendations you'd like to give to other aspiring artists?
I wish I had a mentor. Maybe I'm romanticizing the reality of it but I got the impression that the generation of comic artists I grew up on had apprenticed in other studios. For me, podcast interviews with comic creators, like Word Balloon, have been their own education. The repeated message? Do the work. You are ultimately the one responsible for whether or not a page succeeds and a lot of time and effort go into making that a reality. Beyond that, is the ability to know where to let go and experiment. Comic conventions are a great place to get critical readings of your work by professionals. One of my favorite artists, RM Guera, liked my work but gave me the edict to loosen up, lose the photo reference, and trust my markmaking. Now on Issue 4 of Feeding Ground, I have that advice ringing in my ears and I am hopefully three issues better than I was in Issue 1.
Looking forward, what would be your "dream project"?
Ideally, the work we've done on Feeding Ground will allow us to continue to tell stories we want to tell. It's not easy to make a living creating comics but the experience has been invaluable. We could potentially revisit the world we created for Feeding Ground but we also already have a number of concepts and styles we are eager to explore and get out into the public. Would I love to play with the Marvel toys I grew up on? Sure, but not as much as the prospect of spawning new ideas to stand on the racks alongside them.
Anything else that you would like to share?
I would just want to say how fortunate we were to be tapped by Archaia for our first comic work. They publish dynamic, diverse, and exciting fiction and we admire the talent, hard work, and ingenuity going on behind the scenes. They make for an excellent team and we are better off for their support. Definitely check out their growing catalog of books if you haven't already. The collected edition of Feeding Ground will be out in 2011 and we're already cooking up some ideas to make it a package worthy of the Archaia bookshelf.
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If you enjoyed this comic artist interview, be sure to check out the dozens of other interviews with comic creators!


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Back Pain and Obesity
Connection to Back Pain and Development of Obesity
According to the American Obesity Association (AOA) 64.5% of adult Americans (about 127 million) are categorized as being overweight or obese1. The unfortunate truth is that obesity is becoming a global epidemic, affecting both adults and children.
Connection to Back Pain
Most people know that obesity contributes to the development of coronary heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and colon cancer. However, did you know that obesity is a contributing factor to back pain? It's true. Being overweight or obese can significantly contribute to symptoms associated with osteoporosis, osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), degenerative disc disease (DDD), spinal stenosis, and spondylolisthesis.
The spine is designed to carry the body's weight and distribute the loads encountered during rest and activity. When excess weight is carried, the spine is forced to assimilate the burden, which may lead to structural compromise and damage (eg, injury, sciatica).
One region of the spine that is most vulnerable to the effects of obesity is the low back—the lumbar spine. Lack of exercise can lead to poor flexibility and weak muscles in the back, pelvis, and thighs. This can increase the curve of the lower back, causing the pelvis to tilt too far forward. Further, this is detrimental to proper posture and as posture weakens, other regions of the spine (neck) may become painful.
You may try to dismiss the cause of some of these spinal disorders to the process of normal aging. It is true that with age, body tissues can cause changes to spinal anatomy2. However, if you are overweight or obese, chances are you have, or will have, back pain. You may have or develop one of the following conditions:
- Osteoporosis: A sedentary lifestyle coupled with an unbalanced diet can affect the density, or strength of the bones (spinal vertebrae). When the structural architecture of a vertebral body is compromised, it is at risk for fracture. Vertebral fractures can be painful and disabling. If you have been diagnosed with osteoporosis, you have probably lost between 25% to 30% of desirable bone density.
If the diagnosis is osteopeonia, bone loss has been in the range of 10% to 15%3.
- Osteoarthritis (OA) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): The joints in the spine are called facet joints. Excessive body weight places unnatural pressure and stress on the joints during movement and at rest.
- Low Back Pain: Obesity may aggravate an existing low back problem and contribute to recurrence of the condition.
- General: Unhealthy posture accounts for neck and back pain. A level of physical fitness is necessary to properly support the spine.
Development of Obesity
Industrialization and modernization has had a tremendous impact on our food. For example, food can be purchased just about anywhere. No longer is it necessary to expend physical effort to hunt and forage for food. There are vast numbers of processed food products available and labor-saving devices (eg, microwave ovens) to cook food. The market for many convenience foods and kitchen devices came about when women entered the workforce.
Childhood obesity is on the rise due to many factors that include sedentary behavior (eg, computer games), eating when not hungry, television advertising high-calorie "tasty" foods, and even genetics.
According to the Surgeon General's "Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity," 40% of adults in the US do not participate in any leisure-time physical activity, and less than one-third engage in at least 30 minutes of physical activity most days4.
Another consideration is where meals are eaten. In 1992, 38% of the food dollar was spent on foods eaten away from home5. It can be difficult to control what you eat and how the food is prepared (eg, fried vs broiled) at a restaurant; especially fast food restaurants.
Fortunately, if you are overweight, obese, or working at maintaining a healthy weight, there are many tools, such as exercise, available to empower your efforts. And losing those extra pounds can help prevent back pain.